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List of Income Tax ranks in India - wikipedia <H1> List of Income Tax ranks in India </H1> <P> The following are ranks in the Income Tax Department in India . </P> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Ranks of the Income Tax Department <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Alternative Designations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 References </Li> <Li> 3 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Ranks of the Income Tax Department ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gazetted officers include all the Indian Revenue Service officers and all Income Tax Services officer of and above the rank of Income Tax Inspector . Income Tax Officer / Officer on Special Duty ( OSD ) / Tax Recovery Officer ( TRO ) All ranks above Income tax Inspector are gazetted . Income Tax Officer ( ITO ) belong to the Group B list of gazetted officer . These officers get promoted to IRS , after working their way up through ranks . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> Position / Pay Grade in the Government of India </Th> <Th> Level and Rank </Th> <Th> Equivalent Position or Designation in Government of India </Th> <Th> Equivalent Position or Designation in the State Government ( s ) </Th> <Th> Order of Precedence ( As per Presidential order ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Multi Tasking Staff / Entry - level </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 2400 </Td> <Td> Tax Assistant </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Assistant Sub Inspector of Police </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 4200 </Td> <Td> Senior Tax Assistant </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sub Inspector of Police </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 4600 </Td> <Td> Inspector of Income Tax / Agent of Income Tax CID / Entry Level </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / Police Inspector </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 4800 </Td> <Td> Income Tax Officer / Special Agent of Income Tax CID / Additional Assistant Director </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> senior Inspector of Police / TEHSILADR </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Junior Time Scale </Td> <Td> Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax / Entry - level ( IRS Probationer ) </Td> <Td> <P> Sub District Magistrate / Deputy Superintendent of Police </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Senior Time Scale </Td> <Td> Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax </Td> <Td> Under Secretary </Td> <Td> Additional District Magistrate / Special Secretary / Additional Superintendent of Police </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Junior Administrative Grade </Td> <Td> Joint Commissioner of Income Tax </Td> <Td> Deputy Secretary </Td> <Td> District Magistrate / Special Secretary / Superintendent of Police </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Selection Grade </Td> <Td> Additional Commissioner of Income Tax </Td> <Td> Director </Td> <Td> District Magistrate / Special Secretary / Senior Superintendent of Police </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Senior Administrative Grade </Td> <Td> Commissioner of Income Tax </Td> <Td> Joint Secretary </Td> <Td> Divisional Commissioner / Secretary / Deputy Inspector General of Police </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Higher Administrative Grade </Td> <Td> Principal Commissioner of Income Tax </Td> <Td> Additional Secretary </Td> <Td> Divisional Commissioner / Principal Secretary / Additional Director General of Police </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Higher Administrative Grade + </Td> <Td> Chief Commissioner </Td> <Td> Additional Secretary </Td> <Td> Director General of Police ( non-Head of Police force ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Apex Scale </Td> <Td> Principal Chief Commissioner of Income Tax / CBDT Chairman / Member CBDT / DG Central Economic Intelligence Bureau </Td> <Td> Special Secretary </Td> <Td> Additional Chief Secretary </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Alternative Designations ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Principal Chief Commissioner of Income Tax - Principal Director General of Income Tax </Li> <Li> Chief Commissioner of Income Tax - Director General of Income Tax </Li> <Li> Principal Commissioner of Income Tax - ADG / Principal Director of Income Tax </Li> <Li> Commissioner of Income Tax - Additional Director General / Director of Income Tax </Li> <Li> Additional Commissioners of Income Tax - Additional Director of Income Tax </Li> <Li> Joint Commissioner of Income Tax - Joint Director of Income Tax </Li> <Li> Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax - Deputy Director of Income Tax </Li> <Li> Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax - Assistant Director of Income Tax </Li> <Li> Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax ( IRS Probationary Rank : 2 years of service ) </Li> <Li> Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax ( IRS Probationary Rank : 1 year of service ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.irsofficersonline.gov.in/ </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official Website of Income Tax Department of India </Li> <Li> Official Website of Indian Revenue Service </Li> <Li> Training Academy for Members of Indian Revenue Service - Income Tax </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Income_Tax_ranks_in_India&oldid=856198906 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Central Civil Services ( India ) </Li> <Li> Income Tax Department of India </Li> <Li> Taxation - related lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 15 : 16 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Paladins ( video game ) - wikipedia <H1> Paladins ( video game ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Paladins : Champions of the Realm </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Hi - Rez Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Td> Hi - Rez Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engine </Th> <Td> Unreal Engine 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform ( s ) </Th> <Td> Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One macOS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release </Th> <Td> September 16 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre ( s ) </Th> <Td> First - person shooter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mode ( s ) </Th> <Td> Multiplayer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Paladins : Champions of the Realm is a free - to - play hero shooter video game developed and published by Hi - Rez Studios . </P> <P> Closed beta began on November 17 , 2015 . The game went into open beta on September 16 , 2016 . The game also went into open beta on both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on May 3 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Gameplay <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Champions and roles </Li> <Li> 1.2 Game Modes </Li> <Li> 1.3 Competitive </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Reception </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Gameplay ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Champions and roles ( edit ) </H3> <P> Paladins provides various characters , called champions , for the players to choose during their multiplayer sessions . Each of these champions fall into one of the following categories : Front Line , Damage , Support and Flank . Being a team - based shooter , players must rely on strategy , character knowledge , coordination and teamwork in order to attain victory . Players may use VGS , along with text and voice chat to communicate . A good team will have a balanced choice of classes that will support each other during the game . </P> <Ul> <Li> Front Line : Champions who serve as the anchor of the team , holding the front and protecting their allies . With high health pools and shielding capabilities , Front Line champions excel at blocking enemy fire and disrupting enemy objective captures . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Damage : Champions who possess reliable and consistent damage outputs or large burst damage potential . Their damage , coupled with average health pools and decent mobility , make Damage champions ideal for skirmishes and extended firefights . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Support : Champions with high utility and healing abilities , the backbone of any team . Due to their healing capabilities that keep their allies in the fight , Support champions are invaluable allies . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Flank : Champions who excel at traversing the battlefield and getting behind enemy lines , eliminating vulnerable key targets . While most Flank champions are relatively frail , having lower health pools than any other role , their excellent mobility and self - sustain provide them with the means of escape and survival . </Li> </Ul> <P> There are 31 champions in Paladins , 6 of which are available from the start for new players to choose . Additionally , 4 champions are also temporarily accessible for free on a fortnightly rotation . Players can permanently acquire additional champions through purchases using in - game currency . More are slated for release in 2017 . </P> <H3> Game modes ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are different gameplay modes for Paladins : </P> <Ul> <Li> Siege : The ' main ' Paladins game mode , teams are tasked first to capture the map 's central capture point and , if successful , push a payload that spawns from it to the enemy base . This mode is played in a best - of - seven format . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Payload : An attacking team is tasked with escorting a payload through an extended railroad track to push it as far as they can , or to the end goal , while a defending team thwarts their progress . A push is halted if the both teams engage in combat near the payload and it slowly moves backwards if no one on the attacking team is nearby to push it , though push progress the team has accumulated is not lost . Once time runs out or if the payload is pushed to the destination , teams switch attack / defense roles . The winner is determined by the team that pushes the payload the furthest , with the attacking team setting the bar in the first round . If the attacking team in the second round are able to push the payload the same distance as the first team , the second wins the game . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Survival : Teams try to outlast each other on a relatively small map with no respawning until the next round , all the while avoiding deathly fog that closes in from the outer edges of the map . The fog deals percentage - based damage of a champion 's health and negates all healing while a champion is in it , foiling long term stall tactics . The fog starts at the edge of the map , which starts closing in after a short delay until it reaches the map 's epicenter , where any surviving champion are forced to do battle . This mode is played in a best - of - six format . This game mode was removed in OB 52 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Co-op : A player versus environment game mode , a team of five face off against an AI - controlled team that possess extremely large health and high damaging attacks , as well as modified abilities . The objective in each PvE map vary from capturing an objective in a Siege game ( where the mode is simplified so that only capturing the point is necessary ) or a Survival game . This game mode was removed in OB 49 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Onslaught : Teams do battle over a large combat area in an attempt to take point control and earn points . Along with holding an uncontested presence on the control point , slaying enemy players also scores points for the team , akin to a team deathmatch . Killing an enemy scores the team 5 points , while holding control over the combat area earns the team 1 point per second . The first team to reach 400 points , or the team with the most points after 10 minutes , wins the game . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Test Maps : An additional game mode accessible in the casual section . Players can play untested maps that may be implemented into the game and give their rating for the map . The objective for test maps vary between Siege and Onslaught , and the maps available are rotated every major patch . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Competitive ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Competitive game mode is unlocked for players once they have unlocked 12 champions and reach a player profile level of 15 . Competitive only features the Siege game mode . However , at the start of the match , players must choose their champions one by one . First one player chooses . Then , two players from the opposing team choose . Then two players from the team opposing the last choose . This continues until the last player ( from the team opposing the one that has first pick ) has a role . This challenges the teams to try and counter-build each other by specifically choosing certain champions . Competitive games also affects a player 's Competitive rating . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Within a week of its release on Steam , the game had attracted 800,000 downloads and was one of the top 10 most popular games by concurrent users on the service . </P> <P> In response to accusations that the game is an Overwatch clone , Hi - Rez COO Todd Harris said that `` Overwatch was not the inspiration for Paladins '' , and `` the game that deserves the most credit is Team Fortress 2 '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Champions - Official Paladins Wiki '' . paladins.gamepedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oliver Cragg ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Overwatch ' clone ' Paladins takes Steam by storm with over 750k downloads '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Paladins open beta launch trailer reminds us a lot of Overwatch '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonathon Dornbush ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Paladins Developer Responds to Overwatch Comparisons '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paladins_(video_game)&oldid=802517743 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Upcoming video games </Li> <Li> Early access video games </Li> <Li> First - person shooter multiplayer online games </Li> <Li> Free - to - play video games </Li> <Li> MacOS games </Li> <Li> PlayStation 4 games </Li> <Li> Video games developed in the United States </Li> <Li> Windows games </Li> <Li> Xbox One games </Li> <Li> Unreal Engine games </Li> <Li> Hero shooters </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters </Li> <Li> Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images </Li> <Li> Official website not in Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 17 : 29 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Article two of the United States Constitution - wikipedia <H1> Article two of the United States Constitution </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . 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The executive branch includes the President , the Vice President , the Cabinet , executive departments , independent agencies , and other boards , commissions , and committees . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Section 1 : President and Vice President <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Clause 1 : Executive Power </Li> <Li> 1.2 Clause 2 : Method of choosing electors </Li> <Li> 1.3 Clause 3 : Electors </Li> <Li> 1.4 Clause 4 : Election day </Li> <Li> 1.5 Clause 5 : Qualifications for office </Li> <Li> 1.6 Clause 6 : Vacancy and disability </Li> <Li> 1.7 Clause 7 : Salary </Li> <Li> 1.8 Clause 8 : Oath or affirmation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Section 2 : Presidential powers <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Clause 1 : Command of military ; Opinions of cabinet secretaries ; Pardons </Li> <Li> 2.2 Clause 2 : Advice and Consent Clause <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Treaties </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Appointments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Clause 3 : Recess appointments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Section 3 : Presidential responsibilities <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Clause 1 : State of the Union </Li> <Li> 3.2 Clause 2 : Making recommendations to Congress </Li> <Li> 3.3 Clause 3 : Calling Congress into extraordinary session ; adjourning Congress </Li> <Li> 3.4 Clause 4 : Receiving foreign representatives </Li> <Li> 3.5 Clause 5 : Caring for the faithful execution of the law </Li> <Li> 3.6 Clause 6 : Officers ' commissions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Section 4 : Impeachment </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Section 1 : President and Vice President ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Clause 1 : executive power ( edit ) </H3> <P> The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America . He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years , and , together with the Vice President , chosen for the same Term , be elected , as follows </P> George Washington 's inauguration as the nation 's first President , April 30 , 1789 <P> Section 1 begins with a vesting clause that confers federal executive power upon the President . Similar clauses are found in Article I and Article III . The former bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress , and the latter grants judicial power solely to the Supreme Court . These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government . </P> <P> In addition to separation of powers and equally important to limited government , each independent and sovereign branch also provides checks and balances on the operation and power of the other two branches . </P> <P> The President 's executive power is subject to two important limitations . First , the President lacks executive authority explicitly granted to Congress . Hence the President can not declare war , grant letters of marque and reprisal , or regulate commerce , even though executives had often wielded such authority in the past . In these instances , Congress retained portions of the executive power that the Continental Congress had wielded under the Articles of Confederation . </P> <P> In fact , because those actions require legislation passed by Congress which must be signed by the President to take effect , those powers are not strictly executive powers granted to or retained by Congress per se . Nor were they retained by the U.S. Congress as leftovers from the Articles of Confederation . The Articles of Confederation , Continental Congress and its powers were abolished at the time the new U.S. Congress was seated and the new federal government formally and officially replaced its interim predecessor . And although the President is not specifically granted the power to declare war , a declaration of war is not in and of itself a vehicle of executive power since it is literally just a public declaration that the U.S. government considers itself `` at war '' with a foreign political entity . </P> <P> Regardless of the inability to declare war , the President does have the power to unilaterally order military action in defense of the United States when he determines that a foreign political entity poses a clear and present danger to the safety and security of the United States . By U.S. law , the only limitation on that power is a requirement to notify specific members of Congress within 48 hours after the beginning of military operations . Once proper legal notification is given to the required members of Congress , military action can continue and remain secret so long as the President judges it necessary to national security . </P> <P> Second , specific constitutional provisions may check customary executive authority . Notwithstanding his executive power , the President can not make treaties or appointments without the advice and consent of the Senate . Likewise , the President 's pardon power is limited to offenses against the United States ( federal crimes ) and does not extend to impeachments or violations of state law . As treaties are by U.S. law official agreements with foreign governments recognized as such only after Senate ratification , the President obviously can not make treaties unilaterally . However , the President does determine and decide U.S. foreign policy and can enter into non-binding discussions and give conditional approval to agreements reached with foreign governments subject to Senate ratification at a future date . </P> <P> Additionally , since official treaties are specifically created under and by constitutional U.S. law and are entered into by both government and the people as a whole , in his capacity as head of state and as the single individual representative of the United States and its citizens , the President does have Coauthority and Constitutional duty to unilaterally withdraw the United States from treaties if he determines the best interests and well being of the U.S. and its citizens are benefited by doing so . </P> <P> As far as presidential appointments , as with treaties a person is not officially and legally appointed to a position until their appointment is approved by the Senate . Prior to Senate approval and publication of that approval along with an official date and time for their swearing - in and assumption of duties and responsibilities , they are nominees rather than appointees . And again , the President nominates people for specific positions at his pleasure and can do so without or in spite of Senate advice . Senate consent occurs when a supermajority of senators votes to approve and therefore appoint a nominee . </P> <P> The head of the Executive Branch is the President . Although also named in this first clause , the Vice President is not constitutionally vested with any executive power . Nonetheless , the Constitution dictates that the President and Vice President are to be elected at the same time , for the same term , and by the same constituency . The framers ' intent was to preserve the independence of the executive branch should the person who was Vice President succeed to the duties of the presidency . </P> <H3> Clause 2 : method of choosing Electors ( edit ) </H3> <P> Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . </P> <P> Under the U.S. Constitution the President and Vice President are chosen by Electors , under a constitutional grant of authority delegated to the legislatures of the several states . The Constitution reserves the choice of the precise manner for creating Electors to the will of the state legislatures . It does not define or delimit what process a state legislature may use to create its state college of Electors . In practice , the state legislatures have generally chosen to create Electors through an indirect popular vote , since the 1820s . Most states have a `` winner - take - all '' system in which the candidate with the most votes in the state gets all the electoral votes . Maine and Nebraska allow individual congressional districts to elect one elector . </P> <P> In an indirect popular vote , it is the names of the candidates who are on the ballot to be elected . Most states do not put the names of the electors on the ballot . It is generally understood by the voters and the Electors themselves that they are the representative `` stand - ins '' for the candidates and are expected to cast their electoral college ballots for the President and Vice President who appeared on the ballot . The actual electors being voted for are usually selected by the candidate 's party . There are a few cases where some electors have refused to vote for the designated candidate . Many states have mandated in law that Electors shall cast their electoral college ballot for the designated Presidential Candidate . The constitutionality of such mandates is uncertain . </P> <P> Each state chooses as many Electors as it has Representatives and Senators representing it in Congress . Under the 23rd Amendment , the District of Columbia may choose no more electors than the state with the lowest number of electoral votes . No Senators , Representatives or federal officers may become Electors . </P> <H3> Clause 3 : Electors ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Electors shall meet in their respective States , and vote by Ballot for two Persons , of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves . And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for , and of the Number of Votes for each ; which List they shall sign and certify , and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States , directed to the President of the Senate . The President of the Senate shall , in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the Certificates , and the Votes shall then be counted . The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President , if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such Majority , and have an equal Number of Votes , then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse ( sic ) by Ballot one of them for President ; and if no Person have a Majority , then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse ( sic ) the President . But in chusing ( sic ) the President , the Votes shall be taken by States , the Representation from each State having one Vote ; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States , and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice . In every Case , after the Choice of the President , the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President . But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes , the Senate shall chuse ( sic ) from them by Ballot the Vice President . </P> <P> ( Note : This procedure was changed by the 12th Amendment in 1804 . ) </P> <P> In modern practice , each state chooses its electors in popular elections . Once chosen , the electors meet in their respective states to cast ballots for the President and Vice President . Originally , each elector cast two votes for President ; at least one of the individuals voted for had to be from a state different from the elector 's . The individual with the majority of votes became President , and the runner - up became Vice President . In case of a tie between candidates who received votes from a majority of electors , the House of Representatives would choose one of the tied candidates ; if no person received a majority , then the House could again choose one of the five with the greatest number of votes . When the House voted , each state delegation cast one vote , and the vote of a majority of states was necessary to choose a President . If second - place candidates were tied , then the Senate broke the tie . A quorum in the House consisted of at least one member from two - thirds of the state delegations ; there was no special quorum for the Senate . This procedure was followed in 1801 after the electoral vote produced a tie , and nearly resulted in a deadlock in the House . </P> <P> The 12th Amendment introduced a number of important changes to the procedure . Now , Electors do not cast two votes for President ; rather , they cast one vote for President and another for Vice President . In case no Presidential candidate receives a majority , the House chooses from the top three ( not five , as before the 12th Amendment ) . The Amendment also requires the Senate to choose the Vice President from those with the two highest figures if no Vice Presidential candidate receives a majority of electoral votes ( rather than only if there 's a tie for second for President ) . It also stipulates that to be the Vice President , a person must be qualified to be the President . </P> <H3> Clause 4 : election day ( edit ) </H3> Certificate for the vote for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana <P> The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . </P> <P> Congress sets a national Election Day . Currently , Electors are chosen on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November ( the first Tuesday after November 1 ) , in the year before the President 's term is to expire . The Electors cast their votes on the Monday following the second Wednesday in December ( the first Monday after December 12 ) of that year . Thereafter , the votes are opened and counted by the Vice President , as President of the Senate , in a joint session of Congress . </P> <H3> Clause 5 : qualifications for office ( edit ) </H3> Beginning of the clause in the 1787 document <P> Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States : </P> <P> No Person except a natural born Citizen , or a Citizen of the United States , at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution , shall be eligible to the Office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years , and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States . </P> See also : President of the United States In this 1944 poster , Franklin Roosevelt ( left ) successfully campaigned for a fourth term . He was the only President who served more than two terms . <P> At the time the President takes office he must be : </P> <Ul> <Li> a natural born citizen </Li> <Li> at least 35 years old </Li> <Li> an inhabitant of the United States for at least fourteen years . </Li> </Ul> <P> Eligibility for holding the office of President and Vice President were modified by subsequent amendments : </P> <Ul> <Li> The 12th Amendment ( 1804 ) requires the Vice President to meet all of the qualifications of being President . </Li> <Li> The 22nd Amendment ( 1951 ) prevents anyone from being elected to the presidency more than twice ( or once , if the person has completed at least two years of a presidential term to which someone else was originally elected ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Clause 6 : vacancy and Disability ( edit ) </H3> 1888 illustration of new President John Tyler receiving the news of President William H. Harrison 's death from Chief Clerk of the State Department Fletcher Webster . <P> In Case of the Removal of the President from Office , or of his Death , Resignation , or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office , the Same shall devolve on the Vice President , and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal , Death , Resignation or Inability , both of the President and Vice President , declaring what Officer shall then act as President , and such Officer shall act accordingly , until the Disability be removed , or a President shall be elected . </P> <P> ( Note : This clause was partially superseded by the 25th Amendment in 1967 . ) </P> <P> The wording of this clause caused much controversy at the time it was first used . When William Henry Harrison died in office , a debate arose over whether the Vice President would become President , or if he would just inherit the powers , thus becoming an Acting President . Harrison 's Vice President , John Tyler , believed that he had the right to become President . However , many Senators argued that he only had the right to assume the powers of the presidency long enough to call for a new election . Because the wording of the clause is so vague , it was impossible for either side to prove its point . Tyler took the Oath of Office as President , setting a precedent that made it possible for later Vice Presidents to ascend to the presidency unchallenged following the President 's death . The `` Tyler Precedent '' established that if the President dies , resigns or is removed from office , the Vice President becomes President . </P> <P> The Congress may provide for a line of succession beyond the Vice President . The current Presidential Succession Act establishes the order as the Speaker of the House of Representatives , the President pro tempore of the Senate and then the fifteen Cabinet Secretaries in order of that Department 's establishment . There are concerns regarding the constitutionality of having members of Congress in the line of succession , however , as this clause specifies that only an `` officer of the United States '' may be designated as a presidential successor . Constitutional scholars from James Madison to the present day have argued that the term `` officer '' excludes members of Congress . </P> <P> The 25th Amendment explicitly states that if the President dies , resigns or is removed from office , the Vice President becomes President , and also establishes a procedure for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President . The Amendment further provides that the President , or the Vice President and Cabinet , can declare the President unable to discharge his duties , in which case the Vice President becomes Acting President . If the declaration is done by the Vice President and Cabinet , the Amendment permits the President to take control back , unless the Vice President and Cabinet challenge the President and two - thirds of both Houses vote to sustain the findings of the Vice President and Cabinet . If the declaration is done by the President , he may take control back without risk of being overridden by the Congress . </P> <H3> Clause 7 : salary ( edit ) </H3> `` Domestic Emoluments Clause '' redirects here . For other uses , see Emoluments Clause . <P> The President shall , at stated Times , receive for his Services , a Compensation , which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected , and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States , or any of them . </P> <P> The President 's salary , currently $400,000 a year , must remain constant throughout the President 's term . The President may not receive other compensation from either the federal or any state government . </P> <H3> Clause 8 : oath or Affirmation ( edit ) </H3> President Barack Obama being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice John Roberts for the second time at his first inauguration , on January 21 , 2009 . Further information : Oath of office of the President of the United States <P> Before he enters the Execution of his Office , he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation : -- `` I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States , and will to the best of my Ability , preserve , protect and defend the Constitution of the United States . '' </P> <P> According to the Joint Congressional Committee on Presidential Inaugurations , George Washington added the words `` So help me God '' during his first inaugural , though this has been disputed . There are no contemporaneous sources for this fact , and no eyewitness sources to Washington 's first inaugural mention the phrase at all -- including those that transcribed what he said for his oath . </P> <P> Also , the President - elect 's name is typically added after the `` I '' , for example , `` I , George Washington , do ... '' Normally , the Chief Justice of the United States administers the oath . It is sometimes asserted that the oath bestows upon the President the power to do whatever is necessary to `` preserve , protect and defend the Constitution . '' Andrew Jackson , while vetoing an Act for the renewal of the charter of the national bank , implied that the President could refuse to execute statutes that he felt were unconstitutional . In suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus , President Abraham Lincoln claimed that he acted according to the oath . His action was challenged in court and overturned by the U.S. Circuit Court in Maryland ( led by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ) in Ex Parte Merryman , 17 F. Cas. 144 ( C.C.D. Md. 1861 ) . Lincoln ignored Taney 's order . Finally , Andrew Johnson 's counsel referred to the theory during his impeachment trial . Otherwise , few have seriously asserted that the oath augments the President 's powers . </P> <P> The Vice President also has an oath of office , but it is not mandated by the Constitution and is prescribed by statute . Currently , the Vice Presidential oath is the same as that for Members of Congress . </P> <Dl> <Dd> I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same ; that I take this obligation freely , without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion ; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter . So help me God . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Section 2 : Presidential powers ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the landmark decision Nixon v. General Services Administration , Justice William Rehnquist , afterwards the Chief Justice , declared in his dissent the need to `` fully describe the preeminent position that the President of the United States occupies with respect to our Republic . Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States , and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are indeed a powerful and incredible responsibility but as well as a great honor . '' </P> <H3> Clause 1 : command of military ; opinions of Cabinet Secretaries ; Pardons ( edit ) </H3> President Franklin D. Roosevelt as Commander in Chief , with his military subordinates during World War II . Left to right : General Douglas MacArthur , President Franklin Roosevelt , Admiral William D. Leahy , Admiral Chester W. Nimitz . <P> The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States , and of the Militia of the several States , when called into the actual Service of the United States ; he may require the Opinion , in writing , of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments , upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices , and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States , except in Cases of Impeachment . </P> <P> The Constitution vests the President with Executive Power . That power reaches its zenith when wielded to protect national security . And federal courts in the United States must pay proper deference to the Executive in assessing the threats that face the nation . The President is the military 's commander - in - chief ; however Article One gives Congress and not the President the exclusive right to declare war . Nevertheless , the power of the president to initiate hostilities has been subject to question . According to historian Thomas Woods , `` Ever since the Korean War , Article II , Section 2 ( ... ) has been interpreted ' The president has the power to initiate hostilities without consulting Congress ' ( ... ) But what the framers actually meant by that clause was that once war has been declared , it was the President 's responsibility as commander - in - chief to direct the war . Alexander Hamilton spoke in such terms when he said that the president , although lacking the power to declare war , would have `` the direction of war when authorized or begun . '' The president acting alone was authorized only to repel sudden attacks ( hence the decision to withhold from him only the power to `` declare '' war , not to `` make '' war , which was thought to be a necessary emergency power in case of foreign attack ) . Since World War II , every major military action has been technically a U.S. military operation or a U.N. `` police action '' , which are deemed legally legitimate by Congress , and various United Nations Resolutions because of decisions such as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution or the Resolution of The Congress Providing Authorization for Use of Force In Iraq . </P> <P> The President may require the `` principal officer '' of any executive department to tender his advice in writing . While the Constitution nowhere requires a formal Cabinet , it does authorize the president to seek advice from the principal officers of the various departments as he ( or she ) performs their official duties . George Washington found it prudent to organize his principal officers into a Cabinet , and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since . Presidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes . Secretary of State William H. Seward advocated the use of a parliamentary - style Cabinet government to President Abraham Lincoln , but was rebuffed . Later , Woodrow Wilson advocated use of a parliamentary - style Cabinet while he was a professor , but as President he would have none of it in his administration . In recent administrations , cabinets have grown to include key White House staff in addition to department and agency heads . President Ronald Reagan formed seven subcabinet councils to review many policy issues , and subsequent Presidents have followed that practice . </P> <P> The President , furthermore , may grant pardon or reprieves , except in cases of impeachment . Originally , as ruled by the Supreme Court in United States v. Wilson ( 1833 ) , the pardon could be rejected by the convict . In Biddle v. Perovich 274 U.S. 480 ( 1927 ) , the Supreme Court reversed the doctrine , ruling that `` ( a ) pardon in our days is not a private act of grace from an individual happening to possess power . It is a part of the Constitutional scheme . When granted it is the determination of the ultimate authority that the public welfare will be better served by inflicting less than what the judgment fixed . '' </P> <H3> Clause 2 : advice and consent Clause ( edit ) </H3> <P> The President exercises the powers in the Advice and Consent Clause with the advice and consent of the Senate . </P> <P> He shall have Power , by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , to make Treaties , provided two thirds of the Senators present concur ; and he shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , Judges of the supreme Court , and all other Officers of the United States , whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for , and which shall be established by Law : but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers , as they think proper , in the President alone , in the Courts of Law , or in the Heads of Departments . </P> Treaties ( edit ) Main article : Treaty Clause <P> The President may enter the United States into treaties , but they are not effective until ratified by a two - thirds vote in the Senate . In Article II however , the Constitution is not very explicit about the termination of treaties . The first abrogation of a treaty occurred in 1798 , when Congress passed a law terminating a 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France . In the nineteenth century , several Presidents terminated treaties after Congress passed resolutions requesting the same . In 1854 , however , President Franklin Pierce terminated a treaty with Denmark with the consent of the Senate alone . A Senate committee ruled that it was correct procedure for the President to terminate treaties after being authorized by the Senate alone , and not the entire Congress . President Pierce 's successors , however , returned to the former procedure of obtaining authorization from both Houses . Some Presidents have claimed to themselves the exclusive power of terminating treaties . The first unambiguous case of a President terminating a treaty without authorization , granted prior to or after the termination , occurred when Jimmy Carter terminated a treaty with the Republic of China . For the first time , judicial determination was sought , but the effort proved futile : the Supreme Court could not find a majority agreeing on any particular principle , and therefore instructed the trial court to dismiss the case . </P> Appointments ( edit ) Main article : Appointments Clause <P> The President may also appoint judges , ambassadors , consuls , ministers and other officers with the advice and consent of the Senate . By law , however , Congress may allow the President , heads of executive departments , or the courts to appoint inferior officials . </P> <P> The Senate has a long - standing practice of permitting motions to reconsider previous decisions . In 1931 , the Senate granted advice and consent to the President on the appointment of a member of the Federal Power Commission . The officer in question was sworn in , but the Senate , under the guise of a motion to reconsider , rescinded the advice and consent . In the writ of quo warranto proceedings that followed , the Supreme Court ruled that the Senate was not permitted to rescind advice and consent after the officer had been installed . </P> <P> After the Senate grants advice and consent , however , the President is under no compulsion to commission the officer . It has not been settled whether the President has the prerogative to withhold a commission after having signed it . This issue played a large part in the famous court case Marbury v. Madison . </P> <P> At times the President has asserted the power to remove individuals from office . Congress has often explicitly limited the President 's power to remove ; during the Reconstruction Era , Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act , purportedly preventing Andrew Johnson from removing , without the advice and consent of the Senate , anyone appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate . President Johnson ignored the Act , and was later impeached and acquitted . The constitutionality of the Act was not immediately settled . In Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) , the Supreme Court held that Congress could not limit the President 's power to remove an executive officer ( the Postmaster General ) , but in Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 ( 1935 ) it upheld Congress 's authority to restrict the President 's power to remove officers of the Federal Trade Commission , an `` administrative body ( that ) can not in any proper sense be characterized as an arm or eye of the executive . '' </P> <P> Congress may repeal the legislation that authorizes the appointment of an executive officer . But it `` can not reserve for itself the power of an officer charged with the execution of the laws except by impeachment . '' Congress has from time to time changed the number of justices in the Supreme Court . </P> <H3> Clause 3 : recess appointments ( edit ) </H3> President George W. Bush announcing the August 1 , 2005 recess appointment of John R. Bolton as the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations as U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice looks on . Main article : Recess appointment <P> The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate , by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session . </P> <P> During recesses of the Senate , the President may appoint officers , but their commissions expire at the conclusion of the Senate 's next session . </P> <H2> Section 3 : Presidential responsibilities ( edit ) </H2> <P> He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union , and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may , on extraordinary Occasions , convene both Houses , or either of them , and in Case of Disagreement between them , with Respect to the Time of Adjournment , he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers ; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed , and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States . </P> <H3> Clause 1 : State of the Union ( edit ) </H3> 2011 State of the Union Address given by former President Barack Obama <P> The President must give the Congress information on the `` State of the Union '' `` from time to time . '' This is called the State of the Union Clause . Originally , Presidents personally delivered annual addresses to Congress . Thomas Jefferson , who felt that the procedure resembled the Speech from the Throne delivered by British monarchs , chose instead to send written messages to Congress for reading by clerks . Jefferson 's procedure was followed by future Presidents until Woodrow Wilson reverted to the former procedure of personally addressing Congress , which has continued to this day . </P> <P> Kesavan and Sidak explain the purpose of the State of the Union clause : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` The State of the Union Clause imposes an executive duty on the President . That duty must be discharged periodically . The President 's assessment of the State of the Union must be publicized to Congress , and thus to the nation . The publication of the President 's assessment conveys information to Congress - information uniquely gleaned from the President 's perspective in his various roles as Commander - in - Chief , chief law enforcer , negotiator with foreign powers , and the like - that shall aid the legislature in public deliberation on matters that may justify the enactment of legislation because of their national importance . '' </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Clause 2 : making recommendations to Congress ( edit ) </H3> <P> The president has the power and duty to recommend , for the consideration of Congress , such measures which the president deems as `` necessary and expedient '' . At his inauguration George Washington declared in his Inaugural Address : `` By the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty of the President ' to recommend to your consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . ' '' This is the Recommendation Clause . </P> <P> Kesavan and Sidak explain the purpose of the Recommendation clause : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` The Recommendation Clause also imposes an executive duty on the President . His recommendations respect the equal dignity of Congress and thus embody the anti-royalty sentiment that ignited the American Revolution and subsequently stripped the trappings of monarchy away from the new chief executive . Through his recommendations to Congress , the President speaks collectively for the People as they petition Government for a redress of grievances , and thus his recommendations embody popular sovereignty . The President tailors his recommendations so that their natural implication is the enactment of new legislation , rather than some other action that Congress might undertake . Finally , the President shall have executive discretion to recommend measures of his choosing . '' </Dd> </Dl> <P> Sidak explained that there is a connection between the Recommendation clause and the Petition Clause of the 1st Amendment : `` Through his performance of the duty to recommend measures to Congress , the President functions as the agent of a diffuse electorate who seek the redress of grievances . To muzzle the President , therefore , is to diminish the effectiveness of this right expressly reserved to the people under the first amendment . '' Kesavan and Sidak also cited a Professor Bybee who stated in this context : `` The Recommendation Clause empowers the President to represent the people before Congress , by recommending measures for the reform of government , for the general welfare , or for the redress of grievances . The Right of Petition Clause prevents Congress from abridging the right of the people to petition for a redress of grievances . '' </P> <P> The Recommendation clause imposes a duty , but its performance rests solely with the President . Congress possesses no power to compel the President to recommend , as he alone is the `` judge '' of what is `` necessary and expedient . '' Unlike the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I , which limits Congress 's discretion to carrying out only its delegated powers , the phrase `` necessary and expedient '' implies a wider range of discretion for the President . Because this is a political question , there has been little judicial involvement with the President 's actions under the clause as long as Presidents have not tried to extend their legislative powers . In Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer ( 1952 ) , the Supreme Court noted that the Recommendations Clause serves as a reminder that the President can not make law by himself : `` The power to recommend legislation , granted to the President , serves only to emphasize that it is his function to recommend and that it is the function of the Congress to legislate . '' The Court made a similar point in striking down the line - item veto in Clinton v. City of New York ( 1998 ) . When President Bill Clinton attempted to shield the records of the President 's Task Force on Health Care Reform as essential to his functions under the Recommendations Clause , a federal circuit court rejected the argument and noted in Ass'n of American Physicians & Surgeons v. Clinton ( 1993 ) : `` ( T ) he Recommendation Clause is less an obligation than a right . The President has the undisputed authority to recommend legislation , but he need not exercise that authority with respect to any particular subject or , for that matter , any subject . '' </P> <H3> Clause 3 : calling Congress into extraordinary session ; adjourning Congress ( edit ) </H3> <P> To allow the government to act quickly in case of a major domestic or international crisis arising when Congress is not in session , the President is permitted to call extraordinary sessions of one or both Houses of Congress . If the two Houses can not agree on a date for adjournment , the President may adjourn both Houses to such a time as befits the circumstances . The last time this power was exercised was in 1948 , when President Harry S Truman called a special session of Congress . That was the twenty - seventh time in American history that a president convened such a session . </P> <P> Following the widespread adoption of transcontinental air travel in the second half of the twentieth century , Congress began meeting year - round . Since that time , it has always been in session on every occasion when the President might otherwise have perceived the need to call Congress into extraordinary session . </P> <H3> Clause 4 : receiving foreign Representatives ( edit ) </H3> <P> The President receives all foreign Ambassadors . This clause of the Constitution , known as the Reception Clause , has been interpreted to imply that the President possesses broad power over matters of foreign policy , and to provide support for the President 's exclusive authority to grant recognition to a foreign government . </P> <H3> Clause 5 : caring for the Faithful execution of the law ( edit ) </H3> <P> The President must `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed . '' This clause in the Constitution imposes a duty on the President to enforce the laws of the United States and is called the Take Care Clause , also known as the Faithful Execution Clause or Faithfully Executed Clause . This clause is meant to ensure that a law is faithfully executed by the President even if he disagrees with the purpose of that law . Addressing the North Carolina ratifying convention , William Maclaine declared that the Faithful Execution Clause was `` one of the ( Constitution 's ) best provisions . '' If the President `` takes care to see the laws faithfully executed , it will be more than is done in any government on the continent ; for I will venture to say that our government , and those of the other states , are , with respect to the execution of the laws , in many respects mere ciphers . '' President George Washington interpreted this clause as imposing on him a unique duty to ensure the execution of federal law . Discussing a tax rebellion , Washington observed , `` it is my duty to see the Laws executed : to permit them to be trampled upon with impunity would be repugnant to ( that duty . ) '' </P> <P> According to former United States Assistant Attorney General Walter E. Dellinger III , the Supreme Court and the Attorneys General have long interpreted the Take Care Clause to mean that the President has no inherent constitutional authority to suspend the enforcement of the laws , particularly of statutes . The Take Care Clause demands that the President obey the law , the Supreme Court said in Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , and repudiates any notion that he may dispense with the law 's execution . In Printz v. United States , 521 U.S. 898 ( 1997 ) , the Supreme Court explained how the President executes the law : `` The Constitution does not leave to speculation who is to administer the laws enacted by Congress ; the President , it says , `` shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed , '' Art . II , § 3 , personally and through officers whom he appoints ( save for such inferior officers as Congress may authorize to be appointed by the `` Courts of Law '' or by `` the Heads of Departments '' with other presidential appointees ) , Art . II , § 2 . '' </P> <P> The President may not prevent a member of the executive branch from performing a ministerial duty lawfully imposed upon him by Congress . ( See Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) ; and Kendall v. United States ex rel . Stokes ( 1838 ) ) . Nor may the President take an action not authorized either by the Constitution or by a lawful statute . ( See Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer ( 1952 ) ) . Finally , the President may not refuse to enforce a constitutional law , or `` cancel '' certain appropriations , for that would amount to an extra-constitutional veto or suspension power . </P> <P> The President , while having to enforce the law , also possesses wide discretion in deciding how and even when to enforce laws . He also has a range of interpretive discretion in deciding the meaning of laws he must execute . When an appropriation provides discretion , the President can gauge when and how appropriated moneys can be spent most efficiently . </P> <P> Some Presidents have claimed the authority under this clause to impound money appropriated by Congress . President Jefferson , for example , delayed the expenditure of money appropriated for the purchase of gunboats for over a year . President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his successors sometimes refused outright to expend appropriated money . The Supreme Court , however , has held that impoundments without Congressional authorization are unconstitutional . </P> <P> It has been asserted that the President 's responsibility in the `` faithful '' execution of the laws entitles him to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus . Article One provides that the privilege may not be suspended save during times of rebellion or invasion , but it does not specify who may suspend the privilege . The Supreme Court ruled that Congress may suspend the privilege if it deems it necessary . During the American Civil War , President Abraham Lincoln suspended the privilege , but , owing to the vehement opposition he faced , obtained congressional authorization for the same . Since then , the privilege of the writ has only been suspended upon the express authorization of Congress . </P> <P> In Mississippi v. Johnson , 71 U.S. 475 ( 1867 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the judiciary may not restrain the President in the execution of laws . In that case the Supreme Court refused to entertain a request for an injunction preventing President Andrew Johnson from executing the Reconstruction Acts , which were claimed to be unconstitutional . The Court found that `` ( t ) he Congress is the legislative department of the government ; the President is the executive department . Neither can be restrained in its action by the judicial department ; though the acts of both , when performed , are , in proper cases , subject to its cognizance . '' Thus , the courts can not bar the passage of a law by Congress , though it may strike down such a law as unconstitutional . A similar construction applies to the executive branch . </P> <H3> Clause 6 : officers ' commissions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The President commissions `` all the Officers of the United States . '' These include officers in both military and foreign service . ( Under Article I , Section 8 , the States have authority for `` the Appointment of the Officers ... of the ( State ) Militia ... `` ) </P> <P> The presidential authority to commission officers had a large impact on the 1803 case Marbury v. Madison , where outgoing Federalist President John Adams feverishly signed many commissions to the judiciary on his final day in office , hoping to , as incoming Democratic - Republican President Thomas Jefferson put it , `` ( retire ) into the judiciary as a stronghold . '' However , in his haste , Adams ' Secretary of State neglected to have all the commissions delivered . Incoming President Jefferson was enraged with Adams , and ordered his Secretary of State , James Madison , to refrain from delivering the remaining commissions . William Marbury took the matter to the Supreme Court , where the famous Marbury was decided . </P> <H2> Section 4 : impeachment ( edit ) </H2> Depiction of the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson , in 1868 , Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding . Main article : Impeachment in the United States <P> The President , Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States , shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for , and Conviction of , Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors . </P> <P> The Constitution also allows for involuntary removal from office . The President , Vice-President , Cabinet Secretaries , and other executive officers , as well as judges , may be impeached by the House of Representatives and tried in the Senate . </P> <P> Any official convicted by impeachment is immediately removed from office . The Senate may also choose to bar the removed official from holding any federal office in the future . No other punishments may be inflicted pursuant to the impeachment proceeding , but the convicted party remains liable to trial and punishment in the courts for civil and criminal charges . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Unitary executive theory </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Constitution With Declaration of Independence , US Government Printing Office '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prakash , Sai Prakash . `` Essays on Article II : Executive Vesting Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Electoral College '' . ncsl.org . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joint Congressional Committee on Presidential Inaugurations '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved November 10 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 3331 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cf : Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , 343 U.S. 579,637 ( 1952 ) ( Jackson , J. , concurring ) ( `` When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization from Congress , '' his actions are `` supported by the strongest of presumptions and the widest latitude of judicial interpretation , and the burden of persuasion ... rest ( s ) heavily upon any who might attack it . '' ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boumediene v. Bush , 553 U.S. 723 , 797 ( 2008 ) ( `` ( M ) ost federal judges ( do not ) begin the day with briefings that describe new and serious threats to our Nation and its people . '' ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woods , Thomas ( July 7 , 2005 ) Presidential War Powers , LewRockwell.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woods , Thomas ( 2013 ) . `` Presidential War Powers : The Constitutional Answer '' . Liberty Classrooom . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gaziano , Todd . `` Essays on Article II : Opinion Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Biddle , at 486 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States Senate . `` Treaties '' . senate.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States Library of Congress ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Primary Documents in American History Treaty of Alliance with France '' . loc.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John H. Haswell , University of Minnesota ; United States Department of State ( 2010 ) . Treaties and Conventions Concluded Between the United States of America Since July 4 , 1776 . google.books.com . pp. 1,232 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldwater v. Carter , 444 U.S. 996 ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowsher v. Synar , 478 U.S. 714 ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vasan Kesavan and J. Gregory Sidak ( 2002 ) . `` The Legislator - In - Chief '' . William and Mary Law Review . 44 ( 1 ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sidak , Gregory ( August 1989 ) . `` The Recommendation Clause '' . Georgetown Law Journal . 77 ( 6 ) : 2079 -- 2135 . SSRN 296114 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kesavan , Vasan . `` The Heritage Guide to the Constitution : Recommendations Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Turnip Day Session ( January 5 , 2011 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States v. Curtiss - Wright Export Corp. , 299 U.S. 304 ( 1936 ) , characterized the President as the `` sole organ of the nation in its external relations , '' an interpretation criticized by Louis Fisher of the Library of Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zivotofsky v. Kerry , 576 U.S. ___ ( 2015 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Article II , Section 3 , U.S. Constitution '' . law.cornell.edu . Legal Information Institute . 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Take Care Clause Law & Legal Definition '' . USLegal.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Take Care Clause . `` Take Care Clause '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prepared by Devotion Garner . Updated by Cheryl Nyberg . `` Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions '' . Gallagher Library of the University of Washington School of Law . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chapter 12 - The Presidency Flashcards '' . Flashcard Machine . January 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walter E. Dellinger III ( September 7 , 1995 ) . `` CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS ON FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IN BINDING ARBITRATION '' . United States Department of Justice . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kinkopf , Neil ( September -- October 2005 ) . `` FURIOUS GEORGE - The belligerence of the Bush Administration in pursuing expansive power has a long Republican pedigree '' . Legal Affairs - The magazine at the intersection of Law and Life . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sai Prakash . `` Take Care Clause '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , at 500 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An example of this is Alcee Hastings who was removed from a federal judgeship , but was not barred from serving in another federal office . He was later elected to , and currently serves in , the House of Representatives . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cf . Ritter v. United States , 677 F. 2d 957 ( 2d . Cir. 19 ) 84 Ct . Cl. 293 , 300 ( Ct . Cl. 1936 ) ( `` While the Senate in one sense acts as a court on the trial of an impeachment , it is essentially a political body and in its actions is influenced by the views of its members on the public welfare . '' ) ; STAFF OF H. COMM . ON THE JUDICIARY , 93D CONG. , CONSTITUTIONAL GROUNDS FOR PRESIDENTIAL IMPEACHMENT 24 ( Comm . Print 1974 ) ( `` The purpose of impeachment is not personal punishment ; its function is primarily to maintain constitutional government . '' ) ( citation omitted ) , reprinted in 3 LEWIS DESCHLER , DESCHLER 'S PRECEDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES , H.R. DOC . NO . 94 ‒ 661 ch. 14 , app . at 2269 ( 1977 ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kilman , Johnny and George Costello ( Eds ) . ( 2000 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . </Li> <Li> CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 2 </Li> <Li> Mount , Steve . ( 2003 ) . `` Presidential Pardons . 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227 ( TV series ) - wikipedia <H1> 227 ( TV series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 227 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Sitcom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> C.J. Banks Bill Boulware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> 227 by Christine Houston </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> Jack Elinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Marla Gibbs Hal Williams Alaina Reed Hall Jackée Harry Helen Martin Regina King Kia Goodwin Curtis Baldwin Countess Vaughn Toukie A. Smith Stoney Jackson Barry Sobel Paul Winfield Kevin Peter Hall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Ray Colcord </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , performed by Marla Gibbs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ray Colcord </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 116 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Marla Gibbs ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ronald Rubin ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bill Boulware ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Myer ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Bob Young ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Richard Gurman ( 1985 -- 1987 ) George Burditt ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Ron Bloomberg ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Jack Elinson ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Roy Campanella , Jr. ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Irma Kalish ( 1988 -- 1990 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Multi-camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 22 -- 24 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Embassy Television ( 1985 -- 1986 ) ( season 1 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 -- 1988 ) ( seasons 2 - 3 ) ELP Communications ( 1988 - 1990 ) ( seasons 3 - 5 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 1990 ) ( seasons 3 - 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Columbia TriStar Television Sony Pictures Television ( Currently ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Stereo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 14 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 14 ) -- May 6 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> Jackée </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> 227 is an American sitcom that originally aired on NBC from September 14 , 1985 to May 6 , 1990 . The series stars Marla Gibbs as a sharp - tongued , inner - city resident gossip and housewife , Mary Jenkins . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origins </Li> <Li> 2 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 3 Cast </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes </Li> <Li> 5 Ratings </Li> <Li> 6 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 7 Series syndication </Li> <Li> 8 DVD release </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origins ( edit ) </H2> <P> The series was adapted from a play written in 1978 by Christine Houston about the lives of women in a predominantly black apartment building in 1950s Chicago . The setting of the series , however , was changed to present - day Washington , D.C. The show was created as a starring vehicle for Marla Gibbs , who had become famous as Florence Johnston , the sassy maid on The Jeffersons , and had starred in Houston 's play in Los Angeles . This role was similar in nature to that of tart - tongued Florence ; Gibbs ' character , housewife Mary Jenkins , loved a good gossip and often spoke what she thought , with sometimes not - so - favorable results . </P> <P> According to Gibbs , 227 was originally offered to ABC , but sold to NBC . Since The Jeffersons was still on the air on CBS , the new 227 show was scheduled to begin in 1986 . However , when The Jeffersons was abruptly and unexpectedly canceled in 1985 , Gibbs was free to begin , and 227 went into production a year earlier than had been previously planned . </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> 227 followed the lives of people in a middle - class apartment building , 227 Lexington Place , in Northeast , Washington , D.C. The show was centered around Mary Jenkins ( Marla Gibbs ) , a nosy , tart - tongued , but loving housewife . Her husband , Lester ( Hal Williams ) , had his own construction company , and their daughter , Brenda ( Regina King ) , was boy - crazy yet smart and studious . It was King 's first acting role . </P> <P> Also cast in 227 was Sandra Clark ( Jackée Harry ) , Mary 's young neighbor who constantly bickered back and forth with her about their respective views on life . Although their relationship was antagonistic at first , Mary and Sandra became good friends as time went on . Also living in the building was Pearl Shay ( Helen Martin ) , a feisty - but - kind - hearted busybody neighbor who was known for snooping and had a sharp sense of humor . Pearl had a grandson named Calvin Dobbs ( Curtis Baldwin ) , whom Brenda had a crush on and would finally date later in the series ' run . </P> <P> Rose Lee Holloway ( Alaina Reed Hall ) was Mary 's level - headed best friend and often the voice of reason among 227 's residents . She and Mary were often seen sitting on the front stoop of the building , exchanging rumors and gossip , with Pearl adding sly commentary and humor from her front window . Rose had a daughter named Tiffany ( Kia Goodwin ) , who was Brenda 's closest friend , but she disappeared after the second season , although she was mentioned occasionally . In the premiere episode , Rose became the unexpected landlord of the building after the building 's stingy slumlord Mr. Calloway died . Rose stayed on as landlady until the fourth season ( for season five , Paul Winfield was introduced as the building 's new snide , wealthy landlord Julian c . Barlow ) . </P> <P> In the first season , both Helen Martin and Curtis Baldwin , who had only been recurring stars , appeared in nearly every episode . In the second season 's opening credits , Martin and Baldwin shared a title card , thus making them official full - time cast members . Martin had her own title card for the third and fifth seasons , while Regina King and Baldwin shared a title card together in those years . </P> <P> By the time taping started on the third season in 1987 , Jackée Harry , who had just won an Emmy for Outstanding Supporting Actress changed her stage name to simply Jackée , which she used until 1994 . In the fourth season , an 11 - year - old child prodigy named Alexandria DeWitt ( Countess Vaughn ) became the Jenkins ' houseguest . Vaughn received her role after she appeared on Star Search and declared to host Ed McMahon that her favorite show was 227 . However , Alexandria left during Calvin 's graduation episode near the end of season four to reunite with her father who after completing his archaeological dig in the Amazon had moved to London to catalogue his items . </P> <P> After the fourth season , Jackée 's television pilot , entitled Jackée , found Sandra moving to New York City and finding work at a spa . NBC aired the episode on May 11 , 1989 . The pilot was rejected , and Jackée left the show ; however , she was a guest star in seven of the final season 's episodes . </P> <P> In the show 's final season , Toukie Smith , Barry Sobel , Stoney Jackson , Kevin Peter Hall and Paul Winfield joined the cast in an effort to stop the show 's declining ratings . In the end , the cast additions proved fruitless , and 227 ended its run in the spring of 1990 . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th_colspan="6"> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marla Gibbs </Td> <Td> Mary Louise Hurley - Jenkins </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hal Williams </Td> <Td> Lester Jenkins </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alaina Reed Hall </Td> <Td> Rose Lee Holloway ( later Merriwether ) </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jackée Harry </Td> <Td> Sandra Clark </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Regina King </Td> <Td> Brenda Jenkins </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kia Goodwin </Td> <Td> Tiffany Holloway </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helen Martin </Td> <Td> Pearl Shay </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Curtis Baldwin </Td> <Td> Calvin Dobbs </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Countess Vaughn </Td> <Td> Alexandria DeWitt </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barry Sobel </Td> <Td> Dylan McMillan </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toukie A. Smith </Td> <Td> Eva Rawley </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stoney Jackson </Td> <Td> Travis Filmore </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul Winfield </Td> <Td> Julian C. Barlow </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reynaldo Rey </Td> <Td> Ray the Mailman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kevin Peter Hall </Td> <Td> Warren Merriwether </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of 227 episodes <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <P> With the exception of The Cosby Show and A Different World , 227 achieved higher ratings than other sitcoms airing at the time with a predominantly African American cast during the first two seasons of its original run on NBC ( 1985 -- 1990 ) . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1985 -- 1986 : # 20 ( 18.80 rating ) </Li> <Li> 1986 -- 1987 : # 14 ( 18.90 rating ) </Li> <Li> 1987 -- 1988 : # 27 ( 16.44 rating ) </Li> <Li> 1988 - 1989 : # 35 ( 14.47 rating ) </Li> <Li> 1989 - 1990 : # 60 ( 11.53 rating ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Recipient </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> BMI Film & TV Awards </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> BMI TV Music Award </Td> <Td> Ray Colcord </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jackée Harry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series </Td> <Td> Jackée Harry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Golden Globe Award </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series , Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV </Td> <Td> Jackée Harry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Young Artist Awards </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Best Young Actress Starring in a New Television Series </Td> <Td> Regina King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress in a Long Running Series Comedy or Drama </Td> <Td> Regina King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress , Guest Starring in a Television , Comedy or Drama Series </Td> <Td> Jurnee Smollett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Best Young Actress Featured , Co-starring , Supporting , Recurring Role in a Comedy or Drama Series or Special </Td> <Td> Countess Vaughn </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Series syndication ( edit ) </H2> <P> NBC aired daytime reruns of 227 from September 1989 to July 1990 . The show went into syndication in the fall of 1990 . It has previously aired on cable 's BET , TV One , TV Land , Centric , and UP ( formerly GMC ) . Selected Minisodes from the first season are available to view for free on Crackle. 227 ( alongside Amen ) aired on Encore Black from November 12 , 2013 to November 30 , 2015 . The show is owned and distributed by Sony Pictures Television . 227 aired back - to - back episodes on Logo starting at midnight on New Year 's Day 2016 . In January 2017 , the series began airing on Antenna TV . The series started airing on OWN weekend nights starting December 2 , 2017 . </P> <H2> DVD release ( edit ) </H2> <P> On September 28 , 2004 , Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment released the complete first season of 227 on DVD in Region 1 . </P> <P> On February 7 , 2017 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-released the first season on DVD in Region 1 . It is unknown as to when Mill Creek will release sets of the remaining four seasons . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jackée ( 227 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Rated Programs -- 1985 -- 1990 '' . chez.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://blog.sitcomsonline.com/2010/10/gmc-acquires-227-remembering-barbara.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Marla Gibbs , Jackée Harry Return to DVD in ' The Complete 1st Season ' '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 227 on IMDb </Li> <Li> 227 at TV.com </Li> <Li> 227 at epguides.com </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=227_(TV_series)&oldid=834273880 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1985 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> 1990 American television series endings </Li> <Li> 1980s American sitcoms </Li> <Li> 1980s American black sitcoms </Li> <Li> 1990s American black sitcoms </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> NBC network shows </Li> <Li> Television shows set in Washington , D.C. </Li> <Li> Television series based on plays </Li> <Li> Television series by Sony Pictures Television </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Tv.com template using numeric id </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 20 : 45 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Billy Redden - wikipedia <H1> Billy Redden </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Billy Redden ( born 1956 ) is an American actor , best known for his role as a backwoods , mountain boy in the 1972 film Deliverance . He played Lonnie , a banjo - playing teenager of the country in north Georgia , who played the noted `` Dueling Banjos '' with Drew Ballinger ( Ronny Cox ) . The film was critically acclaimed and received nominations for awards in several categories . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Filmography </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Redden was born in Rabun County , Georgia . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> At the age of 16 , he was selected for a role in Deliverance from his school in Georgia by the director John Boorman to portray a banjo - playing `` local '' during the film 's famous `` dueling banjos '' scene . Boorman felt that Redden 's skinny frame and large head , and almond shaped eyes made him the natural choice to play the part of an `` inbred from the back woods . '' Because Redden could not play a banjo , he wore a special shirt which allowed a real banjo player to hide behind him for the scene , which was shot with carefully chosen camera angles that would conceal the player , whose arms were slipped around Redden 's waist to play the tune . </P> <P> After Deliverance , Redden was cast in Lamberto Bava 's 1984 film Blastfighter . The film was recorded in and around Clayton and many people recall it as a mixture of Deliverance and First Blood . </P> <P> Redden next appeared in Tim Burton 's 2003 film Big Fish . Burton was intent on getting Redden , as he wanted him to play ( really ? ) the role of a banjo - playing `` welcomer '' in the utopian town of Spectre . Burton located Redden in Clayton , Georgia , where he was part - owner of the Cookie Jar Café , and also worked as a cook and dishwasher . </P> <P> In 2004 , Redden made a guest appearance on Blue Collar TV , playing a car repairman named Ray in a `` Redneck Dictionary '' skit . He represented the word `` raisin bread '' ( as in `` Ray 's inbred '' ) . He played a banjo in the skit . </P> <P> In 2009 , Redden played again his usual role ( The banjo man ) in Ace Cruz 's film Outrage : Born in Terror . </P> <P> In 2012 , 40 years after the release of Deliverance , Redden was interviewed in association with a documentary , The Deliverance of Rabun County ( 2012 ) . It explored the feelings of people in Rabun County four decades later about the 1972 film . Redden said that though Deliverance was the best thing that happened to him , he never saw much money from the movie : </P> <P> I 'd like to have all the money I thought I 'd make from this movie . I would n't be working at Walmart right now . And I 'm struggling really hard to make ends meet . </P> <P> Noting some locals objected to the stereotypes in the movie , Redden said that the people in Rabun County were good people : </P> <P> We 're not a bad people up here , we 're a loving people . Rabun County is a pretty good town . It 's peaceful , not a lot of crime going on , just a real peaceful town . Everybody pretty much gets along with everybody . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Deliverance ( 1972 ) - Lonnie </Li> <Li> Blastfighter ( 1984 ) - Banjo Man ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Big Fish ( 2003 ) - Banjo Man </Li> <Li> Outrage ( 2009 ) - Banjo Man ( final film role ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Potempa , Philip ( October 19 , 2008 ) . `` Burt Reynolds and ' Deliverance ' boy reunited `` . The Times of Northwest Indiana . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welles , Cory ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` 40 Years Later , Deliverance Causes Mixed Feelings in Georgia '' . Marketplace . American Public Media . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Billy Redden on IMDb </Li> <Li> Blake Spurney ( News Editor ) ( October 7 , 2004 ) . `` Another celebrity appearance for Rabun star ( Archived 27 Dec 2004 ) '' . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2004 . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Redden&oldid=827472734 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1956 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> American male film actors </Li> <Li> American male child actors </Li> <Li> Male actors from Georgia ( U.S. state ) </Li> <Li> People from Clayton , Georgia </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 22 : 43 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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The Santa Clause 2 - Wikipedia <H1> The Santa Clause 2 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Santa Clause 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Michael Lembeck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Robert Newmyer </Li> <Li> Brian Reilly </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Silver </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Don Rhymer </Li> <Li> Cinco Paul </Li> <Li> Ken Daurio </Li> <Li> Ed Decter </Li> <Li> John J. Strauss </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Characters created by Leo Benvenuti Steve Rudnick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tim Allen </Li> <Li> Eric Lloyd </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Mitchell </Li> <Li> Wendy Crewson </Li> <Li> Judge Reinhold </Li> <Li> Liliana Mumy </Li> <Li> David Krumholtz </Li> <Li> Spencer Breslin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> George S. Clinton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Adam Greenberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Finfer </Li> <Li> Edward A. Warschilka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney Pictures </Li> <Li> Outlaw Productions </Li> <Li> Boxing Cat Films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Buena Vista Pictures Distribution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> November 1 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 01 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 104 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $65 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $172.9 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Santa Clause 2 is a 2002 Christmas family comedy film directed by Michael Lembeck . It is a sequel to The Santa Clause ( 1994 ) and the second installment in the Santa Clause film series . All the principal actors from the first film , including Tim Allen , Eric Lloyd , Wendy Crewson and Judge Reinhold , reprise their roles . </P> <P> Released on November 1 , 2002 , the film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $172 million worldwide on a $65 million budget . It was followed by another sequel , The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause , released in 2006 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 4.2 Box office </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 6 Home media </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Eight years have elapsed since Scott Calvin took on the mantle of Santa Claus and became subject to The Santa Clause . Now he is at the top of his game at the North Pole and could not be happier , at least until Head Elf Bernard and Curtis , the Keeper of the Handbook of Christmas break the news that there is another clause -- the `` Mrs. Clause '' . </P> <P> Santa / Scott is now pressed to get married before the next Christmas Eve , or the clause will be broken and Christmas will fade away . At the same time , Abby the Elf delivers news that is more distressing : Santa 's own son Charlie is on the naughty list , for acts including vandalizing the walls of the school gymnasium with spray paint , until he is caught by Principal Carol Newman . Scott must return to his home to search for a wife and set things right with Charlie . He brings this up when visited by the Council of Legendary Figures consisting of Mother Nature , Father Time , Cupid , the Easter Bunny , the Tooth Fairy , and the Sandman . </P> <P> To cover for Santa 's prolonged absence , Curtis helps Santa create a life - size toy replica of Santa , much to Bernard 's horror . However , this replacement ca n't find any grace or slack in his plastic heart for minor infractions by children the world over , having followed the Handbook too strictly . Toy Santa takes control of the North Pole with an army of life - size toy soldiers . He thinks that everyone is naughty , and he plans to give the entire world lumps of coal . </P> <P> Because of the impending end of his contract , Scott undergoes a `` de-Santafication process '' that gradually turns him back into Scott Calvin . He has a limited amount of magic to help him . Scott attempts to reconcile with Charlie , who keeps vandalizing his school to get attention . He and Charlie both face the ire of Principal Newman when Charlie defaces the lockers . </P> <P> Charlie confesses to Scott how hard it is for him that Scott is never around like other fathers , and reveals the stress he is under to conceal the secret that his father is Santa . Scott vows to try harder as a dad , and he and Charlie reconcile . </P> <P> After a few failed dates , Scott finds himself falling for Carol , the school principal . He accompanies her in a sleigh to the faculty Christmas party , which turns out to be dull . Using a little of his Christmas magic , Scott enlivens the party by presenting everyone with their childhood dream gifts . He makes a special presentation to Carol , and , with his last remnant of magic , wins her over and they kiss passionately . However , she balks when he attempts to explain he is Santa , believing that Scott is mocking her childhood , until Charlie manages to convince her by showing her his magic snow globe . </P> <P> Curtis flies in to deliver the news about the Toy Santa 's coal binge . However , Scott has used up the last of his magic wooing Carol , and reindeer Comet has eaten too many chocolate bars , making him too bloated to fly . With a little help from the Tooth Fairy , Scott and Curtis return to the North Pole . Toy Santa wastes no time in subduing Scott , but Charlie and a now - believing Carol spring him free by summoning the Tooth Fairy to fly them there . Scott goes after the Toy Santa , who has already left with the sleigh , riding Chet , a reindeer - in - training , and they both crash back into the village . With an army of elves , Carol , Bernard , Charlie and Curtis lead a snowball war to overthrow the toy soldiers . Toy Santa is reduced to his normal six - inch height , Scott marries Carol in a ceremony presided over by Mother Nature herself , Scott transforms back to Santa , and Christmas proceeds as it always has . Scott and Carol have a three - month honeymoon to go on the next day . In addition , Scott and Charlie reveal the truth to Lucy , Charlie 's younger half - sister ( the daughter of Laura and Neil ) about Scott being Santa Claus and she ca n't tell anyone about his secret , but that it 's more of a gift than a burden . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tim Allen as Scott Calvin / Santa Claus and Toy Santa </Li> <Li> Eric Lloyd as Charlie Calvin </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Mitchell as Principal Carol Newman </Li> <Li> Wendy Crewson as Laura Miller </Li> <Li> Judge Reinhold as Dr. Neal Miller </Li> <Li> Liliana Mumy as Lucy Miller </Li> <Li> David Krumholtz as Bernard the Elf </Li> <Li> Spencer Breslin as Curtis the Elf </Li> <Li> Danielle Woodman as Abby the Elf </Li> <Li> Aisha Tyler as Mother Nature </Li> <Li> Peter Boyle as Father Time </Li> <Li> Jay Thomas as Easter Bunny </Li> <Li> Kevin Pollak as Cupid </Li> <Li> Art LaFleur as Tooth Fairy </Li> <Li> Michael Dorn as Sandman </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> A teaser trailer for this film originally referred to it as Santa Clause 2 : The Escape Clause , scheduled for release in November 2001 . The subtitle would later become the subtitle of the following sequel in 2006 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 55 % based on 113 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Though it 's harmless as family entertainment and has moments of charm , The Santa Clause 2 is also predictable and forgettable . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 26 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . </P> <P> The Santa Clause 2 was nominated for Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . </P> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Santa Clause 2 grossed $139.2 million in the United States and Canada , and $33.6 million in other territories , for a total of $172.8 million , against a production budget of $65 million . It was the fifth - highest - grossing holiday movie . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <P> Original Release Date : November 1 , 2002 </P> <Ul> <Li> 1 . Everybody Loves Christmas -- Eddie Money </Li> <Li> 2 . Santa Claus Lane -- Hilary Duff </Li> <Li> 3 . Santa 's Got A Brand New Bag -- SHeDAISY </Li> <Li> 4 . Jingle Bells -- Brian Setzer </Li> <Li> 5 . Run Rudolph Run -- Chuck Berry </Li> <Li> 6 . ' Zat You , Santa Claus ? -- Louis Armstrong </Li> <Li> 7 . Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town -- Smokey Robinson & the Miracles </Li> <Li> 8 . Blue Holiday -- The Shirelles </Li> <Li> 9 . Unwritten Christmas -- Unwritten Law & Sum 41 </Li> <Li> 10 . I 'm Gonna Lasso Santa Claus -- Brenda Lee </Li> <Li> 11 . Santa Claus Is Coming to Town -- Steve Tyrell </Li> <Li> 12 . Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer -- Elmo & Patsy </Li> </Ul> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The film was released on DVD and VHS on November 18 , 2003 . It was re-released as 3 - Movie Collection DVD set in 2007 and first released as a 3 - Movie Collection Blu - ray set on October 16 , 2012 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) Rare Teaser Trailer . SKYTV . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Santa Clause 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Santa Clause 2 -- CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hailey , Caroline ( 2015 - 12 - 24 ) . `` 10 Highest - Grossing Holiday Movies of All Time '' . GOBankingRates . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Santa Clause Movies '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 2002 Movies at the Worldwide Box Office '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Santa Clause 2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> The Santa Clause 2 on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Santa Clause 2 at AllMovie </Li> <Li> The Santa Clause 2 at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> The Santa Clause 2 at Box Office Mojo </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Michael Lembeck </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Connie and Carla ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Clique ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Tooth Fairy ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Bling Ring ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> A Nutcracker Christmas ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disney Christmas films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theatrical shorts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Empty Socks ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> Mickey 's Orphans ( 1931 ) </Li> <Li> Santa 's Workshop ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Mickey 's Good Deed ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> The Night Before Christmas ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Broken Toys ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Toy Tinkers ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Pluto 's Christmas Tree ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> The Small One ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Mickey 's Christmas Carol ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Matchgirl ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theatrical features </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Babes in Toyland ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> One Magic Christmas ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Santa Clause ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> I 'll Be Home for Christmas ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Disney 's A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Direct - to - video </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Recess Christmas : Miracle on Third Street ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Winnie the Pooh : A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> My Friends Tigger & Pooh : Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Santa Buddies ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Search for Santa Paws ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Santa Paws 2 : The Santa Pups ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Made for TV </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( special , 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Ultimate Christmas Present ( DCOM , 2000 ) </Li> <Li> ' Twas the Night ( DCOM , 2001 ) </Li> <Li> A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( special , 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation ( episode , 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Prep & Landing ( special 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Prep & Landing : Operation : Secret Santa ( special 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( DCOM , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Prep & Landing : Naughty vs. Nice ( special , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( special , 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Toy Story That Time Forgot ( special , 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Santa_Clause_2&oldid=825914077 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2002 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 2000s fantasy films </Li> <Li> 2000s romantic comedy films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American children 's comedy films </Li> <Li> American Christmas films </Li> <Li> American fantasy - comedy films </Li> <Li> American romantic comedy films </Li> <Li> American romantic fantasy films </Li> <Li> American sequel films </Li> <Li> Android ( robot ) films </Li> <Li> Children 's fantasy films </Li> <Li> Directorial debut films </Li> <Li> Films directed by Michael Lembeck </Li> <Li> Films shot in British Columbia </Li> <Li> Santa Claus in film </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Pictures films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from August 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 03 : 43 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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What the Hell Did I Say - wikipedia <H1> What the Hell Did I Say </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` What the Hell Did I Say '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Dierks Bentley </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Black </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Capitol Nashville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dierks Bentley </Li> <Li> Josh Kear </Li> <Li> Chris Tompkins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ross Copperman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dierks Bentley singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Black '' ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> `` What the Hell Did I Say '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Black '' ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> `` What the Hell Did I Say '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` What the Hell Did I Say '' is a song by country music artist Dierks Bentley . It was released as the fourth single from his eighth studio album , Black . The song is about getting intoxicated and giving a girl false promises . This is the second collaboration by Bentley , Kear and Tompkins , following the highly successful single `` Drunk on a Plane '' . However , the song underperformed and became the lowest charting single of Bentley 's career . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Music video </Li> <Li> 2 Charts </Li> <Li> 3 Release history </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> A promotional video directed by Wes Edwards premiered on April 29 , 2016 as part of the album 's pre-release video series . The official music video was released on July 9 , 2017 . Also directed by Edwards , the video is composed of footage from Bentley 's 2017 tour . </P> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Format </Th> <Th> Label </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> May 27 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Digital download </Td> <Td> Capitol Nashville </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Country radio </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- What The Hell Did I Say '' . DierksBentleyVEVO. April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- What the Hell Did I Say '' . DierksBentleyVEVO . July 9 , 2017 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Dierks Bentley . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Dierks Bentley . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Black : Dierks Bentley : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon . May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dierks Bentley hits radio airwaves today with new single '' . UMG Nashville . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dierks Bentley </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Do n't Leave Me in Love </Li> <Li> Dierks Bentley </Li> <Li> Modern Day Drifter </Li> <Li> Long Trip Alone </Li> <Li> Feel That Fire </Li> <Li> Up on the Ridge </Li> <Li> Home </Li> <Li> Riser </Li> <Li> Black </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greatest Hits / Every Mile a Memory 2003 -- 2008 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` What Was I Thinkin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` My Last Name '' </Li> <Li> `` How Am I Doin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Lot of Leavin ' Left to Do '' </Li> <Li> `` Come a Little Closer '' </Li> <Li> `` Settle for a Slowdown '' </Li> <Li> `` Every Mile a Memory '' </Li> <Li> `` Long Trip Alone '' </Li> <Li> `` Free and Easy ( Down the Road I Go ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Trying to Stop Your Leaving '' </Li> <Li> `` Feel That Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` Sideways '' </Li> <Li> `` I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` Up on the Ridge '' </Li> <Li> `` Draw Me a Map '' </Li> <Li> `` Am I the Only One '' </Li> <Li> `` Home '' </Li> <Li> `` 5 - 1 - 5 - 0 '' </Li> <Li> `` Tip It On Back '' </Li> <Li> `` Bourbon in Kentucky '' </Li> <Li> `` I Hold On '' </Li> <Li> `` Drunk on a Plane '' </Li> <Li> `` Say You Do '' </Li> <Li> `` Riser '' </Li> <Li> `` Somewhere on a Beach '' </Li> <Li> `` Different for Girls '' ( feat . Elle King ) </Li> <Li> `` Black '' </Li> <Li> `` What the Hell Did I Say '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The South '' ( w / The Cadillac Three , Florida Georgia Line and Mike Eli ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Riser Tour </Li> <Li> Sounds of Summer Tour </Li> <Li> Somewhere on a Beach Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> `` Murder on Music Row '' ( w / George Jones ) </Li> <Li> `` Flatliner '' ( w / Cole Swindell ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_the_Hell_Did_I_Say&oldid=802536430 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 singles </Li> <Li> Dierks Bentley songs </Li> <Li> Capitol Records Nashville singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Dierks Bentley </Li> <Li> Songs written by Chris Tompkins </Li> <Li> Songs written by Josh Kear </Li> <Li> 2016 songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 19 : 53 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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My Favorite Things ( album ) - wikipedia <H1> My Favorite Things ( album ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> My Favorite Things </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by John Coltrane </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> March 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> October 21 , 24 , 26 , 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Modal jazz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 40 : 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Atlantic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Nesuhi Ertegün </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> John Coltrane chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Coltrane Jazz ( 1961 ) Coltrane Jazz 1961 </Td> <Td> My Favorite Things ( 1961 ) </Td> <Td> Africa / Brass ( 1961 ) Africa / Brass 1961 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allmusic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Penguin Guide to Jazz </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> My Favorite Things is the seventh studio album by jazz musician John Coltrane , released in 1961 on Atlantic Records , catalogue SD - 1361 . It was the first album to feature Coltrane playing soprano saxophone . An edited version of the title track became a hit single that gained popularity in 1961 on radio . The record became a major commercial success . In 1998 , the album received the Grammy Hall of Fame award . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Music </Li> <Li> 3 Track listing </Li> <Li> 4 Personnel <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Production personnel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> In March 1960 , while on tour in Europe , Miles Davis purchased a soprano saxophone for Coltrane . With the exception of Steve Lacy 's late 1950s work with the pianist Cecil Taylor , the instrument had become little used in jazz at that time . Intrigued by its capabilities , Coltrane began playing it at his summer club dates . </P> <P> After leaving the Davis band , Coltrane , for his first regular bookings at New York 's Jazz Gallery in the summer of 1960 , he assembled the first version of the John Coltrane Quartet . The line - up settled by autumn to McCoy Tyner on piano , Steve Davis on bass , and Elvin Jones on drums . Sessions the week before Halloween at Atlantic Studios yielded the track `` Village Blues '' for Coltrane Jazz and the entirety of this album along with the tracks that Atlantic would later assemble into Coltrane Plays the Blues and Coltrane 's Sound . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <P> Released a mere month after Coltrane Jazz , unlike his first two albums for Atlantic , this one contains no original compositions , instead jazz versions of four pop standards . The album was also the first to quite clearly mark Coltrane 's change from bebop to modal jazz , which was slowly becoming apparent in some of his previous releases . The famous track is a modal rendition of the Rodgers and Hammerstein song `` My Favorite Things '' from The Sound of Music . The melody is heard numerous times throughout , but instead of playing solos over the written chord changes , both Tyner and Coltrane take extended solos over vamps of the two tonic chords , E minor and E major , played in waltz time . In the documentary The World According to John Coltrane , narrator Ed Wheeler remarks on the impact that this song 's popularity had on Coltrane 's career : </P> <P> In 1960 , Coltrane left Miles ( Davis ) and formed his own quartet to further explore modal playing , freer directions , and a growing Indian influence . They transformed `` My Favorite Things '' , the cheerful populist song from ' The Sound of Music , ' into a hypnotic eastern dervish dance . The recording was a hit and became Coltrane 's most requested tune -- and a bridge to broad public acceptance . </P> <P> The standard `` Summertime '' is notable for its upbeat , searching feel , a demonstration of Coltrane 's `` sheets of sound '' , a stark antithesis to Miles Davis ' melancholy , lyrical version on Porgy and Bess , and makes use of offbeat pedal points and augmented chords . `` But Not For Me '' is reharmonised using the famous Coltrane changes , and features an extended coda over a repeated ii - V-I - vi progression . </P> <P> On March 3 , 1998 , Rhino Records reissued My Favorite Things as part of its Atlantic 50th Anniversary Jazz Gallery series . Included as bonus tracks were both sides of the `` My Favorite Things '' single , released as Atlantic 5012 in 1961 . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Side one </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` My Favorite Things '' </Td> <Td> Oscar Hammerstein II , Richard Rodgers </Td> <Td> 13 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye '' </Td> <Td> Cole Porter </Td> <Td> 5 : 39 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Side two </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Summertime '' </Td> <Td> Ira Gershwin , DuBose Heyward , George Gershwin </Td> <Td> 11 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` But Not for Me '' </Td> <Td> Ira Gershwin , George Gershwin </Td> <Td> 9 : 34 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> 1998 reissue bonus tracks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` My Favorite Things , Part 1 '' ( single A-side ) </Td> <Td> Rodgers and Hammerstein </Td> <Td> 2 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` My Favorite Things , Part 2 '' ( single B - side ) </Td> <Td> Rodgers and Hammerstein </Td> <Td> 3 : 02 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> John Coltrane -- soprano saxophone on side one and bonus tracks ; tenor saxophone on side two </Li> <Li> McCoy Tyner -- piano </Li> <Li> Steve Davis -- double bass </Li> <Li> Elvin Jones -- drums </Li> </Ul> <H3> Production personnel ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nesuhi Ertegün -- production </Li> <Li> Tom Dowd , Phil Iehle -- engineering </Li> <Li> Lee Friedlander -- photography </Li> <Li> Loring Eutemey -- cover design </Li> <Li> Bill Coss -- liner notes </Li> <Li> Bob Carlton , Patrick Milligan -- reissue supervision </Li> <Li> Bill Inglot , Dan Hersch -- digital remastering </Li> <Li> Rachel Gutek -- reissue design </Li> <Li> Hugh Brown -- reissue art direction </Li> <Li> Nat Hentoff -- reissue liner notes </Li> <Li> Steven Chean -- reissue editorial supervision </Li> <Li> Ted Myers , Elizabeth Pavone -- reissue editorial coordination </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ My Favorite Things at AllMusic </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook , Richard ; Morton , Brian ( 2008 ) . The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings ( 9th ed . ) . Penguin . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 03401 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swenson , J. , ed. ( 1985 ) . The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide . USA : Random House / Rolling Stone . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 72643 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ben Ratliff . Coltrane : The Story of A Sound . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 12606 - 3 , p. 60 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame website retrieved 7 August 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Lewis . John Coltrane : His Life and Music . University of Michigan Press . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0472086436 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miles Davis with Quincy Troupe . Miles : The Autobiography . New York : Simon and Schuster , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 63504 - 2 , pp. 223 - 224 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewis Porter . John Coltrane : His Life and Music . Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10161 - 7 , pp. 171 - 180 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , pp. 182 - 183 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` John Coltrane , Avant Garde Jazz , and the Evolution of `` My Favorite Things '' -- A thesis paper with musical analysis </Li> <Li> `` My Favorite Things , The 50th Anniversary of John Coltrane 's Landmark Recording Sessions '' </Li> <Li> `` My Favorite Things at 50 , '' radio documentary on the 50th anniversary of John Coltrane 's rendition of `` My Favorite Things . '' </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> John Coltrane </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Discography </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prestige albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bahia </Li> <Li> The Believer </Li> <Li> Black Pearls </Li> <Li> The Cats </Li> <Li> Cattin ' with Coltrane and Quinichette </Li> <Li> Coltrane </Li> <Li> Dakar </Li> <Li> Interplay </Li> <Li> John Coltrane with the Red Garland Trio </Li> <Li> Kenny Burrell and John Coltrane </Li> <Li> The Last Trane </Li> <Li> Lush Life </Li> <Li> Settin ' the Pace </Li> <Li> Soultrane </Li> <Li> Standard Coltrane </Li> <Li> Stardust </Li> <Li> Tenor Conclave </Li> <Li> Two Tenors </Li> <Li> Wheelin ' and Dealin ' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Blue Note albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blue Train </Li> <Li> Coltrane Time </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Atlantic albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Avant - Garde </Li> <Li> Bags & Trane </Li> <Li> Coltrane Jazz </Li> <Li> Coltrane Plays the Blues </Li> <Li> Coltrane 's Sound </Li> <Li> Giant Steps </Li> <Li> My Favorite Things </Li> <Li> Olé Coltrane </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Impulse ! albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Africa / Brass </Li> <Li> The Africa / Brass Sessions , Volume 2 </Li> <Li> Ascension </Li> <Li> Ballads </Li> <Li> Coltrane </Li> <Li> Cosmic Music </Li> <Li> Crescent </Li> <Li> Duke Ellington & John Coltrane </Li> <Li> Expression </Li> <Li> First Meditations </Li> <Li> Impressions </Li> <Li> Infinity </Li> <Li> Interstellar Space </Li> <Li> John Coltrane and Johnny Hartman </Li> <Li> The John Coltrane Quartet Plays </Li> <Li> Kulu Sé Mama </Li> <Li> A Love Supreme </Li> <Li> Meditations </Li> <Li> Om </Li> <Li> Selflessness : Featuring My Favorite Things </Li> <Li> Stellar Regions </Li> <Li> Sun Ship </Li> <Li> Transition </Li> <Li> Infinity </Li> <Li> Both Directions at Once : The Lost Album </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> With Miles Davis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Miles : The New Miles Davis Quintet </Li> <Li> Basic Miles </Li> <Li> ' Round About Midnight </Li> <Li> Workin ' with The Miles Davis Quintet </Li> <Li> Steamin ' with The Miles Davis Quintet </Li> <Li> Relaxin ' with The Miles Davis Quintet </Li> <Li> Cookin ' with The Miles Davis Quintet </Li> <Li> Miles Davis Quintet at Peacock Alley </Li> <Li> Milestones </Li> <Li> 1958 Miles </Li> <Li> Miles & Monk at Newport </Li> <Li> Kind of Blue </Li> <Li> Someday My Prince Will Come </Li> <Li> Jazz at the Plaza Vol . I </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> With Ray Draper </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Ray Draper Quintet featuring John Coltrane </Li> <Li> A Tuba Jazz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> With Wilbur Harden </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mainstream 1958 </Li> <Li> Jazz Way Out </Li> <Li> Tanganyika Strut </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> With Thelonious Monk </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Complete 1957 Riverside Recordings </Li> <Li> Thelonious Himself </Li> <Li> Monk 's Music </Li> <Li> Thelonious Monk Quartet with John Coltrane at Carnegie Hall </Li> <Li> Thelonious Monk with John Coltrane </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afro Blue Impressions </Li> <Li> Bye Bye Blackbird </Li> <Li> The European Tour </Li> <Li> Live at Birdland </Li> <Li> Live at the Half Note : One Down , One Up </Li> <Li> Live ! at the Village Vanguard </Li> <Li> Live at the Village Vanguard Again ! </Li> <Li> The Complete 1961 Village Vanguard Recordings </Li> <Li> Live in Japan </Li> <Li> Live in Paris </Li> <Li> Live in Seattle </Li> <Li> Newport ' 63 </Li> <Li> New Thing at Newport </Li> <Li> The Olatunji Concert : The Last Live Recording </Li> <Li> The Paris Concert </Li> <Li> Offering : Live at Temple University </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alternate Takes </Li> <Li> The Best of John Coltrane </Li> <Li> The Classic Quartet : The Complete Impulse ! Recordings </Li> <Li> Coltrane for Lovers </Li> <Li> The Coltrane Legacy </Li> <Li> The Complete Columbia Recordings of Miles Davis with John Coltrane </Li> <Li> The Prestige Recordings </Li> <Li> Countdown : The Savoy Sessions </Li> <Li> Dial Africa : The Savoy Sessions </Li> <Li> Feelin ' Good </Li> <Li> Gleanings </Li> <Li> Gold Coast </Li> <Li> The Heavyweight Champion : The Complete Atlantic Recordings </Li> <Li> High Step </Li> <Li> The Major Works of John Coltrane </Li> <Li> Jupiter Variation </Li> <Li> Ken Burns Jazz : John Coltrane </Li> <Li> The Last Giant : Anthology </Li> <Li> Living Space </Li> <Li> To the Beat of a Different Drum </Li> <Li> Trane 's Blues </Li> <Li> Trane 's Modes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compositions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` 26 - 2 '' </Li> <Li> `` Alabama '' </Li> <Li> `` Equinox '' </Li> <Li> `` Giant Steps '' </Li> <Li> `` Impressions '' </Li> <Li> `` Lazy Bird '' </Li> <Li> `` Moment 's Notice '' </Li> <Li> `` Mr. P.C. '' </Li> <Li> `` Naima '' </Li> <Li> `` Ogunde '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Documentaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Church of Saint Coltrane </Li> <Li> The World According to John Coltrane </Li> <Li> Trane Tracks : The Legacy of John Coltrane </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of sessions </Li> <Li> Coltrane changes </Li> <Li> Sheets of sound </Li> <Li> Ravi Coltrane </Li> <Li> Alice Coltrane </Li> <Li> Flying Lotus </Li> <Li> Dix Hills home </Li> <Li> Philadelphia house </Li> <Li> 5893 Coltrane asteroid </Li> <Li> John W. 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Thionyl chloride - wikipedia <H1> Thionyl chloride </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Leyo ( talk contribs ) at 22 : 58 , 6 June 2017 ( removing outdated DSD data when GHS data is present ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Revision as of 22 : 58 , 6 June 2017 by Leyo ( talk contribs ) ( removing outdated DSD data when GHS data is present ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Thionyl chloride <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Names </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> IUPAC name Sulfurous dichloride </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Other names <Ul> <Li> Thionyl dichloride </Li> <Li> Sulfurous oxychloride </Li> <Li> Sulfinyl chloride </Li> <Li> sulfinyl dichloride </Li> <Li> Dichlorosulfoxide </Li> <Li> Sulfur oxide dichloride </Li> <Li> Sulfur monoxide dichloride </Li> <Li> Sulfuryl ( IV ) chloride </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CAS Number </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7719 - 09 - 7 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3D model ( JSmol ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Interactive image </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ChEBI </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CHEBI : 29290 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ChemSpider </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 22797 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ECHA InfoCard </Td> <Td> 100.028. 863 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> EC Number </Td> <Td> 231 - 748 - 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PubChem CID </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 24386 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RTECS number </Td> <Td> XM5150000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UNII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 4A8YJA13N4 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UN number </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> InChI ( show ) <Ul> <Li> InChI = 1S / Cl2OS / c1 - 4 ( 2 ) 3 Key : FYSNRJHAOHDILO - UHFFFAOYSA - N </Li> <Li> InChI = 1 / Cl2OS / c1 - 4 ( 2 ) 3 Key : FYSNRJHAOHDILO - UHFFFAOYAN </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> SMILES ( show ) <Ul> <Li> ClS ( Cl ) = O </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chemical formula </Td> <Td> SOCl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Molar mass </Td> <Td> 118.97 g / mol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Appearance </Td> <Td> clear , colourless liquid ( yellows on ageing ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Odor </Td> <Td> pungent and unpleasant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Density </Td> <Td> 1.638 g / cm , liquid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melting point </Td> <Td> − 104.5 ° C ( − 156.1 ° F ; 168.7 K ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boiling point </Td> <Td> 74.6 ° C ( 166.3 ° F ; 347.8 K ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Solubility in water </Td> <Td> reacts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Solubility </Td> <Td> soluble in most aprotic solvents : toluene , chloroform , diethyl ether . Reacts with protic solvents : MeOH etc </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vapor pressure </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 384 Pa ( - 40 ° C ) </Li> <Li> 4.7 kPa ( 0 ° C ) </Li> <Li> 15.7 kPa ( 25 ° C ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Refractive index ( n ) </Td> <Td> 1.517 ( 20 ° C ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viscosity </Td> <Td> 0.6 cP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Structure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Molecular shape </Td> <Td> pyramidal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dipole moment </Td> <Td> 1.44 D </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Thermochemistry </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Specific heat capacity ( C ) </Td> <Td> 121.0 kJ / mol ( liquid ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Std molar entropy ( S ) </Td> <Td> 309.8 kJ / mol ( gas ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Std enthalpy of formation ( Δ H ) </Td> <Td> - 245.6 kJ / mol ( liquid ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Hazards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Main hazards </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Toxic </Li> <Li> Reacts violently with water to release toxic gas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GHS pictograms </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GHS signal word </Td> <Td> Danger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GHS hazard statements </Td> <Td> H302 , H314 , H331 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GHS precautionary statements </Td> <Td> P261 , P280 , P305 + 351 + 338 , P310 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NFPA 704 </Td> <Td> 0 4 2 W </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flash point </Td> <Td> Non-flammable </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> US health exposure limits ( NIOSH ) : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PEL ( Permissible ) </Td> <Td> none </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> REL ( Recommended ) </Td> <Td> C 1 ppm ( 5 mg / m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> IDLH ( Immediate danger ) </Td> <Td> N.D. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Related compounds </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related thionyl halides </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thionyl fluoride </Li> <Li> Thionyl bromide </Li> <Li> Thionyl iodide </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related compounds </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sulfuryl chloride </Li> <Li> Selenium oxydichloride </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> N verify ( what is ? ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Infobox references </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Thionyl chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula S O Cl . It is a moderately volatile colourless liquid with an unpleasant acrid odour . Thionyl chloride is primarily used as a chlorinating reagent , with approximately 45,000 tons per year being produced during the early 1990s . It is toxic and will react violently with water to produce toxic gases , it is also listed as a Schedule 3 compound as it may be used for the production of chemical weapons . </P> <P> Thionyl chloride is sometimes confused with sulfuryl chloride , SO Cl , but the properties of these compounds differ significantly . Sulfuryl chloride is a source of chlorine whereas thionyl chloride is a source of chloride ions . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Production </Li> <Li> 2 Properties and structure </Li> <Li> 3 Reactions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 With oxygen species </Li> <Li> 3.2 With nitrogen species </Li> <Li> 3.3 With sulphur species </Li> <Li> 3.4 With phosphorus species </Li> <Li> 3.5 With metals </Li> <Li> 3.6 Other reactions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Batteries </Li> <Li> 5 Safety </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The major industrial synthesis involves the reaction of sulfur trioxide and sulfur dichloride : </P> <Dl> <Dd> SO + SCl → SOCl + SO </Dd> </Dl> <P> Other methods include syntheses from phosphorus pentachloride , chlorine and sulfur dichloride , or phosgene : </P> <Dl> <Dd> SO + PCl → SOCl + POCl </Dd> <Dd> SO + Cl + SCl → 2 SOCl </Dd> <Dd> SO + Cl + 2 SCl → 3 SOCl </Dd> <Dd> SO + COCl → SOCl + CO </Dd> </Dl> <P> The first of the above four reactions also affords phosphorus oxychloride ( phosphoryl chloride ) , which resembles thionyl chloride in many of its reactions . </P> <H2> Properties and structure ( edit ) </H2> Crystal structure of SOCl <P> SOCl adopts a pyramidal molecular geometry with C molecular symmetry . This geometry is attributed to the effects of the lone pairs on the sulfur ( IV ) centre . </P> <P> In the solid state SOCl forms monoclinic crystals with the space group P2 / c . </P> <P> Stability </P> <P> Thionyl chloride has a long shelf life , however `` aged '' samples develop a yellow hue , possibly due to the formation of disulfur dichloride . It slowly decomposes to S Cl , SO and Cl at just above the boiling point . Thionyl chloride is susceptible to photolysis , which primarily proceeds via a radical mechanism . Samples showing signs of ageing can be purified by distillation under reduced pressure , to give a clear colourless liquid . </P> <H2> Reactions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Thionyl chloride is mainly used in the industrial production of organochlorine compounds , which are often intermediates in pharmaceuticals and agrichemicals . It usually is preferred over other reagents , such as phosphorus pentachloride , as its by - products ( HCl and SO ) are gaseous , which simplifies purification of the product . </P> <P> Many of the products of thionyl chloride are themselves highly reactive and as such it is involved in a wide range of reactions . </P> <H3> With oxygen species ( edit ) </H3> <P> Thionyl chloride reacts with water to form sulfur dioxide and hydrochloric acid . This process is highly exothermic . </P> <Dl> <Dd> SOCl + H O → 2 HCl + SO </Dd> </Dl> <P> Classically , it converts carboxylic acids to acyl chlorides . </P> <Dl> <Dd> SOCl + RCO H → RC ( O ) Cl + SO + HCl </Dd> </Dl> <P> By a similar process it also converts alcohols to alkyl chlorides . If the alcohol is chiral the reaction generally proceeds via an SNi mechanism with retention of stereochemistry ; however , depending on the exact conditions employed , stereo - inversion can also be achieved . Historically the use of SOCl in combination with a tertiary amine such as pyridine was called the Darzens halogenation however this name is rarely used by modern chemists . </P> <P> Reactions with an excess of alcohol produce sulfite esters , which can be powerful methylation , alkylation and hydroxyalkylation reagents . </P> <Dl> <Dd> SOCl + 2 ROH → ( RO ) SO + 2 HCl </Dd> </Dl> <P> For example , the addition of SOCl to amino acids in methanol selectively yields the corresponding methyl esters . </P> <H3> With nitrogen species ( edit ) </H3> <P> With primary amines , thionyl chloride gives the sulfinylamine derivatives ( RNSO ) , one example being N - sulfinylaniline . Thionyl chloride reacts with primary formamides to form isocyanides and with secondary formamides to give chloro iminium ions ; as such a reaction with dimethylformamide will form the Vilsmeier reagent . By an analogous process primary amides will react with thionyl chloride to form imidoyl chlorides , with secondary amides also giving chloro iminium ions . These species are highly reactive and can be used to catalyse the conversion of carboxylic acids to acyl chlorides , they are also exploited in the Bischler -- Napieralski reaction as a means of forming isoquinolines . </P> <P> Primary amides will continue on to form nitriles if heated ( Von Braun amide degradation ) . Thionyl chloride has also been used to promote the Beckmann rearrangement of oximes . </P> <H3> With sulphur species ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Thionyl chloride will transform sulfinic acids into sulfinyl chlorides </Li> <Li> Sulfonic acids react with thionyl chloride to produce sulfonyl chlorides . Sulfonyl chlorides have also been prepared from the direct reaction of the corresponding diazonium salt with thionyl chloride . </Li> <Li> Thionyl chloride can be used in variations of the Pummerer rearrangement . </Li> </Ul> <H3> With phosphorus species ( edit ) </H3> <P> Thionyl chloride converts phosphonic acids and phosphonates into phosphoryl chlorides . It is for this type of reaction that thionyl chloride is listed as a Schedule 3 compound , as it can be used in the `` di - di '' method of producing G - series nerve agents . For example , thionyl chloride converts dimethyl methylphosphonate into methylphosphonic acid dichloride , which can be used in the production of sarin and soman . </P> <H3> With metals ( edit ) </H3> <P> As SOCl reacts vigorously with water it can be used to dehydrate various metal chloride hydrates , for example MgCl ⋅ 6H O , AlCl ⋅ 6H O , FeCl ⋅ 6H O etc . This conversion involves treatment with refluxing thionyl chloride and follows the following general equation : </P> <Dl> <Dd> MCl xH O + x SOCl → MCl + x SO + 2x HCl </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Other reactions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Thionyl chloride can engage in a range of electrophilic addition reactions . It adds to alkenes in the presence of AlCl to form an aluminium complex which can be hydrolysed to form a sulfinic acid . Both aryl sulfinyl chlorides and diaryl sulfoxides can be prepared from arenes through reaction with thionyl chloride in triflic acid or the presence of catalysts such as BiCl , Bi ( OTf ) , LiClO or NaClO . </Li> <Li> In the laboratory , a reaction between thionyl chloride and an excess of anhydrous alcohol can be used to produce anhydrous alcoholic solutions of HCl . </Li> <Li> Thionyl chloride undergoes halogen exchange reactions to give compounds such as thionyl bromide and thionyl fluoride </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> 3 SOCl + 2 SbF → 3 SOF + 2 SbCl </Dd> <Dd> SOCl + 2 HBr → SOBr + 2 HCl </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Batteries ( edit ) </H2> A selection of Lithium / Thionyl chloride batteries <P> Thionyl chloride is a component of lithium - thionyl chloride batteries , where it acts as the positive electrode ( cathode ) with lithium forming the negative electrode ( anode ) ; the electrolyte is typically lithium tetrachloroaluminate . The overall discharge reaction is as follows : </P> <Dl> <Dd> 4Li + 2 SOCl → 4 LiCl + S + SO </Dd> </Dl> <P> These non rechargeable batteries have many advantages over other forms of lithium battery such as a high energy density , a wide operational temperature range and long storage and operational lifespans . However , their high cost and safety concerns have limited their use . The contents of the batteries are highly toxic and require special disposal procedures , additionally they may explode if shorted . </P> <H2> Safety ( edit ) </H2> <P> SOCl is a reactive compound that can violently and / or explosively release dangerous gases upon contact with water and other reagents . Thionyl chloride is controlled under the Chemical Weapons Convention , where it is listed in Schedule 3 . Thionyl chloride is used in the `` di - di '' method of producing G - series nerve agents . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Oxalyl chloride </Li> <Li> Phosphorus pentachloride </Li> <Li> Phosgene </Li> <Li> Sulfur dichloride </Li> <Li> Thionyl bromide </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Thionyl chloride in Linstrom , P. J. ; Mallard , W. G. ( eds . ) NIST Chemistry WebBook , NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 . National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg MD . http://webbook.nist.gov ( retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patnaik , Pradyot ( 2003 ) . Handbook of inorganic chemicals . New York , NY ( u.a. ) : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 049439 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lide , ed. - in - chief David R. ( 1996 ) . CRC handbook of chemistry and physics ( 76 . ed . ) . Boca Raton , Fla. : CRC Press . pp. 5 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0476 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards # 0611 '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hans - Dietrich Lauss , Wilfried Steffens `` Sulfur Halides '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley - VCH , Weinheim , 2005. doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a25_623 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 694 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mootz , D. ; Merschenz - Quack , A. ( 15 May 1988 ) . `` Structures of thionyl halides : SOCl and SOBr '' . Acta Crystallographica Section C. 44 ( 5 ) : 926 -- 927 . doi : 10.1107 / S010827018800085X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riley , edited by Georg Brauer ; translated by Scripta Technica , Inc . Translation editor Reed F. ( 1963 ) . Handbook of preparative inorganic chemistry . Volume 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , N.Y. : Academic Press . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0121266011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donovan , R.J. ; Husain , D. ; Jackson , P.T. ( 1969 ) . `` Spectroscopic and kinetic studies of the SO radical and the photolysis of thionyl chloride '' . Transactions of the Faraday Society . 65 : 2930 . doi : 10.1039 / TF9696502930 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Friedman , Lester ; Wetter , William P. ( 1967 ) . `` Purification of thionyl chloride '' . Journal of the Chemical Society A : Inorganic , Physical , Theoretical : 36 . doi : 10.1039 / J19670000036 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clayden , Jonathan ; Greeves , Nick ; Warren , Stuart ; Wothers , Peter ( 2001 ) . Organic Chemistry ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 295 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 850346 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen , C.F.H. ; Byers , Jr. , J.R. ; Humphlett , W.J. ( 1963 ) . `` Oleoyl chloride '' . Org . Synth . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ; Coll . Vol. , 4 , p. 739 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rutenberg , M.W. ; Horning , E.C. ( 1963 ) . `` 1 - Methyl - 3 - ethyloxindole '' . Org . Synth . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ; Coll . Vol. , 4 , p. 620 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Michael B. ; March , Jerry ( 2007 ) , Advanced Organic Chemistry : Reactions , Mechanisms , and Structure ( 6th ed . ) , New York : Wiley - Interscience , p. 469 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 72091 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ van Woerden , H.F. ( 1963 ) . `` Organic Sulfites '' . Chemical Reviews . 63 ( 6 ) : 557 -- 571 . doi : 10.1021 / cr60226a001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brenner , M. ; Huber , W. ( 1953 ) . `` Herstellung von α - Aminosäureestern durch Alkoholyse der Methylester '' . Helvetica Chimica Acta ( in German ) . 36 ( 5 ) : 1109 -- 1115 . doi : 10.1002 / hlca. 19530360522 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Niznik , G.E. ; Morrison , III , W.H. ; Walborsky , H.M. ( 1988 ) . `` 1 - d - Aldehydes from organometallic reagents : 2 - methylbutanal - 1 - d '' . Org . Synth . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ; Coll . Vol. , 6 , p. 751 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arrieta , A ; Aizpurua , J.M ; Palomo , C ( 1984 ) . `` N , N - Dimethylchlorosulfitemethaniminium chloride ( SOCl - DMF ) a versatile dehydrating reagent '' . Tetrahedron Letters. 25 ( 31 ) : 3365 -- 3368 . doi : 10.1016 / S0040 - 4039 ( 01 ) 81386 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krynitsky , J.A. ; Carhart , H.W. ( 1963 ) . `` 2 - Ethylhexanonitrile '' . Org . Synth . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ; Coll . Vol. , 4 , p. 436 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hulce , M. ; Mallomo , J.P. ; Frye , L.L. ; Kogan , T.P. ; Posner , G.H. ( 1990 ) . `` ( S ) - ( + ) - 2 - ( p - toluenesulfinyl ) - 2 - cyclopentenone : Precursor for enantioselective synthesis of 3 - substituted cyclopentanones '' . Org . Synth . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ; Coll . Vol. , 7 , p. 495 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kurzer , F. ( 1963 ) . `` p - Toluenesulfinyl chloride '' . Org . Synth . ; Coll . Vol. , 4 , p. 937 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weinreb , S.M. ; Chase , C.E. ; Wipf , P. ; Venkatraman , S. ( 2004 ) . `` 2 - Trimethylsilylethanesulfonyl chloride ( SES - Cl ) '' . Org . Synth . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ; Coll . Vol. , 10 , p. 707 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hazen , G.G. ; Bollinger , F.W. ; Roberts , F.E. ; Russ , W.K. ; Seman , J.J. ; Staskiewicz , S. ( 1998 ) . `` 4 - Dodecylbenzenesulfonyl azides '' . Org . Synth . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ; Coll . Vol. , 9 , p. 400 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philip J. Hogan & Brian G. Cox ( 2009 ) . `` Aqueous Process Chemistry : The Preparation of Aryl Sulfonyl Chlorides '' . Org . Process Res . Dev. 13 ( 5 ) : 875 -- 879 . doi : 10.1021 / op9000862 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alfred R. Pray , Richard F. Heitmiller , Stanley Strycker ; Heitmiller ; Strycker ; Aftandilian ; Muniyappan ; Choudhury ; Tamres ( 1990 ) . `` Anhydrous Metal Chlorides '' . Inorganic Syntheses . Inorganic Syntheses. 28 : 321 -- 323 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 13259 - 3 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470132593. ch80 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Michael B. ; March , Jerry ( 2007 ) , Advanced Organic Chemistry : Reactions , Mechanisms , and Structure ( 6th ed . ) , New York : Wiley - Interscience , p. 697 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 72091 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peyronneau , Magali ; Roques , Nicolas ; Mazières , Stéphane ; Le Roux , Christophe ( 2003 ) . `` Catalytic Lewis Acid Activationof Thionyl Chloride : Application to the Synthesis of ArylSulfinyl Chlorides Catalyzed by Bismuth ( III ) Salts '' . Synlett ( 5 ) : 0631 -- 0634 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2003 - 38358 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bandgar , B.P. & Makone , S.S. ( 2004 ) . `` Lithium / Sodium Perchlorate Catalyzed Synthesis of Symmetrical Diaryl Sulfoxides '' . Syn . Commun. 34 ( 4 ) : 743 -- 750 . doi : 10.1081 / SCC - 120027723 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sulfur compounds </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Al S </Li> <Li> As S </Li> <Li> As S </Li> <Li> As S </Li> <Li> As S </Li> <Li> Au S </Li> <Li> B S </Li> <Li> BaS </Li> <Li> BeS </Li> <Li> Bi S </Li> <Li> Br S </Li> <Li> CS </Li> <Li> C S </Li> <Li> CaS </Li> <Li> CdS </Li> <Li> CeS </Li> <Li> SCl </Li> <Li> S Cl </Li> <Li> CoS </Li> <Li> Cr S </Li> <Li> CuS </Li> <Li> D S </Li> <Li> Dy S </Li> <Li> Er S </Li> <Li> EuS </Li> <Li> SF </Li> <Li> SF </Li> <Li> FeS </Li> <Li> GaS </Li> <Li> H S </Li> <Li> HfS </Li> <Li> HgS </Li> <Li> InS </Li> <Li> LaS </Li> <Li> LiS </Li> <Li> MgS </Li> <Li> MoS </Li> <Li> NiS </Li> <Li> SO </Li> <Li> SO </Li> <Li> P S </Li> <Li> PbS </Li> <Li> PbS </Li> <Li> PtS </Li> <Li> ReS </Li> <Li> SrS </Li> <Li> TlS </Li> <Li> SV </Li> <Li> SeS </Li> <Li> S U </Li> <Li> WS </Li> <Li> Sb S </Li> <Li> Sb S </Li> <Li> Sm S </Li> <Li> Y S </Li> <Li> Ag SO </Li> <Li> SOBr </Li> <Li> CSTe </Li> <Li> C H S </Li> <Li> C H S </Li> <Li> C H S </Li> <Li> CaSO </Li> <Li> C H S </Li> <Li> CuFeS </Li> <Li> H SO </Li> <Li> H SO </Li> <Li> F OS </Li> <Li> NaHS </Li> <Li> K SO </Li> <Li> O S Sb </Li> <Li> Yb ( SO ) </Li> <Li> AlKO S </Li> <Li> CHCl S </Li> <Li> KSCN </Li> <Li> CdSO </Li> <Li> PSCl </Li> <Li> SOCl </Li> <Li> Cs O S </Li> <Li> Re S </Li> <Li> Na S </Li> <Li> K S </Li> <Li> H S O </Li> <Li> H SO </Li> <Li> NH S </Li> <Li> HgSO </Li> <Li> K SO </Li> <Li> RaSO </Li> <Li> SnSO </Li> <Li> SrSO </Li> <Li> Zr ( SO ) </Li> <Li> Ti ( SO ) </Li> <Li> Tm ( SO ) </Li> <Li> AlNa ( SO ) </Li> <Li> Er ( SO ) </Li> <Li> Eu ( SO ) </Li> <Li> CHNS </Li> <Li> Co ( SCN ) </Li> <Li> C H SN </Li> <Li> PSI </Li> <Li> ZrS </Li> <Li> SiS </Li> <Li> CSSe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Chemical formulas </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thionyl_chloride&oldid=784183561 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Thionyl compounds </Li> <Li> Chlorides </Li> <Li> Oxohalides </Li> <Li> Nonmetal halides </Li> <Li> Reagents for organic chemistry </Li> <Li> Inorganic sulfur compounds </Li> <Li> Lachrymatory agents </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> CS1 German - language sources ( de ) </Li> <Li> Articles without KEGG source </Li> <Li> ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata </Li> <Li> Articles with changed FDA identifier </Li> <Li> Chembox having GHS data </Li> <Li> Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Article </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> More </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> In other projects </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikimedia Commons </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 June 2017 , at 22 : 58 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Little League World Series - wikipedia <H1> Little League World Series </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Little League World Series <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Most recent season or competition : 2017 Little League World Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sport </Th> <Td> Baseball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1947 , 70 years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of teams </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Countries </Th> <Td> International </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most recent champion ( s ) </Th> <Td> Tokyo , Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most titles </Th> <Td> Taiwan ( 17 titles ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official website </Th> <Td> LittleLeague.org </Td> </Tr> </Table> South Williamsport Location in the United States South Williamsport Location in Pennsylvania <P> The Little League Baseball World Series is an annual baseball tournament in the eastern United States for children aged 11 to 13 years old . Originally called the National Little League Tournament , it was later renamed for the World Series in Major League Baseball . The Series was first held 70 years ago in 1947 and is held every August in South Williamsport , Pennsylvania . ( Although the postal address of the organization is in Williamsport , the Series itself is played at Howard J. Lamade Stadium and Volunteer Stadium at the Little League headquarters complex in South Williamsport . ) </P> <P> Initially , only teams from the US competed in the Series but it has since become a worldwide tournament . The tournament has gained popular renown , especially in the United States , where games from the Series and even from regional tournaments are broadcast on ESPN . In 2006 , the age limit was changed to include players who turn 13 after April 30 of the same year , rather than after July 31 , as had previously been the case . As the Series takes place in August , many of the players will have already turned 13 before the Series starts . In 2014 Little League originally voted to change the age cut off from April 30th to December 31st . However , this caused outrage by parents because the players born between May 1 and August 31 , 2005 would have lost their 12 year old season because they would be considered to be 13 years old even though they have not reached their 13th birthday . Effective November , 2015 , a new implementation plan was established , which `` grandfathers '' players born between May 1 and August 31 , 2005 as 12 - year - olds for the 2018 seasons , using the current April 30 age determination date for the 2018 season . Beginning with 2019 , a new determination date of August 31 will be used , which will ban 13 year old players from participating in the Series . Thus , players would have to have their 13th birthday after August 31st . </P> <P> While the Little League Baseball World Series is frequently referred to as just the Little League World Series , it is actually one of twelve tournaments sponsored by Little League International , in twelve different locations . Each of them brings community teams from different Little League International regions around the world together in baseball ( five age divisions ) , girls ' softball ( four age divisions ) , and boys ' softball ( three divisions ) . The tournament structure described here is that used for the Little League Baseball World Series . The structure used for the other World Series is similar , but with different regions . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Qualifying tournaments <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Regions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Venues </Li> <Li> 3 Notable events </Li> <Li> 4 Little League World Series champions </Li> <Li> 5 Championship tally <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Championships won by country / state </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Championship notes </Li> <Li> 7 Famous participants in the Little League World Series </Li> <Li> 8 Media coverage </Li> <Li> 9 Other divisions in Little League Baseball </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Qualifying tournaments ( edit ) </H2> A Little League World Series game at Howard J. Lamade Stadium in 2007 Welcome sign in the Little League World Series Complex <P> In the summer months leading up to the Little League World Series , held each year in August , Little Leagues around the world select an All - Star team made up of players from its league . It is these All - Star teams that compete in district , sectional and / or divisional , and regional tournaments , hoping to advance to Williamsport for the Little League World Series . How many games a team has to play varies from region to region . In the United States , the tournaments at the lowest ( district ) level lack nationwide standardization . Some use pool play or double elimination , while others use single elimination . </P> <P> In the United States , the fate of district winners varies widely from state to state . In some larger states such as Pennsylvania , New York , and California , the district winners advance to one of many sectional tournaments . The winners of each sectional tournament then advance to a state or divisional tournament , the latter only being held in Texas and California and are similar to the state tournaments held in less densely populated states . Most smaller states lack competition at the sectional level and go straight from district to state tournaments . A handful of states are composed of only one district , and the district champion is the automatic state champion . </P> <P> With 4 exceptions , every state as well as the District of Columbia crowns a state champion , and sends that team to represent it to one of eight regional tournaments . The exceptions involve California , Texas , North Dakota , and South Dakota . Because of their large geographic and population sizes , California and Texas send two representatives to their regional tournament ; Northern California and Southern California in the West region tournament and Texas East and Texas West ( whose areas encompass more than the geographical areas of East Texas and West Texas , splitting roughly along the I - 35 / I - 37 corridor ) compete in the Southwest region tournament . Conversely , North Dakota has only one city ( Fargo ) that operates Little League -- sponsored competitions ; the Dakotas have one district spanning the two states , and its winner becomes the joint champion and advances to the Midwest region tournament . </P> <P> The state champions ( as well as the Northern California , Southern California , Texas East , Texas West , and Dakotas champions ) compete in one of eight different regional tournaments . Each regional tournament winner then advances to the Little League World Series . See ( 4 ) for a comprehensive breakdown of current and historical US regional tournament locations , participants and results . </P> <P> Other countries and regions pick their own way of crowning a champion . Little League Canada holds tournaments at the provincial and divisional level to field six champions ( five provincial and one divisional ) at the national tournament : Alberta , Ontario , Quebec , British Columbia , Saskatchewan , and the Atlantic Provinces . The host site of the national tournament varies from year to year , and the host team gets an automatic berth as the seventh team . The tournament is played as a round robin and uses the page playoff format . The winner of the national tournament earns the right to represent Canada at the Little League World Series . </P> A Little League World Series Game at Howard J. Lamade Stadium in South Williamsport , Pennsylvania , USA . <P> The Little League World Series consists of 16 teams -- 8 from the United States , and 8 from other countries . Prior to 2001 there were eight teams in the LLWS : four U.S. teams ( Central , South , East , and West ) and four international ( Canada , Latin America , Europe , and the Far East ) . It should be noted that in 1975 there were only four teams in the LLWS , all from the United States . The international teams returned in 1976 . Starting in 1976 , two brackets were established , with the four U.S. regions competing in the U.S. bracket and the four non-U.S. regions competing in the International bracket . The U.S. national champion and the International champion then compete for the World Series title . </P> <P> In 2001 , the number of regions was doubled to 16 , from which the 16 regional champions continued to be divided into the two brackets : 8 in the United States Bracket and 8 in the International Bracket . From 2001 to 2009 , however , each team was then randomly assigned to one of two `` pools '' in their respective bracket . In the opening days of the tournament , the teams competed round - robin within their own pool . The top two teams in each pool advanced to the semifinal of their bracket , where the first place team from one pool competed against the second place team from the other . The respective winners advanced to play in either the United States or International Final . The U.S. champion and the International champion advanced to compete in the Little League World Series Championship Game . </P> <P> On April 14 , 2010 , Little League announced that starting in 2010 , round robin play would be replaced by a double - elimination bracket in each pool . The winners of each pool would advance to single elimination US and International Championship games , and the winners of those games would advance to the World Championship game . Every team would play a minimum of three games : the four teams that lost their first two games would cross over and play U.S. vs. International games . </P> <P> On June 16 , 2011 , it was announced that the double - elimination format had been modified . The pools were eliminated , with the eight U.S. teams continuing to compete in one bracket and the eight International teams in another bracket . The tournament remains double - elimination until the U.S. and International Championship games , where it becomes single - elimination . ( That is , if the team that advances through the winner 's bracket loses the championship game they are eliminated and the teams do not play a rubber game . ) Each team still plays a minimum of three games , playing a `` crossover '' ( U.S. vs. International ) consolation game if eliminated after their second game . </P> <H3> Regions ( edit ) </H3> See also : Junior , Senior & Big League Baseball § Regions ; and Little League World Series ( Far East Region ) § 1975 Ban <P> The eight regional tournament winners which compete in the United States Bracket of the Little League World Series , as well as the states those regional champions could possibly hail from are as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> New England ( ME , NH , VT , MA , RI , CT ) </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic ( PA , NY , NJ , MD , DC , DE ) </Li> <Li> Midwest ( ND / SD , NE , KS , MN , IA , MO ) </Li> <Li> Great Lakes ( MI , WI , OH , IN , IL , KY ) </Li> <Li> Southeast ( VA , WV , NC , SC , GA , FL , AL , TN ) </Li> <Li> Southwest ( MS , LA , AR , TX East , TX West , OK , CO , NM ) * Known as Gulf States during 2001 LLWS </Li> <Li> Northwest ( AK , WA , OR , ID , MT , WY ) </Li> <Li> West ( AZ , NV , UT , Northern CA , Southern CA , HI ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> The eight divisions which compete in the International Bracket are as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Asia - Pacific and Middle East </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Caribbean </Li> <Li> Europe and Africa </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Latin America </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> </Ul> <P> The eight divisions which compete in the United States bracket represent 96 % of the players in Little League with over 2.2 million players while the eight divisions in the International bracket represent 4 % of the Little League or less than 130 thousand players . </P> <P> Prior to 2008 , instead of two separate geographic regions , Europe , the Middle East , and Africa held two coterminous regions : </P> <Ul> <Li> Europe -- Middle East -- Africa ( EMEA ) </Li> <Li> Transatlantic </Li> </Ul> <P> The Transatlantic and EMEA regions were geographically identical . Leagues from the Transatlantic region generally consisted of children and other dependents of American expatriates , typically Armed Forces personnel , international organization members , and oil company workers ( such as the team representing the Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran , which advanced to the World Series 19 times through 2007 , including all the tournaments from 2001 through 2007 ) . The leagues within the `` EMEA '' region consisted of players native to the league 's own country . Representative teams for the Trans - Atlantic region had to have at least 51 % nationals of Canada , the U.S. or Japan , while teams for the EMEA region could have no more than three players from those three countries . </P> <P> Teams in the reorganized Europe and MEA regions did not have nationality restrictions , as evidenced by the 2009 series . In that year , both regions were won by teams made up primarily of children of American expatriates . Europe was represented by a team from Ramstein Air Base , a United States Air Force base in Germany , while MEA was represented for the second time in its two - year existence by the team from the Saudi Aramco camp . </P> <P> On August 29 , 2012 , Little League announced a significant realignment of the international regions , which took effect in 2013 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Australia left the former Asia - Pacific Region and received an automatic berth in the LLWS . Australia has now become the fourth - largest country , and the largest outside North America , in Little League participation . </Li> <Li> The former MEA ( Middle East -- Africa ) Region was disbanded . </Li> <Li> Middle Eastern countries , except for Israel and Turkey ( see below ) , were placed in the former Asia - Pacific Region , which was renamed the Asia - Pacific and Middle East Region . </Li> <Li> African countries were placed in the former Europe Region , which was renamed the Europe and Africa Region . Israel and Turkey remained in the renamed Europe and Africa region ; they had been in the former Europe Region as members of the European zone of the International Baseball Federation . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Venues ( edit ) </H2> <P> Two venues host World Series games : Howard J. Lamade Stadium and Little League Volunteer Stadium . Lamade Stadium has hosted games since 1959 , and added lights in 1992 . Volunteer Stadium opened in 2001 when the field expanded to 16 teams . Prior to 1959 , the Little League World Series was held at Original Little League on West Fourth Street in Williamsport . </P> <P> Both fields have symmetrical fences , with a distance of 68.6 m ( 225 feet ) from home plate to each of the outfield positions . That distance had been 62.5 m ( 205 feet ) before 2006 . </P> <P> Admission to all LLWS games is free for all spectators . However , stadium seats for the championship game are distributed in a random drawing of all interested parties due to high demand . Some early round games , mostly games with Pennsylvania teams , will use first - come , first - served admission if a big crowd is to be expected . Lamade Stadium has a berm beyond the fences that has allowed the facility to hold up to 45,000 spectators . </P> <H2> Notable events ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1951 -- A team from Montreal , Canada became the first team outside of the United States to play in the tournament . </Li> <Li> 1955 -- The first walk - off home run in the championship game was hit by Rich Cominski , from Morrisville , Pennsylvania , in the 7th inning . </Li> <Li> 1957 -- Monterrey , Mexico became the first team outside of the United States to win the tournament . Pitcher Miguel Ángel Macias threw a perfect game , which has not occurred in a championship game since , as of 2017 . </Li> <Li> 1971 -- Lloyd McClendon , from Gary , Indiana , hit five home runs in five official at bats over the span of three games . He was intentionally walked in his other five plate appearances . </Li> <Li> 1982 -- Kirkland , Washington won the championship over Chiayi County , Taiwan . This snapped a streak of 31 consecutive wins by Taiwanese teams at the LLWS , and is considered one of the biggest upsets in the history of Little League . </Li> <Li> 1993 -- Long Beach , California became the first team from the United States to win consecutive championships . </Li> <Li> 2005 -- Michael Memea , from Ewa Beach , Hawaii , won the championship with a walk - off home run in the 7th inning . </Li> <Li> 2007 -- Dalton Carriker , from Warner Robins , Georgia , hit a walk off home run in the 8th inning in the championship game . </Li> <Li> 2012 -- A team from Lugazi , Uganda made it to the LLWS , becoming the first team from Africa to reach the LLWS . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Little League World Series champions ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Runner - Up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Williamsport , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> 16 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Lock Haven , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Lock Haven , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> 6 -- 5 </Td> <Td> St. Petersburg , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Hammonton , New Jersey </Td> <Td> 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Pensacola , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Houston , Texas </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Bridgeport , Connecticut </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Stamford , Connecticut </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Austin , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Norwalk , Connecticut </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Monongahela , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Birmingham , Alabama </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Schenectady , New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> Schenectady , New York </Td> <Td> 7 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Colton , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Morrisville , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Merchantville , New Jersey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> Roswell , New Mexico </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Merchantville , New Jersey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> La Mesa , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico </Td> <Td> 10 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Kankakee , Illinois </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Hamtramck , Michigan </Td> <Td> 12 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Auburn , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> Levittown , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Ft . Worth , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> El Cajon , California </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> El Campo , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> San Jose , California </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Kankakee , Illinois </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Granada Hills , California </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Stratford , Connecticut </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Staten Island , New York </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Windsor Locks , Connecticut </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Stoney Creek , Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Houston , Texas </Td> <Td> 8 -- 2 </Td> <Td> West New York , New Jersey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> West Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Chicago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Wakayama , Osaka , Japan </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Richmond , Virginia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Taichung , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Santa Clara , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Wayne , New Jersey </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Campbell , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Tainan , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 12 -- 3 ( F / 9 ) </Td> <Td> Gary , Indiana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Taipei , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hammond , Indiana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Tainan , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 12 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Tucson , Arizona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kaohsiung , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 12 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Red Bluff , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lakewood , New Jersey </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Tampa , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Chofu , Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Campbell , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Kaohsiung , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 </Td> <Td> El Cajon , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Pingtung , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 11 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Danville , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Chiayi County , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 ( F / 8 ) </Td> <Td> Campbell , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Hua - Lien , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Tampa , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Taichung , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Tampa , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Kirkland , Washington </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Chiayi , Taiwan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Marietta , Georgia </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Barahona , Dominican Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Seoul , South Korea </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Altamonte Springs , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Seoul , South Korea </Td> <Td> 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> / Mexicali , BC / Calexico , CA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Tainan , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 12 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Tucson , Arizona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hua - Lien , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 21 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Irvine , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Taichung , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 10 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Pearl City , Hawaii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Trumbull , Connecticut </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Kaohsiung , Taiwan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Tainan County , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 9 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Shippensburg , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Taichung , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 11 -- 0 </Td> <Td> San Ramon Valley , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Long Beach , California </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 </Td> <Td> ‡ Zamboanga City , Philippines </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Long Beach , California </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> David , Chiriquí , Panama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Maracaibo , Venezuela </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Northridge , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Tainan , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 17 -- 3 ( F / 5 ) </Td> <Td> Spring , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kaohsiung , Taiwan </Td> <Td> 13 -- 3 ( F / 5 ) </Td> <Td> Cranston , Rhode Island </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Guadalupe , Nuevo León , Mexico </Td> <Td> 5 -- 4 </Td> <Td> South Mission Viejo , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Toms River , New Jersey </Td> <Td> 12 -- 9 </Td> <Td> Kashima , Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Hirakata , Osaka , Japan </Td> <Td> 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Phenix City , Alabama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Maracaibo , Venezuela </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Bellaire , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Tokyo Kitasuna , Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Apopka , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Pleasure Ridge Park , Kentucky </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Sendai , Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Musashi - Fuchu , Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> 10 -- 1 </Td> <Td> East Boynton Beach , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Willemstad , Curaçao </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Thousand Oaks , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Ewa Beach , Hawaii </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 ( F / 7 ) </Td> <Td> Willemstad , Curaçao </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Columbus , Georgia </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Kawaguchi City , Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Warner Robins , Georgia </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 ( F / 8 ) </Td> <Td> Tokyo , Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Waipahu , Hawaii </Td> <Td> 12 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Matamoros , Tamaulipas , Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Chula Vista , California </Td> <Td> 6 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Taoyuan County , Taiwan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edogawa Minami , Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Waipahu , Hawaii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Huntington Beach , California </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hamamatsu City , Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Tokyo - Kitasuna , Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> 12 -- 2 ( F / 5 ) </Td> <Td> Goodlettsville , Tennessee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Musashi - Fuchu , Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> 6 -- 4 </Td> <Td> Chula Vista , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Seoul , South Korea </Td> <Td> 8 -- 4 </Td> <Td> ‡ Chicago , Illinois </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Tokyo - Kitasuna , Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> 18 -- 11 </Td> <Td> Lewisberry , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Maine - Endwell , New York </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Seoul , South Korea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Tokyo - Kitasuna , Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> 12 -- 2 ( F / 5 ) </Td> <Td> Lufkin , Texas </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Forfeits due to ineligible players . Zamboanga City , Phillipines was disqualified and stripped of its 1992 championship . Chicago , Illinois was stripped of its 2014 U.S. championship title , which was given to runner - up Las Vegas , Nevada . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Championship tally ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Championships won by country / state ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Championships </Th> <Th> Years </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1969 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1967 , 1968 , 1976 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1992 , 1993 , 2009 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1947 , 1948 , 1955 , 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 1951 , 1952 , 1965 , 1989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> 1949 , 1970 , 1975 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1957 , 1958 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 1983 , 2006 , 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 1984 , 1985 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 1954 , 1964 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1950 , 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> 1994 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawaii </Td> <Td> 2005 , 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Mexico </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Curaçao </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> In 1976 , the tournament was split into two brackets : one for International teams , and one for teams from the United States . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Championship notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In November 1974 , Little League Baseball banned all non-U.S. teams from the World Series for 1975 . After considerable criticism , the ban was rescinded prior to 1976 . </Li> <Li> In 1985 , Mexicali , Mexico , represented the West Region of the United States in the Little League World Series . Because of its proximity to the El Centro / Calexico area in Southern California , Mexicali competed in and represented California 's District 22 in the Southern California division from 1957 -- 1985 , representing the bordering city of Calexico , California . David Cardenas Cortes ( LLWS 1985 US champions ) Played in MLB for Cleveland , Colorado and Atlanta . </Li> <Li> In 1992 , Long Beach was declared a 6 -- 0 winner after the international tournament committee determined that Zamboanga City had used ineligible players that were either not from within its city limits , over age , or both . The championship game was originally won by Zamboanga City 15 - 4 . </Li> <Li> From 1997 to 2002 , no teams from Taiwan participated in the tournament . In 1997 , the Taiwan Baseball Association decided its leagues would no longer charter with Little League , claiming inability to comply with rules enacted in 1992 regarding the maximum size of player pools and number of participating teams in leagues based at schools , and residency requirements , which Little League Baseball had stated it would enforce more strictly , especially after the 1992 incident . From the introduction of Far East teams in 1967 until after 1996 , Taiwan had won 17 of a possible 30 championships and had been runner - up twice . </Li> <Li> In 2014 , Chicago defeated Las Vegas for the U.S. championship before losing to Seoul , South Korea in the LLWS championship . On February 11 , 2015 , Chicago was stripped of its U.S. title for fielding ineligible players ; it was retroactively awarded to Las Vegas . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Famous participants in the Little League World Series ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Danny Almonte -- The center of significant controversy following the 2001 series due to age falsification / ( 2001 World Series ) Bronx , New York . </Li> <Li> Wilson Álvarez -- Former MLB player / ( 1982 World Series ) Maracaibo , Venezuela . </Li> <Li> Jim Barbieri -- Former MLB player / First player to play in a World Series , and a Little League World Series / 1966 MLB World Series / ( 1954 World Series champion ) Schenectady , New York 1953 LLWS World Series runner - up / Played in back to back LLWS World Series . </Li> <Li> Jason Bay -- Former MLB player / 2004 National League ( NL ) Rookie of the Year / ( 1990 World Series ) Trail , British Columbia . </Li> <Li> Derek Bell -- Former MLB player / 1992 MLB World Series champion / ( 1980 runner - up & 1981 World Series runner - up ) Tampa , Florida . </Li> <Li> Cody Bellinger -- MLB player for the Los Angeles Dodgers / 2007 World Series / Chandler , Arizona North Little League </Li> <Li> Christian Bethancourt -- MLB player for the San Diego Padres / ( 2004 World Series ) Panama City , Panama . </Li> <Li> Larvell Blanks -- Former MLB player / ( 1962 World Series ) Del Rio , Texas . </Li> <Li> Jim Brower -- Former MLB pitcher / ( 1985 World Series ) East Tonka , Minnesota . </Li> <Li> Sean Burroughs -- Former MLB player / ( 1992 & 1993 World Series champions ) Long Beach , California . </Li> <Li> Kevin Cash -- Former MLB player / Current manager for the Tampa Bay Rays , 2007 MLB World Series champion with the Boston Red Sox / ( 1989 World Series ) Tampa , Florida . </Li> <Li> Matt Cassel -- NFL quarterback for the Tennessee Titans / ( 1994 World Series runner - up ) Northridge , California . </Li> <Li> Gavin Cecchini -- MLB Player for the New York Mets / ( 2006 World Series ) Lake Charles , Louisiana . </Li> <Li> Chin - Feng Chen -- Former MLB player / First Taiwanese - born player in MLB history / ( 1990 World Series champion ) Tainan County , Taiwan . </Li> <Li> Jeff Clement -- Former MLB player / ( 1996 World Series ) Marshalltown , Iowa . </Li> <Li> Michael Conforto -- MLB player for the New York Mets / ( 2004 World Series ) Redmond North , Washington . </Li> <Li> Billy Connors -- Former MLB player / ( 1954 World Series ) , Schenectady , New York 1953 LLWS runner - up Schenectady , New York . / Played in back to back LLWS . </Li> <Li> David Cortés -- Former MLB player / 1985 World Series ( 1985 US champions ) Mexicali , Mexico . </Li> <Li> Mo'ne Davis -- First girl to record a win as a pitcher and to pitch a shutout / First little league player to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated at the time of tournament play / 2014 AP Female Athlete of the Year ( 2014 World Series ) Philadelphia . </Li> <Li> Austin Dillon -- 2011 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion / 2013 NASCAR Nationwide Series champion / ( 2002 World Series ) Forsyth County , North Carolina . </Li> <Li> Chris Drury -- Former NHL player / 2001 Stanley Cup champion / 1998 Hobey Baker Award winner / 1999 Calder Memorial Trophy winner / ( 1989 World Series champion ) Trumbull , Connecticut . </Li> <Li> Ray Ferraro -- Former NHL player / ( 1976 World Series ) Trail , British Columbia . </Li> <Li> Stephen Fife -- MLB player for the Chicago Cubs / ( 1999 World Series ) Boise , Idaho . </Li> <Li> Jeff Frazier -- Former MLB player / ( 1995 & 1996 World Series ) Toms River , New Jersey . </Li> <Li> Todd Frazier -- MLB player for the New York Yankees / 2015 MLB Home Run Derby champion / ( 1998 World Series champion ) Toms River , New Jersey . </Li> <Li> Gale Gilbert -- Former NFL quarterback / ( 1974 World Series runner - up ) Red Bluff , California . </Li> <Li> Randal Grichuk -- MLB player for the St. Louis Cardinals / ( 2003 & 2004 World Series ) Richmond , Texas . </Li> <Li> Charlie Hayes -- Former MLB player / 1996 MLB World Series champion / ( 1977 World Series ) Hattiesburg , Mississippi . </Li> <Li> Ken Hubbs -- Former MLB player / 1962 National League ( NL ) Rookie of the Year & Gold Glove Winner / ( 1954 World Series ) Colton , California . </Li> <Li> Billy Hunter -- Former NFL player / U.S. Prosecutor for Northern District of California / Executive Director of the National Basketball Players Association / ( 1955 World Series runner - up ) Delaware Township , New Jersey . </Li> <Li> Erik Johnson -- Former MLB player / ( 1978 World Series US champion , WS runner - up ) San Ramon , California . </Li> <Li> Keith Lampard -- Former MLB player / ( 1958 World Series ) Portland , Oregon . </Li> <Li> Carney Lansford -- Former MLB player , 1988 & 1990 MLB World Series runner - up / 1989 MLB World Series champion / 1981 MLB Batting champ / 1988 American League ( AL ) All Star / 1992 Hutch Award Winner / ( 1969 World Series ) Santa Clara , California . </Li> <Li> Adam Loewen -- MLB player for the Arizona Diamondbacks / ( 1996 World Series ) Surrey , British Columbia . </Li> <Li> Jack Losch -- Former NFL player for the Green Bay Packers / ( 1947 World Series ) Williamsport , Pennsylvania . </Li> <Li> Vance Lovelace -- Former MLB player / ( 1975 World Series ) Tampa , Florida . </Li> <Li> Lance Lynn -- MLB player for the St. Louis Cardinals / ( 1999 World Series ) Brownsburg , Indiana . </Li> <Li> Jason Marquis -- MLB player that is a free agent / 2005 NL Silver Slugger Award / 2006 MLB World Series champion / 2009 National League ( NL ) All Star / ( 1991 World Series ) Staten Island , New York . </Li> <Li> Stephane Matteau -- Former NHL player / 1994 Stanley Cup champion / ( 1982 World Series ) Rouyn - Noranda , Quebec . </Li> <Li> Lloyd McClendon -- Former MLB player / Current manager for the Seattle Mariners / ( 1971 World Series runner - up ) Gary , Indiana . </Li> <Li> Lastings Milledge -- Former MLB player / ( 1997 World Series ) Bradenton , Florida . </Li> <Li> Bobby Mitchell -- Former MLB player / ( 1967 World Series ) Northridge , California . </Li> <Li> Max Moroff -- MLB Player for the Pittsburgh Pirates / ( 2005 World Series ) Maitland , Florida . </Li> <Li> Jim Pankovits -- Former MLB player / ( 1968 World Series Runner - up ) Richmond , Virginia . </Li> <Li> Francisco Peña -- MLB player for the Kansas City Royals / ( 2001 World Series ) Bronx , New York . </Li> <Li> Chad Pennington -- Former NFL quarterback / ( 1991 World Series ) Hamilton , Ohio . </Li> <Li> Yusmeiro Petit -- MLB player for the Washington Nationals / 2014 World Series champion with the San Francisco Giants / ( 1994 World Series champion ) Maracaibo , Venezuela . </Li> <Li> Marc Pisciotta -- Former MLB player / ( 1983 World Series ) Marietta , Georgia . </Li> <Li> Boog Powell -- Former MLB player / 1969 & 1971 MLB World Series runner - up / 1966 & 1970 MLB World Series champion / ( 1954 World Series ) Lakeland , Florida . </Li> <Li> Jurickson Profar -- MLB player for the Texas Rangers / ( 2004 World Series champion / 2005 World Series runner - up ) Willemstad , Curaçao . </Li> <Li> Guillermo Quiróz -- MLB player for the Cleveland Indians / ( 1994 World Series champion ) Maracaibo , Venezuela . </Li> <Li> Colby Rasmus -- MLB player for the Houston Astros / ( 1999 World Series runner - up ) Phenix City , Alabama . </Li> <Li> Cory Rasmus -- MLB player for the Los Angeles Angels / ( 1999 World Series runner - up ) Phenix City , Alabama . </Li> <Li> Brady Rodgers -- MLB player for the Houston Astros / ( 2003 World Series ) Richmond , Texas . </Li> <Li> Michael Saunders -- MLB player for the Toronto Blue Jays / ( 1999 World Series ) Victoria , British Columbia . </Li> <Li> Turk Schonert -- Former NFL player / Former Offensive Coordinator for the Buffalo Bills / ( 1968 World Series ) Garden Grove , California . </Li> <Li> Jonathan Schoop -- MLB player for the Baltimore Orioles / ( 2003 World Series & 2004 World Series champion ) Willemstad , Curaçao . </Li> <Li> Gary Sheffield -- Former MLB player / 1997 MLB World Series champion / 1992 MLB Batting Champ / 7 - Time National League ( NL ) All - Star / 2 - Time American League ( AL ) All - Star / 5 - Time Silver Slugger Award / ( 1980 World Series runner - up ) Tampa , Florida . </Li> <Li> Brian Sipe -- Former NFL quarterback & 1980 NFL MVP / ( 1961 World Series ) El Cajon , California . </Li> <Li> Carl Taylor -- Former MLB player / ( 1954 World Series ) Lakeland , Florida . </Li> <Li> Rubén Tejada -- MLB player for the New York Mets / ( 2001 World Series ) Santiago de Veraguas , Panama . </Li> <Li> Clete Thomas -- MLB player that is a free agent / ( 1996 World Series ) Panama City , Florida . </Li> <Li> Héctor Torres -- Former MLB player / ( 1958 World Series Champions ) Monterrey , Mexico . </Li> <Li> Devon Travis -- MLB Player for the Toronto Blue Jays / ( 2003 World Series Runner - up ) Boynton Beach , Florida . </Li> <Li> Carlos `` Bobby '' Treviño -- Former MLB player / ( 1958 World Series champions ) Monterrey , Mexico . </Li> <Li> George Tsamis -- Former MLB player / ( 1979 World Series Runner - up ) Campbell , California . </Li> <Li> Pierre Turgeon -- Former NHL player / 4 - time NHL All - Star / ( 1982 World Series ) Rouyn - Noranda , Quebec . </Li> <Li> Julian Vandervelde -- NFL player for the Philadelphia Eagles / ( 2000 World Series ) Davenport , Iowa . </Li> <Li> Dave Veres -- Former MLB player / ( 1978 World Series ) Torrejón AFB , Spain . </Li> <Li> Ed Vosberg -- Former MLB player / 1997 MLB World Series champion / ( 1973 World Series runner - up ) Tucson , Arizona . </Li> <Li> Krissy Wendell -- U.S. women 's national hockey team / ( 1994 World Series ) Brooklyn Park , Minnesota . </Li> <Li> Dan Wilson -- Former MLB player / 1996 American League ( AL ) All - Star / ( 1981 World Series ) Barrington , Illinois . </Li> <Li> Rick Wise -- Former MLB player / ( 1958 World Series ) Portland , Oregon . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Media coverage ( edit ) </H2> See also : Little League World Series on television and List of Little League World Series Championship Game broadcasters <P> The first broadcast of the Little League World Series on television was on ABC Sports ( now ESPN on ABC ) in 1963 . For years , only the championship game was televised . Since the late 1980s , when the tournament was reorganized , both the U.S. and international championships , the `` semifinals '' , have been shown . As the years passed , more telecasts were added on ABC , ESPN , and ESPN2 . In 2006 , 28 of the 36 games were televised on the three networks . </P> <P> The 2006 world championship game was to be the last telecast on ABC Sports before ESPN 's complete takeover of the sports division and name change . However , the final was postponed one day because of rain and was shown by ESPN2 . </P> <P> In January 2007 , it was announced that ESPN , ESPN2 , and ABC had extended their contract with the Little League organization through 2014 . That year , every game of the LLWS was scheduled to be televised for the first time , with all but one game live on ESPN , ESPN2 , or ABC . ( The other game was to be available online at ESPN3 60 , then shown on ESPN2 the next day . ) In addition , a number of games were to be shown in high - definition on ESPN , ESPN2 , and ABC . The championship games in all other divisions , as well as the semifinals and finals of the Little League Softball World Series , was scheduled for either ESPN , ESPN2 or ESPNU . </P> <P> In June 2011 , it was announced that ESPN would add 17 games to its schedule on ESPN 3D . </P> <P> Coverage of the qualifying games has increased in the US recently : as of 2014 , all regional group games ( with the exception of the Southwest and New England regions ) are streamed online via the ESPN3 platform , with the semifinals joining the finals on an ESPN network . The aforementioned Southwest and New England regional games are aired in full on the Longhorn Network ( itself owned by ESPN ) and NESN , respectively . The increased level of participation , competition , and publicity of the Little League World Series in recent years has established a trend in the opposite direction of most other preteen sports . </P> <P> Most LLWS games are broadcast live on local radio station WRAK 1400AM , which is owned by Clear Channel . The radio broadcasts are also streamed online at the LLWS page at littleleague.org . </P> <H2> Other divisions in Little League Baseball ( edit ) </H2> <P> Each of the other eleven divisions of Little League Baseball has its own World Series format ( including three in boys ' softball ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Division </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> First Held </Th> <Th> Age of players </Th> <Th> Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Little League Baseball </Th> <Td> South Williamsport , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 12 years old </Td> <Td> Little League World Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Little League Intermediate Division </Th> <Td> Livermore , California </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 13 years old </Td> <Td> Intermediate Little League World Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Junior League Baseball </Th> <Td> Taylor , Michigan </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 14 years old </Td> <Td> Junior League World Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senior League Baseball </Th> <Td> Easley , South Carolina </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 14 -- 16 years old </Td> <Td> Senior League World Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Big League Baseball </Th> <Td> Easley , South Carolina </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> 16 -- 18 years old </Td> <Td> Big League World Series ( discontinued in 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Little League Softball </Th> <Td> Portland , Oregon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 -- 12 years old </Td> <Td> Little League World Series ( softball ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Junior League Softball </Th> <Td> Kirkland , Washington </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 14 years old </Td> <Td> Junior League World Series ( softball ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senior League Softball </Th> <Td> Sussex County , Delaware </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 16 years old </Td> <Td> Senior League World Series ( softball ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Big League Softball </Th> <Td> Sussex County , Delaware </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 14 -- 18 years old </Td> <Td> Big League World Series ( softball ) ( discontinued in 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Little League World Series champions by division </Li> <Li> List of Little League World Series broadcasters </Li> <Li> Little League World Series on television </Li> <Li> The Little League World Series Baseball video game series published by Activision </Li> <Li> Mexico in the Little League World Series </Li> <Li> Danny Almonte -- the center of an age fraud investigation during the 2001 series </Li> <Li> Amateur baseball in the United States </Li> <Li> List of organized baseball leagues </Li> <Li> Baseball awards § World ( world , international - bracket , and regional champions ) </Li> <Li> Baseball awards § U.S. youth baseball ( national , regional , and state champions ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little League World Series Format '' . ESPN.com. 2013 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Series History Archived 2010 - 08 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : For an overview of Little League 's tournament process , go to Japanese Regional Little League Tournament Historical Results and click on `` LL Tournament Process Overview '' ( at the bottom of the left - hand margin ) , for `` The Little League Baseball International Tournament . '' Unpage Publications . March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Little League Baseball State Champions ( 1950 -- 2007 ) . Little League International . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canadian Region Little League Tournament Historical Results . Unpage Publications . June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : See : Little League World Series ( Far East Region ) § 1975 Ban . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 19 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Communications Division ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 Little League Baseball World Series Schedule Announced '' . Little League . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2012 Little League Baseball World Series Schedule '' . Little League . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Little League EMEA Region . Eteamz.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Regions Realigned for 2013 : Australia to Play in Little League Baseball World Series '' ( Press release ) . Little League Baseball . August 29 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little Leaguers are set to play under the lights '' . Moscow - Pullman Daily News . ( Idaho - Washington ) . Associated Press . August 24 , 1992 . p. 1C . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wuff , Steve ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` As Williamsport opened its arms to Mexico 's team , its players embraced the legacy of their predecessors from Monterrey '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived May 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Craig ( August 21 , 2010 ) . `` 1982 Kirkland story retold '' . seattletimes.com . The Seattle Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little League authorities ban imports from playoffs '' . Free Lance - Star . ( Fredericksburg , Virginia ) . Associated Press . November 12 , 1974 . p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little League takes it back : foreigners can play '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . ( Idaho ) . Associated Press . December 31 , 1975 . p. 2B . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See : Mexico in the Little League World Series . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taiwan , once dominant , to return to Little League . Associated Press Newswires , 25 April 2003 , The Associated Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` From Little League to the major leagues '' . From Little League to the major leagues . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/sports/custom/extras/la-spw-tvcol5jan05,1,6528696.column?page=2&coll=la-sports-extras . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived October 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Communications Division ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` ESPN 3D Adds Little League World Series Games to its Broadcast Schedule '' . Little League . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Softball - Divisions of Play '' . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little League World Series . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Little League official website </Li> <Li> Peter J. McGovern Little League Museum </Li> <Li> The Little League Baseball International Tournament ( comprehensive information on district , sectional , state / provincial / country , and regional tournaments ) . Unpage Publications </Li> </Ul> <P> Coordinates : 41 ° 14 ′ N 76 ° 59 ′ W / 41.23 ° N 76.98 ° W / 41.23 ; - 76.98 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Little League World Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Broadcasters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Results </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Qualification </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic </Li> <Li> Midwest </Li> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> Northwest </Li> <Li> Southeast </Li> <Li> Southwest </Li> <Li> West </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asia - Pacific and Middle East </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Caribbean </Li> <Li> Europe and Africa </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Latin America </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Middle East - Africa ( defunct ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Howard J. Lamade Stadium </Li> <Li> Little League Volunteer Stadium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MLB Little League Classic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Little League Baseball </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Dl> <Dt> Boys </Dt> <Dd> Little League Baseball </Dd> <Dd> Intermediate League Baseball </Dd> <Dd> Junior League Baseball </Dd> <Dd> Senior League Baseball </Dd> <Dd> Big League Baseball </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Girls </Dt> <Dd> Little League Softball ( girls ) </Dd> <Dd> Junior League Softball ( girls ) </Dd> <Dd> Senior League Softball ( girls ) </Dd> <Dd> Big League Softball ( girls ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Boys softball </Dt> <Dd> Little League Softball ( boys ) </Dd> <Dd> Senior League Softball ( boys ) </Dd> <Dd> Big League Softball ( boys ) </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Central </Dt> <Dd> Great Lakes </Dd> <Dd> Midwest </Dd> <Dt> East </Dt> <Dd> Mid-Atlantic </Dd> <Dd> New England </Dd> <Dt> South </Dt> <Dd> Southeast </Dd> <Dd> Southwest </Dd> <Dt> West </Dt> <Dd> Northwest </Dd> <Dd> West </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Far East </Dt> <Dd> Asia - Pacific and Middle East </Dd> <Dd> Australia </Dd> <Dd> Japan </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Latin America </Dt> <Dd> Caribbean </Dd> <Dd> Latin America </Dd> <Dd> Mexico </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Other </Dt> <Dd> Canada </Dd> <Dd> Europe and Africa </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Series </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Boys baseball </Dt> <Dd> Regions ( Little , Intermediate , Junior , Senior , Big WS ) </Dd> <Dd> List of Champions </Dd> <Dd> Little League World Series </Dd> <Dd> Intermediate WS </Dd> <Dd> Junior WS </Dd> <Dd> Senior WS </Dd> <Dd> Big WS </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Girls softball </Dt> <Dd> List of Champions </Dd> <Dd> Girls Little WS </Dd> <Dd> Girls Junior WS </Dd> <Dd> Girls Senior WS </Dd> <Dd> Girls Big WS </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Boys softball </Dt> <Dd> Boys Little League Softball WS </Dd> <Dd> Boys Senior League Softball WS </Dd> <Dd> Boys Big League Softball WS </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable figures </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Carl Stotz </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Honors </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Little League Baseball awards </Dd> <Dd> Peter J. McGovern Little League Museum </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Popular culture </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Movies </Dt> <Dd> Mickey </Dd> <Dt> Video games </Dt> <Dd> Little League World Series Baseball </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Well - known players </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Danny Almonte </Dd> <Dd> Mo'ne Davis </Dd> <Dd> Aaron Durley </Dd> <Dd> Carolyn King </Dd> <Dd> Maria Pepe </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Little League elbow </Dd> <Dd> White House Tee Ball Initiative </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_League_World_Series&oldid=801979015 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Little League World Series </Li> <Li> Little League </Li> <Li> Baseball playoffs and champions </Li> <Li> International baseball </Li> <Li> Youth baseball </Li> <Li> Baseball in Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Baseball in Williamsport , Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> 1947 in baseball </Li> <Li> Recurring sporting events established in 1947 </Li> <Li> Annual sporting events in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> Pages with citations having bare URLs </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from June 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Papiamentu </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 05 : 25 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Bad ( U2 song ) - wikipedia <H1> Bad ( U2 song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Bad '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Song by U2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Unforgettable Fire </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1 October 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 6 : 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Island </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> U2 ( music ) , Bono ( lyrics ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Unforgettable Fire track listing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` 4th of July '' ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> `` Bad '' ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> `` Indian Summer Sky '' ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Wide Awake In America track listing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Bad '' ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> `` A Sort of Homecoming '' ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Bad '' is a song by rock band U2 and the seventh track from their 1984 album , The Unforgettable Fire . A song about heroin addiction , it is considered a fan favourite , and is one of U2 's most frequently performed songs in concert . </P> <P> A performance of the song at 1985 's Live Aid was a career breakthrough for the band . </P> <P> The live version included as the opening track of the Wide Awake in America EP is frequently chosen for airplay by radio DJs ahead of the studio version . The song is featured on the trailer of Brothers and in the opening and closing sequences of Taking Lives . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Live performances <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Live Aid </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Discography </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Bad '' began with an improvised guitar riff during a jam session at Slane Castle where U2 were recording The Unforgettable Fire . The basic track was completed in three takes . Of its immediate and live nature , U2 guitarist the Edge said `` There 's one moment where Larry puts down brushes and takes up the sticks and it creates this pause which has an incredibly dramatic effect . '' Producer Brian Eno added the sequencer arpeggios that accompany the song . </P> <P> The early 1980s recession had led to high number of heroin addicts in inner city Dublin . In concert , lead vocalist Bono frequently introduced the song as a song about Dublin . The Edge and the album 's producers , Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois , were focused on the music and less interested in the lyrics . Bono left the song unfinished . </P> <P> During a July 26 , 2011 concert in Pittsburgh , Bono explained before a performance of `` Bad '' that the song was written for `` very special man , who is here in your city , who grew up on Cedarwood Road . We wrote this song about him and we play it for him tonight . '' He was referring to Andy Rowen , whom the song was originally written about in 1984 and who was present at the show . Rowen is brother of Bono 's Lypton Village friend Guggi and Peter Rowen , who is featured on the sleeve artwork for the band 's albums Boy and War . </P> <P> There are other versions of the story from Bono himself . His account from a 1987 concert in Chicago indicate `` Bad '' is about a friend of his who died of a heroin overdose and also about the conditions that make such events likely to be repeated . Bono once commented in another concert ( in the UK ) about people lying in gutters with `` needles hangin ' outta their fuckin ' arms while the rich live indifferently to the suffering of the less fortunate . '' At Eriksberg , Gothenburg in Sweden 1987 , he said : `` I wrote the words about a friend of mine ; his name was Gareth Spaulding , and on his 21st birthday he and his friends decided to give themselves a present of enough heroin into his veins to kill him . This song is called ' Bad . ' '' </P> <H2> Live performances ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Bad '' is one of the band 's most performed songs . Translating the elaborate and complex textures of the new studio - recorded tracks to live performance proved to be a serious challenge when The Unforgettable Fire Tour commenced . One solution was programmed sequencers , which the band had previously been reluctant to use . Sequencers were prominently used on `` Bad '' . </P> <P> The studio version of `` Bad '' was criticised as being `` unfinished '' , `` fuzzy '' and `` unfocused '' , but the band found that it made more sense on stage . Rolling Stone , for example , critical of the album version , described its live performance as a `` show stopper '' . </P> <P> A staple of U2 's concert tours of the 1980s , `` Bad '' was also frequently performed during the first four legs of the 1992 -- 1993 Zoo TV Tour . Although not played until the fourth leg of the PopMart Tour of 1997 and 1998 , it returned to the normal set list for 2001 's Elevation Tour and saw occasional performances during the Vertigo Tour of 2005 and 2006 , sometimes even appearing as the closing song for shows . It made very sporadic appearances on the U2 360 ° Tour and has featured occasionally on the Innocence + Experience Tour . </P> <P> Bono is known for singing a wide variety of snippets during performances of `` Bad '' . Lyrics from over 50 different songs have been included in `` Bad '' , ranging from brief quotes of a single line through to multiple verses . These snippets are typically sung after the line `` I 'm not sleeping '' and Bono has included up to six different excerpts in a single performance of `` Bad '' . Performances without at least one snippet are very rare . </P> <H3> Live Aid ( edit ) </H3> <P> U2 participated in the Live Aid concert at Wembley Stadium for Ethiopian famine relief on 13 July 1985 . They played a 12 - minute version of `` Bad '' , which was extended by snippets of Lou Reed 's `` Satellite of Love '' and `` Walk on the Wild Side '' , and The Rolling Stones ' `` Ruby Tuesday '' and `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . During the performance , Bono leaped down off the stage to embrace and dance with a fan . In 2005 the girl with whom he danced , who was at the front to see Wham ! , revealed that he actually saved her life at the time . She was being crushed by the throngs of people pushing forwards ; Bono saw this , and gestured frantically at the ushers to help her . They did not understand what he was saying , and so he jumped down to help her himself . Bono 's rescue of and dance with the girl was captured on the TV broadcast sent around the world . The performance was so long that the band was only able to play two of the three songs in their set , leaving out `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' , which was supposed to end the band 's performance . The concert turned out to be a breakthrough moment for the band , showing a television audience of millions the personal connection that Bono could make with audiences . Only a week later he realized that the dance with the fan became a key image of Live Aid . All of U2 's albums re-entered the charts in the UK after their performance . In 1985 , Rolling Stone called U2 the `` Band of the 80 's , '' saying that `` for a growing number of rock - and - roll fans , U2 have become the band that matters most , maybe even the only band that matters . '' </P> <H2> Discography ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Bad '' is the first track on the 1985 EP Wide Awake in America , this being a live version recorded at Birmingham 's NEC Arena on November 12 , 1984 during sound check . This version includes prerecorded rhythm tracks . There are no other snippets of songs on this version for copyright reasons . Three other versions of `` Bad '' have been officially released by the band . An edit of the version from The Unforgettable Fire appears on The Best of 1980 - 1990 ; with the exception of the hidden version of `` October '' , `` Bad '' is the only non-single to appear on the compilation . In addition to the live performance included on Wide Awake in America , a live version of `` Bad '' from 1987 's Joshua Tree Tour appears on the rockumentary Rattle and Hum . Also , the release of The Complete U2 in 2004 produced another live version of `` Bad '' appearing on the digital album Live from the Point Depot . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of covers of U2 songs - Bad </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TourDB statistics - U2 on tour '' . u2gigs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stokes ( 1996 ) , p. 58 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McCormick ( 2006 ) , p. 151 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graham , Bill ; van Oosten de Boer , Caroline ( 2004 ) . U2 : The Complete Guide to their Music . London : Omnibus Press . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9886 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U2 - Bad / In The Garden / Walk On The Wild Side / 40 - Pittsburgh - July 26 , 2011 ( Heinz Field ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U2 Setlist - Pittsburgh - Jul 26 , 2011 '' . U2tours.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U2MoL - Unforgettable Fire - Bad '' . Muorji.se . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : de la Parra ( 1994 ) , pp. 52 - 56 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henke , James ( 18 July 1985 ) . `` ' ' Wide Awake in America ' ' Album Review '' . Rolling Stone ( 452 / 453 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U2 Bad - U2 on tour '' . U2gigs.com . Archived from the original on 6 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Live Aid : A Look Back At A Concert That Actually Changed The World MTV.com . Retrieved 31 October 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwards , Gavin . `` U2 's ' Bad ' Break : 12 Minutes at Live Aid That Made the Band 's Career '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Bono Saved Me '' . Atu2.com. 2005 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U2-Vertigo-Tour.com , 1985 - 07 - 13 , London set list , accessed 20 March 2008 ; McCormick , Neil ( ed ) , ( 2006 ) . U2 by U2 . HarperCollins Publishers , pages 162 , ISBN 0 - 00 - 719668 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parra ( 2003 ) , pp. 72 - 73 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bono on Bono </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U2 , the Only Band that Mattered in the ' 80s ? about.com . Retrieved 31 January 2007 </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> de la Parra , Pimm Jal ( 2003 ) . U2 Live : A Concert Documentary . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9198 - 7 </Li> <Li> McCormick , Neil ( ed ) , ( 2006 ) . U2 by U2 . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 00 - 719668 - 7 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Unforgettable Fire track listing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> `` A Sort of Homecoming '' </Li> <Li> `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Wire '' </Li> <Li> `` The Unforgettable Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` Promenade '' </Li> <Li> `` 4th of July '' </Li> <Li> `` Bad '' </Li> <Li> `` Indian Summer Sky '' </Li> <Li> `` Elvis Presley and America '' </Li> <Li> `` MLK '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← War The Joshua Tree → </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Rattle and Hum track listing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Album </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Helter Skelter '' </Li> <Li> `` Van Diemen 's Land '' </Li> <Li> `` Desire '' </Li> <Li> `` Hawkmoon 269 '' </Li> <Li> `` All Along the Watchtower '' </Li> <Li> `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' </Li> <Li> `` Freedom for My People '' </Li> <Li> `` Silver and Gold '' </Li> <Li> `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Angel of Harlem '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Rescue Me '' </Li> <Li> `` When Love Comes to Town '' </Li> <Li> `` Heartland '' </Li> <Li> `` God Part II '' </Li> <Li> `` The Star Spangled Banner '' </Li> <Li> `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' </Li> <Li> `` All I Want Is You '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Helter Skelter '' </Li> <Li> `` Van Diemen 's Land '' </Li> <Li> `` Desire '' </Li> <Li> `` Exit '' </Li> <Li> `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' </Li> <Li> `` Freedom for My People '' </Li> <Li> `` Silver and Gold '' </Li> <Li> `` Angel of Harlem '' </Li> <Li> `` All Along the Watchtower '' </Li> <Li> `` In God 's Country '' </Li> <Li> `` When Love Comes to Town '' </Li> <Li> `` Heartland '' </Li> <Li> `` Bad '' </Li> <Li> `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' </Li> <Li> `` MLK '' </Li> <Li> `` With or Without You '' </Li> <Li> `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' </Li> <Li> `` Bullet the Blue Sky '' </Li> <Li> `` Running to Stand Still '' </Li> <Li> `` Sunday Bloody Sunday '' </Li> <Li> `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' </Li> <Li> `` All I Want Is You '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Joshua Tree Achtung Baby </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> U2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bono </Li> <Li> The Edge </Li> <Li> Adam Clayton </Li> <Li> Larry Mullen Jr . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boy </Li> <Li> October </Li> <Li> War </Li> <Li> The Unforgettable Fire </Li> <Li> The Joshua Tree </Li> <Li> Rattle and Hum </Li> <Li> Achtung Baby </Li> <Li> Zooropa </Li> <Li> Pop </Li> <Li> All That You Ca n't Leave Behind </Li> <Li> How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb </Li> <Li> No Line on the Horizon </Li> <Li> Songs of Innocence </Li> <Li> Songs of Experience </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations and EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Three </Li> <Li> Wide Awake in America </Li> <Li> Please : PopHeart Live EP </Li> <Li> The Best of 1980 -- 1990 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> The Best of 1990 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> Exclusive </Li> <Li> The Complete U2 </Li> <Li> Live from Under the Brooklyn Bridge </Li> <Li> U218 Singles </Li> <Li> Wide Awake in Europe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Under a Blood Red Sky </Li> <Li> Melon : Remixes for Propaganda </Li> <Li> Original Soundtracks 1 </Li> <Li> Hasta la Vista Baby ! U2 Live from Mexico City </Li> <Li> Live from the Point Depot </Li> <Li> U2. Communication </Li> <Li> Zoo TV Live </Li> <Li> U2 Go Home : Live from Slane Castle , Ireland </Li> <Li> Live from Paris </Li> <Li> Medium , Rare & Remastered </Li> <Li> Artificial Horizon </Li> <Li> Duals </Li> <Li> U22 </Li> <Li> From the Ground Up : Edge 's Picks from U2360 ° </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Videos and films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U2 Live at Red Rocks : Under a Blood Red Sky </Li> <Li> The Unforgettable Fire Collection </Li> <Li> Rattle and Hum </Li> <Li> Achtung Baby : The Videos , the Cameos , and a Whole Lot of Interference from Zoo TV </Li> <Li> Zoo TV : Live from Sydney </Li> <Li> PopMart : Live from Mexico City </Li> <Li> Elevation 2001 : Live from Boston </Li> <Li> U2 Go Home : Live from Slane Castle , Ireland </Li> <Li> Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago </Li> <Li> Vertigo 05 : Live from Milan </Li> <Li> U218 Videos </Li> <Li> Live from Paris </Li> <Li> U2 3D </Li> <Li> Linear </Li> <Li> U2360 ° at the Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> From the Sky Down </Li> <Li> Innocence + Experience : Live in Paris </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tours and concerts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U2 - 3 Tour </Li> <Li> Boy Tour </Li> <Li> October Tour </Li> <Li> War Tour </Li> <Li> The Unforgettable Fire Tour </Li> <Li> Live Aid </Li> <Li> A Conspiracy of Hope </Li> <Li> The Joshua Tree Tour <Ul> <Li> Vaillancourt Fountain concert </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lovetown Tour </Li> <Li> Zoo TV Tour </Li> <Li> PopMart Tour <Ul> <Li> concert in Sarajevo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Elevation Tour </Li> <Li> Super Bowl XXXVI halftime show </Li> <Li> Vertigo Tour </Li> <Li> U2 360 ° Tour </Li> <Li> Innocence + Experience Tour </Li> <Li> The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Additional personnel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steve Averill </Li> <Li> Anton Corbijn </Li> <Li> Brian Eno </Li> <Li> Dik Evans </Li> <Li> Dave Fanning </Li> <Li> Flood </Li> <Li> Gavin Friday </Li> <Li> Howie B </Li> <Li> Jimmy Iovine </Li> <Li> Daniel Lanois </Li> <Li> Steve Lillywhite </Li> <Li> Paul McGuinness </Li> <Li> Morleigh Steinberg </Li> <Li> Willie Williams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> <Li> Covers of U2 songs </Li> <Li> The Million Dollar Hotel ( soundtrack ) </Li> <Li> Mother Records </Li> <Li> AHK - toong BAY - bi Covered </Li> <Li> `` Trash of the Titans '' </Li> <Li> U2 by U2 </Li> <Li> U2 Tower </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> WikiProject </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Singles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_(U2_song)&oldid=797026568 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> U2 songs </Li> <Li> 1984 songs </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Brian Eno </Li> <Li> Songs written by Bono </Li> <Li> Songs written by the Edge </Li> <Li> Songs written by Adam Clayton </Li> <Li> Songs written by Larry Mullen Jr . </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Daniel Lanois </Li> <Li> Songs about heroin </Li> <Li> Rock ballads </Li> <Li> Music videos directed by Phil Joanou </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 14 : 17 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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New York 's Bureau of Proprietary School Supervision - wikipedia <H1> New York 's Bureau of Proprietary School Supervision </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( August 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> New York 's Bureau of Proprietary School Supervision </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abbreviation </Th> <Td> NY BPSS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Jurisdictional structure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operations jurisdiction </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Agency executive </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael J. Hatten , Chairman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent agency </Th> <Td> New York State Education Department </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> www.acces.nysed.gov/bpss </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> New York 's Bureau of Proprietary School Supervision ( BPSS ) oversees and monitors non-degree granting proprietary schools in New York . The Bureau of Proprietary School Supervision ( BPSS ) is part of the New York State Education Department ( NYSED ) . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Bureau Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Licensing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Controversy </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Bureau structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> The bureau was established to oversee educational quality of non-degree granting schools in the state of New York , including trade and business schools , English Second Language Schools ( ESL ) , and others . Most of these schools are geared towards the adult population , providing education and job training . </P> <P> The Bureau of Proprietary School Supervision provides licenses to these proprietary schools and teachers so the programs offered meet state standards . All segments of a school 's operation are reviewed including financial standing , ownership structure , personnel , teaching methods , and marketing materials . The bureau has only 20 staff members to cover 500 schools , which has led to criticism of their ability to adequately manage schools . The bureau works together with local , state , and federal organizations to review the safety and equipment of all the schools . This includes investigations into student complaints , and reviews of schools to ensure compliance with Education Law and Commissioner 's Regulations . </P> <H3> Licensing ( edit ) </H3> <P> In order to be licensed as a proprietary school within New York State , organizations must undergo a licensing process wherein they submit various documents , including : an application for a school license , proof of type of ownership ( e.g. , sole proprietorship , partnership , or corporation ) , financial documents , curriculum applications , and school prepared forms . </P> <H2> Controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2009 , the New York 's Bureau of Proprietary School Supervision abruptly changed its policy on regulating yoga studio training and threatened those organization with a criminal fine of up to $50,000 , although the department noted that they had received zero complaints about subpar yoga training . Until that point , no yoga studio in the state had ever applied for or received a license to train future yoga instructors , which was the alleged crime . Yoga studios were forced to undergo a `` nightmarish '' application process which put some smaller yoga studios at risk of shutting down permanently , since the process could take up to a year . The initiative was criticized , and the Bureau of Proprietary School Supervision was forced to abandon this tactic after New York Governor David Paterson signed a bill into law exempting yoga studios from the licensing process . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Bill ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Albany fools tie yoga in knots : State bureaucratic crackdown is downright crazy '' . New York Daily News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lesser , Benjamin ( April 3 , 2011 ) . `` Trade school way off ' course ' in teaching students how to run dialysis machines & read EKG results '' . New York Daily News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Proprietary School Supervision '' . NYSED.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Decline and Fall of Drake Business Schools : A Textbook in Crisis Nonmanagement '' . The New York Times . September 11 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Proprietary School Supervision '' ( PDF ) . ACCES Adult Career and Continuing Education Services . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 06 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Luzer , Daniel ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` For - Profit ' Supervision ' '' . Washington Monthly . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lesser , Bejamin & Smith , Greg B. ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` As complaints mount , anemic state agency overwhelmed by job of policing for - profit schools '' . New York Daily News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Proprietary School Supervision '' . New York State Education Department . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Licensing Process : Supervision '' . New York State Education Department . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phillips , Jack ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Yoga Instructors and Martial Arts Teachers Exempt from Licenses '' . The Epoch Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sulzberger , A.G. ( July 10 , 2009 ) . `` Yoga Faces Regulation , and Firmly Pushes Back '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shure , Jane ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` To Regulate or Not Regulate Yoga Teacher Training '' . The Huffington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No state license required for yoga , martial arts instructors '' . The Business Review . March 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Governor Paterson Signs Eight Bills into Law '' . Governor of New York . March 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NY State Lays SmackDown on Yoga ' Vocation ' : Studios Must Register for License or Else '' . Yoga Dork . May 14 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bureau of Proprietary School Supervision Homepage </Li> <Li> New York State Education Department Homepage </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York%27s_Bureau_of_Proprietary_School_Supervision&oldid=851384138 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Education in New York ( state ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Orphaned articles from August 2016 </Li> <Li> All orphaned articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 22 : 35 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Danaë - wikipedia <H1> Danaë </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Danaë ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Danaë </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ancient Boeotian bell - krater showing Zeus impregnating Danaë in the form of a shower of gold , circa 450 - 425 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Personal Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consort </Th> <Td> Zeus , Polydectes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Perseus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parents </Th> <Td> Acrisius and Eurydice </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In Greek mythology , Danaë ( / ˈdæn. i. iː / or / ˈdæn. ə. iː / , as personal name also / dəˈnaɪ / , Greek : Δανάη Greek pronunciation : ( daˈna. ɛː ) Modern : ( ðaˈna. i ) ) was the daughter , and only child of King Acrisius of Argos and his wife Queen Eurydice . She was the mother of the hero Perseus by Zeus . She was credited with founding the city of Ardea in Latium during the Bronze Age . </P> <H2> Mythology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Disappointed by his lack of male heirs , King Acrisius asked the oracle of Delphi if this would change . The oracle announced to him that he would never have a son , but his daughter would , and that he would be killed by his daughter 's son . At the time , Danae was childless and , meaning to keep her so , King Acrisius shut her up in a bronze chamber to be constructed under the court of his palace ( other versions say she was imprisoned in a tall brass tower with a single richly adorned chamber , but with no doors or windows , just a sky - light as the source of light and air ) . She was buried in this tomb , never to see the light again . However , Zeus , the king of the gods , desired her , and came to her in the form of golden rain which streamed in through the roof of the subterranean chamber and down into her womb . Soon after , their child Perseus was born . </P> <P> Unwilling to provoke the wrath of the gods or the Furies by killing his offspring and grandchild , King Acrisius cast Danaë and Perseus into the sea in a wooden chest . The sea was calmed by Poseidon and , at the request of Zeus , the pair survived . They were washed ashore on the island of Seriphos , where they were taken in by Dictys -- the brother of King Polydectes -- who raised Perseus to manhood . The King was charmed by Danaë , but she had no interest in him . Consequently , he agreed not to marry her only if her son would bring him the head of the Gorgon Medusa . Using Athena 's shield , Hermes 's winged sandals and Hades ' helmet of invisibility , Perseus was able to evade Medusa 's gaze and decapitate her . </P> <P> Later , after Perseus brought back Medusa 's head and rescued Andromeda , the oracle 's prophecy came true . He started for Argos , but learning of the prophecy , instead went to Larissa , where athletic games were being held . By chance , an aging Acrisius was there and Perseus accidentally struck him on the head with his javelin ( or discus ) , fulfilling the prophecy . </P> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Danaë in art </Li> <Li> <P> Jan Gossaert , 1527 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Correggio 's Danaë , 1531 -- 1532 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> One of several variants by Titian , 1544 . Cupid is alongside Danaë. 120 cm × 172 cm . National Museum of Capodimonte , Naples </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Hendrick Goltzius , 1603 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Artemisia Gentileschi , c. 1612 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Danaë by Orazio Gentileschi , 1621 -- 23 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Rembrandt 's Danaë , c. 1636 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Jacob van Loo , 1650s </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Gustav Klimt 's Danaë , 1907 . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Genealogy ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Argive genealogy in Greek mythology <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Inachus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Melia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Zeus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Io </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Phoroneus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Epaphus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Memphis </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Libya </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Poseidon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Belus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Achiroë </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Agenor </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Telephassa </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Danaus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Pieria </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Aegyptus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Cadmus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Cilix </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Europa </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Phoenix </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Mantineus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Hypermnestra </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Lynceus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Harmonia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Zeus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Polydorus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Sparta </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Lacedaemon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Ocalea </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Abas </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Agave </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Sarpedon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Rhadamanthus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Autonoë </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Eurydice </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Acrisius </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Ino </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Minos </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Zeus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Danaë </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Semele </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Zeus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Perseus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Dionysus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Colour key : <P> Male Female Deity </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Danaë ( disambiguation ) # Art </Li> <Li> Pseudo-Apollodorus , Bibliotheke </Li> <Li> Danae - class cruiser </Li> <Li> The asteroid 61 Danaë , named after her </Li> <Li> Danae - Literary character from the Elenium and the Tamuli series by David Eddings </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ; Roach , Peter , James Hartman and Jane Setter , eds . Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary . 17th edition . Cambridge UP , 2006 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Smith , William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , London ( 1873 ) . `` Danae '' , Acri'sius </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Danae . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Danae . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( ca . 100 images of Danae ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 11943542X </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Danaë&oldid = 798792708 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Mortal women of Zeus </Li> <Li> Princesses in Greek mythology </Li> <Li> Abantiades </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using infobox deity with unknown parameters </Li> <Li> Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 21 : 06 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Neutrality Acts of 1930s - wikipedia <H1> Neutrality Acts of 1930s </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other Neutrality Acts , see Neutrality Act . <Table> <Tr> <Th> U.S. Congressional opposition to American involvement in wars and interventions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1812 North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Federalists ' Address </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1847 Mexican -- American War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spot Resolutions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1917 World War I </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1935 -- 1939 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neutrality Acts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1935 -- 1940 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ludlow Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970 Vietnam </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McGovern -- Hatfield Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970 Southeast Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cooper -- Church Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1971 Vietnam </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1973 Southeast Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Case -- Church Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1973 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> War Powers Resolution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hughes -- Ryan Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 Angola </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clark Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1982 Nicaragua </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boland Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2007 Iraq </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Concurrent Resolution 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Neutrality Acts were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s , in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II . They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I , and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts . </P> <P> The legacy of the Neutrality Acts is widely regarded as having been generally negative : they made no distinction between aggressor and victim , treating both equally as `` belligerents '' ; and they limited the US government 's ability to aid Britain and France against Nazi Germany . The acts were largely repealed in 1941 , in the face of German submarine attacks on U.S. vessels and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Neutrality Act of 1935 </Li> <Li> 3 Neutrality Act of 1936 </Li> <Li> 4 Neutrality Act of 1937 </Li> <Li> 5 Neutrality Act of 1939 </Li> <Li> 6 End of neutrality policy </Li> <Li> 7 Subsequent application </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Nye Committee hearings between 1934 and 1936 and several best - selling books of the time , like H.C. Engelbrecht 's The Merchants of Death ( 1934 ) , supported the conviction of many Americans that the U.S. entry into World War I had been orchestrated by bankers and arms dealers for profit reasons . This strengthened the position of isolationists and non-interventionists in the country . </P> <P> Powerful forces in United States Congress pushing for non-interventionism and strong Neutrality Acts were the Republican Senators William Edgar Borah , Arthur H. Vandenberg , Gerald P. Nye and Robert M. La Follette , Jr. , but support of non-interventionism was not limited to the Republican party . The Ludlow Amendment , requiring a public referendum before any declaration of war except in cases of defense against direct attack , was introduced several times without success between 1935 and 1940 by Democratic Representative Louis Ludlow . </P> <P> Democratic President Roosevelt and especially his Secretary of State Cordell Hull were critical of the Neutrality Acts , fearing that they would restrict the administration 's options to support friendly nations . Even though both the House and Senate had large Democratic majorities throughout these years , there was enough support for the Acts among Democrats ( especially those representing Southern states ) to ensure their passage . Although Congressional support was insufficient to override a presidential veto , Roosevelt felt he could not afford to snub the South and anger public opinion , especially while facing re-election in 1936 and needing Congressional co-operation on domestic issues . With considerable reluctance , the president signed the Neutrality Acts into law . </P> <H2> Neutrality Act of 1935 ( edit ) </H2> <P> Roosevelt 's State Department had lobbied for embargo provisions that would allow the President to impose sanctions selectively . This was rejected by Congress . The 1935 act , signed on August 31 , 1935 , imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war . It also declared that American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk . The act was set to expire after six months . </P> <P> When Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1935 , the State Department established an office to enforce the provisions of the Act . The Office of Arms and Munitions Control , renamed the Division of Controls in 1939 when the office was expanded , consisted of Joseph C. Green and Charles W. Yost . </P> <P> Roosevelt invoked the act after Italy 's invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935 , preventing all arms and ammunition shipments to Italy and Ethiopia . He also declared a `` moral embargo '' against the belligerents , covering trade not falling under the Neutrality Act . </P> <H2> Neutrality Act of 1936 ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Neutrality Act of 1936 , passed in February of that year , renewed the provisions of the 1935 act for another 14 months . It also forbade all loans or credits to belligerents . </P> <P> However , this act did not cover `` civil wars , '' such as that in Spain ( 1936 -- 1939 ) , nor did it cover materials such as trucks and oil . U.S. companies such as Texaco , Standard Oil , Ford , General Motors , and Studebaker exploited this loophole to sell such items to General Franco on credit . By 1939 , Franco owed these and other companies more than $100,000,000 . </P> <H2> Neutrality Act of 1937 ( edit ) </H2> <P> In January 1937 , the Congress passed a joint resolution outlawing the arms trade with Spain . The Neutrality Act of 1937 was passed in May and included the provisions of the earlier acts , this time without expiration date , and extended them to cover civil wars as well . Furthermore , U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents , and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations . </P> <P> In a concession to Roosevelt , a `` cash - and - carry '' provision that had been devised by his advisor Bernard Baruch was added : the President could permit the sale of materials and supplies to belligerents in Europe as long as the recipients arranged for the transport and paid immediately with cash , with the argument that this would not draw the U.S. into the conflict . Roosevelt believed that cash - and - carry would aid France and Great Britain in the event of a war with Germany , since they were the only countries that controlled the seas and were able to take advantage of the provision . The cash - and - carry clause was set to expire after two years . </P> <P> Japan invaded China in July 1937 , starting the Second Sino - Japanese War . President Roosevelt , who supported the Chinese side , chose not to invoke the Neutrality Acts since the parties had not formally declared war . In so doing , he ensured that China 's efforts to defend itself would not be hindered by the legislation : China was dependent on arms imports and only Japan would have been able to take advantage of cash - and - carry . This outraged the isolationists in Congress who claimed that the spirit of the law was being undermined . Roosevelt stated that he would prohibit American ships from transporting arms to the belligerents , but he allowed British ships to transport American arms to China . Roosevelt gave his Quarantine Speech in October 1937 , outlining a move away from neutrality and toward `` quarantining '' all aggressors . He then imposed a `` moral embargo '' on exports of aircraft to Japan . </P> <H2> Neutrality Act of 1939 ( edit ) </H2> <P> Early in 1939 , after Nazi Germany had invaded Czechoslovakia , Roosevelt lobbied Congress to have the cash - and - carry provision renewed . He was rebuffed , the provision lapsed , and the mandatory arms embargo remained in place . </P> <P> In September 1939 , after Germany had invaded Poland , Great Britain and France declared war on Germany . Roosevelt invoked the provisions of the Neutrality Act but came before Congress and lamented that the Neutrality Acts may give passive aid to an aggressor country . Congress was divided . Nye wanted to broaden the embargo , and other isolationists like Vandenberg and Hiram Johnson vowed to fight `` from hell to breakfast '' Roosevelt 's desire to loosen the embargo . An `` outstanding Republican leader '' who supported helping nations under attack , however , told H.V. Kaltenborn that the embargo was futile because a neutral country like Italy could buy from the US and sell its own weapons to Germany , while US companies would relocate factories to Canada . </P> <P> Roosevelt prevailed over the isolationists , and on November 4 the Neutrality Act of 1939 was passed , allowing for arms trade with belligerent nations ( Great Britain and France ) on a cash - and - carry basis , thus in effect ending the arms embargo . Furthermore , the Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1937 were repealed , American citizens and ships were barred from entering war zones designated by the President , and the National Munitions Control Board ( which had been created by the 1935 Neutrality Act ) was charged with issuing licenses for all arms imports and exports . Arms trade without a license became a federal crime , with a penalty of up to two years in prison . </P> <H2> End of Neutrality Policy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The end of neutrality policy came with the Lend - Lease Act of March 1941 , which allowed the U.S. to sell , lend or give war materials to nations the US administration wanted to support . </P> <P> After repeated attacks by German submarines on U.S. ships , Roosevelt announced on September 11 , 1941 , that he had ordered the U.S. Navy to attack German and Italian war vessels in the `` waters which we deem necessary for our defense '' . Following the sinking of the U.S. destroyer Reuben James on October 31 , many of the provisions of the Neutrality Acts were repealed on November 17 , 1941 : merchant vessels were allowed to be armed and to carry any cargoes to belligerent nations . The U.S. formally declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941 following the attack on Pearl Harbor of the previous day ; Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. on 11 December 1941 , and the U.S. responded with a declaration of war on the same day . </P> <H2> Subsequent application ( edit ) </H2> <P> The provision against unlicensed arms trades of the 1939 act remains in force . </P> <P> In 1948 , Charles Winters , Al Schwimmer and Herman Greenspun were convicted under the 1939 Act after smuggling B - 17 Flying Fortress bombers from Florida to the nascent state of Israel during the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . All three received Presidential pardons in subsequent decades . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Delaney , David G , Neutrality Acts , Novel guide , retrieved June 5 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Neutrality Acts , 1930s , US : State Department , retrieved June 5 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Public Resolution 67 , 74th Congress , 49 Stat. 1081 of August 31 , 1935 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Combs , Jerald A. ( 2002 ) . `` Embargoes and Sanctions '' . Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Public Resolution 74 , 74th Congress , 49 Stat. 1152 of February 29 , 1936 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , James M. The Spanish Civil War : A History and Reference Guide . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32274 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Public Resolution 27 , 75th Congress , 50 Stat. 121 of May 1 , 1937 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. ( 1999 ) . Freedom From Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 - 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503834 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powaski , Ronald E ( 1991 ) , Toward an Entangling Alliance : American Isolationism , Internationalism , and Europe , 1901 -- 1950 , Westport : Greenwood , p. 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` September 21 , 1939 : FDR urges repeal of Neutrality Act embargo provisions '' . History.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaltenborn , H.V. ( 1939 - 09 - 22 ) . CBS H.V. Kaltenborn Commentary ( Radio ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Public Resolution 54 , 76th Congress , 54 Stat. 4 of November 4 , 1939 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brinkley , Douglas ; Rubel , David ( 2003 ) . World War II : The Axis Assault , 1939 - 1942 . Macmillan . pp. 99 -- 106 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 22 U.S.C. § 441 ( notes ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ( 24 December 2008 ) . `` Jailed for Aiding Israel , but Pardoned by Bush '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pardon granted to man who flew planes to Israel '' . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Divine , Robert A. ( 1962 ) , The Illusion of Neutrality , University of Chicago Press , OCLC 186301491 </Li> <Li> Garner , James W. ( 1937 ) , `` Recent American Neutrality Legislation '' , International Affairs , 16 ( 6 ) : 853 -- 869 , JSTOR 2602764 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Neutrality Act of August 31 , 1935 </Li> <Li> Neutrality Act of February 29 , 1936 </Li> <Li> Neutrality Act of May 1 , 1937 </Li> <Li> Neutrality Act of November 4 , 1939 </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s&oldid=810308895 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1937 in American politics </Li> <Li> 1937 in law </Li> <Li> United States foreign relations legislation </Li> <Li> History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) </Li> <Li> History of United States isolationism </Li> <Li> Legal history of the United States </Li> <Li> 1937 in international relations </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 13 : 41 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Sicilian language - wikipedia <H1> Sicilian language </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Sicilian </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Sicilianu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Native to </Th> <Td> Italy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Td> Sicily Calabria ( center and southern provinces ) Campania ( Cilento ) Apulia ( Salento ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Native speakers </Th> <Td> 4.7 million ( 2002 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language family </Th> <Td> Indo - European <Ul> <Li> Italic <Ul> <Li> Latino - Faliscan <Ul> <Li> Romance <Ul> <Li> Italo - Dalmatian <Ul> <Li> Sicilian </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Language codes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISO 639 - 2 </Th> <Td> scn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISO 639 - 3 </Th> <Td> scn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glottolog </Th> <Td> sici1248 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Linguasphere </Th> <Td> <P> 51 - AAA - re & - rf </P> ( mainland 51 - AAA - rc & - rd ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sicilian ( sicilianu ; in Italian : Siciliano ; also known as Siculo ( siculu ) or Calabro - Sicilian ) is a Romance language spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands . It is also spoken in southern and central Calabria ( where it is called Southern Calabro ) , in the southern parts of Apulia , Salento ( where it is known as Salentino ) , and Campania , on the Italian peninsula , where it is called Cilentano ( Gordon , 2005 ) . The Ethnologue ( see below for more detail ) describes Sicilian as being `` distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a separate language '' ( Gordon ) and is recognized as a `` minority language '' by UNESCO . Some assert that Sicilian represents the oldest Romance language derived from Vulgar Latin , but this is not a widely held view amongst linguists and is sometimes strongly criticized . Sicilian has the oldest literary tradition of the Italic languages . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Speakers </Li> <Li> 2 Ethnologue report on Sicilian <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Other names </Li> <Li> 2.2 Dialects of Sicilian </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Early influences <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Pre-classical period </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Greek influences </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Germanic influences </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Arabic influence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Linguistic developments in the Middle Ages <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Norman and French influence </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Other Gallic influences </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3 Sicilian School of Poetry </Li> <Li> 3.2. 4 Catalan influence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Spanish period to the modern age </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Distinguishing features of Sicilian <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Characteristic sounds </Li> <Li> 4.2 Gemination and contractions </Li> <Li> 4.3 Gender and the formation of plurals </Li> <Li> 4.4 Omission of initial Latin `` i '' </Li> <Li> 4.5 Verb `` to have '' </Li> <Li> 4.6 Verb `` to go '' and the periphrastic future </Li> <Li> 4.7 Tenses and moods </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Examples of the written language <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Lu Patri Nostru </Li> <Li> 5.2 Extract from Antonio Veneziano <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Celia , Lib. 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.3 Extract from Giovanni Meli <Ul> <Li> 5.3. 1 Don Chisciotti e Sanciu Panza ( Cantu quintu ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.4 Extract from Nino Martoglio <Ul> <Li> 5.4. 1 Briscula ' n Cumpagni </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Influences on the Italian language </Li> <Li> 7 Language situation today <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Sicily </Li> <Li> 7.2 Diaspora </Li> <Li> 7.3 Media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Other words / phrases </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Speakers ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sicilian is currently spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of Sicily and by emigrant populations around the world . The latter are found in the countries which attracted large numbers of Sicilian immigrants during the course of the past century or so , especially the United States , Canada , Australia and Argentina . In the past four or five decades , large numbers of Sicilians were also attracted to the industrial zones of northern Italy and indeed the rest of the European Union , especially Germany . </P> <P> It is not used as an official language anywhere , even within Sicily . There is currently no central body , in Sicily or elsewhere , that regulates the language in any way . However , since its inception in 1951 , the Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani in Palermo has been researching and publishing information on the Sicilian language . </P> <P> The autonomous regional parliament of Sicily has legislated to encourage the teaching of Sicilian at all schools , but inroads into the education system have been slow . </P> <P> The language is officially recognized in the municipal statutes of Sicilian towns , such as Caltagirone and Grammichele , in which the `` inalienable historical and cultural value of the Sicilian language '' is proclaimed . Further , the Sicilian language would be protected and promoted under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ( ECRML ) . However , Italy has signed this treaty , but the Italian Parliament has not ratified it . </P> <P> The Sicilan language is spoken in various Sicilian American communities in both the United States and Canada ( especially in Montreal , Toronto and Hamilton ) , and is preserved and taught through family association , church organizations and societies , as well as social and ethnic historical clubs , and even in Internet social groups </P> <H2> Ethnologue report on Sicilian ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Other names ( edit ) </H3> <P> Alternative names of Sicilian are Calabro - Sicilian , Sicilianu , and Siculu . The term Calabro - Sicilian refers to the fact that a form of Sicilian , or a dialect closely related to Sicilian , is spoken in central and southern Calabria . Sicilianu is the name of the language in Sicily itself ( Gordon ) . </P> <P> The term `` Siculu '' describes one of the larger prehistoric groups living in Sicily ( the Sicels or Siculi ) before the arrival of Greeks in the 8th century BC ( see below ) . It can also be used as an adjective to qualify , or further elaborate on , the origins of a person , for example : Siculo - American ( siculu - miricanu ) or Siculo - Australian ( Gordon ) . </P> <H3> Dialects of Sicilian ( edit ) </H3> <P> As a language , Sicilian has its own dialects , in the following main groupings ( Gordon and Bonner 2001 ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> Western Sicilian ( in Palermo , Trapani , Central - Western Agrigentino ) </Li> <Li> Central Metafonetica ( in the central part of Sicily that includes some areas of the Provinces of Caltanissetta , Messina , Enna , Palermo and Agrigento ) </Li> <Li> Southeast Metafonetica ( in the Province of Ragusa and the adjoining area within the Province of Syracuse ) </Li> <Li> Ennese ( in the province of Enna ) </Li> <Li> Eastern Nonmetafonetica ( in the area including the province of Catania , the second largest city in Sicily , and the adjoining area within the Province of Syracuse ) </Li> <Li> Messinese ( in the province of Messina , the third largest city in Sicily , and the adjoning area of the city of Reggio Calabria ) </Li> <Li> Isole Eolie ( in the Aeolian Islands ) </Li> <Li> Pantesco ( on the island of Pantelleria ) </Li> <Li> Southern and Central Calabrian ( Calabrese ) ( in the southern and central sections of Calabria , including the provinces of Reggio , Vibo Valentia , Catanzaro and most of Crotone ) </Li> <Li> Southern Apulian ( Pugliese ) ( also called Salentino , and reportedly a dialect of Sicilian on the peninsular section of Apulia ) </Li> <Li> Cilindano ( in the geographical region of Cilento in Campania ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Early influences ( edit ) </H3> <P> Because Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and many peoples have passed through it ( Phoenicians , Ancient Greeks , Romans , Ostrogoths , Byzantine Greeks , Moors , Normans , Swabians , Spaniards , Austrians , Italians ) , Sicilian displays the rich and varied influence of several languages on its lexical stock and grammar . Such languages include Italian , Albanian , Greek , Latin , Arabic , Norman , Lombard , Occitan , Germanic languages , Catalan , French and Spanish , and the influence from the island 's pre-Indo - European inhabitants . The very earliest influences , visible in Sicilian to this day , exhibit both prehistoric Mediterranean elements and prehistoric Indo - European elements , and occasionally a blending of both . Ruffino 2001 </P> <P> Before the Roman conquest ( 3rd century BC ) , Sicily was occupied by populations considered indigenous , including Sicels ( or Siculi , or Siculians -- who arrived between the second and first millennia BC ) , Sicani , Elymians , and Morgetes , followed by Phoenicians ( between the 10th and 8th centuries BC ) and Greeks ( from the 8th century BC ) . The Greek language influence remains strongly visible , while the influences from the other groups are less obvious . What can be stated with certainty is that there remain pre-Indo - European words in Sicilian of an ancient Mediterranean origin , but one can not be more precise than that . Of the three main prehistoric groups , only the Sicels were Indo - European , and their speech is likely to have been closely related to that of the Romans ( Ruffino ) . </P> <P> The following table , listing words for `` twins '' , illustrates the difficulty linguists face in tackling the various sub-strata of the Sicilian language. ( Ruffino ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Stratum </Th> <Th> Word </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Source </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Modern </Td> <Th> giameddi </Th> <Td> Italian </Td> <Td> gemelli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Medieval </Td> <Th> bizzuni , vuzzuni </Th> <Td> Norman </Td> <Td> bessons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> binelli </Th> <Td> Ligurian </Td> <Td> beneli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ancient </Td> <Th> èmmuli </Th> <Td> Latin </Td> <Td> gemelli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> cucchi </Th> <Td> Latin </Td> <Td> copula </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> minzuddi </Th> <Td> Latin </Td> <Td> medii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ièmiddi , ièddimi </Th> <Td> Ancient Greek </Td> <Td> δίδυμοι dídymoi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A similar qualifier can be applied to many of the words that appear in this article . Sometimes we may know that a particular word has a prehistoric derivation , but we do not know whether the Sicilians have inherited it directly from the indigenous populations , or whether it has come to them via another route . Similarly , we might know that a particular word has a Greek origin but we do not know from which Greek period the Sicilians first used it ( pre-Roman occupation or during its Byzantine period ) , or once again , whether the particular word may even have come to Sicily via another route . For instance , by the time the Romans had occupied Sicily during the 3rd century BC , the Latin language had made its own borrowings from Greek ( Ruffino ) . </P> Pre-classical period ( edit ) <P> The words with a prehistoric Mediterranean derivation often refer to plants native to the Mediterranean region or to other natural features . Bearing in mind the qualifiers mentioned above ( alternative sources are provided where known ) , examples of such words include : </P> <Ul> <Li> alastra ( a thorny , prickly plant native to the Mediterranean region ; but also Greek kelastron and may in fact have penetrated Sicilian via one of the Gaulish languages ) ( Ruffino ) </Li> <Li> ammarrari `` to dam or block a canal or running water '' ( but also Spanish embarrar -- to muddy ) </Li> <Li> calancuni `` ripples caused by a fast running river '' </Li> <Li> calanna `` landslide of rocks '' </Li> <Li> racioppu `` stalk or stem , e.g. of a fruit '' ( ancient Mediterranean word rak ) </Li> <Li> timpa `` crag , cliff '' ( Greek tymba , Latin tumba and Catalan timba ) ( Ruffino ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> There are also Sicilian words with an ancient Indo - European origin that do not appear to have come to the language via any of the major language groups normally associated with Sicilian , i.e. they have been independently derived from a very early Indo - European source . The Sicels are a possible source of such words , but there is also the possibility of a cross-over between ancient Mediterranean words and introduced Indo - European forms . Some examples of Sicilian words with an ancient Indo - European origin : </P> <Ul> <Li> dudda `` mulberry '' ( similar to Welsh rhudd `` red , crimson '' ; Romanian dudă </Li> <Li> scrozzu `` not well developed '' ( similar to Lithuanian su - skurdes with a similar meaning and Old High German scurz `` short '' ) </Li> <Li> sfunnacata `` multitude , vast number '' ( from Indo - European und / fund `` water '' </Li> </Ul> Greek influences ( edit ) <P> The following Sicilian words are of a Greek origin ( including some examples where it is unclear whether the word is derived directly from Greek , or via Latin ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> azziccari -- `` to rot , go bad ( as in fruit ) , ruin '' ( from ( eks ) èpeson ) </Li> <Li> babbiari -- `` to fool around '' ( from babazo , which also gives the Sicilian words : babbazzu and babbu -- stupid ; but Latin babulus and Spanish babieca ) </Li> <Li> bucali -- `` pitcher '' ( from baukalion ) </Li> <Li> bùmmulu -- `` water receptacle '' ( from bombylos ; but Latin bombyla ) , ( Ruffino ) </Li> <Li> cartedda -- `` basket '' ( from kartallos ; but Latin cratellum ) , ( Ruffino ) </Li> <Li> carusu -- `` boy '' ( from kouros ; but Latin carus -- dear , Sanskrit caruh -- amiable ) </Li> <Li> casèntaru -- `` earthworm '' ( from gas enteron ) </Li> <Li> cirasa -- `` cherry '' ( from kerasos ; but Latin cerasum ) </Li> <Li> cona -- `` icon , image , metaphor '' ( from eikon ; but Latin icona ) , ( Ruffino ) </Li> <Li> cuddura -- `` ( type of bread ) '' ( from kollyra ; but Latin collyra ) , ( Ruffino ) </Li> <Li> grasta -- `` flower pot '' ( from gastra ; but Latin gastra ) , ( Ruffino ) </Li> <Li> naca -- `` cradle '' ( from nake ) </Li> <Li> ntamari -- `` to stun , amaze '' ( from thambeo ) </Li> <Li> pistiari -- `` to eat '' ( from apestiein ) </Li> <Li> tuppiàri -- `` to knock '' ( from typto ) </Li> </Ul> Germanic influences ( edit ) <P> From 476 to 535 , the Ostrogoths ruled Sicily , although their presence apparently did not impact the Sicilian language ( Ruffino ) . The few Germanic influences to be found in Sicilian do not appear to originate from this period . One exception might be abbanniari or vanniari `` to hawk goods , proclaim publicly '' , from Gothic bandujan -- to give a signal . Also possible is schimmenti `` diagonal '' from Gothic slimbs `` slanting '' . Other sources of Germanic influences include the Hohenstaufen rule of the 13th century , words of Germanic origin contained within the speech of 11th century Normans and Lombard settlers , and the short period of Austrian rule in the 18th century . </P> Arabic influence ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this section if you can . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 535 , Justinian I made Sicily a Byzantine province , and for the second time in Sicilian history , the Greek language became a familiar sound across the island ( Hull , 1989 ) . As the power of the Byzantine Empire waned , Sicily was progressively conquered by Saracens from North Africa ( Ifriqiya ) , from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries , and remained there long enough to develop a distinctive local dialect of Arabic , Siculo - Arabic ( at present extinct in Sicily but surviving in the Maltese language ) . Its influence is noticeable in around 300 Sicilian words , most of which relate to agriculture and related activities ( Hull and Ruffino ) . This is understandable because of the Arab Agricultural Revolution ; the Saracens introduced to Sicily their advanced irrigation and farming techniques and a new range of crops , nearly all of which remain endemic to the island to this day . </P> <P> Some words of Arabic origin : </P> <Ul> <Li> azzizzari -- `` to embellish '' ( عزيز ʿazīz `` precious , beautiful '' ) </Li> <Li> babbaluciu -- `` snail '' ( from babus ; but Greek βουβαλάκιον ) </Li> <Li> burnia -- `` jar '' ( برنية burniya ; but Latin hirnea ) </Li> <Li> cafisu -- `` measure for liquids '' ( قافز qāfiz ) </Li> <Li> cassata -- `` Sicilian ricotta cake '' ( قشطة qishṭah , chiefly North African ; but Latin caseata -- something made from cheese ) </Li> <Li> gèbbia -- artificial pond to store water for irrigation ( جابية jābiya ) </Li> <Li> giuggiulena -- `` sesame seed '' ( giulgiulan ) </Li> <Li> mafia -- '' swagger , boldness / bravado '' ( from mahyas `` aggressive boasting , bragging '' , or from مرفود marfud `` rejected '' ) </Li> <Li> ràisi -- `` leader '' ( ريس raʾīs ) </Li> <Li> saia -- `` canal '' ( from ساقية sāqiya ) </Li> <Li> zaffarana -- `` saffron , type of plant whose flowers are used for medicinal purposes and in Sicilian cooking '' ( from زعفران zafrān ) </Li> <Li> zagara -- `` blossom '' ( زهرة zahrah ) </Li> <Li> zibbibbu -- `` type of dried grape '' ( زبيب zabīb ) </Li> <Li> zuccu -- `` market '' ( from سوق sūq ; but Aragonese soccu and Spanish zoque ) </Li> <Li> Bibbirria , the northern gate of Agrigento ( باب الرياح bāb al - riyāḥ `` Gate of the Winds '' ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Throughout the Islamic epoch of Sicilian history , a large Greek - speaking population remained on the island and continued to use the Greek language , or most certainly a variant of Greek influenced by Arabic ( Hull ) . What is less clear is the extent to which a Latin - speaking population survived on the island . While a form of Vulgar Latin clearly survived in isolated communities during the Islamic epoch , there is much debate as to the influence it had ( if any ) on the development of the Sicilian language , following the re-Latinisation of Sicily ( discussed in the next section ) . There are few Sicilian words reflecting an archaic Latin form ( as may be found , for example , in Sardinian or Romanian ) , so the influence may have been minor ( Hull ) . However , some forms do exist , so the tantalising prospect of a Sicilian form of a Vulgar Latin surviving the Islamic period and influencing the modern development of Sicilian remains open ( as already mentioned , Privitera puts forward the radical proposition that medieval Sicilian descends directly from a form of Vulgar Latin that survived throughout the Byzantine and Islamic periods ) . </P> <P> These are some words of Latin origin that may have survived the Islamic epoch : </P> <Ul> <Li> antura -- `` a while ago '' ( from ante oram -- an hour ago ) </Li> <Li> asciari -- `` to find '' ( from afflare , cf . Spanish `` hallar '' , to find ) </Li> <Li> bìfara -- `` to fruit twice yearly , large - green fig '' ( from bifera ) </Li> <Li> filìnia -- `` cobweb '' ( from filum , line , strand ) </Li> <Li> oggiallanu or ovannu -- `` last year '' ( from hodie est annus ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Linguistic developments in the middle ages ( edit ) </H3> An 1196 miniature depicting the various scribes ( 1. Greeks 2. Saracens 3. Latins ) for the various populations of the Kingdom of Sicily <P> By 1000 AD , the whole of what is today southern Italy , including Sicily , was a complex mix of small states and principalities , languages and religions ( Hull ) . The whole of Sicily was controlled by Saracens , at the elite level , but the general population remained predominantly Christian . There were also Muslim immigrants from North Africa ( Ifriqiya ) . The far south of the Italian peninsula was part of the Byzantine empire although many communities were reasonably independent of Constantinople . The principality of Salerno was controlled by Lombards ( or Langobards ) , who had also started to make some incursions into Byzantine territory and had managed to establish some isolated independent city - states ( Norwich 1992 ) . It was into this climate that the Normans thrust themselves with increasing numbers during the first half of the 11th century . </P> Norman and French influence ( edit ) <P> When the two most famous of Southern Italy 's Norman adventurers , Roger of Hauteville and his brother , Robert Guiscard , began their conquest of Sicily in 1061 , they already controlled the far south of Italy ( Apulia and Calabria ) . It took Roger 30 years to complete the conquest of Sicily ( Robert died in 1085 ) , ( Norwich ) . In the process , the revitalization of Latin in Sicily had begun , along with the marginalization of Islam ( the Christian faith continued among the general population during the Saracen period , and it was only the ruling Muslim elite who were adherents of Islam , not the ordinary Sicilians themselves ) and subsequent gradual expulsion of the Muslims ended in 1240 . Many Normand words were to be absorbed by the new language during this period : </P> <Ul> <Li> accattari -- `` to buy '' ( Normand acater ) , ( Ruffino ) . Normand acater ≠ OF achater </Li> <Li> ammuntuari / ammuntuvari -- `` to mention , nominate '' ( Normand mentevoir ) . Mentevoir is a Modern French form , Old French and Norman have only menteveir and menteivre . Normand retains ei everywhere and never developed the French oi . Compare E veil / French voile , etc . </Li> <Li> appujari -- `` to support '' ( French appuyer ) ( Pietrocola ) </Li> <Li> bucceri ( vucceri ) -- `` butcher '' ( from OF bouchier ) , ( Hull ) </Li> <Li> custureri -- `` tailor '' ( OF cousturier ; Modern French couturier ) , ( Hull ) </Li> <Li> firranti -- `` grey '' ( from ferrant ) . French ferrant means `` riming or tipping with iron '' from the verb ferrer </Li> <Li> foddi -- `` mad '' ( OF fol ) , ( Hull ) </Li> <Li> giugnettu -- `` July '' ( OF juignet ) , ( Hull ) </Li> <Li> ladiu or laiu -- `` ugly '' ( laid ) , ( Hull ) </Li> <Li> largasìa -- `` generosity '' ( largesse ) </Li> <Li> puseri -- `` thumb '' ( poucier ) , ( Hull ) . In French poucier is a `` finger protection '' ( recorded for the first time in 1530 ) . Thumb is pouce in French from OF pouz , pouce </Li> <Li> racina -- `` grape '' ( raisin ) , ( Hull ) </Li> <Li> raggia -- `` anger '' ( rage ) </Li> <Li> travagghiari -- `` to work '' ( travailler ) ( Pietrocola ) ≠ Norman travaler , traveler > Anglo - Norman traveler > E travel ) </Li> <Li> trippari -- `` to hop , skip '' ( Normand triper ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The following factors that emerged during or immediately after the conquest were to prove critical in the formation of the Sicilian language : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Normans brought with them not only their own Norman - speaking kin ( more than likely in quite small numbers ) but also mercenaries from mainland Italy . In particular , they included Lombards with their Gallo - Italic language , ancestral to the modern Friulian language ) and other Italians from around Campania . The latter would bring with them the Vulgar Latin from that region , a language not too different from that to be found in central Italy at the time ( Hull ) . </Li> <Li> The thirty - year - long war of conquest and the eradication of Islam resulted in the depopulation of Saracens in most parts of Sicily , most of whom escaped back to North Africa ( Hull , 1989 and Norwich ; Abulafia ; Nef ) . </Li> <Li> Further migrations to settle the depopulated areas were encouraged from the mainland by Roger ; in particular , Italian settlers from areas controlled by the Catholic Church . The western parts of Sicily were colonised by migrants from Campania , and the central - eastern parts by settlers from the western Po Valley in northern Italy , who also brought with them a Gallo - Italic language . After the death of Roger I and under the regency of Adelaide del Vasto during the minority of her son , Roger II ( herself from Northern Italy ) , the process of Italian colonisation from mainland Italy was intensified ( Hull and Norwich ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> The main factors that go into framing modern Sicilian language can be seen . The Vulgar Latin base ( predominantly from Campania ) was similar to the Vulgar Latin in central Italy ( and therefore , by implication , reasonably similar to the Vulgar Latin in Tuscany that would eventually form the base for the national language ) . This base from Campania was influenced by the many Gallic influences present in Sicily at the time , namely Norman , French and Langobardic . There were also remnants of Arabic and Greek that the new language eventually replaced , but hundreds of words remained in the vocabulary of the changing Romance language . </P> Other Gallic influences ( edit ) <P> The Northern Italian influence is of particular interest . Even to the present day , Gallo - Italic of Sicily exists in the areas where the Northern Italian colonies were the strongest , namely Novara , Nicosia , Sperlinga , Aidone and Piazza Armerina ( Hull ) . The Siculo - Gallic dialect did not survive in other major Italian colonies , such as Randazzo , Bronte and Paternò ( although they influenced the local Sicilian vernacular ) . The Gallo - Italic influence was also felt on the Sicilian language itself , as follows ( Hull ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> sòggiru -- father - in - law ( from suoxer ) </Li> <Li> cugnatu -- brother - in - law ( from cognau ) </Li> <Li> figghiozzu -- godson ( from figlioz ) </Li> <Li> orbu and orvu -- blind ( from orb ) </Li> <Li> arricintari -- to rinse ( from rexentar ) </Li> <Li> unni -- where ( from ond ) </Li> <Li> the names of the days of the week : <Ul> <Li> luni -- Monday ( from lunes ) </Li> <Li> marti -- Tuesday ( from martes ) </Li> <Li> mèrcuri -- Wednesday ( from mèrcor ) </Li> <Li> jovi -- Thursday ( from juovia ) </Li> <Li> vènniri -- Friday ( from vènner ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> The origins of another Romance influence , that of Old Occitan , had three possible sources : </P> <Ol> <Li> As mentioned above , the number of actual Normans in Sicily is unlikely to have ever numbered much higher than 5,000 at any time . They were boosted by mercenaries from southern Italy , but it is possible also that mercenaries came from as far away as southern France . The Normans made San Fratello a garrison town in the early years of the occupation of the northeastern corner of Sicily . To this day ( in ever decreasing numbers ) a Siculo - Gallic dialect is spoken in San Fratello that is clearly influenced by Old Occitan , which leads to the conclusion that a significant number in the garrison came from that part of France . This may well explain the dialect spoken only in San Fratello , but it does not wholly explain the diffusion of many Occitan words into the Sicilian language . On that point , there are two other possibilities : </Li> <Li> Some Occitan words may have entered the language during the regency of Margaret of Navarre between 1166 and 1171 , when her son , William II of Sicily , succeeded to the throne at the age of 12 . Her closest advisers , entourage and administrators were from the south of France ( Norwich ) , and many Occitan words entered the language during this period . </Li> <Li> The Sicilian School of poetry was strongly influenced by the Occitan of the troubadour tradition . This element is deeply embedded in Sicilian culture : for example , the tradition of Sicilian puppetry ( opira dî puppi ) and the tradition of the cantastorii ( literally sing stories ) . Occitan troubadours were active during the reign of Frederick II , Holy Roman Emperor , and some Occitan words would have passed into the Sicilian language via this route . </Li> </Ol> <P> Some examples of Sicilian words derived from Occitan : </P> <Ul> <Li> addumari -- to light ( from allumar ) ; but also `` to turn something on '' </Li> <Li> aggrifari -- to kidnap , abduct ( from grifar ) </Li> <Li> banna -- side , place ( from banda ) </Li> <Li> burgisi -- landowners , citizens ( from borges ) </Li> <Li> lascu -- sparse , thin , infrequent ( from lasc ) </Li> <Li> lavanca and allavanca -- precipice ( from lavanca ) </Li> <Li> paraggiu -- equal ( from paratge ) </Li> </Ul> Sicilian school of poetry ( edit ) <P> It was during the reign of Frederick II ( or Frederick I of Sicily ) between 1198 and 1250 , with his patronage of the Sicilian School , that Sicilian became the first of the Italic languages to be used as a literary language . The influence of the school and the use of Sicilian itself as a poetic language was acknowledged by the two great Tuscan writers of the early Renaissance period , Dante and Petrarch . The influence of the Sicilian language should not be underestimated in the eventual formulation of a lingua franca that was to become modern Italian . The victory of the Angevin army over the Sicilians at Benevento in 1266 not only marked the end of the 136 - year Norman - Swabian reign in Sicily but also effectively ensured that the centre of literary influence would eventually move from Sicily to Tuscany . While Sicilian , as both an official and a literary language , would continue to exist for another two centuries , the language would soon follow the fortunes of the kingdom itself in terms of prestige and influence . </P> <P> As a side note , there are some Germanic influences in the Sicilian language , and many of these date back to the time of the Swabian kings ( amongst whom Frederick II , Holy Roman Emperor enjoyed the longest reign ) . It should be noted that many of the below words are `` reintroductions '' of Latin words ( also found in modern Italian ) that were Germanicized at some point ( e.g. `` Vastare '' in Latin to `` guastare '' in modern Italian ) . Words that probably originate from this era include : </P> <Ul> <Li> arbitriari -- to work in the fields ( from arbeit ) </Li> <Li> vardari -- to watch over ( from wartên ) </Li> <Li> guastari or vastari -- to waste , use up ( from wastjan ) </Li> <Li> guddefi -- forest , woods ( from wald , note resemblance to Anglo - Saxon wudu ) </Li> <Li> guzzuniari -- to wag , as in a tail ( from hutsen ) </Li> <Li> lancedda -- terracotta jug for holding water ( from Old High German lagella ) </Li> <Li> salaguni -- willow ( from Old High German salaha ) </Li> <Li> sparagnari -- to save money ( from Old High German sparen ) </Li> </Ul> Catalan influence ( edit ) <P> Following the Sicilian Vespers of 1282 , the kingdom was to come under the influence of the Kingdom of Aragon ( Runciman 1958 ) , and so the Catalan language ( and the closely related Aragonese ) would add a new layer of vocabulary in the succeeding century . For the whole of the 14th century , both Catalan and Sicilian were the official languages of the royal court . Sicilian was also used to record the proceedings of the parliament of Sicily ( one of the oldest parliaments in Europe ) and for other official purposes . While it is often difficult to determine whether a word has come to us directly from Catalan ( as opposed to Provençal or Spanish ) , the following are likely to be such examples : </P> <Ul> <Li> accabbari -- to finish , end ( from acabar ) </Li> <Li> addunarisi -- to notice , realise ( from adonar - se ) </Li> <Li> affruntarisi -- to be embarrassed ( from afrontar - se ) </Li> <Li> ammucciari -- to hide ( from amagar ) </Li> <Li> arruciari -- to moisten , soak ( from arruixar ) </Li> <Li> criscimogna -- growth , development ( from creiximoni ) </Li> <Li> muccaturi -- handkerchief ( from mocador ) </Li> <Li> nzirtari -- to guess ( from encertar ) </Li> <Li> priàrisi -- to be pleased ( from prear - se ) </Li> <Li> taliàri -- to look at somebody / something . ( from talaiar ; but Arab tali'a ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Spanish period to the modern age ( edit ) </H3> <P> By the time the crowns of Castille and Aragon were united in the late 15th century , the Italianisation of written Sicilian in the parliamentary and court records had commenced . By 1543 this process was virtually complete , with the Tuscan dialect of Italian becoming the lingua franca of the Italian peninsula and supplanting written Sicilian . </P> <P> Spanish rule had hastened this process in two important ways : </P> <Ul> <Li> Unlike the Aragonese , almost immediately the Spanish placed viceroys on the Sicilian throne . In a sense , the diminishing prestige of the Sicilian kingdom reflected the decline of Sicilian from an official , written language to eventually a spoken language amongst predominantly illiterates . </Li> <Li> The expulsion of all Jews from Spanish dominions ca . 1492 altered the population of Sicily . Not only did the population decline , many of whom were involved in important industries , but some of these Jewish families had been in Sicily for around 1,500 years , and Sicilian was their native language which they used in their schools . Thus the seeds of a possible broad - based education system utilising books written in Sicilian was lost . </Li> </Ul> <P> Spanish rule lasted over three centuries ( not counting the Aragonese and Bourbon periods on either side ) and had a significant influence on the Sicilian vocabulary . The following words are of Spanish derivation : </P> <Ul> <Li> arricugghirisi -- to return home ; ( from recogerse ; but Catalan recollir - se ) </Li> <Li> balanza -- scales ( from balanza ) </Li> <Li> fileccia -- arrow ( from flecha ) </Li> <Li> làstima -- lament , annoyance ( from lástima ) </Li> <Li> pignata -- pan ( from pinada ) </Li> <Li> pinzèddu -- brush ( from pincel ) </Li> <Li> ricivu -- receipt ( from recibo ) </Li> <Li> spagnari -- to be frightened ( cross over of Sic . appagnari with Sp . espantarse ) </Li> <Li> spatari -- to impede or disarm someone of his sword ( from espadar ) </Li> <Li> sulità or sulitati -- solitude ( from soledad ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Since the Italian Unification ( the Risorgimento of 1860 -- 1861 ) , the Sicilian language has been significantly influenced by ( Tuscan ) Italian . Mussolini ensured this when he made it obligatory that Italian be taught and spoken in all schools during his time in power . This process has quickened since World War II due to improving educational standards and the impact of mass media , such that increasingly , even within the family home , Sicilian is not necessarily the language of choice . The Sicilian Regional Assembly voted to make the teaching of Sicilian a part of the school curriculum at primary school level , but as of 2007 only a fraction of schools teach Sicilian . There is also little in the way of mass media offered in Sicilian . The combination of these factors means that the Sicilian language continues to adopt Italian vocabulary and grammatical forms to such an extent that many Sicilians themselves can not distinguish between correct and incorrect Sicilian language usage . </P> <H2> Distinguishing features of Sicilian ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Characteristic sounds ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Sicilian has a number of consonant sounds that , though not unique to Sicilian , certainly set it apart from the other major Romance languages . The most unusual sounds include , but are not limited to , the retroflex consonants or cacuminals . </Li> <Li> DD -- The - ll - sound ( in words of Latin origin , for example ) manifests itself in Sicilian as a voiced retroflex stop with the tip of the tongue curled up and back , a sound rare in the Romance languages . In standard literary Sicilian , this sound is written simply as - dd - ( but can also be found written ḍḍ , ddh or ddr ) . The sound itself is not / d / but rather ( ɖ ) . For example , the Italian word bello ( ˈbɛllo ) is beddu ( ˈbɛɖɖʊ ) in Sicilian . This sound ( ɖɖ ) also evolved from Latin - ll - in Sardinian , to an extent in Asturian , elsewhere in Southern Italy , and in many northwestern Tuscan dialects . </Li> <Li> DR , TR -- The Sicilian pronunciation of the digraphs - tr - and - dr - as / ʈ͡ʂ / and / ɖ͡ʐ / . </Li> <Li> RR -- The consonant cluster - rr - is a voiced retroflex sibilant ( / ʐ / according to IPA notation ) . At the beginning of a word , the single letter - r - is similarly always pronounced double , though this is not indicated orthographically . Therefore , the - rr - sound heard in the words riccu and terra is similar to the ' zh ' sound in English vision or the ' j ' sound in French jour . This phenomenon , however , does not include words that include an ' r ' resulting from rhotacism ( renti from denti ) or assimilation ( ranni from granni ) . This innovation is also found under slightly different circumstances in Polish , where it is spelled rz , and in some Northern Norwegian dialects , where speaker vary between / ʐ / and ( ɹ̝ ) . </Li> <Li> STR -- The trigraph - str - in Sicilian is / ʂː / . The t is not pronounced at all and there is a faint whistle between the s and the r . An example of this trigraph is the shr sound heard in English shred . </Li> <Li> Latin FL -- The other unique Sicilian sound is found in those words that have been derived from Latin words containing - fl - . In standard literary Sicilian , the sound is rendered as ci ( representing the voiceless palatal fricative / ç / ) , e.g. ciumi ( ˈçuːmɪ ) , but can also be found in written form as hi , sci , x or çi . </Li> <Li> Sicilian vowel system . Unlike the seven vowels of Vulgar Latin and many modern Romance languages , the Sicilian vowel system only includes five : a / a / , è / ɛ / , i / i / , ò / ɔ / , u / u / . This results in the unstressed vowel o of Latin becoming an unstressed u ( ʊ ) in Sicilian ( Hull ) . This causes the vowel u to have a far greater presence than the vowel o in Sicilian , whereas the opposite is true in other Romance languages such as Spanish and Italian ( notwithstanding the conservative nature of Sicilian , which retains the vowel u of the Latin stems - us and - um ) , although it is somewhat like Portuguese , where such unstressed vowels are pronounced like in Sicilian but spelled like in Spanish . Likewise , the unstressed vowel e of Latin becomes unstressed vowel i ( ɪ ) in Sicilian . As a result , the vowel i has a much greater presence than vowel e in Sicilian . In addition , one will never find a Sicilian word ending in the unaccented vowels e or o , with the exception of monosyllabic conjunctions . Due to the influence of Italian in the media after World War II , as well as the recent influx of English terminology related to technology and globalization , there is an increasing number of words entering the Sicilian lexicon that do not adhere to the Sicilian vowel system . However , the future of these borrowings is uncertain because Sicilian has always Sicilianized foreign loanwords over time in the past . </Li> <Li> Consonantal lenition -- A further range of consonantal sound shifts occurred between the Vulgar Latin introduced to the island following Norman rule and the subsequent development of the Sicilian language . These sound shifts include : Latin - nd - to Sicilian - nn - ; Latin - mb - to Sicilian - mm - ; Latin - pl - to Sicilian - chi - ; and Latin - li - to Sicilian - gghi - . These developments are typical of Sicilian , but not unique to it . </Li> <Li> Rhotacism -- This transformation is characterized by the substitution of d by r . At first glance , this substitution may appear odd , but the r in question in Sicilian is produced by a single flap of the tongue against the upper alveolar ridge , and this actually sounds like a kind of d sound . This phenomenon is known as rhotacism , that is , the substitution of r for another consonant , and it is commonly found both in Eastern Sicilian and Western Sicilian . It can occur internally , or it can affect initial d . Examples : Pedi ( foot ) is pronounced - peri - ; Madonna ( The Virgin Mary ) is pronounced - Maronna - ; Diri ( to say ) is pronounced - riri - . This is found elsewhere in Southern Italy , most stereotypically in Neapolitan . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Gemination and contractions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rarely indicated in writing , spoken Sicilian exhibits syntactic gemination or raddoppiamento , which means that the first consonant of a word is lengthened when it is preceded by a vowel in the preceding word , e.g. è bonu ( ˌɛbˈbɔːnʊ ) . </P> <P> The letter j at the start of a word can have three separate sounds , depending on what precedes the word . For instance , in jornu ( day ) , the j is pronounced ( j ) as in English y , ( ˈjɔɾnʊ ) . However , after a nasal consonant , it is pronounced ( ɡ ) as in un jornu , ( uŋˈɡɔɾnʊ ) . Tri jorna ( three days ) is pronounced ( ˌʈ͡ʂiɡˈɡjɔɾna ) , the j becoming ( ɡj ) ( like English gu in `` argue '' ) , after a vowel . </P> <P> Another difference between the written and spoken languages is the extent to which contractions will occur in everyday speech . Thus a common expression such as avemu accattari ... ( we have to go and buy ... ) will generally be reduced to amâ ' ccattari when talking to family and friends ( Bonner ) . </P> <P> The circumflex is commonly used in denoting a wide range of contractions in the written language , in particular , the joining of simple prepositions and the definite article . Examples : di lu = dû ( of the ) , a lu = ô ( to the ) , pi lu = pû ( for the ) , nta lu = ntô ( in the ) , etc . ( Bonner ) . </P> <H3> Gender and the formation of plurals ( edit ) </H3> <P> Generally speaking , Sicilian has the same ending for feminine nouns ( and their adjectives ) as most Romance languages , that being the / a / , for example : casa ( house ) , porta ( door ) , carta ( paper ) , but there are exceptions to this rule , for example , soru ( sister ) , ficu ( fig ) . The ending for masculine nouns is / u / , for example : omu ( man ) , libbru ( book ) , nomu ( name ) . The ending i can be either masculine or feminine , as can e . </P> <P> Unlike standard Italian , Sicilian uses one letter , i , to denote the plural for both masculine and feminine nouns , for example : casi ( houses ) , porti ( doors ) , tàuli ( tables ) . There are also many exceptions to this rule which are not always shared by Italian , for example : òmini ( men ) , libbra ( books ) , jorna ( days ) , jòcura ( games ) , manu ( hand / hands ) , vrazza ( arms ) , jardìna ( gardens ) , scrittura ( writers ) , signa ( signs ) , etc . ( Bonner ) . </P> <H3> Omission of initial Latin `` I '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the vast majority of instances where the originating Latin word has had an initial `` i '' , the Sicilian has dropped it completely . This can also happen occasionally where there was once an initial `` e '' , and to a lesser extent `` a '' and `` o '' . Examples : mpurtanti `` important '' , gnuranti `` ignorant '' , nimicu `` enemy '' , ntirissanti `` interesting '' , llustrari `` to illustrate '' , mmàggini `` image '' , cona `` icon '' , Miricanu `` American '' . ( Camilleri 1998 ) . </P> <H3> Verb `` to have '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sicilian only has one auxiliary verb , aviri `` to have '' . </P> <P> Aviri is also used to denote obligation ( e.g. avi a jiri ( ˌaːvjaɡˈɡiːɾi ) ' ( he / she ) has to go ' ) . </P> <P> It is also used to form the future tense , as Sicilian no longer has a synthetic future tense . For example : avi a cantari ' ( he / she ) will sing ' ( ( ˌaːvjakkanˈtaːɾɪ ) or ( ˌaːwakkanˈdaːɾɪ ) , depending on the dialect ) . This use of aviri is an ancient feature that is also found in Sardinian . ( Bonner ) . </P> <H3> Verb `` to go '' and the periphrastic future ( edit ) </H3> <P> Like French , Spanish , and English , but unlike Italian , Sicilian may use the verb jiri , to go , to signify the act of being about to do something . Vaiu a cantari ( pronounced ( ˌvaːjwakkanˈtaːɾɪ ) ) `` I 'm going to sing '' , literally `` I go to sing . '' In this way , jiri + a + infinitive can also be a way to form the simple future construction ( Bonner ) . </P> <H3> Tenses and moods ( edit ) </H3> <P> The main conjugations in Sicilian are illustrated below with the verb èssiri , `` to be '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Infinitive </Th> <Td_colspan="6"> èssiri / siri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gerund </Th> <Td_colspan="6"> essennu / sennu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past participle </Th> <Td_colspan="6"> statu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indicative </Th> <Th> eu / do / ju </Th> <Th> tu </Th> <Th> iddu </Th> <Th> nuàutri </Th> <Th> vuàutri </Th> <Th> iddi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Present </Th> <Td> sugnu </Td> <Td> sì </Td> <Td> esti / è </Td> <Td> semu </Td> <Td> siti </Td> <Td> sunnu / sù </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Imperfect </Th> <Td> era </Td> <Td> eri </Td> <Td> era </Td> <Td> èramu </Td> <Td> èravu </Td> <Td> èranu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preterite </Th> <Td> fui </Td> <Td> fusti </Td> <Td> fu </Td> <Td> fomu </Td> <Td> fùstivu </Td> <Td> foru </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Future </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conditional </Th> <Th> ju </Th> <Th> tu </Th> <Th> iddu </Th> <Th> nuàutri </Th> <Th> vuàutri </Th> <Th> iddi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> fora </Td> <Td> fori </Td> <Td> fora </Td> <Td> fòramu </Td> <Td> fòravu </Td> <Td> fòranu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subjunctive </Th> <Th> ju </Th> <Th> tu </Th> <Th> iddu </Th> <Th> nuàutri </Th> <Th> vuàutri </Th> <Th> iddi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Present </Th> <Td> sia </Td> <Td> si / fussi </Td> <Td> sia </Td> <Td> siamu </Td> <Td> siati </Td> <Td> sianu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Imperfect </Th> <Td> fussi </Td> <Td> fussi </Td> <Td> fussi </Td> <Td> fùssimu </Td> <Td> fùssivu </Td> <Td> fùssiru </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Imperative </Th> <Th> -- </Th> <Th> tu </Th> <Th> vassìa </Th> <Th> -- </Th> <Th> vuàutri </Th> <Th> -- </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> sì </Td> <Td> fussi </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> siti </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> 1 . The synthetic future is no longer in use ; instead , the following methods are used to express the future : </P> <Dl> <Dd> 1 ) use of the present indicative , usually preceded by an adverb of time : <Dl> <Dd> Stasira vaiu ô tiatru -- `` This evening I go to the theatre '' ; or , using a similar English construction , `` This evening I am going to the theatre '' </Dd> <Dd> Dumani ti scrivu -- `` Tomorrow I ( will ) write to you . '' </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> 2 ) use of a compound form consisting of the appropriate conjugation of aviri a ( `` have to '' ) in combination with the infinitive form of the verb in question : <Dl> <Dd> Stasira haju a gghìri / ìri ô tiatru -- `` This evening I will ( / must ) go to the theatre . '' </Dd> <Dd> Dumani t'haju a scrìviri -- `` Tomorrow I will ( / must ) write to you . '' </Dd> <Dd> In speech , the contracted forms of aviri often come into play : <Dl> <Dd> haju a → / hâ / hê ; hai a → hâ , havi a → havâ , avemu a → hamâ ; aviti a → hatâ </Dd> <Dd> Dumani t'hâ scrìviri -- `` Tomorrow I will ( / must ) write to you '' ( Bonner ) . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> 2 . The synthetic conditional has also fallen into disuse . The conditional has two tenses : </P> <Dl> <Dd> 1 ) The present conditional , which is replaced by either : <Dl> <Dd> i ) the present indicative : <Dl> <Dd> Cci chiamu si tu mi duni lu sò nùmmaru -- `` I ( would ) call her if you ( would ) give me her number '' , or </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> ii ) the imperfect subjunctive : <Dl> <Dd> Cci chiamassi si tu mi dassi lu sò nùmmaru -- `` I 'd call her if you would give me her number '' ; and </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> 2 ) the past conditional , which is replaced by the pluperfect subjunctive : <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Cci avissi jutu si tu m'avissi dittu ( / diciutu ) unni esti / e -- `` I 'd have gone if you would have told me where it is '' </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Note that in a hypothetical statement , both tenses are replaced by the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive : <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Si fussi riccu m'accattassi nu palazzu -- `` If I were rich I would buy a palace '' </Dd> <Dd> S'avissi travagghiatu nun avissi patutu la misèria -- `` If I had worked I would n't have suffered the misery '' ( Bonner 2001 ) . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> 3 . The 2nd - person singular ( polite ) of the imperative does not follow the same pattern as the rest of the tense . The 2nd - person singular and plural employ the present indicative in place of the imperative , while the 2nd - person singular ( polite ) , because of its formality , employs the present subjunctive , which makes it less of a command and more of a request . </P> <H2> Examples of the written language ( edit ) </H2> <P> A range of extracts are offered below to illustrate the written form of Sicilian over the last few centuries , starting with a translation of the Lord 's Prayer ( Bonner ) , through to extracts from three of Sicily 's more celebrated poets : Antonio Veneziano , Giovanni Meli and Nino Martoglio . The Lord 's Prayer is written with three variations : a standard literary form from the island of Sicily , a southern Calabrian literary form and a southern Apulian literary form . </P> <H3> Lu patri nostru ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sicilian ( Sicily ) </Th> <Th> Calabro - sicilian ( southern Calabria ) </Th> <Th> Salentino ( southern Apulia , around Lecce ) </Th> <Th> Italian </Th> <Th> Latin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patri nostru , ca siti ntrô celu , </Td> <Td> Patri nuastru ca siti ' ndu cialu </Td> <Td> Sire nesciu ca stai an cielu </Td> <Td> Padre nostro , che sei nei cieli , </Td> <Td> Pater noster , qui es in caelis , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Santificatu fussi lu Vostru nomu . </Td> <Td> Fussa santificatu u nomi tua . </Td> <Td> Cu'bbessa santificatu lu nume tou . </Td> <Td> Sia santificato il tuo nome . </Td> <Td> Sanctificetur nomen tuum . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viatu vinissi lu Vostru regnu . </Td> <Td> Vinissa u riagnu tua . </Td> <Td> Cu'bbegna ' mprima lu regnu tou . </Td> <Td> Venga il tuo regno . </Td> <Td> Adveniat regnum tuum . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fatta fussi la Vostra Vuluntati </Td> <Td> Fussa sempi fatta a vostra vuluntà </Td> <Td> Cu'bbessa sempre fatta la Vuluntate toa </Td> <Td> Sia fatta la tua volontà </Td> <Td> Fiat voluntas tua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comu ntrô celu accussì ntra terra . </Td> <Td> Cumu ' ndu cialu acccusì ' nda terra . </Td> <Td> Comu an cielu cussì an terra . </Td> <Td> Come in cielo così in terra . </Td> <Td> Sicut in caelo et in terra . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dàtini sta jurnata lu nostru panuzzu , </Td> <Td> Dani goi u nuastru pani quotidianu , </Td> <Td> Dànnilu osce lu pane quotidianu nesciu , </Td> <Td> Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano , </Td> <Td> Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> E pirdunàtini li nostri piccati </Td> <Td> E pirdunani i nuastri piccati </Td> <Td> E perdunanni li peccati nesci </Td> <Td> E rimetti a noi i nostri debiti </Td> <Td> Et dimitte nobis debita nostra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Accussì comu nuiàtri li pirdunemu ê nostri nìmici . </Td> <Td> Cumu nui i rimintimu ari nuastri debbitori . </Td> <Td> Cussì comu nui li rimentimu a li nemici nesci . </Td> <Td> Come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori . </Td> <Td> Sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> E nun lassàtini cascari ntrâ tintazzioni , </Td> <Td> E non ni ndurri ndâ tendazziuna , </Td> <Td> E nu ' lassare cu cadimu ' n tentazzione , </Td> <Td> E non ci indurre in tentazione , </Td> <Td> Et ne nos inducas in tentationem , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ma scanzàtini dû Mali . </Td> <Td> Ma libbirini du Mali . </Td> <Td> Ma ' lléandenni te lu male . </Td> <Td> Ma liberaci dal male . </Td> <Td> Sed libera nos a malo . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amen . </Td> <Td> Amen . </Td> <Td> Amen . </Td> <Td> Amen . </Td> <Td> Amen . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Extract from Antonio Veneziano ( edit ) </H3> Celia , Lib. 2 ( edit ) <P> ( ca . 1575 -- 1580 ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sicilian </Th> <Th> Italian </Th> <Th> English </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Non è xhiamma ordinaria , no , la mia , </Td> <Td> No , la mia non è fiamma ordinaria , </Td> <Td> No , mine is no ordinary flame , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> è xhiamma chi sul'iu tegnu e rizettu , </Td> <Td> è una fiamma che sol'io possiedo e controllo , </Td> <Td> it 's a flame that only I possess and control , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> xhiamma pura e celesti , ch'ardi ' n mia ; </Td> <Td> una fiamma pura e celeste che dientro di me cresce ; </Td> <Td> a pure celestial flame that in me grows ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> per gran misteriu e cu stupendu effettu . </Td> <Td> da un grande mistero e con stupendo effetto . </Td> <Td> by a great mystery and with great effect . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amuri , ' ntentu a fari idulatria , </Td> <Td> l'Amore , desiderante d'adorare icone , </Td> <Td> Love , wanting to worship idols , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> s'ha novamenti sazerdoti elettu ; </Td> <Td> è diventato sacerdote un'altra volta ; </Td> <Td> has once again become a high priest ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> tu , sculpita ' ntra st'alma , sìa la dia ; </Td> <Td> tu , scolpita dentro quest'anima , sei la dea ; </Td> <Td> you , sculpted in this soul , are the goddess ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> sacrifiziu lu cori , ara stu pettu . </Td> <Td> il mio cuore è la vittima , il mio seno è l'altare . </Td> <Td> my heart is the victim , my breast is the altar . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ( sourced directly from Arba Sicula Volume II , 1980 ) </P> <H3> Extract from Giovanni Meli ( edit ) </H3> Don chisciotti e sanciu panza ( cantu quintu ) ( edit ) <P> ( ~ 1790 ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sicilian </Th> <Th> English </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stracanciatu di notti soli jiri ; </Td> <Td> Disguised he roams at night alone ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> S'ammuccia ntra purtuni e cantuneri ; </Td> <Td> Hiding in any nook and cranny ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> cu vacabunni ci mustra piaciri ; </Td> <Td> he enjoys the company of vagabonds ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> poi lu so sbiu sunnu li sumeri , </Td> <Td> however , donkeys are his real diversion , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> li pruteggi e li pigghia a ben vuliri , </Td> <Td> he protects them and looks after all their needs , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> li tratta pri parenti e amici veri ; </Td> <Td> treating them as real family and friends ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> siccomu ancora è n'amicu viraci </Td> <Td> since he remains a true friend </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> di li bizzarri , capricciusi e audaci . </Td> <Td> of all who are bizarre , capricious and bold . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Extract from Nino Martoglio ( edit ) </H3> Briscula ' n cumpagni ( edit ) <P> ( ~ 1900 ; trans : A game of Briscula amongst friends ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sicilian </Th> <Th> Italian </Th> <Th> English </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- Càrricu , mancu ? Cca cc'è ' n sei di spati ! ... </Td> <Td> -- Nemmeno un carico ? Qui c'è un sei di spade ! ... </Td> <Td> -- A high card perhaps ? Here 's the six of spades ! ... </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- E chi schifiu è , di sta manera ? </Td> <Td> -- Ma che schifo , in questo modo ? </Td> <Td> -- What is this rubbish you 're playing ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Don Peppi Nnappa , d'accussì jucati ? </Td> <Td> Signor Peppe Nappa , ma giocate così ? </Td> <Td> Who taught you to play this game ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- Massari e scecchi tutta ' a tistera , </Td> <Td> -- Messere e asino con tutti i finimenti , </Td> <Td> -- My dear gentlemen and donkeys with all your finery , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> comu vi l'haju a diri , a vastunati , </Td> <Td> come ve lo devo dire , forse a bastonate , </Td> <Td> as I have repeatedly told you till I 'm blue in the face , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ca mancu haju sali di salera ! </Td> <Td> che non ho nemmeno il sale per la saliera ! </Td> <Td> I ai n't got nothing that 's even worth a pinch a salt ! </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ( Martoglio 1993 ) </P> <H2> Influences on the Italian language ( edit ) </H2> Minchia : graffiti in Turin , January 2017 <P> As one of the most - spoken languages of Italy , Sicilian has notably influenced the Italian lexicon . In fact , there are several Sicilian words that are nowadays part of the Italian language ; they usually refer to things closely associated to Sicilian culture , with some notable exceptions ( Zingarelli 2007 ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> arancino ( from arancinu ) : arancino , a Sicilian cuisine specialty ; </Li> <Li> canestrato ( from ncannistratu ) : a cheese typical of Sicily ; </Li> <Li> cannolo ( from cannolu ) : cannolo , a Sicilian pastry ; </Li> <Li> cannolicchio ( from cannulicchiu ) : razor - clam ; </Li> <Li> carnezzeria ( from carnizzaria ) : butcher 's shop ; </Li> <Li> caruso ( from carusu ) : boy ; </Li> <Li> cassata : cassata , a Sicilian pastry ; </Li> <Li> cirneco ( from cirnecu ) : a small breed of dogs common in Sicily ; </Li> <Li> cosca : a small group of criminals affiliated to the Sicilian mafia ; </Li> <Li> curatolo ( from curatulu ) : watchman in a farm , with a yearly contract ; </Li> <Li> dammuso ( from dammusu ) : stony habitation typical of the island of Pantelleria ; </Li> <Li> intrallazzo ( from ntrallazzu ) : illegal exchange of goods or favours , but in a wider sense also cheat , intrigue ; </Li> <Li> marranzano ( from marranzanu ) : Jew 's harp ; </Li> <Li> marrobbio ( from marrubbiu ) : quick variation of sea level produced by a store of water in the coasts as a consequence of either wind action or an atmospheric depression ; </Li> <Li> minchia : penis in its original meaning , but also stupid person , is also widely used as interjection to show either astonishment or rage ; </Li> <Li> picciotto ( from picciottu ) : young man , but also the lowest grade in the Mafia hierarchy ; </Li> <Li> pizzino ( from pizzinu ) : small piece of paper ; </Li> <Li> pizzo ( from pizzu ) : literally meaning beak in Sicilian , it is protection money paid to the Mafia ; it comes from the saying fari vagnari a pizzu ( to wet one 's beak ) . </Li> <Li> quaquaraquà : person devoid of value , nonentity ; ( onomatopoeia ? ; `` the duck wants a say '' ) </Li> <Li> scasare ( from scasari ) : to leave en masse ( means literally to move home ) ; </Li> <Li> stidda ( it. : stella ) : lower Mafia organization . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Language situation today ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Sicily ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sicilian is estimated to have 5,000,000 speakers . However , it remains very much a home language spoken among peers and close associates . Regional Italian has encroached on Sicilian , most evidently in the speech of the younger generations . </P> <P> Poets in Sicily sometimes write in Sicilian . However , most speakers ( especially the youngest ones ) are literate just in Italian , not Sicilian ; this implies a poor knowledge of the written language in all its formal grammar and spelling rules , in contrast to a still - wide diffusion of informal spoken Sicilian in the island . </P> <P> The education system does not support the language . Local universities do not carry courses in Sicilian , or where they do it is described as dialettologia , that is , the study of dialects . </P> <H3> Diaspora ( edit ) </H3> <P> Outside Sicily , there is an extensive Sicilian diaspora living in several major cities across South and North America , as well as other parts of Europe and Australia . Many descendants of Sicilians who emigrated to the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s believed that their ancestors spoke ' Italian ' . Some are rudely disarmed of that belief if they visit mainland Italy and receive quizzical stares when they speak archaic Sicilian to standard Italian speakers . Today , the Sicilian language is spoken to varying extents within families and communities ; however , it has neither a recognized status nor programmes established to preserve the language . Most Sicilians abroad are bi - or trilingual with Sicilian , Standard Italian and / or the host country language , be it English , Spanish , French , or Portuguese . The Sicilian - American organization Arba Sicula publishes stories , poems and essays , in Sicilian and in the corresponding English , in an effort to preserve the Sicilian language . </P> <H3> Media ( edit ) </H3> <P> The movie La Terra Trema ( 1948 ) is in Sicilian , using many local , non-professional actors . </P> <H2> Other words / phrases ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> English </Th> <Th> Sicilian </Th> <Th> Pronunciation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> to make a good impression </Td> <Td> fà ( ci ) ri na bedda fiùra </Td> <Td> ( ' fari nab'bɛɖːa fj'ura ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> wine </Td> <Td> vinu </Td> <Td> ( ' vinu ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> man </Td> <Td> òmu </Td> <Td> ( ' ɔmu ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> woman </Td> <Td> fìmmina </Td> <Td> ( ' fimmɪna ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> the other side </Td> <Td> dabbanna </Td> <Td> ( ɖːa ' bbanna ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> there </Td> <Td> da </Td> <Td> ( ' ɖːa ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> right there </Td> <Td> ddocu </Td> <Td> ( ' ɖːɔku ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> you ( formal ) </Td> <Td> vossìa </Td> <Td> ( vɔsˈsja ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> be careful ! </Td> <Td> accura ! </Td> <Td> ( akˈkura ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> he , him </Td> <Td> iddu </Td> <Td> ( ' iɖːu ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> she , her </Td> <Td> idda </Td> <Td> ( ' iɖːa ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> he who pays before seeing the goods gets cheated ( literally `` who pays before , eat smelly fish '' ) </Td> <Td> cu paja prima , mancia li pisci fitùsi </Td> <Td> ( ku'paja ' prima ' maŋtʃa li'piʃʃɪ fɪˈtusɪ ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Italy portal </Li> <Li> Languages portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Sicilian School </Li> <Li> Siculo - Arabic </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Sicilian at Ethnologue ( 18th ed. , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Sicilian '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wei , Li ; Dewaele , Jean - Marc ; Housen , Alex ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . Opportunities and Challenges of Bilingualism . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 9783110852004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Facaros , Dana ; Pauls , Michael ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . Sicily . New Holland Publishers . ISBN 9781860113970 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ it : Lingue parlate in Italia # Gruppo siciliano </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Atlas of the World 's Languages in danger '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.alpdn.org/alp/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=38 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Privitera 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cipolla 2004 , p. 151 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Sicilian Language - Life In Italy . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smmartino , Peter ; Roberts , William ( 2001 - 01 - 01 ) . Sicily : An Informal History . Associated University Presse . ISBN 9780845348772 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani '' . csfls.it . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cipolla 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gazzetta Ufficiale della Regione Siciliana : Statuto del Comune di Caltagirone </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gazzetta Ufficiale della Regione Siciliana : Statuto del Comune di Grammichele </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cardi , Valeria . Italy moves closer to ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . Eurolang . December 12 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/sicilianamericanclub/message/766 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sicilian Americans - History , Modern era , The first sicilians in america '' . everyculture.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://nsaf.net/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Giarrizzo 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This etymology is based on the books Mafioso by Gaia Servadio ; The Sicilian Mafia by Diego Gambetta ; and Cosa Nostra by John Dickie </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Domenico De Gregorio ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` San Libertino di Agrigento Vescovo e martire '' . Santi e Beati . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Privitera 2001 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cipolla 2004 , p. 141 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guastare : significato - Dizionario italiano De Mauro '' . Internazionale . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hughes 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cipolla 2004 , p. 155 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cipolla 2005 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pitrè 1875 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meli 1995 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peppe Nappa ( it ) is a character of the Commedia dell'arte , similar to Pulcinella o Arlecchino . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Atlas of the World 's Languages in danger '' . unesco.org . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Abulafia , The end of Muslim Sicily cit . </Li> <Li> Arba Sicula Volume II , 1980 ( bilingual : Sicilian and English ) </Li> <Li> Bonner , J.K. `` Kirk '' ( 2001 ) . Introduction to Sicilian Grammar . Legas . ISBN 1 - 881901 - 41 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Camilleri , Salvatore ( 1998 ) . Vocabolario Italiano Siciliano . Edizioni Greco . </Li> <Li> Centro di Studi Filologici e Linguistici Siciliani ( 1977 -- 2002 ) Vocabolario Siciliano , 5 volumi a cura di Giorgio Piccitto , Catania - Palermo ( the orthography used in this article is substantially based on the Piccitto volumes ) . </Li> <Li> Cipolla , Gaetano ( 2004 ) . `` U sicilianu è na lingua o un dialettu ? / Is Sicilian a Language ? '' . Arba Sicula . XXV ( 1&2 ) : 138 -- 175 . </Li> <Li> Cipolla , Gaetano ( 2005 ) . The Sound of Sicilian : A Pronunciation Guide . Legas . ISBN 978 - 1 - 881901 - 51 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Giarrizzo , Salvatore ( 1989 ) . Dizionario etimologico siciliano . Herbita . </Li> <Li> Hughes , Robert ( 2011 ) . Barcelona . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 76461 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Hull , Geoffrey ( 2001 ) . Polyglot Italy : Languages , Dialects , Peoples . Legas . ISBN 0 - 949919 - 61 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Martoglio , Nino ( 1993 ) . The Poetry of Nino Martoglio . Legas . ISBN 1 - 881901 - 03 - 3 . ( bilingual : Sicilian and English ; edited and translated by Prof. Gaetano Cipolla ) </Li> <Li> Meli , Giovanni ( 1995 ) . Moral Fables and Other Poems : A Bilingual ( Sicilian / English ) Anthology . Legas . ISBN 978 - 1 - 881901 - 07 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Mendola , Louis . Sicily 's Rebellion against King Charles : The story of the Sicilian Vespers ( New York 2015 ) ISBN 9781943639038 . </Li> <Li> A. Nef , Géographie religieuse et continuité temporelle dans la Sicile normande ( XIe - XIIe siècles ) : le cas des évêchés , in P. Henriet ( ed . ) , À la recherche de légitimités chrétiennes -- Représentations de l'espace et du temps dans l'Espagne médiévale ( IXe - XIIIe siècles ) ( Madrid 2001 ) , Lyon 2003 </Li> <Li> Norwich , John Julius ( 1992 ) . The Kingdom in the Sun . Penguin Books . ISBN 1 - 881901 - 41 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Pitrè , Giuseppe ( 2002 ) ( 1875 ) . Grammatica siciliana : un saggio completo del dialetto e delle parlate siciliane : in appendice approfondimenti letterari . Brancato . </Li> <Li> Privitera , Joseph ( 2001 ) . `` I Nurmanni in Sicilia Pt II / The Normans in Sicily Pt II '' . Arba Sicula . XXII ( 1&2 ) : 148 -- 157 . </Li> <Li> Privitera , Joseph Frederic ( 2004 ) . Sicilian : The Oldest Romance Language . Legas . ISBN 978 - 1 - 881901 - 41 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Ruffino , Giovanni ( 2001 ) . Sicilia . Editori Laterza . ISBN 88 - 421 - 0582 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Runciman , Steven ( 1958 ) . The Sicilian Vespers . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43774 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Zingarelli , Nicola ( 2006 ) . Lo Zingarelli 2007 . Vocabolario della lingua italiana . Con CD - ROM ( in Italian ) . Zanichelli . ISBN 88 - 08 - 04229 - 4 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sicilian edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sicilian language . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> ( in Sicilian ) www.linguasiciliana.org </Li> <Li> ( in Italian ) www.linguasiciliana.it </Li> <Li> Arba Sicula A non-profit organisation dedicated to preserving the Sicilian language </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Languages of Italy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Italo - Dalmatian </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Central Italian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Italian <Ul> <Li> Italian Sign Language </Li> <Li> Regional Italian </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Central <Ul> <Li> Marchigiano </Li> <Li> Sabino </Li> <Li> Romanesco </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tuscan <Ul> <Li> Florentine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Corsican <Ul> <Li> Gallurese </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sassarese </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern Italian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Neapolitan <Ul> <Li> Barese </Li> <Li> Irpinian </Li> <Li> Molisan </Li> <Li> Cosentino </Li> <Li> Tarantino </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sicilian <Ul> <Li> Salentino </Li> <Li> Southern Calabrese </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cilentan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dalmatian </Li> <Li> Castelmezzano </Li> <Li> Manduriano </Li> <Li> Judaeo - Italian </Li> <Li> Vastese </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sardinian </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sardinian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sardinian <Ul> <Li> Campidanese </Li> <Li> Logudorese </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occitano - Romance </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Catalan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algherese </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occitan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vivaro - Alpine <Ul> <Li> Mentonasc </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Niçard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gallo - Romance </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> French </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aostan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franco - Provençal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Valdôtain </Li> <Li> Faetar </Li> <Li> Savoyard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gallo - Italic </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ligurian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brigasc </Li> <Li> Genoese </Li> <Li> Intemelio </Li> <Li> Monégasque </Li> <Li> Royasc </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lombard </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Western Lombard <Ul> <Li> Brianzöö dialects <Ul> <Li> Canzés </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Bustocco and Legnanese </Li> <Li> Comasco - 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Romanian </Li> <Li> Megleno - Romanian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North African </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> North African </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African Romance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Italics indicate extinct languages </Li> <Li> Bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers </Li> <Li> Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sicily </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Provinces and places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agrigento </Li> <Li> Caltanissetta </Li> <Li> Catania </Li> <Li> Enna </Li> <Li> Messina </Li> <Li> Palermo </Li> <Li> Ragusa </Li> <Li> Syracuse </Li> <Li> Trapani </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Cities , towns and villages </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Magna Graecia </Li> <Li> Sicilia province </Li> <Li> Sicilian revolt </Li> <Li> Theme of Sicily </Li> <Li> Emirate of Sicily </Li> <Li> County of Sicily </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Sicily </Li> <Li> War of the Sicilian Vespers </Li> <Li> Monarchs </Li> <Li> Viceroys </Li> <Li> Sicilian Parliament </Li> <Li> Two Sicilies </Li> <Li> 1848 Sicilian revolution </Li> <Li> Dictatorship of Garibaldi </Li> <Li> Risorgimento </Li> <Li> Allied invasion of Sicily </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics and government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Politics of Sicily </Li> <Li> Statute of Sicily </Li> <Li> Elections in Sicily </Li> <Li> List of Presidents of Sicily </Li> <Li> Sicilian Regional Assembly </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture and heritage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cuisine <Ul> <Li> List of Sicilian dishes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Language </Li> <Li> People </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Sicilian Baroque </Li> <Li> Sicilian School </Li> <Li> Sicilian cart </Li> <Li> Coppola </Li> <Li> Flags </Li> <Li> Triskelion ( Trinacria ) </Li> <Li> Mount Etna </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Categories </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_language&oldid=800444949 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Sicilian language </Li> <Li> Italo - 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Eternal Flame ( song ) - wikipedia <H1> Eternal Flame ( song ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Eternal Flame '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. commercial cassette release </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Bangles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Everything </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` What I Meant to Say '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> February 17 , 1989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vinyl record ( 7 `` , 12 '' 45 rpm ) </Li> <Li> CD single ( 3 `` ) </Li> <Li> Cassingle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1988 ; Studio 55 , Ocean Way Recording ( Los Angeles , California ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soft rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> CBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Susanna Hoffs </Li> <Li> Tom Kelly </Li> <Li> Billy Steinberg </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Davitt Sigerson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Bangles singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` In Your Room '' ( 1988 ) </Td> <Td> `` Eternal Flame '' ( 1989 ) </Td> <Td> `` Be with You '' ( 1989 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` In Your Room '' ( 1988 ) </Td> <Td> `` Eternal Flame '' ( 1989 ) </Td> <Td> `` Be with You '' ( 1989 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` Eternal Flame '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Eternal Flame '' is a love song by American rock group the Bangles from their 1988 album Everything . It became a hit single , when released in 1989 , peaking at number one in the charts in nine countries , including Australia , the Netherlands , the United Kingdom , and the United States . It was written by the established songwriting partnership of Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly ( becoming the pair 's fifth Billboard Hot 100 number one in five years ) along with the Bangles ' Susanna Hoffs . Having previously reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1986 with `` Walk Like an Egyptian , '' the Bangles became only the third all - female group to score multiple number - ones in the United States , after the Supremes ( twelve ) and the Shirelles ( two ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 2.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 2.3 Certifications and sales </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Personnel </Li> <Li> 4 Tomoya Nagase featuring 3T version <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Human Nature version <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Track listings </Li> <Li> 5.2 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Atomic Kitten version <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Track listing </Li> <Li> 6.2 Music video </Li> <Li> 6.3 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 6.4 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 6.4. 1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 6.4. 2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 6.4. 3 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Other cover versions </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Unlike the rest of the more uptempo songs on their album Everything , `` Eternal Flame '' is a ballad . Co-writer Billy Steinberg describes it as `` the Beatles meet the Byrds . '' </P> <P> The song was inspired by two eternal flames : one at the gravesite of Elvis Presley that the Bangles saw when the band visited Graceland , and one at a local synagogue in Palm Springs which Steinberg attended as a child . Steinberg recalled to Songfacts : `` Susanna was talking about the Bangles having visited Graceland , and she said there was some type of shrine to Elvis that included some kind of eternal flame . As soon as those words were mentioned , I immediately thought of the synagogue in the town of Palm Springs , California where I grew up . I remember during our Sunday school class they would walk us through the sanctuary . There was one little red light and they told us it was called the eternal flame . '' </P> <P> In the BBC programme I 'm in a Girl Group , Hoffs revealed she actually sang the studio recording of the song completely naked after producer Davitt Sigerson pranked her by telling her Olivia Newton - John had done the same thing , but he later told Hoffs he had been lying the whole time . </P> <P> It spent one week at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the US adult contemporary chart for two weeks . </P> <P> The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart in February 1989 at number 81 and peaked at number one in April , spending four weeks there . It went on to spend twenty weeks in the chart and was the UK 's third best - selling song of 1989 . </P> <P> The song spent three weeks at number one in Sweden and 18 weeks in the Swedish charts </P> <P> The song also spent seven weeks at number one in the Dutch Top 40 . The song was Australia 's 4th biggest selling single of 1989 and was sent up on the Australian TV show Fast Forward . </P> <H2> Charts and certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal ( AFP ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1989 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austrian Top 40 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgian VRT Top 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian RPM Top 100 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch Top 40 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> German Media Control Charts </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swiss Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cashbox Top 100 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Certifications and sales ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 70,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( GLF ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 25,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Writers : Susanna Hoffs , Billy Steinberg , Tom Kelly </Li> <Li> Producer : Davitt Sigerson ( Bangles version ) </Li> <Li> Recorded by : John Beverly Jones </Li> <Li> Mixed by : Frank Filipetti </Li> </Ul> <H2> Tomoya Nagase featuring 3T version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Eternal Flame '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Tomoya Nagase featuring 3T </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> J - pop , soft rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Universal Music Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Susanna Hoffs Tom Kelly Billy Steinberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> 3T </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tomoya Nagase featuring 3T singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Gotta Be You '' ( 1996 ) </Td> <Td> `` Eternal Flame '' ( 1997 ) </Td> <Td> `` Stuck on You '' ( 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Gotta Be You '' ( 1996 ) </Td> <Td> `` Eternal Flame '' ( 1997 ) </Td> <Td> `` Stuck on You '' ( 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1997 a Japanese version of the song was recorded by Tomoya Nagase , the vocalist of the Japanese idol rock group Tokio , featuring 3T . This song was used as the theme song of the Nippon TV drama DXD , in which Nagase played the main role . He also wrote the Japanese version lyrics . This version was released as a single in Japan under the name of `` Tomoya with 3T '' . </P> <H3> Charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1997 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oricon Japanese International Chart </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Human Nature version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Eternal Flame '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Human Nature </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Counting Down </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> October 17 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Sony Music Entertainment / Columbia Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Susanna Hoffs Tom Kelly Billy Steinberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Andrew Klippel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Human Nature singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Do n't Cry '' ( 1999 ) </Td> <Td> `` Eternal Flame '' ( 1999 ) </Td> <Td> `` Be There With You '' ( 2000 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Do n't Cry '' ( 1999 ) </Td> <Td> `` Eternal Flame '' ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> `` Be There With You '' ( 2000 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1999 , Australian group Human Nature covered `` Eternal Flame '' and released it as the fourth single from their second album Counting Down . It peaked at number eight on the ARIA singles chart and was certified gold . </P> <H3> Track listings ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Australian CD single 1 Cat . 667915 2 </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Eternal Flame '' </Li> <Li> `` She 's So Gone '' </Li> <Li> `` Breaking Me Down '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Cry '' ( Discothèque Club remix ) </Li> <Li> `` Eternal Flame '' ( music video ) </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Australian CD single 2 Cat . 667915 5 </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Eternal Flame '' </Li> <Li> `` Shake You Outta My Head '' from the Happy Days production </Li> <Li> `` She 's So Gone '' </Li> <Li> `` Breaking Me Down '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Cry '' ( Discothèque Club remix ) </Li> <Li> `` Eternal Flame '' ( music video ) </Li> </Ol> <H3> Charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1999 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year - end chart ( 1999 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Atomic Kitten version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Eternal Flame '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Atomic Kitten </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Right Now ( re-issue ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> July 23 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single , cassette </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Virgin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Susanna Hoffs Tom Kelly Billy Steinberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ray Ruffin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Atomic Kitten singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Whole Again '' ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> `` Eternal Flame '' ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> `` You Are '' ( 2001 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Whole Again '' ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> `` Eternal Flame '' ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> `` You Are '' ( 2001 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> British pop girl group Atomic Kitten subsequently recorded the song in 2001 and released as the sixth overall single and lead single from the reissue of the debut studio album , Right Now . It was the group 's first single to feature new band member Jenny Frost . Their version was produced by multi-platinum singer producer Ray Ruffin . </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <P> Australian CD </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Eternal Flame '' ( Single Version ) -- 3 : 15 </Li> <Li> `` Right Now '' ( Jenny Frost version ) -- 3 : 35 </Li> <Li> `` Right Now '' ( K - Klass Phazerphunk Club Mix ) -- 7 : 22 </Li> <Li> `` Eternal Flame '' ( Blacksmith RnB Club Dub ) -- 3 : 55 </Li> <Li> `` Right Now '' ( video ) </Li> </Ol> <P> UK CD </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Eternal Flame '' ( Single Version ) -- 3 : 15 </Li> <Li> `` Album Medley '' -- 5 : 30 </Li> <Li> `` Eternal Flame '' ( Blacksmith RnB Club Rub ) -- 3 : 54 </Li> <Li> `` Eternal Flame '' ( video ) </Li> </Ol> <P> UK cassette </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Eternal Flame '' ( Single Version ) -- 3 : 15 </Li> <Li> `` Album Medley '' -- 5 : 30 </Li> <Li> `` Dancing in the Street '' -- 3 : 39 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Music video ( edit ) </H3> <P> The video begins with the band members walking up to the screen in a stylized pace , in plain white clothes and bare feet , with a dark background . This is shown often in the video , and is also how the video ends . Throughout the video , each of the band members do different poses and dance moves in time to the song , with the dark , cloudy background in place . Also in one of the scenes in the video , all three band members are seen in a line , with a glass floor and four metal posts with lights in the background that accompanies the perennial dark background . In this scene , the girls are seen doing a basic dance routine in time with the song . For Jenny 's solo , she is seen lying down on the floor doing a sexy pose . However , Frost later claimed in the So Far So Good DVD , that she had tonsillitis for the video shoot , and was lying down due to being ill and could n't stand up . There is also a version of the video that contains clips from the movie The Parole Officer which was taken from the DVD `` So Far So Good '' . </P> <H3> Chart performance ( edit ) </H3> <P> Atomic Kitten made the song another massive success ; it entered the top twenty in every country it was released , except for Australia , where it peaked at number 47 . It entered at number one in the UK , staying at the top for two weeks . On its first day , `` Eternal Flame '' sold 35,358 copies , and its closest rival was Destiny 's Child 's `` Bootylicious '' , which sold 13,182 copies in its opening day . The song sold over 140,000 copies in its first week and 70,000 copies in its second week . The song sold over 400,000 copies in the UK , and was certified Gold . The single entered the top five in over ten countries . The single went to number two in the French singles chart , a huge success , and became one of the best selling singles by a girl group of all time in France . However , it was their only single to reach the top 20 , making them one - hit wonders there . It was certified gold for sales of over 250,000 copies . Atomic Kitten 's version charted higher in France than the original version by the Bangles . </P> <P> Over a year later , the single appeared in the Canadian Singles Chart . `` Eternal Flame '' was Atomic Kitten 's only single to chart over there . It debuted at number 20 , and peaked at number 15 . It spent twelve weeks in the top forty -- five of which were in the top twenty , making the song a moderate success . The single was also a number - one hit in the Flanders region of Belgium , and Atomic Kitten 's became their best - selling single there , subsequently lasting sixteen weeks on the chart ; it became the 28th best selling single of 2001 in Belgium . It also spent one week at number one in New Zealand . `` Eternal Flame '' went on to sell over one million copies worldwide and was certified Gold in the United Kingdom , France , Sweden , and New Zealand . </P> <H3> Charts and certifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Weekly charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2001 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) As a double A-side with `` Right Now '' </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> Year - end charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2001 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austrian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium Singles Chart ( Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swiss Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Certifications ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 268,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( GLF ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 406,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was covered in 2000 by Rollergirl on the album Now I 'm Singin ' ... and the Party Keeps On Rollin ' , and released as a single which peaked at # 87 in the Swiss Charts . Bonnie Tyler and French singer Laura Zen recorded a version in 2011 which went to French radio stations on Monday August 29 . The song was named `` Eternal Flame ( Amour éternel ) '' . In 2017 , Shane Filan of Westlife included this fan - favorite song on his album Love Always which reached Top 3 in Scottish Albums Chart and Top 5 in UK Albums Chart and Irish Albums Chart . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone , Rolling ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Toto Eclipse of the Heart : The Best of Eighties Soft Rock '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Susanna Hoffs , `` Commentary '' , the Bangles , Return to Bangleonia , DVD , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 , 500 Nr. 1 hits uit de Top 40 , page 261 , 9023009444 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eternal Flame '' . Songfacts.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Archives '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bangles -- Eternal Flame '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bangles -- Eternal Flame '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canadian peak </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bangles -- Eternal Flame '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Bangles Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . 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Billboard . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Austria Top 40 - Hitparade Österreich '' . austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1989 '' . Luckysdb.be . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` De Single Top 100 Over 1989 '' ( PDF ) . Top40.nl . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` INFINITY CHARTS : German Top 20 '' . Ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de . February 12 , 1997 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . 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Record Mirror . pp. 44 -- 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bangles -- Eternal Flame '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Human Nature -- Eternal Flame '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 1999 '' . aria.com.au . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atomic Kitten - So Far So Good ( DVD part 4 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atomic Kitten > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic Macrovision . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' . Tracklisten . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atomic Kitten Crawls Up Euro Albums Chart '' . Billboard.biz . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Atomic Kitten Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Eternal Flame '' . Irish Singles Chart . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Atomic Kitten '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' . Top 40 Singles . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' . VG - lista . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' Canciones Top 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' . Singles Top 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' . Swiss Singles Chart . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steffen Hung ( December 23 , 2001 ) . `` Best selling singles in Austria ( 2001 ) '' . Austriancharts.at . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best selling singles in Belgium Flanders ( 2001 ) '' . Ultratop.be . December 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best selling singles in Belgium Wallonia ( 2001 ) '' . Ultratop.be . December 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best selling singles in France ( 2002 ) '' . Disqueenfrance.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best selling singles in Ireland ( 2001 ) '' . Allcharts.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 50 singles of 2001 in NZ '' . Rianz.org.nz . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2013 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Best selling singles in Switzerland ( 2001 ) '' . Swisscharts.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yearly Best Selling Singles : 1999 '' ( PDF ) . Bpi.co.uk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications ( Singles ) du SNEP ( les Disques d'Or ) '' . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' . Recorded Music NZ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2001 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Atomic Kitten -- Eternal Flame '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Eternal Flame in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Flashback : Atomic Kitten beat Destiny 's Child to Number 1 in 2001 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SwissCharts.com `` Eternal Flame '' ( Rollergirl ) page . Accessed : November 2 , 2006 Archived October 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler est de retour : elle reprend le hit `` Eternal Flame '' `` . Chartsinfrance.net . August 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <P> Additional sources used : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Billboard Book of Number One Hits ( 5th edition ) </Li> <Li> I 'm in a Girl Group </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Bangles official website </Li> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Bangles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Susanna Hoffs </Li> <Li> Vicki Peterson </Li> <Li> Debbi Peterson </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Annette Zilinskas </Li> <Li> Michael Steele </Li> <Li> Abby Travis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All Over the Place </Li> <Li> Different Light </Li> <Li> Everything </Li> <Li> Doll Revolution </Li> <Li> Sweetheart of the Sun </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extended plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bangles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> <Li> Ladies and Gentlemen ... 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] | what movie is the song eternal flame in | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Eternal_Flame_(song)&oldid=844121318 | -5,446,291,054,794,273,000 |
Sundial bridge at Turtle Bay - wikipedia <H1> Sundial bridge at Turtle Bay </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Sundial Bridge </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 40 ° 35 ′ 32 '' N 122 ° 22 ′ 39 '' W / 40.59222 ° N 122.37750 ° W / 40.59222 ; - 122.37750 Coordinates : 40 ° 35 ′ 32 '' N 122 ° 22 ′ 39 '' W / 40.59222 ° N 122.37750 ° W / 40.59222 ; - 122.37750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Carries </Th> <Td> Bicycles and pedestrians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crosses </Th> <Td> Sacramento River </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Locale </Th> <Td> Redding , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official name </Th> <Td> Sundial Bridge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design </Th> <Td> Cantilever spar cable - stayed bridge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total length </Th> <Td> 700 feet ( 210 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> 23 feet ( 7.0 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clearance below </Th> <Td> 26 feet ( 7.9 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer </Th> <Td> Santiago Calatrava </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opened </Th> <Td> July 4 , 2004 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Sundial Bridge ( also known as the Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay ) is a cantilever spar cable - stayed bridge for bicycles and pedestrians that spans the Sacramento River in Redding , California , United States and forms a large sundial . It was designed by Santiago Calatrava and completed in 2004 at a cost of US $23,500,000 . The bridge has become iconic for Redding . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Location </Li> <Li> 2 Sundial </Li> <Li> 3 Design </Li> <Li> 4 Budget </Li> <Li> 5 Tourism </Li> <Li> 6 In media </Li> <Li> 7 Pink Sundial Bridge </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Location ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Sundial Bridge provides pedestrian access to the north and south areas of Turtle Bay Exploration Park , a complex containing environmental , art and history museums and the McConnell Arboretum and Gardens . It also forms the gateway to the Sacramento River Trail , a 35 - mile - long ( 56 km ) trail completed in 2010 that extends along both sides of the river and connects the bridge to the Shasta Dam . Drift boats of fishermen are often seen passing beneath the bridge as they fish for salmon , steelhead and rainbow trout . In the distance , Mount Shasta is barely visible . Shasta Bally is visible to the West looking upstream the Sacramento . </P> One of the markers on the dial of the sundial . The support tower of the bridge . <H2> Sundial ( edit ) </H2> <P> The support tower of the bridge forms a single 217 - foot ( 66 m ) mast that points due north at a cantilevered angle , allowing it to serve as the gnomon of a sundial ; it has been billed as the world 's largest sundial , although Taipei 101 and the associated sundial design of its adjoining park are much larger . The Sundial Bridge gnomon 's shadow is cast upon a large dial to the north of the bridge , although the shadow cast by the tower is exactly accurate on only one day in a year -- the summer solstice , June 20 or 21 . The time is given as Pacific Daylight Time . The tip of the shadow moves at approximately one foot per minute so that the Earth 's rotation about its axis can be seen with the naked eye . </P> <H2> Design ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Sundial Bridge is a cantilever spar cable - stayed bridge , similar to Calatrava 's earlier design of the Puente del Alamillo in Seville , Spain ( 1992 ) . This type of bridge does not balance the forces by using a symmetrical arrangement of cable forces on each side of its support tower ; instead , it uses a cantilever tower , set at a 42 - degree angle and loaded by cable stays on only one side . This design requires that the spar resist bending and torsional forces and that its foundation resists overturning . While this leads to a less structurally efficient structure , the architectural statement is dramatic . The bridge is 700 feet ( 210 m ) in length and crosses the river without touching the water , a design criterion that helps protect the salmon spawning grounds beneath the bridge . The cable stays are not centered on the walkway but instead divide the bridge into a major and minor path . </P> <P> The cable for the bridge totals 4,342 feet ( 1,323 m ) and was made in England . The dial of the sundial and a small plaza beneath the support tower are decorated with broken white tile from Spain . The bridge 's deck is surfaced with translucent structural glass from Quebec , which is illuminated from beneath and glows aquamarine at night . The steel support structure of the bridge was made in Vancouver , Washington and transported in 40 - foot ( 12 m ) sections by truck to Redding . </P> Sundial Bridge at night <H2> Budget ( edit ) </H2> <P> Plans for the Sundial Bridge began in the 1990s , when the city of Redding budgeted $3 million for a pedestrian bridge across the river . However , costs escalated after Calatrava 's design was chosen in 1996 , and the project became a controversial one within Redding , supported by a small group of doctors , lawyers , and other professionals but opposed by other residents who thought it would be too expensive and who favored a more `` folksy '' covered bridge design . The bridge was completed in 2004 , three years later than originally planned , at a cost of $23.5 million , with funding from the Redding - based McConnell Foundation . The expense was justified on the basis that it would increase tourism in the Redding area , which also features Shasta Dam as another architectural marvel , and it has been successful in that goal . </P> <H2> Tourism ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the fiscal year following its grand opening , Turtle Bay Exploration Park , adjacent to the bridge , saw a 42 - percent increase in its visitation . As of 2011 , Redding 's city manager stated that the bridge `` continues to generate millions of dollars worth of commerce and tourism each year '' . </P> <H2> In media ( edit ) </H2> <P> The bridge is the cover image of a general physics textbook by Serway and Jewett as demonstrating the bridge 's resisting of wind and gravity . </P> <H2> Pink Sundial bridge ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2009 , Nor - Cal Think Pink , a non-profit organization dedicated to raising awareness of the importance of early detection of breast cancer , received approval from the City of Redding to illuminate the Sundial Bridge in pink for its Think Pink Day . The event now takes place annually . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Puente de la Mujer , Buenos Aires , Argentina </Li> <Li> Samuel Beckett Bridge , Dublin , Ireland </Li> <Li> Puente de la Unidad , Monterrey , Mexico </Li> <Li> Puente del Alamillo , Seville , Spain </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Calvan , Bobby Caina ( April 5 , 2004 ) . `` Bridge unites parkland , divides town : Some see path to future , others a misguided mess '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sundial Bridge -- California 's Newest Icon '' . ShastaCascade.com . Shasta Cascade Wonderland Association . 2007 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vovakes , Christine ( July 25 , 2004 ) , `` California 's Timeless Bridge '' , Washington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ottesen , Peter ( June 2 , 2010 ) , Finished trail is 35 miles of pure heaven , Recordnet . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Tourists lured by Redding bridge '' , Sacramento Bee , October 5 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Redding is seeking to bridge image gap '' , Sacramento Bee , July 12 , 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fullwood , Janet ( July 26 , 2007 ) , `` California 's Seven Wonders : There 's no shortage of the spectacular '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Serway , Raymond A. ; Jewett ( 2007 ) , Physics : For scientists and engineers with modern physics ( 7th ed . ) , Thomson , Brooks / Cole , ISBN 0 - 03 - 004538 - X . Back cover . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Calatrava 's `` Sundial Bridge '' Opens In Redding , California `` , Architectural Record , July 21 , 2004 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Santiago Calatrava 's Sundial Bridge : Angle of Inspiration , Mill Valley Film Group , 2004 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Greg ( June 30 , 2004 ) , `` Walking Bridge That Soars : Backers See Stardom for Sundial Bridge '' , San Francisco Chronicle . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Calvan , Bobby Caina ( April 5 , 2004 ) , `` Bridge unites parkland , divides town : Some see path to future , others a misguided mess '' , Boston Globe . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klaidman , Stephen ( 2007 ) , Coronary : A True Story of Medicine Gone Awry , Simon and Schuster , pp. 25 -- 26 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6754 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brown , Patricia Leigh ( February 19 , 2004 ) , `` Bridge Out of Nowhere Leads a Town to Its Future '' , New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woodruff , Shawn ; Billington , David P. ( 2007 ) , `` Aesthetics and economy in pedestrian bridge design '' , International Journal of Space Structures , 22 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 89 , doi : 10.1260 / 026635107781037310 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beyette , Beverly ( June 3 , 2007 ) , `` Redding 's magnetic bridge ; The Sundial span has a powerful pull . The architect 's stunning creation has drawn tourists and is changing the city 's image '' , Los Angeles Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kalb , Loretta ( April 11 , 2011 ) , `` It 's meant to startle -- and it does '' , Sacramento Bee . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nor - Cal Think Pink </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sundial Bridge turns pink for Think Pink Breast Cancer Awareness Day '' Redding.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 3 nights of pink lights '' Redding.com </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Sundial Bridge official site </Li> <Li> Turtle Bay Sundial Bridge at Structurae </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sundial_Bridge_at_Turtle_Bay&oldid=804619986 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Bridges completed in 2004 </Li> <Li> Bridges over the Sacramento River </Li> <Li> Cable - stayed bridges in the United States </Li> <Li> Pedestrian bridges in California </Li> <Li> Santiago Calatrava structures </Li> <Li> Sundials </Li> <Li> Towers in California </Li> <Li> Redding , California </Li> <Li> Buildings and structures in Shasta County , California </Li> <Li> Transportation in Shasta County , California </Li> <Li> Neo-futurism architecture </Li> <Li> Steel bridges in the United States </Li> <Li> Cantilever bridges in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Structurae ID different from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 04 : 35 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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United states presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote - wikipedia <H1> United states presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Comparison of the presidential elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 , in which the Electoral College winners lost the popular vote ; only in 1876 did the unsuccessful candidate receive more than 50 percent <P> There have been five United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote including the 1824 election , which was the first U.S. presidential election where the popular vote was recorded . Losing the popular vote means securing less of the national popular vote than the person who received either a majority or a plurality of the vote . </P> <P> In the United States presidential election system , instead of the nationwide popular vote determining the outcome of the election , the President of the United States is determined by votes cast by electors of the Electoral College . Alternatively , if no candidate receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , the election is determined by the House of Representatives . These procedures are governed by the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution . </P> <P> When individuals cast ballots in the general election , they are choosing electors and telling them whom they should vote for in the Electoral College . The `` national popular vote '' is the sum of all the votes cast in the general election , nationwide . The presidential elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive the most votes in the general election . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives . For these two reasons , the 1824 election is distinguishable from the latter four elections , which were held after all states had instituted the popular selection of electors , and in each of which a single candidate won an outright majority of electoral votes , thus becoming president without a contingent election in the House of Representatives . The true national popular vote total was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Elections <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1824 : John Quincy Adams </Li> <Li> 1.2 1876 : Rutherford B. Hayes </Li> <Li> 1.3 1888 : Benjamin Harrison </Li> <Li> 1.4 2000 : George W. Bush </Li> <Li> 1.5 2016 : Donald Trump </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Comparative table of elections </Li> <Li> 3 1960 Alabama results ambiguity </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Elections ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1824 : John Quincy Adams ( edit ) </H3> Andrew Jackson ( left ) won more of the popular vote than elected President John Quincy Adams ( right ) in 1824 . <P> The 1824 presidential election was the first election in American history in which the popular vote mattered , as 18 states chose presidential electors by popular vote in 1824 ( six states still left the choice up to their state legislatures ) . When the final votes were tallied in those 18 states , Andrew Jackson polled 152,901 popular votes to John Quincy Adams 's 114,023 ; Henry Clay won 47,217 , and William H. Crawford won 46,979 . The electoral college returns , however , gave Jackson only 99 votes , 32 fewer than he needed for a majority of the total votes cast . Adams won 84 electoral votes followed by 41 for Crawford , and 37 for Clay . All four candidates in the election identified with the Democratic - Republican Party . </P> <P> As no candidate secured the required number of votes ( 131 total ) from the Electoral College , the election was decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates in this contingent election . Henry Clay , as the candidate with the fewest electoral votes , was eliminated from the deliberation . As Speaker of the House , however , Clay was still the most important player in determining the outcome of the election . The election was held on February 9 , 1825 , with each state having one vote , as determined by the wishes of the majority of each state 's congressional representatives . Adams emerged as the winner with a one - vote margin of victory . Most of Clay 's supporters , joined by several old Federalists , switched their votes to Adams in enough states to give him the election . Soon after his inauguration as President , Adams appointed Henry Clay as his secretary of state . This result became a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters , who proclaimed the election of Adams a `` corrupt bargain , '' and were inspired to create the Democratic Party . </P> <H3> 1876 : Rutherford B. Hayes ( edit ) </H3> Samuel J. Tilden ( left ) won more of the popular vote than elected President Rutherford B. Hayes ( right ) in 1876 . <P> The 1876 presidential election was one of the most contentious and controversial presidential elections in American history . The result of the election remains among the most disputed ever , although there is no question that Democrat Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio 's Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote , with Tilden winning 4,288,546 votes and Hayes winning 4,034,311 . Tilden was , and remains , the only candidate in American history who lost a presidential election despite receiving a majority ( not just a plurality ) of the popular vote . </P> <P> After a first count of votes , Tilden won 184 electoral votes to Hayes ' 165 , with 20 votes unresolved . These 20 electoral votes were in dispute in four states : in the case of Florida , Louisiana , and South Carolina , each party reported its candidate had won the state , while in Oregon one elector was declared illegal ( as an `` elected or appointed official '' ) and replaced . The question of who should have been awarded these electoral votes is at the heart of the ongoing debate about the election of 1876 . </P> <P> An informal deal was struck to resolve the dispute : the Compromise of 1877 , which awarded all 20 electoral votes to Hayes . In return for the Democrats ' acquiescence in Hayes ' election , the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South , ending Reconstruction . The Compromise effectively ceded power in the Southern states to the Democratic Redeemers , who went on to pursue their agenda of returning the South to a political economy resembling that of its pre-war condition , including the disenfranchisement of black voters . </P> <H3> 1888 : Benjamin Harrison ( edit ) </H3> Grover Cleveland ( left ) won more of the popular vote than elected President Benjamin Harrison ( right ) in 1888 . <P> In the 1888 election , Grover Cleveland of New York , the incumbent president and a Democrat , tried to secure a second term against the Republican nominee Benjamin Harrison , a former U.S. Senator from Indiana . The economy was prosperous and the nation was at peace , but although Cleveland received 90,596 more votes than Harrison , he lost in the Electoral College . Harrison won 233 electoral votes , Cleveland only 168 . </P> <P> Tariff policy was the principal issue in the election . Harrison took the side of industrialists and factory workers who wanted to keep tariffs high , while Cleveland strenuously denounced high tariffs as unfair to consumers . His opposition to Civil War pensions and inflated currency also made enemies among veterans and farmers . On the other hand , he held a strong hand in the South and border states , and appealed to former Republican Mugwumps . </P> <P> Harrison swept almost the entire North and Midwest ( losing only Connecticut and New Jersey ) , and narrowly carried the swing states of New York and Indiana ( Harrison 's home state ) by a margin of 1 % or less to achieve a majority of the electoral vote . Unlike the election of 1884 , the power of the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City helped deny Cleveland the electoral votes of his home state . </P> <H3> 2000 : George W. Bush ( edit ) </H3> Al Gore ( left ) won more of the popular vote than elected President George W. Bush ( right ) in 2000 . <P> The 2000 presidential election pitted Republican candidate George W. Bush ( the incumbent governor of Texas and son of former president George H.W. Bush ) against Democratic candidate Al Gore ( the incumbent Vice President of the United States under Bill Clinton ) . Despite Gore receiving 543,895 more votes ( 0.51 % of all votes cast ) , the Electoral College chose Bush as president by a vote of 271 to 266 . </P> <P> Vice President Gore secured the Democratic nomination with relative ease . Bush was seen as the early favorite for the Republican nomination , and despite a contentious primary battle with Senator John McCain and other candidates , secured the nomination by Super Tuesday . Many third - party candidates also ran , most prominently Ralph Nader . Bush chose former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his running mate , and Gore chose Senator Joe Lieberman as his . Both major - party candidates focused primarily on domestic issues , such as the budget , tax relief , and reforms for federal social - insurance programs , though foreign policy was not ignored . </P> <P> The result of the election hinged on voting in Florida , where Bush 's narrow margin of victory of just 537 votes out of almost 6 million votes cast on election night triggered a mandatory recount . Litigation in select counties started additional recounts , and this litigation ultimately reached the United States Supreme Court . The Court 's contentious decision in Bush v. Gore , announced on December 12 , 2000 , ended the recounts , effectively awarding Florida 's votes to Bush and granting him the victory . Later studies have reached conflicting opinions on who would have won the recount had it been allowed to proceed . Nationwide , George Bush received 50,456,002 votes ( 47.87 % ) and Gore received 50,999,897 ( 48.38 % ) . </P> <H3> 2016 : Donald Trump ( edit ) </H3> Hillary Clinton ( left ) won more of the popular vote than elected President Donald Trump ( right ) in 2016 . <P> The 2016 presidential election featured Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton ( former U.S. Senator from New York , Secretary of State , and First Lady to President Bill Clinton ) and Republican nominee Donald Trump , a billionaire businessman ( owner of the Trump Organization ) from New York City , who had no prior political experience or service in the military . Both nominees had turbulent journeys in primary races , and were seen unfavorably by the general public . The election saw multiple third party candidates , and there were over a million write - in votes cast . </P> <P> Most national and swing state polls favored Clinton , who was strongly favored to win by most media outlets . However , Trump exceeded expectations on Election Day , especially in the Rust Belt where he won the traditionally Democratic states of Michigan , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin by narrow margins . Clinton recorded lopsided margins in large states such as California , Illinois and New York while coming closer to winning Texas , Arizona and Georgia than any Democratic nominee since the turn of the millennium . Clinton also won the safely Democratic medium - sized states such as Maryland , Massachusetts , New Jersey , and Washington with vast margins . Clinton managed to edge out Trump in Virginia , a swing state where her running mate Tim Kaine had served as Governor . Trump also won the traditional bellwether state of Florida by a tight margin along with the recent battleground state of North Carolina , further contributing to the electoral flip of the popular vote . Trump won by a large margin in Indiana , Missouri , Ohio and Tennessee with most of Trump 's larger wins coming in smaller states . </P> <P> When the Electoral College cast its votes on December 19 , 2016 , Trump received 304 votes to Clinton 's 227 with seven electors defecting to other choices , the most faithless electors ( 2 from Trump , 5 from Clinton ) in any presidential election in over a hundred years . Clinton had nonetheless received almost three million more votes ( 65,853,516 to 62,984,825 ) in the general election than Trump , giving Clinton a popular vote lead of 2.1 % over Trump . </P> <P> After the election , Trump claimed that he `` won the popular vote if you deduct the millions of people who voted illegally '' . This claim was judged untrue by multiple fact - checkers . </P> <H2> Comparative table of elections ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> Democratic - Republican DR Democratic D Republican R </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Election </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Winner and party </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Electoral College </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Popular vote </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Runner - up and party </Th> <Th> Turnout </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> <Th> Votes </Th> <Th> % </Th> <Th> Votes </Th> <Th> Margin </Th> <Th> % </Th> <Th> Margin </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> <Th> % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1824 </Td> <Td> Adams , John Quincy Adams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DR </Td> <Td> 84 / 261 </Td> <Td> 32.18 % </Td> <Td> 113,122 </Td> <Td> − 38,149 </Td> <Td> 30.92 % </Td> <Td> − 10.44 % </Td> <Td> Jackson , Andrew Jackson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DR </Td> <Td> 26.90 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1876 </Td> <Td> Hayes , Rutherford B. Hayes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 185 / 369 </Td> <Td> 50.14 % </Td> <Td> 4,034,311 </Td> <Td> − 254,235 </Td> <Td> 47.92 % </Td> <Td> − 3.02 % </Td> <Td> Tilden , Samuel J. Tilden </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 81.80 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1888 </Td> <Td> Harrison , Benjamin Harrison </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 233 / 401 </Td> <Td> 58.10 % </Td> <Td> 5,443,892 </Td> <Td> − 90,596 </Td> <Td> 47.80 % </Td> <Td> − 0.79 % </Td> <Td> Cleveland , Grover Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 79.30 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Bush , George W. Bush </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 271 / 538 </Td> <Td> 50.37 % </Td> <Td> 50,456,002 </Td> <Td> − 543,895 </Td> <Td> 47.87 % </Td> <Td> − 0.51 % </Td> <Td> Gore , Al Gore </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 51.20 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Trump , Donald Trump </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 304 / 538 </Td> <Td> 56.50 % </Td> <Td> 62,984,825 </Td> <Td> − 2,868,691 </Td> <Td> 46.09 % </Td> <Td> − 2.10 % </Td> <Td> Clinton , Hillary Clinton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55.30 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> 1960 Alabama Results ambiguity ( edit ) </H2> There is disagreement about whether Richard Nixon ( left ) or elected President John F. Kennedy ( right ) won more of the popular vote in 1960 . Main article : United States presidential election in Alabama , 1960 <P> In the 1960 United States presidential election , Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy defeated Republican candidate Richard Nixon . Kennedy is generally considered to have won the popular vote as well , by a narrow margin , but based on the unusual nature of the election in Alabama , political journalists John Fund and Sean Trende have argued that Nixon actually won the popular vote . </P> <P> Historian and Kennedy associate Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. wrote that , `` It is impossible to determine what Kennedy 's popular vote in Alabama was '' and under one scenario `` Nixon would have won the popular vote by 58,000 '' . A third major candidate in the 1960 election was Harry Flood Byrd , Sr. who won 15 electoral votes nationwide that year . According to political scientist Steven Schier , `` If one divides the Alabama Democratic votes proportionately between the Kennedy and Byrd slates , Nixon ekes out a 50,000 vote popular plurality ... '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Contemporary issues and criticism of the Electoral College </Li> <Li> List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin </Li> <Li> List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin </Li> <Li> National Popular Vote Interstate Compact </Li> <Li> United States ' presidential plurality victories </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Popular vote and voter turnout figures for the 1824 election exclude Delaware , Georgia , Louisiana , New York , South Carolina , and Vermont . In all of these states , the electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by popular vote . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1824 Presidential election goes to the House '' . History . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Streb , Matthew J. ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) . Rethinking American Electoral Democracy . Routledge . p. 172 . ISBN 9781317519829 . OCLC 928999469 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Savage , David ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` For the fourth time in American history , the president - elect lost the popular vote . Credit the electoral college '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwards III , George C. ( 2011 ) . Why the Electoral College is Bad for America ( Second ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16649 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chang , Alvin ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Trump will be the 4th president to win the Electoral College after getting fewer votes than his opponent '' . Vox . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Election '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Mischief , The Wall Street Journal , September 8 , 2004 '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote ? '' . RealClearPolitics . October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` John Quincy Adams : Campaigns and Elections '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Election of 1824 Was Decided in the House of Representatives : The Controversial Election was Denounced as ' The Corrupt Bargain ' '' , Robert McNamara , About.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stenberg , R.R. ( 1934 ) . `` Jackson , Buchanan , and the `` Corrupt Bargain '' Calumny `` . The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 58 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 85 . doi : 10.2307 / 20086857 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Faber , Richard and Bedford , Elizabeth . Domestic Programs of the American Presidents : A Critical Evaluation , p. 81 ( McFarland 2008 ) : `` While other presidential candidates have received a plurality of popular votes and lost , Tilden has been the only presidential candidate to receive a majority of the popular vote and lose . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Stephen A. ; Freedman , Eric ( 2011 ) . Presidents and Black America . CQ Press . p. 218 . ISBN 9781608710089 . In an eleventh - hour compromise between party leaders - considered the `` Great Betrayal '' by many blacks and southern Republicans ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Downs , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calhoun , page 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Socolofsky & Spetter , page 13 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2000 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTE '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Close to Clinton , Gore Keeps a Distance '' . The New York Times . 20 October 2000 . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CNN , Wade Payson - Denney . `` Who really won Bush - Gore election ? '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rockefeller , J.D. ( 2015 - 11 - 21 ) . Donald Trump : Life and Business Lessons . J.D. Rockefeller . ISBN 9781519453945 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sherman , Jill ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) . Donald Trump : Outspoken Personality and President . Lerner Publications . ISBN 9781512438574 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sanders backers frustrated by defeats at Orlando platform meeting '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amy Tennery ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Trump accuses Cruz of stealing Iowa caucuses through ' fraud ' '' . Reuters . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics - Clinton & Trump : Favorability Ratings '' . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Third Parties Faded to the Background in a Shocking Election '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warner , Claire . `` Ralph Nader Got The Most Write - In Votes For President Ever , But Election Write - Ins Have A Long History '' . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frank Luntz : Ban exit polls '' . Politico . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trump stomps all over the Democrats ' Blue Wall , CNN , November 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Election Results : Donald J. Trump Wins '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Timeline of Key Dates '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration 's Office of the Federal Register . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` OFFICIAL 2016 PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS '' ( PDF ) . Federal Elections Commission . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) . `` In addition to winning the Electoral College in a landslide , I won the popular vote if you deduct the millions of people who voted illegally '' . @ realDonaldTrump . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shear , Michael D. ; Huetteman , Emmarie ( 2017 ) . `` Trump Repeats Lie About Popular Vote in Meeting With Lawmakers '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leip , David . `` 1824 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 26 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trende , Sean ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote ? '' . Real Clear Politics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Azari , Julia ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Most People Hate The Electoral College , But It 's Not Going Away Soon '' . FiveThirtyEight . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fund , John ( November 20 , 2003 ) . `` A Minority President '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2003 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur . Robert Kennedy and His Times , p. 220 ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schier , Steven . You Call This an Election ? : America 's Peculiar Democracy , p. 100 ( Georgetown University Press , 2003 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colomer , Josep . Political Institutions : Democracy and Social Choice , pp. 104 - 106 ( Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kurtzleben , Danielle . `` How To Win The Presidency With 23 Percent Of The Popular Vote '' , NPR ( November 2 , 2016 ) . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States presidential elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections by year </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1788 -- 89 </Li> <Li> 1792 </Li> <Li> 1796 </Li> <Li> 1800 </Li> <Li> 1804 </Li> <Li> 1808 </Li> <Li> 1812 </Li> <Li> 1816 </Li> <Li> 1820 </Li> <Li> 1824 </Li> <Li> 1828 </Li> <Li> 1832 </Li> <Li> 1836 </Li> <Li> 1840 </Li> <Li> 1844 </Li> <Li> 1848 </Li> <Li> 1852 </Li> <Li> 1856 </Li> <Li> 1860 </Li> <Li> 1864 </Li> <Li> 1868 </Li> <Li> 1872 </Li> <Li> 1876 </Li> <Li> 1880 </Li> <Li> 1884 </Li> <Li> 1888 </Li> <Li> 1892 </Li> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> 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Republican </Li> <Li> Third party </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> Libertarian </Li> <Li> Progressive </Li> <Li> National Republican / Whig </Li> <Li> African American </Li> <Li> Female </Li> <Li> Received at least one electoral vote </Li> <Li> Height </Li> <Li> Lost their home state </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Families </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First Families </Li> <Li> First Ladies </Li> <Li> Second Ladies </Li> <Li> Children </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Namesakes , honors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Memorial sites </Li> <Li> U.S. postage stamp appearances </Li> <Li> Educational institution names </Li> <Li> Currency appearances </Li> <Li> U.S. county names </Li> <Li> U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Presidents <Ul> <Li> actors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Vice Presidents <Ul> <Li> actors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Candidates </Li> <Li> Line of succession </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> US Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> United States portal </Li> <Li> Politics portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote&oldid=812490746 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> United States presidential elections statistics </Li> <Li> Elections not won by the popular vote winner </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing more detailed references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> 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Periodic table - wikipedia <H1> Periodic table </H1> This article is about the table used in chemistry and physics . For other uses , see Periodic table ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <P> The periodic table , or periodic table of elements , is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements , ordered by their atomic number , electron configuration , and recurring chemical properties , whose structure shows periodic trends . Generally , within one row ( period ) the elements are metals to the left , and non-metals to the right , with the elements having similar chemical behaviours placed in the same column . Table rows are commonly called periods and columns are called groups . Six groups have accepted names as well as assigned numbers : for example , group 17 elements are the halogens ; and group 18 are the noble gases . Also displayed are four simple rectangular areas or blocks associated with the filling of different atomic orbitals . </P> <P> The organization of the periodic table can be used to derive relationships between the various element properties , but also the predicted chemical properties and behaviours of undiscovered or newly synthesized elements . Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first to publish a recognizable periodic table in 1869 , developed mainly to illustrate periodic trends of the then - known elements . He also predicted some properties of unidentified elements that were expected to fill gaps within the table . Most of his forecasts proved to be correct . Mendeleev 's idea has been slowly expanded and refined with the discovery or synthesis of further new elements and the development of new theoretical models to explain chemical behaviour . The modern periodic table now provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical reactions , and continues to be widely used in chemistry , nuclear physics and other sciences . </P> <P> All the elements from atomic numbers 1 ( hydrogen ) through 118 ( oganesson ) have been either discovered or synthesized , completing the first seven rows of the periodic table . The first 98 elements exist in nature , although some are found only in trace amounts and others were synthesized in laboratories before being found in nature . Elements 99 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors . The synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers is currently being pursued : these elements would begin an eighth row , and theoretical work has been done to suggest possible candidates for this extension . Numerous synthetic radionuclides of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Periodic table </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Periodic table forms ( show ) <Ul> <Li> 18 - column <Ul> <Li> detailed cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 32 - column ( detailed cells ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Alternative forms </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Janet 's left step </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Beyond period 7 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Aufbau </Li> <Li> Fricke </Li> <Li> Pyykkö </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Periodic table history ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Dmitri Mendeleev <Ul> <Li> predictions </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Discovery of elements </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Naming & etymology </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> for places </Li> <Li> for people </Li> <Li> controversies </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> ( in East Asia ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Systematic element names </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sets of elements </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By periodic table structure ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 1 ( alkali metals ) </Li> <Li> 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> 15 ( pnictogens ) </Li> <Li> 16 ( chalcogens ) </Li> <Li> 17 ( halogens ) </Li> <Li> 18 ( noble gases ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Periods ( 1 -- 7 , ... ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 8 + <Ul> <Li> Aufbau </Li> <Li> Fricke </Li> <Li> Pyykkö </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Atomic orbitals </Li> <Li> Aufbau principle </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By metallic classification ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Metals </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> alkali </Li> <Li> alkaline earth </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> transition </Li> <Li> post-transition </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> lanthanide </Li> <Li> actinide ( superactinide ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Metalloids </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> dividing metals & nonmetals </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Nonmetals </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> reactive nonmetals </Li> <Li> noble gases </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By other characteristics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Coinage metals </Li> <Li> Platinum - group metals </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Precious metals </Li> <Li> Refractory metals </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Heavy metals </Li> <Li> Light metals </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Native metals </Li> <Li> Noble metals </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Main - group elements </Li> <Li> Rare - earth elements </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Transuranium , transplutonium elements </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Major , minor & trans - actinides </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elements </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> List of chemical elements ( show ) <Ul> <Li> by abundance ( in human body ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> by atomic properties </Li> <Li> by isotope stability </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> by annual production </Li> <Li> by symbol </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Properties of elements ( show ) <Table> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Atomic weight </Li> <Li> Crystal structure </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Electron affinity </Li> <Li> configuration </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Electronegativity ( Allen , Pauling ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Goldschmidt classification </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Nutrition </Li> <Li> Valence </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Data pages for elements ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Abundance </Li> <Li> Atomic radius </Li> <Li> Boiling point </Li> <Li> Critical point </Li> <Li> Density </Li> <Li> Elasticity </Li> <Li> Electrical resistivity </Li> <Li> Electron affinity / configuration </Li> <Li> Electronegativity </Li> <Li> Hardness </Li> <Li> Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization </Li> <Li> Ionization energy </Li> <Li> Melting point </Li> <Li> Oxidation state </Li> <Li> Speed of sound </Li> <Li> Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient </Li> <Li> Vapor pressure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Chemistry Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 Grouping methods <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Groups </Li> <Li> 2.2 Periods </Li> <Li> 2.3 Blocks </Li> <Li> 2.4 Metals , metalloids and nonmetals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Periodic trends and patterns <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Electron configuration </Li> <Li> 3.2 Atomic radii </Li> <Li> 3.3 Ionization energy </Li> <Li> 3.4 Electronegativity </Li> <Li> 3.5 Electron affinity </Li> <Li> 3.6 Metallic character </Li> <Li> 3.7 Linking or bridging groups </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 History <Ul> <Li> 4.1 First systemization attempts </Li> <Li> 4.2 Mendeleev 's table </Li> <Li> 4.3 Second version and further development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Different periodic tables <Ul> <Li> 5.1 The long - or 32 - column table </Li> <Li> 5.2 Tables with different structures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Open questions and controversies <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Placement of hydrogen and helium </Li> <Li> 6.2 Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 <Ul> <Li> 6.2. 1 Lanthanum and actinium </Li> <Li> 6.2. 2 Lutetium and lawrencium </Li> <Li> 6.2. 3 Lanthanides and actinides </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.3 Groups included in the transition metals </Li> <Li> 6.4 Elements with unknown chemical properties </Li> <Li> 6.5 Further periodic table extensions </Li> <Li> 6.6 Element with the highest possible atomic number </Li> <Li> 6.7 Optimal form </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Overview </H2> For a more detailed periodic table , see Periodic table ( large cells ) . hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Periodic table <Table> <Tr> <Th> Group </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alkali metals </Td> <Td> Alkaline earth metals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pnictogens </Td> <Td> Chalcogens </Td> <Td> Halogens </Td> <Td> Noble gases </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Period <P> </P> </Th> <Td> Hydrogen 1H 7000100800000000000 ♠ 1.008 </Td> <Td_colspan="17"> </Td> <Td> Helium 2He 7000400260000000000 ♠ 4.0026 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Lithium 3Li 7000694000000000000 ♠ 6.94 </Td> <Td> Beryllium 4Be 7000901220000000000 ♠ 9.0122 </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> </Td> <Td> Boron 5B 7001108100000000000 ♠ 10.81 </Td> <Td> Carbon 6C 7001120110000000000 ♠ 12.011 </Td> <Td> Nitrogen 7N 7001140070000000000 ♠ 14.007 </Td> <Td> Oxygen 8O 7001159990000000000 ♠ 15.999 </Td> <Td> Fluorine 9F 7001189980000000000 ♠ 18.998 </Td> <Td> Neon 10 Ne 7001201800000000000 ♠ 20.180 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Sodium 11 Na 7001229899999999999 ♠ 22.990 </Td> <Td> Magnesium 12 Mg 7001243050000000000 ♠ 24.305 </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> </Td> <Td> Aluminium 13 Al 7001269820000000000 ♠ 26.982 </Td> <Td> Silicon 14 Si 7001280850000000000 ♠ 28.085 </Td> <Td> Phosphorus 15 P 7001309740000000000 ♠ 30.974 </Td> <Td> Sulfur 16 S 7001320600000000000 ♠ 32.06 </Td> <Td> Chlorine 17 Cl 7001354500000000000 ♠ 35.45 </Td> <Td> Argon 18 Ar 7001399480000000000 ♠ 39.948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Potassium 19 K 7001390980000000000 ♠ 39.098 </Td> <Td> Calcium 20 Ca 7001400780000000000 ♠ 40.078 </Td> <Td> Scandium 21 Sc 7001449560000000000 ♠ 44.956 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Titanium 22 Ti 7001478670000000000 ♠ 47.867 </Td> <Td> Vanadium 23 V 7001509420000000000 ♠ 50.942 </Td> <Td> Chromium 24 Cr 7001519960000000000 ♠ 51.996 </Td> <Td> Manganese 25 Mn 7001549380000000000 ♠ 54.938 </Td> <Td> Iron 26 Fe 7001558450000000000 ♠ 55.845 </Td> <Td> Cobalt 27 Co 7001589330000000000 ♠ 58.933 </Td> <Td> Nickel 28 Ni 7001586930000000000 ♠ 58.693 </Td> <Td> Copper 29 Cu 7001635460000000000 ♠ 63.546 </Td> <Td> Zinc 30 Zn 7001653800000000000 ♠ 65.38 </Td> <Td> Gallium 31 Ga 7001697230000000000 ♠ 69.723 </Td> <Td> Germanium 32 Ge 7001726300000000000 ♠ 72.630 </Td> <Td> Arsenic 33 As 7001749220000000000 ♠ 74.922 </Td> <Td> Selenium 34 Se 7001789710000000000 ♠ 78.971 </Td> <Td> Bromine 35 Br 7001799040000000000 ♠ 79.904 </Td> <Td> Krypton 36 Kr 7001837980000000000 ♠ 83.798 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Rubidium 37 Rb 7001854680000000000 ♠ 85.468 </Td> <Td> Strontium 38 Sr 7001876200000000000 ♠ 87.62 </Td> <Td> Yttrium 39 Y 7001889060000000000 ♠ 88.906 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zirconium 40 Zr 7001912240000000000 ♠ 91.224 </Td> <Td> Niobium 41 Nb 7001929060000000000 ♠ 92.906 </Td> <Td> Molybdenum 42 Mo 7001959500000000000 ♠ 95.95 </Td> <Td> Technetium 43 Tc ( 98 ) </Td> <Td> Ruthenium 44 Ru 7002101070000000000 ♠ 101.07 </Td> <Td> Rhodium 45 Rh 7002102910000000000 ♠ 102.91 </Td> <Td> Palladium 46 Pd 7002106420000000000 ♠ 106.42 </Td> <Td> Silver 47 Ag 7002107870000000000 ♠ 107.87 </Td> <Td> Cadmium 48 Cd 7002112410000000000 ♠ 112.41 </Td> <Td> Indium 49 In 7002114820000000000 ♠ 114.82 </Td> <Td> Tin 50 Sn 7002118710000000000 ♠ 118.71 </Td> <Td> Antimony 51 Sb 7002121760000000000 ♠ 121.76 </Td> <Td> Tellurium 52 Te 7002127600000000000 ♠ 127.60 </Td> <Td> Iodine 53 I 7002126900000000000 ♠ 126.90 </Td> <Td> Xenon 54 Xe 7002131289999999999 ♠ 131.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Caesium 55 Cs 7002132910000000000 ♠ 132.91 </Td> <Td> Barium 56 Ba 7002137330000000000 ♠ 137.33 </Td> <Td> Lanthanum 57 La 7002138910000000000 ♠ 138.91 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hafnium 72 Hf 7002178490000000000 ♠ 178.49 </Td> <Td> Tantalum 73 Ta 7002180950000000000 ♠ 180.95 </Td> <Td> Tungsten 74 W 7002183840000000000 ♠ 183.84 </Td> <Td> Rhenium 75 Re 7002186210000000000 ♠ 186.21 </Td> <Td> Osmium 76 Os 7002190230000000000 ♠ 190.23 </Td> <Td> Iridium 77 Ir 7002192220000000000 ♠ 192.22 </Td> <Td> Platinum 78 Pt 7002195080000000000 ♠ 195.08 </Td> <Td> Gold 79 Au 7002196970000000000 ♠ 196.97 </Td> <Td> Mercury 80 Hg 7002200590000000000 ♠ 200.59 </Td> <Td> Thallium 81 Tl 7002204380000000000 ♠ 204.38 </Td> <Td> Lead 82 Pb 7002207200000000000 ♠ 207.2 </Td> <Td> Bismuth 83 Bi 7002208980000000000 ♠ 208.98 </Td> <Td> Polonium 84 Po ( 209 ) </Td> <Td> Astatine 85 At ( 210 ) </Td> <Td> Radon 86 Rn ( 222 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Francium 87 Fr ( 223 ) </Td> <Td> Radium 88 Ra ( 226 ) </Td> <Td> Actinium 89 Ac ( 227 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rutherfordium 104 Rf ( 267 ) </Td> <Td> Dubnium 105 Db ( 268 ) </Td> <Td> Seaborgium 106 Sg ( 269 ) </Td> <Td> Bohrium 107 Bh ( 270 ) </Td> <Td> Hassium 108 Hs ( 270 ) </Td> <Td> Meitnerium 109 Mt ( 278 ) </Td> <Td> Darmstadtium 110 Ds ( 281 ) </Td> <Td> Roentgenium 111 Rg ( 282 ) </Td> <Td> Copernicium 112 Cn ( 285 ) </Td> <Td> Nihonium 113 Nh ( 286 ) </Td> <Td> Flerovium 114 Fl ( 289 ) </Td> <Td> Moscovium 115 Mc ( 290 ) </Td> <Td> Livermorium 116 Lv ( 293 ) </Td> <Td> Tennessine 117 Ts ( 294 ) </Td> <Td> Oganesson 118 Og ( 294 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="20"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cerium 58 Ce 7002140120000000000 ♠ 140.12 </Td> <Td> Praseodymium 59 Pr 7002140910000000000 ♠ 140.91 </Td> <Td> Neodymium 60 Nd 7002144240000000000 ♠ 144.24 </Td> <Td> Promethium 61 Pm ( 145 ) </Td> <Td> Samarium 62 Sm 7002150360000000000 ♠ 150.36 </Td> <Td> Europium 63 Eu 7002151960000000000 ♠ 151.96 </Td> <Td> Gadolinium 64 Gd 7002157250000000000 ♠ 157.25 </Td> <Td> Terbium 65 Tb 7002158930000000000 ♠ 158.93 </Td> <Td> Dysprosium 66 Dy 7002162500000000000 ♠ 162.50 </Td> <Td> Holmium 67 Ho 7002164930000000000 ♠ 164.93 </Td> <Td> Erbium 68 Er 7002167260000000000 ♠ 167.26 </Td> <Td> Thulium 69 Tm 7002168930000000000 ♠ 168.93 </Td> <Td> Ytterbium 70 Yb 7002173050000000000 ♠ 173.05 </Td> <Td> Lutetium 71 Lu 7002174970000000000 ♠ 174.97 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thorium 90 Th 7002232040000000000 ♠ 232.04 </Td> <Td> Protactinium 91 Pa 7002231040000000000 ♠ 231.04 </Td> <Td> Uranium 92 U 7002238030000000000 ♠ 238.03 </Td> <Td> Neptunium 93 Np ( 237 ) </Td> <Td> Plutonium 94 Pu ( 244 ) </Td> <Td> Americium 95 Am ( 243 ) </Td> <Td> Curium 96 Cm ( 247 ) </Td> <Td> Berkelium 97 Bk ( 247 ) </Td> <Td> Californium 98 Cf ( 251 ) </Td> <Td> Einsteinium 99 Es ( 252 ) </Td> <Td> Fermium 100 Fm ( 257 ) </Td> <Td> Mendelevium 101 Md ( 258 ) </Td> <Td> Nobelium 102 No ( 259 ) </Td> <Td> Lawrencium 103 Lr ( 266 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> 1 ( red ) = Gas 3 ( black ) = Solid 80 ( green ) = Liquid 109 ( gray ) = Unknown Color of the atomic number shows state of matter ( at 0 ° C and 1 atm ) </P> Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element Standard atomic weight ( A ) <Ul> <Li> Ca : 7001400780000000000 ♠ 40.078 -- Formal short value , rounded ( no uncertainty ) </Li> <Li> Po : ( 209 ) -- mass number of the most stable isotope </Li> </Ul> <P> Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Metal </Td> <Td> Metalloid </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Nonmetal </Td> <Td> Unknown chemical properties </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alkali metal </Td> <Td> Alkaline earth metal </Td> <Td> Lanthanide </Td> <Td> Actinide </Td> <Td> Transition metal </Td> <Td> Post - transition metal </Td> <Td> Reactive nonmetal </Td> <Td> Noble gas </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Each chemical element has a unique atomic number ( Z ) representing the number of protons in its nucleus . Most elements have differing numbers of neutrons among different atoms , with these variants being referred to as isotopes . For example , carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes : all of its atoms have six protons and most have six neutrons as well , but about one per cent have seven neutrons , and a very small fraction have eight neutrons . Isotopes are never separated in the periodic table ; they are always grouped together under a single element . Elements with no stable isotopes have the atomic masses of their most stable isotopes , where such masses are shown , listed in parentheses . </P> <P> In the standard periodic table , the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z ( the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom ) . A new row ( period ) is started when a new electron shell has its first electron . Columns ( groups ) are determined by the electron configuration of the atom ; elements with the same number of electrons in a particular subshell fall into the same columns ( e.g. oxygen and selenium are in the same column because they both have four electrons in the outermost p - subshell ) . Elements with similar chemical properties generally fall into the same group in the periodic table , although in the f - block , and to some respect in the d - block , the elements in the same period tend to have similar properties , as well . Thus , it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it . </P> <P> As of 2016 , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements , from element 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) . Elements 113 , 115 , 117 and 118 , the most recent discoveries , were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) in December 2015 . Their proposed names , nihonium ( Nh ) , moscovium ( Mc ) , tennessine ( Ts ) and oganesson ( Og ) respectively , were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016 . </P> <P> The first 94 elements occur naturally ; the remaining 24 , americium to oganesson ( 95 -- 118 ) , occur only when synthesized in laboratories . Of the 94 naturally occurring elements , 83 are primordial and 11 occur only in decay chains of primordial elements . No element heavier than einsteinium ( element 99 ) has ever been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form , nor has astatine ( element 85 ) ; francium ( element 87 ) has been only photographed in the form of light emitted from microscopic quantities ( 300,000 atoms ) . </P> <H2> Grouping methods </H2> <H3> Groups </H3> Main article : Group ( periodic table ) <P> A group or family is a vertical column in the periodic table . Groups usually have more significant periodic trends than periods and blocks , explained below . Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain group trends by proposing that elements within the same group generally have the same electron configurations in their valence shell . Consequently , elements in the same group tend to have a shared chemistry and exhibit a clear trend in properties with increasing atomic number . In some parts of the periodic table , such as the d - block and the f - block , horizontal similarities can be as important as , or more pronounced than , vertical similarities . </P> <P> Under an international naming convention , the groups are numbered numerically from 1 to 18 from the leftmost column ( the alkali metals ) to the rightmost column ( the noble gases ) . Previously , they were known by roman numerals . In America , the roman numerals were followed by either an `` A '' if the group was in the s - or p - block , or a `` B '' if the group was in the d - block . The roman numerals used correspond to the last digit of today 's naming convention ( e.g. the group 4 elements were group IVB , and the group 14 elements were group IVA ) . In Europe , the lettering was similar , except that `` A '' was used if the group was before group 10 , and `` B '' was used for groups including and after group 10 . In addition , groups 8 , 9 and 10 used to be treated as one triple - sized group , known collectively in both notations as group VIII . In 1988 , the new IUPAC naming system was put into use , and the old group names were deprecated . </P> <P> Some of these groups have been given trivial ( unsystematic ) names , as seen in the table below , although some are rarely used . Groups 3 -- 10 have no trivial names and are referred to simply by their group numbers or by the name of the first member of their group ( such as `` the scandium group '' for group 3 ) , since they display fewer similarities and / or vertical trends . </P> <P> Elements in the same group tend to show patterns in atomic radius , ionization energy , and electronegativity . From top to bottom in a group , the atomic radii of the elements increase . Since there are more filled energy levels , valence electrons are found farther from the nucleus . From the top , each successive element has a lower ionization energy because it is easier to remove an electron since the atoms are less tightly bound . Similarly , a group has a top - to - bottom decrease in electronegativity due to an increasing distance between valence electrons and the nucleus . There are exceptions to these trends : for example , in group 11 , electronegativity increases farther down the group . </P> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Groups in the Periodic table <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> IUPAC group </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mendeleev ( I -- VIII ) </Td> <Td> IA </Td> <Td> II A </Td> <Td> III B </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> IV B </Td> <Td> VB </Td> <Td> VI B </Td> <Td> VII B </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> VIII B </Td> <Td> IB </Td> <Td> II B </Td> <Td> III B </Td> <Td> IV B </Td> <Td> VB </Td> <Td> VI B </Td> <Td> VII B </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> CAS ( US , A-B-A ) </Td> <Td> IA </Td> <Td> IIA </Td> <Td> IIIB </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> IVB </Td> <Td> VB </Td> <Td> VIB </Td> <Td> VIIB </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> VIIIB </Td> <Td> IB </Td> <Td> IIB </Td> <Td> IIIA </Td> <Td> IVA </Td> <Td> VA </Td> <Td> VIA </Td> <Td> VIIA </Td> <Td> VIIIA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> old IUPAC ( Europe , A-B ) </Td> <Td> IA </Td> <Td> IIA </Td> <Td> IIIA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> IVA </Td> <Td> VA </Td> <Td> VIA </Td> <Td> VIIA </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> VIII B </Td> <Td> IB </Td> <Td> IIB </Td> <Td> IIIB </Td> <Td> IVB </Td> <Td> VB </Td> <Td> VIB </Td> <Td> VIIB </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Trivial name </Td> <Td> Alkali metals </Td> <Td> Alkaline earth metals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Coinage metals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Triels </Td> <Td> Tetrels </Td> <Td> Pnictogens </Td> <Td> Chalcogens </Td> <Td> Halogens </Td> <Td> Noble gases </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Name by element </Td> <Td> Lithium group </Td> <Td> Beryllium group </Td> <Td> Scandium group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Titanium group </Td> <Td> Vanadium group </Td> <Td> Chromium group </Td> <Td> Manganese group </Td> <Td> Iron group </Td> <Td> Cobalt group </Td> <Td> Nickel group </Td> <Td> Copper group </Td> <Td> Zinc group </Td> <Td> Boron group </Td> <Td> Carbon group </Td> <Td> Nitrogen group </Td> <Td> Oxygen group </Td> <Td> Fluorine group </Td> <Td> Helium or Neon group </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Period 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> He </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Period 2 </Td> <Td> Li </Td> <Td> Be </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Period 3 </Td> <Td> Na </Td> <Td> Mg </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Al </Td> <Td> Si </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cl </Td> <Td> Ar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Period 4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ca </Td> <Td> Sc </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ti </Td> <Td> V </Td> <Td> Cr </Td> <Td> Mn </Td> <Td> Fe </Td> <Td> Co </Td> <Td> Ni </Td> <Td> Cu </Td> <Td> Zn </Td> <Td> Ga </Td> <Td> Ge </Td> <Td> As </Td> <Td> Se </Td> <Td> Br </Td> <Td> Kr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Period 5 </Td> <Td> Rb </Td> <Td> Sr </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zr </Td> <Td> Nb </Td> <Td> Mo </Td> <Td> Tc </Td> <Td> Ru </Td> <Td> Rh </Td> <Td> Pd </Td> <Td> Ag </Td> <Td> Cd </Td> <Td> In </Td> <Td> Sn </Td> <Td> Sb </Td> <Td> Te </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Xe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Period 6 </Td> <Td> Cs </Td> <Td> Ba </Td> <Td> La </Td> <Td> Ce -- Lu </Td> <Td> Hf </Td> <Td> Ta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Re </Td> <Td> Os </Td> <Td> Ir </Td> <Td> Pt </Td> <Td> Au </Td> <Td> Hg </Td> <Td> Tl </Td> <Td> Pb </Td> <Td> Bi </Td> <Td> Po </Td> <Td> At </Td> <Td> Rn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Period 7 </Td> <Td> Fr </Td> <Td> Ra </Td> <Td> Ac </Td> <Td> Th -- Lr </Td> <Td> Rf </Td> <Td> Db </Td> <Td> Sg </Td> <Td> Bh </Td> <Td> Hs </Td> <Td> Mt </Td> <Td> Ds </Td> <Td> Rg </Td> <Td> Cn </Td> <Td> Nh </Td> <Td> Fl </Td> <Td> Mc </Td> <Td> Lv </Td> <Td> Ts </Td> <Td> Og </Td> </Tr> </Table> Group 3 has scandium ( Sc ) and yttrium ( Y ) . For the rest of the group , sources differ as either being ( 1 ) lutetium ( Lu ) and lawrencium ( Lr ) , or ( 2 ) lanthanum ( La ) and actinium ( Ac ) , or ( 3 ) the whole set of 15 + 15 lanthanides and actinides . IUPAC has initiated a project to standardize the definition as either ( 1 ) Sc , Y , Lu and Lr , or ( 2 ) Sc , Y , La and Ac . Group 18 , the noble gases , were not discovered at the time of Mendeleev 's original table . Later ( 1902 ) , Mendeleev accepted the evidence for their existence , and they could be placed in a new `` group 0 '' , consistently and without breaking the periodic table principle . Group name as recommended by IUPAC . Hydrogen ( H ) , while placed in group 1 , is not considered to be part of the alkali metals . <H3> Periods </H3> Main article : Period ( periodic table ) <P> A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table . Although groups generally have more significant periodic trends , there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends , such as the f - block , where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements . </P> <P> Elements in the same period show trends in atomic radius , ionization energy , electron affinity , and electronegativity . Moving left to right across a period , atomic radius usually decreases . This occurs because each successive element has an added proton and electron , which causes the electron to be drawn closer to the nucleus . This decrease in atomic radius also causes the ionization energy to increase when moving from left to right across a period . The more tightly bound an element is , the more energy is required to remove an electron . Electronegativity increases in the same manner as ionization energy because of the pull exerted on the electrons by the nucleus . Electron affinity also shows a slight trend across a period . Metals ( left side of a period ) generally have a lower electron affinity than nonmetals ( right side of a period ) , with the exception of the noble gases . </P> <H3> Blocks </H3> Main article : Block ( periodic table ) Left to right : s - , f - , d - , p - block in the periodic table <P> Specific regions of the periodic table can be referred to as blocks in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled . Each block is named according to the subshell in which the `` last '' electron notionally resides . The s - block comprises the first two groups ( alkali metals and alkaline earth metals ) as well as hydrogen and helium . The p - block comprises the last six groups , which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC group numbering ( 3A to 8A in American group numbering ) and contains , among other elements , all of the metalloids . The d - block comprises groups 3 to 12 ( or 3B to 2B in American group numbering ) and contains all of the transition metals . The f - block , often offset below the rest of the periodic table , has no group numbers and comprises lanthanides and actinides . </P> <H3> Metals , metalloids and nonmetals </H3> Metals , metalloids , nonmetals , and elements with unknown chemical properties in the periodic table . Sources disagree on the classification of some of these elements . <P> According to their shared physical and chemical properties , the elements can be classified into the major categories of metals , metalloids and nonmetals . Metals are generally shiny , highly conducting solids that form alloys with one another and salt - like ionic compounds with nonmetals ( other than noble gases ) . A majority of nonmetals are coloured or colourless insulating gases ; nonmetals that form compounds with other nonmetals , feature covalent bonding . In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids , which have intermediate or mixed properties . </P> <P> Metal and nonmetals can be further classified into subcategories that show a gradation from metallic to non-metallic properties , when going left to right in the rows . The metals may be subdivided into the highly reactive alkali metals , through the less reactive alkaline earth metals , lanthanides and actinides , via the archetypal transition metals , and ending in the physically and chemically weak post-transition metals . Nonmetals may be simply subdivided into the polyatomic nonmetals , being nearer to the metalloids and show some incipient metallic character ; the essentially nonmetallic diatomic nonmetals , nonmetallic and the almost completely inert , monatomic noble gases . Specialized groupings such as refractory metals and noble metals , are examples of subsets of transition metals , also known and occasionally denoted . </P> <P> Placing elements into categories and subcategories based just on shared properties is imperfect . There is a large disparity of properties within each category with notable overlaps at the boundaries , as is the case with most classification schemes . Beryllium , for example , is classified as an alkaline earth metal although its amphoteric chemistry and tendency to mostly form covalent compounds are both attributes of a chemically weak or post-transition metal . Radon is classified as a nonmetallic noble gas yet has some cationic chemistry that is characteristic of metals . Other classification schemes are possible such as the division of the elements into mineralogical occurrence categories , or crystalline structures . Categorizing the elements in this fashion dates back to at least 1869 when Hinrichs wrote that simple boundary lines could be placed on the periodic table to show elements having shared properties , such as metals , nonmetals , or gaseous elements . </P> <H2> Periodic trends and patterns </H2> Main article : Periodic trends <H3> Electron configuration </H3> Main article : Electronic configuration Approximate order in which shells and subshells are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule <P> The electron configuration or organisation of electrons orbiting neutral atoms shows a recurring pattern or periodicity . The electrons occupy a series of electron shells ( numbered 1 , 2 , and so on ) . Each shell consists of one or more subshells ( named s , p , d , f and g ) . As atomic number increases , electrons progressively fill these shells and subshells more or less according to the Madelung rule or energy ordering rule , as shown in the diagram . The electron configuration for neon , for example , is 1s 2s 2p . With an atomic number of ten , neon has two electrons in the first shell , and eight electrons in the second shell ; there are two electrons in the s subshell and six in the p subshell . In periodic table terms , the first time an electron occupies a new shell corresponds to the start of each new period , these positions being occupied by hydrogen and the alkali metals . </P> Periodic table trends ( arrows show an increase ) <P> Since the properties of an element are mostly determined by its electron configuration , the properties of the elements likewise show recurring patterns or periodic behaviour , some examples of which are shown in the diagrams below for atomic radii , ionization energy and electron affinity . It is this periodicity of properties , manifestations of which were noticed well before the underlying theory was developed , that led to the establishment of the periodic law ( the properties of the elements recur at varying intervals ) and the formulation of the first periodic tables . </P> <H3> Atomic radii </H3> Main article : Atomic radius Atomic number plotted against atomic radius <P> Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explainable manner across the periodic table . For instance , the radii generally decrease along each period of the table , from the alkali metals to the noble gases ; and increase down each group . The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period . These trends of the atomic radii ( and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements ) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom ; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory . </P> <P> The electrons in the 4f - subshell , which is progressively filled across the lanthanide series , are not particularly effective at shielding the increasing nuclear charge from the sub-shells further out . The elements immediately following the lanthanides have atomic radii that are smaller than would be expected and that are almost identical to the atomic radii of the elements immediately above them . Hence hafnium has virtually the same atomic radius ( and chemistry ) as zirconium , and tantalum has an atomic radius similar to niobium , and so forth . This is known as the lanthanide contraction . The effect of the lanthanide contraction is noticeable up to platinum ( element 78 ) , after which it is masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert pair effect . The d - block contraction , which is a similar effect between the d - block and p - block , is less pronounced than the lanthanide contraction but arises from a similar cause . </P> <H3> Ionization energy </H3> Ionization energy : each period begins at a minimum for the alkali metals , and ends at a maximum for the noble gases Main article : Ionization energy <P> The first ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove one electron from an atom , the second ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove a second electron from the atom , and so on . For a given atom , successive ionization energies increase with the degree of ionization . For magnesium as an example , the first ionization energy is 738 kJ / mol and the second is 1450 kJ / mol . Electrons in the closer orbitals experience greater forces of electrostatic attraction ; thus , their removal requires increasingly more energy . Ionization energy becomes greater up and to the right of the periodic table . </P> <P> Large jumps in the successive molar ionization energies occur when removing an electron from a noble gas ( complete electron shell ) configuration . For magnesium again , the first two molar ionization energies of magnesium given above correspond to removing the two 3s electrons , and the third ionization energy is a much larger 7730 kJ / mol , for the removal of a 2p electron from the very stable neon - like configuration of Mg . Similar jumps occur in the ionization energies of other third - row atoms . </P> <H3> Electronegativity </H3> Main article : Electronegativity Graph showing increasing electronegativity with growing number of selected groups <P> Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons . An atom 's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus . The higher its electronegativity , the more an element attracts electrons . It was first proposed by Linus Pauling in 1932 . In general , electronegativity increases on passing from left to right along a period , and decreases on descending a group . Hence , fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements , while caesium is the least , at least of those elements for which substantial data is available . </P> <P> There are some exceptions to this general rule . Gallium and germanium have higher electronegativities than aluminium and silicon respectively because of the d - block contraction . Elements of the fourth period immediately after the first row of the transition metals have unusually small atomic radii because the 3d - electrons are not effective at shielding the increased nuclear charge , and smaller atomic size correlates with higher electronegativity . The anomalously high electronegativity of lead , particularly when compared to thallium and bismuth , appears to be an artifact of data selection and data availability . Methods of calculation other than the Pauling method show the normal periodic trends for these elements . </P> <H3> Electron affinity </H3> Main article : Electron affinity Dependence of electron affinity on atomic number . Values generally increase across each period , culminating with the halogens before decreasing precipitously with the noble gases . Examples of localized peaks seen in hydrogen , the alkali metals and the group 11 elements are caused by a tendency to complete the s - shell ( with the 6s shell of gold being further stabilized by relativistic effects and the presence of a filled 4f sub shell ) . Examples of localized troughs seen in the alkaline earth metals , and nitrogen , phosphorus , manganese and rhenium are caused by filled s - shells , or half - filled p - or d - shells . <P> The electron affinity of an atom is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion . Although electron affinity varies greatly , some patterns emerge . Generally , nonmetals have more positive electron affinity values than metals . Chlorine most strongly attracts an extra electron . The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been measured conclusively , so they may or may not have slightly negative values . </P> <P> Electron affinity generally increases across a period . This is caused by the filling of the valence shell of the atom ; a group 17 atom releases more energy than a group 1 atom on gaining an electron because it obtains a filled valence shell and is therefore more stable . </P> <P> A trend of decreasing electron affinity going down groups would be expected . The additional electron will be entering an orbital farther away from the nucleus . As such this electron would be less attracted to the nucleus and would release less energy when added . In going down a group , around one - third of elements are anomalous , with heavier elements having higher electron affinities than their next lighter congenors . Largely , this is due to the poor shielding by d and f electrons . A uniform decrease in electron affinity only applies to group 1 atoms . </P> <H3> Metallic character </H3> <P> The lower the values of ionization energy , electronegativity and electron affinity , the more metallic character the element has . Conversely , nonmetallic character increases with higher values of these properties . Given the periodic trends of these three properties , metallic character tends to decrease going across a period ( or row ) and , with some irregularities ( mostly ) due to poor screening of the nucleus by d and f electrons , and relativistic effects , tends to increase going down a group ( or column or family ) . Thus , the most metallic elements ( such as caesium and francium ) are found at the bottom left of traditional periodic tables and the most nonmetallic elements ( oxygen , fluorine , chlorine ) at the top right . The combination of horizontal and vertical trends in metallic character explains the stair - shaped dividing line between metals and nonmetals found on some periodic tables , and the practice of sometimes categorizing several elements adjacent to that line , or elements adjacent to those elements , as metalloids . </P> <H3> Linking or bridging groups </H3> Sc , Y , La , Ac , Lu , Lr , Cu , Ag , Au , Zn , Cd , Hg , He , Ne , Ar , Kr , Xe , Rn <Table> <Tr> <Td> Hydrogen </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> Helium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithium </Td> <Td> Beryllium </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Boron </Td> <Td> Carbon </Td> <Td> Nitrogen </Td> <Td> Oxygen </Td> <Td> Fluorine </Td> <Td> Neon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sodium </Td> <Td> Magnesium </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Aluminium </Td> <Td> Silicon </Td> <Td> Phosphorus </Td> <Td> Sulfur </Td> <Td> Chlorine </Td> <Td> Argon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Potassium </Td> <Td> Calcium </Td> <Td> Scandium </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Titanium </Td> <Td> Vanadium </Td> <Td> Chromium </Td> <Td> Manganese </Td> <Td> Iron </Td> <Td> Cobalt </Td> <Td> Nickel </Td> <Td> Copper </Td> <Td> Zinc </Td> <Td> Gallium </Td> <Td> Germanium </Td> <Td> Arsenic </Td> <Td> Selenium </Td> <Td> Bromine </Td> <Td> Krypton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rubidium </Td> <Td> Strontium </Td> <Td> Yttrium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> </Td> <Td> Zirconium </Td> <Td> Niobium </Td> <Td> Molybdenum </Td> <Td> Technetium </Td> <Td> Ruthenium </Td> <Td> Rhodium </Td> <Td> Palladium </Td> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> Cadmium </Td> <Td> Indium </Td> <Td> Tin </Td> <Td> Antimony </Td> <Td> Tellurium </Td> <Td> Iodine </Td> <Td> Xenon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caesium </Td> <Td> Barium </Td> <Td> Lanthanum </Td> <Td> Cerium </Td> <Td> Praseodymium </Td> <Td> Neodymium </Td> <Td> Promethium </Td> <Td> Samarium </Td> <Td> Europium </Td> <Td> Gadolinium </Td> <Td> Terbium </Td> <Td> Dysprosium </Td> <Td> Holmium </Td> <Td> Erbium </Td> <Td> Thulium </Td> <Td> Ytterbium </Td> <Td> Lutetium </Td> <Td> Hafnium </Td> <Td> Tantalum </Td> <Td> Tungsten </Td> <Td> Rhenium </Td> <Td> Osmium </Td> <Td> Iridium </Td> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> Mercury ( element ) </Td> <Td> Thallium </Td> <Td> Lead </Td> <Td> Bismuth </Td> <Td> Polonium </Td> <Td> Astatine </Td> <Td> Radon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Francium </Td> <Td> Radium </Td> <Td> Actinium </Td> <Td> Thorium </Td> <Td> Protactinium </Td> <Td> Uranium </Td> <Td> Neptunium </Td> <Td> Plutonium </Td> <Td> Americium </Td> <Td> Curium </Td> <Td> Berkelium </Td> <Td> Californium </Td> <Td> Einsteinium </Td> <Td> Fermium </Td> <Td> Mendelevium </Td> <Td> Nobelium </Td> <Td> Lawrencium </Td> <Td> Rutherfordium </Td> <Td> Dubnium </Td> <Td> Seaborgium </Td> <Td> Bohrium </Td> <Td> Hassium </Td> <Td> Meitnerium </Td> <Td> Darmstadtium </Td> <Td> Roentgenium </Td> <Td> Copernicium </Td> <Td> Nihonium </Td> <Td> Flerovium </Td> <Td> Moscovium </Td> <Td> Livermorium </Td> <Td> Tennessine </Td> <Td> Oganesson </Td> </Tr> </Table> 32 - column periodic table showing , from left to right , the location of group 3 ; lutetium and lawrencium ; groups 11 -- 12 ; and the noble gases <P> From left to right across the four blocks of the long - or 32 - column form of the periodic table are a series of linking or bridging groups of elements , located approximately between each block . These groups , like the metalloids , show properties in between , or that are a mixture of , groups to either side . Chemically , the group 3 elements , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium behave largely like the alkaline earth metals or , more generally , s block metals but have some of the physical properties of d block transition metals . Lutetium and lawrencium , at the end of the end of the f block , may constitute another linking or bridging group . Lutetium behaves chemically as a lanthanide but shows a mix of lanthanide and transition metal physical properties . Lawrencium , as an analogue of lutetium , would presumably display like characteristics . The coinage metals in group 11 ( copper , silver , and gold ) are chemically capable of acting as either transition metals or main group metals . The volatile group 12 metals , zinc , cadmium and mercury are sometimes regarded as linking the d block to the p block . Notionally they are d block elements but they have few transition metal properties and are more like their p block neighbors in group 13 . The relatively inert noble gases , in group 18 , bridge the most reactive groups of elements in the periodic table -- the halogens in group 17 and the alkali metals in group 1 . </P> <H2> History </H2> Main article : History of the periodic table <H3> First systemization attempts </H3> The discovery of the elements mapped to significant periodic table development dates ( pre - , per - and post - ) <P> In 1789 , Antoine Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements , grouping them into gases , metals , nonmetals , and earths . Chemists spent the following century searching for a more precise classification scheme . In 1829 , Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner observed that many of the elements could be grouped into triads based on their chemical properties . Lithium , sodium , and potassium , for example , were grouped together in a triad as soft , reactive metals . Döbereiner also observed that , when arranged by atomic weight , the second member of each triad was roughly the average of the first and the third ; this became known as the Law of Triads . German chemist Leopold Gmelin worked with this system , and by 1843 he had identified ten triads , three groups of four , and one group of five . Jean - Baptiste Dumas published work in 1857 describing relationships between various groups of metals . Although various chemists were able to identify relationships between small groups of elements , they had yet to build one scheme that encompassed them all . </P> <P> In 1857 , German chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often has four other atoms bonded to it . Methane , for example , has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms . This concept eventually became known as valency ; different elements bond with different numbers of atoms . </P> <P> In 1862 , Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois , a French geologist , published an early form of periodic table , which he called the telluric helix or screw . He was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements . With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight , de Chancourtois showed that elements with similar properties seemed to occur at regular intervals . His chart included some ions and compounds in addition to elements . His paper also used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram ; as a result , it received little attention until the work of Dmitri Mendeleev . </P> <P> In 1864 , Julius Lothar Meyer , a German chemist , published a table with 44 elements arranged by valency . The table showed that elements with similar properties often shared the same valency . Concurrently , English chemist William Odling published an arrangement of 57 elements , ordered on the basis of their atomic weights . With some irregularities and gaps , he noticed what appeared to be a periodicity of atomic weights among the elements and that this accorded with `` their usually received groupings '' . Odling alluded to the idea of a periodic law but did not pursue it . He subsequently proposed ( in 1870 ) a valence - based classification of the elements . </P> Newlands ' periodic table , as presented to the Chemical Society in 1866 , and based on the law of octaves <P> English chemist John Newlands produced a series of papers from 1863 to 1866 noting that when the elements were listed in order of increasing atomic weight , similar physical and chemical properties recurred at intervals of eight ; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music . This so termed Law of Octaves was ridiculed by Newlands ' contemporaries , and the Chemical Society refused to publish his work . Newlands was nonetheless able to draft a table of the elements and used it to predict the existence of missing elements , such as germanium . The Chemical Society only acknowledged the significance of his discoveries five years after they credited Mendeleev . </P> <P> In 1867 , Gustavus Hinrichs , a Danish born academic chemist based in America , published a spiral periodic system based on atomic spectra and weights , and chemical similarities . His work was regarded as idiosyncratic , ostentatious and labyrinthine and this may have militated against its recognition and acceptance . </P> <H3> Mendeleev 's table </H3> Dmitri Mendeleev , watercolour by Ilya Repin Mendeleev 's periodic table from his book An Attempt Towards a Chemical Conception of the Ether A version of Mendeleev 's 1869 periodic table : An experiment on a system of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities . This early arrangement presents the periods vertically , and the groups horizontally . <P> Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870 , respectively . Mendeleev 's table was his first published version ; that of Meyer was an expanded version of his ( Meyer 's ) table of 1864 . They both constructed their tables by listing the elements in rows or columns in order of atomic weight and starting a new row or column when the characteristics of the elements began to repeat . </P> <P> The recognition and acceptance afforded to Mendeleev 's table came from two decisions he made . The first was to leave gaps in the table when it seemed that the corresponding element had not yet been discovered . Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do so , but he was the first to be recognized as using the trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of those missing elements , such as gallium and germanium . The second decision was to occasionally ignore the order suggested by the atomic weights and switch adjacent elements , such as tellurium and iodine , to better classify them into chemical families . </P> <P> Mendeleev published in 1869 , using atomic weight to organize the elements , information determinable to fair precision in his time . Atomic weight worked well enough to allow Mendeleev to accurately predict the properties of missing elements . </P> <P> Following the discovery , in 1911 , by Ernest Rutherford of the atomic nucleus , it was proposed that the integer count of the nuclear charge is identical to the sequential place of each element in the periodic table . In 1913 , Henry Moseley using X-ray spectroscopy confirmed this proposal experimentally . Moseley determined the value of the nuclear charge of each element , and showed that Mendeleev 's ordering actually places the elements in sequential order by nuclear charge . Nuclear charge is identical to proton count , and determines the value of the atomic number ( Z ) of each element . Using atomic number gives a definitive , integer - based sequence for the elements . Moseley predicted , in 1913 , that the only elements still missing between aluminium ( Z = 13 ) and gold ( Z = 79 ) were Z = 43 , 61 , 72 , and 75 , all of which were later discovered . The atomic number is the absolute definition of an element , and gives a factual basis for the ordering of the periodic table . The periodic table is used to predict the properties of new synthetic elements before they are produced and studied . </P> <H3> Second version and further development </H3> Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table with eight groups of elements . Dashes represented elements unknown in 1871 . Eight - column form of periodic table , updated with all elements discovered to 2016 <P> In 1871 , Mendeleev published his periodic table in a new form , with groups of similar elements arranged in columns rather than in rows , and those columns numbered I to VIII corresponding with the element 's oxidation state . He also gave detailed predictions for the properties of elements he had earlier noted were missing , but should exist . These gaps were subsequently filled as chemists discovered additional naturally occurring elements . It is often stated that the last naturally occurring element to be discovered was francium ( referred to by Mendeleev as eka - caesium ) in 1939 . Plutonium , produced synthetically in 1940 , was identified in trace quantities as a naturally occurring element in 1971 . </P> <P> The popular periodic table layout , also known as the common or standard form ( as shown at various other points in this article ) , is attributable to Horace Groves Deming . In 1923 , Deming , an American chemist , published short ( Mendeleev style ) and medium ( 18 - column ) form periodic tables . Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming 's 18 - column medium table , in 1928 , which was widely circulated in American schools . By the 1930s Deming 's table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopaedias of chemistry . It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent - Welch Scientific Company . </P> <P> With the development of modern quantum mechanical theories of electron configurations within atoms , it became apparent that each period ( row ) in the table corresponded to the filling of a quantum shell of electrons . Larger atoms have more electron sub-shells , so later tables have required progressively longer periods . </P> Glenn T. Seaborg , in 1945 , suggested a new periodic table showing the actinides as belonging to a second f - block series . <P> In 1945 , Glenn Seaborg , an American scientist , made the suggestion that the actinide elements , like the lanthanides , were filling an f sub-level . Before this time the actinides were thought to be forming a fourth d - block row . Seaborg 's colleagues advised him not to publish such a radical suggestion as it would most likely ruin his career . As Seaborg considered he did not then have a career to bring into disrepute , he published anyway . Seaborg 's suggestion was found to be correct and he subsequently went on to win the 1951 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in synthesizing actinide elements . </P> <P> Although minute quantities of some transuranic elements occur naturally , they were all first discovered in laboratories . Their production has expanded the periodic table significantly , the first of these being neptunium , synthesized in 1939 . Because many of the transuranic elements are highly unstable and decay quickly , they are challenging to detect and characterize when produced . There have been controversies concerning the acceptance of competing discovery claims for some elements , requiring independent review to determine which party has priority , and hence naming rights . In 2010 , a joint Russia -- US collaboration at Dubna , Moscow Oblast , Russia , claimed to have synthesized six atoms of tennessine ( element 117 ) , making it the most recently claimed discovery . It , along with nihonium ( element 113 ) , moscovium ( element 115 ) , and oganesson ( element 118 ) , are the four most recently named elements , whose names all became official on 28 November 2016 . </P> <H2> Different periodic tables </H2> <H3> The long - or 32 - column table </H3> The periodic table in 32 - column format <P> The modern periodic table is sometimes expanded into its long or 32 - column form by reinstating the footnoted f - block elements into their natural position between the s - and d - blocks . Unlike the 18 - column form this arrangement results in `` no interruptions in the sequence of increasing atomic numbers '' . The relationship of the f - block to the other blocks of the periodic table also becomes easier to see . Jensen advocates a form of table with 32 columns on the grounds that the lanthanides and actinides are otherwise relegated in the minds of students as dull , unimportant elements that can be quarantined and ignored . Despite these advantages the 32 - column form is generally avoided by editors on account of its undue rectangular ratio ( compared to a book page ratio ) , and the familiarity of chemists with the modern form ( as introduced by Seaborg ) . </P> <H3> Tables with different structures </H3> Main article : Alternative periodic tables <P> Within 100 years of the appearance of Mendeleev 's table in 1869 , Edward G. Mazurs had collected an estimated 700 different published versions of the periodic table . As well as numerous rectangular variations , other periodic table formats have been shaped , for example , like a circle , cube , cylinder , building , spiral , lemniscate , octagonal prism , pyramid , sphere , or triangle . Such alternatives are often developed to highlight or emphasize chemical or physical properties of the elements that are not as apparent in traditional periodic tables . </P> Theodor Benfey 's spiral periodic table <P> A popular alternative structure is that of Otto Theodor Benfey ( 1960 ) . The elements are arranged in a continuous spiral , with hydrogen at the centre and the transition metals , lanthanides , and actinides occupying peninsulas . </P> <P> Most periodic tables are two - dimensional ; three - dimensional tables are known to as far back as at least 1862 ( pre-dating Mendeleev 's two - dimensional table of 1869 ) . More recent examples include Courtines ' Periodic Classification ( 1925 ) , Wringley 's Lamina System ( 1949 ) , Giguère 's Periodic helix ( 1965 ) and Dufour 's Periodic Tree ( 1996 ) . Going one further , Stowe 's Physicist 's Periodic Table ( 1989 ) has been described as being four - dimensional ( having three spatial dimensions and one colour dimension ) . </P> <P> The various forms of periodic tables can be thought of as lying on a chemistry -- physics continuum . Towards the chemistry end of the continuum can be found , as an example , Rayner - Canham 's `` unruly '' Inorganic Chemist 's Periodic Table ( 2002 ) , which emphasizes trends and patterns , and unusual chemical relationships and properties . Near the physics end of the continuum is Janet 's Left - Step Periodic Table ( 1928 ) . This has a structure that shows a closer connection to the order of electron - shell filling and , by association , quantum mechanics . A somewhat similar approach has been taken by Alper , albeit criticized by Eric Scerri as disregarding the need to display chemical and physical periodicity . Somewhere in the middle of the continuum is the ubiquitous common or standard form of periodic table . This is regarded as better expressing empirical trends in physical state , electrical and thermal conductivity , and oxidation numbers , and other properties easily inferred from traditional techniques of the chemical laboratory . Its popularity is thought to be a result of this layout having a good balance of features in terms of ease of construction and size , and its depiction of atomic order and periodic trends . </P> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Left - step periodic table ( by Charles Janet ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> f </Td> <Td> d </Td> <Td> d </Td> <Td> d </Td> <Td> d </Td> <Td> d </Td> <Td> d </Td> <Td> d </Td> <Td> d </Td> <Td> d </Td> <Td> d </Td> <Td> p </Td> <Td> p </Td> <Td> p </Td> <Td> p </Td> <Td> p </Td> <Td> p </Td> <Td> s </Td> <Td> s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1s </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> He </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2s </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> Li </Td> <Td> Be </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2p 3s </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ne </Td> <Td> Na </Td> <Td> Mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3p 4s </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Al </Td> <Td> Si </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cl </Td> <Td> Ar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ca </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3d 4p 5s </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Sc </Td> <Td> Ti </Td> <Td> V </Td> <Td> Cr </Td> <Td> Mn </Td> <Td> Fe </Td> <Td> Co </Td> <Td> Ni </Td> <Td> Cu </Td> <Td> Zn </Td> <Td> Ga </Td> <Td> Ge </Td> <Td> As </Td> <Td> Se </Td> <Td> Br </Td> <Td> Kr </Td> <Td> Rb </Td> <Td> Sr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4d 5p 6s </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Zr </Td> <Td> Nb </Td> <Td> Mo </Td> <Td> Tc </Td> <Td> Ru </Td> <Td> Rh </Td> <Td> Pd </Td> <Td> Ag </Td> <Td> Cd </Td> <Td> In </Td> <Td> Sn </Td> <Td> Sb </Td> <Td> Te </Td> <Td> I </Td> <Td> Xe </Td> <Td> Cs </Td> <Td> Ba </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4f 5d 6p 7s </Td> <Td> La </Td> <Td> Ce </Td> <Td> Pr </Td> <Td> Nd </Td> <Td> Pm </Td> <Td> Sm </Td> <Td> Eu </Td> <Td> Gd </Td> <Td> Tb </Td> <Td> Dy </Td> <Td> Ho </Td> <Td> Er </Td> <Td> Tm </Td> <Td> Yb </Td> <Td> Lu </Td> <Td> Hf </Td> <Td> Ta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Re </Td> <Td> Os </Td> <Td> Ir </Td> <Td> Pt </Td> <Td> Au </Td> <Td> Hg </Td> <Td> Tl </Td> <Td> Pb </Td> <Td> Bi </Td> <Td> Po </Td> <Td> At </Td> <Td> Rn </Td> <Td> Fr </Td> <Td> Ra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5f 6d 7p 8s </Td> <Td> Ac </Td> <Td> Th </Td> <Td> Pa </Td> <Td> U </Td> <Td> Np </Td> <Td> Pu </Td> <Td> Am </Td> <Td> Cm </Td> <Td> Bk </Td> <Td> Cf </Td> <Td> Es </Td> <Td> Fm </Td> <Td> Md </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Lr </Td> <Td> Rf </Td> <Td> Db </Td> <Td> Sg </Td> <Td> Bh </Td> <Td> Hs </Td> <Td> Mt </Td> <Td> Ds </Td> <Td> Rg </Td> <Td> Cn </Td> <Td> Nh </Td> <Td> Fl </Td> <Td> Mc </Td> <Td> Lv </Td> <Td> Ts </Td> <Td> Og </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="33"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> f - block </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> d - block </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> p - block </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> s - block </Td> </Tr> </Table> This form of periodic table is more congruent with the order in which electron shells are ideally filled according to the Madelung rule , as shown in the accompanying sequence in the left margin ( read from top to bottom , left to right ) . In reality , the filling of electron shells is characterized by a number of irregularities . <H2> Open questions and controversies </H2> <H3> Placement of hydrogen and helium </H3> <P> Simply following electron configurations , hydrogen ( electronic configuration 1s ) and helium ( 1s ) should be placed in groups 1 and 2 , above lithium ( 1s 2s ) and beryllium ( 1s 2s ) . While such a placement is common for hydrogen , it is rarely used for helium outside of the context of electron configurations : When the noble gases ( then called `` inert gases '' ) were first discovered around 1900 , they were known as `` group 0 '' , reflecting no chemical reactivity of these elements known at that point , and helium was placed on the top of that group , as it did share the extreme chemical inertness seen throughout the group . As the group changed its formal number , many authors continued to assign helium directly above neon , in group 18 ; one of the examples of such placing is the current IUPAC table . </P> <P> Hydrogen 's chemical properties are not very close to those of the alkali metals , which occupy group 1 . On this basis it is sometimes placed elsewhere . A common alternative is at the top of group 17 given hydrogen 's strictly univalent and largely non-metallic chemistry , and the strictly univalent and non-metallic chemistry of fluorine ( the element otherwise at the top of group 17 ) . Sometimes , to show hydrogen has properties corresponding to both those of the alkali metals and the halogens , it is shown at the top of the two columns simultaneously . Another suggestion is above carbon in group 14 : placed that way , it fits well into the trends of increasing ionization potential values and electron affinity values , and is not too far from the electronegativity trend , even though hydrogen can not show the tetravalence characteristic of the heavier group 14 elements . Finally , hydrogen is sometimes placed separately from any group ; this is based on its general properties being different from those of the elements in any other group . The other period 1 element , helium , is sometimes placed separately from any group as well . The property that distinguishes helium from the rest of the noble gases ( even though the extraordinary inertness of helium is extremely close to that of neon and argon ) is that in its closed electron shell , helium has only two electrons in the outermost electron orbital , while the rest of the noble gases have eight . </P> <H3> Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 </H3> <P> Although scandium and yttrium are always the first two elements in group 3 , the identity of the next two elements is not completely settled . They are commonly lanthanum and actinium , and less often lutetium and lawrencium . The two variants originate from historical difficulties in placing the lanthanides in the periodic table , and arguments as to where the f block elements start and end . It has been claimed that such arguments are proof that , `` it is a mistake to break the ( periodic ) system into sharply delimited blocks '' . A third variant shows the two positions below yttrium as being occupied by the lanthanides and the actinides . </P> <P> Chemical and physical arguments have been made in support of lutetium and lawrencium but the majority of authors seem unconvinced . Most working chemists are not aware there is any controversy . In December 2015 an IUPAC project was established to make a recommendation on the matter . </P> Lanthanum and actinium <Table> <Tr> <Td> La and Ac below Y </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lanthanum and actinium are commonly depicted as the remaining group 3 members . It has been suggested that this layout originated in the 1940s , with the appearance of periodic tables relying on the electron configurations of the elements and the notion of the differentiating electron . The configurations of caesium , barium and lanthanum are ( Xe ) 6s , ( Xe ) 6s and ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Lanthanum thus has a 5d differentiating electron and this establishes it `` in group 3 as the first member of the d - block for period 6 '' . A consistent set of electron configurations is then seen in group 3 : scandium ( Ar ) 3d 4s , yttrium ( Kr ) 4d 5s and lanthanum ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Still in period 6 , ytterbium was assigned an electron configuration of ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s and lutetium ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s , `` resulting in a 4f differentiating electron for lutetium and firmly establishing it as the last member of the f - block for period 6 '' . Later spectroscopic work found that the electron configuration of ytterbium was in fact ( Xe ) 4f 6s . This meant that ytterbium and lutetium -- the latter with ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s -- both had 14 f - electrons , `` resulting in a d - rather than an f - differentiating electron '' for lutetium and making it an `` equally valid candidate '' with ( Xe ) 5d 6s lanthanum , for the group 3 periodic table position below yttrium . Lanthanum has the advantage of incumbency since the 5d electron appears for the first time in its structure whereas it appears for the third time in lutetium , having also made a brief second appearance in gadolinium . </P> <P> In terms of chemical behaviour , and trends going down group 3 for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium are similar to their group 1 -- 2 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the most common ( trivalent ) ions of the f - block elements consistently matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the trivalent ions of the first three f - block elements are Ce 1 , Pr 2 and Nd 3 . </P> Lutetium and lawrencium <Table> <Tr> <Td> Lu and Lr below Y </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In other tables , lutetium and lawrencium are the remaining group 3 members . Early techniques for chemically separating scandium , yttrium and lutetium relied on the fact that these elements occurred together in the so - called `` yttrium group '' whereas La and Ac occurred together in the `` cerium group '' . Accordingly , lutetium rather than lanthanum was assigned to group 3 by some chemists in the 1920s and 30s . Several physicists in the 1950s and ' 60s favoured lutetium , in light of a comparison of several of its physical properties with those of lanthanum . This arrangement , in which lanthanum is the first member of the f - block , is disputed by some authors since lanthanum lacks any f - electrons . It has been argued that this is not valid concern given other periodic table anomalies -- thorium , for example , has no f - electrons yet is part of the f - block . As for lawrencium , its gas phase atomic electron configuration was confirmed in 2015 as ( Rn ) 5f 7s 7p . Such a configuration represents another periodic table anomaly , regardless of whether lawrencium is located in the f - block or the d - block , as the only potentially applicable p - block position has been reserved for nihonium with its predicted configuration of ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p . </P> <P> Chemically , scandium , yttrium and lutetium ( and presumably lawrencium ) behave like trivalent versions of the group 1 -- 2 metals . On the other hand , trends going down the group for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , are similar to those found among their group 4 -- 8 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the gaseous forms of the f - block atoms usually matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the first five f - block elements are La 0 , Ce 1 , Pr 3 , Nd 4 and Pm 5 . </P> Lanthanides and actinides <Table> <Tr> <Td> Markers below Y </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A few authors position all thirty lanthanides and actinides in the two positions below yttrium ( usually via footnote markers ) . This variant emphasizes similarities in the chemistry of the 15 lanthanide elements ( La -- Lu ) , possibly at the expense of ambiguity as to which elements occupy the two group 3 positions below yttrium , and a 15 - column wide f block ( there can only be 14 elements in any row of the f block ) . </P> <H3> Groups included in the transition metals </H3> <P> The definition of a transition metal , as given by IUPAC , is an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell , or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell . By this definition all of the elements in groups 3 -- 11 are transition metals . The IUPAC definition therefore excludes group 12 , comprising zinc , cadmium and mercury , from the transition metals category . </P> <P> Some chemists treat the categories `` d - block elements '' and `` transition metals '' interchangeably , thereby including groups 3 -- 12 among the transition metals . In this instance the group 12 elements are treated as a special case of transition metal in which the d electrons are not ordinarily involved in chemical bonding . The 2007 report of mercury ( IV ) fluoride ( HgF ) , a compound in which mercury would use its d electrons for bonding , has prompted some commentators to suggest that mercury can be regarded as a transition metal . Other commentators , such as Jensen , have argued that the formation of a compound like HgF can occur only under highly abnormal conditions ; indeed , its existence is currently disputed . As such , mercury could not be regarded as a transition metal by any reasonable interpretation of the ordinary meaning of the term . </P> <P> Still other chemists further exclude the group 3 elements from the definition of a transition metal . They do so on the basis that the group 3 elements do not form any ions having a partially occupied d shell and do not therefore exhibit any properties characteristic of transition metal chemistry . In this case , only groups 4 -- 11 are regarded as transition metals . Though the group 3 elements show few of the characteristic chemical properties of the transition metals , they do show some of their characteristic physical properties ( on account of the presence in each atom of a single d electron ) . </P> <H3> Elements with unknown chemical properties </H3> <P> Although all elements up to oganesson have been discovered , of the elements above hassium ( element 108 ) , only copernicium ( element 112 ) , nihonium ( element 113 ) , and flerovium ( element 114 ) have known chemical properties , and only for copernicium is there enough evidence for a conclusive categorisation at present . The other elements may behave differently from what would be predicted by extrapolation , due to relativistic effects ; for example , flerovium has been predicted to possibly exhibit some noble - gas - like properties , even though it is currently placed in the carbon group . The current experimental evidence still leaves open the question of whether flerovium behaves more like a metal or a noble gas . </P> <H3> Further periodic table extensions </H3> Main article : Extended periodic table <Table> <Tr> <Td> Hydrogen </Td> <Td_colspan="31"> </Td> <Td> Helium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithium </Td> <Td> Beryllium </Td> <Td_colspan="25"> </Td> <Td> Boron </Td> <Td> Carbon </Td> <Td> Nitrogen </Td> <Td> Oxygen </Td> <Td> Fluorine </Td> <Td> Neon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sodium </Td> <Td> Magnesium </Td> <Td_colspan="25"> </Td> <Td> Aluminium </Td> <Td> Silicon </Td> <Td> Phosphorus </Td> <Td> Sulfur </Td> <Td> Chlorine </Td> <Td> Argon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Potassium </Td> <Td> Calcium </Td> <Td> Scandium </Td> <Td_colspan="15"> </Td> <Td> Titanium </Td> <Td> Vanadium </Td> <Td> Chromium </Td> <Td> Manganese </Td> <Td> Iron </Td> <Td> Cobalt </Td> <Td> Nickel </Td> <Td> Copper </Td> <Td> Zinc </Td> <Td> Gallium </Td> <Td> Germanium </Td> <Td> Arsenic </Td> <Td> Selenium </Td> <Td> Bromine </Td> <Td> Krypton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rubidium </Td> <Td> Strontium </Td> <Td> Yttrium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Zirconium </Td> <Td> Niobium </Td> <Td> Molybdenum </Td> <Td> Technetium </Td> <Td> Ruthenium </Td> <Td> Rhodium </Td> <Td> Palladium </Td> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> Cadmium </Td> <Td> Indium </Td> <Td> Tin </Td> <Td> Antimony </Td> <Td> Tellurium </Td> <Td> Iodine </Td> <Td> Xenon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caesium </Td> <Td> Barium </Td> <Td> Lanthanum </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cerium </Td> <Td> Praseodymium </Td> <Td> Neodymium </Td> <Td> Promethium </Td> <Td> Samarium </Td> <Td> Europium </Td> <Td> Gadolinium </Td> <Td> Terbium </Td> <Td> Dysprosium </Td> <Td> Holmium </Td> <Td> Erbium </Td> <Td> Thulium </Td> <Td> Ytterbium </Td> <Td> Lutetium </Td> <Td> Hafnium </Td> <Td> Tantalum </Td> <Td> Tungsten </Td> <Td> Rhenium </Td> <Td> Osmium </Td> <Td> Iridium </Td> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> Mercury ( element ) </Td> <Td> Thallium </Td> <Td> Lead </Td> <Td> Bismuth </Td> <Td> Polonium </Td> <Td> Astatine </Td> <Td> Radon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Francium </Td> <Td> Radium </Td> <Td> Actinium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thorium </Td> <Td> Protactinium </Td> <Td> Uranium </Td> <Td> Neptunium </Td> <Td> Plutonium </Td> <Td> Americium </Td> <Td> Curium </Td> <Td> Berkelium </Td> <Td> Californium </Td> <Td> Einsteinium </Td> <Td> Fermium </Td> <Td> Mendelevium </Td> <Td> Nobelium </Td> <Td> Lawrencium </Td> <Td> Rutherfordium </Td> <Td> Dubnium </Td> <Td> Seaborgium </Td> <Td> Bohrium </Td> <Td> Hassium </Td> <Td> Meitnerium </Td> <Td> Darmstadtium </Td> <Td> Roentgenium </Td> <Td> Copernicium </Td> <Td> Nihonium </Td> <Td> Flerovium </Td> <Td> Moscovium </Td> <Td> Livermorium </Td> <Td> Tennessine </Td> <Td> Oganesson </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Ununennium </Td> <Td> Unbinilium </Td> <Td> Unbiunium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Unquadquadium </Td> <Td> Unquadpentium </Td> <Td> Unquadhexium </Td> <Td> Unquadseptium </Td> <Td> Unquadoctium </Td> <Td> Unquadennium </Td> <Td> Unpentnilium </Td> <Td> Unpentunium </Td> <Td> Unpentbium </Td> <Td> Unpenttrium </Td> <Td> Unpentquadium </Td> <Td> Unpentpentium </Td> <Td> Unpenthexium </Td> <Td> Unpentseptium </Td> <Td> Unpentoctium </Td> <Td> Unpentennium </Td> <Td> Unhexnilium </Td> <Td> Unhexunium </Td> <Td> Unhexbium </Td> <Td> Unhextrium </Td> <Td> Unhexquadium </Td> <Td> Unhexpentium </Td> <Td> Unhexhexium </Td> <Td> Unhexseptium </Td> <Td> Unhexoctium </Td> <Td> Unhexennium </Td> <Td> Unseptnilium </Td> <Td> Unseptunium </Td> <Td> Unseptbium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Unbibium </Td> <Td> Unbitrium </Td> <Td> Unbiquadium </Td> <Td> Unbipentium </Td> <Td> Unbihexium </Td> <Td> Unbiseptium </Td> <Td> Unbioctium </Td> <Td> Unbiennium </Td> <Td> Untrinilium </Td> <Td> Untriunium </Td> <Td> Untribium </Td> <Td> Untritrium </Td> <Td> Untriquadium </Td> <Td> Untripentium </Td> <Td> Untrihexium </Td> <Td> Untriseptium </Td> <Td> Untrioctium </Td> <Td> Untriennium </Td> <Td> Unquadnilium </Td> <Td> Unquadunium </Td> <Td> Unquadbium </Td> <Td> Unquadtrium </Td> </Tr> </Table> Periodic table with eight rows , extended to element 172 <P> It is unclear whether new elements will continue the pattern of the current periodic table as period 8 , or require further adaptations or adjustments . Seaborg expected the eighth period to follow the previously established pattern exactly , so that it would include a two - element s - block for elements 119 and 120 , a new g - block for the next 18 elements , and 30 additional elements continuing the current f - , d - , and p - blocks , culminating in element 168 , the next noble gas . More recently , physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have theorized that these additional elements do not follow the Madelung rule , which predicts how electron shells are filled and thus affects the appearance of the present periodic table . There are currently several competing theoretical models for the placement of the elements of atomic number less than or equal to 172 . In all of these it is element 172 , rather than element 168 , that emerges as the next noble gas after oganesson , although these must be regarded as speculative as no complete calculations have been done beyond element 122 . </P> <H3> Element with the highest possible atomic number </H3> <P> The number of possible elements is not known . A very early suggestion made by Elliot Adams in 1911 , and based on the arrangement of elements in each horizontal periodic table row , was that elements of atomic weight greater than circa 256 ( which would equate to between elements 99 and 100 in modern - day terms ) did not exist . A higher -- more recent -- estimate is that the periodic table may end soon after the island of stability , which is expected to centre around element 126 , as the extension of the periodic and nuclides tables is restricted by proton and neutron drip lines . Other predictions of an end to the periodic table include at element 128 by John Emsley , at element 137 by Richard Feynman , and at element 155 by Albert Khazan . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Bohr model </Dt> </Dl> <P> The Bohr model exhibits difficulty for atoms with atomic number greater than 137 , as any element with an atomic number greater than 137 would require 1s electrons to be travelling faster than c , the speed of light . Hence the non-relativistic Bohr model is inaccurate when applied to such an element . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Relativistic Dirac equation </Dt> </Dl> <P> The relativistic Dirac equation has problems for elements with more than 137 protons . For such elements , the wave function of the Dirac ground state is oscillatory rather than bound , and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra , as in the Klein paradox . More accurate calculations taking into account the effects of the finite size of the nucleus indicate that the binding energy first exceeds the limit for elements with more than 173 protons . For heavier elements , if the innermost orbital ( 1s ) is not filled , the electric field of the nucleus will pull an electron out of the vacuum , resulting in the spontaneous emission of a positron . This does not happen if the innermost orbital is filled , so that element 173 is not necessarily the end of the periodic table . </P> <H3> Optimal form </H3> <P> The many different forms of periodic table have prompted the question of whether there is an optimal or definitive form of periodic table . The answer to this question is thought to depend on whether the chemical periodicity seen to occur among the elements has an underlying truth , effectively hard - wired into the universe , or if any such periodicity is instead the product of subjective human interpretation , contingent upon the circumstances , beliefs and predilections of human observers . An objective basis for chemical periodicity would settle the questions about the location of hydrogen and helium , and the composition of group 3 . Such an underlying truth , if it exists , is thought to have not yet been discovered . In its absence , the many different forms of periodic table can be regarded as variations on the theme of chemical periodicity , each of which explores and emphasizes different aspects , properties , perspectives and relationships of and among the elements . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chemistry portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : Periodic table </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Abundance of the chemical elements </Li> <Li> Atomic electron configuration table </Li> <Li> Element collecting </Li> <Li> List of chemical elements </Li> <Li> List of periodic table - related articles </Li> <Li> Names for sets of chemical elements </Li> <Li> Standard model </Li> <Li> Table of nuclides </Li> <Li> Template : Spectral lines of the elements </Li> <Li> The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) </Li> <Li> Timeline of chemical element discoveries </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The elements discovered initially by synthesis and later in nature are technetium ( Z = 43 ) , promethium ( 61 ) , astatine ( 85 ) , neptunium ( 93 ) , plutonium ( 94 ) , americium ( 95 ) , curium ( 96 ) , berkelium ( 97 ) and californium ( 98 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An element zero ( i.e. a substance composed purely of neutrons ) , is included in a few alternate presentations , for example , in the Chemical Galaxy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ There is an inconsistency and some irregularities in this convention . Thus , helium is shown in the p - block but is actually an s - block element , and ( for example ) the d - subshell in the d - block is actually filled by the time group 11 is reached , rather than group 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The noble gases , astatine , francium , and all elements heavier than americium were left out as there is no data for them . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ While fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements under the Pauling scale , neon is the most electronegative element under other scales , such as the Allen scale . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ While Lr is thought to have p rather than d electron in its ground - state electron configuration , and would therefore be expected to be volatile metal capable of forming a + 1 cation in solution , no evidence of either of these properties has been able to be obtained despite experimental attempts to do so . It was originally expected to have ad electron in its electron configuration and this may still be the case for metallic lawrencium , whereas gas phase atomic lawrencium is very likely thought to have ap electron . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An antecedent of Deming 's 18 - column table may be seen in Adams ' 16 - column Periodic Table of 1911 . Adams omits the rare earths and the `` radioactive elements '' ( i.e. the actinides ) from the main body of his table and instead shows them as being `` careted in only to save space '' ( rare earths between Ba and eka - Yt ; radioactive elements between eka - Te and eka - I ) . See : Elliot Q.A. ( 1911 ) . `` A modification of the periodic table '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 684 -- 688 ( 687 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A second extra-long periodic table row , to accommodate known and undiscovered elements with an atomic weight greater than bismuth ( thorium , protactinium and uranium , for example ) , had been postulated as far back as 1892 . Most investigators considered that these elements were analogues of the third series transition elements , hafnium , tantalum and tungsten . The existence of a second inner transition series , in the form of the actinides , was not accepted until similarities with the electron structures of the lanthanides had been established . See : van Spronsen , J.W. ( 1969 ) . The periodic system of chemical elements . Amsterdam : Elsevier . p. 315 -- 316 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 40776 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See The Internet database of periodic tables for depictions of these kinds of variants . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ But for the existence of the lanthanides the composition of group 3 would not have been a source of any special interest , since scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium exhibit the same gradual change in properties as do calcium , strontium , barium and radium in group 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The detachment of the lanthanides from the main body of the periodic table has been attributed to the Czech chemist Bohuslav Brauner who , in 1902 , allocated all of them ( `` Ce etc . '' ) to one position in group 4 , below zirconium . This arrangement was referred to as the `` asteroid hypothesis '' , in analogy to asteroids occupying a single orbit in the solar system . Before this time the lanthanides were generally ( and unsuccessfully ) placed throughout groups I to VIII of the older 8 - column form of periodic table . Although predecessors of Brauner 's 1902 arrangement are recorded from as early as 1895 , he is known to have referred to the `` chemistry of asteroids '' in an 1881 letter to Mendeleev . Other authors assigned all of the lanthanides to either group 3 , groups 3 and 4 , or groups 2 , 3 and 4 . In 1922 Niels Bohr continued the detachment process by locating the lanthanides between the s - and d - blocks . In 1949 Glenn T. Seaborg ( re ) introduced the form of periodic table that is popular today , in which the lanthanides and actinides appear as footnotes . Seaborg first published his table in a classified report dated 1944 . It was published again by him in 1945 in Chemical and Engineering News , and in the years up to 1949 several authors commented on , and generally agreed with , Seaborg 's proposal . In that year he noted that the best method for presenting the actinides seemed to be by positioning them below , and as analogues of , the lanthanides . See : Thyssen P. and Binnemans K. ( 2011 ) . `` Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis '' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 94 ; Seaborg G.T. ( 1994 ) . Origin of the Actinide Concept ' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 18 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For examples of this table see Atkins et al. ( 2006 ) . Shriver & Atkins Inorganic Chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press Myers et al. ( 2004 ) . Holt Chemistry . Orlando : Holt , Rinehart & Winston Chang R. ( 2000 ) . Essential Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Sc - Y - Lu - Lr table see Rayner - Canham G. & Overton T. ( 2013 ) . Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company Brown et al. ( 2009 ) . Chemistry : The Central Science ( 11th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Education Moore et al. ( 1978 ) . Chemistry . Tokyo : McGraw - Hill Kogakusha </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The phenomenon of different separation groups is caused by increasing basicity with increasing radius , and does not constitute a fundamental reason to show Lu , rather than La , below Y . Thus , among the Group 2 alkaline earth metals , Mg ( less basic ) belongs in the `` soluble group '' and Ca , Sr and Ba ( more basic ) occur in the `` ammonium carbonate group '' . Nevertheless , Mg , Ca , Sr and Ba are routinely collocated in Group 2 of the periodic table . See : Moeller et al. ( 1989 ) . Chemistry with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis ( 3rd ed . ) . SanDiego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , pp. 955 -- 956 , 958 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Even if metallic lawrencium has a p electron , simple modelling studies suggest it will behave like a lanthanide , as do the rest of the late actinides . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Ln and An table see Housecroft C.E. & Sharpe A.G. ( 2008 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . Harlow : Pearson Education Halliday et al. ( 2005 ) . Fundamentals of Physics ( 7th ed . ) . Hoboken , NewJersey : John Wiley & Sons Nebergall et al. ( 1980 ) . General Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . Lexington : D.C. Heath and Company </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karol ( 2002 , p. 63 ) contends that gravitational effects would become significant when atomic numbers become astronomically large , thereby overcoming other super-massive nuclei instability phenomena , and that neutron stars ( with atomic numbers on the order of 10 ) can arguably be regarded as representing the heaviest known elements in the universe . See : Karol P.J. ( 2002 ) . `` The Mendeleev -- Seaborg periodic table : Through Z = 1138 and beyond '' . Journal of Chemical Education 79 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scerri , one of the foremost authorities on the history of the periodic table , favoured the concept of an optimal form of periodic table but has recently changed his mind and now supports the value of a plurality of periodic tables . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chemistry : Four elements added to periodic table '' . BBC News . 4 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Four New Names Officially Added to the Periodic Table of Elements '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 14 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Emsley , J. ( 2011 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks : An A-Z Guide to the Elements ( New ed . ) . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960563 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IUPAC 2016 , Table 2 , 3 combined ; uncertainty removed . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw , pp. 24 -- 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gray , p. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CNN , Ashley Strickland . `` New elements on the periodic table are named '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Discovery and assignment of elements with atomic numbers 113 , 115 , 117 and 118 '' . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . 30 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hello , Nihonium . Scientists Name 4 New Elements On The Periodic Table '' . NPR.org . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Koppenol , W.H. ( 2002 ) . `` Naming of New Elements ( IUPAC Recommendations 2002 ) '' ( PDF ) . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 74 ( 5 ) : 787 -- 791 . doi : 10.1351 / pac200274050787 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 31 October 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silva , Robert J. ( 2006 ) . `` Fermium , Mendelevium , Nobelium and Lawrencium '' . In Morss , L.R. ; Edelstein , N.M. ; Fuger , J. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements ( 3rd ed . ) . Dordrecht , The Netherlands : Springer Science + Business Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3555 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scerri 2007 , p. 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Messler , R.W. ( 2010 ) . The essence of materials for engineers . Sudbury , MA : Jones & Bartlett Publishers . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 7833 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bagnall , K.W. ( 1967 ) . `` Recent advances in actinide and lanthanide chemistry '' . In Fields , P.R. ; Moeller , T. Advances in chemistry , Lanthanide / Actinide chemistry . Advances in Chemistry . 71 . American Chemical Society . pp. 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1021 / ba - 1967 - 0071 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8412 - 0072 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Day , M.C. , Jr. ; Selbin , J. ( 1969 ) . Theoretical inorganic chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Nostrand - Rienhold Book Corporation . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 7833 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holman , J. ; Hill , G.C. ( 2000 ) . Chemistry in context ( 5th ed . ) . Walton - on - Thames : Nelson Thornes . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 448276 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leigh , G.J. ( 1990 ) . Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry : Recommendations 1990 . Blackwell Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 02494 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fluck , E. ( 1988 ) . `` New Notations in the Periodic Table '' ( PDF ) . Pure Appl . Chem. 60 ( 3 ) : 431 -- 436 . doi : 10.1351 / pac198860030431 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 March 2012 . 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Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . 18 ( 5 ) : 112 -- 124 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Myers , R. ( 2003 ) . The basics of chemistry . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 61 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31664 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chang , R. ( 2002 ) . Chemistry ( 7 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 289 -- 310 , 340 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 112072 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw , p. 27 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jolly , W.L. ( 1991 ) . Modern Inorganic Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 112651 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Greenwood & Earnshaw , p. 28 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` Electronegativity '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pauling , L. ( 1932 ) . `` The Nature of the Chemical Bond . IV . 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New York : Harper Collins College Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 042995 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Moore , J.T. ( 2003 ) . Chemistry For Dummies . For Dummies ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Wiley Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 5430 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Scerri , E. ( 2007 ) . The periodic table : Its story and its significance . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530573 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Scerri , E. ( 2011 ) . The periodic table : A very short introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958249 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Venable , F.P. ( 1896 ) . The Development of the Periodic Law . Easton , Pennsylvania : Chemical Publishing Company . OCLC 776059614 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Emsley , J. ( 2011 ) . `` The Periodic Table '' . Nature 's Building Blocks : An A-Z Guide to the Elements ( New ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 634 -- 651 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960563 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Mazurs , E.G. ( 1974 ) . Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years . Alabama : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960563 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Rouvray , D.H. ; King , R.B. ( eds ) ( 2004 ) . The Periodic Table : Into the 21st Century . Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Periodic Table , part 1 , Kananaskis Guest Ranch , Alberta , 14 -- 20 July 2003 . Baldock , Hertfordshire : Research Studies Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86380 - 292 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Rouvray , D.H. ; King , R.B. ( eds ) ( 2006 ) . The Mathematics of the Periodic Table . Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Periodic Table , part 2 , Kananaskis Guest Ranch , Alberta , 14 -- 20 July 2003 . New York : Nova Science . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59454 - 259 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Scerri , E ( n.d. ) . `` Books on the Elements and the Periodic Table '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Scerri , E. ; Restrepo , G ( eds ) ( 2018 ) . Mendeleev to Oganesson : A Multidisciplinary Perspective on the Periodic Table . Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Periodic Table , Cuzco , Peru 14 -- 16 August 2012 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86380 - 292 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> van Spronsen , J.W. ( 1969 ) . The Periodic System of Chemical Elements : A History of the First Hundred Years . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 40776 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Verde , M. ( ed . ) ( 1971 ) . Atti del convegno Mendeleeviano : Periodicità e simmetrie nella struttura elementare della materia ( Proceedings of the Mendeleevian conference : Periodicity and symmetry in the elementary structure of matter ) . 1st International Conference on the Periodic Table , Torino - Roma , 15 − 21 September 1969 . Torino : Accademia delle Scienze di Torino . 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] | the first metallic element in the modern periodic table | [
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List of distinct cell types in the adult human body - wikipedia <H1> List of distinct cell types in the adult human body </H1> Jump to : navigation , search See also : Cell type <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series of lists about </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human anatomy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General ( show ) List of human anatomical features / regions <Ul> <Li> Variations </Li> <Li> Movements </Li> <Li> Systems </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Structures ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Arteries </Li> <Li> Bones </Li> <Li> Eponymous </Li> <Li> Foramina </Li> <Li> Glands </Li> <Li> Lymphatic vessels </Li> <Li> Nerves </Li> <Li> Organs </Li> <Li> Systems </Li> <Li> Veins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Muscles ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Abductors </Li> <Li> Adductors </Li> <Li> Depressors </Li> <Li> Elevators </Li> <Li> Extensors </Li> <Li> Flexors </Li> <Li> External rotators </Li> <Li> Internal rotators </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> See also ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Table of epithelia of human organs </Li> <Li> Anatomical terminology </Li> <Li> Index of anatomy articles </Li> <Li> Outline of anatomy </Li> <Li> Cell types </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There are many different types of cell in the human body . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cells that are derived primarily from endoderm <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Exocrine secretory epithelial cells </Li> <Li> 1.2 Hormone - secreting cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Derived primarily from ectoderm <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Integumentary system <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Keratinizing epithelial cells </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Wet stratified barrier epithelial cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Nervous system <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Sensory transducer cells </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Autonomic neuron cells </Li> <Li> 2.2. 3 Sense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cells </Li> <Li> 2.2. 4 Central nervous system neurons and glial cells </Li> <Li> 2.2. 5 Lens cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Derived primarily from mesoderm <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Metabolism and storage cells </Li> <Li> 3.2 Barrier function cells ( lung , gut , exocrine glands and urogenital tract ) <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Kidney </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Extracellular matrix cells </Li> <Li> 3.4 Contractile cells </Li> <Li> 3.5 Blood and immune system cells </Li> <Li> 3.6 Germ cells </Li> <Li> 3.7 Nurse cell </Li> <Li> 3.8 Interstitial cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cells that are derived primarily from endoderm ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Exocrine secretory epithelial cells ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Salivary gland mucous cell ( polysaccharide - rich secretion ) </Li> <Li> Salivary gland number 1 ( glycoprotein enzyme - rich secretion ) </Li> <Li> Von Ebner 's gland cell in tongue ( washes taste buds ) </Li> <Li> Mammary gland cell ( milk secretion ) </Li> <Li> Lacrimal gland cell ( tear secretion ) </Li> <Li> Ceruminous gland cell in ear ( earwax secretion ) </Li> <Li> Eccrine sweat glandering dark cell ( glycoprotein secretion ) </Li> <Li> Eccrine sweat gland clear cell ( small molecule secretion ) </Li> <Li> Apocrine sweat gland cell ( odoriferous secretion , sex - hormone sensitive ) </Li> <Li> Gland of Moll cell in eyelid ( specialized sweat gland ) </Li> <Li> Sebaceous gland cell ( lipid - rich sebum secretion ) </Li> <Li> Bowman 's gland cell in nose ( washes olfactory epithelium ) </Li> <Li> Brunner 's gland cell in duodenum ( enzymes and alkaline mucus ) </Li> <Li> Seminal vesicle cell ( secretes seminal fluid components , including fructose for swimming sperm ) </Li> <Li> Prostate gland cell ( secretes seminal fluid components ) </Li> <Li> Bulbourethral gland cell ( mucus secretion ) </Li> <Li> Bartholin 's gland cell ( vaginal lubricant secretion ) </Li> <Li> Gland of Littre cell ( mucus secretion ) </Li> <Li> Uterus endometrium cell ( carbohydrate secretion ) </Li> <Li> Insolated goblet cell of respiratory and digestive tracts ( mucus secretion ) </Li> <Li> Stomach lining mucous cell ( mucus secretion ) </Li> <Li> Gastric gland zymogenic cell ( pepsinogen secretion ) </Li> <Li> Gastric gland oxyntic cell ( hydrochloric acid secretion ) </Li> <Li> Pancreatic acinar cell ( bicarbonate and digestive enzyme secretion </Li> <Li> Paneth cell of small intestine ( lysozyme secretion ) </Li> <Li> Type II pneumocyte of lung ( surfactant secretion ) </Li> <Li> Club cell of lung </Li> </Ul> <H3> Hormone - secreting cells ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Anterior pituitary cells <Ul> <Li> Somatotropes </Li> <Li> Lactotropes </Li> <Li> Thyrotropes </Li> <Li> Gonadotropes </Li> <Li> Corticotropes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Intermediate pituitary cell , secreting melanocyte - stimulating hormone </Li> <Li> Magnocellular neurosecretory cells <Ul> <Li> nonsecreting oxytocin </Li> <Li> secreting vasopressin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gut and respiratory tract cells <Ul> <Li> secreting serotonin </Li> <Li> secreting endorphin </Li> <Li> secreting somatostatin </Li> <Li> secreting gastrin </Li> <Li> secreting secretin </Li> <Li> nonsecreting cholecystokinin </Li> <Li> secreting insulin </Li> <Li> secreting glucagon </Li> <Li> nonsecreting bombesin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thyroid gland cells <Ul> <Li> Thyroid epithelial cell </Li> <Li> Parafollicular cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Parathyroid gland cells <Ul> <Li> Parathyroid chief cell </Li> <Li> Oxyphil cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adrenal gland cells <Ul> <Li> Chromaffin cells </Li> <Li> secreting steroid hormones ( mineralocorticoids and gluco corticoids ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Leydig cell of testes secreting testosterone </Li> <Li> Theca interna cell of ovarian follicle secreting estrogen </Li> <Li> Corpus luteum cell of ruptured ovarian follicle secreting progesterone <Ul> <Li> Granulosa lutein cells </Li> <Li> Theca lutein cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Juxtaglomerular cell ( renin secretion ) </Li> <Li> Macula densa cell of kidney </Li> <Li> Peripolar cell of kidney </Li> <Li> Mesangial cell of kidney </Li> <Li> Pancreatic islets ( islets of Langerhans ) <Ul> <Li> Alpha cells ( secreting glucagon ) </Li> <Li> Beta cells ( secreting insulin and amylin ) </Li> <Li> Delta cells ( secreting somatostatin ) </Li> <Li> PP cells ( gamma cells ) ( secreting pancreatic polypeptide ) </Li> <Li> Epsilon cells ( secreting ghrelin ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Derived primarily from ectoderm ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Integumentary system ( edit ) </H3> Keratinizing epithelial cells ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Epidermal keratinocyte ( differentiating epidermal cell ) </Li> <Li> Epidermal basal cell ( stem cell ) </Li> <Li> Keratinocyte of fingernails and toenails </Li> <Li> Nail bed basal cell ( stem cell ) </Li> <Li> Medullary hair shaft cell </Li> <Li> Cortical hair shaft cell </Li> <Li> Cuticular hair shaft cell </Li> <Li> Cuticular hair root sheath cell </Li> <Li> Hair root sheath cell of Huxley 's layer </Li> <Li> Hair root sheath cell of Henle 's layer </Li> <Li> External hair root sheath cell </Li> <Li> Hair matrix cell ( stem cell ) </Li> </Ul> Wet stratified barrier epithelial cells ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Surface epithelial cell of stratified squamous epithelium of cornea , tongue , oral cavity , esophagus , anal canal , distal urethra and vagina </Li> <Li> basal cell ( stem cell ) of epithelia of cornea , tongue , oral cavity , esophagus , anal canal , distal urethra and vagina </Li> <Li> Urinary epithelium cell ( lining urinary bladder and urinary ducts ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Nervous system ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are nerve cells , also known as neurons , present in our human body . They are branched out . These cells make up nervous tissue . A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm , from which long thin hair - like parts arise . </P> Sensory transducer cells ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Auditory inner hair cell of organ of Corti </Li> <Li> Auditory outer hair cell of organ of Corti </Li> <Li> Basal cell of olfactory epithelium ( stem cell for olfactory neurons ) </Li> <Li> Cold - sensitive primary sensory neurons </Li> <Li> Heat - sensitive primary sensory neurons </Li> <Li> Merkel cell of epidermis ( touch sensor ) </Li> <Li> Olfactory receptor neuron </Li> <Li> Pain - sensitive primary sensory neurons ( various types ) </Li> <Li> Photoreceptor cells of retina in eye : <Ul> <Li> Photoreceptor rod cells </Li> <Li> Photoreceptor blue - sensitive cone cell of eye </Li> <Li> Photoreceptor green - sensitive cone cell of eye </Li> <Li> Photoreceptor red - sensitive cone cell of eye </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Proprioceptive primary sensory neurons ( various types ) </Li> <Li> Touch - sensitive primary sensory neurons ( various types ) </Li> <Li> Type I carotid body cell ( blood pH sensor ) </Li> <Li> Type II carotid body cell ( blood pH sensor ) </Li> <Li> Type I hair cell of vestibular system of ear ( acceleration and gravity ) </Li> <Li> Type II hair cell of vestibular system of ear ( acceleration and gravity ) </Li> <Li> Type I taste bud cell </Li> </Ul> Autonomic neuron cells ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Cholinergic neural cell ( various types ) </Li> <Li> Adrenergic neural cell ( various types ) </Li> <Li> Peptidergic neural cell ( various types ) </Li> </Ul> Sense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cells ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Inner pillar cell of organ of Corti </Li> <Li> Outer pillar cell of organ of Corti </Li> <Li> Inner phalangeal cell of organ of Corti </Li> <Li> Outer phalangeal cell of organ of Corti </Li> <Li> Border cell of organ of Corti </Li> <Li> Hensen cell of organ of Corti </Li> <Li> Vestibular apparatus supporting cell </Li> <Li> Taste bud supporting cell </Li> <Li> Olfactory epithelium supporting cell </Li> <Li> Schwann cell </Li> <Li> Satellite glial cell ( encapsulating peripheral nerve cell bodies ) </Li> <Li> Enteric glial cell </Li> </Ul> Central nervous system neurons and glial cells ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Neuron cells ( large variety of types , still poorly classified ) <Ul> <Li> Interneurons <Ul> <Li> Basket cells </Li> <Li> Cartwheel cells </Li> <Li> Stellate cells </Li> <Li> Golgi cells </Li> <Li> Granule cells </Li> <Li> Lugaro cells </Li> <Li> Unipolar brush cells </Li> <Li> Martinotti cells </Li> <Li> Chandelier cells </Li> <Li> Medium spiny neurons </Li> <Li> Cajal -- Retzius cells </Li> <Li> Double - bouquet cells </Li> <Li> Neurogliaform cells </Li> <Li> Spinal interneuron <Ul> <Li> Renshaw cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Principal cells <Ul> <Li> Spindle neuron </Li> <Li> Pyramidal cells <Ul> <Li> Place cells </Li> <Li> Grid cells </Li> <Li> Speed cells </Li> <Li> Head direction cells </Li> <Li> Betz cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stellate cells <Ul> <Li> Boundary cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Astrocyte ( various types ) </Li> <Li> Oligodendrocyte </Li> <Li> Ependymal cells <Ul> <Li> Tanycytes </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> Lens cells ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Anterior lens epithelial cell </Li> <Li> Crystallin - containing lens fiber cell </Li> </Ul> <H2> Derived primarily from mesoderm ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Metabolism and storage cells ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Adipocytes : <Ul> <Li> White fat cell </Li> <Li> Brown fat cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Liver lipocyte </Li> </Ul> <H3> Barrier function cells ( lung , gut , exocrine glands and urogenital tract ) ( edit ) </H3> Kidney ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Kidney parietal cell </Li> <Li> Kidney glomerulus podocyte </Li> <Li> Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell </Li> <Li> Loop of Henle thin segment cell </Li> <Li> Kidney distal tubule cell </Li> <Li> Kidney collecting duct cell <Ul> <Li> Principal cells </Li> <Li> Intercalated cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> Other ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Type I pneumocyte ( lining air space of lung cell ) </Li> <Li> Pancreatic duct cell ( centroacinar cell ) </Li> <Li> Nonstriated duct cell ( of sweat gland , salivary gland , mammary gland , etc . ) <Ul> <Li> Principal cell </Li> <Li> Intercalated cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Duct cell ( of seminal vesicle , prostate gland , etc . ) </Li> <Li> Intestinal brush border cell ( with microvilli ) </Li> <Li> Exocrine gland striated duct cell </Li> <Li> Gall bladder epithelial cell </Li> <Li> Ductulus efferens nonciliated cell </Li> <Li> Epididymal principal cell </Li> <Li> Epididymal basal cell </Li> <Li> Endothelial cells </Li> </Ul> <H3> Extracellular matrix cells ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ameloblast epithelial cell ( tooth enamel secretion ) </Li> <Li> Planum semilunatum epithelial cell of vestibular system of ear ( proteoglycan secretion ) </Li> <Li> Organ of Corti interdental epithelial cell ( secreting tectorial membrane covering hair cells ) </Li> <Li> Loose connective tissue fibroblasts </Li> <Li> Corneal fibroblasts ( corneal keratocytes ) </Li> <Li> Tendon fibroblasts </Li> <Li> Bone marrow reticular tissue fibroblasts </Li> <Li> Other nonepithelial fibroblasts </Li> <Li> Pericyte </Li> <Li> Nucleus pulposus cell of intervertebral disc </Li> <Li> Cementoblast / cementocyte ( tooth root bonelike ewan cell secretion ) </Li> <Li> Odontoblast / odontocyte ( tooth dentin secretion ) </Li> <Li> Hyaline cartilage chondrocyte </Li> <Li> Fibrocartilage chondrocyte </Li> <Li> Elastic cartilage chondrocyte </Li> <Li> Osteoblast / osteocyte </Li> <Li> Osteoprogenitor cell ( stem cell of osteoblasts ) </Li> <Li> Hyalocyte of vitreous body of eye </Li> <Li> Stellate cell of perilymphatic space of ear </Li> <Li> Hepatic stellate cell ( Ito cell ) </Li> <Li> Pancreatic stelle cell </Li> </Ul> <H3> Contractile cells ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Skeletal muscle cell <Ul> <Li> Red skeletal muscle cell ( slow ) </Li> <Li> White skeletal muscle cell ( fast ) </Li> <Li> Intermediate skeletal muscle cell </Li> <Li> Nuclear bag cell of muscle spindle </Li> <Li> Nuclear chain cell of muscle spindle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Satellite cell ( stem cell ) </Li> <Li> Heart muscle cells <Ul> <Li> Ordinary heart muscle cell </Li> <Li> Nodal heart muscle cell </Li> <Li> Purkinje fiber cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Smooth muscle cell ( various types ) </Li> <Li> Myoepithelial cell of iris </Li> <Li> Myoepithelial cell of exocrine glands </Li> </Ul> <H3> Blood and immune system cells ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Erythrocyte ( red blood cell ) </Li> <Li> Megakaryocyte ( platelet precursor ) </Li> <Li> Monocyte ( white blood cell ) </Li> <Li> Connective tissue macrophage ( various types ) </Li> <Li> Epidermal Langerhans cell </Li> <Li> Osteoclast ( in bone ) </Li> <Li> Dendritic cell ( in lymphoid tissues ) </Li> <Li> Microglial cell ( in central nervous system ) </Li> <Li> Neutrophil granulocyte </Li> <Li> Eosinophil granulocyte </Li> <Li> Basophil granulocyte </Li> <Li> Hybridoma cell </Li> <Li> Mast cell </Li> <Li> Helper T cell </Li> <Li> Suppressor T cell </Li> <Li> Cytotoxic T cell </Li> <Li> Natural killer T cell </Li> <Li> B cell </Li> <Li> Natural killer cell </Li> <Li> Reticulocyte </Li> <Li> Stem cells and committed progenitors for the blood and immune system ( various types ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Germ cells ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Oogonium / Oocyte </Li> <Li> Spermatid </Li> <Li> Spermatocyte </Li> <Li> Spermatogonium cell ( stem cell for spermatocyte ) </Li> <Li> Spermatozoon </Li> </Ul> <H3> Nurse cell ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ovarian follicle cell </Li> <Li> Sertoli cell ( in testis ) </Li> <Li> Thymus epithelial cell </Li> </Ul> <H3> Interstitial cells ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Interstitial kidney cells </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human cells . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Types of neurons from NeuroLex </Li> <Li> Eukaryotic cell types in COPE database . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cells in humans derived from endoderm </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foregut </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Respiratory </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pneumocyte <Ul> <Li> Type 1 </Li> <Li> Type 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Club cell </Li> <Li> Goblet cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Digestive </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Stomach </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Enteroendocrine cell <Ul> <Li> G cell </Li> <Li> Delta cell </Li> <Li> Enterochromaffin - like cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gastric chief cell </Li> <Li> Parietal cell </Li> <Li> Foveolar cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intestine </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Enteroendocrine cell <Ul> <Li> Gastric inhibitory polypeptide </Li> <Li> S cell </Li> <Li> Delta cell </Li> <Li> Cholecystokinin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Goblet cell </Li> <Li> Paneth cell </Li> <Li> Tuft cell </Li> <Li> Enterocyte <Ul> <Li> Microfold cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Liver </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hepatocyte </Li> <Li> Hepatic stellate cell </Li> <Li> ( Kupffer cell from mesoderm ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gallbladder </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cholecystocyte </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Exocrine pancreas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Centroacinar cell </Li> <Li> Pancreatic stellate cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Islets of Langerhans </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> alpha cell </Li> <Li> beta cell </Li> <Li> delta cell </Li> <Li> F cell ( PP cell </Li> <Li> epsilon cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pharyngeal pouch </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thyroid gland <Ul> <Li> Follicular cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Parathyroid gland <Ul> <Li> Parathyroid chief cell </Li> <Li> Oxyphil cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hindgut / cloaca </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Urothelial cells </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cells in humans derived from mesoderm </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paraxial </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Mesenchymal stem cell </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Osteochondroprogenitor cell </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bone ( Osteoblast → Osteocyte ) </Li> <Li> Cartilage ( Chondroblast → Chondrocyte ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Myofibroblast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fat <Ul> <Li> Lipoblast → Adipocyte </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Muscle <Ul> <Li> Myoblast → Myocyte </Li> <Li> Myosatellite cell </Li> <Li> Tendon cell </Li> <Li> Cardiac muscle cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Other <Ul> <Li> Fibroblast → Fibrocyte </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Digestive system <Ul> <Li> Interstitial cell of Cajal </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intermediate </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Renal stem cell </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Angioblast → Endothelial cell </Li> <Li> Mesangial cell <Ul> <Li> Intraglomerular </Li> <Li> Extraglomerular </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Juxtaglomerular cell </Li> <Li> Macula densa cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Stromal cell → Interstitial cell → Telocytes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Simple epithelial cell → Podocyte </Li> <Li> Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reproductive system </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sertoli cell </Li> <Li> Leydig cell </Li> <Li> Granulosa cell </Li> <Li> Peg cell </Li> <Li> germ cells <Ul> <Li> spermatozoon </Li> <Li> ovum </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lateral plate / hemangioblast </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hematopoietic stem cell </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lymphoid <Ul> <Li> Lymphoblast </Li> <Li> see lymphocytes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Myeloid <Ul> <Li> CFU - GEMM </Li> <Li> see myeloid cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Circulatory system </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Endothelial progenitor cell </Li> <Li> Endothelial colony forming cell </Li> <Li> Endothelial stem cell </Li> <Li> Angioblast / Mesoangioblast </Li> <Li> Pericyte </Li> <Li> Mural cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cells in humans derived from ectoderm </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Surface ectoderm </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Skin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Trichocyte </Li> <Li> Keratinocyte </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anterior pituitary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gonadotrope </Li> <Li> Corticotrope </Li> <Li> Thyrotrope </Li> <Li> Somatotrope </Li> <Li> Lactotroph </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Neural crest </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Peripheral nervous system </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Neuron </Li> <Li> Glia <Ul> <Li> Schwann cell </Li> <Li> Satellite glial cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Neuroendocrine system </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chromaffin cell </Li> <Li> Parafollicular cell </Li> <Li> Glomus cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Skin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Melanocyte <Ul> <Li> Nevus cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Merkel cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Teeth </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Odontoblast </Li> <Li> Cementoblast </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eyes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Corneal keratocyte </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Neural tube </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Central nervous system </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Neuron </Li> <Li> Glia ( Oligodendrocyte </Li> <Li> Astrocyte ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ependyma </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ependymocytes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pineal gland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pinealocyte </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body&oldid=803323388 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Human cells </Li> <Li> Histology </Li> <Li> Biology - related lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 20 : 18 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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National Security resources board - Wikipedia <H1> National Security resources board </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The National Security Resources Board was a United States government agency created by the National Security Act of 1947 whose purpose was to advise the President , in times of war , on how to mobilize natural resources , manpower , and the scientific establishment to meet the demands of the Department of Defense . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Mission </Li> <Li> 3 Structure </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ultimately , the goal was to do long - range and continuous planning to prepare the United States for adequate industrial and economic mobilization . The board was originally very ineffective , perhaps because authority was shared by all eight members of the board rather than any single point person . In 1949 , this was changed on the recommendation of the Hoover Commission . All power was vested in the chairman alone , and the board was moved to be part of the Department of Defense . Later , it was shifted to the Executive Office of the President . Its role was later eliminated when its responsibilities were transferred to the Office of Defense Mobilization in June 1953 . </P> <H2> Mission ( edit ) </H2> <P> The organization had the following statutory duties : </P> <Ul> <Li> policies concerning industrial and civilian mobilization in order to assure the most effective mobilization and maximum utilization of the Nation 's manpower in the event of war . </Li> <Li> programs for the effective use in time of war of the Nation 's natural and industrial resources for military and civilian needs , for the maintenance and stabilization of the civilian economy in time of war , and for the adjustment of such economy to war needs and conditions ; </Li> <Li> policies for unifying , in time of war , the activities of Federal agencies and departments engaged in or concerned with production , procurement , distribution , or transportation of military or civilian supplies , materials , and products ; </Li> <Li> the relationship between potential supplies of , and potential requirements for , manpower , resources , and productive facilities in time of war ; </Li> <Li> policies for establishing adequate reserves of strategic and critical material , and for the conservation of these reserves ; </Li> <Li> the strategic relocation of industries , services , government , and economic activities , the continuous operation of which is essential to the Nation 's security . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> The board was composed of eight members , one of whom served as its chairman . </P> <P> In addition , at the time of its creation , the chairman of the National Security Resources Board also served ex officio as one of only seven permanent members of the National Security Council . The first chairman was businessman Arthur M. Hill . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael J. ( 2000 ) . A cross of iron : Harry S. Truman and the origins of the national security state , 1945 - 1954 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 210 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79537 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arthur Hill , Former Chairman Of Resources Board , Is Dead '' . The New York Times . September 7 , 1972 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> History of the National Security Council on the White House website </Li> <Li> Text of the National Security Act of 1947 </Li> <Li> Archived Government Document </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article about disaster management or a disaster is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This United States government -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Resources_Board&oldid=832355719 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Government agencies established in 1947 </Li> <Li> 1950 disestablishments </Li> <Li> Defunct agencies of the United States government </Li> <Li> Military logistics of the United States </Li> <Li> Korean War </Li> <Li> 1947 establishments in the United States </Li> <Li> Disaster stubs </Li> <Li> United States government stubs </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 13 : 59 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Myanmar - Wikipedia <H1> Myanmar </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the country . For the Myanmar language , see Burmese language . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Republic of the Union of Myanmar ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw ( Burmese ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Flag State Seal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem : <Ul> <Li> Kaba Ma Kyei </Li> <Li> ( English : `` Till the End of the World '' ) </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Myanmar ( green ) <P> in ASEAN ( dark grey ) -- ( Legend ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capital </Th> <Td> Naypyidaw 19 ° 45 ′ N 96 ° 6 ′ E / 19.750 ° N 96.100 ° E / 19.750 ; 96.100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest city </Th> <Td> Yangon ( Rangoon ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official languages </Th> <Td> Burmese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recognised regional languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kachin </Li> <Li> Kayah </Li> <Li> Karen </Li> <Li> Chin </Li> <Li> Mon </Li> <Li> Rakhine </Li> <Li> Shan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official script </Th> <Td> Burmese script </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ethnic groups ( ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 68 % Bamar </Li> <Li> 9 % Shan </Li> <Li> 7 % Karen </Li> <Li> 4 % Rakhine </Li> <Li> 2 % Mon </Li> <Li> 10 % others </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Religion </Th> <Td> Theravāda Buddhism 87.9 % Christianity 6.2 % Islam 4.3 % Other 1.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demonym </Th> <Td> Burmese / Myanma / Myanmese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Government </Th> <Td> Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Td> Htin Kyaw </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State Counsellor </Th> <Td> Aung San Suu Kyi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st Vice President </Th> <Td> Myint Swe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2nd Vice President </Th> <Td> Henry Van Thio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislature </Th> <Td> Assembly of the Union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upper house </Th> <Td> House of Nationalities </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lower house </Th> <Td> House of Representatives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Formation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pagan Kingdom </Th> <Td> 23 December 849 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taungoo Dynasty </Th> <Td> 16 October 1510 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Konbaung Dynasty </Th> <Td> 29 February 1752 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annexation by Britain </Th> <Td> 24 February 1826 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Independence </Th> <Td> 4 January 1948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coup d'état </Th> <Td> 2 March 1962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New constitution </Th> <Td> 30 March 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 676,578 km ( 261,228 sq mi ) ( 39th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water ( % ) </Th> <Td> 3.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2014 census </Th> <Td> 51,486,253 ( 25th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 76 / km ( 196.8 / sq mi ) ( 125th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GDP ( PPP ) </Th> <Td> 2017 estimate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> $334.856 billion ( 53rd ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Per capita </Th> <Td> $6,360 ( 127th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GDP ( nominal ) </Th> <Td> 2017 estimate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 72.368 billion ( 72nd ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Per capita </Th> <Td> $1,374 ( 150th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> HDI ( 2015 ) </Th> <Td> 0.556 medium 145th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Currency </Th> <Td> Kyat ( K ) ( MMK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> MMT ( UTC + 06 : 30 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drives on the </Th> <Td> right </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Calling code </Th> <Td> + 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISO 3166 code </Th> <Td> MM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Internet TLD </Th> <Td> . mm </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> You may need rendering support to display the Burmese script in this article correctly . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Myanmar ( Burmese pronunciation : ( mjəmà ) ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma , is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by India and Bangladesh to its west , Thailand and Laos to its east and China to its north and northeast . To its south , about one third of Myanmar 's total perimeter of 5,876 km ( 3,651 mi ) forms an uninterrupted coastline of 1,930 km ( 1,200 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea . The country 's 2014 census counted the population to be 51 million people . Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometers ( 261,228 square miles ) in size . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city and former capital is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) since 1997 . </P> <P> Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto - Burman - speaking Pyu city - states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia . The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British took over the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo - Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony . Myanmar was granted independence in 1948 , as a democratic nation . Following a coup d'état in 1962 , it became a military dictatorship . </P> <P> For most of its independent years , the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and its myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world 's longest - running ongoing civil wars . During this time , the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country . In 2011 , the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election , and a nominally civilian government was installed . This , along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners , has improved the country 's human rights record and foreign relations , and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions . There is , however , continuing criticism of the government 's treatment of ethnic minorities , its response to the ethnic insurgency , and religious clashes . In the landmark 2015 election , Aung San Suu Kyi 's party won a majority in both houses . However , the Burmese military remains a powerful force in politics . </P> <P> Myanmar is a country rich in jade and gems , oil , natural gas and other mineral resources . In 2013 , its GDP ( nominal ) stood at US $56.7 billion and its GDP ( PPP ) at US $221.5 billion . The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world , as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the former military government . As of 2016 , Myanmar ranks 145 out of 188 countries in human development , according to the Human Development Index . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Prehistory </Li> <Li> 2.2 Early city - states </Li> <Li> 2.3 Imperial Burma </Li> <Li> 2.4 Taungoo and colonialism </Li> <Li> 2.5 British Burma ( 1824 -- 1948 ) <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Burma in British India </Li> <Li> 2.5. 2 Separation of British Burma from British India </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.6 Independence ( 1948 -- 1962 ) </Li> <Li> 2.7 Military rule ( 1962 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 2.8 Civil wars </Li> <Li> 2.9 Democratic reforms </Li> <Li> 2.10 2015 general elections </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Geography <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Administrative divisions </Li> <Li> 3.2 Climate </Li> <Li> 3.3 Environment <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Wildlife </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Government and politics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Political culture </Li> <Li> 4.2 Foreign relations </Li> <Li> 4.3 Military </Li> <Li> 4.4 Human rights and internal conflicts <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 1 Child soldiers </Li> <Li> 4.4. 2 Child / forced / slave labour , systematic sexual violence and human trafficking </Li> <Li> 4.4. 3 Genocide allegations and crimes against Rohingya people <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 3.1 Rohingya left by boat </Li> <Li> 4.4. 3.2 2012 Rakhine State riots </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4. 4 Freedom of speech </Li> <Li> 4.4. 5 Praise for the 2011 government reforms </Li> <Li> 4.4. 6 2013 onwards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.5 Nuclear weapons programme </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Economy <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Economic history </Li> <Li> 5.2 Agriculture </Li> <Li> 5.3 Drug production </Li> <Li> 5.4 Natural resources </Li> <Li> 5.5 Tourism </Li> <Li> 5.6 Economic sanctions </Li> <Li> 5.7 Government stakeholders in business </Li> <Li> 5.8 Economic liberalisation , post -- 2011 </Li> <Li> 5.9 Units of measurement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Society <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Demographics </Li> <Li> 6.2 Largest cities </Li> <Li> 6.3 Ethnic groups </Li> <Li> 6.4 Languages </Li> <Li> 6.5 Religion </Li> <Li> 6.6 Health </Li> <Li> 6.7 Education </Li> <Li> 6.8 Crime </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Culture <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Cuisine </Li> <Li> 7.2 Sport </Li> <Li> 7.3 Art </Li> <Li> 7.4 Media and communications <Ul> <Li> 7.4. 1 Internet </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.5 Film </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology </H2> Main article : Names of Myanmar <P> In 1989 , the military government officially changed the English translations of many names dating back to Burma 's colonial period or earlier , including that of the country itself : `` Burma '' became `` Myanmar '' . The renaming remains a contested issue . Many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use `` Burma '' because they do not recognise the legitimacy of the ruling military government or its authority to rename the country . </P> <P> In April 2016 , soon after taking office , Aung San Suu Kyi clarified that foreigners are free to use either name , `` because there is nothing in the constitution of our country that says that you must use any term in particular '' . </P> <P> The country 's official full name is the `` Republic of the Union of Myanmar '' ( ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် , Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw , pronounced ( pjìdàʊɴzṵ θàɴməda̰ mjəmà nàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀ ) ) . Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form `` Union of Burma '' instead . </P> <P> In English , the country is popularly known as either `` Burma '' or `` Myanmar '' / ˈmjɑːnˌmɑːr / ( listen ) . Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group . Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group , while Burma is derived from `` Bamar '' , the colloquial form of the group 's name . Depending on the register used , the pronunciation would be Bama ( pronounced ( bəmà ) ) or Myamah ( pronounced ( mjəmà ) ) . The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century . </P> <P> Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries , such as Canada and the United Kingdom . Official United States policy retains Burma as the country 's name , although the State Department 's website lists the country as `` Burma ( Myanmar ) '' and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names . The Czech Republic officially uses Myanmar , although its Ministry of Foreign Affairs mentions both Myanmar and Burma on its website . The United Nations uses Myanmar , as do the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , Australia , Russia , Germany , China , India , Bangladesh , Norway , Japan and Switzerland . </P> <P> Most English - speaking international news media refer to the country by the name Myanmar , including the BBC , CNN , Al Jazeera , Reuters , RT ( Russia Today ) and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) / Radio Australia . </P> <P> Myanmar is known with a name deriving from Burma as opposed to Myanmar in Spanish , Italian , Romanian , and Greek -- Birmania being the local version of Burma in the Spanish language , for example . Myanmar used to be known as `` Birmânia '' in Portuguese , and as `` Birmanie '' in French . As in the past , French - language media today consistently use Birmanie. , </P> <H2> History </H2> Main article : History of Myanmar <H3> Prehistory </H3> Main articles : Prehistory of Myanmar and Migration period of ancient Burma Pyu city - states c. 8th century ; Pagan is shown for comparison only and is not contemporary . <P> Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 750,000 years ago , with no more erectus finds after 75,000 years ago . The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 11,000 BC , in a Stone Age culture called the Anyathian with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar . Evidence of neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered in the form of cave paintings in Padah - Lin Caves . </P> <P> The Bronze Age arrived circa 1500 BC when people in the region were turning copper into bronze , growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs ; they were among the first people in the world to do so . Human remains and artefacts from this era were discovered in Monywa District in the Sagaing Division . The Iron Age began around 500 BC with the emergence of iron - working settlements in an area south of present - day Mandalay . Evidence also shows the presence of rice - growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BC and 200 AD . Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as India and Thailand , as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials . This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places , possibly through trade . </P> <H3> Early city - states </H3> Main articles : Pyu city - states and Mon kingdoms <P> Around the second century BC the first - known city - states emerged in central Myanmar . The city - states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto - Burman - speaking Pyu city - states , the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant , from present - day Yunnan . The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India , importing Buddhism as well as other cultural , architectural and political concepts , which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation . </P> <P> By the 9th century , several city - states had sprouted across the land : the Pyu in the central dry zone , Mon along the southern coastline and Arakanese along the western littoral . The balance was upset when the Pyu came under repeated attacks from Nanzhao between the 750s and the 830s . In the mid-to - late 9th century the Bamar people founded a small settlement at Bagan . It was one of several competing city - states until the late 10th century when it grew in authority and grandeur . </P> <H3> Imperial Burma </H3> Main articles : Pagan Kingdom , Taungoo Dynasty , and Konbaung Dynasty See also : Ava Kingdom , Hanthawaddy Kingdom , Kingdom of Mrauk U , and Shan States Pagodas and kyaungs in present - day Bagan , the capital of the Pagan Kingdom . <P> Pagan gradually grew to absorb its surrounding states until the 1050s -- 1060s when Anawrahta founded the Pagan Kingdom , the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery . In the 12th and 13th centuries , the Pagan Empire and the Khmer Empire were two main powers in mainland Southeast Asia . The Burmese language and culture gradually became dominant in the upper Irrawaddy valley , eclipsing the Pyu , Mon and Pali norms by the late 12th century . </P> <P> Theravada Buddhism slowly began to spread to the village level , although Tantric , Mahayana , Hinduism , and folk religion remained heavily entrenched . Pagan 's rulers and wealthy built over 10,000 Buddhist temples in the Pagan capital zone alone . Repeated Mongol invasions ( 1277 -- 1301 ) toppled the four - century - old kingdom in 1287 . </P> Temples at Mrauk U . <P> Pagan 's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century . Like the Burmans four centuries earlier , Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind . Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley . The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers , Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom , emerged . In the west , a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437 . </P> <P> Early on , Ava fought wars of unification ( 1385 -- 1424 ) but could never quite reassemble the lost empire . Having held off Ava , Hanthawaddy entered its golden age , and Arakan went on to become a power in its own right for the next 350 years . In contrast , constant warfare left Ava greatly weakened , and it slowly disintegrated from 1481 onward . In 1527 , the Confederation of Shan States conquered Ava itself , and ruled Upper Myanmar until 1555 . </P> <P> Like the Pagan Empire , Ava , Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities . Despite the wars , cultural synchronisation continued . This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture . Burmese literature `` grew more confident , popular , and stylistically diverse '' , and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest pan-Burma chronicles emerged . Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country . Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period . </P> <H3> Taungoo and colonialism </H3> Bayinnaung 's Empire in 1580 . <P> Political unification returned in the mid-16th century , due to the efforts of Taungoo , a former vassal state of Ava . Taungoo 's young , ambitious king Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo -- Hanthawaddy War ( 1534 -- 41 ) . His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states , Lan Na , Manipur , Mong Mao , the Ayutthaya Kingdom , Lan Xang and southern Arakan . However , the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung 's death in 1581 , completely collapsing by 1599 . Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na , and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin ( Syriam ) . </P> <P> The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614 . It restored a smaller , more manageable kingdom , encompassing Lower Myanmar , Upper Myanmar , Shan states , Lan Na and upper Tenasserim . The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century . The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley , and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs . Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years . From the 1720s onward , the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na . In 1740 , the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom . Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752 , ending the 266 - year - old Toungoo Dynasty . </P> A British 1825 lithograph of Shwedagon Pagoda shows British occupation during the First Anglo - Burmese War . <P> After the fall of Ava , the Konbaung -- Hanthawaddy War involved one resistance group under Alaungpaya defeating the Restored Hanthawaddy , and by 1759 , he had reunited all of Myanmar and Manipur , and driven out the French and the British , who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy . By 1770 , Alaungpaya 's heirs had subdued much of Laos ( 1765 ) and fought and won the Burmese -- Siamese War ( 1765 -- 67 ) against Ayutthaya and the Sino - Burmese War ( 1765 -- 69 ) against Qing China ( 1765 -- 1769 ) . </P> <P> With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat , Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770 , and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776 . Burma and Siam went to war until 1855 , but all resulted in a stalemate , exchanging Tenasserim ( to Burma ) and Lan Na ( to Ayutthaya ) . Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east , King Bodawpaya turned west , acquiring Arakan ( 1785 ) , Manipur ( 1814 ) and Assam ( 1817 ) . It was the second - largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill - defined border with British India . </P> <P> The breadth of this empire was short lived . Burma lost Arakan , Manipur , Assam and Tenasserim to the British in the First Anglo - Burmese War ( 1824 -- 1826 ) . In 1852 , the British easily seized Lower Burma in the Second Anglo - Burmese War . King Mindon Min tried to modernise the kingdom , and in 1875 narrowly avoided annexation by ceding the Karenni States . The British , alarmed by the consolidation of French Indochina , annexed the remainder of the country in the Third Anglo - Burmese War in 1885 . </P> <P> Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo 's administrative reforms , and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion . For the first time in history , the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley . The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre continued , aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era ( half of all males and 5 % of females ) . Nonetheless , the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism . </P> <H3> British Burma ( 1824 -- 1948 ) </H3> Main articles : British rule in Burma and Burma Campaign Burma in British India The landing of British forces in Mandalay after the last of the Anglo - Burmese Wars , which resulted in the abdication of the last Burmese monarch , King Thibaw Min . British troops firing a mortar on the Mawchi road , July 1944 . <P> The eighteenth century saw Burmese rulers , whose country had not previously been of particular interest to European traders , seek to maintain their traditional influence in the western areas of Assam , Manipur and Arakan . Pressing them , however , was the British East India Company , which was expanding its interests eastwards over the same territory . Over the next sixty years , diplomacy , raids , treaties and compromises continued until , after three Anglo - Burmese Wars ( 1824 -- 1885 ) , Britain proclaimed control over most of Burma . British rule brought social , economic , cultural and administrative changes . </P> <P> With the fall of Mandalay , all of Burma came under British rule , being annexed on 1 January 1886 . Throughout the colonial era , many Indians arrived as soldiers , civil servants , construction workers and traders and , along with the Anglo - Burmese community , dominated commercial and civil life in Burma . Rangoon became the capital of British Burma and an important port between Calcutta and Singapore . </P> <P> Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon ( Rangoon ) on occasion all the way until the 1930s . Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas . Buddhist monks became the vanguards of the independence movement . U Wisara , an activist monk , died in prison after a 166 - day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him to wear his Buddhist robes while imprisoned . </P> Separation of British Burma from British India <P> On 1 April 1937 , Burma became a separately administered colony of Great Britain and Ba Maw the first Prime Minister and Premier of Burma . Ba Maw was an outspoken advocate for Burmese self - rule and he opposed the participation of Great Britain , and by extension Burma , in World War II . He resigned from the Legislative Assembly and was arrested for sedition . In 1940 , before Japan formally entered the Second World War , Aung San formed the Burma Independence Army in Japan . </P> <P> A major battleground , Burma was devastated during World War II . By March 1942 , within months after they entered the war , Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon and the British administration had collapsed . A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942 . Wingate 's British Chindits were formed into long - range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines . A similar American unit , Merrill 's Marauders , followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943 . Beginning in late 1944 , allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945 . The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting . Overall , the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma . Only 1,700 prisoners were taken . </P> <P> Although many Burmese fought initially for the Japanese as part of the Burma Independence Army , many Burmese , mostly from the ethnic minorities , served in the British Burma Army . The Burma National Army and the Arakan National Army fought with the Japanese from 1942 to 1944 but switched allegiance to the Allied side in 1945 . Under Japanese occupation , 170,000 to 250,000 civilians died . </P> <P> Following World War II , Aung San negotiated the Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state . Aung Zan Wai , Pe Khin , Bo Hmu Aung , Sir Maung Gyi , Dr. Sein Mya Maung , Myoma U Than Kywe were among the negotiators of the historical Panglong Conference negotiated with Bamar leader General Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947 . In 1947 , Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar , a transitional government . But in July 1947 , political rivals assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members . </P> <H3> Independence ( 1948 -- 1962 ) </H3> Main article : Post-independence Burma , 1948 -- 62 British governor Hubert Elvin Rance and Sao Shwe Thaik at the flag raising ceremony on 4 January 1948 ( Independence Day of Burma ) . <P> On 4 January 1948 , the nation became an independent republic , named the Union of Burma , with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first President and U Nu as its first Prime Minister . Unlike most other former British colonies and overseas territories , Burma did not become a member of the Commonwealth . A bicameral parliament was formed , consisting of a Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Nationalities , and multi-party elections were held in 1951 -- 1952 , 1956 and 1960 . </P> <P> The geographical area Burma encompasses today can be traced to the Panglong Agreement , which combined Burma Proper , which consisted of Lower Burma and Upper Burma , and the Frontier Areas , which had been administered separately by the British . </P> <P> In 1961 , U Thant , then the Union of Burma 's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former Secretary to the Prime Minister , was elected Secretary - General of the United Nations , a position he held for ten years . Among the Burmese to work at the UN when he was Secretary - General was a young Aung San Suu Kyi ( daughter of Aung San ) , who went on to become winner of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize . </P> <P> When the non-Burman ethnic groups pushed for autonomy or federalism , alongside having a weak civilian government at the centre , the military leadership staged a coup d'état in 1962 . Though incorporated in the 1947 Constitution , successive military governments construed the use of the term ' federalism ' as being anti-national , anti-unity and pro-disintegration . </P> <H3> Military rule ( 1962 -- 2011 ) </H3> <P> On 2 March 1962 , the military led by General Ne Win took control of Burma through a coup d'état , and the government has been under direct or indirect control by the military since then . Between 1962 and 1974 , Myanmar was ruled by a revolutionary council headed by the general . Almost all aspects of society ( business , media , production ) were nationalised or brought under government control under the Burmese Way to Socialism , which combined Soviet - style nationalisation and central planning . </P> <P> A new constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma was adopted in 1974 . Until 1988 , the country was ruled as a one - party system , with the General and other military officers resigning and ruling through the Burma Socialist Programme Party ( BSPP ) . During this period , Myanmar became one of the world 's most impoverished countries . </P> Protesters gathering in central Rangoon , 1988 . <P> There were sporadic protests against military rule during the Ne Win years and these were almost always violently suppressed . On 7 July 1962 , the government broke up demonstrations at Rangoon University , killing 15 students . In 1974 , the military violently suppressed anti-government protests at the funeral of U Thant. Student protests in 1975 , 1976 , and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force . </P> <P> In 1988 , unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the 8888 Uprising . Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators , and General Saw Maung staged a coup d'état and formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council ( SLORC ) . In 1989 , SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests . The military government finalised plans for People 's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989 . SLORC changed the country 's official English name from the `` Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma '' to the `` Union of Myanmar '' in 1989 . </P> <P> In May 1990 , the government held free elections for the first time in almost 30 years and the National League for Democracy ( NLD ) , the party of Aung San Suu Kyi , won 392 out of a total 492 seats ( i.e. , 80 % of the seats ) . However , the military junta refused to cede power and continued to rule the nation as SLORC until 1997 , and then as the State Peace and Development Council ( SPDC ) until its dissolution in March 2011 . </P> Protesters in Yangon during the 2007 Saffron Revolution with a banner that reads non-violence : national movement in Burmese . In the background is Shwedagon Pagoda . <P> On 23 June 1997 , Myanmar was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) . On 27 March 2006 , the military junta , which had moved the national capital from Yangon to a site near Pyinmana in November 2005 , officially named the new capital Naypyidaw , meaning `` city of the kings '' . </P> Cyclone Nargis in southern Myanmar , May 2008 . <P> In August 2007 , an increase in the price of diesel and petrol led to the Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government . The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007 . The crackdown was harsh , with reports of barricades at the Shwedagon Pagoda and monks killed . There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces , but none was confirmed . The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the international reactions to the Saffron Revolution and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government . </P> <P> In May 2008 , Cyclone Nargis caused extensive damage in the densely populated , rice - farming delta of the Irrawaddy Division . It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing , damage totalled to 10 billion US dollars , and as many as 1 million left homeless . In the critical days following this disaster , Myanmar 's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts . Humanitarian aid was requested but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine , food , and other supplies . </P> <P> In early August 2009 , a conflict known as the Kokang incident broke out in Shan State in northern Myanmar . For several weeks , junta troops fought against ethnic minorities including the Han Chinese , Wa , and Kachin . During 8 -- 12 August , the first days of the conflict , as many as 10,000 Burmese civilians fled to Yunnan province in neighbouring China . </P> <H3> Civil wars </H3> Main articles : Internal conflict in Myanmar , Kachin Conflict , Karen conflict , and 2015 Kokang offensive <P> Civil wars have been a constant feature of Myanmar 's socio - political landscape since the attainment of independence in 1948 . These wars are predominantly struggles for ethnic and sub-national autonomy , with the areas surrounding the ethnically Bamar central districts of the country serving as the primary geographical setting of conflict . Foreign journalists and visitors require a special travel permit to visit the areas in which Myanmar 's civil wars continue . </P> <P> In October 2012 , the ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict , between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government ; a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims , and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State ; and a conflict between the Shan , Lahu , and Karen minority groups , and the government in the eastern half of the country . In addition , al - Qaeda signalled an intention to become involved in Myanmar . In a video released on 3 September 2014 , mainly addressed to India , the militant group 's leader Ayman al - Zawahiri said al - Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing `` what they can to rescue you '' . In response , the military raised its level of alertness , while the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland . </P> <P> Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces have resulted in the Kokang offensive in February 2015 . The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter on the Chinese side of the border . During the incident , the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels . Burmese officials have been historically `` manipulated '' and pressured by the Chinese government throughout Burmese modern history to create closer and binding ties with China , creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia . However , uncertainties exist as clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue . </P> <H3> Democratic reforms </H3> Main article : 2011 -- 12 Burmese political reforms <P> The goal of the Burmese constitutional referendum of 2008 , held on 10 May 2008 , is the creation of a `` discipline - flourishing democracy '' . As part of the referendum process , the name of the country was changed from the `` Union of Myanmar '' to the `` Republic of the Union of Myanmar '' , and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010 . Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful ; however , allegations of polling station irregularities were raised , and the United Nations ( UN ) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent . </P> U.S. President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton with Aung San Suu Kyi and her staff at her home in Yangon , 2012 <P> The military - backed Union Solidarity and Development Party declared victory in the 2010 elections , stating that it had been favoured by 80 percent of the votes ; however , the claim was disputed by numerous pro-democracy opposition groups who asserted that the military regime had engaged in rampant fraud . One report documented 77 percent as the official turnout rate of the election . The military junta was dissolved on 30 March 2011 . </P> <P> Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway . According to some reports , the military 's presence continues as the label `` disciplined democracy '' suggests . This label asserts that the Burmese military is allowing certain civil liberties while clandestinely institutionalising itself further into Burmese politics . Such an assertion assumes that reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests through the transition -- here , `` transition '' does not refer to a transition to a liberal democracy , but transition to a quasi-military rule . </P> <P> Since the 2010 election , the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy , a mixed economy , and reconciliation , although doubts persist about the motives that underpin such reforms . The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest , the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission , the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners , new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes , a relaxation of press censorship , and the regulation of currency practices . </P> <P> The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas , including ASEAN 's approval of Myanmar 's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014 ; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress , which was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years , during which Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein , as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi ; and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi 's National League for Democracy ( NLD ) party in the 2012 by - elections , facilitated by the government 's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD . As of July 2013 , about 100 political prisoners remain imprisoned , while conflict between the Burmese Army and local insurgent groups continues . </P> Map of Myanmar and its divisions , including Shan State , Kachin State , Rakhine State and Karen State . <P> In 1 April 2012 by - elections , the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats ; previously an illegal organisation , the NLD had not won a single seat under new constitution . The 2012 by - elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar . </P> <H3> 2015 General elections </H3> Main article : Myanmar general election , 2015 <P> General elections were held on 8 November 2015 . These were the first openly contested elections held in Myanmar since 1990 . The results gave the National League for Democracy an absolute majority of seats in both chambers of the national parliament , enough to ensure that its candidate would become president , while NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi is constitutionally barred from the presidency . </P> <P> The new parliament convened on 1 February 2016 and , on 15 March 2016 , Htin Kyaw was elected as the first non-military president since the military coup of 1962 . On 6 April 2016 , Aung San Suu Kyi assumed the newly created role of State Counsellor , a role akin to a Prime Minister . </P> <H2> Geography </H2> Main article : Geography of Myanmar A map of Myanmar Myanmar map of Köppen climate classification . <P> Myanmar has a total area of 678,500 square kilometres ( 262,000 sq mi ) . It lies between latitudes 9 ° and 29 ° N , and longitudes 92 ° and 102 ° E. As of February 2011 , Myanmar consisted of 14 states and regions , 67 districts , 330 townships , 64 sub-townships , 377 towns , 2,914 Wards , 14,220 village tracts and 68,290 villages . </P> <P> Myanmar is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram , Manipur , Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India . Its north and northeast border is with the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan province for a Sino - Myanmar border total of 2,185 km ( 1,358 mi ) . It is bounded by Laos and Thailand to the southeast . Myanmar has 1,930 km ( 1,200 mi ) of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south , which forms one quarter of its total perimeter . </P> <P> In the north , the Hengduan Mountains form the border with China . Hkakabo Razi , located in Kachin State , at an elevation of 5,881 metres ( 19,295 ft ) , is the highest point in Myanmar . Many mountain ranges , such as the Rakhine Yoma , the Bago Yoma , the Shan Hills and the Tenasserim Hills exist within Myanmar , all of which run north - to - south from the Himalayas . </P> <P> The mountain chains divide Myanmar 's three river systems , which are the Irrawaddy , Salween ( Thanlwin ) , and the Sittaung rivers . The Irrawaddy River , Myanmar 's longest river , nearly 2,170 kilometres ( 1,348 mi ) long , flows into the Gulf of Martaban . Fertile plains exist in the valleys between the mountain chains . The majority of Myanmar 's population lives in the Irrawaddy valley , which is situated between the Rakhine Yoma and the Shan Plateau . </P> <H3> Administrative divisions </H3> Main article : Administrative divisions of Myanmar <P> Myanmar is divided into seven states ( ပြည်နယ် ) and seven regions ( တိုင်းဒေသကြီး ) , formerly called divisions . Regions are predominantly Bamar ( that is , mainly inhabited by the dominant ethnic group ) . States , in essence , are regions that are home to particular ethnic minorities . The administrative divisions are further subdivided into districts , which are further subdivided into townships , wards , and villages . </P> <P> Below are the number of districts , townships , cities / towns , wards , village groups and villages in each divisions and states of Myanmar as of 31 December 2001 : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> State / Region </Th> <Th> Districts </Th> <Th> Town ships </Th> <Th> Cities / Towns </Th> <Th> Wards </Th> <Th> Village groups </Th> <Th> Villages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kachin State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> 606 </Td> <Td> 2630 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kayah State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 624 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kayin State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 376 </Td> <Td> 2092 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chin State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 475 </Td> <Td> 1355 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Sagaing Region </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> 1769 </Td> <Td> 6095 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Tanintharyi Region </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 265 </Td> <Td> 1255 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Bago Region </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 246 </Td> <Td> 1424 </Td> <Td> 6498 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Magway Region </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> 1543 </Td> <Td> 4774 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Mandalay Region </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 259 </Td> <Td> 1611 </Td> <Td> 5472 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Mon State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 381 </Td> <Td> 1199 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Rakhine State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> 1041 </Td> <Td> 3871 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Yangon Region </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 685 </Td> <Td> 634 </Td> <Td> 2119 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Shan State </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 336 </Td> <Td> 1626 </Td> <Td> 15513 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Ayeyarwady Region </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 219 </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> 11651 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 324 </Td> <Td> 312 </Td> <Td> 2548 </Td> <Td> 13742 </Td> <Td> 65148 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Climate </H3> Main article : Climate of Myanmar The limestone landscape of Mon State . <P> Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator . It lies in the monsoon region of Asia , with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm ( 196.9 in ) of rain annually . Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately 2,500 mm ( 98.4 in ) , while average annual rainfall in the Dry Zone in central Myanmar is less than 1,000 mm ( 39.4 in ) . The Northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest , with average temperatures of 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 ° C ( 89.6 ° F ) . </P> <H3> Environment </H3> Further information : Deforestation in Myanmar <P> Myanmar continues to perform badly in the global Environmental Performance Index ( EPI ) with an overall ranking of 153 out of 180 countries in 2016 ; among the worst in the South Asian region , only ahead of Bangladesh and Afghanistan . The EPI was established in 2001 by the World Economic Forum as a global gauge to measure how well individual countries perform in implementing the United Nations ' Sustainable Development Goals . The environmental areas where Myanmar performs worst ( ie . highest ranking ) are air quality ( 174 ) , health impacts of environmental issues ( 143 ) and biodiversity and habitat ( 142 ) . Myanmar performs best ( ie . lowest ranking ) in environmental impacts of fisheries ( 21 ) , but with declining fish stocks . Despite several issues , Myanmar also ranks 64 and scores very good ( ie . a high percentage of 93.73 % ) in environmental effects of the agricultural industry because of an excellent management of the nitrogen cycle . </P> Wildlife <P> Myanmar 's slow economic growth has contributed to the preservation of much of its environment and ecosystems . Forests , including dense tropical growth and valuable teak in lower Myanmar , cover over 49 % of the country , including areas of acacia , bamboo , ironwood and Magnolia champaca . Coconut and betel palm and rubber have been introduced . In the highlands of the north , oak , pine and various rhododendrons cover much of the land . </P> <P> Heavy logging since the new 1995 forestry law went into effect has seriously reduced forest acreage and wildlife habitat . The lands along the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits and once had large areas of mangroves although much of the protective mangroves have disappeared . In much of central Myanmar ( the Dry Zone ) , vegetation is sparse and stunted . </P> <P> Typical jungle animals , particularly tigers , occur sparsely in Myanmar . In upper Myanmar , there are rhinoceros , wild water buffalo , clouded leopard , wild boars , deer , antelope , and elephants , which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals , particularly in the lumber industry . Smaller mammals are also numerous , ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes . The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species , including parrots , myna , peafowl , red junglefowl , weaverbirds , crows , herons , and barn owl . Among reptile species there are crocodiles , geckos , cobras , Burmese pythons , and turtles . Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide - ranging , plentiful and are very important food sources . For a list of protected areas , see List of protected areas of Myanmar . </P> <H2> Government and politics </H2> Main article : Politics of Myanmar Assembly of the Union ( Pyidaungsu Hluttaw ) <P> The constitution of Myanmar , its third since independence , was drafted by its military rulers and published in September 2008 . The country is governed as a parliamentary system with a bicameral legislature ( with an executive President accountable to the legislature ) , with 25 % of the legislators appointed by the military and the rest elected in general elections . </P> <P> The legislature , called the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw , is bicameral and made up of two houses : the 224 - seat upper house Amyotha Hluttaw ( House of Nationalities ) and the 440 - seat lower house Pyithu Hluttaw ( House of Representatives ) . The upper house consists of 224 members , of whom 168 are directly elected and 56 are appointed by the Burmese Armed Forces . The lower house consists of 440 members , of whom 330 are directly elected and 110 are appointed by the armed forces . </P> <H3> Political culture </H3> <P> The major political parties are the National League for Democracy and Union Solidarity and Development Party . </P> <P> Myanmar 's army - drafted constitution was approved in a referendum in May 2008 . The results , 92.4 % of the 22 million voters with an official turnout of 99 % , are considered suspect by many international observers and by the National League of Democracy with reports of widespread fraud , ballot stuffing , and voter intimidation . </P> <P> The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military - backed Union Solidarity and Development Party . Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections . One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal . However , immediately following the elections , the government ended the house arrest of the democracy advocate and leader of the National League for Democracy , Aung San Suu Kyi , and her ability to move freely around the country is considered an important test of the military 's movement toward more openness . After unexpected reforms in 2011 , NLD senior leaders have decided to register as a political party and to field candidates in future by - elections . </P> <P> Myanmar 's recent political history is underlined by its struggle to establish democratic structures amidst conflicting fractions . This political transition from a closely held military rule to a free democratic system is widely believed to be determining the future of Myanmar . The resounding victory of Aung San Suu Kyi 's National League for Democracy in 2015 general elections has raised hope for a successful culmination of this transition . </P> <P> Myanmar rates as a corrupt nation on the Corruption Perceptions Index with a rank of 136th out of 176 countries worldwide , with 1st being least corrupt , as of 2016 . </P> <H3> Foreign relations </H3> Main article : Foreign relations of Myanmar Myanmar President Thein Sein meets US President Barack Obama in Yangon , 2012 . <P> Though the country 's foreign relations , particularly with Western nations , have been strained , relations have thawed since the reforms following the 2010 elections . After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions , the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012 The European Union has placed sanctions on Myanmar , including an arms embargo , cessation of trade preferences , and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid . </P> <P> Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government , coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement , have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most US and many European companies . On 13 April 2012 British Prime Minister David Cameron called for the economic sanctions on Myanmar to be suspended in the wake of the pro-democracy party gaining 43 seats out of a possible 45 in the 2012 by - elections with the party leader , Aung San Suu Kyi becoming a member of the Burmese parliament . </P> <P> Despite Western isolation , Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments , particularly in natural resource extraction . The country has close relations with neighbouring India and China with several Indian and Chinese companies operating in the country . Under India 's Look East policy , fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing , oil and gas exploration , information technology , hydro power and construction of ports and buildings . </P> <P> In 2008 , India suspended military aid to Myanmar over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta , although it has preserved extensive commercial ties , which provide the regime with much - needed revenue . The thaw in relations began on 28 November 2011 , when Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila arrived in the capital , Naypyidaw , the same day as the country received a visit by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , who also met with pro-democracy opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi . International relations progress indicators continued in September 2012 when Aung San Suu Kyi visited to the US followed by Myanmar 's reformist president visit to the United Nations . </P> <P> In May 2013 , Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years ; the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966 . President Barack Obama praised the former general for political and economic reforms , and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States . Political activists objected to the visit due to concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive US support . The two leaders discussed to release more political prisoners , the institutionalisation of political reform and rule of law , and ending ethnic conflict in Myanmar -- the two governments agreed to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013 . </P> <P> In June 2013 , Myanmar held its first ever summit , the World Economic Forum on East Asia 2013 . A regional spinoff of the annual World Economic Forum in Davos , Switzerland , the summit was held on 5 -- 7 June and attended by 1,200 participants , including 10 heads of state , 12 ministers and 40 senior directors from around the world . </P> <H3> Military </H3> Main article : Armed forces of Myanmar A Myanmar Air Force Mikoyan MiG - 29 multirole fighter . <P> Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China in the past . Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997 . Though it gave up its turn to hold the ASEAN chair and host the ASEAN Summit in 2006 , it chaired the forum and hosted the summit in 2014 . In November 2008 , Myanmar 's political situation with neighbouring Bangladesh became tense as they began searching for natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal . Controversy surrounding the Rohingya population also remains an issue between Bangladesh and Myanmar . </P> <P> Myanmar 's armed forces are known as the Tatmadaw , which numbers 488,000 . The Tatmadaw comprises the Army , the Navy , and the Air Force . The country ranked twelfth in the world for its number of active troops in service . The military is very influential in Myanmar , with all top cabinet and ministry posts usually held by military officials . Official figures for military spending are not available . Estimates vary widely because of uncertain exchange rates , but Myanmar 's military forces ' expenses are high . Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia , Ukraine , China and India . </P> <P> Myanmar is building a research nuclear reactor near Pyin Oo Lwin with help from Russia . It is one of the signatories of the nuclear non-proliferation pact since 1992 and a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) since 1957 . The military junta had informed the IAEA in September 2000 of its intention to construct the reactor . The research reactor outbuilding frame was built by ELE steel industries limited of Yangon / Rangoon and water from Anisakhan / BE water fall will be used for the reactor cavity cooling system . </P> <P> In 2010 as part of the Wikileaks leaked cables , Myanmar was suspected of using North Korean construction teams to build a fortified Surface - to - Air Missile facility . </P> <P> Until 2005 , the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus . But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights . In January 2007 , Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition . South Africa also voted against the resolution . </P> Map of conflict zones in Myanmar . States and regions affected by fighting during and after 1995 are highlighted in yellow . <H3> Human rights and internal conflicts </H3> Main articles : Human rights in Myanmar and Internal conflict in Myanmar <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There is consensus that former military regime in Myanmar ( 1962 -- 2010 ) was one of the world 's most repressive and abusive regimes . In November 2012 , Samantha Power , Barack Obama 's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights , wrote on the White House blog in advance of the president 's visit that `` Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue , including against women and children . '' Members of the United Nations and major international human rights organisations have issued repeated and consistent reports of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Myanmar . The United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly called on the Burmese Military Junta to respect human rights and in November 2009 the General Assembly adopted a resolution `` strongly condemning the ongoing systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms '' and calling on the Burmese Military Regime `` to take urgent measures to put an end to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law . '' </P> <P> International human rights organisations including Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar . The Freedom in the World 2011 report by Freedom House notes , `` The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights ; and committed human rights abuses with impunity . '' In July 2013 , the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held in Burmese prisons . </P> Mae La camp , Tak , Thailand , one of the largest of nine UNHCR camps in Thailand where over 700,000 refugees , asylum seekers , and stateless persons have fled . <P> Evidence gathered by a British researcher was published in 2005 regarding the extermination or ' Burmisation ' of certain ethnic minorities , such as the Karen , Karenni and Shan . </P> Child soldiers <P> Child soldiers had played a major part in the Burmese Army until around 2012 . The Independent reported in June 2012 that `` Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol . '' The UN 's Special Representative of the Secretary - General for Children and Armed Conflict , Radhika Coomaraswamy , who stepped down from her position a week later , met representatives of the Government of Myanmar on 5 July 2012 and stated that she hoped the government 's signing of an action plan would `` signal a transformation . '' In September 2012 , the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers and the International Labour Organization met with representatives of the government as well as the Kachin Independence Army to secure the release of more child soldiers . According to Samantha Power , a US delegation raised the issue of child soldiers with the government in October 2012 . However , she did not comment on the government 's progress towards reform in this area . </P> <P> A Bangkok Post article on 23 December 2012 reported that the Myanmar Armed Forces continued to use child soldiers including during the army 's large offensive against the KIA in December 2012 . </P> Child / forced / slave labour , systematic sexual violence and human trafficking <P> Forced labour , human trafficking , and child labour are common . The military is also notorious for rampant use of sexual violence , a practice continuing as of 2012 . In 2007 the international movement to defend women 's human rights issues in Myanmar was said to be gaining speed . </P> Genocide allegations and crimes against Rohingya people Rohingya people of Myanmar displaced by decades long human rights abuses . More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar continue to live in camps for internally displaced persons . Rohingyas have received international attention in the wake of 2012 Rakhine State riots and its aftermath . See also : Rohingya insurgency in Western Myanmar , 2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots , and 2016 -- 17 Rohingya persecution in Myanmar <P> The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens ( despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations ) -- the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law . The law created three categories of citizenship : citizenship , associate citizenship , and naturalised citizenship . Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin , Kayah ( Karenni ) , Karen , Chin , Burman , Mon , Rakhine , Shan , Kaman , or Zerbadee . Associate citizenship is given to those who can not prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823 , but can prove they have one grandparent , or pre-1823 ancestor , who was a citizen of another country , as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws . Naturalised citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide `` conclusive evidence '' that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948 . The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them -- this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma , while the Rohingya people have been described as `` among the world 's least wanted '' and `` one of the world 's most persecuted minorities . '' But the origin of ' most persecuted minority ' statement is unclear . </P> <P> Rohingya are also not allowed to travel without official permission , are banned from owning land and are required to sign a commitment to have no more than two children . As of July 2012 , the Myanmar Government does not include the Rohingya minority group -- classified as stateless Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982 -- on the government 's list of more than 130 ethnic races and , therefore , the government states that they have no claim to Myanmar citizenship . </P> <P> In 2007 the German professor Bassam Tibi suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws , while non-religious causes have also been raised , such as a lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II -- during this time period the British allied themselves with the Rohingya and fought against the puppet government of Burma ( composed mostly of Bamar Japanese ) that helped to establish the Tatmadaw military organisation that remains in power as of March 2013 . </P> <P> Since the democratic transition began in 2011 , there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state . A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar 's Buddhist and Muslim communities , with violence spreading to towns that are located closer to Yangon . </P> Rohingya left by boat <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Further information : 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis <P> The Rohingya have been leaving the Rakhine State by boat in search for jobs in Malaysia these recent years . Often , the boats are very small and dangerous on the open seas . An estimated 100,000 Rohingya have fled Myanmar in the last two years in fear of persecution and violence . They have been fleeing to Thailand , Malaysia , or even Australia for refuge . Over 200 have died in recent years and over 7,000 have been held in detention centres even after surviving the boat trip . </P> 2012 Rakhine State riots Main article : 2012 Rakhine State riots <P> A widely publicised Burmese conflict was the 2012 Rakhine State riots , a series of conflicts that primarily involved the ethnic Rakhine Buddhist people and the Rohingya Muslim people in the northern Rakhine State -- an estimated 90,000 people were displaced as a result of the riots . </P> <P> The immediate cause of the riots is unclear , with many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine after the rape and murder of a Rakhine woman as the main cause . Whole villages have been `` decimated '' . Over 300 houses and a number of public buildings have been razed . According to Tun Khin , the president of the Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK ( BROUK ) , as of 28 June 2012 , 650 Rohingyas have been killed , 1,200 are missing , and more than 80,000 have been displaced . According to the Myanmar authorities , the violence , between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims , left 78 people dead , 87 injured , and thousands of homes destroyed . It displaced more than 52,000 people . </P> <P> The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions . On 10 June 2012 , a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine , allowing the military to participate in administration of the region . The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence . A number of monks ' organisations that played a vital role in Myanmar 's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya community . </P> Freedom of speech Main article : Censorship in Myanmar <P> Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012 following demonstrations by hundreds of protesters who wore shirts demanding that the government `` Stop Killing the Press . '' The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board before publication . However , as explained by one editorial in the exiled press The Irrawaddy , this new `` freedom '' has caused some Burmese journalists to simply see the new law as an attempt to create an environment of self - censorship as journalists `` are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes -- non-disintegration of the Union , non-disintegration of national solidarity , perpetuation of sovereignty -- and `` journalistic ethics '' to ensure their stories are accurate and do not jeopardise national security . '' In July 2014 five journalists were sentenced to 10 years in jail after publishing a report saying the country was planning to build a new chemical weapons plant . Journalists described the jailings as a blow to the recently - won news media freedoms that had followed five decades of censorship and persecution . </P> Praise for the 2011 government reforms <P> According to the Crisis Group , since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011 , the country 's human rights record has been improving . Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7 , the 2012 Freedom in the World report also notes improvement , giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights , the release of political prisoners , and a loosening of restrictions . In 2013 , Myanmar improved yet again , receiving a score of five in civil liberties and a six in political freedoms . </P> <P> The government has assembled a National Human Rights Commission that consists of 15 members from various backgrounds . Several activists in exile , including Thee Lay Thee Anyeint members , have returned to Myanmar after President Thein Sein 's invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development . In an address to the United Nations Security Council on 22 September 2011 , Myanmar 's Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin confirmed the government 's intention to release prisoners in the near future . </P> <P> The government has also relaxed reporting laws , but these remain highly restrictive . In September 2011 , several banned websites , including YouTube , Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America , were unblocked . A 2011 report by the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations found that , while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions , international humanitarian non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials , especially at the local level . At the same time , international NGOs are mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it . </P> 2013 onwards <P> Following Thein Sein 's first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron , the Myanmar president declared that all of his nation 's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013 , in addition to a statement of support for the well - being of the Rohingya Muslim community . In a speech at Chatham House , he revealed that `` We ( Myanmar government ) are reviewing all cases . I guarantee to you that by the end of this year , there will be no prisoners of conscience in Myanmar . '' , in addition to expressing a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar 's military forces . Homosexual acts are illegal in Myanmar . In 2016 , Myanmar leader Aung San Suu Kyi was accused of failing to protect Myanmar 's Muslim minority . </P> <H3> Nuclear weapons Programme </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There have been reports that Myanmar is interested in developing nuclear weapons . These reports are based on evidence gathered from anti-government Burmese it also reports that North Korea was planning to export nuclear technology to Myanmar . Myanmar is a signatory to a special ASEAN treaty that bans all types of nuclear weapons in signatory states in Southeast Asia . </P> <H2> Economy </H2> Main article : Economy of Myanmar Further information : Golden Triangle ( Southeast Asia ) , Transport in Myanmar , and Oil and gas industry in Myanmar A proportional representation of Burma 's exports . <P> Myanmar is one of the poorest nations in Southeast Asia , suffering from decades of stagnation , mismanagement and isolation . The lack of an educated workforce skilled in modern technology hinders Myanmar 's economy , although recent reforms and developments carried out by the new government , in collaboration with foreign countries and organisations aim to make this a thing of the past . </P> <P> Myanmar lacks adequate infrastructure . Goods travel primarily across the Thai border ( where most illegal drugs are exported ) and along the Irrawaddy River . Railways are old and rudimentary , with few repairs since their construction in the late 19th century . Highways are normally unpaved , except in the major cities . </P> <P> In 2010 -- 2011 , Bangladesh exported products worth $9.65 million to Myanmar against its import of $179 million . The annual import of medicine and medical equipment to Myanmar during the 2000s was 160 million USD . </P> <P> In recent years , both China and India have attempted to strengthen ties with the government for economic benefit . Many nations , including the United States and Canada , and the European Union , have imposed investment and trade sanctions on Myanmar . The United States and European Union eased most of their sanctions in 2012 . Foreign investment comes primarily from China , Singapore , the Philippines , South Korea , India , and Thailand . </P> Rice is Myanmar 's largest agricultural product . <H3> Economic history </H3> <P> Under British administration , Myanmar was the second - wealthiest country in South - East Asia . It had been the world 's largest exporter of rice . Myanmar also had a wealth of natural and labour resources . British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853 , making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world . It produced 75 % of the world 's teak and had a highly literate population . The wealth was however , mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans . In 1930s , agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined , and did not recover for several decades . Plans to broaden the new prosperity and extend the reach of modern civilization were halted by the outbreak of the Second World War . </P> <P> During the Japanese invasion of the area in World War II , the British followed a scorched earth policy . They destroyed the major government buildings , oil wells and mines for tungsten , tin , lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese . Myanmar was bombed extensively by both sides . After independence , the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed . The British then granted independence to the colony , and handed over their plans to rebuild to the new government . After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948 , Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land . The government also tried to implement a poorly considered Eight - Year plan . By the 1950s , rice exports had fallen by two thirds and mineral exports by over 96 % ( as compared to the pre-World War II period ) . Plans were partly financed by printing money , which led to inflation . </P> <P> The 1962 coup d'état was followed by an economic scheme called the Burmese Way to Socialism , a plan to nationalise all industries , with the exception of agriculture . The catastrophic programme turned Myanmar into one of the world 's most impoverished countries . Myanmar 's admittance to least developed country status by the UN in 1987 highlighted its economic bankruptcy . </P> <P> In Myanmar , political and economic ideological struggles have affected living standards . Decades of civil war and unrest have contributed to Myanmar 's current levels of poverty and lack of economic progress . Improving basic human , social and economic infrastructure required to advance individual living standards have not received focused government efforts . </P> <H3> Agriculture </H3> Further information : Agriculture in Myanmar <P> The major agricultural product is rice , which covers about 60 % of the country 's total cultivated land area . Rice accounts for 97 % of total food grain production by weight . Through collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997 , helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996 . By 1988 , modern varieties were planted on half of the country 's ricelands , including 98 percent of the irrigated areas . In 2008 rice production was estimated at 50 million tons . </P> <H3> Drug production </H3> <P> Myanmar is also the world 's second largest producer of opium , accounting for 25 % of entire world production and is a major source of illegal drugs , including amphetamines . Opium bans implemented since 2002 after international pressure have left ex-poppy farmers without sustainable sources of income in the Kokang and Wa regions . They depend on casual labour for income . </P> <H3> Natural resources </H3> <P> Myanmar produces precious stones such as rubies , sapphires , pearls , and jade . Rubies are the biggest earner ; 90 % of the world 's rubies come from the country , whose red stones are prized for their purity and hue . Thailand buys the majority of the country 's gems . Myanmar 's `` Valley of Rubies '' , the mountainous Mogok area , 200 km ( 120 mi ) north of Mandalay , is noted for its rare pigeon 's blood rubies and blue sapphires . </P> <P> Many US and European jewellery companies , including Bulgari , Tiffany and Cartier , refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines . Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta , as the majority of mining activity in the country is government - run . The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines . </P> <P> Other industries include agricultural goods , textiles , wood products , construction materials , gems , metals , oil and natural gas . </P> <P> Myanmar Engineering Society has identified at least 39 locations capable of geothermal power production and some of these hydrothermal reservoirs lie quite close to Yangon which is a significant underutilized resource for electrical production . </P> <H3> Tourism </H3> Main article : Tourism in Myanmar Tourists in Myanmar Stilt houses at Inle Lake . <P> Since 1992 , the government has encouraged tourism in the country ; however , fewer than 270,000 tourists entered the country in 2006 according to the Myanmar Tourism Promotion Board . Myanmar 's Minister of Hotels and Tourism Saw Lwin has stated that the government receives a significant percentage of the income of private sector tourism services . </P> <P> The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as Yangon and Mandalay ; religious sites in Mon State , Pindaya , Bago and Hpa - An ; nature trails in Inle Lake , Kengtung , Putao , Pyin Oo Lwin ; ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk - U ; as well as beaches in Nabule , Ngapali , Ngwe - Saung , Mergui . Nevertheless , much of the country is off - limits to tourists , and interactions between foreigners and the people of Myanmar , particularly in the border regions , are subject to police scrutiny . They are not to discuss politics with foreigners , under penalty of imprisonment and , in 2001 , the Myanmar Tourism Promotion Board issued an order for local officials to protect tourists and limit `` unnecessary contact '' between foreigners and ordinary Burmese people . </P> <P> The most common way for travellers to enter the country seems to be by air . According to the website Lonely Planet , getting into Myanmar is problematic : `` No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country , nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border -- you must walk across . '' , and states that , `` It is not possible for foreigners to go to / from Myanmar by sea or river . '' There are a small number of border crossings that allow the passage of private vehicles , such as the border between Ruili ( China ) to Mu - se , the border between Htee Kee ( Myanmar ) and Phu Nam Ron ( Thailand ) -- the most direct border between Dawei and Kanchanaburi , and the border between Myawaddy ( Myanmar ) and Mae Sot ( Thailand ) . At least one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013 . `` From Mae Sai ( Thailand ) you can cross to Tachileik , but can only go as far as Kengtung . Those in Thailand on a visa run can cross to Kawthaung but can not venture farther into Myanmar . '' </P> <P> Flights are available from most countries , though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines . According to Eleven magazine , `` In the past , there were only 15 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have began launching direct flights from Japan , Qatar , Taiwan , South Korea , Germany and Singapore . '' Expansions were expected in September 2013 , but yet again are mainly Thai and other Asian - based airlines according to Eleven Media Group 's Eleven , `` Thailand - based Nok Air and Business Airlines and Singapore - based Tiger Airline '' . </P> <H3> Economic sanctions </H3> <P> The Government of Myanmar was under economic sanctions by the US Treasury Department ( 31 CFR Part 537 , 16 August 2005 ) and by Executive orders 13047 ( 1997 ) , 13310 ( 2003 ) , 13448 ( 2007 ) , 13464 ( 2008 ) , and the most recent , 13619 ( 2012 ) . There exists debate as to the extent to which the American - led sanctions have had more adverse effects on the civilian population rather than on the military rulers . </P> <P> From May 2012 to February 2013 , the United States began to lift its economic sanctions on Myanmar `` in response to the historic reforms that have been taking place in that country . '' Sanctions remain in place for blocked banks and for any business entities that are more than 50 % owned by persons on `` OFAC 's Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons list ( SDN list ) '' . </P> <P> During her first official visit to Washington , D.C. in September 2016 , Myanmar 's State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi met with US President Barack Obama , who announced that long - standing trade sanctions against Myanmar are to be lifted , adding , `` It is the right thing to do to ensure the people of Burma see rewards from a new way of doing business , and a new government . '' </P> <H3> Government stakeholders in business </H3> Main article : Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings <P> The military has the majority stakeholder position in all of the major industrial corporations of the country ( from oil production and consumer goods to transportation and tourism ) . </P> <H3> Economic liberalisation , Post -- 2011 </H3> <P> In March 2012 , a draft foreign investment law emerged , the first in more than 2 decades . Foreigners will no longer require a local partner to start a business in the country , and will be able to legally lease but not own property . The draft law also stipulates that Burmese citizens must constitute at least 25 % of the firm 's skilled workforce , and with subsequent training , up to 50 -- 75 % . </P> <P> In 2012 , the Asian Development Bank formally began re-engaging with the country , to finance infrastructure and development projects in the country . The United States , Japan , and the European Union countries have also begun to reduce or eliminate economic sanctions to allow foreign direct investment which will provide the Burmese government with additional tax revenue . </P> <P> In December 2014 , Myanmar signed an agreement to set up its first stock exchange . The Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd will be set up with Myanma Economic Bank sharing 51 % , Japan 's Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd 30.25 % and Japan Exchange Group 18.75 % . The Yangon Stock Exchange ( YSX ) officially opened for business on Friday , 25 March 2016 . First Myanmar Investment Co. , Ltd . ( FMI ) became the first stock to be traded after receiving approval for an opening price of 26,000 kyats ( $22 ) . </P> <H3> Units of measurement </H3> Main article : Burmese units of measurement <P> According to The World Factbook , Myanmar is one of three countries along with Liberia and the United States that has not adopted the International System of Units ( SI ) metric system as their official system of weights and measures . The common units of measure are unique to Myanmar , but the government web pages generally use both imperial units and metric units . </P> <P> In June 2011 , the Burmese government 's Ministry of Commerce began discussing proposals to reform the measurement system and adopt the International System of Units used by most of its trading partners . In October 2013 it was reported that Dr. Pwint San , Deputy Minister for Commerce , had announced that the country was preparing to adopt the International System of Units . </P> <H2> Society </H2> <H3> Demographics </H3> Main article : Demographics of Myanmar A block of flats in down - town Yangon , facing Bogyoke Market . Much of Yangon 's urban population resides in densely populated flats . <P> The provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420 . This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State , Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted . People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures . There are over 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand , and millions more work illegally . Burmese migrant workers account for 80 % of Thailand 's migrant workers . Population density is 76 per square kilometre ( 200 / sq mi ) , among the lowest in Southeast Asia . </P> <P> Myanmar 's fertility rate as of 2011 is 2.23 , which is slightly above replacement level and is low compared to Southeast Asian countries of similar economic standing , such Cambodia ( 3.18 ) and Laos ( 4.41 ) . There has been a significant decline in fertility , from a rate of 4.7 children per woman in 1983 , down to 2.4 in 2001 , despite the absence of any national population policy . The fertility rate is much lower in urban areas . </P> <P> The relatively rapid decline in fertility is attributed to several factors , including extreme delays in marriage ( almost unparalleled among developing countries in the region ) , the prevalence of illegal abortions , and the high proportion of single , unmarried women of reproductive age , with 25.9 % of women aged 30 -- 34 and 33.1 % of men and women aged 25 -- 34 single . </P> <P> These patterns stem from several cultural and economic dynamics . The first is economic hardship , which results in the delay of marriage and family - building ; the average age of marriage in Myanmar is 27.5 for men , 26.4 for women . The second is the social acceptability of celibacy among the Burmese , who are predominantly Buddhist and value celibacy as a means of spiritual development . </P> <H3> Largest cities </H3> Further information : List of cities in Myanmar <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="10"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Largest cities or towns in Myanmar http://www.geohive.com/cntry/myanmar.aspx </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Division </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yangon Mandalay </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yangon </Td> <Td> Yangon </Td> <Td> 5,211,431 </Td> <Td> Naypyidaw Bago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mandalay </Td> <Td> Mandalay </Td> <Td> 1,225,546 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Naypyidaw </Td> <Td> Naypyidaw </Td> <Td> 1,160,242 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bago </Td> <Td> Bago </Td> <Td> 491,434 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Hpa - An </Td> <Td> Kayin </Td> <Td> 421,575 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Taunggyi </Td> <Td> Shan </Td> <Td> 381,636 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Monywa </Td> <Td> Sagaing </Td> <Td> 372,095 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Myitkyina </Td> <Td> Kachin </Td> <Td> 306,949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Mawlamyine </Td> <Td> Mon </Td> <Td> 289,388 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Magway </Td> <Td> Magway </Td> <Td> 289,247 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Ethnic groups </H3> Main article : List of ethnic groups in Myanmar <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Ethnic Composition in Burma ( rough estimate ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ethnic group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Percent </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bamar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 68 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Shan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Karen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Rakhine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 3.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Han - Chinese </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 2.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Kachin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Indians </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Chin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Kayah </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 0.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Other groups </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 5 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> An ethnolinguistic map of Burma . <P> Myanmar is ethnically diverse . The government recognises 135 distinct ethnic groups . There are at least 108 different ethnolinguistic groups in Myanmar , consisting mainly of distinct Tibeto - Burman peoples , but with sizeable populations of Tai -- Kadai , Hmong -- Mien , and Austroasiatic ( Mon -- Khmer ) peoples . </P> <P> The Bamar form an estimated 68 % of the population . 10 % of the population are Shan . The Kayin make up 7 % of the population . The Rakhine people constitute 4 % of the population . Overseas Chinese form approximately 3 % of the population . Myanmar 's ethnic minority groups prefer the term `` ethnic nationality '' over `` ethnic minority '' as the term `` minority '' furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as `` Burmanisation '' -- the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures . </P> <P> Mon , who form 2 % of the population , are ethno - linguistically related to the Khmer . Overseas Indians are 2 % . The remainder are Kachin , Chin , Rohingya , Anglo - Indians , Gurkha , Nepali and other ethnic minorities . Included in this group are the Anglo - Burmese . Once forming a large and influential community , the Anglo - Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards , principally to Australia and the UK . It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo - Burmese remain in Myanmar . As of 2009 , 110,000 Burmese refugees were living in refugee camps in Thailand . </P> <P> Refugee camps exist along Indian , Bangladeshi and Thai borders while several thousand are in Malaysia . Conservative estimates state that there are over 295,800 minority refugees from Myanmar , with the majority being Rohingya , Karen , and Karenni are principally located along the Thai - Myanmar border . There are nine permanent refugee camps along the Thai - Myanmar border , most of which were established in the mid-1980s . The refugee camps are under the care of the Thai - Burma Border Consortium ( TBBC ) . Since 2006 , over 55,000 Burmese refugees have been resettled in the United States . </P> <P> The persecution of Burmese Indians , Burmese Chinese and other ethnic groups after the military coup headed by General Ne Win in 1962 led to the expulsion or emigration of 300,000 people . They migrated to escape racial discrimination and the wholesale nationalisation of private enterprise that took place in 1964 . The Anglo - Burmese at this time either fled the country or changed their names and blended in with the broader Burmese society . </P> <P> Many Rohingya Muslims fled Myanmar . Many refugees headed to neighbouring Bangladesh , including 200,000 in 1978 as a result of the King Dragon operation in Arakan . 250,000 more left in 1991 . </P> <H3> Languages </H3> Main article : Languages of Myanmar <P> Myanmar is home to four major language families : Sino - Tibetan , Tai -- Kadai , Austro - Asiatic , and Indo - European . Sino - Tibetan languages are most widely spoken . They include Burmese , Karen , Kachin , Chin , and Chinese ( mainly Hokkien ) . The primary Tai -- Kadai language is Shan . Mon , Palaung , and Wa are the major Austroasiatic languages spoken in Myanmar . The two major Indo - European languages are Pali , the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism , and English . More than a hundred languages are spoken in total . Since many of them are known only within small tribes around the country , they may have been lost ( many if not all ) after a few generations . </P> <P> Burmese , the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar , is related to Tibetan and Chinese . It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters , which were adapted from the Mon script , which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century . The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century . It is also used to write Pali , the sacred language of Theravada Buddhism , as well as several ethnic minority languages , including Shan , several Karen dialects , and Kayah ( Karenni ) , with the addition of specialised characters and diacritics for each language . </P> <P> The Burmese language incorporates widespread usage of honorifics and is age - oriented . Burmese society has traditionally stressed the importance of education . In villages , secular schooling often takes place in monasteries . Secondary and tertiary education take place at government schools . </P> <H3> Religion </H3> Main article : Religion in Myanmar <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Religion in Burma ( 2014 Myanmar Census ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Buddhism </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 87.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Christianity </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 6.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Islam </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 4.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tribal religions </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 0.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Hinduism </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 0.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Others </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 0.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> No religion </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 0.1 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Many religions are practised in Myanmar . Religious edifices and orders have been in existence for many years . Festivals can be held on a grand scale . The Christian and Muslim populations do , however , face religious persecution and it is hard , if not impossible , for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs , the main route to success in the country . Such persecution and targeting of civilians is particularly notable in Eastern Myanmar , where over 3000 villages have been destroyed in the past ten years . More than 200,000 Muslims have fled to Bangladesh over the last 20 years to escape persecution . </P> <P> A large majority of the population practices Buddhism ; estimates range from 80 % to 89 % . According to 2014 Myanmar Census , 87.9 % of the population identifies as Buddhists . Theravāda Buddhism is the most widespread . Other religions are practised largely without obstruction , with the notable exception of some religious minorities such as the Rohingya people , who have continued to have their citizenship status denied and treated as illegal immigrants instead , and Christians in Chin State . </P> <P> According to 2014 census , 6.2 % of the population identifies as Christian ; 4.3 % as Muslim ; 0.8 % as followers of tribal religions ; 0.5 % as Hindus ; 0.2 % as followers of other religions ; and 0.1 % follow no religion . According to the 2010 estimates of the Pew Research Center , 7 % of the population is Christian ; 4 % is Muslim ; 1 % follows traditional animistic beliefs ; and 2 % follow other religions , including Mahayana Buddhism , Hinduism , and East Asian religions . Jehovah 's Witnesses have been present since 1914 and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages . A tiny Jewish community in Rangoon had a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services . </P> Praying Buddhist monks in Shwedagon Pagoda <P> Although Hinduism is practised by 0.5 % of the population , it was a major religion in Myanmar 's past . Several strains of Hinduism existed alongside both Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism in the Mon and Pyu period in the first millennium , and down to the Pagan period ( 9th to 13th centuries ) when `` Saivite and Vaishana elements enjoyed greater elite influence than they would later do . '' Burmese folk religion is practiced by many Bamars alongside Buddhism . </P> <H3> Health </H3> Main article : Health in Myanmar <P> The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor . The government spends anywhere from 0.5 % to 3 % of the country 's GDP on health care , consistently ranking among the lowest in the world . Although health care is nominally free , in reality , patients have to pay for medicine and treatment , even in public clinics and hospitals . Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment . </P> <P> The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Myanmar is 240 . This is compared with 219.3 in 2008 and 662 in 1990 . The under 5 mortality rate , per 1,000 births is 73 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5 's mortality is 47 . </P> <P> Myanmar 's government spends the least percentage of its GDP on health care of any country in the world , and international donor organisations give less to Myanmar , per capita , than any other country except India . According to the report named `` Preventable Fate '' , published by Doctors without Borders , 25,000 Burmese AIDS patients died in 2007 , deaths that could largely have been prevented by antiretroviral therapy drugs and proper treatment . </P> <P> HIV / AIDS , recognised as a disease of concern by the Burmese Ministry of Health , is most prevalent among sex workers and intravenous drug users . In 2005 , the estimated adult HIV prevalence rate in Myanmar was 1.3 % ( 200,000 -- 570,000 people ) , according to UNAIDS , and early indicators of any progress against the HIV epidemic are inconsistent . However , the National AIDS Programme Myanmar found that 32 % of sex workers and 43 % of intravenous drug users in Myanmar have HIV . </P> <H3> Education </H3> Main article : Education in Myanmar Students on their way to school , Kalaymyo , Sagaing Region , Myanmar . <P> According to the UNESCO Institute of Statistics , Myanmar 's official literacy rate as of 2000 was 90 % . Historically , Myanmar has had high literacy rates . To qualify for least developed country status by the UN to receive debt relief , Myanmar lowered its official literacy rate from 79 % to 19 % in 1987 . </P> <P> The educational system of Myanmar is operated by the government agency , the Ministry of Education . The education system is based on the United Kingdom 's system due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar . Nearly all schools are government - operated , but there has been a recent increase in privately funded English language schools . Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school , approximately about 9 years old , while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level . </P> <P> There are 101 universities , 12 institutes , 9 degree colleges and 24 colleges in Myanmar , a total of 146 higher education institutions . There are 10 Technical Training Schools , 23 nursing training schools , 1 sport academy and 20 midwifery schools . There are 2047 Basic Education High Schools , 2605 Basic Education Middle Schools , 29944 Basic Education Primary Schools and 5952 Post Primary Schools . 1692 multimedia classrooms exist within this system . </P> <P> There are four international schools acknowledged by WASC and College Board -- The International School Yangon ( ISY ) , Myanmar International School ( MIS ) , Yangon International School ( YIS ) and International School of Myanmar ( ISM ) in Yangon . </P> <H3> Crime </H3> Further information : Crime in Myanmar <P> In 2012 , Myanmar had a murder rate of 15.2 per 100,000 population . There were a total of 8,044 murders in Myanmar in 2012 . Factors influencing Myanmar 's high murder rate include communal violence and armed conflict . Myanmar is one of the world 's most corrupt nations . The 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ranked the country at number 171 , out of 176 countries in total . </P> <P> Myanmar is the world 's second largest producer of opium after Afghanistan , producing some 25 % of the world 's opium , and forms part of the Golden Triangle . The opium industry was a monopoly during colonial times and has since been illegally operated by corrupt officials in the Burmese military and rebel fighters , primarily as the basis for heroin manufacture . </P> <P> Myanmar is the largest producer of methamphetamines in the world , with the majority of Ya ba found in Thailand produced in Myanmar , particularly in the Golden Triangle and Northeastern Shan State , which borders Thailand , Laos and China . Burmese - produced ya ba is typically trafficked to Thailand via Laos , before being transported through the northeastern Thai region of Isan . </P> <H2> Culture </H2> Main article : Culture of Myanmar Burmese Kinnayi Kinnaya dance <P> A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar , the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar . Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries . This is manifested in its language , cuisine , music , dance and theatre . The arts , particularly literature , have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism . Considered the national epic of Myanmar , the Yama Zatdaw , an adaptation of India 's Ramayana , has been influenced greatly by Thai , Mon , and Indian versions of the play . Buddhism is practised along with nat worship , which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats . </P> A Buddhist Shinbyu ceremony in Mandalay . <P> In a traditional village , the monastery is the centre of cultural life . Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people . A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu is the most important coming of age events for a boy , during which he enters the monastery for a short time . All male children in Buddhist families are encouraged to be a novice ( beginner for Buddhism ) before the age of twenty and to be a monk after the age of twenty . Girls have ear - piercing ceremonies ( နားသ ) at the same time . Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year , the most important being the pagoda festival . Many villages have a guardian nat , and superstition and taboos are commonplace . </P> An Arakan ( Rakhine ) girl pours water at revellers during the Burmese New Year Thingyan Water Festival in Yangon . <P> British colonial rule introduced Western elements of culture to Myanmar . Myanmar 's education system is modelled after that of the United Kingdom . Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities such as Yangon . Many ethnic minorities , particularly the Karen in the southeast and the Kachin and Chin who populate the north and northeast , practice Christianity . According to The World Factbook , the Burman population is 68 % and the ethnic groups constitute 32 % . However , the exiled leaders and organisations claims that ethnic population is 40 % , which is implicitly contrasted with CIA report ( official US report ) . </P> <H3> Cuisine </H3> Further information : Burmese cuisine <P> Burmese cuisine is characterised by extensive use of fish products such as fish sauce , ngapi ( fermented seafood ) and dried prawn . </P> <P> Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmar 's national dish . Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities such as Sittwe , Kyaukpyu , Mawlamyaing ( formerly Moulmein ) , Mergui ( Myeik ) and Dawei , while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay . Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein and are used in a variety of ways , fresh , salted whole or filleted , salted and dried , made into a salty paste , or fermented sour and pressed . </P> <P> Burmese cuisine also includes a variety of salads ( a thoke ) , centred on one major ingredient , ranging from starches like rice , wheat and rice noodles , glass noodles and vermicelli , to potato , ginger , tomato , kaffir lime , long bean , lahpet ( pickled tea leaves ) , and ngapi ( fish paste ) . </P> <H3> Sport </H3> Men playing chinlone <P> The Lethwei , Bando , Banshay , and Pongyi thaing martial arts and chinlone are traditional sports in Myanmar . Football is played all over the country , even in villages . </P> <P> The 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place in Naypyidaw , Yangon , Mandalay and Ngwesaung Beach in December representing the third occasion that the event has been staged in Myanmar . Myanmar previously hosted the Games in 1961 and 1969 . </P> <H3> Art </H3> Main articles : Burmese contemporary art and Myanmar architecture <P> Burmese contemporary art has developed rather on its own terms and quite rapidly . While most young artists born after 1980s have greater chances of art practice outside the country . </P> <P> One of the first to study western art was Ba Nyan . Together with Ngwe Gaing and a handful of other artists were the pioneers of western painting style . Later on most young children learned the concepts from them . Some well known contemporary artists are Lun Gywe , Aung Kyaw Htet , MPP Yei Myint , Myint Swe , Min Wai Aung , Aung Myint , Khin Maung Yin , Po Po and Zaw Zaw Aung . </P> <P> Burmese traditional art concepts is more popular and respected by Burmese people and people from abroad . </P> <H3> Media and communications </H3> Main article : Media of Myanmar <P> Due to Myanmar 's political climate , there are not many media companies in relation to the country 's population , although a certain number exists . Some are privately owned . All programming must meet with the approval of the censorship board . </P> <P> The Burmese government announced on 20 August 2012 that it will stop censoring media before publication . Following the announcement , newspapers and other outlets no longer required approved by state censors ; however , journalists in the country can still face consequences for what they write and say . </P> <P> In April 2013 , international media reports were published to relay the enactment of the media liberalisation reforms that we announced in August 2012 . For the first time in numerous decades , the publication of privately owned newspapers commenced in the country . </P> Internet Main article : Internet in Myanmar <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Kayan women in a village near Inle Lake , 2010 . <P> Internet use is estimated to be relatively low compared to other countries . Myanmar 's internet used to be subject to censorship , and authorities viewed e-mails and posts on Internet blogs until 2012 when the government removed media censorship . During the strict censorship days , activity at internet cafes was regulated , and one blogger named Zarganar was sentenced to a few years in prison for publishing a video of destruction caused by Cyclone Nargis in 2008 ; Zarganar was released in October 2011 . </P> <P> In regards to communications infrastructure , Myanmar is the last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forum 's Network Readiness Index ( NRI ) -- an indicator for determining the development level of a country 's information and communication technologies . With 148 countries reported on , Myanmar ranked number 146 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking . No data is currently available for previous years . </P> <H3> Film </H3> Main article : Cinema of Myanmar <P> Myanmar 's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein -- a leading politician of the 1910s , who campaigned for Burmese independence in London . The first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya ( Love and Liquor ) in 1920 which proved a major success , despite its poor quality due to a fixed camera position and inadequate film accessories . During the 1920s and 1930s , many Burmese - owned film companies made and produced several films . The first Burmese sound film was produced in 1932 in Bombay , India with the title Ngwe Pay Lo Ma Ya ( Money Ca n't Buy It ) . After World War II , Burmese cinema continued to address political themes . Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them . </P> <P> In the era that followed the political events of 1988 , the film industry has been increasingly controlled by the government . Film stars who had been involved in the political activities were banned from appearing in films . The government issues strict rules on censorship and largely determines who produces films , as well as who gets academy awards . </P> <P> Over the years , the movie industry has also shifted to producing many lower budget direct - to - video films . </P> <P> Most of the movies produced nowadays are comedies . In 2008 , only 12 films worthy of being considered for an Academy Award were made , although at least 800 VCDs were produced . </P> <P> Myanmar is the primary subject of a 2007 graphic novel titled Chroniques Birmanes by Québécois author and animator , Guy Delisle . The graphic novel was translated into English under the title Burma Chronicles in 2008 . In 2009 , a documentary about Burmese videojournalists called Burma VJ was released . This film was nominated for Best Documentary Feature at the 2010 Academy Awards . The Lady had its world premiere on 12 September 2011 at the 36th Toronto International Film Festival . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Myanmar portal </Li> <Li> Asia portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Index of Myanmar - related articles </Li> <Li> Outline of Myanmar </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The final r in Myanmar was not intended for pronunciation , but was added to represent the broad ah sound of British English . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Based on the estimated overall population , including both the enumerated and non-enumerated population ( 51,486,253 ) , and on the assumption that the non-enumerated population in Rakhine State affiliate with the Islamic faith . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- Burma '' . cia.gov . Archived from the original on 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNION_2-C_religion_EN_0.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wang , Ann ( 30 September 2017 ) . `` Why the Rohingya will never be welcome in Myanmar '' . South China Morning Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Highlights of the Main Results Census Report Volume 2 -- A. Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population. 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Burma ( Myanmar ) '' . World Economic Outlook Database . International Monetary Fund . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martha Figueroa - Clark ( 26 September 2007 ) . `` How to say Myanmar '' . Magazine Monitor . An occasional guide to the words and names in the news from Martha Figueroa - Clark of the BBC Pronunciation Unit . BBC . `` Definition of Myanmar -- Oxford Dictionaries ( British & World English ) '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Ammon , Ulrich ( 2004 ) . Sociolinguistics : An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society . Volume 3 / 3 ( 2nd ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . p. 2012 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 018418 - 4 . `` Myanmar '' . Thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Thackrah , J.R. `` Definition of Myanmar '' . Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . `` Myanmar -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Asian Development Bank and Myanmar : Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Asian Development Bank . 30 April 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Dougald JW ( 2007 ) . Early civilizations of Southeast Asia . United Kingdom : Altamira Press . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0279 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lieberman , p. 152 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Burma '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . `` Myanmar Human Rights '' . Amnesty International USA . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . `` World Report 2012 : Burma '' . Human Rights Watch . Archived from the original on 30 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madhani , Aamer ( 16 November 2012 ) . `` Obama administration eases Burma sanctions before visit '' . USA Today . Fuller , Thomas ; Geitner , Paul ( 23 April 2012 ) . `` European Union Suspends Most Myanmar Sanctions '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenwood , Faine ( 27 May 2013 ) . `` The 8 Stages of Genocide Against Burma 's Rohingya UN DispatchUN Dispatch '' . Undispatch.com . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . `` EU welcomes `` measured '' Myanmar response to rioting `` . Reuters. 11 June 2012 . `` Q&A : Communal violence in Burma '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eleven Media ( 4 September 2013 ) . `` Income Gap ' world 's widest ' '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . McCornac , Dennis ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` Income inequality in Burma '' . Democratic Voice of Burma . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Houtman , Gustaaf ( 1999 ) . Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics . ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series No. 33 . Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa . pp. 43 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 87297 - 748 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , David I. ( 2002 ) . Burma : The State of Myanmar . Georgetown University Press . p. xi . ISBN 1 - 58901 - 285 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ South China Morning post , What 's in a name ? Not much , according to Aung San Suu Kyi , who tells diplomats they can use Myanmar or Burma , Saturday , 23 April 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Burma '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . `` Government of the Union of Burma '' . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dittmer , Lowell ( 2010 ) . Burma Or Myanmar ? The Struggle for National Identity . World Scientific . p. 2 . ISBN 9789814313643 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK and Burma '' . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Burma or Myanmar ? Obama calls it both on visit '' ( News and blogging ) . Asian Correspondent . Bristol , England : Hybrid News Limited . Associated Press . 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Yangon , Burma ( AP ) -- Officially at least , America still calls this Southeast Asian nation Burma , the favoured appellation of dissidents and pro-democracy activists who opposed the former military junta 's move to summarily change its name 23 years ago . `` Hosting Burma 's Leader , Obama Repeatedly Calls the Country ' Myanmar ' '' . CNS News . 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . `` Burma ( Myanmar ) '' . United States Department of State . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic provides CZK 2.5 million of immediate assistance to flood victims in Myanmar / Burma '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic . 7 August 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Countries , economies and regions -- Myanmar '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Australian Government . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Burma vs. Myanmar : What 's in a Name '' . DW. 1 September 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mudditt , Jassica ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` Burma or Myanmar : Will the US make the switch ? '' . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Representations and travel advice -- Myanmar '' . Federal Department of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Myanmar profile '' . BBC News . 16 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Myanmar Fast Facts -- CNN.com '' . CNN . 30 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Myanmar blast hits anti-Muslim monk 's event -- Asia - Pacific '' . Al Jazeera. 22 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Myanmar '' . Reuters. 9 February 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woodley , Naomi ( 12 July 2013 ) . `` Carr apprehensive about Rohingyas ' future in Myanmar '' . AM . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . `` Aung San Suu Kyi arrives in Thailand for official visit '' . News . 23 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Birmanie ou Myanmar ? Le vrai faux débat francophone `` -- La France en Birmanie '' . Ambafrance-mm.org . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Birmanie : 87.000 Rohingyas réfugiés au Bangladesh en dix jours , selon l'ONU '' . L'Obs. 2017 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/tag/birmanie </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Win Naing Tun ( 2015 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Prehistory to Protohistory of Myanmar : A Perspective of Historical Geography '' ( PDF ) . Myanmar Environment Institute . p. 1 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Homo erectus had lived in Myanmar 750,000 years ago Bowman , John Stewart Bowman ( 2013 ) . Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture . Columbia University Press . p. 476 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 50004 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooler , Richard M. ( 2002 ) . `` The Art and Culture of Burma ( Chapter 1 ) '' . DeKalb : Northern Illinois University . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Myint - U , p. 37 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yee Yee Aung . `` Skeletal Remains of Nyaunggan , Budalin Township , Monywa District , Sagaing Division '' . Perspective July 2002 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Myint - U , p. 45 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hudson , Bob ( March 2005 ) . `` A Pyu Homeland in the Samon Valley : a new theory of the origins of Myanmar 's early urban system '' ( PDF ) . Myanmar Historical Commission Golden Jubilee International Conference : 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coupey , A.S. ( 2008 ) . Infant and child burials in the Samon valley , Myanmar . In Archaeology in Southeast Asia , from Homo Erectus to the living traditions : choice of papers from the 11th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists , 25 -- 29 September 2006 , Bougon , France </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall , D.G.E. ( 1960 ) . Burma ( 3rd ed . ) . Hutchinson University Library . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 3503 - 1 . Moore , Elizabeth H. ( 2007 ) . Early Landscapes of Myanmar . Bangkok : River Books . p. 236 . ISBN 974 - 9863 - 31 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Myint - U , pp. 51 -- 52 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lieberman , pp. 90 -- 91 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lieberman , p. 24 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Htin Aung , Maung ( 1967 ) . A History of Burma . New York and London : Cambridge University Press . pp. 63 -- 65 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lieberman , p. 134 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Myint - U , pp. 64 -- 65 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lieberman , pp. 184 -- 187 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Myint - U , p. 109 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lieberman , pp. 202 -- 206 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 287 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 50718 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collis , Maurice ( 1945 ) . Trials in Burma . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bechert , Heinz ( 1984 ) . The World of Buddhism - Buddhist Monks and Nuns in Society and Culture . New York , N.Y. : Facts on File . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87196 - 982 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bennett , Will ( 20 August 1995 ) . `` Chindits remember their fallen comrades '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` China - Burma - India : Merrill 's Marauders . Veterans History Project , Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov. 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Towle , Philip ; Kosuge , Margaret ; Kibata , Yōichi ( 2000 ) . Japanese prisoners of war . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 48 . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 192 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fellowes - Gordon , Ian ( 1971 ) . The Battle For Naw Seng 's Kingdom : General Stilwel . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd Ed . 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 556 Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 ( Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA 's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moe , Kyaw Zwa ( August 1977 ) . `` Author Discusses Martyrs ' Day Assassination of Aung San '' . 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Archived from the original on 13 February 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kyi Soe Tun quoted in the Bangkok Post , 11 August 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Through the Director 's Lens . Irrawaddy. 16 January 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Burma VJ -- Academy Award Nominee -- Best Documentary Feature '' . Burmavjmovie.com . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Burma VJ Nominated for the 2010 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature , Rev. Danny Fisher '' . Dannyfisher.org. 2 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lieberman , Victor B. ( 2003 ) . Strange Parallels : Southeast Asia in Global Context , c. 800 -- 1830 , volume 1 , Integration on the Mainland . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80496 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Myint - U , Thant ( 2006 ) . The River of Lost Footsteps -- Histories of Burma . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 16342 - 6 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Charney , Michael W. ( 1999 ) . History of Modern Burma . Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Kemp , Hans ( 2013 ) . ( Burmese Light , Impressions of the Golden Land ) ( illustrated with text by Tom Vater ed . ) . Visionary World . ISBN 962856370X . </Li> <Li> `` Burma 's Western Border as Reported by the Diplomatic Correspondence ( 1947 -- 1975 ) '' by Aye Chan </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> Find more aboutMyanmarat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Travel guide from Wikivoyage </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <P> Government </P> <Ul> <Li> Republic of the Union of Myanmar -- President 's Office </Li> <Li> Chief of State and Cabinet Members from the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) </Li> </Ul> <P> General information </P> <Ul> <Li> General information about Myanmar </Li> <Li> Burma Myanmar search Engine </Li> <Li> `` Burma '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . </Li> <Li> Burma from UCB Libraries GovPubs </Li> <Li> Myanmar at DMOZ </Li> <Li> Burma profile from the BBC News </Li> <Li> Myanmar at Encyclopædia Britannica </Li> <Li> Geographic data related to Myanmar at OpenStreetMap </Li> <Li> Wikimedia Atlas of Myanmar </Li> <Li> Interactive timeline of turning points in Burmese history </Li> <Li> Key Development Forecasts for Myanmar from International Futures </Li> <Li> Online Burma / Myanmar Library : Classified and annotated links to more than 17,000 full - text documents on Burma / Myanmar </Li> </Ul> <P> Economy </P> <Ul> <Li> Taipei American Chamber of Commerce ; Topics Magazine , Analysis , November 2012 . Myanmar : Southeast Asia 's Last Frontier for Investment , By David DuByne </Li> </Ul> <P> Agriculture </P> <Ul> <Li> Myanmar Business Today ; Print Edition , 27 February 2014 . A Roadmap to Building Myanmar into the Food Basket of Asia , by David DuByne & Hishamuddin Koh </Li> <Li> Myanmar Business Today ; Print Edition , 19 June 2014 . 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Myanmar&oldid=810164397 | -3,574,963,010,495,220,000 |
Living in the Material World - wikipedia <H1> Living in the Material World </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the documentary film by Martin Scorsese , see George Harrison : Living in the Material World . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Living in the Material World </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by George Harrison </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 30 May 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> October 1972 -- March 1973 ; February 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> Apple Studio , London ; FPSHOT , Oxfordshire ; Abbey Road Studios , London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rock </Li> <Li> folk rock </Li> <Li> gospel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 43 : 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Apple </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> George Harrison with Phil Spector on `` Try Some , Buy Some '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> George Harrison chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> The Concert for Bangladesh ( 1971 ) The Concert for Bangladesh 1971 </Td> <Td> Living in the Material World ( 1973 ) </Td> <Td> Dark Horse ( 1974 ) Dark Horse 1974 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Living in the Material World </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> `` Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) '' Released : 7 May 1973 ( US ) ; 25 May 1973 ( UK ) </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Living in the Material World is the fourth studio album by English musician George Harrison , released in 1973 on Apple Records . As the follow - up to 1970 's critically acclaimed All Things Must Pass and his pioneering charity project , the Concert for Bangladesh , it was among the most highly anticipated releases of that year . The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America two days after release , on its way to becoming Harrison 's second number 1 album in the United States , and produced the international hit `` Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) '' . It also topped albums charts in Canada and Australia , and reached number 2 in Britain . </P> <P> Living in the Material World is notable for the uncompromising lyrical content of its songs , reflecting Harrison 's struggle for spiritual enlightenment against his status as a superstar , as well as for what many commentators consider to be the finest guitar and vocal performances of his career . In contrast with All Things Must Pass , Harrison scaled down the production for Material World , using a core group of musicians comprising Nicky Hopkins , Gary Wright , Klaus Voormann and Jim Keltner . Ringo Starr , John Barham and Indian musician Zakir Hussain were among the album 's other contributors . </P> <P> Upon release , Rolling Stone described it as a `` pop classic '' , a work that `` stands alone as an article of faith , miraculous in its radiance '' . Most contemporary reviewers consider Living in the Material World to be a worthy successor to All Things Must Pass , even if it inevitably falls short of Harrison 's grand opus . Author Simon Leng refers to the album as a `` forgotten blockbuster '' , representing `` the close of an age , the last offering of the Beatles ' London era '' . EMI reissued the album in 2006 , in remastered form with bonus tracks , and released a deluxe - edition CD / DVD set that included film clips of four songs . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Songs </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Recording </Li> <Li> 3.2 Overdubbing and mixing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Album artwork </Li> <Li> 5 Release </Li> <Li> 6 Critical reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Contemporary reviews </Li> <Li> 6.2 Retrospective assessment </Li> <Li> 6.3 2014 appraisal and legacy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Reissues <Ul> <Li> 7.1 2006 </Li> <Li> 7.2 2014 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Track listing <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Original release </Li> <Li> 8.2 2006 remaster </Li> <Li> 8.3 2014 remaster </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Personnel </Li> <Li> 10 Charts <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 10.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Certifications </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 Sources </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> I would n't really care if no one ever heard of me again . I just want to play and make records and work on musical ideas . -- Harrison to Record Mirror in April 1972 , during his year away from the public eye after the Concert for Bangladesh <P> George Harrison 's 1971 -- 72 humanitarian aid project for the new nation of Bangladesh had left him an international hero , but also exhausted and frustrated in his efforts to ensure that the money raised would find its way to those in need . Rather than record a follow - up to his acclaimed 1970 triple album , All Things Must Pass , Harrison put his solo career on hold for over a year following the two Concert for Bangladesh shows , held at Madison Square Garden , New York , in August 1971 . In an interview with Disc and Music Echo magazine in December that year , pianist Nicky Hopkins spoke of having just attended the New York sessions for John Lennon 's `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' single , where Harrison had played them `` about two or three hours '' worth of new songs , adding : `` They were really incredible . '' Hopkins suggested that work on Harrison 's next solo album was to begin in January or February at his new home studio at Friar Park , but any such plan was undone by Harrison 's commitment to the Bangladesh relief project . While he found time during the last few months of 1971 to produce singles for Ringo Starr and Apple Records protégés Lon & Derrek Van Eaton , and to help promote the Ravi Shankar documentary Raga , Harrison 's next project in the role of music producer was not until August 1972 , when Cilla Black recorded his composition `` When Every Song Is Sung '' . </P> <P> Throughout this period , Harrison 's devotion to Hindu spirituality -- particularly to Krishna consciousness via his friendship with A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada -- reached new heights . As Harrison admitted , his adherence to his spiritual path was not necessarily consistent . His wife , Pattie Boyd , and their friend Chris O'Dell would joke that it was hard to tell whether he was dipping into his ever - present Japa Yoga prayer bag or `` the coke bag '' . This duality has been noted by Harrison biographers Simon Leng and Alan Clayson : on one hand , Harrison earned himself the nickname `` His Lectureship '' during his prolonged periods of fervid devotion ; on the other , he participated in bawdy London sessions for the likes of Bobby Keys ' eponymous solo album and what Leng terms Harry Nilsson 's `` thoroughly nasty '' `` You 're Breakin ' My Heart '' , both recorded in the first half of 1972 . Similarly , Harrison 's passion for high - performance cars saw him lose his driver 's licence for the second time in a year after crashing his Mercedes into a roundabout at 90 miles an hour , on 28 February , with Boyd in the passenger seat . </P> <P> In August 1972 , with the Concert for Bangladesh documentary film having finally been released worldwide , Harrison set off alone for a driving holiday in Europe , during which he chanted the Hare Krishna mantra nonstop for a whole day , he later claimed . Religious academic Joshua Greene , a Hare Krishna devotee , has described this trip as Harrison 's `` preparation '' for recording the Living in the Material World album . </P> <H2> Songs ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rather than revisit compositions left over from the All Things Must Pass sessions , Harrison 's material for Living in the Material World was drawn from the 1971 -- 72 period , with the exception of `` Try Some , Buy Some '' , which he wrote in 1970 and recorded with former Ronette Ronnie Spector in February 1971 . The songs reflected his spiritual devotion -- in the case of `` The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) '' , `` Living in the Material World '' , `` Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) '' and `` Try Some , Buy Some '' -- as well as his feelings before and after the Bangladesh benefit concerts , with `` Miss O'Dell '' and `` The Day the World Gets ' Round '' . </P> All Things Must Pass might be better , but those songs ( on Living in the Material World ) are incredible ... You can hear from the LP what his aim was ; he definitely had a message he wanted to get across . -- Klaus Voormann , 2003 <P> Both `` The Lord Loves the One '' and the album 's title track were directly inspired by Prabhupada 's teachings . Greene writes of Harrison adapting a passage from the Bhagavad Gita into his lyrics for `` Living in the Material World '' and adds : `` Some of the songs distilled spiritual concepts into phrases so elegant they resembled Vedic sutras : short codes that contain volumes of meaning . '' On `` Give Me Love '' , Harrison blended the Hindu bhajan style ( or devotional song ) with Western gospel music , repeating the formula of his 1970 -- 71 international hit `` My Sweet Lord '' . In his 1980 autobiography , I Me Mine , he describes the song as `` a prayer and personal statement between me , the Lord , and whoever likes it '' . </P> <P> Whereas Harrison 's Krishna devotionals on All Things Must Pass had been uplifting celebrations of faith , his latest compositions betrayed a more austere quality , partly as a result of the Bangladesh experience . His musical arranger , John Barham , would later suggest that a spiritual `` crisis '' might have been the cause ; other observers have pointed to Harrison 's failing marriage to Boyd . Leng writes of his frame of mind at this time : `` while George Harrison was bursting with musical confidence , Living in the Material World found him in roughly the same place that John Lennon was when he wrote ' Help ! ' -- shocked by the rush of overwhelming success and desperately wondering where it left him . '' </P> <P> Other song themes addressed the Beatles ' legacy , either in direct references to the band 's history -- in the case of `` Living in the Material World '' and `` Sue Me , Sue You Blues '' -- or in Harrison 's stated desire to live in the present , free of his former identity , in the case of `` The Light That Has Lighted the World '' , `` Who Can See It '' and `` Be Here Now '' . The lyrics to `` Who Can See It '' reflect Harrison 's disenchantment with his previous , junior status to former bandmates Lennon and Paul McCartney , while `` Sue Me , Sue You Blues '' was his comment on McCartney 's 1971 High Court action to dissolve the band as a business entity . In line with Prabhupada 's teachings , all such pursuits of fame , wealth or position meant nothing in Harrison 's 1972 world - view . Author Gary Tillery writes of Material World 's lyrical content : `` The album expresses his impressions of the mundane and the spiritual worlds and the importance of ignoring the lures of the everyday world and remaining focused on the eternal verities . '' Even in seemingly conventional love songs such as `` That Is All '' and `` Do n't Let Me Wait Too Long '' , Harrison appeared to be addressing his deity as much as any human partner . Musically , the latter composition reflects the influence of Brill Building songwriters of the early 1960s , while Harrison sings of a love delivered `` like it came from above '' . </P> <P> Harrison donated his copyright for nine of the eleven songs on Living in the Material World , together with the non-album B - side `` Miss O'Dell '' , to his Material World Charitable Foundation . The latter initiative was set up in reaction to the tax issues that had hindered his relief effort for the Bangladeshi refugees , and ensured a perpetual stream of income , through ongoing publishing royalties , for dispersal to the charities of his choice . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> After the grand , Wall of Sound production of All Things Must Pass , Harrison wanted a more understated sound this time around , to `` liberate '' the songs , as he later put it . He had intended to co-produce with Phil Spector as before , although the latter 's erratic behaviour and alcohol consumption ensured that , once sessions were under way in October 1972 , Harrison was the project 's sole producer . Spector received a credit for `` Try Some , Buy Some '' , however , since Harrison used the same 1971 recording , featuring musicians such as Leon Russell , Jim Gordon , Pete Ham and Barham , that they had made for Ronnie Spector 's abandoned solo album . </P> <P> A release date was planned for January or February 1973 , with the album title rumoured to be The Light That Has Lighted the World . Within a month , the title was announced as The Magic Is Here Again , with an erroneous report in Rolling Stone magazine claiming that Eric Clapton was co-producing and that the album was set for release on 20 December 1972 . </P> <H3> Recording ( edit ) </H3> Phil was never there ... I 'd go along the roof at The Inn on the Park ( hotel ) in London and climb in his window yelling , `` Come on ! We 're supposed to be making a record . '' ... ( Then ) he used to have eighteen cherry brandies before he could get himself down to the studio . -- Harrison discussing Phil Spector 's early involvement on the album <P> In another contrast with his 1970 triple album , Harrison engaged a small core group of musicians to support him on Living in the Material World . Gary Wright and Klaus Voormann returned , on keyboards and bass , respectively , and John Barham again provided orchestral arrangements . They were joined by Jim Keltner , who had impressed at the 1971 Bangladesh concerts , and Nicky Hopkins , whose musical link to Harrison went back to the 1968 Jackie Lomax single `` Sour Milk Sea '' . Ringo Starr also contributed to the album , when his burgeoning film career allowed , and Jim Horn , another musician from the Concert for Bangladesh band , supplied horns and flutes . The recording engineer was Phil McDonald , who had worked in the same role on All Things Must Pass . </P> Apple Studio , where Harrison recorded part of Living in the Material World <P> All the rhythm and lead guitar parts were performed by Harrison alone -- the ex-Beatle stepping out from the `` looming shadow '' of Clapton for the first time , Leng has noted . Most of the basic tracks were recorded with Harrison on acoustic guitar ; only `` Living in the Material World '' , `` Who Can See It '' and `` That Is All '' featured electric rhythm parts , those for the latter two songs adopting the same Leslie - toned sound found on much of the Beatles ' Abbey Road ( 1969 ) . Ham and his Badfinger bandmate Tom Evans augmented the line - up on 4 and 11 October , although their playing would not find its way onto the released album . </P> <P> The sessions took place partly at Apple Studio in London , but mostly at Harrison 's home studio , FPSHOT , according to Voormann . Apple Studio , together with its Savile Row , London W1 address , would receive a prominent credit on the Living in the Material World record sleeve , as a further sign of Harrison 's championing of the Beatles - owned recording facility . At the weekends during these autumn months , Hopkins recorded his own solo album , The Tin Man Was a Dreamer ( 1973 ) , at Apple , with contributions from Harrison , Voormann and Horn . Voormann has described the mood at the Friar Park sessions as `` intimate , quiet , friendly '' and in stark contrast to the sessions he , Harrison and Hopkins had attended at Lennon 's home in 1971 , for the Imagine album . Keltner recalls Harrison as having been focused and `` at his peak physically '' throughout the recording of Living in the Material World , having given up smoking and taken to using Hindu prayer beads . </P> <P> The sessions continued until the end of November , when Hopkins left for Jamaica to work on the Rolling Stones ' new album . During this period , Harrison co-produced a new live album for Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan for a January release on Apple Records , the highly regarded In Concert 1972 . </P> <H3> Overdubbing and mixing ( edit ) </H3> <P> After hosting a visit by Bob Dylan and his wife Sara at Friar Park , Harrison resumed work on the album in January 1973 , at Apple . `` Sue Me , Sue You Blues '' , which he had originally given to Jesse Ed Davis to record in 1971 , was taped at this point . The lyrics ' courtroom theme had a new relevance in early 1973 , as he , Lennon and Starr looked to sever all legal ties with manager Allen Klein , who had been the prime cause for McCartney 's earlier litigation . </P> <P> For the rest of January and through February , extensive overdubs were carried out on the album 's basic tracks -- comprising vocals , percussion , Harrison 's slide guitar parts and Horn 's contributions . `` Living in the Material World '' received significant attention during this last phase of the album production , with sitar , flute and Zakir Hussain 's tabla being added to fill the song 's two `` spiritual sky '' sections . The resulting contrast between the main , Western rock portion and the Indian - style middle eights emphasised Harrison 's struggle between physical - world temptations and his spiritual goals . The Indian instrumentation overdubbed on this track and `` Be Here Now '' also marked a rare return to the genre for Harrison , recalling his work with the Beatles over 1966 -- 68 and his first solo album , Wonderwall Music ( 1968 ) . </P> <P> Barham 's orchestra and choir were the final items to be recorded , on `` The Day the World Gets ' Round '' , `` Who Can See It '' and `` That Is All '' , in early March . With production on the album completed , Harrison flew to Los Angeles for Beatles - related business meetings and to begin work on Shankar and Starr 's respective albums , Shankar Family & Friends ( 1974 ) and Ringo ( 1973 ) . </P> <H2> Album artwork ( edit ) </H2> Lyric insert artwork for the album , taken from Bhagavad Gita As It Is <P> As he had done with All Things Must Pass and The Concert for Bangladesh , Harrison entrusted the album 's art design to Tom Wilkes , and the latter 's new business partner , Craig Baun . The gatefold and lyric insert sleeves for Living in the Material World were much commented - on at the time of release , Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone describing the record as `` beautifully - packaged with symbolic hand - print covers and the dedication , ' All Glories to Sri Krsna ' '' , while author Nicholas Schaffner likewise admired the `` color representations of the Hindu scriptures '' , in the form of a painting from a Prabhupada - published edition of the Bhagavad Gita . Reproduced on the lyric insert sheet ( on the back of which was a red Om symbol with yellow surround , on a black background ) , this painting features Krishna with Arjuna , the legendary archer and warrior , in a chariot , being pulled by the enchanted seven - headed horse Uchchaihshravas . With the album arriving at the height of the glam or glitter rock musical trend , Clayson writes of this image : `` a British teenager might have still dug the gear worn by Krishna in his chariot ... Androgynous in beaded kaftan , jewelled fez and peacock feather , and strikingly pretty , the Supreme Personality of Godhead was not unlike some of the new breed of theatrical British chartbusters . '' </P> <P> For the album 's striking front - cover image , Wilkes used a Kirlian photograph of Harrison 's hand holding a Hindu medallion . The photo was taken at UCLA 's parapsychology department , as was the shot used on the back cover , where Harrison instead holds three US coins : a couple of quarters and a silver dollar . </P> <P> The gatefold 's inner left panel , opposite the album 's production credits , showed Harrison and his fellow musicians -- Starr , Horn , Voormann , Hopkins , Keltner and Wright -- at a long table , laden with food and wine . A deliberate parody of da Vinci 's The Last Supper , the picture was taken in California at the mock - Tudor home of entertainment lawyer Abe Somers , by Hollywood glamour photographer Ken Marcus . As with the US coinage used on the back cover , various details in the photo represent what Harrison termed the `` gross '' aspects of life in the material world . Clayson has speculated about the symbolism and hidden messages within the photo : whether the nurse with a pram , set back from and to the left of the table , was a reference to Boyd 's inability to conceive a child ; and the empty , distant wheelchair in memory of Harrison 's late mother . Theologian Dale Allison observes the anti-Catholic sentiment within this inner - gatefold photo , following on from Harrison 's lyrics to his 1970 song `` Awaiting on You All '' . Harrison is dressed as a priest , all in black , sporting an Old West six - shooter -- `` a slam at the perceived materialism and violence of the Roman church '' , Allison writes . </P> <P> On the back cover , underneath the second hand - print design , text provides details of the fictitious Jim Keltner Fan Club , information on which was available by sending a `` stamped undressed elephant '' -- for : self - addressed envelope -- to a Los Angeles postal address . This detail was an affectionate thank - you to the popular drummer ( Starr would repeat the gesture on his album later in the year ) , as well as a light - hearted dig -- in its use of `` wing '' symbols , like those in Wings ' logo -- at McCartney , who had recently launched a fan club for his new band . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> Trade ad for the album 's lead single , May 1973 <P> Due to the extended recording period , Living in the Material World was issued at the end of a busy Apple release schedule , with April and May 1973 having already been set aside for the Beatles compilations 1962 -- 1966 and 1967 -- 1970 and for Paul McCartney & Wings ' second album , Red Rose Speedway . Schaffner recorded in his book The Beatles Forever : `` For a while there ... album charts were reminiscent of the golden age of Beatlemania . '' Preceding Harrison 's long - awaited release was the acoustic single `` Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) '' , which became his second number 1 hit in the United States . This was accompanied by a billboard and print advertising campaign , including a three - panel poster combining the album 's front and back covers , and an Apple publicity photo showing Harrison , now free of the heavy beard familiar from the All Things Must Pass -- Concert for Bangladesh era , with his hand outstretched , mirroring Wilkes ' album cover image . </P> <P> Living in the Material World was issued on 30 May 1973 in America ( with Apple catalogue number SMAS 3410 ) and on 22 June in Britain ( as Apple PAS 10006 ) . It enjoyed immediate commercial success , entering the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart at number 11 and hitting number 1 in its second week , on 23 June , demoting Wings ' album in the process . Material World spent five weeks atop the US charts , having been awarded a gold disc by the RIAA within two days of release , for advance orders . In the UK , the album peaked at number 2 , held from the top position by the soundtrack to Starr 's movie That 'll Be the Day . Despite high sales initially , its follow - on success was limited by what Leng terms the `` anomalous '' decision to cancel the release of a second US single , `` Do n't Let Me Wait Too Long '' . </P> <P> With Living in the Material World , Harrison achieved the Billboard double for a second time when `` Give Me Love '' hit the top position during the album 's stay at number 1 -- the only one of his former bandmates to have done it even once being McCartney , with the recent `` My Love '' and Red Rose Speedway . Harrison carried out no supporting promotion for Material World ; `` pre-recorded tapes '' were issued to BBC Radio 1 and played repeatedly on the show Radio One Club , but his only public appearance in Britain was to accompany Prabhupada on a religious procession through central London , on 8 July . According to author Bill Harry , the album sold over 3 million copies worldwide . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Contemporary Reviews ( edit ) </H3> Living in the Material World is a profoundly seductive record . Harrison 's rapt dedication infuses his musicality so completely that the album stands alone as an article of faith , miraculous in its radiance . -- Stephen Holden in Rolling Stone , June 1973 <P> Leng describes Living the Material World as `` one of the most keenly anticipated discs of the decade '' and its unveiling `` a major event '' . Among expectant music critics , Stephen Holden began his highly favourable review in Rolling Stone with the words `` At last it 's here '' , before hailing the new Harrison album as a `` pop classic '' and a `` profoundly seductive record '' . `` Happily , the album is not just a commercial event , '' he wrote , `` it is the most concise , universally conceived work by a former Beatle since John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band . '' Billboard magazine noted the twin themes found throughout the album -- `` the Beatles and their mish - mash '' versus a `` spiritual undercoat '' -- and described Harrison 's vocals as `` first - rate '' . </P> <P> Two weeks ahead of the UK release date , Melody Maker published a full - page `` exclusive preview '' of Material World by its New York correspondent , Michael Watts . The latter wrote that `` the most strikingly immediate impression left by the album '' concerned its lyrics , which , although `` solemn and pious '' at times , were `` more interesting '' thematically than those on All Things Must Pass , such that Material World was `` as personal , in its own way , as anything that Lennon has done '' . While describing the pared - down production as `` good artistic judgement in view of the nature of the lyrics '' , Watts concluded : `` Harrison has always struck me before as simply a writer of very classy pop songs ; now he stands as something more than an entertainer . Now he 's being honest . '' </P> <P> While Holden had opined that , of all the four Beatles , Harrison had inherited `` the most precious '' legacy -- namely , `` the spiritual aura that the group accumulated , beginning with the White Album '' -- other reviewers objected to the overt religiosity of Living in the Material World . This was particularly so in Britain , where by summer 1973 , author Bob Woffinden later wrote , `` the Beatle bubble had undoubtedly burst '' and for each of the former bandmates , his individual `` pedestal '' was now `` an exposed , rather than a comfortable , place to be '' . </P> It 's also breathtakingly unoriginal and -- lyrically at least -- turgid , repetitive and so damn holy I could scream . -- Tony Tyler , reviewing the album for NME <P> In the NME , Tony Tyler began his review by stating that he had long idolised Harrison as `` the finest packaged object since frozen pizza '' , but he had changed his opinion dramatically in recent years ; after the `` dire , ennui - making '' All Things Must Pass , Tyler continued , `` the unworthiness of my heretical thoughts smote home around the time of the Bangla Desh concerts . '' Tyler dismissed Material World with the description : `` ( It 's ) pleasant , competent , vaguely dull and inoffensive . It 's also breathtakingly unoriginal and -- lyrically at least -- turgid , repetitive and so damn holy I could scream . '' The reviewer concluded : `` I have no doubt whatever it 'll sell like hot tracts and that George 'll donate all the profits to starving Bengalis and make me feel like the cynical heel I undoubtedly am . '' In their 1975 book The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , Tyler and co-author Roy Carr bemoaned Harrison 's `` didactically imposing ( of ) said Holy Memoirs upon innocent record - collectors '' and declared the album 's spiritual theme `` almost as offensive in its own way '' as Lennon and Yoko Ono 's political radicalism on Some Time in New York City ( 1972 ) . </P> They feel threatened when you talk about something that is n't just `` be-bop - a-lula '' . And if you say the words `` God '' or `` Lord '' , it makes some people 's hair curl . -- Harrison to Melody Maker in September 1971 , pre-empting criticism of his lyrics on Material World <P> According to New Zealand music critic Graham Reid , a contemporary Australian review remarked on the album 's religiosity : `` oftentimes the music is a more truthful guide to the sense of the lyrics than the words themselves . Harrison is not a great wordsmith but he is a superb musician . Everything flows , everything interweaves . His melodies are so superb they take care of everything ... '' Like Holden , Nicholas Schaffner approved of the singer 's gesture in donating his publishing royalties to the Material World Charitable Foundation and praised the album 's `` exquisite musical underpinnings '' . Although the `` transcendent dogma '' was not always to his taste , Schaffner recognised that in Living in the Material World , Harrison had `` devised a luxuriant rock devotional designed to transform his fans ' stereo equipment into a temple '' . </P> <P> Aside from the album 's lyrical themes , its production and musicianship were widely praised , Schaffner noting : `` Surely Phil Spector never had a more attentive pupil . '' Carr and Tyler lauded Harrison 's `` superb and accomplished slide - guitar breaks '' , and the solos on `` Give Me Love '' , `` The Lord Loves the One '' , `` The Light That Has Lighted the World '' and `` Living in the Material World '' have each been identified as exemplary and among the finest of Harrison 's career . In his book The Beatles Apart ( 1981 ) , Woffinden wrote : `` Those who carped at the lyrics , or at Harrison himself , missed a great deal of the music , much of which was exceptionally fine . '' Woffinden described the album as `` a very good one '' , Harrison 's `` only mistake '' being that he had waited so long before following up his successes over 1970 -- 71 . </P> <H3> Retrospective assessment ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AllMusic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blender </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Christgau </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Classic Rock </Td> <Td> 8 / 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mojo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Music Box </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MusicHound </Td> <Td> 3.5 / 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Music Story </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PopMatters </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Rolling Stone Album Guide </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the decades following its release , Living in the Material World gained a reputation as `` a forgotten blockbuster '' -- a term used by Simon Leng and echoed by commentators such as Robert Rodriguez and AllMusic 's Bruce Eder . The latter describes Harrison 's 1973 album as `` an underrated minor masterpiece '' that `` represent ( s ) his solo playing and songwriting at something of a peak '' . John Metzger of The Music Box refers to Material World as `` the most underrated and overlooked album of ( Harrison ) 's career '' , adding that it `` coalesces around its songs ... and the Zen - like beauty that emanates from Harrison 's hymns to a higher power inevitably becomes subtly affecting . '' </P> <P> Writing in Rolling Stone in 2002 , Greg Kot found the album `` drearily monochromatic '' compared to its predecessor , and to PopMatters ' Zeth Lundy , it suffers from `` a more anonymous tract '' next to the `` cathedral - grade significance '' of All Things Must Pass . Reviewing Harrison 's solo career for Goldmine magazine in 2002 , Dave Thompson considered the 1973 album to be the equal of All Things Must Pass , reasoning : `` While history insists that Living in the Material World could not help but be eclipsed by its gargantuan forebear , with the two albums in the CD player and the ' shuffle ' function mixing them up , it 's difficult to play favourites . '' </P> <P> In his review of the 2006 remastered release , for Q magazine , Tom Doyle praised the album 's ballads , such as `` The Light That Has Lighted the World '' and `` Be Here Now '' , and suggested that `` the distance of time helps to reveal its varied charms '' . Mojo 's Mat Snow wrote of `` this long overdue reissue '' being `` worth it alone for four wonderful songs '' , including `` Do n't Let Me Wait Too Long '' and `` The Day the World Gets ' Round '' , and concluded : `` The rest is Hari Georgeson at his most preachy , but it 's never less than musical and often light on its feet . '' In another 2006 review , for the Vintage Rock website , Shawn Perry wrote of Material World being `` more restrained and immediate without the wall of sound whitewash of its predecessor , but its flow and elegance are unmistakable '' . Perry admired Harrison 's slide guitar playing and rated the album an `` underrated , classic record '' . Writing for Uncut in 2008 , David Cavanagh described Material World as `` a bit full - on , religion-wise '' but `` the album to play if you want musicianship at its best '' . </P> <H3> 2014 appraisal and legacy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Reviewing the 2014 reissue , Blogcritics ' Chaz Lipp writes that `` this chart - topping classic is , in terms of production , arguably preferable to its predecessor '' , adding : `` The sinewy ' Sue Me , Sue You Blues , ' galloping title track , and soaring ' Do n't Let Me Wait Too Long ' rank right alongside Harrison 's best work . '' Alex Franquelli of PopMatters refers to it as `` a worthy successor '' to All Things Must Pass and an album that `` raises the bar of social awareness that had only been touched on lightly in the previous release '' . Franquelli concludes : `` It is a work that enjoys a more elaborate dynamic development , where layers are kept together by Harrison 's clever work behind the mixing desk . '' In another 2014 review , for Classic Rock , Paul Trynka writes : `` All these years on , it 's his most overtly spiritual album that sparkles today ... The well - known songs , such as ' Sue Me , Sue You Blues ' ( dedicated to the rapacious Allen Klein ) , stand up well , but it 's the more restrained tracks -- ' Do n't Let Me Wait Too Long ' , ' Who Can See It ' -- that entrance : gorgeous pop songs , all the more forceful for their restraint . '' Trynka goes on to describe `` Be Here Now '' as the album 's `` towering achievement '' and `` a masterpiece '' . </P> <P> Among Beatles biographers , Alan Clayson approves of Material World 's `` self - production criterion closer to the style of George Martin '' , after the `` looser abundance '' of All Things Must Pass . Within the more restrained surroundings , Clayson adds , Harrison laid claim to the title `` king of rock ' n ' roll slide guitar '' , in addition to giving perhaps his `` most magnificent ( vocal ) performance on record '' on `` Who Can See It '' . Rodriguez also approves of a production aesthetic that allows instruments to `` sparkle '' and `` breathing space '' for his melodies , and rates Harrison 's guitar playing as `` stellar '' throughout . Peter Lavezzoli describes the album as `` a soulful collection of songs that feature some of Harrison 's finest singing , particularly the gorgeous Roy Orbison-esque ballad ' Who Can See It ' '' . </P> <P> Leng has named Living in the Material World as his personal favourite of all of Harrison 's solo albums . According to Leng , with its combination of a defiant `` protest '' song in `` The Day the World Gets ' Round '' , the anti-stardom `` The Lord Loves the One '' , and `` perfect pop confections '' in `` Give Me Love '' and `` Do n't Let Me Wait Too Long '' , Living in the Material World was the last album to capture the same clear - sighted , utopian spirit that characterised the 1960s . Eder likewise welcomes Material World 's bold idealism , saying : `` Even in the summer of 1973 , after years of war and strife and disillusionment , some of us were still sort of looking -- to borrow a phrase from a Lennon -- McCartney song -- or hoping to get from them something like ' the word ' that would make us free . And George , God love him , had the temerity to actually oblige ... '' </P> <H2> Reissues ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 2006 ( edit ) </H3> <P> While solo works by Lennon , McCartney and Starr had all been remastered as part of repackaging campaigns during the 1990s and early 21st century , Harrison 's Living in the Material World was `` neglected over the years '' , author Bruce Spizer wrote in 2005 , an `` unfortunate '' situation considering the quality of its songs . On 25 September 2006 , EMI reissued the album in the UK , on CD and in a deluxe CD / DVD package , with Capitol Records ' US release following the next day . The remastered Material World featured two additional tracks , neither of which had previously been available on an album : `` Deep Blue '' and `` Miss O'Dell '' , popular B - sides , respectively , to the 1971 non-album single `` Bangla Desh '' and `` Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) '' . The CD / DVD edition contained a 40 - page full colour booklet that included extra photos from the inner - gatefold shoot ( taken by Mal Evans and Barry Feinstein ) , liner notes by Kevin Howlett , and Harrison 's handwritten lyrics and comments on the songs , reproduced from I Me Mine . </P> <P> The DVD featured a concert performance of `` Give Me Love '' , recorded during Harrison 's 1991 Japanese tour with Eric Clapton , and previously unreleased versions of `` Miss O'Dell '' and `` Sue Me , Sue You Blues '' set to a slideshow of archival film . The final selection consisted of the album 's title track playing over 1973 footage of the LP being audio - tested and packaged prior to shipment . While Zeth Lundy found that the deluxe edition `` bestows lavish attention upon a record that may not exactly deserve it '' , with the DVD `` an unnecessary bonus '' , Shawn Perry considered the supplementary disc to be possibly the `` pièce de résistance '' of the 2006 reissue , and concluded : `` this package is a beautiful tribute to the late and great guitarist any Beatles and Harrison fan will cherish . '' </P> <H3> 2014 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Living in the Material World was remastered again for inclusion in the Harrison box set The Apple Years 1968 -- 75 , issued in September 2014 . Also available as a separate CD , the reissue reproduces Howlett 's 2006 essay and adds `` Bangla Desh '' as a third bonus track , after `` Deep Blue '' and `` Miss O'Dell '' . In his preview of the 2014 reissues , for Rolling Stone , David Fricke pairs Material World with All Things Must Pass as representing `` the heart of the ( box ) set '' . Disc eight of The Apple Years includes the four items featured on the 2006 deluxe edition DVD . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <P> All songs written by George Harrison . </P> <H3> Original release ( edit ) </H3> <P> Side one </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) '' -- 3 : 36 </Li> <Li> `` Sue Me , Sue You Blues '' -- 4 : 48 </Li> <Li> `` The Light That Has Lighted the World '' -- 3 : 31 </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Let Me Wait Too Long '' -- 2 : 57 </Li> <Li> `` Who Can See It '' -- 3 : 52 </Li> <Li> `` Living in the Material World '' -- 5 : 31 </Li> </Ol> <P> Side two </P> <Ol> <Li> `` The Lord Loves the One ( That Loves the Lord ) '' -- 4 : 34 </Li> <Li> `` Be Here Now '' -- 4 : 09 </Li> <Li> `` Try Some , Buy Some '' -- 4 : 08 </Li> <Li> `` The Day the World Gets ' Round '' -- 2 : 53 </Li> <Li> `` That Is All '' -- 3 : 43 </Li> </Ol> <H3> 2006 remaster ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bonus tracks </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Deep Blue '' -- 3 : 47 </Li> <Li> `` Miss O'Dell '' -- 2 : 33 </Li> </Ol> <P> Deluxe edition DVD </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) '' ( recorded live at Tokyo Dome on 15 December 1991 ) </Li> <Li> `` Miss O'Dell '' ( alternative version ) </Li> <Li> `` Sue Me , Sue You Blues '' ( acoustic demo version ) </Li> <Li> `` Living in the Material World '' </Li> </Ol> <H3> 2014 remaster ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bonus tracks </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Deep Blue '' -- 3 : 47 </Li> <Li> `` Miss O'Dell '' -- 2 : 33 </Li> <Li> `` Bangla Desh '' -- 3 : 57 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> George Harrison -- vocals , electric and acoustic guitars , dobro , sitar , backing vocals </Li> <Li> Nicky Hopkins -- piano , electric piano </Li> <Li> Gary Wright -- organ , harmonium , electric piano , harpsichord </Li> <Li> Klaus Voormann -- bass , standup bass , tenor saxophone </Li> <Li> Jim Keltner -- drums , percussion </Li> <Li> Ringo Starr -- drums , percussion </Li> <Li> Jim Horn -- saxophones , flute , horn arrangement </Li> <Li> Zakir Hussain -- tabla </Li> <Li> John Barham -- orchestral and choral arrangements </Li> <Li> Leon Russell -- piano ( on `` Try Some , Buy Some '' ) </Li> <Li> Jim Gordon -- drums , tambourine ( on `` Try Some , Buy Some '' ) </Li> <Li> Pete Ham -- acoustic guitar ( on `` Try Some , Buy Some '' ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Original release </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1973 -- 74 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australian Go - Set Top 20 Albums </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australian Kent Music Report </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgian Albums Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian RPM 100 Albums </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch MegaChart Albums </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French SNEP Albums Chart </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italian Albums Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japanese Oricon LPs Chart </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norwegian VG - lista Albums </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spanish Albums Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swedish Kvällstoppen Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Albums Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Melody Maker Pop 30 Albums </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Top LPs & Tape </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 Albums </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Record World Album Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West German Media Control Albums </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Reissue </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2006 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French SNEP Albums Chart </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japanese Oricon Albums Chart </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Top Pop Catalog </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1973 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australian Albums Chart </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch Albums Chart </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French Albums Chart </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italian Albums Chart </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Year - End </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Among activities that drained much of his creativity from September 1971 through to late 1972 , Harrison was embroiled in negotiations with Capitol Records over the Concert for Bangladesh live album , technical issues with the disappointing footage from the New York shows , and transatlantic meetings with lawyers and various US and British government departments . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Of the two of them , his wife suffered the most serious injuries , her recovery from which , Clayson has noted , Harrison saw fit to assist by `` pounding on a drum - kit that he 'd set up in the next room '' at Friar Park . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Further aligning himself with the Hare Krishna movement , in early 1973 , Harrison purchased Piggott 's Manor in Hertfordshire for the growing number of UK - based devotees . Renamed Bhaktivedanta Manor , the property remains ISKCON 's main centre for study and worship in Britain . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison himself gave 1972 as the year he started writing `` So Sad '' , a track dealing with the end of their relationship , later released on his Dark Horse album . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The remaining songs were `` Try Some , Buy Some '' and `` Sue Me , Sue You Blues '' , both of which were 1971 copyrights that had already been assigned to their composer 's publishing company , Harrisongs . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The German bassist vividly recalls recording his part for `` Be Here Now '' in a toilet there , and footage included in Martin Scorsese 's 2011 Harrison documentary shows the musicians playing at Friar Park . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In addition , Harrison produced an early version of his and Starr 's co-composition `` Photograph '' sometime before Christmas . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ While he shared Lennon and Starr 's general disillusion with their manager , Harrison was especially aggrieved at Klein 's handling of the Bangladesh relief effort . Klein had neglected to register the 1971 concerts as charity fundraisers beforehand , resulting in the aid project being denied tax - exempt status . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ As revealed on the Living in the Alternate World bootleg , these sections had been taped with minimal instrumentation , awaiting the requisite musical colouring . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Somers in fact took Wright 's place in the shot , after which Wilkes superimposed a picture of the musician 's face . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stephen Holden , `` George Harrison , Living in the Material World '' , Rolling Stone , 19 July 1973 , p. 54 ( retrieved 12 April 2014 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 124 , 140 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 318 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schaffner , pp. 147 , 159 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leng , p. 121 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tillery , p. 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Harrison , p. 220 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Doggett , pp. 180 -- 81 , 192 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lavezzoli , pp. 193 -- 94 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liner note essay by Kevin Howlett , The Apple Years 1968 -- 75 book ( Apple Records , 2014 ) , p. 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woffinden , pp. 48 , 68 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andrew Tyler , `` Nicky Hopkins '' , Disc and Music Echo , 4 December 1971 ; available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ; retrieved 30 August 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 123 -- 24 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Editors of Rolling Stone , p. 43 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Badman , p. 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Harrison , pp. 60 -- 61 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Doggett , p. 192 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Badman , pp. 54 -- 56 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leng , p. 123 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter , pp. 439 -- 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allison , pp. 45 -- 47 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leng , p. 124 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huntley , pp. 87 , 89 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Harrison , p. 254 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- In His Own Words '' , superseventies.com ( retrieved 8 April 2014 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Dell , p. 188 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 330 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clayson , pp. 293 , 325 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Badman , pp. 67 -- 68 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tillery , pp 118 -- 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 320 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 248 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Greene , p. 194 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tillery , pp. 111 , 162 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clayson , p. 306 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greene , p. 198 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greene , p. 133 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Madinger & Easter , p. 439 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leng , pp. 105 , 133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woffinden , pp. 69 -- 70 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Harrison , pp. 246 , 254 , 258 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tillery , pp. 111 -- 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Harrison , pp. 226 , 248 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leng , p. 137 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lavezzoli , pp. 194 -- 95 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 -- The Hare Krsna Mantra : ' There 's nothing higher ... 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( in French ) , infodisc.fr ( retrieved 13 April 2014 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hit Parade Italia -- Gli album più venduti del 1973 '' ( in Italian ) . hitparadeitalia.it ( retrieved 13 April 2014 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oricon Album Chart Book : Complete Edition 1970 -- 2005 . Roppongi , Tokyo : Oricon Entertainment . 2006 . ISBN 4 - 87131 - 077 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` George Harrison -- Living in the Material World '' , norwegiancharts.com ( retrieved 9 April 2014 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedish Charts 1972 -- 1975 / Kvällstoppen -- Listresultaten vecka för vecka '' > Juli 1973 > 17 & 24 Juli Archived 23 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Swedish ) , hitsallertijden.nl ( retrieved 13 February 2013 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Artist : George Harrison '' > Albums , Official Charts Company ( retrieved 28 October 2013 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik , p. 342 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tony Lanzetta ( dir . ) , `` Billboard Top LP 's & Tape '' , Billboard , 14 July 1973 , p. 64 ( retrieved 21 February 2017 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Albums '' , Cash Box , 14 July 1973 , p. 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lenny Beer ( ed . ) , `` The Album Chart '' , Record World , 14 July 1973 , p. 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Album -- George Harrison , Living in the Material World '' , charts.de ( retrieved 3 January 2013 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ジョージ ・ ハリスン - リリース - ORICON STYLE - ミュージック `` Highest position and charting weeks of Living in the Material World ( reissue ) by George Harrison '' Check url = value ( help ) . oricon.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Oricon Style ( retrieved 11 February 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billboard Albums '' , Billboard , 14 October 2006 , p. 76 ( retrieved 25 November 2014 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Kent , Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 , Australian Chart Book ( St Ives , NSW , 1993 ; ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1973 '' ( ASP ) ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Les Albums ( CD ) de 1973 par InfoDisc '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original ( PHP ) on 27 October 2012 . infodisc.fr ( retrieved 13 April 2014 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billboard 1970 's Album Top 50 ( Part 1 ) > 1973 '' , 7 December 2007 ( retrieved 13 April 2014 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Albums of 1973 '' , billboard.biz ( retrieved 11 February 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- George Harrison -- Living in the Material World '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dale C. Allison Jr. , The Love There That 's Sleeping : The Art and Spirituality of George Harrison , Continuum ( New York , NY , 2006 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1917 - 0 ) . </Li> <Li> Keith Badman , The Beatles Diary Volume 2 : After the Break - Up 1970 -- 2001 , Omnibus Press ( London , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 0 ) . </Li> <Li> Roy Carr & Tony Tyler , The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , Trewin Copplestone Publishing ( London , 1978 ; ISBN 0 - 450 - 04170 - 0 ) . </Li> <Li> Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik , All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 , Ballantine Books ( New York , NY , 1976 ; ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 ) . </Li> <Li> David Cavanagh , `` George Harrison : The Dark Horse '' , Uncut , August 2008 , pp. 36 -- 48 . </Li> <Li> Alan Clayson , George Harrison , Sanctuary ( London , 2003 ; ISBN 1 - 86074 - 489 - 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Peter Doggett , You Never Give Me Your Money : The Beatles After the Breakup , It Books ( New York , NY , 2011 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177418 - 8 ) . </Li> <Li> The Editors of Rolling Stone , Harrison , Rolling Stone Press / Simon & Schuster ( New York , NY , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 9 ) . </Li> <Li> Gary Graff & Daniel Durchholz ( eds ) , MusicHound Rock : The Essential Album Guide , Visible Ink Press ( Farmington Hills , MI , 1999 ; ISBN 1 - 57859 - 061 - 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Joshua M. Greene , Here Comes the Sun : The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison , John Wiley & Sons ( Hoboken , NJ , 2006 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12780 - 3 ) . </Li> <Li> George Harrison , I Me Mine , Chronicle Books ( San Francisco , CA , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3793 - 9 ) . </Li> <Li> Olivia Harrison , George Harrison : Living in the Material World , Abrams ( New York , NY , 2011 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0220 - 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Bill Harry , The George Harrison Encyclopedia , Virgin Books ( London , 2003 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0822 - 0 ) . </Li> <Li> Elliot J. Huntley , Mystical One : George Harrison -- After the Break - up of the Beatles , Guernica Editions ( Toronto , ON , 2006 ; ISBN 1 - 55071 - 197 - 0 ) . </Li> <Li> Chris Ingham , The Rough Guide to the Beatles ( 2nd edn ) , Rough Guides / Penguin ( London , 2006 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 84836 - 525 - 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Ian Inglis , The Words and Music of George Harrison , Praeger ( Santa Barbara , CA , 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37532 - 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Peter Lavezzoli , The Dawn of Indian Music in the West , Continuum ( New York , NY , 2006 ; ISBN 0 - 8264 - 2819 - 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Simon Leng , While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison , Hal Leonard ( Milwaukee , WI , 2006 ; ISBN 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 5 ) . </Li> <Li> Ian MacDonald , Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties , Pimlico ( London , 1998 ; ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6697 - 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Chip Madinger & Mark Easter , Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium , 44.1 Productions ( Chesterfield , MO , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Chris O'Dell with Katherine Ketcham , Miss O'Dell : My Hard Days and Long Nights with The Beatles , The Stones , Bob Dylan , Eric Clapton , and the Women They Loved , Touchstone ( New York , NY , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Robert Rodriguez , Fab Four FAQ 2.0 : The Beatles ' Solo Years 1970 -- 1980 , Hal Leonard ( Milwaukee , WI , 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 968 - 8 ) . </Li> <Li> Nicholas Schaffner , The Beatles Forever , McGraw - Hill ( New York , NY , 1978 ; ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 ) . </Li> <Li> Mat Snow , `` George Harrison : Quiet Storm '' , Mojo , November 2014 , pp. 66 -- 73 . </Li> <Li> Howard Sounes , Down the Highway : The Life of Bob Dylan , Doubleday ( London , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 385 - 60125 - 5 ) . </Li> <Li> Bruce Spizer , The Beatles Solo on Apple Records , 498 Productions ( New Orleans , LA , 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 5 - 9 ) . </Li> <Li> Gary Tillery , Working Class Mystic : A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison , Quest Books ( Wheaton , IL , 2011 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8356 - 0900 - 5 ) . </Li> <Li> Bob Woffinden , The Beatles Apart , Proteus ( London , 1981 ; ISBN 0 - 906071 - 89 - 5 ) . </Li> <Li> Bill Wyman , Rolling with the Stones , Dorling Kindersley ( London , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7513 - 4646 - 2 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Living in the Material World microsite ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by The Dark Side of the Moon by Pink Floyd </Td> <Td> Canadian RPM Top 100 number - one album 23 June -- 28 July 1973 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by The Dark Side of the Moon by Pink Floyd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Red Rose Speedway by Paul McCartney & Wings </Td> <Td> Billboard 200 number - one album 23 June -- 27 July 1973 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Chicago VI by Chicago </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> George Harrison </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wonderwall Music </Li> <Li> Electronic Sound </Li> <Li> All Things Must Pass </Li> <Li> Living in the Material World </Li> <Li> Dark Horse </Li> <Li> Extra Texture ( Read All About It ) </Li> <Li> Thirty Three & 1 / 3 </Li> <Li> George Harrison </Li> <Li> Somewhere in England </Li> <Li> Gone Troppo </Li> <Li> Cloud Nine </Li> <Li> Brainwashed </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Concert for Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Live in Japan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Best of George Harrison </Li> <Li> Best of Dark Horse 1976 -- 1989 </Li> <Li> Let It Roll : Songs by George Harrison </Li> <Li> Early Takes : Volume 1 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box sets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Dark Horse Years 1976 -- 1992 </Li> <Li> Collaborations ( with Ravi Shankar ) </Li> <Li> The Apple Years 1968 -- 75 </Li> <Li> George Harrison -- The Vinyl Collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I , Me , Mine </Li> <Li> Songs by George Harrison </Li> <Li> Songs by George Harrison 2 </Li> <Li> Raga Mala ( as editor ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Asian Music Circle </Li> <Li> Bhaktivedanta Manor </Li> <Li> The Concert for Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Concert for George </Li> <Li> Dark Horse Records </Li> <Li> Friar Park </Li> <Li> Harrisongs </Li> <Li> `` Homer 's Barbershop Quartet '' </Li> <Li> `` Horse to the Water '' </Li> <Li> Kinfauns </Li> <Li> Material World Charitable Foundation </Li> <Li> Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India </Li> <Li> 1974 North American tour </Li> <Li> 1991 Japanese tour </Li> <Li> Wonderful Tonight : George Harrison , Eric Clapton , and Me </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Barham </Li> <Li> The Beatles </Li> <Li> Pattie Boyd ( wife ) </Li> <Li> Eric Clapton </Li> <Li> Derek and the Dominos </Li> <Li> Olivia Harrison ( wife ) </Li> <Li> Dhani Harrison ( son ) </Li> <Li> Jim Keltner </Li> <Li> Jeff Lynne </Li> <Li> A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada </Li> <Li> The Quarrymen </Li> <Li> Radha Krishna Temple </Li> <Li> The Rutles </Li> <Li> Ravi Shankar </Li> <Li> Derek Taylor </Li> <Li> Traveling Wilburys </Li> <Li> Klaus Voormann </Li> <Li> Gary Wright </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Is This What You Want ? </Li> <Li> That 's the Way God Planned It </Li> <Li> Doris Troy </Li> <Li> Encouraging Words </Li> <Li> The Radha Krsna Temple </Li> <Li> Joi Bangla ( EP ) </Li> <Li> Footprint </Li> <Li> Straight Up </Li> <Li> Raga </Li> <Li> Brother </Li> <Li> In Concert 1972 </Li> <Li> Shankar Family & Friends </Li> <Li> The Place I Love </Li> <Li> Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India </Li> <Li> Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 </Li> <Li> Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 </Li> <Li> Ravi Shankar : In Celebration </Li> <Li> Chants of India </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> HandMade Films </Li> <Li> All You Need Is Cash </Li> <Li> Blue Suede Shoes : A Rockabilly Session </Li> <Li> The Concert for Bangladesh ( film ) </Li> <Li> Concert for George ( film ) </Li> <Li> George Harrison : Living in the Material World </Li> <Li> Little Malcolm </Li> <Li> Monty Python 's Life of Brian </Li> <Li> Raga </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tributes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Songs from the Material World : A Tribute to George Harrison </Li> <Li> `` Never Without You '' </Li> <Li> Concert for George ( album ) </Li> <Li> Harrison on Harrison : Jazz Explorations of George Harrison </Li> <Li> Tribute To </Li> <Li> George Fest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living_in_the_Material_World&oldid=806363888 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1973 albums </Li> <Li> George Harrison albums </Li> <Li> Albums produced by George Harrison </Li> <Li> Albums produced by Phil Spector </Li> <Li> Apple Records albums </Li> <Li> Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> Pages with URL errors </Li> <Li> CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) </Li> <Li> CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from September 2012 </Li> <Li> Use British English from September 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 14 : 59 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Moneyball ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> Moneyball ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Moneyball </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Bennett Miller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael De Luca </Li> <Li> Rachael Horovitz </Li> <Li> Brad Pitt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steven Zaillian </Li> <Li> Aaron Sorkin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> Stan Chervin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Moneyball : The Art of Winning an Unfair Game by Michael Lewis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brad Pitt </Li> <Li> Jonah Hill </Li> <Li> Philip Seymour Hoffman </Li> <Li> Chris Pratt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Mychael Danna </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Wally Pfister </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Christopher Tellefsen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Scott Rudin Productions </Li> <Li> Michael De Luca Productions </Li> <Li> Plan B Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Columbia Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> September 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 09 ) ( TIFF ) </Li> <Li> September 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 23 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 133 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $50 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $110.2 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Moneyball is a 2011 American sports film directed by Bennett Miller and written by Steven Zaillian and Aaron Sorkin . The film is based on Michael Lewis 's 2003 nonfiction book of the same name , an account of the Oakland Athletics baseball team 's 2002 season and their general manager Billy Beane 's attempts to assemble a competitive team . </P> <P> In the film , Beane ( Brad Pitt ) and assistant GM Peter Brand ( Jonah Hill ) , faced with the franchise 's limited budget for players , build a team of undervalued talent by taking a sophisticated sabermetric approach towards scouting and analyzing players . Columbia Pictures bought the rights to Lewis 's book in 2004 . </P> <P> Moneyball premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival and was released on September 23 , 2011 to box office success and critical acclaim . The film was nominated for six Academy Awards including Best Picture , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Actor for Pitt and Best Supporting Actor for Hill . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Accuracy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Soundtrack list </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 5.3 Top ten lists </Li> <Li> 5.4 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Oakland Athletics general manager Billy Beane is upset by his team 's loss to the New York Yankees in the 2001 postseason . With the impending departure of star players Johnny Damon , Jason Giambi , and Jason Isringhausen to free agency , Beane needs to assemble a competitive team for 2002 within Oakland 's limited payroll . </P> <P> During a visit to the Cleveland Indians , Beane meets Peter Brand , a young Yale economics graduate with radical ideas about how to assess player value . Beane tests Brand 's theory by asking whether he would have drafted Beane out of high school ; though scouts considered Beane hugely promising , his career in the Major Leagues was disappointing . Brand admits that , based on his method of assessing player value , he would not have drafted him until the ninth round . Impressed , Beane hires Brand as his assistant manager . </P> <P> Rather than relying on the scouts ' experience and intuition , Brand uses sabermetrics , selecting players based on their on - base percentage ( OBP ) . Brand and Beane hire undervalued players such as unorthodox submarine pitcher Chad Bradford , ageing outfielder David Justice , and an injured catcher , Scott Hatteberg . </P> <P> Oakland scouts are hostile towards the strategy , and Beane fires one , Grady Fuson , after he accuses him of destroying the team . Beane also faces opposition from Art Howe , the Athletics ' manager . With tensions already high between them due to a contract dispute , Howe disregards Beane 's and Brand 's strategy and plays a lineup he prefers . </P> <P> Early in the season , the Athletics fare poorly , leading critics to dismiss the new method as a failure . Brand argues their sample size is too small to conclude the method does not work , and Beane convinces the owner to stay the course . He trades away the lone traditional first baseman , Carlos Peña , to force Howe to use Hatteberg , threatening to make similar deals if Howe does not cooperate . </P> <P> The Athletics win 19 consecutive games , tying for the longest winning streak in American League history . Though Beane does not watch games , his young daughter persuades him to attend the game against the Kansas City Royals , where Oakland is leading 11 -- 0 after the third inning . Beane arrives in the fourth inning , only to watch the team falter and allow the Royals to even the score . Thanks to a walk - off home run by Hatteberg , the Athletics win a record - breaking 20th consecutive win . Beane tells Brand he will not be satisfied until they have `` changed the game '' by winning the championship using their system . </P> <P> The Athletics lose in 5 games in the postseason . Beane is contacted by the owner of the Boston Red Sox , who realizes that sabermetrics is the future of baseball . Beane declines an opportunity to become the Red Sox general manager , despite the $12.5 million salary , which would have made him the highest - paid general manager in history . He returns to Oakland . Two years later , the Red Sox win the 2004 World Series using the model pioneered by the Athletics . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Brad Pitt as Billy Beane , general manager of the Oakland Athletics <Ul> <Li> Reed Thompson as a Young Billy Beane </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jonah Hill as Peter Brand ( based on Paul DePodesta ) , Billy 's assistant general manager </Li> <Li> Philip Seymour Hoffman as Art Howe , the manager of the Oakland Athletics </Li> <Li> Robin Wright as Sharon , Billy 's ex-wife and Casey 's mother </Li> <Li> Chris Pratt as Scott Hatteberg , A 's first baseman </Li> <Li> Stephen Bishop as David Justice , A 's outfielder </Li> <Li> Reed Diamond as Mark Shapiro , general manager of the Cleveland Indians </Li> <Li> Brent Jennings as Ron Washington , coach of the Oakland Athletics </Li> <Li> Ken Medlock as Grady Fuson , head scout of the Oakland Athletics </Li> <Li> Tammy Blanchard as Elizabeth Hatteberg , Scott Hatteberg 's wife </Li> <Li> Jack McGee as John Poloni , scout for the Oakland Athletics </Li> <Li> Nick Searcy as Matt Keough , A 's scout </Li> <Li> Casey Bond as Chad Bradford , A 's submarine relief pitcher </Li> <Li> Nick Porrazzo as Jeremy Giambi , A 's outfielder who was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies </Li> <Li> Kerris Dorsey as Casey Beane , Billy 's daughter </Li> <Li> James Shanklin as Billy 's Dad </Li> <Li> Diane Behrens as Billy 's Mom </Li> <Li> Takayo Fischer as Suzanne , Billy 's secretary </Li> <Li> Miguel Mendoza as Ricardo Rincon , Cleveland Indians ' relief pitcher whom the A 's acquired during the midseason trade </Li> <Li> Adrian Bellani as Carlos Peña , A 's other first baseman who was traded to the Detroit Tigers </Li> <Li> Art Ortiz as Eric Chavez , A 's third baseman </Li> <Li> Royce Clayton as Miguel Tejada , A 's shortstop </Li> <Li> Marvin Horn as Terrence Long , A 's other outfielder </Li> <Li> Brent Dohling as Mark Ellis , A 's second baseman </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Cast notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Peter Brand is a composite character partly based on former A 's assistant to the general manager Paul DePodesta , who did not want his name used in the film . </Li> <Li> Robert Kotick , CEO of Activision Blizzard , makes an uncredited cameo appearance as former A 's owner Stephen Schott . </Li> <Li> Spike Jonze has a small uncredited role as Alán , Sharon 's spouse . </Li> <Li> Musician Joe Satriani appears as himself , performing `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' on electric guitar . </Li> <Li> Arliss Howard briefly appears as John W. Henry , owner of the Boston Red Sox . </Li> <Li> Stand - up comedian Demetri Martin was originally intended to play Paul DePodesta . After some rewriting , the character of Peter Brand was invented to replace DePodesta , and Jonah Hill was cast . </Li> <Li> Oakland A 's players David Justice and Scott Hatteberg were signed to play themselves in the film , but ultimately were portrayed by Stephen Bishop and Chris Pratt , respectively . </Li> <Li> Stephen Bishop , who plays David Justice , is a former professional baseball player . Bishop and Justice were both members of the Atlanta Braves organization in 1993 . </Li> <Li> Royce Clayton , who plays Miguel Tejada , is also a former professional baseball player . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Stan Chervin developed the initial drafts of the screenplay after Columbia Pictures bought rights to Lewis 's book in 2004 . It was filmed in Los Angeles , California . Once Brad Pitt committed to the project in 2007 , Chervin dropped out . Steve Zaillian was signed to write a second screenplay , and David Frankel was signed to direct . Steven Soderbergh was subsequently signed to replace Frankel . Demetri Martin was cast to portray the role of Paul DePodesta , Beane 's top assistant . Former Athletics Scott Hatteberg and David Justice were slated to play themselves in the movie . When asked how the film would dramatize and make entertaining a book about statistics , Soderbergh said : </P> <P> I think we have a way in , making it visual and making it funny . I want it to be really funny and entertaining , and I want you to not realize how much information is being thrown at you because you 're having fun . We 've found a couple of ideas on how to bust the form a bit , in order for all that information to reach you in a way that 's a little oblique . </P> <P> On June 19 , 2009 , days before filming was set to begin , Sony put the picture on hold . Soderbergh 's plan for the film called for elements considered non-traditional for a sports movie , such as interviews with real - life players . Soderbergh was dismissed and ultimately replaced by Bennett Miller . Aaron Sorkin wrote a third version of the screenplay . </P> <P> Miller hired Ken Medlock , a former minor league baseball player and actor who plays scout Grady Fuson , as a technical advisor . Medlock invited professional scout Artie Harris to lend Medlock credibility . Harris , himself a self - styled `` old - fashioned scout '' , subsequently auditioned for and obtained a role in the film as a scout who typically disregards sabermetrics . Baseball figures , including scout Phil Pote and baseball coaches and managers George Vranau and Barry Moss , were cast in supporting roles . </P> <P> With Martin no longer involved , Jonah Hill was cast to play DePodesta . However , feeling the character was becoming fictional , DePodesta requested his name not be used but continued to assist the filmmakers . Hill 's role was transformed into a composite character , named Peter Brand . </P> <P> Filming began in July 2010 . Filming locations included Fenway Park , the Oakland - Alameda Coliseum , Dodger Stadium and Blair Field , while studio shooting took place at Sony 's Culver City studios . During principal photography scenes featuring Kathryn Morris as Beane 's second wife were shot ; none made it to the final cut . </P> <H3> Accuracy ( edit ) </H3> <P> While mostly accurate , the film alters history at points . In the film , Carlos Peña is Oakland 's starting first baseman from Opening Day until he was traded to the Detroit Tigers in early July . In fact , while Peña did start at first base during April and May , he lost that position to Scott Hatteberg on June 1 , and was playing for Oakland 's AAA team when he was traded . Early in the film , it is suggested that right - handed pitcher Chad Bradford was picked up by Oakland at the urging of Peter Brand . Bradford stops Beane in the clubhouse on Opening Day to thank him for the opportunity , a moment that clearly indicates that Bradford is just starting his stint with the A 's . In fact , Bradford pitched for Oakland the previous season after being traded to the A 's from the Chicago White Sox on December 7 , 2000 . Bradford , during the 2001 season , was mainly used as a late reliever and set - up man . It is also mentioned that Jeremy Giambi was chosen to be one of the three players , along with Scott Hatteberg and David Justice , to replace his brother , Jason , Johnny Damon and Jason Isringhausen in the 2002 lineup , when in fact he was picked up in 2000 and was part of the famous `` flip play '' in the 2001 ALDS vs. the New York Yankees . In the scene where Beane is talking about replacing Giambi , Damon , and Olmedo Saenz , for three players with an average OBP of . 364 , in reality Olmedo Saenz was on the 2002 A 's . </P> <P> David Haglund of Slate and Jonah Keri of Grantland have both criticized the film , and the book it is based upon , for glossing over key young talent acquired through the draft and signed internationally . Specifically , they have argued that the book ignores the pitching trio of Tim Hudson , Mark Mulder , and Barry Zito , as well as position players such as Eric Chavez and Miguel Tejada , all of whom were discovered via traditional scouting methodology and were key contributors to the success of the 2002 Athletics . In 2002 , Barry Zito received the AL Cy Young Award and Miguel Tejada received the AL MVP Award . </P> <P> Former Oakland A 's manager Art Howe has spoken out publicly about his disapproval of how he was portrayed in the film . The story shows Howe as a stubborn manager who , contrary to Beane 's wishes , refused to use Bradford out of the bullpen or to start Hatteberg at first base . In fact , Bradford was used regularly out of the bullpen in early 2002 , just as he had been in 2001 , when he logged 75 innings primarily as a late reliever or set - up man for Billy Koch , the A 's primary closer . Scott Hatteberg has also stated publicly that Howe was portrayed inaccurately . He is quoted in an interview as saying , `` Art Howe was a huge supporter of mine . I never got the impression from him that I was not his first choice . '' Later in the interview , Hatteberg mentions that `` there was that turbulent relationship '' between Howe and Beane . </P> <P> The song `` The Show '' by Lenka was anachronistically covered by Kerris Dorsey as it was actually released in 2008 , six years following the film 's events . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Soundtrack list ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Theme from New York , New York -- Written by Fred Ebb and John Kander </Li> <Li> The Mighty Rio Grande -- Performed by This Will Destroy You </Li> <Li> The Show -- Performed by Kerris Dorsey </Li> <Li> Do n't Stop Believin ' -- Performed by Journey </Li> <Li> Mony Mony -- Performed by Billy Idol </Li> <Li> The Star - Spangled Banner -- Arranged and Performed by Joe Satriani </Li> <Li> Bounce To This -- Performed by D.J. Laz </Li> <Li> Give Up The Funk ( Tear The Roof Off The Sucker ) -- Performed by Parliament </Li> <Li> It Would Be Like This -- Written by Mychael Danna </Li> </Ul> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> Moneyball premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9 , 2011 and was released theatrically on September 23 , 2011 by Columbia Pictures . The film was also released on DVD and Blu - ray on January 10 , 2012 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . </P> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> Moneyball grossed $75.6 million in the United States and Canada and $34.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $110.2 million , against a production budget of $50 million . </P> <P> The film grossed $19.5 million from 2,993 theaters in its opening weekend , finishing second at the box office behind the 3D re-release of The Lion King . In its second weekend it grossed $12 million ( a drop of only 38.3 % ) , again finishing second . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> Moneyball received critical acclaim , with Pitt 's performance receiving strong praise . Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 94 % based on 244 reviews , with an average rating of 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Director Bennett Miller , along with Brad Pitt and Jonah Hill , take a niche subject and turn it into a sharp , funny , and touching portrait worthy of baseball lore '' . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 87 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . </P> <P> Richard Roeper gave Moneyball a grade of an `` A '' , saying that the film was a `` geek - stats book turned into a movie with a lot of heart '' . Former Green Bay Packers vice president Andrew Brandt stated that the film `` persuasively exposed front office tension between competing scouting applications : the old school `` eye - balling '' of players and newer models of data - driven statistical analysis ... Moneyball -- both the book and the movie -- will become a time capsule for the business of sports `` . </P> <H3> Top ten lists ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film appeared on the following critics ' top ten lists for the best films of 2011 : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Critic </Th> <Th> Publication </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rene Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Miami Herald </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisa Kennedy </Td> <Td> Denver Post </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Phillips </Td> <Td> Chicago Tribune </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Satya Nagendra Padala </Td> <Td> International Business Times </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ann Hornaday </Td> <Td> The Washington Post </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elizabeth Weitzman </Td> <Td> New York Daily News </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Travers </Td> <Td> Rolling Stone </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Fear </Td> <Td> Time Out New York </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> TV Guide </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Neumaier </Td> <Td> New York Daily News </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marshall Fine </Td> <Td> Hollywood & Fine </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Betsy Sharkey </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Times </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robbie Collin </Td> <Td> The Telegraph </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisa Schwarzbaum </Td> <Td> Entertainment Weekly </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dave McCoy </Td> <Td> MSN Movies </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kim Lorgan </Td> <Td> MSN Movies </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard T. Jameson </Td> <Td> MSN Movies </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stephen Holden </Td> <Td> The New York Times </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karina Longworth </Td> <Td> The Village Voice </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of accolades received by Moneyball ( film ) <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moneyball ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : Brad Pitt vs. ' Lion King , ' ' Dolphin Tale ' for No. 1 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Moneyball ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shea , John ( October 18 , 2008 ) . `` Beane a sex symbol in ' Moneyball ' movie ? '' . SFGate.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TIFF 2011 : U2 , Brad Pitt , George Clooney Films Featured At 2011 Toronto International Film Festival '' . The Huffington Post . July 26 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Costa , Brian ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` The Man Not Named in ' Moneyball ' - WSJ.com '' . Online.WSJ.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bill Plaschke : Paul DePodesta is captured to a tee in film ' Moneyball ' - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.LATimes.com . September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Good , Owen ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` Hooray ! Now We Know Why Bobby Kotick is in that Brad Pitt Movie '' . Kotaku . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Demetri Martin Cast in Steven Soderbergh 's Moneyball - / Film . Slashfilm.com ( April 21 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moneyball Overview '' . Imdb . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Columbia pitches Moneyball to Pitt '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 02 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Eric ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` ' Moneyball ' Cheat Sheet : Everything You Need To Know '' . MTV Movie News . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stiglich , Joe . `` A 's notebook : Lights , camera , action ... for Moneyball , '' InsideBayArea.com ( May 26 , 2009 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steven Soderbergh : The Girlfriend Experience '' . SuicideGirls.com. 21 May 2009 . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( June 21 , 2009 ) . `` Production On Moneyball Film Halted '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( April 12 , 2010 ) . `` Finally , It 's Batter Up For ' Moneyball ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dodgers scout has bit role in Moneyball '' . Dodgers.MLB.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barshad , Amos ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` If It 's Cool With Everyone , Paul DePodesta Would Really Rather Jonah Hill Not Use His Name in Moneyball '' . NYMag.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Moneyball ' shoot brings back memories '' . SFGate.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ugland , Devin ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Brad Pitt 's ' Moneyball ' shot at Blair Field '' . Daily 49er . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Kathryn Morris gets ' Discarded ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Morris ... played Brad Pitt 's second wife in Sony 's Moneyball , though her scenes were cut from the film . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scott Hatteberg ( 2002 Batting Gamelog ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . n.d . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carlos Peña ( Minors Batting ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . n.d . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chad Bradford ( Transactions ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . n.d . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chad Bradford ( 2001 Pitching Gamelog ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . n.d . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` More Moneyball , Same Problems '' . Slate. 2011 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Big Three : A Look Back at Tim Hudson , Mark Mulder , and Barry Zito in Oakland '' . Grantland. 2015 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Howe upset with ' Moneyball ' portrayal '' . Fox Sports . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chad Bradford ( 2002 Pitching Gamelog ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . n.d . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2002 Oakland A 's '' . Baseball-Reference.com . n.d . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Real Life ' Moneyball ' Major Leaguer Scott Hatteberg on the Facts and Fiction of the New Film '' . moviefone.com . September 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office : September 23 - 25 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office : September 30 - October 1 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moneyball '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moneyball '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moneyball '' . RichardRoeper.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brandt , Andrew ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Draft Day ' Reality Checks '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dietz , Jason ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 Film Critic Top Ten Lists ( Updated Dec. 22 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Satya Nagendra Padala ( November 25 , 2011 ) . `` Top 10 Best Movies of 2011 '' . International Business Times . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( December 10 , 2011 ) . `` Ann Hornaday 's best films of 2011 '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` 10 Best Movies of 2011 : Moneyball '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Baseball portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Moneyball ( film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Moneyball on IMDb </Li> <Li> Moneyball at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Moneyball at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Moneyball at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Moneyball at Metacritic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Bennett Miller </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Cruise ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Capote ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Moneyball ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Foxcatcher ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Works by Michael Lewis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Liar 's Poker </Li> <Li> Trail Fever </Li> <Li> The New New Thing </Li> <Li> Next </Li> <Li> Moneyball </Li> <Li> The Blind Side </Li> <Li> Panic </Li> <Li> The Big Short </Li> <Li> Boomerang </Li> <Li> Flash Boys </Li> <Li> The Undoing Project </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Blind Side </Li> <Li> Moneyball </Li> <Li> The Big Short </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Steven Zaillian </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films directed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Searching for Bobby Fischer ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> A Civil Action ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> All the King 's Men ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films written </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Falcon and the Snowman ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Awakenings ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Searching for Bobby Fischer ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Jack the Bear ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> A Civil Action ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Hannibal ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Interpreter ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> All the King 's Men ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> American Gangster ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Moneyball ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Exodus : Gods and Kings ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Irishman ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Night Of ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Works by Aaron Sorkin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sports Night ( 1998 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The West Wing ( 1999 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip ( 2006 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Newsroom ( 2012 -- 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Feature films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Written and directed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Molly 's Game ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written only </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Malice ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The American President ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Social Network ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Moneyball ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Steve Jobs ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stage plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hidden in This Picture ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> A Few Good Men ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> The Farnsworth Invention ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films produced by Michael De Luca </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Ghost Rider ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 21 ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Brothers ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Social Network ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Drive Angry ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Priest ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Fright Night ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Butter ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Moneyball ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Sitter ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Captain Phillips ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Creed of Violence ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Inferno ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Under the Silver Lake ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Brad Pitt </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films produced </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Departed ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Running with Scissors ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> A Mighty Heart ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Kick - 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</Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cleveland Indians </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Established in 1894 </Li> <Li> Formerly the Grand Rapids Rustlers , Cleveland Lake Shores , Cleveland Bluebirds , Cleveland Broncos , and Cleveland Naps </Li> <Li> Based in Cleveland , Ohio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Players </Li> <Li> Owners and executives </Li> <Li> Managers </Li> <Li> Opening Day starting pitchers </Li> <Li> No - hitters </Li> <Li> Award winners </Li> <Li> First - round draft picks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ballparks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> League Park </Li> <Li> Cleveland Stadium </Li> <Li> Progressive Field </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Spring training : Henley Field </Li> <Li> Terry Park Ballfield </Li> <Li> Clearwater Athletic Field </Li> <Li> Hi Corbett Field </Li> <Li> Chain of Lakes Park </Li> <Li> 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<Li> President : Chris Antonetti </Li> <Li> General manager : Mike Chernoff </Li> <Li> Manager : Terry Francona </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Postseason appearances ( 13 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division championships ( 9 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American League pennants ( 6 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Series championships ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hall of Fame inductees </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Averill </Li> <Li> Boudreau </Li> <Li> Coveleski </Li> <Li> Doby </Li> <Li> Feller </Li> <Li> Flick </Li> <Li> Joss </Li> <Li> Lajoie </Li> <Li> Lemon </Li> <Li> Sewell </Li> <Li> Speaker </Li> <Li> Wynn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AAA : Columbus Clippers </Li> <Li> AA : Akron RubberDucks </Li> <Li> Adv . 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hitters </Li> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> Players </Li> <Li> Owners and executives </Li> <Li> Managers </Li> <Li> Coaches </Li> <Li> Captains </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Opening Day starters </Li> <Li> First - round draft picks </Li> <Li> Logos and uniforms </Li> <Li> Hall of Fame </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ballparks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Huntington Avenue Grounds </Li> <Li> Braves Field </Li> <Li> Fenway Park </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Spring training </Dt> <Dd> Venues </Dd> <Dd> Majestic Park </Dd> <Dd> Plant Field </Dd> <Dd> Whittington Park </Dd> <Dd> Riverside Park </Dd> <Dd> Ninth Street Park </Dd> <Dd> Payne Park </Dd> <Dd> Bader Field </Dd> <Dd> Scottsdale Stadium </Dd> <Dd> Chain of Lakes Park </Dd> <Dd> City of Palms Park </Dd> <Dd> JetBlue Park at Fenway South </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Red Sox Nation </Li> <Li> Royal Rooters </Li> <Li> `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy </Li> <Li> Curse of the Bambino </Li> <Li> Green Monster </Li> <Li> Pesky 's Pole </Li> <Li> Wally the Green Monster </Li> <Li> Victoria Snelgrove </Li> <Li> `` Tessie '' </Li> <Li> `` Dirty Water '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Caroline '' </Li> <Li> `` Dream On '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' </Li> <Li> `` Three Little Birds '' </Li> <Li> Field of Dreams </Li> <Li> Good Will Hunting </Li> <Li> Fever Pitch </Li> <Li> Moneyball </Li> <Li> Game 6 </Li> <Li> The Town </Li> <Li> The Jimmy Fund </Li> <Li> Yawkey Way </Li> <Li> Kenmore Square </Li> <Li> Citgo Sign </Li> <Li> Golden Outfield </Li> <Li> Carl Beane </Li> <Li> Sherm Feller </Li> <Li> Cheers </Li> <Li> Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie </Li> <Li> Four Days in October </Li> <Li> Red Sox Rule </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cy Young 's perfect game </Li> <Li> Slaughter 's Mad Dash </Li> <Li> Babe Ruth 's 573 - 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Henry </Li> <Li> Tom Werner </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> President and CEO : Sam Kennedy </Li> <Li> President of Baseball Operations : Dave Dombrowski </Li> <Li> General Manager : Vacant </Li> <Li> Manager : Alex Cora </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Series Championships ( 8 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1903 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League Pennants ( 13 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1903 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division championships ( 9 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wild card berths ( 7 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minor league affiliates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AAA <Ul> <Li> Pawtucket Red Sox </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AA <Ul> <Li> Portland Sea Dogs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> A Adv . <Ul> <Li> Salem Red Sox </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Greenville Drive </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Short A <Ul> <Li> Lowell Spinners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rookie <Ul> <Li> GCL Red Sox </Li> <Li> DSL Red Sox 1 </Li> <Li> DSL Red Sox 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcasting </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New England Sports Network ( NESN ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Radio </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> WEEI - FM </Li> <Li> Radio network affiliates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dave O'Brien </Li> <Li> Jerry Remy </Li> <Li> Joe Castiglione </Li> <Li> Tim Neverett </Li> <Li> Uri Berenguer </Li> <Li> Juan Oscar Baez </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons ( 118 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1900s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1900 1901 </Li> <Li> 1902 </Li> <Li> 1903 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1905 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1909 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1910s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1911 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1913 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1917 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1919 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1920s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1923 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1925 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1927 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1929 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1930s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> GND : 7842039 - 8 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 237535532 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moneyball_(film)&oldid=842816326 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2011 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 2010s drama films </Li> <Li> 2010s sports films </Li> <Li> American baseball films </Li> <Li> American biographical films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> Baseball statistics </Li> <Li> Columbia Pictures films </Li> <Li> Films based on biographies </Li> <Li> Films based on non-fiction books </Li> <Li> Films directed by Bennett Miller </Li> <Li> Films produced by Brad Pitt </Li> <Li> Films set in 2002 </Li> <Li> Films set in Boston </Li> <Li> Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area </Li> <Li> Films set in Cleveland </Li> <Li> Oakland Athletics </Li> <Li> Screenplays by Aaron Sorkin </Li> <Li> Screenplays by Steven Zaillian </Li> <Li> Sports films based on actual events </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from May 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Bân - 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Roundhouse ( venue ) - wikipedia <H1> Roundhouse ( venue ) </H1> For other uses , see Roundhouse ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <Table> Roundhouse <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Main entrance to the Roundhouse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Chalk Farm London , NW1 United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 51 ° 32 ′ 36 '' N 0 ° 09 ′ 07 '' W / 51.5432 ° N 0.1519 ° W / 51.5432 ; - 0.1519 Coordinates : 51 ° 32 ′ 36 '' N 0 ° 09 ′ 07 '' W / 51.5432 ° N 0.1519 ° W / 51.5432 ; - 0.1519 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Public transit </Th> <Td> Chalk Farm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capacity </Th> <Td> 3,300 standing ; 1,700 seated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Construction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Built </Th> <Td> 1846 ; 172 years ago ( 1846 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Renovated </Th> <Td> 2004 -- 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architect </Th> <Td> Robert Stephenson , Robert B. Dockray ( original ) John McAslan & Partners ( renovation ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> roundhouse.org.uk </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Roundhouse is a performing arts and concert venue situated at the Grade II * listed former railway engine shed in Chalk Farm , London , England . </P> <P> It was originally built in 1847 by the London and North Western Railway as a roundhouse , a circular building containing a railway turntable , but was only used for this purpose for about a decade . After being used as a warehouse for a number of years , the building fell into disuse just before the Second World War . It was first made a listed building in 1954 . </P> <P> It reopened after twenty - five years , in 1964 , as a performing arts venue , when the playwright Arnold Wesker established the Centre 42 Theatre Company and adapted the building as a theatre . </P> <P> This large circular structure has hosted various promotions , such as the launch of the underground paper International Times in 1966 , The Doors ' one of only two UK appearances with Jim Morrison in 1968 , and the Greasy Truckers Party in 1972 . </P> <P> The Greater London Council ceded control of the building to the Camden London Borough Council in 1983 . By that time , Centre 42 had run out of funds and the building remained unused until a local businessman purchased the building in 1996 and performing arts shows returned . It was closed again in 2004 for a multi-million pound redevelopment . On 1 June 2006 , the Argentine show Fuerzabruta opened at the new Roundhouse . </P> <P> Since 2006 , Roundhouse has hosted the BBC Electric Proms and numerous iTunes Festivals , as well as award ceremonies such as the BT Digital Music Awards and the Vodafone Live Music Awards . In 2009 , Bob Dylan performed a concert , and iTunes promoted a music iTunes Festival , at the venue . In line with the continuing legacy of avant - garde productions , No Fit State Circus performed Tabu during which the audience were encouraged to move around the performance space . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Restoration </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 The Roundhouse Trust </Li> <Li> 3 Architecture </Li> <Li> 4 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 5 Discography </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> The Great Circular Engine House , or the Luggage Engine House , c. 1850 . <P> The Roundhouse was built in 1846 as a turntable engine shed ( or roundhouse ) for the London and Birmingham Railway , and was known as the Great Circular Engine House , or the Luggage Engine House . The original building was built by Branson & Gwyther , using designs by architects Robert B. Dockray and Robert Stephenson . Within ten years locomotives became too long for the building to accommodate , and the Roundhouse was used for various other purposes . The longest period of use ( 50 years , beginning in 1871 ) was as a bonded warehouse for Gin distillers W & A Gilbey Ltd . </P> <P> In 1964 the premises were transferred to Centre 42 , which prepared a scheme to convert the building into `` a permanent cultural centre with a theatre , cinema , art gallery and workshops , committee rooms for local organisations , library , youth club and restaurant dance - hall '' . This was estimated to cost between £ 300,000 and £ 600,000 ( £ 5.28 million -- £ 10.6 million in 2016 worth ) , and was supported by `` well - known actors , playwrights , authors , musicians and others '' . In 1966 the Roundhouse became an arts venue , after the freehold was taken up by the then new Greater London Council . The opening concert was the 15 October 1966 All Night Rave , in which Soft Machine and Pink Floyd appeared at the launch of the underground newspaper International Times ( IT ) . During the next decade the building became a significant venue for UK Underground music events Middle Earth and Implosion . Many of these were hosted and promoted by Jeff Dexter . Other bands playing at the Roundhouse during this period included Gass , The Rolling Stones , Jeff Beck , The Yardbirds , Zoot Money 's Dantalian 's Chariot , David Bowie , The Sinceros , Jimi Hendrix , Pink Floyd , Led Zeppelin , The Incredible String Band , The Doors with Jefferson Airplane , Ramones , The Clash , Elkie Brooks , Otis Redding , and Motörhead , who appeared at the Roundhouse on 20 July 1975 . </P> <P> The building was used in 1996 to film the promotional video for the Manic Street Preachers ' single `` A Design for Life '' prior to the start of redevelopment . Promotional videos for the singles `` Handbags and Gladrags '' by Stereophonics ( 2001 ) , and `` Burn Burn '' by Lostprophets ( 2003 ) , were also filmed there . Also , a scene from `` Smashing Time '' set in the revolving restaurant at the top of the GPO tower , was filmed there in 1967 . In July that year the Roundhouse hosted the `` Dialectics of Liberation '' with ( among others ) R.D. Laing , Herbert Marcuse and Allen Ginsberg . </P> <P> The Roundhouse has also been used for theatre , and has had two periods of theatrical glory , with musicals such as Catch My Soul ( 1969 ) . Under administrator George Hoskins , the first phase also featured experimental theatre productions , such as the Living Theatre production of 1776 and other plays directed by Peter Brook . The once controversial nude revue Oh ! Calcutta ! opened in July 1970 , and started a run of nearly four thousand performances in London , and the anarchic `` Evening of British Rubbish '' with professor Bruce Lacey and the Alberts had one performance in 1967 . </P> <P> The Greater London Council passed the building to the Camden London Borough Council in 1983 , and it was closed as a venue due to lack of funds . During this time , on New Year 's Eve 1991 / 92 , Spiral Tribe held a week long party in the venue . During the party the generators cut out , so power had to be sourced from nearby British Rail train lines . </P> <H3> Restoration ( edit ) </H3> Interior of Camden Roundhouse in 2013 <P> The building lay largely empty until it was purchased for £ 6m in 1996 by the Norman Trust led by the philanthropist Torquil Norman . In 1998 he set up the Roundhouse Trust and led its redevelopment , with a board of trustees which included musicians Bob Geldof and Suggs , and Monty Python writer Terry Gilliam . </P> <P> The venue opened for a two - year period to raise awareness and funds for a redevelopment scheme , with former Battersea Arts Centre director Paul Blackman as its director . Shows promoted at this time included the Royal National Theatre 's Oh , What a Lovely War ! , dancer Michael Clark 's comeback performance , percussion extravaganza Stomp , Ken Campbell 's twenty - four - hour - long show The Warp and the Argentine De La Guarda 's Villa Villa which ran for a year , becoming the venue 's longest running show , ending when the building was closed for redevelopment . </P> <P> The website dance.com , commenting on the redevelopment project , said : </P> <P> The redeveloped Roundhouse will house up to 3,300 people standing or up to 1,700 seated . It will provide a highly flexible and adaptable performance space that will give artists and audiences opportunities and experiences they can not find elsewhere . It will accommodate a programme of work that reflects the excitement and diversity of twenty - first - century culture . It will include a wide range of the performing arts including , music , theatre , dance , circus and digital media . </P> <P> The renovated Roundhouse , designed by architects John McAslan & Partners in association with engineering company Buro Happold , reopened on 1 June 2006 , promoting Fuerzabruta . Since 1996 the renovations had cost £ 27m . </P> <P> On 20 December 2006 , George Michael held a free concert for NHS nurses as a thank you for the care given to his mother , Lesley who died of Cancer in 1997 . </P> Patti Smith performing at Roundhouse , 17 May 2007 <P> In 2008 , Michael Boyd , artistic director of the Royal Shakespeare Company , transferred his RSC Histories Cycle to the Roundhouse , rearranging the performing space to match the Courtyard Theatre in Stratford upon Avon , where the cycle had first been staged . </P> <P> On 31 March 2009 , the charitable circus group No Fit State began presenting Tabu , utilising the open space at the Roundhouse . On 26 April 2009 , Bob Dylan and his band performed at the Roundhouse as part of his 2009 UK tour , and in July 2009 the iTunes Music Festival ( supported by Apple Computer ) was held at the venue . </P> <P> In January 2010 , the Roundhouse introduced contemporary classical music to its events repertoire when it hosted the Reverb festival , which included performances by the London Contemporary Orchestra , the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment , The Magnets , Nico Muhly , Sam Amidon and the Britten Sinfonia . </P> <P> For the September 2015 Apple Music Festival , Apple announced an environmental makeover gift for the venue : `` making major upgrades to the lighting , plumbing , and HVAC systems ; installing recycling and composting bins ... offering reusable water bottles instead of plastic ones ... to reduce the Roundhouse 's annual carbon emissions by 60 tons , save 60,000 gallons of water a year , and divert more than 1,600 kilograms of waste from landfills '' . </P> <H2> The Roundhouse Trust ( edit ) </H2> <P> Alongside its role as an arts venue , the Roundhouse is also a registered charity and runs a creative programme for 11 - 25s through the Roundhouse Trust . </P> <P> From 2006 to 2012 the Trust taught over 13,000 11 - to 25 - year - olds in live music , circus , theatre and new media . Courses are held in the Roundhouse Studios , which include a music recording suite , film production rooms , TV and radio studios and rehearsal rooms , all located underneath the Main Space . </P> <H2> Architecture ( edit ) </H2> The Roundhouse in 2007 <P> The Roundhouse is Grade II * listed . It was declared a National Heritage Site in 2010 , when a Transport Trust Heritage Plaque was presented by Prince Michael of Kent . It is regarded as a notable example of mid-19th century railway architecture . The original building , 48 metres ( 157 ft ) in diameter , is constructed in yellow brick and is distinctive for its unusual circular shape and pointed roof . The conical slate roof has a central smoke louvre ( now glazed ) and is supported by 24 cast - iron Doric columns ( arranged around the original locomotive spaces ) and a framework of curved ribs . The interior has original flooring and parts of the turntable and fragments of early railway lines . </P> <P> The 2006 renovation was supported with conservation advice and funding from English Heritage and with grants from the Heritage Lottery Fund and the Arts Council England . The project added seven layers of soundproofing to the roof , reinstated the glazed roof - lights , and added the steel and glass New Wing which curves around the north side of the main building , to house the box office , bar and café , an art gallery foyer and offices . </P> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bane , M. , ( 1982 ) White boy singin ' the blues , London : Penguin , 1982 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 006045 - 6 </Li> <Li> Bob Brunning , Blues : The British Connection , Helter Skelter Publishing , London 2002 , ISBN 1 - 900924 - 41 - 2 -- First edition 1986 -- Second edition 1995 Blues in Britain </Li> <Li> Bob Brunning , The Fleetwood Mac Story : Rumours and Lies , Omnibus Press London , 1990 and 1998 , ISBN 0 - 7119 - 6907 - 8 </Li> <Li> Martin Celmins , Peter Green -- Founder of Fleetwood Mac , Sanctuary London , 1995 , foreword by B.B. King , ISBN 1 - 86074 - 233 - 5 </Li> <Li> Fancourt , L. , ( 1989 ) British blues on record ( 1957 -- 1970 ) , Retrack Books </Li> <Li> Dick Heckstall - Smith , The safest place in the world : A personal history of British Rhythm and blues , 1989 Quartet Books Limited , ISBN 0 - 7043 - 2696 - 5 -- Second Edition : Blowing The Blues -- Fifty Years Playing The British Blues , 2004 , Clear Books , ISBN 1 - 904555 - 04 - 7 </Li> <Li> Christopher Hjort , Strange brew : Eric Clapton and the British blues boom , 1965 -- 1970 , foreword by John Mayall , Jawbone 2007 , ISBN 1 - 906002 - 00 - 2 </Li> <Li> Paul Myers , Long John Baldry and the Birth of the British Blues , Vancouver 2007 , GreyStone Books , ISBN 1 - 55365 - 200 - 2 </Li> <Li> Harry Shapiro Alexis Korner : The Biography , Bloomsbury Publishing PLC , London 1997 , Discography by Mark Troster , ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3163 - 3 </Li> <Li> Schwartz , R.F. , ( 2007 ) How Britain got the blues : The transmission and reception of American blues style in the United Kingdom Ashgate , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5580 - 6 </Li> <Li> Mike Vernon , The Blue Horizon story 1965 -- 1970 vol. 1 , notes of the booklet of the Box Set ( 60 pages ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Discography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Beatles : Carnival of Light ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones : Deluxe edition bonus disc of Sticky Fingers , recorded 1971 , released 2015 ( 5 tracks ) </Li> <Li> Greasy Truckers : Greasy Truckers Party ( 1972 ) ( Hawkwind , Man , Brinsley Schwarz and Magic Michael ) </Li> <Li> Hawkwind : `` Silver Machine '' ( recorded 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Mott the Hoople : `` Saturday Gigs '' ( recorded 1974 ) contains the line `` Float up to the Roundhouse on a Sunday afternoon '' . </Li> <Li> Man : Back into the Future ( recorded 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Nektar : Sunday Night at London Roundhouse ( recorded 1973 , released 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Amazing ZigZag Concert ( recorded 1974 , released 2010 ) Michael Nesmith with Red Rhodes , John Stewart , Help Yourself , Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers and Starry Eyed and Laughing . </Li> <Li> Pink Fairies : Live at the Roundhouse 1975 -- released in 1982 </Li> <Li> Man : Maximum Darkness ( recorded 1975 ) </Li> <Li> UFO Lights Out 1976 ( bonus tracks only ) </Li> <Li> Man : All 's Well That Ends Well ( recorded 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Damned : The Captain 's Birthday Party recorded 1977 -- released 1986 </Li> <Li> Motörhead : What 's Words Worth ? ( recorded 1978 ) </Li> <Li> M People : `` One Night in Heaven '' 1993 </Li> <Li> Opeth : The Roundhouse Tapes ( recorded 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Dresden Dolls : Live at the Roundhouse ( recorded 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Stranglers Rattus at the Roundhouse ( recorded 2007 ) </Li> <Li> David Gray Draw the Line 2009 ( bonus CD only ) </Li> <Li> Oasis : Time Flies ... 1994 -- 2009 ( Disc 4 : iTunes Live : London Festival , recorded 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Ultravox Return to Eden Live at the Roundhouse ( 2010 - 04 - 13 ) </Li> <Li> The King Blues : Live at the Roundhouse ( recorded 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Linkin Park : iTunes Festival : London 2011 ( EP ) ( recorded 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Ed Sheeran : iTunes Festival Day 2 2012 </Li> <Li> Devin Townsend : The Retinal Circus ( recorded 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Lady Gaga : Live at iTunes Festival ( Artpop : Disc 2 , recorded 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Franz Ferdinand : Live 2014 at the London Roundhouse ( recorded 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Status Quo : Aquostic ! Live at the Roundhouse ( recorded 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fat Girl Gets a Haircut , a play created by artist Mark Storor in collaboration with a cast of teenage actors . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Roundhouse '' . Historic England . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The history of Roundhouse '' . roundhouse.org.uk . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archive 1966 -- 1986 '' . international-times.org.uk . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Doors : The Doors Are Open -- The Roundhouse , London ( 1968 ) '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Greasy Truckers Party ( 1972 ) '' . gsd.harvard.edu . Archived from the original on 7 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Electric Proms '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the iTunes Festival '' . itv.com . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oates , Joanne ( 30 August 2007 ) . `` GCap strong contender for BT Digital Awards '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 2006 Vodafone Live Music Awards '' . vodafonemusic.co.uk . Archived from the original on 23 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tabu my Fear and Yours ( programme ) . No fit State ( 2009 ) . Reg charity no : 1102850 . pp. 1 -- 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Measom , The official illustrated guide to the North - western railway , Publ. 1859 W.H. Smith , page 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis Whishaw , Railways of Great Britain and Ireland , p. 39 , online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( 29 May 2006 ) . `` What goes around ... '' The Guardian . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cooke , B.W.C. , ed . ( October 1964 ) . `` Notes and News : Camden 's round - house '' . Railway Magazine . Vol. 110 no . 762 . Westminster : Tothill Press . pp. 800 -- 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Kingdom Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth `` consistent series '' supplied in Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.K. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brian Morton ( 21 October 2016 ) . `` The Roundhouse at 50 : From gin joint to cultural tonic '' . BBC Arts . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : James , Anthony ( 1 May 2007 ) . `` A House of fun London 's Roundhouse reopened and reborn '' ( PDF ) . theatreprojects.com . p. 45 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1967 '' . Dialectics of Liberation. 1967 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' It was like something out of Mad Max . '' Spiral Tribe 's Week Long Rave `` . roundhouse.org.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Free Party People - 31st December 1991 - 2nd January 1992 New Year 's Eve : Spiral Tribe and Circus Normal at The Roundhouse , Camden , London '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( 29 May 2006 ) . `` What goes around ... '' The Guardian . Retrieved 18 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pigott , Nick , ed . ( August 2010 ) . `` Headline News : Camden roundhouse becomes heritage site '' . Railway Magazine . Vol. 156 no . 1312 . London : IPC Media . p. 6 . ISSN 0033 - 8923 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Roundhouse '' . londondance.com . Retrieved 23 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I was there : George Michael concert for nurses '' . 50.roundhouse.org.uk . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RSC The Histories '' . rsc.org.uk . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Theatregoers ' Choice Awards . List of shows '' . whatsonstage.com . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 28 April 2009 ) . `` Bob Dylan at the Roundhouse '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karen ( 7 October 2009 ) . `` iTunes Festival 24 / 07 / 09 '' . wordpress.com . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silverman , Laura ( 4 March 2010 ) . `` How to sell classical music to the masses '' . London : The Times . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reverb festival '' . London : Time Out . January 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Apple Music Festival '' . Apple Music Festival . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Apple is giving London 's Roundhouse a big makeover for the Apple Music Festival '' . Business Insider. 2015 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 30 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Historic England . `` The Roundhouse ( 1258103 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cannon , Jon ( 2006 ) . Shared Interest . English Heritage . p. 50 . Retrieved 18 April 2010 . -- p. 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Roundhouse '' . John McAslan & Partners . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roundhouse . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Roundhouse official web site </Li> <Li> 50 years of the Roundhouse web site </Li> <Li> Made in Camden 's web site </Li> <Li> John McAslan and Partners </Li> <Li> The Round House and Open Space theatre companies records are held by the Victoria and Albert Museum Theatre and Performance Department . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> London Borough of Camden </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Districts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bloomsbury </Li> <Li> Camden Town </Li> <Li> Chalk Farm and Haverstock ward </Li> <Li> Fortune Green </Li> <Li> Gospel Oak </Li> <Li> Hampstead ( inc . Belsize Park , Frognal , Finchley Road , South Hampstead , Swiss Cottage ) </Li> <Li> Hatton Garden ( inc . Saffron Hill ) </Li> <Li> Kentish Town </Li> <Li> Primrose Hill </Li> <Li> Regent 's Park Estate </Li> <Li> St Giles </Li> <Li> St Pancras </Li> <Li> Somers Town </Li> <Li> West Hampstead </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Partly in Camden </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brondesbury / Kilburn </Li> <Li> Covent Garden </Li> <Li> Cricklewood </Li> <Li> Dartmouth Park </Li> <Li> Fitzrovia </Li> <Li> Highgate </Li> <Li> Holborn </Li> <Li> Kings Cross </Li> <Li> Tufnell Park </Li> <Li> St John 's Wood ( less than 2 % in Camden ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ben Uri Gallery </Li> <Li> Bloomsbury Theatre </Li> <Li> British Library </Li> <Li> British Museum </Li> <Li> BT Tower </Li> <Li> Camden Arts Centre </Li> <Li> Charles Dickens Museum </Li> <Li> Dominion Theatre </Li> <Li> Donmar Warehouse </Li> <Li> Foundling Museum </Li> <Li> Fenton House </Li> <Li> Freud Museum </Li> <Li> Highgate Cemetery </Li> <Li> Keats House </Li> <Li> Kenwood House </Li> <Li> The Jewish Museum </Li> <Li> Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology </Li> <Li> Roundhouse </Li> <Li> Shaftesbury Theatre </Li> <Li> Sir John Soane 's Museum </Li> <Li> Wellcome Collection </Li> <Li> West End theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Street markets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Camden Market </Li> <Li> Queen 's Crescent Market </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parks and open spaces </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bloomsbury Square </Li> <Li> Hampstead Heath </Li> <Li> Kilburn Grange Park </Li> <Li> Lincoln 's Inn Fields </Li> <Li> Phoenix Garden </Li> <Li> Primrose Hill </Li> <Li> Regents Park </Li> <Li> Russell Square </Li> <Li> Waterlow Park </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constituencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hampstead and Kilburn </Li> <Li> Holborn and St. Pancras </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tube and rail stations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belsize Park </Li> <Li> Camden Road </Li> <Li> Camden Town </Li> <Li> Chalk Farm </Li> <Li> Chancery Lane </Li> <Li> Euston </Li> <Li> Euston tube </Li> <Li> Euston Square </Li> <Li> Finchley Road </Li> <Li> Finchley Road & Frognal </Li> <Li> Goodge Street </Li> <Li> Gospel Oak railway station </Li> <Li> Hampstead </Li> <Li> Hampstead Heath </Li> <Li> Holborn </Li> <Li> Kentish Town </Li> <Li> Kentish Town West </Li> <Li> Kilburn High Road </Li> <Li> King 's Cross </Li> <Li> King 's Cross St Pancras tube </Li> <Li> Mornington Crescent </Li> <Li> Russell Square </Li> <Li> St Pancras </Li> <Li> South Hampstead </Li> <Li> Swiss Cottage </Li> <Li> Tottenham Court Road </Li> <Li> Warren Street </Li> <Li> West Hampstead </Li> <Li> West Hampstead ( Overground ) </Li> <Li> West Hampstead Thameslink </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blue plaques </Li> <Li> Coat of arms </Li> <Li> Council </Li> <Li> Listed buildings <Ul> <Li> Grade I </Li> <Li> Grade II * </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> People </Li> <Li> Public art </Li> <Li> Schools </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roundhouse_(venue)&oldid=854233463 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Music venues in London </Li> <Li> Grade II * listed buildings in the London Borough of Camden </Li> <Li> Transport infrastructure completed in 1847 </Li> <Li> London and Birmingham Railway </Li> <Li> Rotundas ( architecture ) </Li> <Li> Arts centres in London </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Camden </Li> <Li> Railway roundhouses in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Railway depots in London </Li> <Li> Performing arts centres in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 1847 establishments in England </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from March 2014 </Li> <Li> Use British English from March 2014 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 21 : 20 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Miranda v. Arizona - wikipedia <H1> Miranda v. Arizona </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Miranda v. Arizona </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Supreme Court of the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Decided June 13 , 1966 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full case name </Th> <Td> Miranda v. State of Arizona ; Westover v. United States ; Vignera v. State of New York ; State of California v. Stewart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Citations </Th> <Td> 384 U.S. 436 ( more ) 86 S. Ct. 1602 ; 16 L. Ed . 2d 694 ; 1966 U.S. LEXIS 2817 ; 10 A.L.R. 3d 974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argument </Th> <Td> Oral argument </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prior history </Th> <Td> Defendant . Superior Ct. ; affirmed , 401 P. 2d 721 ( Ariz . 1965 ) ; cert . granted , 382 U.S. 925 ( 1965 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subsequent history </Th> <Td> Retrial on remand , defendant convicted , Ariz . Superior Ct. ; affirmed , 450 P. 2d 364 ( Ariz . 1969 ) ; rehearing denied , Ariz . Supreme Ct . March 11 , 1969 ; cert . denied , 396 U.S. 868 ( 1969 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Holding </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination requires law enforcement officials to advise a suspect interrogated in custody of his or her rights to remain silent and to obtain an attorney . Supreme Court of Arizona reversed and remanded . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Court membership </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Chief Justice </Dt> <Dd> Earl Warren </Dd> <Dt> Associate Justices </Dt> <Dd> Hugo Black William O. Douglas Tom C. Clark John M. Harlan II William J. Brennan Jr . Potter Stewart Byron White Abe Fortas </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Case opinions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Majority </Th> <Td> Warren , joined by Black , Douglas , Brennan , Fortas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concur / dissent </Th> <Td> Clark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dissent </Th> <Td> Harlan , joined by Stewart , White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dissent </Th> <Td> White , joined by Harlan , Stewart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Laws applied </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Const . amends . V , XIV </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436 ( 1966 ) , was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court . In a 5 -- 4 majority , Charlie held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self - incrimination before police questioning , and that the defendant not only understood these rights , but voluntarily waived them . </P> <P> This case has a significant impact on law enforcement in the United States , by making what became known as the Miranda rights part of routine police procedure to ensure that suspects were informed of their rights . The Supreme Court decided Miranda with three other consolidated cases : Westover v. United States , Vignera v. New York , and California v. Stewart . </P> <P> The Miranda warning ( often shortened to `` Miranda '' , or `` Mirandizing '' a suspect ) is the name of the formal warning that is required to be given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody ( or in a custodial situation ) before they are interrogated , in accordance with the Miranda ruling . Its purpose is to ensure the accused are aware of , and reminded of , these rights before questioning or actions that are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response . </P> <P> Per the U.S. Supreme Court decision Berghuis v. Thompkins ( June 1 , 2010 ) , criminal suspects who are aware of their right to silence and to an attorney , but choose not to `` unambiguously '' invoke them , may find any subsequent voluntary statements treated as an implied waiver of their rights , and used as or as part of evidence . At least one scholar has argued that Thompkins effectively gutted Miranda . </P> <P> </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Legal aid movement </Li> <Li> 1.2 Arrest and conviction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Opinion of the Supreme Court <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Clark 's concurrence in part , dissent in part </Li> <Li> 2.2 Harlan 's dissent </Li> <Li> 2.3 White 's dissent </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Subsequent developments <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Retrial </Li> <Li> 3.2 Miranda warning </Li> <Li> 3.3 Legal developments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Legal aid movement ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the 1960s , a movement which provided defendants with legal aid emerged from the collective efforts of various bar associations . </P> <P> In the civil realm , it led to the creation of the Legal Services Corporation under the Great Society program of President Lyndon Baines Johnson . Escobedo v. Illinois , a case which closely foreshadowed Miranda , provided for the presence of counsel during police interrogation . This concept extended to a concern over police interrogation practices , which were considered by many to be barbaric and unjust . Coercive interrogation tactics were known in period slang as the `` third degree '' . </P> <H3> Arrest and conviction ( edit ) </H3> <P> On March 13 , 1963 , Ernesto Miranda was arrested , by the Phoenix Police Department , based on circumstantial evidence linking him to the kidnapping and rape of an eighteen - year - old woman ten days earlier . After two hours of interrogation by police officers , Miranda signed a confession to the rape charge on forms that included the typed statement : `` I do hereby swear that I make this statement voluntarily and of my own free will , with no threats , coercion , or promises of immunity , and with full knowledge of my legal rights , understanding any statement I make may be used against me . '' </P> <P> However , at no time was Miranda told of his right to counsel . Before being presented with the form on which he was asked to write out the confession he had already given orally , he was not advised of his right to remain silent , nor was he informed that his statements during the interrogation would be used against him . At trial , when prosecutors offered Miranda 's written confession as evidence , his court - appointed lawyer , Alvin Moore , objected that because of these facts , the confession was not truly voluntary and should be excluded . Moore 's objection was overruled and based on this confession and other evidence , Miranda was convicted of rape and kidnapping . He was sentenced to 20 -- 30 years of imprisonment on each charge , with sentences to run concurrently . Moore filed Miranda 's appeal to the Arizona Supreme Court , claiming that Miranda 's confession was not fully voluntary and should not have been admitted into the court proceedings . The Arizona Supreme Court affirmed the trial court 's decision to admit the confession in State v. Miranda , 401 P. 2d 721 ( Ariz . 1965 ) . In affirmation , the Arizona Supreme emphasized heavily the fact that Miranda did not specifically request an attorney . </P> <P> Attorney John Paul Frank , former law clerk to Justice Hugo Black , represented Miranda in his appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court . </P> <H2> Opinion of the Supreme Court ( edit ) </H2> <P> Chief Justice Earl Warren , a former prosecutor , delivered the opinion of the Court , ruling that due to the coercive nature of the custodial interrogation by police ( Warren cited several police training manuals which had not been provided in the arguments ) , no confession could be admissible under the Fifth Amendment self - incrimination clause and Sixth Amendment right to an attorney unless a suspect had been made aware of his rights and the suspect had then waived them : </P> <P> The person in custody must , prior to interrogation , be clearly informed that he has the right to remain silent , and that anything he says will be used against him in court ; he must be clearly informed that he has the right to consult with a lawyer and to have the lawyer with him during interrogation , and that , if he is indigent , a lawyer will be appointed to represent him . </P> <P> Thus , Miranda 's conviction was overturned . The Court also made clear what had to happen if the suspect chose to exercise his or her rights : </P> <P> If the individual indicates in any manner , at any time prior to or during questioning , that he wishes to remain silent , the interrogation must cease ... If the individual states that he wants an attorney , the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present . At that time , the individual must have an opportunity to confer with the attorney and to have him present during any subsequent questioning . </P> Justice Brennan 's comments on the Miranda decision . <P> Warren pointed to the existing practice of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the rules of the Uniform Code of Military Justice , both of which required notifying a suspect of his right to remain silent ; the FBI warning included notice of the right to counsel . </P> <P> However , the dissenting justices accused the majority of overreacting to the problem of coercive interrogations , and anticipated a drastic effect . They believed that , once warned , suspects would always demand attorneys , and deny the police the ability to gain confessions . </P> <H3> Clark 's concurrence in part , dissent in part ( edit ) </H3> <P> In a separate concurrence in part , dissent in part , Justice Tom C. Clark argued that the Warren Court went `` too far too fast '' . Instead , Justice Clark would use the `` totality of the circumstances '' test enunciated by Justice Goldberg in Haynes v. Washington . Under this test , the court would : </P> <P> consider in each case whether the police officer prior to custodial interrogation added the warning that the suspect might have counsel present at the interrogation and , further , that a court would appoint one at his request if he was too poor to employ counsel . In the absence of warnings , the burden would be on the State to prove that counsel was knowingly and intelligently waived or that in the totality of the circumstances , including the failure to give the necessary warnings , the confession was clearly voluntary . </P> <H3> Harlan 's dissent ( edit ) </H3> <P> In dissent , Justice John Marshall Harlan II wrote that `` nothing in the letter or the spirit of the Constitution or in the precedents squares with the heavy - handed and one - sided action that is so precipitously taken by the Court in the name of fulfilling its constitutional responsibilities '' . Harlan closed his remarks by quoting former Justice Robert H. Jackson : `` This Court is forever adding new stories to the temples of constitutional law , and the temples have a way of collapsing when one story too many is added . '' </P> <H3> White 's dissent ( edit ) </H3> <P> Justice Byron White took issue with the court announcing a new constitutional right when it had no `` factual and textual bases '' in the Constitution or previous opinions of the Court for the rule announced in the opinion . He stated : `` The proposition that the privilege against self - incrimination forbids in - custody interrogation without the warnings specified in the majority opinion and without a clear waiver of counsel has no significant support in the history of the privilege or in the language of the Fifth Amendment . '' Nor did Justice White believe it had any basis in English common law . </P> <P> White further warned of the dire consequences of the majority opinion : </P> <P> I have no desire whatsoever to share the responsibility for any such impact on the present criminal process . </P> <P> In some unknown number of cases , the Court 's rule will return a killer , a rapist or other criminal to the streets and to the environment which produced him , to repeat his crime whenever it pleases him . As a consequence , there will not be a gain , but a loss , in human dignity . </P> <H2> Subsequent developments ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Retrial ( edit ) </H3> <P> Miranda was retried in 1967 after the original case against him was thrown out . This time the prosecution , instead of using the confession , introduced other evidence and called witnesses . One witness was Twila Hoffman , a woman with whom Miranda was living at the time of the offense ; she testified that he had told her of committing the crime . Miranda was convicted in 1967 and sentenced to serve 20 to 30 years . The Supreme Court of Arizona affirmed , and the United States Supreme Court denied review . Miranda was paroled in 1972 . After his release , he returned to his old neighborhood and made a modest living autographing police officers ' `` Miranda cards '' which contained the text of the warning , for reading to arrestees . He was stabbed to death during an argument in a bar on January 31 , 1976 . A suspect was arrested , but he , unlike Miranda , exercised his right to remain silent . With no evidence against him , he was released . </P> <P> Another three defendants whose cases had been tied in with Miranda 's -- an armed robber , a stick - up man , and a bank robber -- either made plea bargains to lesser charges or were found guilty again despite the exclusion of their confessions . </P> <H3> Miranda warning ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Miranda warning <P> After the Miranda decision , the nation 's police departments were required to inform arrested persons or suspects of their rights under the ruling . Such information is called a Miranda warning . </P> <P> Since it is usually required that the suspects be asked if they understand their rights , courts have also ruled that any subsequent waiver of Miranda rights must be knowing , intelligent , and voluntary . Many American police departments have pre-printed Miranda waiver forms which a suspect must sign and date ( after hearing and reading the warnings again ) if an interrogation is to occur . </P> <P> The Miranda decision was widely criticized when it came down , as many felt it was unfair to inform suspected criminals of their rights , as outlined in the decision . Richard Nixon and other conservatives denounced Miranda for undermining the efficiency of the police , and argued the ruling would contribute to an increase in crime . Nixon , upon becoming President , promised to appoint judges who would be `` strict constructionists '' and who would exercise judicial restraint . Many supporters of law enforcement were angered by the decision 's negative view of police officers . </P> <P> Data from the FBI Uniform Crime Reports shows a sharp reduction in the clearance rate of violent and property crimes after Miranda . However , according to other studies from the 1960s and 1970s , `` contrary to popular belief , Miranda had little , if any , effect on detectives ' ability to solve crimes . '' </P> <H3> Legal developments ( edit ) </H3> <P> The federal Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 purported to overrule Miranda for federal criminal cases and restore the `` totality of the circumstances '' test that had prevailed previous to Miranda . The validity of this provision of the law , which is still codified at 18 U.S.C. § 3501 , was not ruled on for another 30 years because the Justice Department never attempted to rely on it to support the introduction of a confession into evidence at any criminal trial . </P> <P> Miranda was undermined by several subsequent decisions which seemed to grant exceptions to the `` Miranda warnings '' , challenging its claim to be a necessary corollary of the Fifth Amendment . The exceptions and developments that occurred over the years included : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Court found in Harris v. New York , 401 U.S. 222 ( 1971 ) , that a confession obtained in violation of the Miranda standards may nonetheless be used for purposes of impeaching the defendant 's testimony : that is , if the defendant takes the stand at trial and the prosecution wishes to introduce the defendant 's confession as a prior inconsistent statement to attack the defendant 's credibility , the Miranda holding will not prohibit this . </Li> <Li> The Court found in Rhode Island v. Innis , 446 U.S. 291 ( 1980 ) , that a `` spontaneous '' statement made by a defendant while in custody , even though the defendant has not been given the Miranda warnings or has invoked the right to counsel and a lawyer is not yet present , is admissible in evidence , as long as the statement was not given in response to police questioning or other conduct by the police likely to produce an incriminating response . </Li> <Li> The Court found in Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 ( 1984 ) , that a person subjected to custodial interrogation is entitled to the benefit of the procedural safeguards enunciated in Miranda , regardless of the nature or severity of the offense of which he is suspected or for which he was arrested . </Li> <Li> The Court found in New York v. Quarles , 467 U.S. 649 ( 1984 ) , that there is also a `` public safety '' exception to the requirement that Miranda warnings be given before questioning : for example , if the defendant is in possession of information regarding the location of an unattended gun or there are other similar exigent circumstances which require protection of the public , the defendant may be questioned without warning and his responses , though incriminating , will be admissible in evidence . In 2009 , the California Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Richard Allen Davis , finding that the public safety exception applied despite the fact that 64 days had passed from the disappearance of the girl later found to be murdered . </Li> <Li> The Court found in Colorado v. Connelly , 479 U.S. 157 ( 1986 ) , that the words `` knowing , intelligent , and voluntary '' mean only that suspects reasonably appear to understand what they are doing and are not being coerced into signing the waiver ; the Court ruled that it is irrelevant whether the suspect may actually have been insane at the time . </Li> </Ul> <P> United States v. Garibay ( 1998 ) pointed out an important matter in regards to expansion of Miranda . Garibay barely spoke English and clearly showed a lack of understanding ; indeed , `` the agent admitted that he had to rephrase questions when the defendant appeared confused . '' The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled a `` clear error '' when the district court found that Garibay had `` knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights '' due to the defendant 's low I.Q. and poor English language skills . The court investigated many facets of his waiver and discovered that Mr. Garibay was missing all items that they were looking for : he never signed a waiver , he only received his warnings verbally and in English , and no interpreter was provided although they were available . With an opinion that stressed `` the requirement that a defendant ' knowingly and intelligently ' waive his Miranda rights '' , the Court reversed Garibay 's conviction and remanded his case . </P> <P> Miranda survived a strong challenge in Dickerson v. United States , 530 U.S. 428 ( 2000 ) , where the validity of Congress 's overruling of Miranda through § 3501 was tested . At issue was whether the Miranda warnings were actually compelled by the Constitution , or were rather merely measures enacted as a matter of judicial policy . In Dickerson , the Court , speaking through Chief Justice Rehnquist , upheld Miranda 7 -- 2 and stated that `` the warnings have become part of our national culture '' . In dissent , Justice Scalia argued Miranda warnings were not constitutionally required . He cited several cases demonstrating a majority of the then - current court , counting himself , and Justices Kennedy , O'Connor , and Thomas , as well as the Chief Justice ( who had just delivered a contrary opinion ) , `` ( were ) on record as believing that a violation of Miranda is not a violation of the Constitution '' . </P> <P> Over time , interrogators began to think of techniques to honor the `` letter '' but not the `` spirit '' of Miranda . In the case of Missouri v. Seibert , 542 U.S. 600 ( 2004 ) , the Supreme Court halted one of the more controversial practices . Missouri police were deliberately withholding Miranda warnings and questioning suspects until they obtained confessions , then giving the warnings , getting waivers , and getting confessions again . Justice Souter wrote for the plurality : `` Strategists dedicated to draining the substance out of Miranda can not accomplish by training instructions what Dickerson held Congress could not do by statute . '' </P> <P> Berghuis v. Thompkins ( 2010 ) is a ruling where the Supreme Court held that a suspect 's `` ambiguous or equivocal '' statement or no statements do not mean that police must end an interrogation . At least one scholar has argued that Thompkins effectively gutted Miranda . In The Right to Remain Silent , Charles Weisselberg wrote that `` the majority in Thompkins rejected the fundamental underpinnings of Miranda v. Arizona 's prophylactic rule and established a new one that fails to protect the rights of suspects '' and that </P> <P> But in Thompkins , neither Michigan nor the Solicitor General were able to cite any decision in which a court found that a suspect had given an implied waiver after lengthy questioning . Thompkins persevered for almost three hours before succumbing to his interrogators . In finding a waiver on these facts , Thompkins gives us an implied waiver doctrine on steroids . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United States constitutional criminal procedure </Li> <Li> Berghuis v. Thompkins </Li> <Li> Berkemer v. McCarty </Li> <Li> Escobedo v. Illinois </Li> <Li> Stansbury v. California </Li> <Li> List of criminal competencies </Li> <Li> List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 384 </Li> <Li> Miranda warning </Li> <Li> Schmerber v. California </Li> <Li> R. v. Hebert </Li> <Li> R. v. Brydges </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Charles Weisselberg and Stephanos Bibas , The Right to Remain Silent , 159 U. Pa . L. Rev. PENNumbra 69 ( 2010 ) , Available at : http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/2181 ( Retrieved May 2 , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miranda also matched the description given by a robbery victim of the perpetrator in a robbery several months earlier . He was simultaneously interrogated about both of these crimes , confessed to both , but was not asked to and did not write down his confession to the robbery . He was separately tried and convicted of the robbery and sentenced to 20 to 25 years of imprisonment . This crime , trial , and sentence is separate from the rape - kidnapping case appealed to the Supreme Court . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael S. Lief and H. Mitchell Caldwell `` ' You Have the Right to Remain Silent , ' '' American Heritage , August / September 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miranda 's oral confession in the robbery case was also appealed and the Arizona Supreme Court likewise affirmed the trial decision to admit it in State v. Miranda , 401 P. 2d 716 . This case was not part of the appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oliver , Myrna ( September 12 , 2002 ) . `` John P. Frank , 84 ; Attorney Won Key Decision in 1966 Miranda Case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States . 2 / 2 / 1790 - ( 1966 - 06 - 13 ) . Opinion of the Court by Chief Justice Earl Warren in the Case of Miranda v. Arizona . File Unit : Appellate Jurisdiction Case File Miranda v. Arizona , 1965 - 1966 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syllabus to the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona , holding 1. ( d ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ State v. Miranda , 104 Ariz . 174 , 176 , 450 P. 2d 364 , 366 ( 1969 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lief , Michael S. ; H. Mitchell Caldwell ( Aug -- Sep 2006 ) . `` You Have The Right To Remain Silent '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ State v. Miranda , 104 Ariz . 174 , 450 P. 2d 364 ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 396 U.S. 868 ( 1969 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Miranda Slain ; Main Figure in Landmark Suspects ' Rights Case '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1976 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Montaldo , Miranda Rights and Warning : Landmark Case Evolved from 1963 Ernesto Miranda Arrest , about.com ; accessed 13 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Law : Catching Up with Miranda '' . Time . March 3 , 1967 . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Handcuffing the Cops : Miranda 's Harmful Effects on Law Enforcement NCPA '' . 2015 - 05 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cite Miranda And Go Free '' . Sarasota Journal . 31 May 1968 . p. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ People vs. Davis , S056425 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Einesman , Floralynn ( 1999 ) . `` Confessions and Culture : The Interaction of Miranda and Diversity '' . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 90 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 48 ( p. 41 ) . JSTOR 1144162 . NCJ 182327 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : United States Court of Appeals , Ninth Circuit ( May 5 , 1998 ) , UNITED STATES of America , Plaintiff - Appellee , v. Jose Rosario GARIBAY , Jr. , Defendant - Appellant . No. 96 - 50606. , retrieved February 15 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Missouri v. Seibert , section VI '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Hosted by Duke University School of Law . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berghuis v. Thompkins , 560 U.S. 370 ( 2010 ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Baker , Liva ( 1983 ) . Miranda : Crime , law , and politics . New York : Atheneum . ISBN 0 - 689 - 11240 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Kassin , Saul M. ; Norwick , Rebecca J. ( 2004 ) . `` Why People Waive Their Miranda Rights : The Power of Innocence '' . Law and Human Behavior . 28 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 221 . doi : 10.1023 / B : LAHU. 0000022323.74584. f5 . </Li> <Li> Levy , Leonard W. ( 1986 ) ( 1969 ) . Origins of the Fifth Amendment ( Reprint ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 02 - 919580 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Soltero , Carlos R. ( 2006 ) . `` Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) and the rights of the criminally accused '' . Latinos and American Law : Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . pp. 61 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71411 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Stuart , Gary L. ( 2004 ) . Miranda : The Story of America 's Right to Remain Silent . Tucson , Arizona : University of Arizona Press . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 2313 - 4 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Miranda v. Arizona </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Text of Miranda v. Arizona , ( 1966 ) 384 U.S. 436 ( 1966 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Justia Oyez OpenJurist Google Scholar </Li> <Li> Article from Common Sense Americanism on decision </Li> <Li> `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Miranda v. Arizona '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : 12 Historic Supreme Court Decisions </Li> <Li> An online publication titled `` Miranda v. Arizona : The Rights to Justice '' containing the most salient documents and other primary and secondary sources from the Law Library of Congress </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&oldid=826680575 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> History of law enforcement in the United States </Li> <Li> Miranda warning case law </Li> <Li> History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) </Li> <Li> 1966 in United States case law </Li> <Li> 20th century American trials </Li> <Li> United States Supreme Court cases </Li> <Li> American Civil Liberties Union litigation </Li> <Li> 1966 in Arizona </Li> <Li> Legal history of Arizona </Li> <Li> United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases </Li> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 13 : 14 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&oldid=826680575 | 5,682,011,496,559,537,000 |
Tony Sirico - wikipedia <H1> Tony Sirico </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tony Sirico </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Sirico in 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Genaro Anthony Sirico Jr . ( 1942 - 07 - 29 ) July 29 , 1942 ( age 76 ) New York City , New York , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1974 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Robert Sirico ( brother ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Genaro Anthony Sirico Jr. ( born July 29 , 1942 ) is an American actor , best known for his role as Paul `` Paulie Walnuts '' Gualtieri in The Sopranos and various roles in the films of Woody Allen . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Personal life </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Film </Li> <Li> 4.2 Television </Li> <Li> 4.3 Video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sirico was born in New York City , New York on July 29 , 1942 . </P> <P> As a teenager , Sirico was part of a street gang which had feuds with communities of African - Americans and the Irish . He later recalled that he was shot on the steps of St Brendan 's Catholic Church in Brooklyn , by a rival Irish thug . </P> <P> Before turning to acting , he was convicted of several crimes and had been arrested 28 times . In 1967 , he was sent to prison for robbing a Brooklyn after - hours club , but was released after serving 13 months . In 1971 , he pleaded guilty to felony weapons possession and was sentenced to an `` indeterminate '' prison term of up to four years , of which he ended up serving 20 months . It is alleged that he was an associate of Colombo crime family captain Jimmy `` Green Eyes '' Clemenza during the late 1960s to mid 1970s . In a 1989 interview , Sirico has admitted that he has spent prison time within several penitentiaries including Woodbourne , Sing Sing and Wallkill . In 1999 , he and Sopranos co-star Vincent Pastore were seen meeting Clemenza and his brother , a Colombo soldier , at a Christmas party in Little Italy ; Clemenza was under FBI surveillance at the time . He has said that during his imprisonment , he was visited by an acting troupe composed of ex-convicts , which inspired him to give acting a try . According to a court transcript , at the time of his sentencing , he also had pending charges for drug possession . He appeared in a 1989 documentary about life , The Big Bang , by James Toback , in which he discussed his earlier life . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> His first confirmed role in film was in Crazy Joe in 1974 , with the help of Richard Castellano . Sirico has played gangsters in a number of films , including Goodfellas , Mob Queen , Mighty Aphrodite , Love and Money , Fingers , The One Man Jury , Defiance , The Last Fight , Innocent Blood , Bullets over Broadway , The Pick - up Artist , Gotti , The Search for One - eye Jimmy , Cop Land , Turn of Faith , Hello Again , and Mickey Blue Eyes . </P> <P> He also played policemen in the films Dead Presidents and Deconstructing Harry . Sirico 's most acclaimed acting job was that of Paulie Gualtieri in David Chase 's Emmy award winning drama , The Sopranos . He originally auditioned for the role of Uncle Junior with Frank Vincent , but Dominic Chianese landed the role . David Chase instead offered him the role of playing Paulie Gualtieri , Sirico agreed under the condition that his character would not `` become a rat '' . </P> <P> In late 2013 , he voiced the character of Vinny Griffin , who was the family 's pet dog in Family Guy ( replacing Brian Griffin after his death ; Brian would later be saved via time travel two episodes after Vinny 's debut ) . Sirico also made a live - action cameo in the episode `` Stewie , Chris , & Brian 's Excellent Adventure '' , where he threatens Stewie , who had insulted Italians , calling them `` ridiculous people '' . </P> <P> In 2018 , he reunited with former Sopranos actors , Federico Castelluccio and Vincent Pastore , in Sarah Q . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> Sirico and James Gandolfini with a member of the U.S. Air Force during a USO visit to Southwest Asia <P> Sirico 's brother , Robert Sirico , is a Catholic priest and co-founder of the free - market Acton Institute . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Crazy Joe </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Godfather Part II </Td> <Td> Extra </Td> <Td> ( unconfirmed ; uncredited ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Hughes and Harlow : Angels in Hell </Td> <Td> Frankie Rio </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fingers </Td> <Td> Riccamonza </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The One Man Jury </Td> <Td> Charlie Nuts </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Defiance </Td> <Td> Davey </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> So Fine </Td> <Td> Associate </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Love & Money </Td> <Td> Raoul </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Exposed </Td> <Td> Thief </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Last Fight </Td> <Td> Frankie </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Galucci Brothers </Td> <Td> Galucci Brother </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Pick - up Artist </Td> <Td> Patsy Cabaluso </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hello Again </Td> <Td> Tough Guy </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> White Hot </Td> <Td> Luke </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cookie </Td> <Td> Carmine 's Wiseguy </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Big Bang </Td> <Td> Himself </Td> <Td> Documentary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Catchfire </Td> <Td> Greek Guy </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goodfellas </Td> <Td> Guy Outside Social Club </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 29th Street </Td> <Td> Fortunado </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Innocent Blood </Td> <Td> Jacko </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> New York Cop </Td> <Td> Mr. C </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romeo Is Bleeding </Td> <Td> Malacci </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Men Lie </Td> <Td> Porno Witness </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bullets over Broadway </Td> <Td> Rocco </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Search for One - eye Jimmy </Td> <Td> Snake </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Dead Presidents </Td> <Td> Officer Spinelli </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mighty Aphrodite </Td> <Td> Boxing Trainer </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melissa </Td> <Td> Jack </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Casino </Td> <Td> Extra ( Mickey 's crew : signal happy gambler ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dearly Beloved </Td> <Td> Mr. Bedutz </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Everyone Says I Love You </Td> <Td> Escaped Convict </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hoodlum </Td> <Td> Driver </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deconstructing Harry </Td> <Td> Police Officer </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cop Land </Td> <Td> Toy Torillo </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Deli </Td> <Td> Tony </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Good Life </Td> <Td> Junior </Td> <Td> Never released </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Mob Queen </Td> <Td> Joey ( The Heart ) Aorta </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Celebrity </Td> <Td> Lou DeMarco </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Mickey Blue Eyes </Td> <Td> Risolli Guard </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> It Had to Be You </Td> <Td> Ricky Valentino </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Smokin ' Stogies </Td> <Td> Tony Batts </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Turn of Faith </Td> <Td> Jimmy </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> The Sno Cone Stand Inc </Td> <Td> Bob Beasley </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Karma Calling </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Skate </Td> <Td> Skate </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Jersey Shore Shark Attack </Td> <Td> Captain Salie </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Super Athlete </Td> <Td> Coach Lou </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zarra 's Law </Td> <Td> Tony Zarra </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Family on Board </Td> <Td> Rocco </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Friends and Romans </Td> <Td> Bobby Musso </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Touched </Td> <Td> Anthony </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Café Society </Td> <Td> Vito </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Wonder Wheel </Td> <Td> Angelo </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Sarah Q </Td> <Td> Mr Danny </Td> <Td> ( post-production ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> Respect the Jux </Td> <Td> Bobby </Td> <Td> ( post-production ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td> Street Justice </Td> <Td> Johnny </Td> <Td> ( pre-production ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Made in Chinatown </Td> <Td> Al Capella </Td> <Td> ( pre-production ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Kojak </Td> <Td> Greek God </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Case Without a File '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Police Squad ! </Td> <Td> Poker Player </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Ring of Fear ( A Dangerous Assignment ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Miami Vice </Td> <Td> Frank Romano </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Fruit of the Poison Tree '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perfect Witness </Td> <Td> Marco </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> In the Shadow of a Killer </Td> <Td> Tony Andretti </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cosby </Td> <Td> Teddy </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Happily Ever Hilton '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gotti </Td> <Td> Joe Dimiglia </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Witness to the Mob </Td> <Td> Thomas Gambino </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vig </Td> <Td> Locasso </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> The Sopranos </Td> <Td> Paul `` Paulie Walnuts '' Gualtieri </Td> <Td> 86 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> The Fairly OddParents </Td> <Td> Big Daddy </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa </Td> <Td> Mobster </Td> <Td> TV special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chuck </Td> <Td> Matty </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Chuck Versus the Fake Name '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Medium </Td> <Td> Big Daddy </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Bring Your Daughter to Work Day '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Lilyhammer </Td> <Td> Tony Tagliano </Td> <Td> Episodes : `` 2.8 : Ghosts '' and `` 3.8 : Loose Ends '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Nicky Deuce </Td> <Td> Charlie Cement </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Family Guy </Td> <Td> Vinny Griffin / Himself </Td> <Td> Voice Episodes : `` Life of Brian '' , `` Into Harmony 's Way '' , `` Christmas Guy '' , `` The Boys in the Band '' , and `` Stewie , Chris & Brian 's Excellent Adventure '' ( Live Action ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Taxi Brooklyn </Td> <Td> Tony </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Revenge '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> The Grinder </Td> <Td> Sebastian </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Grinder v Grinder '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> American Dad ! </Td> <Td> Enzo Perotti </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Garbage Stan '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> The Sopranos : Road to Respect </Td> <Td> Paulie `` Walnuts '' Gualtieri </Td> <Td> Voice </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Title of work </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> The Sopranos </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Sirico Biography '' . The Biography Channel / A + E Networks . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldstein , Patrick ( July 15 , 1990 ) . `` A Real Tough Guy : Tony Sirico 's rap sheet : 28 arrests and 27 acting jobs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Artie 's Goose Is Coked '' , New York Post , May 2 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SOPRANOS MADE MOB SCENE FBI spotted actors at ' 99 Colombo fete '' . The Daily News . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rothstein , Mervyn ( March -- April 2001 ) . `` The Sopranos : Mob Rule - The wiseguys of HBO 's The Sopranos take a shot at another season of the award - winning show '' . Cigar Aficionado . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ From Sing Sing to Bada Bing , thesmokinggun.com , accessed July 17 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Tony Sirico 's Criminal Past Prepared Him To Play Paulie Walnuts On ' The Sopranos ' '' . Uproxx . Christian Long . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Family Guy 's Shocking Death : Boss Reveals Why They Decided to Kill Off ( Spoiler ) ! </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Five ' Sopranos ' stars are reuniting for this brand new movie '' . Shortlist . Alex Finnis . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Acton Institute Press Releases '' . Acton.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The wild , untold story of The Good Life '' . Little White Lies . February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tony Sirico on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 1994 -- 1999 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1994 : NYPD Blue , season 1 / season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clapp </Li> <Li> Franz </Li> <Li> Lawrence </Li> <Li> McDaniel </Li> <Li> O'Grady </Li> <Li> Smits </Li> <Li> Turturro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1995 : ER , season 1 / season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clooney </Li> <Li> Edwards </Li> <Li> La Salle </Li> <Li> Margulies </Li> <Li> Reuben </Li> <Li> Stringfield </Li> <Li> Wyle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1996 : ER , season 2 / season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clooney </Li> <Li> Edwards </Li> <Li> Innes </Li> <Li> La Salle </Li> <Li> Margulies </Li> <Li> Reuben </Li> <Li> Stringfield </Li> <Li> Wyle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1997 : ER , season 3 / season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bello </Li> <Li> Clooney </Li> <Li> Edwards </Li> <Li> Innes </Li> <Li> Kingston </Li> <Li> La Salle </Li> <Li> Margulies </Li> <Li> Reuben </Li> <Li> Wyle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1998 : ER , season 4 / season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clooney </Li> <Li> Edwards </Li> <Li> Innes </Li> <Li> Kingston </Li> <Li> La Salle </Li> <Li> Margulies </Li> <Li> Martin </Li> <Li> McCrane </Li> <Li> Reuben </Li> <Li> Wyle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1999 : The Sopranos , season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bracco </Li> <Li> Chianese </Li> <Li> Falco </Li> <Li> Gandolfini </Li> <Li> Iler </Li> <Li> Imperioli </Li> <Li> Marchand </Li> <Li> Pastore </Li> <Li> Sigler </Li> <Li> Sirico </Li> <Li> Van Zandt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Complete list </Li> <Li> ( 1994 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> ( 2000 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hill </Li> <Li> Janney </Li> <Li> Kelly </Li> <Li> Lowe </Li> <Li> Moloney </Li> <Li> Schiff </Li> <Li> Sheen </Li> <Li> Spencer </Li> <Li> Whitford </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hill </Li> <Li> Janney </Li> <Li> Lowe </Li> <Li> Moloney </Li> <Li> Schiff </Li> <Li> Sheen </Li> <Li> Spencer </Li> <Li> Whitford </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ambrose </Li> <Li> Conroy </Li> <Li> Griffiths </Li> <Li> Hall </Li> <Li> Krause </Li> <Li> Rodríguez </Li> <Li> St. Patrick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ambrose </Li> <Li> Conroy </Li> <Li> Foster </Li> <Li> Griffiths </Li> <Li> Hall </Li> <Li> Krause </Li> <Li> Macdissi </Li> <Li> Machado </Li> <Li> Rodríguez </Li> <Li> St. Patrick </Li> <Li> Taylor </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dourdan </Li> <Li> Eads </Li> <Li> Fox </Li> <Li> Guilfoyle </Li> <Li> Hall </Li> <Li> Helgenberger </Li> <Li> Petersen </Li> <Li> Szmanda </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Akinnuoye - Agbaje </Li> <Li> Andrews </Li> <Li> de Ravin </Li> <Li> Fox </Li> <Li> Garcia </Li> <Li> Grace </Li> <Li> Holloway </Li> <Li> Kelley </Li> <Li> D.D. Kim </Li> <Li> Y. Kim </Li> <Li> Lilly </Li> <Li> Monaghan </Li> <Li> O'Quinn </Li> <Li> Perrineau </Li> <Li> Rodriguez </Li> <Li> Somerhalder </Li> <Li> Watros </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chambers </Li> <Li> Dane </Li> <Li> Dempsey </Li> <Li> Heigl </Li> <Li> Knight </Li> <Li> Oh </Li> <Li> Pickens </Li> <Li> Pompeo </Li> <Li> Ramirez </Li> <Li> Walsh </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antonacci </Li> <Li> Bracco </Li> <Li> Falco </Li> <Li> Gandolfini </Li> <Li> Grimaldi </Li> <Li> Iler </Li> <Li> Imperioli </Li> <Li> Nascarella </Li> <Li> Schirripa </Li> <Li> Servitto </Li> <Li> Sigler </Li> <Li> Sirico </Li> <Li> Turturro </Li> <Li> Van Zandt </Li> <Li> Vincent </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Batt </Li> <Li> Brie </Li> <Li> Gladis </Li> <Li> Hamm </Li> <Li> Hart </Li> <Li> Hendricks </Li> <Li> Jones </Li> <Li> Kartheiser </Li> <Li> Moses </Li> <Li> Moss </Li> <Li> Shipka </Li> <Li> Slattery </Li> <Li> Sommer </Li> <Li> Staton </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alemanni </Li> <Li> Batt </Li> <Li> Gilmore </Li> <Li> Gladis </Li> <Li> Hamm </Li> <Li> Harris </Li> <Li> Hendricks </Li> <Li> Jones </Li> <Li> Kartheiser </Li> <Li> Morse </Li> <Li> Moss </Li> <Li> Shipka </Li> <Li> Slattery </Li> <Li> Sommer </Li> <Li> Stanley </Li> <Li> Staton </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Complete list </Li> <Li> ( 1994 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> ( 2000 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> GND : 1136749624 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0000 4536 049X </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2001080704 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 161924190 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 9500521 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Sirico&oldid=854588640 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1942 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Male actors from New York City </Li> <Li> American male film actors </Li> <Li> American male television actors </Li> <Li> New York ( state ) Republicans </Li> <Li> People from Brooklyn </Li> <Li> 20th - century American male actors </Li> <Li> 21st - century American male actors </Li> <Li> American people of Italian descent </Li> <Li> Male actors of Italian descent </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Acèh </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> 11 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 12 : 18 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Clipboard ( computing ) - wikipedia <H1> Clipboard ( computing ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Glipper , an example of a clipboard management program <P> The clipboard is a software facility used for short - term data storage and / or data transfer between documents or applications , via copy and paste operations . It is most commonly a part of a GUI environment and is usually implemented as an anonymous , temporary data buffer , sometimes called the paste buffer , that can be accessed from most or all programs within the environment via defined programming interfaces . A typical application accesses clipboard functionality by mapping user input ( keybindings , menu selections , etc . ) to these interfaces . </P> <P> Clipboard managers are applications that enable the user to manipulate the clipboard . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Basic functions </Li> <Li> 2 Data formats </Li> <Li> 3 Computer security </Li> <Li> 4 Clipboard management </Li> <Li> 5 Operating system - specific clipboards <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Microsoft Windows </Li> <Li> 5.2 macOS </Li> <Li> 5.3 X Window System </Li> <Li> 5.4 AmigaOS </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Clipboard extensions </Li> <Li> 7 List of clipboard software </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Basic functions ( Edit ) </H2> <P> The semantics of the clipboard facility varies from one operating system to another , and can also vary between versions of the same system . They can sometimes be changed by different programs or by user preference . This can lead to user frustration when switching between environments with different clipboard semantics particularly as copy and paste operations often become embedded in the user 's muscle memory or mental model . </P> <P> Most environments support a single clipboard transaction . Each cut or copy overwrites the previous contents . Normally , paste operations copy the contents , leaving the contents available in the clipboard for further pasting operations . </P> <H2> Data formats ( Edit ) </H2> <P> Early implementations of the clipboard stored data as plain text without meta - information such as typeface , type style or color . More recent implementations support the multiple types of data , allowing complex data structures to be stored . These range from styled text formats such as RTF or HTML , through a variety of bitmap and vector image formats to complex data types like spreadsheets and database entries . </P> <P> For example , cutting a range of cells in a spreadsheet and then pasting them into another sheet may preserve the underlying formulae and data , and may even translate intra-cell references , so that a `` SUM ( ... ) '' calculation on a sub-range of the cells is converted to refer to the newly pasted copies of those cells . </P> <P> When data is added to the clipboard by an application , it typically makes it available in as many different data formats as it can . This includes both native and simpler ( or more common ) formats that would have a higher chance of being recognized by a wide variety of applications . Thus , when data is pasted into another application , the format that is closest to that application 's native format can be used , preserving as much of the original data as possible . In Windows in particular , the internal clipboard functionality of the operating system will automatically translate data from known advanced formats to simpler formats ( such as RTF to plain text , or Unicode to ANSI Text ) , increasing the likelihood that any given application can interpret some form of the original data . </P> <H2> Computer security ( Edit ) </H2> <P> Clipboard hijacking is an exploit in which a person 's clipboard 's content is replaced by malicious data , such as a link to a malicious web site . While some security - holes were patched JavaScript can still be used to modify clipboard content via an attack dubbed ' pastejacking ' . Dylan Ayrey who developed the attack set up a website that demonstrates how this exploit can be used to trick a user into running commands they did n't want to run . </P> <P> There have been exploits where web pages grab clipboard data . In early 2013 researchers exposed risks stemming from Android - based password managers and documented how passwords in 21 of the most popular of these apps could be accessed by any other app on an Android device including those with extremely low - level privileges . Joe Siegrist notes that this is an `` OS - level issue that impacts everything running on Android '' . </P> <H2> Clipboard management ( Edit ) </H2> See also : Snippet management <P> Modern GUIs often provide a clipboard manager which supports multiple cut and paste transactions . In this model the clipboard is treated as a stack or scrap book , with new cuts and copies being placed on top of the list of recent transactions . The standard paste operation copies the most recent transaction , while specialized pastes provide access to the other stored transactions . These managers generally also provide a window that displays the transaction history and allows the user to select earlier copies , edit them , change their format and even search amongst them . </P> <P> Most environments do not save the clipboard contents to any persistent storage - when a user logs out or reboots his or her system the clipboard contents are cleared and forgotten . </P> <H2> Operating system - specific clipboards ( Edit ) </H2> <H3> Microsoft Windows ( Edit ) </H3> Main article : ClipBook Viewer <P> In some versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system , the contents of the clipboard can be viewed at any time by using the Clipboard Viewer ( Clipbook Viewer in Windows XP and 2000 ) application ( clipbrd. exe ) . It can be run by pressing Windows key + r and typing clipbrd. exe . Alternatively , the program can be found at % windir % \ system32 \ clipbrd. exe on such versions of Windows . In older versions of Windows the common practice was to open a copy of the `` Notepad '' or `` Wordpad '' editor , and paste into that . Often these operations are available from the `` Edit '' pull down menu and they may be available via a context menu , usually accessible by context - clicking in the window or dialog entry that is to be cut from or pasted into . </P> <P> The standard Windows key bindings are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Ctrl + C to copy data onto the clipboard </Li> <Li> Ctrl + X to cut data to the clipboard </Li> <Li> Ctrl + V to paste data from the clipboard </Li> </Ul> <P> Alternative key bindings derived from the IBM Common User Access are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Ctrl + Ins is copy </Li> <Li> ⇧ Shift + Del is cut </Li> <Li> ⇧ Shift + Ins is paste </Li> </Ul> <P> The advantage of the alternative keys is that the fingers can stay close to the arrow and selection keys when one is editing a large body of text . </P> <P> The Clipbook Viewer was removed entirely in Windows Vista . </P> <H3> MacOS ( Edit ) </H3> <P> In macOS the contents can be viewed by selecting the Show Clipboard menu item from the Finder 's Edit menu . </P> <P> The standard macOS keybindings are : </P> <Ul> <Li> ⌘ Cmd - C to copy data into the clipboard </Li> <Li> ⌘ Cmd - X to cut into it </Li> <Li> ⌘ Cmd - V to paste data from the clipboard . </Li> </Ul> <P> Also available as a secondary , text - only clipboard , is an emacs - style kill - ring ( a stack of text strings ) . This works in all applications that use standard Cocoa text boxes : </P> <Ul> <Li> Ctrl - K to kill from cursor to end - of - line . </Li> <Li> Ctrl - Y to yank from kill - ring to cursor . </Li> </Ul> <P> Using the following commands the clipboard can be accessed from the command line : </P> $ # to copy data into the clipboard : $ echo ' hello world ' pbcopy $ # to paste from the clipboard : $ pbpaste hello world <H3> X window system ( Edit ) </H3> <P> The X Window System commonly used on Unix and Linux systems provides a clipboard implementation as part of X Window selection . Selections are asynchronous , so data is copied and converted into the desired format only on - demand . </P> <P> The usage and handling of various selections is not standardized . However most modern toolkits and desktop environments , such as GNOME or KDE , follow a widely accepted convention , outlined in the freedesktop.org specification . One selection , CLIPBOARD , is used for traditional clipboard semantics , with shortcuts identical to Windows . Another selection , PRIMARY , is an X11 - specific mechanism . Data is `` copied '' immediately upon highlighting and pasted with the third ( middle ) mouse button . This is usually separate from the CLIPBOARD selection and does not change its contents . </P> <H3> Amigaos ( Edit ) </H3> <P> The Amiga operating system uses 256 units , so you have multiple clipboards at the same time . </P> <H2> Clipboard extensions ( Edit ) </H2> <P> A number of independent software vendors have extended the capabilities of local clipboard . One good example is making the local clipboard work with online applications by saving the clipboard data to the online location upon a copy or cut event , making this data available to online applications for pasting . Another example is a case when the software does not support copying from clipboard or does not allow one to paste a text from clipboard ( for example , while logging into remote Windows server , one can not copy and paste their user name and password ) . Tools like `` Clipboard Typist '' help one to overcome this limitation . </P> <H2> List of clipboard software ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( July 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Operating System </Th> <Th> License </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AceClipboard </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> BethClip </Td> <Td> Windows , macOS , Linux , Android , iOS , Web application </Td> <Td> Freeware / Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AtoZ Clipboard </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ArchiveClipboard </Td> <Td> Windows , macOS , Linux </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spartan Multi-Clipboard </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ClipSync </Td> <Td> Android / Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3D Clipboard </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AM8 Free Clipboard </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ArsClip </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Open Source ( Delphi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Capast </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipboard Evolved </Td> <Td> macOS </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipboard History </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipboard Magic </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipboard Master </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipjump </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Open Source ( Apache License ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ClipboardMultiSharer </Td> <Td> Cross-platform </Td> <Td> Open Source ( GPL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipboard Typist </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ClipboardZanager </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Open Source ( WTFPL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipcomrade </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Open Source ( LGPL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipomatic </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ClipX </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipmenu </Td> <Td> macOS </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipmate 7 </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clyppan </Td> <Td> macOS </Td> <Td> Freeware / Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CopyPaste </Td> <Td> macOS </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CopyTexty </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware / Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cute Clips </Td> <Td> macOS </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ditto </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Open Source ( GPL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ECPText and Template software </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware / Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glipper / Klipper </Td> <Td> Gnu / Linux , GNOME / KDE </Td> <Td> Open Source ( GPL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iclip </Td> <Td> macOS </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hot Copy Paste </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jumpcut </Td> <Td> macOS </Td> <Td> Open Source ( MIT License ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Open Paste </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PasteCopy.NET </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pthpasteboard </Td> <Td> macOS </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rclipstep </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Savvy Clipboard </Td> <Td> macOS </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shapeshifter </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stuf </Td> <Td> macOS </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wlipper </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Open Source ( GPL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yankee Clipper 3 / X </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware / Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> copy+ </Td> <Td> iOS </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CopyIt </Td> <Td> Windows , macOS , Linux , Android </Td> <Td> Open Source ( GPL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipboard Stripper </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipdiary </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Commercial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clipdiary Free </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Clipboard manager </Li> <Li> Cut , copy , and paste </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( Edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is clipboard hijack attack ? - Definition from WhatIs.com '' . WhatIs.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chirgwin , Richard . `` Pastejack attack turns your clipboard into a threat '' . The Register . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Researcher warns of ' pastejacking ' hack attacks targeting users ' clipboards '' . Graham Cluley. 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` dxa4481 / Pastejacking '' . GitHub . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hey , You , Get Off of My Clipboard '' ( PDF ) . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 39884 - 1_12 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Using a password manager on Android ? It may be wide open to sniffing attacks '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Copy to clipboard from terminal in OS X '' . rogeriopvl.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` pbcopy ( 1 ) Mac OS X Manual Page '' . apple.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` clipboards - spec '' . freedesktop.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 16 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Windows command - line programs and shell builtins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> COMMAND.COM </Li> <Li> Command Prompt </Li> <Li> Windows PowerShell </Li> <Li> Recovery Console </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> File system navigation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> cd ( chdir ) </Li> <Li> dir </Li> <Li> popd </Li> <Li> pushd </Li> <Li> tree </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> File management </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> attrib </Li> <Li> cacls </Li> <Li> cipher </Li> <Li> compact </Li> <Li> copy </Li> <Li> del ( erase ) </Li> <Li> deltree </Li> <Li> expand </Li> <Li> icacls </Li> <Li> makecab </Li> <Li> md ( mkdir ) </Li> <Li> move </Li> <Li> rd ( rmdir ) </Li> <Li> recover </Li> <Li> ren ( rename ) </Li> <Li> replace </Li> <Li> rmdir </Li> <Li> robocopy </Li> <Li> xcopy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disk management </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> chkdsk </Li> <Li> convert </Li> 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</Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> choice </Li> <Li> clip </Li> <Li> cscript </Li> <Li> doskey </Li> <Li> echo </Li> <Li> for </Li> <Li> goto </Li> <Li> if </Li> <Li> more </Li> <Li> pause </Li> <Li> prompt </Li> <Li> rem </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Networking </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> arp </Li> <Li> getmac </Li> <Li> hostname </Li> <Li> ipconfig </Li> <Li> net use </Li> <Li> netsh </Li> <Li> netstat </Li> <Li> nslookup </Li> <Li> PathPing </Li> <Li> ping </Li> <Li> route </Li> <Li> tracert </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maintenance and care </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> driverquery </Li> <Li> msiexec </Li> <Li> ntbackup </Li> <Li> sfc </Li> <Li> systeminfo </Li> <Li> w32tm </Li> <Li> WBAdmin </Li> <Li> winsat </Li> <Li> wmic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Boot management </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> bcdedit </Li> <Li> bootcfg </Li> <Li> fixboot </Li> <Li> fixmbr </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Software development </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> debug </Li> <Li> exe2bin </Li> <Li> QBasic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> 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List of Awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson - wikipedia <H1> List of Awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> List of Michael Jackson awards <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> Jackson performs on his Bad World Tour in 1988 </P> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major awards </Th> <Td> Wins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> American Music Awards </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Billboard Music Awards </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Brit Awards </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MOBO Awards </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Grammy Awards </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Danish Music Awards </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Guinness World Records </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MTV VMA Awards </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Soul Train Awards </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> World Music Awards </Dt> </Dl> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> American entertainer Michael Jackson ( 1958 -- 2009 ) debuted on the professional music scene at the age of 5 , as a member of The Jackson 5 , and began a solo career in 1971 while being a member of the group , known as the `` King of Pop '' , five of his solo studio albums have become some of the world 's best - selling records : Off the Wall ( 1979 ) , Thriller ( 1982 ) , Bad ( 1987 ) , Dangerous ( 1991 ) and HIStory ( 1995 ) . Thriller has remained the biggest selling album of all time with estimated sales of 110 million . </P> <P> Through his group , solo , and family work , he became one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice . He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first ( and currently only ) dancer from the world of pop and rock ' n ' roll . Jackson 's other achievements include 39 Guinness World Records -- including one for `` Most Successful Entertainer of All Time '' -- 13 Grammy Awards as well as the Grammy Legend Award and Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award , 26 American Music Awards , 16 World Music Awards and the estimated sale of up 1 billion units worldwide . Winning countless awards for his humanitarian endeavors , the singer has been honored by two Presidents of the United States . He has also been named as the artist of `` the Decade '' , `` Generation '' , `` Century '' , and `` Millennium '' and was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 . Jackson has also won hundreds of other awards , making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 AASA Awards </Li> <Li> 2 Africa Awards </Li> <Li> 3 American Association of Musicians </Li> <Li> 4 American Cinema Awards </Li> <Li> 5 American Music Awards </Li> <Li> 6 American Dance Award </Li> <Li> 7 American Video Awards </Li> <Li> 8 Apollo Legend Award </Li> <Li> 9 Atlanta International Film Festival </Li> <Li> 10 Barbados Music Awards </Li> <Li> 11 Bambi Awards </Li> <Li> 12 BET Awards </Li> <Li> 13 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards </Li> <Li> 14 Billboard Music Awards <Ul> <Li> 14.1 Billboard Music Awards </Li> <Li> 14.2 Billboard Music of the 00 's Poll </Li> <Li> 14.3 Billboard Year in Music Survey </Li> <Li> 14.4 Billboard Video Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 Black Gold Awards </Li> <Li> 16 BMI Urban Awards </Li> <Li> 17 BMI R&B / Hip - Hop Awards </Li> <Li> 18 Bob Fosse Awards </Li> <Li> 19 Boy Scouts of America </Li> <Li> 20 Bravo Magazine </Li> <Li> 21 Brazilian TVZ Video Awards </Li> <Li> 22 BRE Awards </Li> <Li> 23 BRIT Awards </Li> <Li> 24 British Phonographic Industry Awards </Li> <Li> 25 British Virgin Islands Government </Li> <Li> 26 British TV Industry Awards </Li> <Li> 27 Bollywood Awards </Li> <Li> 28 Cable Ace Awards </Li> <Li> 29 Canadian Black Music Awards </Li> <Li> 30 Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) with CBS </Li> <Li> 31 Canadian Music Awards </Li> <Li> 32 Cannes Lions Awards </Li> <Li> 33 Capital Children 's Museum </Li> <Li> 34 Cashbox Awards </Li> <Li> 35 CD - First Internet Poll </Li> <Li> 36 Celebrate the Magic Foundation </Li> <Li> 37 Children 's Choice Awards </Li> <Li> 38 Children Uniting Nations Oscar Celebration </Li> <Li> 39 Clio Awards </Li> <Li> 40 Crenshaw Community Youth & Arts Foundation </Li> <Li> 41 Congressional Black Caucus </Li> <Li> 42 CEBA Awards </Li> <Li> 43 Critic 's Choice Awards </Li> <Li> 44 Crystal Globe Awards </Li> <Li> 45 Danish Grammy Awards </Li> <Li> 46 Dutch Music Factory Awards </Li> <Li> 47 Ebony Magazine </Li> <Li> 48 ECHO Awards </Li> <Li> 49 Entertainment Tonight </Li> <Li> 50 French Film Awards - Le Film Fantastique </Li> <Li> 51 Friday Night Videos </Li> <Li> 52 G&P Foundation Angel Ball </Li> <Li> 53 Genesis Awards </Li> <Li> 54 Grammy Awards <Ul> <Li> 54.1 Grammy Legend Award </Li> <Li> 54.2 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award </Li> <Li> 54.3 Grammy Hall of Fame </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 55 Guild Hall Party </Li> <Li> 56 Guinness Book of World Records </Li> <Li> 57 Guitar World Magazine </Li> <Li> 58 Harry Chapin Memorial </Li> <Li> 59 Hit Parade Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 60 Hollywood Walk of Fame </Li> <Li> 61 International Awards <Ul> <Li> 61.1 Australia </Li> <Li> 61.2 Brazil </Li> <Li> 61.3 Gabon </Li> <Li> 61.4 Greece </Li> <Li> 61.5 Italy </Li> <Li> 61.6 Japan </Li> <Li> 61.7 The Netherlands </Li> <Li> 61.8 Spain </Li> <Li> 61.9 South Africa </Li> <Li> 61.10 Sweden </Li> <Li> 61.11 The United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 62 International Monitor Awards </Li> <Li> 63 Internet Worldwide Top 100 Male Stars </Li> <Li> 64 Ivor Novello Awards </Li> <Li> 65 Hong Kong Hit Radio Awards </Li> <Li> 66 Juno Awards </Li> <Li> 67 Keys To The City ( Awards ) of important cities around the world </Li> <Li> 68 Kora All - African Music Awards </Li> <Li> 69 Los Angeles City Governor 's Resolution </Li> <Li> 70 Michigan State Legislature </Li> <Li> 71 Mix Magazine </Li> <Li> 72 MTV Awards </Li> <Li> 73 MTV <Ul> <Li> 73.1 MTV European Music Awards </Li> <Li> 73.2 MTV Japan Awards </Li> <Li> 73.3 MTV Movie Awards </Li> <Li> 73.4 MTV Video Music Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 74 MOBO Music Awards </Li> <Li> 75 Music Connection </Li> <Li> 76 Music Video Producers ' Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 77 Muz - TV Awards </Li> <Li> 78 NAACP Image Awards </Li> <Li> 79 NARM Gift of Music Awards </Li> <Li> 80 National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters </Li> <Li> 81 National Museum of Dance Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 82 National Urban Coalition Awards </Li> <Li> 83 Nissan Motors </Li> <Li> 84 NME Magazine </Li> <Li> 85 NRJ Awards </Li> <Li> 86 O Music Awards </Li> <Li> 87 Oneness Awards </Li> <Li> 88 Operation One to One Awards </Li> <Li> 89 Organization of African Unity </Li> <Li> 90 Orpheus Award </Li> <Li> 91 People 's Choice Awards </Li> <Li> 92 Pocono Film Festival </Li> <Li> 93 Popcorn Magazine </Li> <Li> 94 Pop Rocky Magazine </Li> <Li> 95 Presidential Awards </Li> <Li> 96 Pro-Set Los Angeles Music Awards </Li> <Li> 97 Puls Music TV </Li> <Li> 98 Radio Music Awards </Li> <Li> 99 Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) </Li> <Li> 100 Rennbahn Express Magazine ( Austria ) </Li> <Li> 101 Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 102 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 103 RTL Television Award ( Germany ) </Li> <Li> 104 Rolling Stone Awards </Li> <Li> 105 ' Sixteen ' and ' Spec ' Magazines ' Awards </Li> <Li> 106 Smash Hits Awards <Ul> <Li> 106.1 Sony Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 107 Sony ( Music ) Turkey </Li> <Li> 108 Soul Train Awards <Ul> <Li> 108.1 Suosikki Magazine , Japan </Li> <Li> 108.2 Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 108.3 The Telegatto Awards ( Italy ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 109 TV Land Awards </Li> <Li> 110 Television Broadcasts Limited ( TVB ) of Hong Kong </Li> <Li> 111 The Brotman Medical Center </Li> <Li> 112 United Negro College Fund </Li> <Li> 113 United States Congress </Li> <Li> 114 United States ARMY , Zama Camp , Japan </Li> <Li> 115 United States National Recording Registry </Li> <Li> 116 Vanity Fair </Li> <Li> 117 Video Software Dealer Association </Li> <Li> 118 VH1 Awards </Li> <Li> 119 Webby Awards </Li> <Li> 120 Wembley Stadium ( Old one ) </Li> <Li> 121 World Awards </Li> <Li> 122 World Music Awards <Ul> <Li> 122.1 Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 122.2 Viewer 's Choice </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 123 Emmy Awards </Li> <Li> 124 Other Honors </Li> <Li> 125 See also </Li> <Li> 126 References <Ul> <Li> 126.1 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 127 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Aasa Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2004 , Jackson was awarded the Golden Elephant Award of the African Ambassadors ' Spouses Association for his continuing humanitarian efforts . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Golden Elephant Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Africa Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> The West African Nations Medal of Honor Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> American Association of Musicians ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Thriller 's Success Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> American Cinema Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson won the `` Entertainer of the Decade '' award in 1990 from the American Cinema Awards . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Entertainer of the Decade </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> American Music Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The American Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony created by Dick Clark in 1973 . Picking up three awards in 1980 , Jackson has collected 24 American Music Awards , including one for `` Artist of the Century '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Favorite Male Artist ( Soul / R&B ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Off the Wall </Td> <Td> Favorite Album ( Soul / R&B ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' </Td> <Td> Favorite Single ( Soul / R&B ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Favorite Male Artist ( Soul / R&B ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Off the Wall </Td> <Td> Favorite Album ( Soul / R&B ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Award of Merit </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Male Artist ( Pop / Rock ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Male Artist ( Soul / R&B ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Favorite Album ( Pop / Rock ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Album ( Soul / R&B ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Billie Jean '' </Td> <Td> Favorite Single ( Pop / Rock ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Beat It '' </Td> <Td> Favorite Video ( Pop / Rock ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Video ( Soul / R&B ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Award of Appreciation </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` We Are the World '' ( with Lionel Richie ) </Td> <Td> Song of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> `` Bad '' </Td> <Td> Favorite Single ( Soul / R&B ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Special Achievement Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> International Artist Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dangerous </Td> <Td> Favorite Album ( Pop / Rock ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Remember the Time '' </Td> <Td> Favorite Single ( Soul / R&B ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Artist of the Century </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Favorite Pop / Rock Male Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Soul / R&B Male Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number Ones </Td> <Td> Favorite Pop / Rock Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Soul / R&B Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> American Dance Award ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> American Dance Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> American Video Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1984 , Jackson won two American Video awards ; Best Long Form Video and Best Home Video . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> `` Thriller '' </Td> <Td> Best Long Form Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Home Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Apollo Legend award ( edit ) </H2> <P> In June 2010 , Jackson was posthumously honored with the Apollo Legend Award , hosted by the Apollo Theatre of New York . Chris Tucker accepted the award on Michael Jackson 's behalf . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Apollo Legend Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Atlanta International Film Festival ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> The Jacksons </Td> <Td> Bronze Medal Award ( Pepsi TV Ad 's ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Barbados Music Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Barbados Music Awards is Barbados most prestigious musical award , the Barbados Music Award , is presented annually at a major event organized by Timeless Barbados Inc . In the Caribbean island of Barbados . </P> <P> In January 2010 , Jackson was posthumously honored with the International Lifetime Achievement Award . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> International Lifetime Achievement Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Bambi Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Bambi is an annual television and media prize awarded by the German media company Hubert Burda Media . The Bambi was created in 1948 . In 2002 , Jackson was honored with a Bambi Award . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Pop Artist of the Millennium </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> BET Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The BET Awards have honored Jackson with two awards . Jackson was also the first inductee into the BET Hall of Fame . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Bad World Tour </Td> <Td> BET Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> BET Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Blockbuster Entertainment Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Favorite Pop Male Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Billboard Music Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Billboard Music Awards , sponsored by Billboard magazine , was one of several annual United States music awards shows ( among the others are the Grammy Awards , the American Music Awards and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony ) . It had been held annually in December until they went dormant in 2007 . </P> <H3> Billboard Music Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> The first Billboard Spotlight Award for being the first artist in history to have five number ones singles on Billboard Hot 100 from one album , Bad . </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Special Award commemorating the 10th Anniversary of Thriller </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dangerous </Td> <Td> No. 1 World Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Black or White '' </Td> <Td> No. 1 World Single </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> `` You Are Not Alone '' </Td> <Td> First Ever Hot 100 Debut at # 1 </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Special Award for 1982 album Thriller , which spent more weeks at No. 1 ( 37 ) than any other album in the history of the Billboard 200 </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Billboard Music of the 00 's Poll ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Invincible </Td> <Td> Album of the Decade </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Billboard Year in Music Survey ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Top Black Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Off the Wall </Td> <Td> Top Black Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Number 1 Pop Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Billboard Video Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Performance by a Male Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Beat It '' </Td> <Td> Best Overall Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Choreography </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Use Of Video To Enhance Artist 's Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Use Of Video To Enhance Artist 's Image </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> `` Thriller '' </Td> <Td> Best Long Form Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Music Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Black gold Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson was honoured with four Black Gold Awards in 1983 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Top Male Vocalist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Best Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Billie Jean '' </Td> <Td> Best Single of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Beat It '' </Td> <Td> Best Video Performance </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> BMI Urban Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Broadcast Music , Incorporated ( BMI ) is one of two major United States performing rights organization , along with ASCAP . It collects license fees on behalf of songwriters , composers , and music publishers and distributes them as royalties to members whose works have been performed . </P> <P> They have awarded Jackson with five awards throughout his career . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Pop Songwriter of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> 1st Michael Jackson Award of Achievement </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> `` Black or White '' & `` Remember the Time '' </Td> <Td> Two of the Most Performed Songs of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> `` Butterflies '' </Td> <Td> BMI Urban Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> The Jacksons </Td> <Td> BMI Icon Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> BMI R&B / Hip - Hop Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Michael Jackson & Justin Timberlake won the BMI R&B / Hip - Hop Award for `` Most Performed R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' in 2015 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Love Never Felt So Good </Td> <Td> Most Performed R&B / Hip - Hop Songs </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Bob Fosse Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Michael Jackson won the Bob Fosse Award for `` Best Choreography '' in 1997 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Ghosts </Td> <Td> Best Choreography in a Music Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Boy Scouts of America ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson was awarded with a humanitarian award , from the Boy Scouts of America , in 1990 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Good Scout Humanitarian Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Bravo magazine ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bravo is the largest teen magazine within the German - language sphere . The first issue was published in 1956 , subtitled as `` the magazine for film and television '' ( `` Die Zeitschrift für Film und Fernsehen '' ) . </P> <P> They have honoured Jackson with nineteen awards throughout his career . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Silver Otto Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Gold Otto Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Bronze Otto Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Gold Otto Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Gold Otto Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Gold Otto Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Gold Otto Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Gold Otto Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Platinum Otto / Lifetime Achievement Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Male Singer </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Show </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Nicest Singer </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I </Td> <Td> Best Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Silver Otto Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Show </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> 1st Best Looking Singer </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I </Td> <Td> Best Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Silver Otto Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Bronze Otto Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Brazilian TVZ Video Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson has been awarded with two Brazilian TVZ Awards . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> `` Scream '' </Td> <Td> Best International Video of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' </Td> <Td> Best International Video of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> BRE Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson won two BRE Awards in 1989 , including a Triple Crown award . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Artist of The Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Triple Crown Award - King of Pop , Rock & Soul </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Smooth Criminal '' </Td> <Td> Video of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> BRIT Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The BRIT Awards , often simply called `` The BRITs '' , are the British Phonographic Industry 's annual pop music awards . The name was originally a shortened form of British or Britannia , but has subsequently become a `` backronym '' for British Record Industry Trust . </P> <P> They have awarded Jackson with six awards , including the `` Artist of a Generation '' award . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best International Solo Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Best International Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best International Solo Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best International Artist ( Male ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Smooth Criminal '' </Td> <Td> Best Music Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Artist of a Generation Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> British Phonographic industry Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) is the British record industry 's trade association . Its membership comprises hundreds of music companies including all four ' major ' record companies ( Warner Music Group , EMI , Sony BMG , and Universal Music Group ) , associate members such as manufacturers and distributors , and hundreds of independent music companies representing thousands of labels . </P> <P> They awarded Jackson with two awards . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Off the Wall </Td> <Td> BPI Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Smooth Criminal </Td> <Td> Video of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> British Virgin Islands Government ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> British Virgin Islands Government </Td> <Td> Mail Stamps recognition </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> British TV industry Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The British TV Industry awarded Jackson an `` Artist of the Decade '' award in 1989 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Artist of the Decade </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Bollywood Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1999 , Jackson was honoured with two Bollywood Awards for his contributions to humanitarianism . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Humanitarian endeavors </Td> <Td> World Humanity Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Humanitarian endeavors </Td> <Td> Outstanding Humanitarian Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cable Ace Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson has been honoured with two Cable Ace awards . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Outstanding Editing in a Musical Special </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance Musical Special </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Canadian Black Music Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1984 , Jackson collected four Canadian Black Music awards , including one for `` Entertainer of the Year '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Top Male Vocalist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Entertainer of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Top International Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Billie Jean '' </Td> <Td> Top International Single </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) with CBS ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> CRIA / CBS Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Canadian Music Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> `` Leave Me Alone '' </Td> <Td> Teddy </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cannes Lions Awards ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Cannes Lions Awards <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominated work </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> `` Leave Me Alone '' </Td> <Td> Best Special Effects Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Capital children 's museum ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson was awarded with a humanitarian award , from the Capitol Children Museum , in 1990 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Humanitarian Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cashbox Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Cash Box ( or Cashbox ) magazine was a weekly publication devoted to the music and coin - operated machine industries which was published from July 1942 to November 16 , 1996 . It was one of several magazines that published charts of song popularity in the United States of America . </P> <P> They have awarded Jackson 11 awards throughout his career . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Off the Wall </Td> <Td> Soul Album of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Soul Album of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Number One Male Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Top Black Male Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Top Male Singles Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Top Black Male Singles Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Top Pop Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Top Black Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Jean </Td> <Td> Top Pop Single </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Jean </Td> <Td> Top Black Single </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Video Pioneer Award for Triumph , Thriller and Moonwalker </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> CD - First Internet Poll ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Greatest Pop Artist of the 90 's </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Celebrate the Magic Foundation ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2002 , Jackson was honoured with a humanitarian award , from the Celebrate the Magic Foundation . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Humanitarian endeavors </Td> <Td> Magic Life Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Children 's Choice Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson was a given a Children 's Choice Award in 1994 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Caring for Kids Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Children Uniting Nations oscar celebration ( edit ) </H2> <P> And on March 7 , 2010 , Michael Jackson was honored with 2010 Angel Award by the Children Uniting Nations charity for his work to help disadvantaged youngsters around the world . By accepting the award Rebbie Jackson said `` I was very pleased and happy to be a part of this -- Michael was very passionate about children and supporting their causes . Boy , he would have loved this , '' . Randy Jackson displays the ' Angel Award ' presented to him on behalf of his brother Michael Jackson held at the Beverly Hilton Hotel on March 7 , 2010 in Beverly Hills , California . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Angel Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Clio Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Clio Awards is an annual award program that recognizes innovation and creative excellence in advertising , design and communication , as judged by an international panel of advertising professionals . Industry peers award two Gold Clios to Michael & Janet Jackson video ( Scream ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson / Janet Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Music Video Pop ( Scream ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson / Janet Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Music Video Urban / R&B ( Scream ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Crenshaw Community Youth & Arts Foundation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson was awarded with a humanitarian award , from the Crenshaw Community Youth & Arts Foundation , in 1994 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Humanitarian Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Congressional Black Caucus ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Jackson Five </Td> <Td> Inducted As Honorary Members </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> CEBA Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Creative Excellence in Business Advertising , commonly called the `` CEBA Awards ''. CEBA Awards awarded Jackson as co-executive producer for `` Motown On Showtime Michael Jackson The Legend Continues '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson The Legend Continues </Td> <Td> Best Production </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Critic 's Choice Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards , commonly called the `` Critics ' Choice Awards '' , are bestowed annually by the Broadcast Film Critics Association to honor the finest in cinematic achievement . </P> <P> Critic 's Choice awarded Jackson the `` Best Video '' award in 1989 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> `` Smooth Criminal '' </Td> <Td> Best Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Crystal Globe Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1984 , Jackson was awarded a Crystal Globe Award for exceeding sales of over 5 million units . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Crystal Globe Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Danish Grammy Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Michael Jackson won two Danish Grammy Awards in 1996 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best International Male Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I </Td> <Td> Best International Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Dutch Music Factory Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Dutch Music Factory Awards gave Jackson threeawards for `` Best Live Show '' and `` Best Live Singer '' , in 1997 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> 80 Classics of the 80 's Poll - 1 Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Live Show </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Live Singer </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ebony magazine ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ebony is a monthly magazine for the African American market . It was founded by John H. Johnson and has been published continuously since the Autumn of 1945 . </P> <P> They awarded Jackson with two awards for `` Black Achievement '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> America 's Best Dressed Man Award by Fashion Foundation Of America ( FFA ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> American Black Achievement Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> One of the 100 most important black people of the 20th century </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> ECHO Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> An ECHO is a German music award granted every year by the Deutsche Phono - Akademie ( an association of recording companies ) . Each year 's winner is determined by the previous year 's sales . The ECHO is the successor to the Deutscher Schallplattenpreis ( German Record Award ) . </P> <P> Jackson was awarded with an ECHO award for `` Best International Artist of the Year '' in 1993 and inducted into ECHO Hall of Fame in 2010 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best International Artist of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Rock / Pop International Artist of the year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Entertainment Tonight ( edit ) </H2> <P> Entertainment Tonight is a daily television entertainment news show that is syndicated by CBS Television Distribution throughout the United States and Canada and in many countries around the world . </P> <P> In 1989 , they awarded Jackson with an award for `` Most Important Entertainer of the Decade '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Most Important Entertainer of the Decade </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> French Film Awards - Le Film Fantastique ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Earth Song </Td> <Td> Best Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Friday Night videos ( edit ) </H2> <P> Friday Night Videos have awarded Jackson with two awards , including one for `` Greatest Artist of the Decade '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Greatest Artist of the Decade </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Number One Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> G&P Foundation Angel Ball ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Angel Of Hope Award ( for outstanding contribution to the fight against Cancer ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Genesis Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1996 , Jackson was awarded with a Genesis Award for his environmental themed `` Earth Song '' music video . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Earth Song </Td> <Td> 1995 Doris Day Music Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Grammy Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Grammy Awards ( originally called the Gramophone Awards ) -- or Grammys -- are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States for outstanding achievements in the music industry . The awards ceremony features performances by prominent artists , and some of the awards of more popular interest are presented in a widely viewed televised ceremony . Since 1980 , Jackson has won a total of 13 competitive Grammy Awards from 38 nominations throughout his career . In 1984 , he won a record breaking 8 Grammy Awards . In addition , he has received the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Five of his recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> `` ABC '' ( as The Jackson 5 ) </Td> <Td> Best Contemporary Vocal Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Dancing Machine '' ( as The Jackson 5 ) </Td> <Td> Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> `` Ease on Down the Road '' ( with Diana Ross ) </Td> <Td> Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' </Td> <Td> Best R&B Vocal Performance , Male </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Disco Recording </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Triumph ( as The Jacksons ) </Td> <Td> Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Album of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Beat It '' </Td> <Td> Record of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Song of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Rock Vocal Performance , Male </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Girl Is Mine '' ( feat . Paul McCartney ) </Td> <Td> Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Billie Jean '' </Td> <Td> Song of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best R&B Vocal Performance , Male </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Rhythm & Blue Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' </Td> <Td> Best Rhythm & Blue Song </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> E.T. the Extra Terrestrial ( with Quincy Jones ) </Td> <Td> Best Recording for Children </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thriller ( with Quincy Jones ) </Td> <Td> Producer of the Year , Non-Classical </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' ( with Jermaine Jackson ) </Td> <Td> Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Making Michael Jackson 's Thriller </Td> <Td> Best Video Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> `` We Are the World '' ( with Lionel Richie ) </Td> <Td> Song of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Bad </Td> <Td> Album of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Producer of the Year , Non-Classical </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best R&B Vocal Performance , Male </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> `` Man in the Mirror '' </Td> <Td> Record of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> `` Leave Me Alone '' </Td> <Td> Best Music Video , Short Form </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moonwalker </Td> <Td> Best Music Video , Long Form </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> `` Black or White '' </Td> <Td> Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Jam '' </Td> <Td> Best R&B Vocal Performance , Male </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Rhythm & Blue Song </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I </Td> <Td> Album of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` You Are Not Alone '' </Td> <Td> Best Male Pop Vocal Performance </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Scream '' ( with Janet Jackson ) </Td> <Td> Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Music Video , Short Form </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> `` Earth Song '' </Td> <Td> Best Music Video , Short Form </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> `` You Rock My World '' </Td> <Td> Best Male Pop Vocal Performance </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> `` This Is It '' </Td> <Td> Best Male Pop Vocal Performance </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Grammy Legend award ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1993 , he was awarded the Grammy Legend Award which was presented by his sister Janet Jackson . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Grammy Legend Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Grammy Lifetime Achievement award ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2010 , he was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . It was accepted by his children , Prince and Paris and their cousins , 3T . Prior to the presentation of the award , a special tribute performance took place . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Grammy Hall of Fame ( edit ) </H3> <P> Two of Jackson 's albums were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2008 . The Jackson 5 song , `` I Want You Back '' , was inducted in 1999 , I 'll Be There ( The Jackson 5 song ) `` , was inducted in 1999 and `` ABC ( The Jackson 5 song ) '' , was inducted in 2017 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> `` I 'll Be There '' ( with The Jackson 5 ) </Td> <Td> Grammy Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> `` I Want You Back '' ( with The Jackson 5 ) </Td> <Td> Grammy Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Grammy Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Off the Wall </Td> <Td> Grammy Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> `` ABC '' ( with The Jackson 5 ) </Td> <Td> Grammy Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Guild Hall Party ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> `` Bad '' </Td> <Td> Sword of Commemoration </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Guinness Book of World Records ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Guinness Book of World Records is a reference book published annually , containing a collection of world records , both human achievements and the extremes of the natural world . </P> <P> Jackson has been awarded thirty - nine times by the Guinness Book of World Records . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> The Best Selling Album of All Time </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Commercials deal with Pepsi </Td> <Td> Highest - Paid Commercial Spokesperson </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Bad </Td> <Td> Most Successful Concert Series </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bad </Td> <Td> Most Sold Out Shows At Wembley Stadium </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bad </Td> <Td> Highest Grossing Tour by a male solo artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bad </Td> <Td> Largest Attendance of Audience </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Sony Music Contract </Td> <Td> Largest Entertainment Contract Ever ( $890 million ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Our Children , Our Hope Of Tomorrow Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Lifetime Achievement Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Scream </Td> <Td> The Most Expensive Short Film </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Bad </Td> <Td> Biggest Selling Album By a Male Soloist In The UK </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Most Successful Siblings in History </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Most Charities Supported By a Pop Star </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Ghosts </Td> <Td> Longest Music Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Making Michael Jackson 's Thriller </Td> <Td> Best Selling Music Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Jackson Family </Td> <Td> Most Successful Pop Family </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Most Successful Entertainer of All Time </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Youngest Vocalist to Top the US Singles Chart ( aged 11 , fronting The Jackson Five ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Highest Paid Entertainer of All Time ( $125 million in 1989 Forbes list ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> First Entertainer to Earn More Than 100 Million Dollars in a Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> First Entertainer to Have Officially Ratified Sales of More Than 100 Million Albums Outside the USA </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Most Valuable Sculpture By A Living Artist : ' Michael Jackson and Bubbles ' , a porcelain sculpture created by the artist Jeff Koons in 1988 sold for $5,616,750 at Sotheby 's in New York on May 15 , 2001 . The piece measures 106.7 x 179.1 x 82.6 cm ( 42 x 70.5 x 32.5 in ) . ( Listed in Guinness Book of World Records 2006 ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Most Valuable Oscar : David O Selznick 's 1940 Best Film Oscar for ' Gone With The Wind ' ( USA , 1939 ) was bought by Michael Jackson , for $1,542,000 on June 12 , 1999 , at Sotheby 's , New York ( Listed in Guinness Book of World Records 2006 ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Most Grammy Awards Won in a Single Year by a Person ; At the 26th Annual Grammy Awards in 1984 Michael Jackson Won Eight Grammy Awards ( Listed in Guinness Book of World Records 2006 ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Most Weeks at the Top of the US Album Charts ( non-soundtrack ; 37 weeks for ' Thriller ' ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Most Successful Music Video ( ' Thriller ' sold over 9 million units ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> `` You Are Not Alone '' </Td> <Td> First Vocalist to Enter the US Single Chart at Number One </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Most Hit singles in the UK charts in a year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Largest Thriller dance with 13,597 participants </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Longest US span of No. 1 hits by an R&B artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Album Poster , Middlesex , England </Td> <Td> World 's Largest Poster </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Highest - earning deceased artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Most Searched For -- Male </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Thriller jacket </Td> <Td> Most expensive jacket sold at auction </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Highest - grossing concert film of all time </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Longest span of US top 40 singles </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson 's Glove </Td> <Td> Most expensive glove sold at auction </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Most Consecutive Decades With a US Top 10 single </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Largest TV audience for a music video premiere ( 500 million for Black or White ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Guitar World Magazine ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Beat It </Td> <Td> Greatest Guitar Solo of All Time </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Harry Chapin Memorial ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1995 , Jackson won a humanitarian award from the Harry Chapin Memorial . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Humanitarian Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Hit Parade Hall of Fame ( edit ) </H2> <P> Michael Jackson has been inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame with The Jackson 5 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Hit Parade Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Hollywood Walk of Fame ( edit ) </H2> Jackson 's star on the Hollywood walk of fame , set in 1984 <P> The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a sidewalk along Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street in Hollywood , California , United States , that serves as an entertainment hall of fame . It is embedded with more than 2,000 five - pointed stars featuring the names of celebrities honored by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce for their contributions to the entertainment industry . </P> <P> Michael Jackson was the first celebrity to have two stars in the same category , one as a member of The Jacksons in 1980 and another as a solo artist in 1984 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> The Jacksons </Td> <Td> Hollywood Walk of Fame Star </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Hollywood Walk of Fame Star </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> International Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> As an international artist , Jackson has won eighteen awards from 10 different countries , including a National Honour of Merit from Gabon , Africa . </P> <H3> Australia ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Album of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Billie Jean '' </Td> <Td> Single of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Brazil ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> International Artist of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Gabon ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> National Honour of Merit </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Greece ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Record of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Italy ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Telegatto Award </Td> <Td> Artist of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Japan ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Male Vocalist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Artist of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Album of The Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Role Model Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> The Netherlands ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Album of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Spain ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Most Important Foreign Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> South Africa ( edit ) </H3> <P> Presented to Michael in South Africa by Namibian Premier Hage Geingob . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Lifetime Achievement Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Sweden ( edit ) </H3> <P> Aftanbladet Readers ' Poll Vest Vocal Artist of 1987 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Vocal Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> The United Kingdom ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Artist of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Album of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> International Monitor Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Black Or White </Td> <Td> Music Video With The Best Special effects </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Internet Worldwide Top 100 Male Stars ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> # 1 Male Star </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ivor Novello Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Ivor Novello Awards are awarded for songwriting and composing . The awards , named after the Cardiff born entertainer Ivor Novello , are presented annually in London by the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors ( BASCA ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> `` Thriller '' </Td> <Td> The Best Pop Song </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Hong Kong hit radio Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1996 , Jackson won two Hong Kong Hit Radio awards . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best International Male Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` You Are Not Alone '' </Td> <Td> Best Song of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Juno Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Juno Awards is a Canadian awards to recognize outstanding achievements in record industry . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Billie Jean </Td> <Td> International Single of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Keys To The City ( Awards ) of important cities around the world ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Jackson 5 / Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Key to The City of Gary , IN </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Jackson 5 / Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Key to The City of New York City , NY </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Key to The City of Pontiac , MI </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Great Seal of the State of Florida , FL </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Key to The City of Perth , Australia </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Key to The City of Osaka , Japan </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Key to The City of Chicago , IL </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Medal of The City of Paris , France </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Key to The City of Libreville , Gabon </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Key to The City of Warsaw , Poland </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Key to The City of Gary , IN </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Key to The City of Las Vegas , NV </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Kora All - African Music Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Lifetime Achievement Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Lifetime Achievement Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Los Angeles City Governor 's Resolution ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> LA Governor 's Resolution </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> LA Governor 's Resolution </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Michigan State Legislature ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Michigan Legislature Resolution </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Mix magazine ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mix Magazine , a Danish magazine , awarded Jackson with three awards in 1998 , including one for `` Best Singer '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Foreign Male Singer </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Singer </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> HIStory World Tour at Parken Stadium </Td> <Td> Best Event </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> MTV Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Michael Jackson is often credited for putting MTV , initially a struggling cable channel , on the map `` with pioneering videos such as `` Thriller '' , `` Billie Jean '' , and `` Beat It '' . In response to Jackson 's influence , MTV shifted its musical focus as time went on , going from rock videos to more pop and R&B showings . Throughout his career , Jackson has been awarded with 85 MTV related awards : </P> <H2> MTV ( edit ) </H2> <H3> MTV european Music Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> The MTV Europe Music Awards ( EMA ) were established in 1994 by MTV Networks Europe to celebrate the most popular music videos in Europe . Originally beginning as an alternative to the American MTV Video Music Awards . Unlike the VMAs , most of the awards are voted for by the viewers . </P> <P> Jackson won two EMA 's in 1995 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Male Artist of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Male Performer </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> MTV Japan Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> In his first appearance since being acquitted of child molestation charges , Jackson accepted MTV Japan 's Legend Award . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Legend Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> MTV Movie Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> The MTV Movie Awards is a film awards show presented annually on MTV . The nominees are decided by a special panel at Tenth Planet Productions and winners are decided by the general public . </P> <P> Jackson 's `` Will You Be There '' was awarded with the MTV Movie Award for Best Song from a Movie in 1994 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> `` Will You Be There '' </Td> <Td> Best Song in a Movie </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> MTV Video Music Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> The MTV Video Music Awards were established in the end of the summer of 1984 by MTV to celebrate the top music videos of the year . In its debut show , the MTV Video Music Awards awarded Michael Jackson 's Thriller three awards . In 1988 , Jackson received the Video Vanguard Award . In 1991 , it was renamed the `` Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award '' . Jackson has collected ten Moonmen awards . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> `` Thriller '' </Td> <Td> Video of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Male Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Concept Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Overall Performance in a Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Choreography in a Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viewer 's Choice </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> `` We Are the World '' </Td> <Td> Video of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Group Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viewer 's Choice </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> `` Bad '' </Td> <Td> Best Choreography in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' </Td> <Td> Best Choreography in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Himself </Td> <Td> Video Vanguard Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> `` Leave Me Alone '' </Td> <Td> Video of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Breakthrough Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Special Effects in a Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Art Direction in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Editing in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viewer 's Choice </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Smooth Criminal '' </Td> <Td> Best Dance Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Choreography in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Cinematography in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> `` Black or White ( short version ) '' </Td> <Td> Best Special Effects in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` In the Closet '' </Td> <Td> Best Cinematography in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> `` Jam '' </Td> <Td> Best Choreography in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> `` Scream '' ( with Janet Jackson ) </Td> <Td> Video of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best R&B Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Dance Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Breakthrough Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Direction in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Choreography in a Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Special Effects in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Art Direction in a Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Editing in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Cinematography in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viewer 's Choice </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> `` Love Never Felt So Good '' </Td> <Td> Best Choreography in a Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> MOBO Music Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Lifetime Achievement Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Music Connection ( edit ) </H2> <P> Music Connection named Jackson `` Man of the Decade '' in 1990 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Man of the Decade </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Music Video producers ' Hall of Fame ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson was inducted into the Music Video Producers ' Hall of Fame in 1991 and twice in 1992 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Billie Jean </Td> <Td> Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beat It </Td> <Td> Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Muz - TV Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Muz - TV Awards is an award presented annually to Russian pop musicians since 2003 . LaToya Jackson received a tribute award for her brother Michael Jackson on June 11 , 2010 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Award for contributions to the international pop - culture </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> NAACP Image Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The NAACP Image Awards is an award presented annually by the American National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to honor outstanding people of color in film , television , music , and literature . The 35 categories of Image Awards are voted on by members of the NAACP . Collecting his first NAACP award in 1970 , Jackson has won a total of sixteen throughout his career . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Artist of the Decade </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> H. Claude Hodson Medal of Freedom </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Male Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bad </Td> <Td> Best Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Humanitarian endeavors </Td> <Td> Leonard Carter Humanitarian Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> 25th Anniversary Entertainer of the Year Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Black or White '' </Td> <Td> Outstanding Music Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Entertainer of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Outstanding Male Artist </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> `` You Rock My World '' </Td> <Td> Outstanding Music Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special </Td> <Td> Outstanding Variety Series / Special </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance in a Variety Series / Special </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson Memorial </Td> <Td> Outstanding Variety Series / Special </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Thriller ft . Janet Jackson </Td> <Td> Outstanding Male Artist </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Love Never Felt So Good </Td> <Td> Outstanding Music Video </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> NARM gift of Music Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The National Association of Recording Merchandisers is a United States not - for - profit trade association that serves music retailing businesses in lobbying and trade promotion . In 1984 , they awarded Jackson with three awards . In 1995 , Jackson received The Harry Chapin Memorial Humanitarian Award . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Best Selling Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Billie Jean '' </Td> <Td> Best Selling Single </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Making of Thriller </Td> <Td> Best Home Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Dangerous </Td> <Td> Best Selling Urban music Recording Male </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> The Harry Chapin Memorial Humanitarian Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement award , from the National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters , in 1992 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Lifetime Achievement Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> National museum of Dance Hall of Fame ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2010 , Jackson was inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame . He was the first ( and currently only ) dancer from the world of pop and rock ' n ' roll . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> National Urban Coalition Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson won an award from the National Urban Coalition , for his humanitarian endeavors , in 1989 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Humanitarian endeavors </Td> <Td> Humanitarian Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Nissan Motors ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nissan Motors Corporation - Japan </Td> <Td> Key For The Nissan Motors </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> NME magazine ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Michael Jackson 's status as the WORLD 'S BIGGEST SUPERSTAR was confirmed at the 1983 Motown Records party , when he ' moonwalked ' to ' Billie Jean ' before an audience of millions '' , said David Moynihan of NME . In 2011 , Jackson tops NME 's poll of the Greatest Singers Of All Time . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Thriller '' </Td> <Td> Best Promo Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Greatest Singers Of All Time </Td> <Td> # 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Jean </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Music Videos </Td> <Td> # 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beat It </Td> <Td> 50 Greatest Guitar Solos </Td> <Td> # 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Jean </Td> <Td> 100 Best Songs of The 80 's </Td> <Td> # 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough </Td> <Td> 100 Best Songs of The 70 's </Td> <Td> # 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> I Want You Back </Td> <Td> 100 Best Songs of The 60 's </Td> <Td> # 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson & Slash 1995 MTV Video Music Awards </Td> <Td> 25 Stunning Live Collaborations </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> 20 best pop acts of all time </Td> <Td> # 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bad </Td> <Td> 50 fastest selling albums ever </Td> <Td> # 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bad world tour 1988 at Wembley Stadium </Td> <Td> Legendary Gigs </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> NRJ Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The NRJ Music Awards , created in 2000 by the radio station NRJ in partnership with the television network TF1 takes place every year in mid-January at Cannes ( PACA , France ) as the opening of MIDEM ( Marché international de l'édition musicale ) . They give out awards to popular musicians by different categories . </P> <P> Jackson has been awarded with two NRJ awards , including a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best International Male Singer </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Lifetime Achievement Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> O Music Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2011 , Jackson was honoured with a Best Fan Forum for his MJJCommunity . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> For his Forum MJJCommunity </Td> <Td> Best Fan Forum </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Oneness Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2003 , Jackson was honoured with a Oneness Award for his contributions to racial harmony . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Contributions to racial harmony </Td> <Td> Power of Oneness Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Operation one to one Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson was honoured with an Operation One to One award in 1992 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Operation One to One Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Organization of African Unity ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Jackson Five </Td> <Td> For strengthening Afro - Americans </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Orpheus award ( edit ) </H2> <P> This award is the Austrian version of the Grammy Award . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Orpheus Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> People 's Choice Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The People 's Choice Awards is an awards show recognizing the people and the work of popular culture . The show has been held annually since 1975 and is claimed to be based on the opinions of the general public . </P> <P> In 1984 , Michael Jackson was named `` Entertainer of the Year '' and his music video , Thriller , collected the award for `` Favorite Video of the Year '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best All Round Entertainer of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Favorite Video of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> `` We Are the World '' </Td> <Td> Favorite New Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> `` Smooth Criminal '' </Td> <Td> Favorite Music Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Pocono film Festival ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jackson won the Humanitarian Award from the Pocono Film Festival in 2009 after his death . It was received by his father Joseph Jackson . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Humanitarian Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Popcorn magazine ( edit ) </H2> <P> Popcorn Magazine has awarded Jackson with three awards , including one for `` Artist of the Decade '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Artist of the Decade </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Male Vocalist of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Favorite Male Vocalist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Pop Rocky magazine ( edit ) </H2> <P> Pop Rocky Magazine has given Jackson two awards . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Favorite Singer of The Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Favorite Male Vocalist of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Presidential Awards ( edit ) </H2> Jackson at the White House with President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan , 1984 <P> In 1984 , Jackson was approached to donate `` Beat It '' as backing music for a commercial on drunk driving . Jackson agreed and it was arranged for the singer to be awarded with an honor from the President of the United States , Ronald Reagan . Prior to collecting the award , President Reagan sent Jackson a telegram , which read : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> Your deep faith in God and adherence to traditional values are an inspiration to all of us . You 've gained quite a number of fans along the road since `` I Want You Back '' and Nancy and I are among them . Keep up the good work , Michael . We 're very happy for you . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The presentation took place on May 14 , 1984 , at the White House . Upon reaching the podium , Reagan remarked , `` I hope you 'll forgive me , but we have quite a few young folks in the White House who all wanted me to give you the same message . They said to tell Michael , `` Please give some TLC to the PYTs . '' A reference to Jackson 's Grammy Award - nominated song , `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' . Reagan also stated that Jackson `` is proof of what a person can accomplish through a lifestyle free of alcohol or drug abuse . People young and old respect that . And if Americans follow his example , then we can face up to the problem of drinking and driving , and we can , in Michael 's words , beat it . '' </P> <P> In April 1990 , Jackson returned to the White House to be recognized as `` Artist of the Decade '' by President George H.W. Bush . Two years later , on May 1 , 1992 , President Bush presented Jackson with an award acknowledging him as `` a point of light ambassador '' . Jackson received the award in recognition for his efforts in inviting disadvantaged children to his Neverland Ranch. Jackson was the only entertainer to receive the award . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Humanitarian endeavors </Td> <Td> Presidential Humanitarian Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Artist of the Decade </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Point of Light Ambassador </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Pro-set Los Angeles Music Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Pro-Set Los Angeles Music Awards has given Jackson two awards . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Pop Male Vocalist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Black or White '' </Td> <Td> Video Of The Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Puls Music TV ( edit ) </H2> <P> Puls Music TV awarded Jackson with two awards in 1998 , including one for `` Best Foreign Male Singer '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Foreign Male Singer </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Show of the Year - 1997 </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Radio Music Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2003 , Jackson was honoured with a Radio Music Award for his humanitarian endeavors . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Humanitarian endeavors </Td> <Td> Humanitarian Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Recording industry Association of America ( RIAA ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1989 , Jackson was honored with a Certification for 800,000 copies sold of Moonwalker by the Recording Industry Association of America . In 2017 , Thriller the RIAA certified the set at 33 - times platinum in the U.S. , extending Thriller 's record as the highest certified album in history . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Thriller Album </Td> <Td> 140 Platinum & Gold Awards </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Moonwalker movie </Td> <Td> Platinum & Gold Award Home Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Has sold over 1 Billion Records worldwide . </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> `` Thriller '' </Td> <Td> Platinum Certification Award 33 Millions in USA </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Rennbahn Express magazine ( Austria ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rennbahn Express Magazine has given Jackson two awards . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Video of the 80 's </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Star of the 80 's </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame is a museum located on the shores of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , United States , dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential artists , producers , and other people who have in some major way influenced the music industry . </P> <P> Michael Jackson has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice ; as a member of The Jackson 5 and as a solo artist . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> The Jackson 5 </Td> <Td> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> RTL Television Award ( Germany ) ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Ehren Loewen </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Rolling Stone Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rolling Stone is a United States - based magazine devoted to music , politics , and popular culture that is published every two weeks . Rolling Stone was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and the music critic Ralph J. Gleason . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Video of the Decade </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> ' Sixteen ' and ' Spec ' Magazines ' Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> The Jackson Five </Td> <Td> Best Group of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> I 'll Be There </Td> <Td> Best Single Of The Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Singer </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Rockin ' Robin </Td> <Td> Best Single Of The Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Smash Hits Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Smash Hits was a pop music based magazine , aimed at children and young teenagers , and originally published in the United Kingdom by EMAP . It ran from 1978 to 2006 and was issued fortnightly for most of that time . The name survives as a brand for a related spin - off digital television channel , digital radio station , and website which have survived the demise of the printed magazine . </P> <P> Michael Jackson has won six Smash Hits related awards . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Male Vocalist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Male Vocalist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Male Vocalist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Male Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Male Vocalist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Male Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Sony Entertainment ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Top Selling Artist Of The Decade </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Thriller Album 110 Millions copies sold worldwide ( Record ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Sony ( Music ) Turkey ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2002 , Jackson was awarded by Sony ( Music ) Turkey with `` Best Selling Foreign Artist Ever '' award for sales of over 1.7 million units alone in Turkey . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Selling Foreign Artist Ever </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Soul Train Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Soul Train Music Awards is an annual award show aired in national television syndication that honors the best in Black music and entertainment . It is produced by the makers of Soul Train , the program from which it takes its name , and features musical performances by various R&B and hip hop music recording artists interspersed throughout the ceremonies . </P> <P> The Soul Train Awards have honoured Jackson with twelve awards and inducted him into their Hall of Fame . In 1997 , the video award was renamed to the `` Michael Jackson Award for Best R&B / Soul or Rap Music Video '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Male Single of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bad </Td> <Td> R&B Album of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> 1st Annual Sammy Davis Jr. / Heritage Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heritage Award for Career Achievement </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Man in the Mirror </Td> <Td> Best R&B / Urban Contemporary ( Male ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best R&B / Urban Contemporary ( Music Video ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Silver Award for 1980 's Artist of the Decade </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Humanitarian endeavors </Td> <Td> Humanitarian of the Year Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dangerous </Td> <Td> Best R&B Album </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Remember the Time '' </Td> <Td> Best Single ( Male ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Entertainer of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( with Justin Timberlake ) </Td> <Td> Song of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Collaboration </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Xscape '' </Td> <Td> Album of the Year </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Suosikki Magazine , Japan ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Suosikki Magazine </Td> <Td> Super Star of the Century </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Hall of Fame ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> The Telegatto Awards ( Italy ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Artist of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> TV Land Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Moonwalking on Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever </Td> <Td> Televisions Greatest Music Moment </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Television Broadcasts Limited ( TVB ) of Hong Kong ( edit ) </H2> <P> Television Broadcasts Limited ( TVB ) of Hong Kong awarded Michael Jackson because for his artistic achievements . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Artistic achievements </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> The Brotman Medical Center ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> The Michael Jackson Burn Center Plaque </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> United Negro college Fund ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) is an American philanthropic organization that fundraises college tuition money for black students and general scholarship funds for 39 private historically black colleges and universities . The UNCF was incorporated on April 25 , 1944 by Frederick D. Patterson , Mary McLeod Bethune , and others . </P> <P> In 1988 , they awarded Jackson with the Frederick Patterson Award . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Frederick Patterson Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doctor of Humane Letters </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> United States Congress ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States of America , consisting of two houses , the Senate and the House of Representatives . They awarded The Jackson 5 with a `` Special Commendation '' for positive role models in 1972 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> The Jackson 5 </Td> <Td> Special Commendation for Positive Role Models </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> United States ARMY , Zama Camp , Japan ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Certificate of Appreciation </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> United States National recording registry ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2009 , Jackson 's Thriller album was inducted into the U.S. National Recording Registry . Each year , organizers select twenty - five recorded works to preserve in the Library of Congress archives based on historical , cultural or aesthetic significance . A recording is only eligible beginning 10 years after its creation . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Historical , Cultural or Aesthetic Significance </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Vanity Fair ( edit ) </H2> <P> Vanity Fair is an American magazine of culture , fashion , and politics published by Condé Nast Publications . </P> <P> They have honoured Jackson with two awards . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Artist of the Decade </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Most Popular Artist in the History of Show Business </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Video Software Dealer Association ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Video Software Dealer 's Association awarded Jackson with an award for Moonwalker movie in 1989 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Moonwalker </Td> <Td> Favorite Music Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> VH1 Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1995 , VH1 created a new award especially for the King of Pop and will be given to future artists who follow in the footsteps of Michael Jackson in helping the world . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> International Humanitarian Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Artists Albums </Td> <Td> # 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Off the Wall </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Albums </Td> <Td> # 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 / 2003 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Artists of All Time </Td> <Td> # 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Artists of All Time </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Artists Albums </Td> <Td> # 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Off the Wall </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Albums </Td> <Td> # 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson Dangles Baby </Td> <Td> 100 Most Shocking Music Moments </Td> <Td> # 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson 2005 trial </Td> <Td> 100 Most Shocking Music Moments </Td> <Td> # 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Death of Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> 100 Most Shocking Music Moments </Td> <Td> # 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Billie Jean </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's </Td> <Td> # 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Beat It </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's </Td> <Td> # 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Jackson Five </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Kid Stars </Td> <Td> # 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons </Td> <Td> # 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Dance Songs </Td> <Td> # 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Billie Jean </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Dance Songs </Td> <Td> # 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> ABC </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Dance Songs </Td> <Td> # 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Jackson Five </Td> <Td> 50 Greatest Teen Idols </Td> <Td> # 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Billie Jean </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Beat It </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years </Td> <Td> # 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Thriller Premiers On TV </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Moments That Rocked TV </Td> <Td> # 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson debuts The Moonwalk on Motown 25 </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Moments That Rocked TV </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson lends his voice to The Simpsons </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Moments That Rocked TV </Td> <Td> # 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Artists of All Time </Td> <Td> # 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Jackson Five </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Artists of All Time </Td> <Td> # 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Music Videos </Td> <Td> # 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Scream </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Music Videos </Td> <Td> # 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Beat It </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Music Videos </Td> <Td> # 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Billie Jean </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Music Videos </Td> <Td> # 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Black Or White </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Music Videos </Td> <Td> # 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Bad </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Albums of All Time of the MTV Generation </Td> <Td> # 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson 's Pepsi Commercial </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Moments On TV </Td> <Td> # 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Black Or White </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Moments On TV </Td> <Td> # 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson Primetime Interview With Diane Sawyer </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Moments On TV </Td> <Td> # 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Jackson Five Debut with Diana Ross </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Moments On TV </Td> <Td> # 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Thriller Worldwide Preimer On MTV </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Moments On TV </Td> <Td> # 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson Performs The Moonwalk In 1983 </Td> <Td> 100 Greatest Rock n ' Roll Moments On TV </Td> <Td> # 5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Webby Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> A Webby Award is an award for excellence on the Internet presented annually by The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences , a judging body composed of over one thousand industry experts and technology innovators . Categories include websites ; advertising and media ; online film and video ; mobile sites and apps ; and social . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Behind The Mask </Td> <Td> Online Film & Video / Best Editing </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Wembley Stadium ( Old one ) ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Bad Tour </Td> <Td> 7 Sold Out concerts 504,000 persons ( Record ) </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> World Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Michael Jackson was presented with a World Award in 2002 . In 2009 , he posthumously received a Save The World Award for his many humanitarian contributions . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> World Arts Award 2002 </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Save The World Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> World Music Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The World Music Awards ( founded in 1989 ) is an international awards show that annually honors recording artists based on their worldwide sales figures , which are provided by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) . The awards show is conducted under the patronage of H.S.H. Prince Albert of Monaco , Monte - Carlo . </P> <P> Jackson has won sixteen World Music Awards , including the Chopard Diamond award in 2006 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Lifetime Achievement in Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Hall Of Fame </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Dirty Diana '' </Td> <Td> Viewers Choice # 1 Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Selling U.S. Artist of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> World 's Best Selling Pop Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> World 's Best Selling Artist of the Era </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Selling Male Artist of 1996 </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Selling American Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Selling Artist Ever </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Selling R&B Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thriller </Td> <Td> Best Selling Record of All Time </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Best Selling Male Artist of the Millennium </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> World 's Best Selling Dance Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> World 's Best Selling Pop Male Artist </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Diamond Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> Legend Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> World 's Best Selling Pop / Rock Male Artist </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Hall of Fame ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Michael Jackson </Td> <Td> World Music Award Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Inducted </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Viewer 's Choice ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> `` Smooth Criminal '' </Td> <Td> Video </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Emmy Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever : Billie Jean Performance </Td> <Td> Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> `` You Where There '' Performed By Michael Jackson At Sammy Davis Jr 's 60th Birthday Celebration </Td> <Td> Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other honors ( edit ) </H2> <P> In late 1970 , The Jackson 5 begin their first national tour in Boston , Massachusetts ; they play in 16 cities , finishing with a special `` homecoming '' performance in their hometown , Gary , Indiana - consisting in two sold - out concerts at Westside High School . Each member of The Jackson 5 is presented with a Key to the City of Gary by Mayor Richard Gordon Hatcher . </P> <P> In 1984 Jackson was voted ' Hero Of Young America ' by a Poll of 4,000 teenagers in December that year and was published in The World Almanac And Book Of Facts . </P> <P> On November 20 , 1984 , with Star No. 1,793 in front of Grauman 's Chinese Theatre for The Jacksons , Michael becomes the first celebrity to have two different stars in the same category dedicated to him , having received one as a member of The Jacksons in 1980 . </P> <P> The 1984 Summer Olympics saw the Jackson family be honoured with the Medal of Friendship Award which was collected by Michael and his brothers . </P> <P> The Video Vanguard Award , also known as the Lifetime Achievement Award was renamed in 1991 as the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award . </P> <P> In 1984 , the NAACP announces that Michael Jackson and his brothers have been named honorary co-chairmen of the civil rights organization 's National Voter Registration Drive . Registration booths were set up outside Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City , venue of the Tour 's opening concert . ( July 4 ) </P> <P> An extensive survey in 1997 declared Michael Jackson the Most Famous Person in the World . </P> <P> His fashion legacy still lives on . The biggest global megastar has made it to the TIME Magazine 's All - TIME 100 Fashion Icons list of 2012 . </P> <P> Michael Jackson is the SECOND MOST SCULPTED FIGURE of all the Madame Tussauds wax figures . According to Madame Tussauds , there are all together `` 19 wax figures '' of Michael Jackson in their museums around the world . Only the Queen has been portrayed more often . </P> <P> Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni , an extinct hermit crab which existed during the Albian or Cenomanian of what is now Spain , is named after Michael Jackson . A crator on moon previously known as Posidonius J ( located at Lake of Dreams ) has been renamed after Michael Jackson by The Lunar Republic Society . </P> <P> In 1998 , Daikaku Chodoin ( the founder and president of the United World Karate Association ) presented Michael Jackson with the Honorary Chairmanship of the United World Karate Association and a godan ( fifth degree ) black belt . </P> <P> Michael Jackson is made an honorary member of the New Westminister Police Department in 1984 while in British Columbia , Canada . Appointed PC 49 , he swears as a police constable to ' serve the Queen and cause the peace to be kept and preserved ' . ( Nov. 18th ) </P> <P> In mid September 1987 , on a halt from performing in Osaka , Japan as part of the Bad world tour , Jackson meets with then Mayor , Yasushi Oshima to be handed over the Key to the City . The singer also brings along his pet chimpanzee who accompanied him throughout the whole tour , Bubbles , the first animal allowed inside the Osaka Town Hall . `` Key To The City '' is an award descended from `` Freedom of the City '' , made in several countries , but more prevalent in the United States . The Key is presented to esteemed visitors , residents or others the city wishes to honor and it symbolizes the freedom of the recipient to enter and leave the city at will as a trusted friend of city 's residents . </P> <P> Upon performing three sold - out concerts at the Metropolitan Chicago 's Rosemont Horizon in April 1988 , Michael Jackson receives the Key to the City from Mayor Eugene Sawyer , who cites the entertainer for his onstage performance and humanitarian philanthropy . Michael shares his honor backstage with internationally renowned singer / dancer / actress Lola Falana , her waging also a courageous battle against multiple sclerosis . </P> <P> On June 20 , 1988 , Michael Jackson arrives in Paris , France , P.R. - ist Bob Jones and bodyguard Wayne Nagin . The city 's mayor at the time , Jacques Chirac , presents Jackson with ' La Grande Medaille de la Ville'de Paris , equivalent to the Keys to the City . </P> <P> On July 22 , 1988 , Disney characters , Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck , present an elated star with a pair of specially engraved ice skates backstage before his concert in Wembley , England . </P> <P> In 1988 , his autobiography , `` Moonwalk '' , makes The New York Times ' publication Best Seller List as the number 1 Best Seller of the year . </P> <P> In 1989 , Michael Jackson 's former elementary school , the Gardner Street Elementary in Los Angeles , designated its school auditorium the `` Michael Jackson Auditorium '' . Mr. Jackson appeared at the ceremony , in which the school children sang his hit song , `` We Are the World '' . In 2003 , after accusations of child molestation , the school chose to cover Jackson 's name with plywood . The school board stated that the request had come from some parents who `` felt more comfortable with it covered '' . Jackson 's spokesperson stated that he wondered `` what those parents will say when Mr. Jackson is exonerated '' . At the end of the trial Jackson was acquitted of all charges . Recently , following petitions and letters to City Council and the Gardner Street Elementary School superintendent and principal , the `` Michael Jackson Auditorium '' sign has been uncovered . Jackson was named Most Famous Alumnus of Gardner Street Elementary School , in Hollywood , California and the school auditorium was renamed for him in 1989 . </P> <P> In a high - profile visit to Africa , in 1992 Jackson visited several countries , among them Gabon and Egypt . In his trip to Côte d'Ivoire , Jackson was crowned `` King Sani '' by a tribal chief . He then signed official documents formalizing his chieftaincy , sat on a golden throne and presided over ceremonial dances . He held the title up until his death . Jesse Jackson was created the High Prince of the Agni people of Côte d'Ivoire following Michael Jackson 's passing away . </P> <P> On February 23 , 1995 Michael gave a special preview of some of the songs off his forthcoming album HIStory to the National Association of Recording Merchandisers . The NARM presented him with the Harold Chapin Humanitarian Award at the preview . </P> <P> In 2002 Michael Jackson was presented with the 30th Anniversary Award by its designer , Nijel , who also designed the Top Selling Artist Of The Decade Award in 1990 . The award was given by the fans , celebrating him being on stage for 30 years . Fans all over the world donated money to contribute for the award to being created . </P> <P> On October 25 , 2003 Jackson was given the key to the city of Las Vegas ; the mayor also made the date `` Michael Jackson Day '' . </P> <P> In 2007 , Jackson visited the United States Army base south of Tokyo and was commemorated with a letter of appreciation from the Colonel . </P> <P> On Australia Day 2012 , Jackson was honored by being immortalized at the Grauman 's Chinese Theater by his children , Prince , Paris and Blanket Jackson . Among many other celebrities there to pay tribute to him were Quincy Jones , Chris Tucker , Smokey Robinson , Justin Bieber with performances made by the Glee cast and Cirque Du Soliel and many other . </P> <P> Michael Jackson Award Belt - Versace black leather belt with gold hardware belt buckles adorned with colorful gemstones in the amount of 4 million with fluer de lis ornament pattern . belt inscribed `` Presented to Michael Jackson from Sony Music UK 1992 '' and is contained in custom wood and container plaxiglass . </P> <P> Precious metal gold microphone on a burl walnut plaque reading `` Presented to Michael Jackson by The Prince 's Trust in recognition of outstanding support it '' . </P> <P> Shadow box display in the style of Jackson 's album Dangerous in 1991 . Award plaque reads in full `` triple platinum record awarded to Michael Jackson for sale in Switzerland more than 150,000 units of Sony Music Entertainment AG Dangerous . '' </P> <P> In 1997 , Jackson was awarded a Diamond Award and was named one of the princes of Africa in a prestigious ceremony with various high - profile political leaders of Africa . </P> <P> In 1989 Rock Over Europe Awards awarded Jackson with the Children of the world music video award . </P> <P> 1989 - CEBA ( Creative Excellence in Business Advertising ) awards the plaque reading `` Motown On Showtime '' presented to `` Michael Jackson The Legend Continues '' Michael Jackson , Co-Executive Producer , 1989 . </P> <P> Small metal banded glass balls topped with a crown design metal reading `` Germany Music Servat Mundum 1992 '' commemorating `` MJ King of Music '' . </P> <P> Silver goblets mounted to a marble base with a plaque reading in full `` Michael Jackson Superstar of The Century -. Magazine '' </P> <P> Lucite award reads `` Rock '' with the text printed on the base reads in full `` The Children of the world video awards 1989 Rock IM & MC Over Europe . '' </P> <P> Golden Penguin award Rennbahn Express , Austria presented to Michael Jackson for `` Video Of The 80 , Thriller . '' </P> <P> Player awards metal sculpture in the style of Rodin 's The Thinker . A metal plaque on the front reads in full `` World of Art Award 2002 World Michael Jackson presented by President Mikhail S. Gorbachev `` . </P> <P> Couple BPI sales award presented to Michael Jackson to recognize sales in the UK of more than 250,000 copies Epic Single Playing Record `` Blame It On The Boogie '' 1978 , and `` Shake Your Body ( Down To The Ground ) '' , 1979 </P> <P> In 1992 National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters ( NABOB ) honors Michael at the organization 's eighth annual Communications Awards Dinner , at the Sheraton Washington Hotel in Washington D.C. Rev. Jesse Jackson and NABOB Chairman Pierre Sutton presented him with the Lifetime Achievement award which honors Michael 's ' contributions to pop music , culture , fashion and philanthropy ' . </P> <P> Piece curve patinaed black metal to make it look like a piece of paper resting on a cushion of black velvet and faux pearls lined presentation . The award reads in full `` Michael Jackson / The Power of Music / is the strength of Soul. / VH1 Honors / The Musicians Who Goes / Share Beyond / Soul and Share Time / Energy and Resources / For Help Others / Vh1 Honors / June 22 , 1995 '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Michael Jackson portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Records and Achievements for Michael Jackson </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson albums discography </Li> <Li> List of best - selling music artists </Li> <Li> List of best - selling albums </Li> <Li> List of best - selling albums in the United States </Li> <Li> List of most expensive music videos </Li> <Li> List of music prodigies </Li> <Li> Grammy Awards of 1984 </Li> <Li> List of honorific titles in popular music </Li> <Li> The Greatest American </Li> <Li> UK Best selling singles artists of all time </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Craig Glenday ( ed . ) . `` Biggest - selling Album Ever '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gitlin , Martin ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) . The Baby Boomer Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 196 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Janosik , MaryAnn ( 2006 ) . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History : The video generation , 1981 - 1990 . Greenwood Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32943 - 2 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . The phenomenal success of Thriller as a landmark pop / rock album was enhanced further by Jackson 's innovative dance based music videos </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( Nov 30 , 2012 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Where `` Thriller '' Ranks `` . Chart Watch . Yahoo Music . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Photos : Michael Jackson induction ceremony '' . News Times . August 15 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jackson was star the world could not ignore '' . CNN . Turner Broadcasting System . 2009 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Lara ( May 12 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's ' Bad ' Gets a Revamp and More Inflated Sales ! '' . Impre . ImpreMedia . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` African award for Michael Jackson '' . BBC News . March 29 , 2004 . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : George , p. 44 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : George , p. 40 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 ... Barbados . Retrieved on January 14th , 2010 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : George , pp. 50 -- 53 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : George , pp. 37 -- 52 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : George , pp. 37 -- 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lang , Derrik ( September 6 , 2008 ) . `` Jacksons win BMI award , but Michael a no - show '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Tribute '' . 26 June 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : George , pp. 47 -- 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blashfield , Jim . `` The Classic Music Videos '' . Blashfield Studio . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : George , pp. 45 -- 47 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mar. 18 , 2010 05 : 15 AM Bang Showbiz ( 2010 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Katherine Jackson plays board games with grandkids '' . Azcentral.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( ( https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/michael-jackson . Grammy . Retrieved on August 12 , 2018 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Grammy Hall of Fame award Archived 2011 - 01 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... Grammy . Retrieved on February 3 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2002 , p. 36 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2002 , pp. 145 -- 147 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2005 , p. 193 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jackson receives his World Records '' . Yahoo ! Music . November 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell 1993 , p. 236 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George , p. 48 -- 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 50 Incredible Things Janet Jackson Achieved Before Her 50th Birthday '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mel C Explains Why She Said No To Spice Girls Reunion Tour : ' Something Did n't Feel Quite Right ' '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson , Great Champion Of Charity '' . blackstarnews.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charity King : Michael Jackson Holds Guiness ( sic ) World Record '' . jollypeople.com . July 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's Charity Work , Events and Causes '' . looktothestars.org. 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Highest - earning deceased artist '' . guinnessworldrecords.com. 2010 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga , Jay - Z , Michael Jackson make ' Guinness World Records 2011 ' '' . London : independent.co.uk . September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most expensive jacket sold at auction '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . June 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Longest span of US top 40 singles '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beat It -- Michael Jackson - Last.fm '' . Last.fm . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About The Ivors '' . Ivor Novello Awards . Archived from the original on 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1984 - International Single of the Year - Michael Jackson - The JUNO Awards '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Byran ( February 23 , 2005 ) . `` Why Are Michael Jackson 's Fans So Devoted ? '' . ABC news . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( August 25 , 2005 ) . `` Music videos changing places '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Billboard Books https://books.google.com/books?id=rA4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson feels the love '' . Washington Post . May 29 , 2006 . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock On The Net : Michael Jackson '' . www.rockonthenet.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George , p. 32 -- 53 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Photos : Michael Jackson induction ceremony '' . 16 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : 1958 - 2009 - obituary - NME '' . 26 June 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson tops NME 's Greatest Singers poll '' . NME.com . June 25 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacInnes , Paul ( January 28 , 2008 ) . `` Pete Doherty 's Animal Sanctuary : bring the kids ! '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renna ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) . `` MTV O Music Awards -- Complete List Of Winners ( Videos ) '' . Allie Is Wired . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 18 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Taraborrelli , pp. 304 -- 306 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` '' Remarks at a White House Ceremony Marking Progress Made in the Campaign Against Drunk Driving . Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . Retrieved on February 3 , 2009 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : George , pp. 44 -- 45 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Campbell ( 1993 ) , p. 321 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' Extends Reign as Highest Certified Album in U.S. History '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Remember : Michael Jackson reçoit un Telegatto , 1983 - On Michael Jackson 's footsteps '' . 17 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever '' -- via www.imdb.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George , p. 32 -- 33 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thriller , Joni Mitchell album make the cut for U.S. recording registry '' . CBC News . May 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Video Software Dealers Association ( 1989 ) '' . IMDb . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000687/1989 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` VH1 100 Greatest Artists Of All Time '' . 3 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ow ! VH1 Top 100 All Time Artists '' . budugllydesign.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shmulik Malul ( 16 July 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson VH1 Honours 1995 '' -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock On The Net : VH1 : 100 Greatest Albums '' . www.rockonthenet.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : Behind the Mask - The Webby Awards '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Honored at Save The World Awards '' . waleg.com . July 25 , 2009 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's Video Vanguard Award , In MJ 's Top MTV Moments '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All - TIME 100 Fashion Icons - TIME '' . TIME.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga , The Beatles Make TIME 's 100 Fashion Icons List '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 周 静. `` 3 Michael Jackson wax figures unveiled in Beijing - China.org.cn '' . china.org.cn . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson wax figures unveiled in Beijing China ( Archive ) - MJJCommunity - Michael Jackson Community Official Fan Club Forum '' . www.mjjcommunity.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Waxworks arrive in Beijing '' . 29 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Fan Site Billie Jean '' . www.billiejean.be . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ René H.B. Fraaije , Adiël A. Klompmaker & Pedro Artal ( 2012 ) . `` New species , genera and a family of hermit crabs ( Crustacea , Anomura , Paguroidea ) from a mid-Cretaceous reef of Navarra , northern Spain '' . Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. 263 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 92 . doi : 10.1127 / 0077 - 7749 / 2012 / 0213 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leach , Ben ( 9 July 2009 ) . `` Moon crater named after Michael Jackson '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael And Sport : : True Michael Jackson '' . truemichaeljackson.webnode.cz . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kawaguchi , Judit ( 9 July 2009 ) . `` United World Karate Association President Daikaku Chodoin '' -- via Japan Times Online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United World Karate Association President Daikaku Chodoin * LINK * '' . www.bbsradio.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chodoin 's desire to heal and save the world struck a chord with Michael Jackson ... '' `` . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Administrator . `` Awards & Recognitions '' . www.thesilencedtruth.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Jackson snubbed by old school '' . ABC News . November 26 , 2003 . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson jury reaches verdict '' . London : Guardian . June 13 , 2005 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Jackson HIStory liner notes . Epic Records , MJJ Productions . 1995 . p. 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitchell , John L. ( October 12 , 1989 ) . `` Tough Act to Follow Michael Jackson Shows Up for Dedication at Old School '' . Los Angeles Times . pp. Metro 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120305050655/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n7_v47/ai_12288831/ . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 05 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.mjfanclub.net/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=194:30th-anniversary-award-2001&catid=98:mjfc-activities&Itemid=77 Archived 2012 - 10 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's Chinese Theatre Hand and Footprint Ceremony ( Live Stream ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Pays Tribute To Michael Jackson - MTV UK '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adam Fawara ( Adam F. Jackson ) '' . Adam Fawara ( Adam F. Jackson ) . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Campbell , Lisa ( 1993 ) . Michael Jackson : The King of Pop . Branden . ISBN 0 - 8283 - 1957 - X . </Li> <Li> George , Nelson ( 2004 ) . Michael Jackson : The Ultimate Collection booklet . Sony BMG . </Li> <Li> Guinness World Records ( 2001 ) . Guinness World Records 2002 . Guinness . ISBN 0553583786 . </Li> <Li> Guinness World Records ( 2005 ) . Guinness World Records 2006 . Guinness . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 02 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Thriller 25 : The Book ( 2008 ) . Thriller 25 : The Book . ML Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9768891 - 9 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Taraborrelli , J. Randy ( 2004 ) . The Magic and the Madness . Terra Alta , WV : Headline . ISBN 0 - 330 - 42005 - 4 . </Li> </Ul> <P> https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000345/1979 </P> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Informative site on Michael Jackson 's awards and achievements </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Michael Jackson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Albums </Li> <Li> Singles </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> <Li> Videography </Li> <Li> Unreleased songs </Li> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> Records and achievements </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Got to Be There </Li> <Li> Ben </Li> <Li> Music & Me </Li> <Li> Forever , Michael </Li> <Li> Off the Wall </Li> <Li> Thriller </Li> <Li> Bad </Li> <Li> Dangerous </Li> <Li> HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I </Li> <Li> Invincible </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Posthumous albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael </Li> <Li> Xscape </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Remix albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Original Soul of Michael Jackson </Li> <Li> Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix </Li> <Li> The Stripped Mixes </Li> <Li> The Remix Suite </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Farewell My Summer Love </Li> <Li> Looking Back to Yesterday </Li> <Li> Thriller 25 </Li> <Li> One Night in Japan </Li> <Li> Bad 25 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtracks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Wiz </Li> <Li> E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson 's This Is It </Li> <Li> Immortal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Collection of Michael Jackson 's Oldies </Li> <Li> The Best of Michael Jackson </Li> <Li> 18 Greatest Hits </Li> <Li> One Day in Your Life </Li> <Li> The Michael Jackson Mix </Li> <Li> 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Michael Jackson </Li> <Li> Love Songs </Li> <Li> Number Ones </Li> <Li> The Essential Michael Jackson </Li> <Li> King of Pop </Li> <Li> The Definitive Collection </Li> <Li> Icon </Li> <Li> Scream </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box sets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anthology </Li> <Li> The Ultimate Collection </Li> <Li> Visionary : The Video Singles </Li> <Li> Thriller 25 : Limited Japanese Single Collection </Li> <Li> 50 Best Songs -- The Motown Years : Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5 </Li> <Li> The Collection </Li> <Li> Hello World : The Motown Solo Collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bad World Tour </Li> <Li> Dangerous World Tour </Li> <Li> HIStory World Tour </Li> <Li> This Is It </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Filmography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael Jackson 's Thriller </Li> <Li> Captain EO </Li> <Li> Moonwalker </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson 's Ghosts </Li> <Li> Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson 's This Is It </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson : The Life of an Icon </Li> <Li> Bad 25 </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson : The Last Photo Shoot </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson 's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dangerous : The Short Films </Li> <Li> Video Greatest Hits -- HIStory </Li> <Li> HIStory on Film , Volume II </Li> <Li> Number Ones </Li> <Li> The One </Li> <Li> Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson 's Vision </Li> <Li> Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Stark Raving Dad '' ( The Simpsons episode ) </Li> <Li> Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story </Li> <Li> Move Like Michael Jackson </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson 's Halloween </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker </Li> <Li> Sonic the Hedgehog 3 </Li> <Li> Space Channel 5 </Li> <Li> Ready 2 Rumble Boxing : Round 2 </Li> <Li> Space Channel 5 : Part 2 </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson : The Experience </Li> <Li> Planet Michael </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bibliography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Moonwalk </Li> <Li> Dancing the Dream </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever </Li> <Li> MJ & Friends </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Celebration </Li> <Li> United We Stand : What More Can I Give </Li> <Li> Live at the Apollo </Li> <Li> Michael Forever -- The Tribute Concert </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Assets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Neverland Ranch </Li> <Li> Northern Songs </Li> <Li> Sony / ATV Music Publishing ( formerly ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Influence on society </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Heal the World Foundation </Li> <Li> Thrill the World </Li> <Li> Thriller viral video </Li> <Li> Thriller -- Live </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson : The Immortal World Tour </Li> <Li> Michael Jackson : One </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Jackson 5 </Li> <Li> Moonwalk </Li> <Li> Health and appearance </Li> <Li> Personal relationships </Li> <Li> 1993 child sexual abuse accusations </Li> <Li> Living with Michael Jackson </Li> <Li> People v. 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Revolutionary movement for Indian independence - wikipedia <H1> Revolutionary movement for Indian independence </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Revolutionary movement for Indian independence ' is a part of the Indian independence movement comprising the actions of the underground revolutionary factions . Groups believing in armed revolution against the ruling British fall into this category , as opposed to the generally peaceful civil disobedience movement spearheaded by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi . The revolutionary groups were mainly concentrated in Bengal , Maharashtra , Bihar , the United Provinces and Punjab . More groups were scattered across India . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Beginnings </Li> <Li> 2 Bengal <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Anushilan Samiti </Li> <Li> 2.2 Jugantar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Uttar Pradesh <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Hindustan Socialist Republican Association </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Maharashtra <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Kotwal Dasta </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 South India </Li> <Li> 6 Outside India <Ul> <Li> 6.1 India House </Li> <Li> 6.2 Gadar Party </Li> <Li> 6.3 Berlin Committee </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Chronology <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Pre World War I <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Alipore bomb conspiracy case </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 Howrah gang case </Li> <Li> 7.1. 3 Delhi - Lahore conspiracy case </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 World War I <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 Indo - German Joint Movement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.3 Tehrek e Reshmi Rumal </Li> <Li> 7.4 Between the wars <Ul> <Li> 7.4. 1 Chittagong armoury raid </Li> <Li> 7.4. 2 Central Assembly Bomb Case ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> 7.4. 3 Dalhousie Square Bomb Case </Li> <Li> 7.4. 4 Kakori train robbery </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.5 World War II </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Notable revolutionaries </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Beginnings ( edit ) </H2> <P> Apart from a few stray incidents , the armed rebellion against the British rulers was not organised before the beginning of the 20th century . The revolutionary philosophies and movement made its presence felt during the 1905 Partition of Bengal . Arguably , the initial steps to organise the revolutionaries were taken by Aurobindo Ghosh , his brother Barin Ghosh , Bhupendranath Datta , Lal Bal Pal and Subodh Chandra Mullick when they formed the Jugantar party in April 1906 . Jugantar was created as an inner circle of the Anushilan Samiti , which was already present in Bengal mainly as a fitness club . </P> <H2> Bengal ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Anushilan Samiti ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Anushilan Samiti <P> Established by Pramathanath Mitra it became one of the most organised revolutionary associations , especially in the Eastern Bengal where the Dhaka Anushilan Samiti had several branches and carried out major activities . Jugantar was initially formed by an inner circle of the Kolkata Anushilan Samiti , like the Palmach of Haganah . In the 1920s , the Kolkata faction supported Gandhi in the Non-Cooperation Movement and many of the leaders held high posts in Congress . The Anushilan Samati had over five hundred branches . </P> <H3> Jugantar ( edit ) </H3> <P> Barin Ghosh was the main leader . Along with 21 revolutionaries including Bagha Jatin , he started to collect arms and explosives and manufactured bombs . The headquarters of Jugantar was located at 93 / a Bowbazar Street , Kolkata . </P> <P> Some senior members of the group were sent abroad for political and military training . One of them , Hemchandra Kanungo obtained his training in Paris . After returning to Kolkata he set up a combined religious school and bomb factory at a garden house in Maniktala suburb of Calcutta . However , the attempted murder of district Judge Kingsford of Muzaffarpur by Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki ( 30 April 1908 ) initiated a police investigation that led to the arrest of many of the revolutionaries . </P> Jatindranath Mukherjee ( Bagha Jatin ) in 1910 <P> Bagha Jatin was one of the top leaders in Jugantar . He was arrested , along with several other leaders , in connection with the Howrah conspiracy case . They were tried for treason , the charge being that they had incited various regiments of the army against the ruler . </P> <P> Jugantar , along with other revolutionary groups , and aided by Indians abroad , planned an armed revolt against the British rulers during the First World War . This plan largely depended on the clandestine landing of German arms and ammunitions in the Indian coast . This plan came to be known as the Indo - German Plot . However , the planned revolt did not materialise . </P> <P> After the First World War Jugantar supported Gandhi in the Non-Cooperation Movement and many of their leaders were in the Congress . Still , the group continued its revolutionary activities , a notable event being the Chittagong armoury raid . </P> <P> Badal - Dinesh being its members . </P> <H2> Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Hindustan Socialist Republican Association ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Bhagat Singh , Sukhdev Thapar , and Shivaram Rajguru <P> Hindustan Republican Association ( HRA ) was established in October 1924 in Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh by revolutionaries like Ramprasad Bismil , Jogesh Chatterjee , Chandrashekhar Azad , Yogendra Shukla and Sachindranath Sanyal . The aim of the party was to organise armed revolution to end the colonial rule and establish a Federal Republic of the United States of India . The Kakori train robbery was a notable act of mutiny by this group . The Kakori case led to the hanging of Ashfaqullah Khan , Ramprasad Bismil , Roshan Singh , Rajendra Lahiri . The Kakori case was a major setback for the group . However , the group was soon reorganised under the leadership of Chandrashekhar Azad and with members like Bhagat Singh , Bhagwati Charan Vohra and Sukhdev on 9 and 10 September 1928 -- and the group was now christened Hindustan Socialist Republican Association ( HSRA ) . </P> <P> In Lahore on 17 December 1928 , Bhagat Singh , Azad and Rajguru assassinated Saunders , a police official involved in deadly lathi - charge on Lala Lajpat Rai . Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb inside the Central Legislative Assembly . The Assembly Bomb Case trial followed . Bhagat Singh , Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru were hanged on 23 March 1931 . </P> <H2> Maharashtra ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Kotwal Dasta ( edit ) </H3> <P> Veer Bhai Kotwal alias Veer Bhai Kotwal वीर भाई कोतवाल during Quit India Movement formed group of underground mercenaries called `` Kotwal Dasta '' , a parallel government in the Karjat taluka of Thane district . They were about 50 in numbers including farmers and voluntary school teachers . They decided to cut down the electric pylons supplying electricity to Mumbai city . From September 1942 through November 1942 they felled 11 pylons , paralyzing the industries and railways . </P> <H2> South India ( edit ) </H2> <P> The uprising against the British was evidenced at Halagali ( Mudhol taluk of Bagalkot district ) . The prince of Mudhol , Ghorpade , had accepted British overlordship . But the Bedas ( hunters ) , a martial community , were seething with dissatisfaction under the new dispensation . The British proclaimed the Disarming Act of 1857 whereby men possessing fire arms had to register them and secure a license before 10 November 1857 . Babaji Nimbalkar , a soldier thrown out of job from Satara Court , had advised these people not to lose their hereditary right to own arms . </P> <P> One of the leaders of the Bedas , Jadgia , was invited by the administrator at Mudhol and was persuaded to secure a license on 11 November , though Jadgia had not asked for it . The administrator 's expectation that others would follow Jadgia was belied . So he sent his agents to Halagali on 15 and 20 November and again on 21 . But the entreaties of the agents did not succeed , and the agents sent on 21 November were attacked by Jadgia and Baalya , another leader , and they were forced to return . Another agent sent on 25 November was not allowed to enter the village . </P> <P> Meanwhile , the Bedas and other armed men from the neighbouring villages of Mantur , Boodni and Alagundi assembled at Halagali . The administrator reported the matter to Major Malcolm , the Commander at the nearby army headquarters , who sent Col. Seton Karr to Halagali on 29 November . </P> <P> The insurgents , numbering 500 , did not allow the British to enter Halagali . There was a fight during the night . On 30 November , Major Malcolm came with 29th Regiment from Bagalkot . They set fire to the village and many insurgents died , including Babaji Nimbalkar . The British , who had a bigger army and better arms , arrested 290 insurgents ; and of those 29 were tried and 11 were hanged at Mudhol on 11 December , and six others , including Jadagia and Baalya were hanged at Halagali on 14 December 1857 . No prince or jagirdar was involved in this uprising , but it was the common soldiers . Violent revolutionary activities never took firm root in South India . The only violent act attributed to the revolutionaries was the assassination of Collector of Tirunelveli ( Tinnevelly ) . On 17 June 1911 , the Collector of Tirunelveli , Robert Ashe , was killed by R. Vanchi Aiyer , who subsequently committed suicide , which was the only instance of a political assassination by a revolutionary in South India . </P> <H2> Outside India ( edit ) </H2> <H3> India house ( edit ) </H3> Main article : India House <P> The India House was an informal Indian nationalist organization that existed in London between 1905 and 1910 . Initially begun by Shyamji Krishna Varma as a residence in High gate , in North London , for Indian students to promote nationalist views and work , the house became a centre for intellectual political activities , and rapidly developed to be an organization that became a meeting ground for radical nationalists among Indian students in Britain at the time , and of the most prominent centers for revolutionary Indian nationalism outside India . The Indian Sociologist published by the house was a noted platform for anti-colonial work and was banned in India as `` seditious literature '' . </P> <P> The India house was the beginnings of a number of noted Indian revolutionaries and nationalists , most famously V.D. Savarkar , as well as others of the like of V.N. Chatterjee , Lala Har Dayal , V.V.S. Iyer , The house came to be the focus of Scotland Yard 's work against Indian sedetionists , as well as the focus of work for the nascent Indian Political Intelligence Office . India house ceased to be potent organisation after its liquidation in the wake of the assassination of William Hutt Curzon Wyllie by a member of the India House by the name of Madan Lal Dhingra . This event marked the beginnings of London Police 's crackdown on the activities of the house and a number of its activists and patrons , including Shyamji Krishna Varma and Bhikaji Cama moved to Europe from where they carried on works in support of Indian nationalism . Some Indian students , including Har Dayal , moved to the United States . The network that the House founded was key in the nationalist revolutionary conspiracy in India during World War I . </P> <H3> Gadar party ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Gadar Party <P> Gadar party was a predominantly Sikh organization that started operating abroad in 1913 `` with the view to do - away with the British rule in India '' . The party collaborated with revolutionaries inside India and helped them get arms and ammunition . Lala Hardayal was a prominent leader of the party and promoter of the Gadar newspaper . The Komagata Maru incident in 1914 inspired several thousand Indians residing in the USA to sell their businesses and rush home to participate in the anti-British activities in India . The party had active members in India , Mexico , Japan , China , Singapore , Thailand , Philippines , Malaya , Indo - China and Eastern and Southern Africa . During World War I , it was among the chief participants of the Hindu German Conspiracy . </P> <H3> Berlin committee ( edit ) </H3> <P> The `` Berlin committee for Indian independence '' was established in 1915 by Virendra Nath Chattopadhya , including Bhupendra Nath Dutt & Lala Hardayal under `` Zimmerman plan '' with the full backing of German foreign office . </P> <P> Their goal was mainly to achieve the following four objectives : </P> <P> 1 : Mobilize Indian revolutionaries abroad . 2 : Incite rebellion among Indian troops stationed . abroad . 3 : Send volunteers and arms to India . 4 : Even to Organized an armed invasion of British India to gain India 's independence . and sent British back to home </P> <H2> Chronology ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Pre World War I ( edit ) </H3> Alipore bomb conspiracy case ( edit ) Main article : Alipore bomb case A wing of the Cellular Jail , Port Blair , showing the central tower . <P> Several leaders of the Jugantar party including Aurobindo Ghosh were arrested in connection with bomb - making activities in Kolkata . Several of the activists were deported to the Andaman Cellular Jail . </P> Howrah gang case ( edit ) Main article : Howrah gang case <P> Most of the eminent Jugantar leaders including Bagha Jatin alias Jatindra Nath Mukherjee who were not arrested earlier , were arrested in 1910 , in connection with the murder of Shamsul Alam . Thanks to Bagha Jatin 's new policy of a decentralised federated action , most of the accused were released in 1911 . </P> Delhi - Lahore conspiracy case ( edit ) Main article : Delhi - Lahore conspiracy <P> The Delhi Conspiracy case , also known as the Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy , hatched in 1912 , planned to assassinate the then Viceroy of India , Lord Hardinge , on the occasion of transferring the capital of British India from Calcutta to New Delhi . Involving revolutionary underground in Bengal and headed by Rashbehari Bose along with sachin sanyal , the conspiracy culminated on the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912 when a home - made bomb was thrown into the Viceroys 's Howdah when the ceremonial procession moved through the Chandni Chowk suburb of Delhi . The Viceroy escaped with his injuries , along with Lady Hardinge , although the Mahout was killed . </P> <P> In the aftermath of the event , efforts were made to destroy the Bengali and Punabi revolutionary underground , which came under intense pressure for sometime . Rash Behari successfully evaded capture for nearly three years , becoming actively involved in the Ghadar conspiracy before it was uncovered , and fleeing to Japan in 1916 . </P> <P> The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination attempt led to the Delhi Conspiracy trial . Although Basant Kumar Biswas was convicted of having thrown the bomb and executed , along with Amir Chand and Avadh Behari for their roles in the conspiracy , the true identity of the person who threw the bomb is not known to this day . </P> <H3> World War I ( edit ) </H3> Indo - German joint movement ( edit ) Main article : Hindu German united forum <P> The Indo - German movement , also referred to as the Hindu - German Conspiracy or the Ghadar movement ( or Ghadr conspiracy ) , was formulated during World War I between Indian Nationalists in India , United States and Germany , the Irish Republicans , and the German Foreign office to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion against The Raj with German support between 1914 and 1917 , during World War I . The most famous amongst a number of plots planned to foment unrest and trigger a Pan-Indian mutiny in February 1915 , in the British Indian Army from Punjab to Singapore , to overthrow The Raj in the Indian subcontinent . This conspiracy was ultimately thwarted at the last moment as British intelligence successfully infiltrated the Ghadarite movement and arrested key figures . The failed Singapore mutiny remains a famous part of this plot while mutinies in other smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed . </P> <P> World War II began with an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards the United Kingdom from within the mainstream political leadership , contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt . India contributed massively to the British war effort by providing men and resources . About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe , Africa , and the Middle East , while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food , money , and ammunition . However , Bengal and Punjab remained hotbeds of anti colonial activities . Terrorism in Bengal , increasingly closely linked with the unrests in Punjab , was significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration . With outlines of German links with the Indian revolutionary movement already in place as early as 1912 , the main conspiracy was formulated between the Ghadar Party in United States , the Berlin Committee in Germany , Indian revolutionary underground in India , Sinn Féin and the German Foreign Office through the consulate in San Francisco at the beginning of World War I. A number of failed attempts were made at mutiny , among them the February mutiny plan and the Singapore mutiny . This movement was suppressed by means of a massive international counter-intelligence operation and draconian political acts ( including the Defence of India act 1915 ) that lasted nearly ten years . Other notable events that formed a part of the conspiracy include the Annie Larsen arms plot , the Mission to Kabul that also attempted to rally Afghanistan against British India . The Mutiny of the Connaught Rangers in India , as well as by some accounts , the Black Tom explosion in 1916 are also considered minor events linked to the conspiracy . </P> <P> The Indo - Irish - German alliance and the conspiracy were the target of a worldwide intelligence effort by the British intelligence agencies which was ultimately successful in preventing further attempts and plans , and in the aftermath of the Annie Larsen affair , successfully directed the American intelligence agencies to arrest key figures at the time she entered World War I in 1917 . The conspiracy led to the Lahore conspiracy case in India and the Hindu German Conspiracy Trial in the USA , of which the latter at the time was one of the longest and most expensive trials in that country . Largely subdued and suppressed by the end of the war , the movement posed a significant threat to British India during World War I and its aftermath , and was a major factor guiding The Raj 's India policy . </P> <H3> Tehrek e reshmi Rumal ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Tehrek e Reshmi Rumal <P> During the war , the Pan-Islamist movement also attempted to overthrow the Raj , and came to form a close liaison with the Indo - German Conspiracy . Out of the Deobandi movement arose the Tehrek - e-Reshmi Rumal . The Deobandi leaders attempted to begin a pan-Islamic insurrection in British India during World War I by seeking support from Ottoman Turkey , Imperial Germany , Afghanistan . The plot was uncovered by Punjab CID with the capture of letters from Ubaidullah Sindhi , one of the Deobandi leaders then in Afghanistan , to Mahmud al Hasan another leaders then in Persia . The letters were written in Silk cloth , hence the name of the Silk Letter Conspiracy . </P> <H3> Between the wars ( edit ) </H3> Chittagong armoury raid ( edit ) Main article : Chittagong armoury raid <P> Surya Sen led Indian revolutionaries to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces and to cut all communication lines in Chittagong on 18 April 1930 . After successfully completing the raid , revolutionaries establish Provincial National Government of India , after this in deadly clash with Government troops in Jalalabad Hill , revolutionaries scattered themselves in small groups . and Some revolutionaries were soon killed or arrested in a gun - fight with the police . Scores of Government officials , policeman were also killed . Pritilata Waddedar led the attack on European club in Chittagong in 1932 . Surya Sen was arrested in 1933 and was hanged on 8 January 1934 . </P> Central Assembly bomb case ( 1929 ) ( edit ) <P> Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the assembly house along with leaflets stating their revolutionary philosophy -- ' to make the deaf hear ' . Bhagat Singh , Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged and several other faced the verdict of imprisonment . Batukeshwar Dutt outlived all his comrades and died in July 1965 in Delhi . All of them cremated in Ferozpur ( Punjab , India ) . </P> <P> Baikuntha Shukla , the great nationalist was hanged for murdering Phanindrananth Ghosh who had become a government approver which led to hanging of Bhagat Singh , Sukhdev and Rajguru . He was a nephew of Yogendra Shukla . Baikunth Shukla was also initiated into the independence struggle at a young age taking active part in the ' Salt Satyagraha ' of 1930 . He was associated with revolutionary organisations like the Hindustan Seva Dal and Hindustan Socialist Republican Association . The execution of the great Indian revolutionaries Bhagat Singh , Rajguru and Sukhdev in 1931 as a result of their trial in the ' Lahore conspiracy case ' was an event that shook the entire country . Phanindra Nath Ghosh , hitherto a key member of the Revolutionary Party had treacherously betrayed the cause by turning an approver , giving evidence , which led to the execution . Baikunth was commissioned to plan the execution of Ghosh as an act of ideological vendetta which he carried out successfully on 9 November 1932 . He was arrested and tried for the killing . Baikunth was convicted and hanged in Gaya Central Jail on 14 May 1934 . He was only 28 years old . </P> <P> On 27 February 1931 , Chandrasekar Azad died in a shootout when cornered by the police . </P> <P> It is unclear of the eventual fate of the Association , but the common understanding is that it disbanded with the death of Chandrashekar Azad and the hanging of its popular activists : Bhagat Singh , Sukhdev and Rajguru . </P> Dalhousie square bomb case ( edit ) <P> A bomb was thrown on the Calcutta Police Commissioner , Charles Tegart on 25 August 1930 . </P> Kakori train robbery ( edit ) Main article : Kakori train robbery <P> Chandrasekhar Azad , Ramprasad Bismil , Jogesh Chatterjee , Ashfaqullah Khan , Banwari lal and their accomplices participated in the robbery of treasury money that was being transported by train . The looting took place between Kakori station and Alamnagar , within 40 miles ( 64 km ) of Lucknow on 9 August 1925 . Police started an intense man - hunt and arrested a large number of rebels and tried them in the Kakori case . Ashfaqullah Khan , Ramprasad Bismil , Roshan Singh , Rajendra Lahiri were hanged , four others were sent to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair , Andaman for life and seventeen others were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment . </P> <H3> World War II ( edit ) </H3> <P> The scenario changed with the years . The British were thinking to quit India and religious politics came into play . The basic political background of revolutionary ideas seemed to evolve in a new direction . The organised revolutionary movements can be said to have nearly ceased by 1936 , apart from some stray sparks , like the killing of Sir Michael O'Dwyer , generally held responsible for the Amritsar Massacre , on 13 March 1940 , by Udham Singh in London . </P> <P> During the Quit India movement of 1942 , several other activities took place in different parts of India . However , those were discrete occurrences and hardly any large scale planned terrorism took place that could shake the British administration . Meanwhile , Subhas Chandra Bose was organising an Indian National Army outside India and leading the army towards India , while at the same time the Congress was negotiating with the British . Finally India was independent on 15 August 1947 , virtually by non-violence against the British but with much of bloodshed , rioting and violence among the countrymen ( and near - future neighbours ) during the partition , which was quite shocking to the past revolutionaries and also to Gandhi . </P> <P> Many revolutionaries participated in mainstream politics and joined political parties like the Congress and , especially , the communist parties and took part in the parliamentary democracy that was India . On the other hand , many past revolutionaries , being released from captivity , led the lives of common men . </P> <H2> Notable revolutionaries ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Birth </Th> <Th> Death </Th> <Th> Activity </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Khudiram Bose </Td> <Td> 3 December 1889 </Td> <Td> 11 August 1908 </Td> <Td> The Muzaffarpur killing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chandra Shekhar Azad </Td> <Td> 23 July 1906 </Td> <Td> 27 February 1931 </Td> <Td> Kakori Conspiracy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ram Prasad Bismil </Td> <Td> 11 June 1897 </Td> <Td> 19 December 1927 </Td> <Td> Kakori Conspiracy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhagat Singh </Td> <Td> 27 / 28 September 1907 </Td> <Td> 23 March 1931 </Td> <Td> Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Udham Singh </Td> <Td> 26 December 1899 </Td> <Td> 31 July 1940 </Td> <Td> Shooting in Caxton Hall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanchinathan </Td> <Td> 1886 </Td> <Td> 17 June 1911 </Td> <Td> Shot dead Ashe , the Tax Collector of Thirunelveli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hemu Kalani </Td> <Td> 23 March 1923 </Td> <Td> 21 January 1943 </Td> <Td> Sabotage of Railway Track </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ashfaqulla Khan </Td> <Td> 22 October 1900 </Td> <Td> 19 December 1927 </Td> <Td> Kakori Conspiracy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sachindra Bakshi </Td> <Td> 25 December 1904 </Td> <Td> 23 November 1984 </Td> <Td> Kakori Conspiracy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manmath Nath Gupta </Td> <Td> 7 February 1908 </Td> <Td> 26 October 2000 </Td> <Td> Kakori Conspiracy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vasudev Balwant Phadke </Td> <Td> 4 November 1845 </Td> <Td> 17 February 1883 </Td> <Td> Deccan Rebellion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anant Laxman Kanhere </Td> <Td> 1891 </Td> <Td> 19 April 1910 </Td> <Td> Shooting of British Officer Jackson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Krishnaji Gopal Karve </Td> <Td> 1887 </Td> <Td> 19 April 1910 </Td> <Td> Shooting of British Officer Jackson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ganesh Damodar Savarkar </Td> <Td> 13 June 1879 </Td> <Td> 16 March 1945 </Td> <Td> Armed movement against the British </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vinayak Damodar Savarkar </Td> <Td> 28 May 1883 </Td> <Td> 26 February 1966 </Td> <Td> Father of Hindu Nationalism </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bagha Jatin </Td> <Td> 7 December 1879 </Td> <Td> 10 September 1915 </Td> <Td> The Howrah - Sibpur conspiracy case , Hindu -- German Conspiracy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Batukeshwar Dutt </Td> <Td> 18 November 1910 </Td> <Td> 20 July 1965 </Td> <Td> Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sukhdev Thapar </Td> <Td> 15 May 1907 </Td> <Td> 23 March 1931 </Td> <Td> Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shivaram Hari Rajguru </Td> <Td> 24 August 1908 </Td> <Td> 23 March 1931 </Td> <Td> Murder of a British police officer , J.P. Saunders </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roshan Singh </Td> <Td> 22 January 1892 </Td> <Td> 19 December 1927 </Td> <Td> Kakori Conspiracy , Bamrauli Action </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pritilata Waddedar </Td> <Td> 5 May 1911 </Td> <Td> 23 September 1932 </Td> <Td> Pahartali European Club attack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jatindra Nath Das </Td> <Td> 27 October 1904 </Td> <Td> 13 September 1929 </Td> <Td> Hunger strike and Lahore conspiracy case </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Durgawati Devi ( Durga Bhabi ) </Td> <Td> 7 October 1907 </Td> <Td> 15 October 1999 </Td> <Td> Running the bomb factory ' Himalayan Toilets ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhagwati Charan Vohra </Td> <Td> 4 July 1904 </Td> <Td> 28 May 1930 </Td> <Td> Philosophy of Bomb </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madan Lal Dhingra </Td> <Td> 18 September 1883 </Td> <Td> 17 August 1909 </Td> <Td> Curzon Wyllie 's assassination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alluri Sitarama Raju </Td> <Td> 1897 </Td> <Td> 7 May 1924 </Td> <Td> Rampa Rebellion of 1922 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kushal Konwar </Td> <Td> 1905 </Td> <Td> 15 June 1943 </Td> <Td> Train sabotage Sarupathar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Surya Sen ( Masterda ) </Td> <Td> 22 March 1894 </Td> <Td> 12 January 1934 </Td> <Td> Chittagong Armoury Raid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ananta Singh </Td> <Td> 1 December 1903 </Td> <Td> 25 January 1979 </Td> <Td> Chittagong armoury raid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Aurobindo Ghosh </Td> <Td> 15 August 1872 </Td> <Td> 5 December 1950 </Td> <Td> Alipore Bomb Case </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rash Behari Bose </Td> <Td> 25 May 1886 </Td> <Td> 21 January 1945 </Td> <Td> Indian National Army </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ubaidullah Sindhi </Td> <Td> 10 March 1872 </Td> <Td> 22 August 1944 </Td> <Td> Silk Letter Conspiracy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee </Td> <Td> 1895 </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Kakori Conspiracy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baikuntha Shukla </Td> <Td> 1907 </Td> <Td> 14 May 1934 </Td> <Td> Assassination of Phanindra Nath Ghosh , a government Approver </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ambika Chakrabarty </Td> <Td> 1892 </Td> <Td> 6 March 1962 </Td> <Td> Chittagong armoury raid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Badal Gupta </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> 8 December 1930 </Td> <Td> Attack at Writers Building </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dinesh Gupta </Td> <Td> 6 December 1911 </Td> <Td> 7 July 1931 </Td> <Td> Attack at Writers Building </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benoy Basu </Td> <Td> 11 September 1908 </Td> <Td> 13 December 1930 </Td> <Td> Attack at Writers Building </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rajendra Lahiri </Td> <Td> 1901 </Td> <Td> 17 December 1927 </Td> <Td> Kakori Conspiracy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barindra Kumar Ghosh </Td> <Td> 5 January 1880 </Td> <Td> 18 April 1959 </Td> <Td> Alipore Bomb Case </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prafulla Chaki </Td> <Td> 10 December 1888 </Td> <Td> 1908 </Td> <Td> The Muzaffarpur killing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ullaskar Dutta </Td> <Td> 16 April 1885 </Td> <Td> 17 May 1965 </Td> <Td> Alipore Bomb Case </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hemchandra Kanungo </Td> <Td> 1871 </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Alipore Bomb Case </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basawon Singh ( Sinha ) </Td> <Td> 23 March 1909 </Td> <Td> 7 April 1989 </Td> <Td> Lahore conspiracy case </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhavabhushan Mitra </Td> <Td> 1881 </Td> <Td> 27 January 1970 </Td> <Td> Ghadar Mutiny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bina Das </Td> <Td> 24 August 1911 </Td> <Td> 26 December 1986 </Td> <Td> Attempted to Assassinate the Bengal Governor Stanley Jackson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Veer Bhai Kotwal </Td> <Td> 1 December 1912 </Td> <Td> 2 January 1943 </Td> <Td> Kotwal Dasta , Quit India Movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rani Lakshmi Bai </Td> <Td> 19 November 1828 </Td> <Td> 17 June 1858 </Td> <Td> For her Kingdom Jhansi Killing and insulting British official ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Om Prakash Vij </Td> <Td> 1 July 1934 </Td> <Td> 23 March 2000 </Td> <Td> President India Freedom Fighter Association </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Provisional Government of India </Li> <Li> 10 most popular freedom fighters </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Shah , Mohammad . `` Jugantar Party '' . Banglapedia . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Misra , Chitta Ranjan ; Shah , Mohammad . `` Anushilan Samiti '' . Banglapedia . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The major charge ... during the trial ( 1910 -- 1911 ) was `` conspiracy to wage war against the King - Emperor '' and `` tampering with the loyalty of the Indian soldiers '' ( mainly with the 10th Jats Regiment ) ( cf : Sedition Committee Report , 1918 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rowlatt Report ( § 109 -- 110 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ First Spark of Revolution by A.C. Guha , pp. 424 -- 434 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gateway of India article </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Study of Sikhism and Punjabi migration by Bruce La Brack , University of bcbPacifica , Stockton , California </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Plowman 2003 , p. 84 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoover 1985 , p. 252 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown 1948 , p. 300 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics : A Study of the Khilafat Movement , 1918 -- 1924. ( Social , Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia ) . M. Naeem Qureshi . pp. 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sufi Saints and State Power : The Pirs of Sind , 1843 -- 1947 . Sarah F.D. 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Krishna Menon </Li> <Li> Vallabhbhai Patel </Li> <Li> Vanchinathan </Li> <Li> Veeran Sundaralingam </Li> <Li> Vinayak Damodar Savarkar </Li> <Li> Virendranath Chattopadhyaya </Li> <Li> Yashwantrao Holkar </Li> <Li> Yogendra Shukla </Li> <Li> more </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> British leaders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wavell </Li> <Li> Canning </Li> <Li> Cornwallis </Li> <Li> Irwin </Li> <Li> Chelmsford </Li> <Li> Curzon </Li> <Li> Ripon </Li> <Li> Minto </Li> <Li> Dalhousie </Li> <Li> Bentinck </Li> <Li> Mountbatten </Li> <Li> Wellesley </Li> <Li> Lytton </Li> <Li> Clive </Li> <Li> Outram </Li> <Li> Cripps </Li> <Li> Linlithgow </Li> <Li> Hastings </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Independence </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet Mission </Li> <Li> Annexation of French colonies in India </Li> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Republic of India </Li> <Li> Indian annexation of Goa </Li> <Li> Indian Independence Act </Li> <Li> Partition of India </Li> <Li> Political integration </Li> <Li> Simla Conference </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Hindu -- German Conspiracy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Background </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indian independence movement ( militant ) </Li> <Li> Shyamji Krishna Varma </Li> <Li> Bhikaiji Cama </Li> <Li> India House </Li> <Li> Anushilan Samiti </Li> <Li> Jugantar </Li> <Li> Alipore Bomb Case </Li> <Li> Delhi Conspiracy </Li> <Li> More </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ghadar </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hardayal </Li> <Li> Sohan Singh </Li> <Li> Pandurang Khankhoje </Li> <Li> Hindustan Ghadar </Li> <Li> Ghadar di gunj </Li> <Li> Ghadar Party </Li> <Li> Tarak Nath </Li> <Li> Guran Ditt </Li> <Li> Baba Gurdit Singh </Li> <Li> Komagata Maru </Li> <Li> Bhagwan Singh </Li> <Li> Bhai Parmanand </Li> <Li> Ram Chandra </Li> <Li> Kartar Singh </Li> <Li> Ganesh Pingle </Li> <Li> Kanshi Ram </Li> <Li> Agnes Smedley </Li> <Li> More </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Berlin Committee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chatto </Li> <Li> Champak </Li> <Li> A.R. Pillai </Li> <Li> M.P.T. Acharya </Li> <Li> Barkatullah </Li> <Li> Bhupendranath Datta </Li> <Li> Abhinash Bhattacharya </Li> <Li> Mahendra Pratap </Li> <Li> Herambalal Gupta </Li> <Li> More </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indian figures </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bagha Jatin </Li> <Li> Rash Behari </Li> <Li> Sachin Sanyal </Li> <Li> Bhavabhushan Mitra </Li> <Li> M.N. Roy </Li> <Li> Pritam Singh </Li> <Li> Amarendranath Chatterjee </Li> <Li> Atulkrishna Ghosh </Li> <Li> Deobandi </Li> <Li> Mahmud al - Hasan </Li> <Li> Ubaidullah Sindhi </Li> <Li> Sufi Amba Prasad </Li> <Li> More </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> German figures </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Theobald von Bethmann - Hollweg </Li> <Li> Zimmermann </Li> <Li> Intelligence Bureau for the East </Li> <Li> Max von Oppenheim </Li> <Li> Papen </Li> <Li> von Bernstorff </Li> <Li> George Rodiek </Li> <Li> Hentig </Li> <Li> Niedermayer </Li> <Li> More </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conspiracy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Annie Larsen </Li> <Li> SS Maverick </Li> <Li> February plot </Li> <Li> Singapore mutiny </Li> <Li> Lahore Conspiracy Case trial </Li> <Li> Christmas Day Plot </Li> <Li> Silk Letter Conspiracy </Li> <Li> Kabul Mission </Li> <Li> Provisional Government of India </Li> <Li> Hindu -- German Conspiracy Trial </Li> <Li> More </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counter-intelligence </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> W.C. Hopkinson </Li> <Li> John Wallinger </Li> <Li> Indian Political Intelligence </Li> <Li> Basil Thomson </Li> <Li> MI5 ( g ) </Li> <Li> Vernon Kell </Li> <Li> Robert Nathan </Li> <Li> Kirpal Singh </Li> <Li> Oren </Li> <Li> Vincent Kraft </Li> <Li> William Wiseman </Li> <Li> Charles Tegart </Li> <Li> Guy Gaunt </Li> <Li> W. Somerset Maugham </Li> <Li> East Persia Cordon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lawrence of Arabia </Li> <Li> Defence of India Act 1915 </Li> <Li> Ingress into India Ordinance </Li> <Li> Sidney Rowlatt </Li> <Li> Rowlatt Committee </Li> <Li> Jallianwala Bagh massacre </Li> <Li> Pan-Asianism </Li> <Li> Tōyama Mitsuru </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence&oldid=791338483 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Revolutionary movement for Indian independence </Li> <Li> Resistance to the British Empire </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> EngvarB from September 2013 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from September 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> More </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 July 2017 , at 16 : 07 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Richard E. Byrd - Wikipedia <H1> Richard E. Byrd </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Richard E. Byrd </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Byrd in 1928 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Birth name </Th> <Td> Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1888 - 10 - 25 ) October 25 , 1888 Winchester , Virginia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> March 11 , 1957 ( 1957 - 03 - 11 ) ( aged 68 ) Boston , Massachusetts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Place of burial </Th> <Td> Arlington National Cemetery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Allegiance </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Service / branch </Th> <Td> United States Navy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years of service </Th> <Td> 1912 -- 1927 1940 -- 1947 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Td> Rear Admiral </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Battles / wars </Th> <Td> World War I World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> Medal of Honor Navy Cross Navy Distinguished Service Medal Distinguished Flying Cross Legion of Merit Congressional Gold Medal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr . ( October 25 , 1888 -- March 11 , 1957 ) was an American naval officer and explorer . He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor , the highest honor for valor given by the United States , and was a pioneering American aviator , polar explorer , and organizer of polar logistics . Aircraft flights in which he served as a navigator and expedition leader crossed the Atlantic Ocean , a segment of the Arctic Ocean , and a segment of the Antarctic Plateau . Byrd claimed that his expeditions had been the first to reach both the North Pole and the South Pole by air . However , his claim to have reached the North Pole is disputed . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Family <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Ancestry </Li> <Li> 1.2 Marriage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Early naval career </Li> <Li> 3 First World War </Li> <Li> 4 Post war </Li> <Li> 5 1926 North Pole flight <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Controversy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 1927 Trans - Atlantic flight </Li> <Li> 7 Early Antarctic expeditions <Ul> <Li> 7.1 First Antarctic expedition ( 1928 -- 1930 ) </Li> <Li> 7.2 Second Antarctic expedition </Li> <Li> 7.3 Antarctic Service Expedition ( 1939 -- 1940 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 World War II </Li> <Li> 9 Later Antarctic expeditions <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Operation Highjump ( 1946 -- 1947 ) </Li> <Li> 9.2 Operation Deep Freeze I ( 1955 -- 1956 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Death </Li> <Li> 11 Memberships </Li> <Li> 12 Honors </Li> <Li> 13 Military awards <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Decorations and medals </Li> <Li> 13.2 Medal of Honor citation </Li> <Li> 13.3 Navy Cross citation </Li> <Li> 13.4 1st Distinguished Service Medal citation </Li> <Li> 13.5 2nd Distinguished Service Medal citation </Li> <Li> 13.6 1st Legion of Merit citation </Li> <Li> 13.7 2nd Legion of Merit citation </Li> <Li> 13.8 Distinguished Flying Cross citation </Li> <Li> 13.9 Letter of Commendation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 Dates of rank </Li> <Li> 15 See also </Li> <Li> 16 References </Li> <Li> 17 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 17.1 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 18 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Family ( edit ) </H2> Ancestral Coat of Arms of the Byrd family <H3> Ancestry ( edit ) </H3> <P> Byrd was born in Winchester , Virginia , the son of Esther Bolling ( Flood ) and Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr. He was a descendant of one of the First Families of Virginia . His ancestors include planter John Rolfe and his wife Pocahontas , William Byrd II of Westover Plantation , who established Richmond , and Robert `` King '' Carter , a colonial governor . He was the brother of Virginia Governor and U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd , a dominant figure in the Virginia Democratic Party from the 1920s until the 1960s ; their father served as Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates for a time . </P> <H3> Marriage ( edit ) </H3> <P> On January 20 , 1915 , Richard married Marie Donaldson Ames ( d . 1974 ) . He would later name a region of Antarctic land he discovered `` Marie Byrd Land '' after her . They had four children -- Richard Evelyn Byrd III , Evelyn Bolling Byrd Clarke , Katharine Agnes Byrd Breyer , and Helen Byrd Stabler . By late 1924 , the Byrd family moved into a large brownstone at 9 Brimmer Street in Boston 's fashionable Beacon Hill neighborhood that had been purchased by Marie 's father , a wealthy industrialist . </P> <H2> Early Naval career ( edit ) </H2> <P> On June 8 , 1912 , Byrd graduated from the Naval Academy and was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy . On July 14 , 1912 , he was assigned to the battleship USS Wyoming . During service in the Caribbean Sea , Byrd received his first letter of commendation , and later a Silver Lifesaving Medal , for twice plunging fully clothed to the rescue of a sailor who had fallen overboard . He was later assigned to the gunboat USS Dolphin , which also served as the yacht of the Secretary of the Navy . This assignment brought Byrd into contact with high ranking officials and dignitaries including then Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Roosevelt . During Byrd 's assignment to Dolphin she was commanded by future Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy . </P> <P> On March 15 , 1916 , Byrd was medically retired for a foot injury he suffered on board Dolphin . He was immediately promoted to the rank of lieutenant ( junior grade ) and assigned as the Inspector and Instructor for the Rhode Island Naval Militia in Providence , Rhode Island . On December 14 , 1916 , he was commissioned as a commander in the Rhode Island Naval Militia . On April 25 , 1928 , by act of the Rhode Island General Assembly , he was promoted to captain in the Rhode Island Naval Militia in recognition of his flight to the North Pole in 1926 . </P> <H2> First World War ( edit ) </H2> Richard Byrd in flight jacket , 1920s <P> During the First World War , Byrd was recalled to active duty and was assigned to the Office of Naval Operations and served as secretary and organizer of the Navy Department Commission on Training Camps and trained men in aviation at the aviation ground school in Pensacola , Florida . He qualified as a Naval Aviator ( number 608 ) in June 1918 . He then commanded naval air forces at Naval Air Station Halifax in Nova Scotia , Canada from July 1918 until the armistice in November . </P> <P> For his services during the war , he received a letter of commendation from Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels , which was later converted to a Navy Commendation Medal . </P> <H2> Post War ( edit ) </H2> <P> After the war , Byrd 's expertise in aerial navigation resulted in his appointment to plan the flight path for the U.S. Navy 's 1919 transatlantic crossing . Of the three flying boats that attempted it , only Lieutenant Commander Albert Read 's NC - 4 aircraft completed the trip , becoming the first ever transatlantic flight . </P> <P> During the summer of 1923 then Lieutenant Byrd , with the assistance of a group of volunteer Navy veterans of the First World War , helped found the Naval Reserve Air Station ( NRAS ) at Squantum Point near Boston , using an unused First World War seaplane hangar , which had remained more - or-less intact after the Victory Destroyer Plant shipyard was built on the site . NRAS Squantum was commissioned on August 15 , 1923 , and is considered to have been the first air base in the Naval Reserve program . </P> <P> Byrd commanded the aviation unit of the arctic expedition to North Greenland led by Donald B. MacMillan from June to October 1925 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> 1926 North Pole flight ( edit ) </H2> The Fokker F. VII of Byrd and Bennett in flight . <P> On May 9 , 1926 , Byrd and Navy Chief Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett attempted a flight over the North Pole in a Fokker F. VIIa / 3m Tri-motor monoplane named Josephine Ford , after the daughter of Ford Motor Company president Edsel Ford , who helped finance the expedition . The flight went from Spitsbergen ( Svalbard ) and back to its take - off airfield , lasting fifteen hours and fifty - seven minutes ( including 13 minutes of circling the pole ) . Byrd and Bennett claimed to have reached the pole , a distance of 1,535 miles ( 1,335 nautical miles ) . </P> <P> When he returned to the United States from the Arctic , Byrd became a national hero . Congress passed a special act on December 21 , 1926 , promoting him to the rank of commander and awarding both him and Floyd Bennett the Medal of Honor . Bennett was promoted to the warrant officer rank of Machinist . Byrd and Bennett were presented with Tiffany Cross versions of the Medal of Honor on March 5 , 1927 , at the White House by President Calvin Coolidge . </P> <H3> Controversy ( edit ) </H3> The Fokker FVIIa / 3M -- `` Josephine Ford '' , on display at The Henry Ford Museum <P> Since 1926 , there have been doubts raised , defenses made , and heated controversy over whether or not Byrd actually reached the North Pole . In 1958 , Norwegian - American aviator and explorer Bernt Balchen cast doubt on Byrd 's claim on the basis of his knowledge of the airplane 's speed . Balchen claimed that Bennett had confessed to him months after the flight that he and Byrd had not reached the pole . Bennett died on April 25 , 1928 , during a flight to rescue downed aviators in Greenland . However , Bennett had started a memoir , given numerous interviews , and wrote an article for an aviation magazine about the flight before his death that all confirmed Byrd 's version of the flight . </P> <P> The 1996 release of Byrd 's diary of the May 9 , 1926 , flight revealed erased ( but still legible ) sextant sights that sharply differ with Byrd 's later June 22 typewritten official report to the National Geographic Society . Byrd took a sextant reading of the Sun at 7 : 07 : 10 GCT . His erased diary record shows the apparent ( observed ) solar altitude to have been 19 ° 25'30 `` , while his later official typescript reports the same 7 : 07 : 10 apparent solar altitude to have been 18 ° 18'18 '' . On the basis of this and other data in the diary , Dennis Rawlins concluded that Byrd steered accurately , and flew about eighty percent of the distance to the Pole before turning back because of an engine oil leak , but later falsified his official report to support his claim of reaching the pole . </P> <P> Accepting that the conflicting data in the typed report 's flight times indeed require both northward and southward ground speeds greater than the flight 's eighty - five mph airspeed , a Byrd defender posits a westerly - moving anti-cyclone that tailwind - boosted Byrd 's ground speed on both outward and inward legs , allowing the distance claimed to be covered in the time claimed ( the theory is based on rejecting handwritten sextant data in favor of typewritten alleged dead - reckoning data ) . This suggestion has been challenged by Dennis Rawlins who adds that the sextant data in the long unavailable original official typewritten report are all expressed to 1 `` , a precision not possible on Navy sextants of 1926 and not the precision of the sextant data in Byrd 's diary for 1925 or the 1926 flight , which was normal ( half or quarter of a minute of arc ) . </P> <P> If Byrd and Bennett did not reach the North Pole , then the first flight over the Pole occurred a few days later , on May 12 , 1926 , with the flight of the airship Norge that flew from Spitsbergen ( Svalbard ) to Alaska nonstop with its crew of Roald Amundsen , Umberto Nobile , Oscar Wisting , and others . </P> <H2> 1927 Trans - Atlantic flight ( edit ) </H2> Lt. Com . Byrd and aircraft <P> In 1927 , Byrd announced he had the backing of the American Trans - Oceanic Company , which had been established in 1914 by department - store magnate Rodman Wanamaker for the purpose of building aircraft to complete non-stop flights across the Atlantic Ocean . Byrd was one of several aviators who attempted to win the Orteig Prize in 1927 for making the first nonstop flight between the United States and France . </P> <P> Once again Byrd named Floyd Bennett as his chief pilot , with Norwegian Bernt Balchen , Bert Acosta , and Lieutenant George Noville as other crewmembers . During a practice takeoff with Tony Fokker at the controls and Bennett in the co-pilot seat , the Fokker Trimotor airplane , America , crashed , severely injuring Bennett and slightly injuring Byrd . As the plane was being repaired , Charles Lindbergh won the prize by completing his historic flight on May 21 , 1927 . ( Coincidentally , in 1925 , then Army Air Service Reserve Corps Lieutenant Lindbergh had applied to serve as a pilot on Byrd 's North Pole expedition , but , apparently , his bid came too late . ) </P> <P> Byrd continued with his quest to cross the Atlantic non-stop , naming Balchen to replace Bennett , who had not yet fully recovered from his injuries , as chief pilot . Byrd , Balchen , Acosta , and Noville flew from Roosevelt Field East Garden City , New York in the America on June 29 , 1927 . On board was mail from the US Postal Service to demonstrate the practicality of aircraft . Arriving over France the next day , they were prevented from landing in Paris by cloud cover ; they returned to the coast of Normandy and crash - landed near the beach at Ver - sur - Mer ( known as Gold Beach during the Normandy Invasion on June 6 , 1944 ) without fatalities on July 1 , 1927 . In France , Byrd and his crew were received as heroes and Byrd was invested as an Officer of the French Legion of Honor by Prime Minister Raymond Poincare on July 6 . </P> <P> After their return to the United States , an elaborate dinner in their honor in New York City on July 19 . Byrd and Noville were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by Secretary of the Navy Curtis D. Wilbur at the dinner . Acosta and Balchen did not receive the Distinguished Flying Cross because , at that time , it could only be awarded to members of the armed services and not to civilians . </P> <P> Byrd wrote an article for the August 1927 edition of Popular Science Monthly in which he accurately predicted that while specially modified aircraft with one to three crewmen would fly the Atlantic non-stop , it would be another 20 years before it would be realized on a commercial scale . </P> <H2> Early Antarctic expeditions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> First Antarctic expedition ( 1928 -- 1930 ) ( edit ) </H3> Remains of Fokker aircraft in the Rockefeller Mountains , Antarctica in 1993 Byrd 's expedition <P> In 1928 , Byrd began his first expedition to the Antarctic involving two ships and three airplanes : Byrd 's Flagship was the City of New York ( a Norwegian sealing ship previously named Samson that had come into fame as a ship some claimed was in the vicinity of the RMS Titanic when the latter was sinking ) ; a Ford Trimotor called the Floyd Bennett ( named after the recently deceased pilot of Byrd 's previous expeditions ) flown by Dean Smith ; a Fairchild FC - 2W2 , NX8006 , built 1928 , named `` Stars And Stripes '' ( now displayed at the Virginia Aviation Museum , on loan from the National Air and Space Museum ) ; and a Fokker Universal monoplane called the Virginia ( Byrd 's birth state ) . A base camp named `` Little America '' was constructed on the Ross Ice Shelf and scientific expeditions by snowshoe , dog - sled , snowmobile , and airplane began . </P> <P> Photographic expeditions and geological surveys were undertaken for the duration of that summer , and constant radio communications were maintained with the outside world . After their first winter , their expeditions were resumed , and on November 28 , 1929 , the first flight to the South Pole and back was launched . Byrd , along with pilot Bernt Balchen , co-pilot / radioman Harold June , and photographer Ashley McKinley , flew the Floyd Bennett to the South Pole and back in 18 hours , 41 minutes . They had difficulty gaining enough altitude , and they had to dump empty gas tanks , as well as their emergency supplies , in order to achieve the altitude of the Polar Plateau , but they were ultimately successful . </P> Admiral Byrd ( circa 1955 ) <P> As a result of his fame , Byrd was promoted to the rank of rear admiral by a special act of Congress on December 21 , 1929 . As he was only 41 years old at the time , this promotion made Byrd the youngest admiral in the history of the United States Navy . He is one of only three persons , one being Admiral David Dixon Porter and the other being arctic explorer Donald Baxter MacMillan , known to have been promoted to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy without having first held the rank of captain . </P> <P> After a further summer of exploration , the expedition returned to North America on June 18 , 1930 . A 19 - year - old American Boy Scout , Paul Allman Siple , was chosen to accompany the expedition . Unlike the 1926 flight , this expedition was honored with the gold medal of the American Geographical Society . This was also seen in the film With Byrd at the South Pole ( 1930 ) which covered his trip there . </P> <P> Byrd , by then an internationally recognized , pioneering American polar explorer and aviator , served for a time as Honorary National President ( 1931 -- 1935 ) of Pi Gamma Mu , the international honor society in the social sciences . He carried the Society 's flag during his first Antarctic expedition to dramatize the spirit of adventure into the unknown , characterizing both the natural and social sciences . </P> <P> In order to finance and gain both political and public support for his expeditions , Byrd actively cultivated relationships with many powerful individuals . These individuals included , but were not limited to , President Franklin Roosevelt , Henry Ford , Edsel Ford , John D. Rockefeller , Jr. and Vincent Astor . As a token of his gratitude , Byrd named geographic features in the Antarctic after his supporters . </P> <H3> Second Antarctic expedition ( edit ) </H3> <P> On his second expedition in 1934 , Byrd spent five winter months alone operating a meteorological station , Advance Base , from which he narrowly escaped with his life after suffering carbon monoxide poisoning from a poorly ventilated stove . Unusual radio transmissions from Byrd finally began to alarm the men at the base camp , who then attempted to go to Advance Base . The first two trips were failures due to darkness , snow , and mechanical troubles . Finally , Thomas Poulter , E.J. Demas , and Amory Waite arrived at Advance Base , where they found Byrd in poor physical health . The men remained at Advance Base until October 12 when an airplane from the base camp picked up Dr. Poulter and Byrd . The rest of the men returned to base camp with the tractor . This expedition is described by Byrd in his autobiography Alone . It is also commemorated in a U.S. postage stamp issued at the time , and a considerable amount of mail using it was sent from Byrd 's base at Little America . </P> <P> A CBS radio station , KFZ , was set up on the base camp ship , the Bear of Oakland and The Adventures of Admiral Byrd were short waved to Buenos Aires then relayed to New York . </P> <P> In late 1938 Byrd visited Hamburg and was invited to participate in the 1938 / 1939 German `` Neuschwabenland '' Antarctic Expedition , but declined ( although Germany was not at war with the United States at this time , Adolf Hitler had been serving as Führer of the German Reich since 1934 and invaded Poland less than a year later ) . </P> <H3> Antarctic Service expedition ( 1939 -- 1940 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United States Antarctic Service Expedition <P> Byrd 's third expedition was the first one on which was financed and conducted the U.S. Government . The project included extensive studies of geology , biology , meteorology and exploration . Within a few months , in March 1940 , Byrd was recalled to active duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations . The expedition continued in Antarctica without him . </P> <H2> World War II ( edit ) </H2> <P> As a senior officer in the United States Navy , Byrd served on active duty during World War II ( 1941 -- 45 ) , mostly as the confidential advisor to the Commander in Chief , United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Ernest J. King . From 1942 to 1945 he joined the South Pacific Island Base Inspection Board , which had important missions to the Pacific , including surveys of remote islands for airfields . On one assignment he visited the fighting front in Europe . </P> <P> On February 10 , 1945 Byrd received the Order of Christopher Columbus from the government of Santo Domingo . Byrd was present at the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay on September 2 , 1945 . </P> <P> In recognition of his service during World War II , Byrd was twice awarded the Legion of Merit . </P> <H2> Later Antarctic expeditions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Operation Highjump ( 1946 -- 1947 ) ( edit ) </H3> Cover of Byrd 's Autobiography Admiral Byrd during Operation Deep Freeze I ( Dec. 1955 ) <P> In 1946 , Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal appointed Byrd as officer in charge of Antarctic Developments Project . Byrd 's fourth Antarctic expedition was codenamed Operation Highjump . It was the largest Antarctic expedition to date and was expected to last six to eight months . </P> <P> The expedition was supported by a large naval force ( designated Task Force 68 ) , commanded by Rear Admiral Richard H. Cruzen . There were thirteen US Navy support ships ( besides the flagship USS Mount Olympus and the aircraft carrier USS Philippine Sea ) , six helicopters , six flying boats , two seaplane tenders , and fifteen other aircraft . The total number of personnel involved was over 4,000 . </P> <P> The armada arrived in the Ross Sea on December 31 , 1946 , and made aerial explorations of an area half the size of the United States , recording ten new mountain ranges . The major area covered was the eastern coastline of Antarctica from 150 degrees east to the Greenwich meridian . </P> <P> Admiral Byrd was interviewed by Lee van Atta of International News Service aboard the expedition 's command ship USS Mount Olympus , in which he discussed the lessons learned from the operation . The interview appeared in the Wednesday , March 5 , 1947 edition of the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio , and read in part as follows : </P> <P> Admiral Richard E. Byrd warned today that the United States should adopt measures of protection against the possibility of an invasion of the country by hostile planes coming from the polar regions . The admiral explained that he was not trying to scare anyone , but the cruel reality is that in case of a new war , the United States could be attacked by planes flying over one or both poles . This statement was made as part of a recapitulation of his own polar experience , in an exclusive interview with International News Service . Talking about the recently completed expedition , Byrd said that the most important result of his observations and discoveries is the potential effect that they have in relation to the security of the United States . The fantastic speed with which the world is shrinking -- recalled the admiral -- is one of the most important lessons learned during his recent Antarctic exploration . I have to warn my compatriots that the time has ended when we were able to take refuge in our isolation and rely on the certainty that the distances , the oceans , and the poles were a guarantee of safety . </P> <P> In 1948 the U.S. Navy produced a documentary about Operation Highjump named The Secret Land . The film shows live action footage of the operation along with a few re-enacted scenes . It won the Academy Award for Best Documentary . </P> <H3> Operation Deep Freeze I ( 1955 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> As part of the multinational collaboration for the International Geophysical Year ( IGY ) 1957 -- 58 , Byrd commanded the U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze I in 1955 -- 56 which established permanent Antarctic bases at McMurdo Sound , the Bay of Whales , and the South Pole . This was Byrd 's last trip to Antarctica and marked the beginning of a permanent U.S. military presence in Antarctica . Byrd spent only one week in the Antarctic and started his return to the United States on February 3 , 1956 . </P> <H2> Death ( edit ) </H2> Grave of Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd <P> Admiral Byrd died in his sleep of a heart ailment at the age of 68 on March 11 , 1957 , at his Brimmer Street home in the Beacon Hill neighborhood in Boston . He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery . </P> <H2> Memberships ( edit ) </H2> <P> Byrd was an active Freemason . He was raised ( i.e. became a Master Mason ) in Federal Lodge No. 1 , Washington , D.C. on March 19 , 1921 and affiliated with Kane Lodge No. 454 , New York City , September 18 , 1928 . He was a member of National Sojourners Chapter No. 3 at Washington . In 1930 , Byrd was awarded a gold medal by Kane Lodge . </P> <H2> Honors ( edit ) </H2> Bust of Richard E. Byrd by Felix de Weldon at McMurdo Station . <P> By the time he died , Byrd had amassed twenty - two citations and special commendations , nine of which were for bravery and two for extraordinary heroism in saving the lives of others . In addition , he received the Medal of Honor , the Silver Lifesaving Medal , the Navy Distinguished Service Medal , the Distinguished Flying Cross , the Navy Cross , and had three ticker - tape parades in New York City , he was the only individual to ever receive more than two . </P> <P> Byrd was one of only four American military officers in history entitled to wear a medal with their own image on it . The others were Admiral George Dewey , General John J. Pershing and Admiral William T. Sampson . As Byrd 's image is on both the first and second Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medals , he was the only American entitled to wear two medals with his own image on them . </P> <P> Byrd received numerous medals from non-governmental organizations in honor of his achievements . These included the David Livingstone Centenary Medal of the American Geographical Society , the Loczy Medal of the Hungarian Geographical Society , the Vega Medal of the Swedish Geographical Society and the Elisha Kent Kane Medal of the Philadelphia Geographical Society . </P> <P> In 1927 , the Boy Scouts of America made Byrd an Honorary Scout , a new category of Scout created that same year . This distinction was given to `` American citizens whose achievements in outdoor activity , exploration and worthwhile adventure are of such an exceptional character as to capture the imagination of boys ... '' . </P> Byrd Memorial on Mount Victoria , Wellington , New Zealand <P> Also in 1927 the City of Richmond dedicated the Richard Evelyn Byrd Flying Field , now Richmond International Airport , in Henrico County , Virginia . Byrd 's Fairchild FC - 2W2 , NX8006 , `` Stars And Stripes '' is on display at the Virginia Aviation Museum located on the north side of the airport , on loan from the National Air and Space Museum in Washington , D.C. He was a 1929 recipient of the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution . </P> <P> Lunar crater Byrd is named after him , as was the United States Navy dry cargo ship USNS Richard E. Byrd ( T - AKE - 4 ) and the now decommissioned Charles F. Adams - class guided missile destroyer USS Richard E. Byrd ( DDG - 23 ) . </P> <P> In Glen Rock , New Jersey , Richard E. Byrd School was dedicated in 1931 . On March 31 , 1934 , during a regularly scheduled broadcast , Admiral Richard E. Byrd was awarded the CBS Medal for Distinguished Contribution to Radio . Byrd 's short wave relay broadcasts , from his second Antarctic expedition , established a new chapter of communication history . Byrd was the sixth individual to receive this award . The Institute of Polar Studies at The Ohio State University officially changed its name to the Byrd Polar Research Center ( BPRC ) on January 21 , 1987 , after it acquired Admiral Richard E. Byrd 's expeditionary records , personal papers and other memorabilia in 1985 from the estate of Marie A. Byrd , the late wife of Admiral Byrd . His papers served as the nucleus for establishment of the BPRC Polar Archival Program in 1990 . In 1958 the Richard Byrd library , part of the Fairfax County Public Library system opened in Springfield , Virginia . Admiral Richard E. Byrd Middle School , located in Frederick County , Virginia , was opened in 2005 , and is decorated with pictures and letters from Byrd 's life and career . </P> <P> Richard E. Byrd Elementary School , a Department of Defense School located in Negishi ( Yokohama , Japan ) opened on September 20 , 1948 . The name was changed to R.E. Byrd Elementary School on April 5 , 1960 . </P> <P> Memorials to Byrd can be found in two cities in New Zealand ( Wellington and Dunedin ) . Byrd used New Zealand as his departure point for several of his Antarctic expeditions . </P> <P> The fiftieth anniversary of Byrd 's first flight over the South Pole was commemorated in a set of two postage stamps by Australian Antarctic Territory in 1979 . </P> <P> The long - range shortwave voice transmissions from Byrd 's Antarctic expedition in 1934 was named an IEEE Milestone in 2001 . </P> <P> He was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa as an honorary member at the University of Virginia . </P> <P> Byrd was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum in 1968 . </P> <P> Admiral Byrd is the only person to have three ticker - tape parades in New York City ( in 1926 , 1927 and 1930 ) given in his honor . </P> <H2> Military awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Admiral Byrd was one of the most highly decorated officers in the history of the United States Navy . He is , probably , the only individual to receive the Medal of Honor , Navy Cross , Distinguished Flying Cross and the Silver Life Saving Medal . He also was one of a very few individuals to receive all three Antarctic expedition medals issued for expeditions prior to the Second World War . </P> <H3> Decorations and medals ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> Naval Aviator Badge ( 1917 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st Row </Th> <Td_colspan="9"> Medal of Honor ( 1926 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2nd Row </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Navy Cross ( 1929 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Navy Distinguished Service Medal with award star ( 1926 , 1941 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Legion of Merit with award star ( 1943 , 1945 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd Row </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Distinguished Flying Cross ( 1927 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Silver Lifesaving Medal ( 1914 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Navy Commendation Medal with two award stars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4th Row </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal issued in Gold ( 1928 -- 1930 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal ( 1933 -- 1935 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> United States Antarctic Expedition Medal issued in Gold ( 1939 -- 1941 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5th Row </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Mexican Service Medal ( 1914 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> World War I Victory Medal with commendation star and two campaign clasps ( 1919 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> American Defense Service Medal with service star ( 1940 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6th Row </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> European - African - Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with battle star ( 1943 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Asiatic - Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars ( 1942 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> World War II Victory Medal ( 1945 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7th Row </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Antarctic Service Medal ( 1960 , posthumous ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Commander of the Legion of Honor ( 1931 , France ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Order of Christopher Columbus ( 1945 , Santo Domingo ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Byrd was posthumously eligible for the Antarctic Service Medal , established in 1960 , for his participation in the Antarctic expeditions in 1946 to 1947 and from 1955 to 1956 . </P> <P> Byrd also received numerous awards from governmental and private entities in the United States . </P> <H3> Medal of Honor citation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rank and organization : Commander , United States Navy . Born : October 25 , 1888 , Winchester , Va . Appointed from : Virginia . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Citation </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <P> For distinguishing himself conspicuously by courage and intrepidity at the risk of his life , in demonstrating that it is possible for aircraft to travel in continuous flight from a now inhabited portion of the earth over the North Pole and return . </P> <P> Byrd , along with Machinist Floyd Bennett , was presented with the Medal of Honor by President Calvin Coolidge on March 5 , 1927 . </P> <H3> Navy Cross citation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr . ( NSN : 0 -- 7918 ) , United States Navy , for extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition I , in that on November 28 , 1929 he took off in his `` Floyd Bennett '' from the Expedition 's base at Little America , Antarctica and , after a flight made under the most difficult conditions he reached the South Pole on November 29 , 1929 . After flying some distance beyond this point he returned to his base at Little America . This hazardous flight was made under extreme conditions of cold , over ranges and plateaus extending nine to ten thousand feet above sea level and beyond probable rescue of personnel had a forced landing occurred . Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd , U.S.N , Retired , was in command of this flight , navigated the airplane , made the mandatory preparations for the flight , and through his untiring energy , superior leadership , and excellent judgment the flight was brought to a successful conclusion . </P> <H3> 1st Distinguished Service Medal citation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Commander Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr . ( NSN : 0 -- 7918 ) , United States Navy , for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to the Government of the United States , in demonstrating , by his courage and professional ability that heavier - than - air craft could in continuous flight travel to the North Pole and return . </P> <P> General Orders : Letter Dated August 6 , 1926 </P> <H3> 2nd Distinguished Service Medal citation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr . ( NSN : 0 -- 7918 ) , United States Navy , for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to the Government of the United States as Commanding Officer of the U.S. Antarctic Service . Rear Admiral Byrd did much toward the difficult task of organizing the expedition , which was accomplished in one fourth of the time generally necessary for such undertakings . In spite of a short operating season , he established two Antarctic bases 1,500 miles apart , where valuable scientific and economic investigations are now being carried on . With the U.S.S. BEAR , he penetrated unknown and dangerous seas where important discoveries were made ; in addition to which he made four noteworthy flights , resulting in the discovery of new mountain ranges , islands , more than a hundred thousand square miles of area , a peninsula and 700 miles of hitherto unknown stretches of the Antarctic coast . The operations of the Antarctic Service have been a credit to the Government of the United States . His qualities of leadership and unselfish devotion to duty are in accordance with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service . </P> <H3> 1st Legion of Merit citation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Legion of Merit to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr . ( NSN : 0 -- 7918 ) , United States Navy , for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States while in command of a Special Navy Mission to the Pacific from August 27 , 1943 , to December 5 , 1943 , when thirty - three islands of the Pacific were surveyed or investigated for the purpose of recommending air base sites of value to the United States for its defense or for the development of post-war civil aviation . In this service Admiral Byrd exercised fine leadership in gaining the united effort of civilian , Army , and Navy experts . He displayed courage , initiative , vision , and a high order of ability in obtain data and in submitting reports which will be of great present and future value to the National Defense and to the Government of the United States in the post-war period . </P> <P> Action Date : August 27 -- December 5 , 1943 </P> <H3> 2nd Legion of Merit citation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Legion of Merit to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr . ( NSN : 0 -- 7918 ) , United States Navy , for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States as Confidential Advisor to the Commander in Chief , United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations from March 26 , 1942 to May 10 , 1942 , August 14 , 1942 to August 26 , 1943 , and from December 6 , 1943 to October 1 , 1945 . In the performance of his duty Rear Admiral Byrd served in the Navy Department and in various areas outside the continental limits of the United States , employed on special missions on the fighting fronts in Europe and the Pacific . In all assignments his thoroughness , attention to detail , keen discernment , professional judgment and zeal produced highly successful results . His wise counsel , sound advice and foresight in planning constituted a material contribution to the war effort and to the success of the United States Navy . The performance of duty of Rear Admiral Byrd was at all times in keeping with the highest traditions and reflected credit upon himself and the United States Naval Service . </P> <P> General Orders : Board Serial 176P00 ( February 4 , 1946 ) </P> <P> Action Date : March 26 , 1942 -- October 1 , 1945 </P> <H3> Distinguished Flying Cross citation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Flying Cross to Commander Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr . ( NSN : 0 -- 7918 ) , United States Navy , for extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight ; in recognition of his courage , resourcefulness and skill as Commander of the expedition which flew the airplane `` America '' from New York City to France from June 29 to July 1 , 1927 , across the Atlantic Ocean under extremely adverse weather conditions which made a landing in Paris impossible ; and finally for his discernment and courage in directing his plane to a landing at Ver sur Mer , France , without serious injury to his personnel , after a flight of 39 hours and 56 minutes . </P> <P> Action Date : June 29 -- July 1 , 1927 </P> <H3> Letter of commendation ( edit ) </H3> <P> He rendered valuable service as Secretary and Organizer of the Navy Department Commission on Training Camps , and trained men in aviation in the ground school in Pensacola , and in charge of rescue parties and afterwards in charge of air forces in Canada . </P> -- Awarded for service from 1917 to 1918 during World War I . <H2> Dates of rank ( edit ) </H2> <P> United States Naval Academy Midshipman -- May 28 , 1908 ( Class of 1912 ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ensign </Th> <Th> Lieutenant , Junior Grade </Th> <Th> Lieutenant </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> June 8 , 1912 </Th> <Th> June 8 , 1915 Retired on March 15 , 1916 </Th> <Th> September 2 , 1918 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Lieutenant Commander </Th> <Th> Commander </Th> <Th> Rear Admiral </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> September 21 , 1918 ( temporary ) February 10 , 1925 ( permanent ) </Th> <Th> May 9 , 1926 By act of Congress on December 21 , 1926 </Th> <Th> December 21 , 1929 By act of Congress </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> <Li> United States Navy portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Adventurers ' Club of New York </Li> <Li> Ford Ranges </Li> <Li> Laurence McKinley Gould </Li> <Li> List of Antarctic expeditions </Li> <Li> List of Freemasons </Li> <Li> List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime </Li> <Li> Sons of the American Revolution </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Sale and Madeleine Lewis , Explorers , Smithsonian , 2005 , p. 34 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rose , Lisle A. ( 2008 ) . Explorer : The Life of Richard E. Byrd . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . pp. 54 , 123 -- 43 , 478 -- 79 . ISBN 9780826266439 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levitt , Rachel ( July 2010 ) . `` On the Market : 9 Brimmer Street '' . Boston Magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Navy Register , 1914 . p. 64 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Navy Register , 1917 . p. 196 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Report of the Adjutant General of Rhode Island . 1917 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Report of the Adjutant General of Rhode Island . 1929 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose pg. 35 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Who 's Who in America . 1956 -- 57 . p. 386 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Atlantic Challenge : Flight of the NC - 4 '' . Century of Flight . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Squantum Twenty Years Old : Aviation site since 1911 '' , Naval Aviation News , October 1943 . Cf . p. 9 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bart , Sheldon ( 2013 ) . Race to the Top of the World . Washington DC : Regnery . pp. 359 , 365 -- 67 . ISBN 9781621571803 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New York Times . December 22 , 1926 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New York Times . March 6 , 1927 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Montague , Richard ( 1971 ) . Oceans , Poles , and Airmen . Random House Publishing . p. 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nash , Simon ( 2005 ) . The Last Explorer . Hodder . p. 149 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goerler , Raimund E. ( 1998 ) . To the Pole : The Diary and Notebook of Richard E. Byrd , 1925 -- 1927 . Ohio State University Press . pp. 84 -- 85 , compare to p. 154 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New York Times , May 9 , 1996 , p. 1 ; Rawlins , Dennis ( January 2000 ) . `` Byrd 's Heroic North Pole Failure '' . Polar Record . 36 ( 196 ) : 25 -- 50 , see pp. 33 -- 34 . doi : 10.1017 / s0032247400015953 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rawlins , Dennis ( January 2000 ) . `` Byrd 's Heroic 1926 Flight & Its Faked Last Leg '' ( PDF ) . DIO , the International Journal of Scientific History . 10 : 2 -- 106 , see pp 69 -- 76 , also pp. 54 , 84 -- 88 , 99 , 105 . Retrieved July 13 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portney , Joseph ( 2000 ) . `` The Polar Flap : Byrd 's Flight Confirmed '' . Litton Systems , Inc . See also Portney , Joseph ( 1973 ) . `` The Polar Flap : Byrd 's Flight Confirmed '' . J. Inst . Nav. 20 ( 3 ) : 208 -- 18 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 2161 - 4296.1973. tb01173. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portney , Joseph ( 1992 ) . `` History of Aerial Polar Navigation '' . J. Inst . Nav. 39 ( 2 ) : 255 -- 64 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 2161 - 4296.1992. tb01878. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Concise chronology of approach to the poles '' . Scott Polar Research Institute . University of Cambridge . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berg , A. Scott ( 1999 ) . Lindbergh . New York , NY : Berkley / Penguin . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 17041 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ditching of ' America ' '' . www.check-six.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New York Times . July 7 , 1927 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New York Times . July 20 , 1927 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why We May Wait 20 Years for Ocean Airliners '' Popular Science , August 1927 , p. 9 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rodger , Eugene ( 1990 ) . Beyond the Barrier : The Story of Byrd 's First Expedition to Antarctia . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 173 -- 91 . ISBN 9781612511887 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Navy Register , 1930 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Richard E. Byrd 1888 -- 1957 '' . South-Pole.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Byrd Antarctic Expedition III , 1939 -- 41 '' . South-Pole.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheAdmiral Byrd Broadcasts The Encyclopedia of Old - Time Radio , Oxford University Press , 1998 , p. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Times , Special To The New York ( February 11 , 1945 ) . `` BYRD IS HONORED BY SANTO DOMINGO ; Explorer Gets Medal of the Order of Columbus at Ceremony at Republic 's Embassy '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Valor awards for Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr '' . valor.militarytimes.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A bordo del Monte Olimpo en Alta Mar '' . El Mercurio ( in Spanish ) . Santiago . March 5 , 1947 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Summerhayes & Beeching 2007 , p. 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Byrd Heads Home From Antarctica . Bernard Kalb . New York Times . February 4 , 1956 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Admiral Byrd Dies at 68 . Made 5 Polar Expeditions . Admiral Flew Over Both Poles and Helped Establish Antarctic as a Continent '' . New York Times . October 9 , 1988 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . 5 Arctic and Antarctic Trips Provided Groundwork for U.S. Defense Concepts Frigid Testing Ground First Trip in 1928 -- 1929 . Born in Virginia . Polar Flight Eclipsed Work Under Federal Auspices . Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd , U.S.N. , retired , the first man to fly over the North and South Poles , died in his sleep tonight at his Brimmer Street home . He was 68 years old ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Richard Evelyn Byrd , Rear Admiral , United States Navy '' . www.arlingtoncemetery.net . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States , Herbert Hoover , 1930 : Containing the Public Messages , Speeches , and Statements of the President , January 1 to December 31 , 1930 . Washington : United States Government Printing Office . 1976 . p. 275 . ISBN 9780160588396 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Around the World '' . Time . August 29 , 1927 . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Our Source : `` Byrd Gets CBS Award . '' ( April 1 , 1934 ) . Broadcasting with Broadcast Advertising , p. 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Milestones : Long - Range Shortwave Voice Transmissions from Byrd 's Antarctic Expedition , 1934 '' . IEEE Global History Network . IEEE . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19270329-01.2.77 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ San Diego Air & Space Museum . `` Richard E. Byrd - International Air & Space Hall of Fame '' . sandiegoairandspace.org . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Congressional Gold , Silver , and Bronze Medals awarded to the members of Rear Admiral Richard Byrd 's first Antarctic expedition '' . artandhistory.house.gov . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Public Law 79 - 185 , 59 Stat. 536 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Navy Book of Distinguished Service . pg. 187 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Richard Byrd 1927 File : fl0045957. php '' . www.gao.gov . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Navy Register of Commissioned Officers. 1919 . p. 406 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` The North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd : An Overview of the Controversy '' . Polar Archival Program , Ohio State University . 2007 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` Richard E. Byrd 's 1926 Flight Towards the North Pole '' ( PDF ) . October 25 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` To the Pole : The Diary and Notebook of Richard E. Byrd , 1925 -- 1927 '' . 1998 . </Li> <Li> `` The Flight of the ' America ' -- 1927 '' . October 25 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` Richard E. Byrd 1888 -- 1957 '' . October 25 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` A navigation expert 's look at how Byrd 's claim is one possible interpretation of his diary '' . October 25 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` At the bottom of the World '' , Popular Mechanics , August 1930 , pp. 225 -- 41 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Little America : Aerial Exploration in the Antarctic The Flight to the South Pole ( 1930 ) </Li> <Li> Discovery : The Story of the Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition ( 1935 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard E. Byrd . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Richard E. Byrd </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Richard Evelyn Byrd letter , MSS 420 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Harold B. Lee Library , Brigham Young University </Li> <Li> Byrd 's Decorations at Military Times via Internet Archive . </Li> <Li> `` The Byrd Polar Research Center at Ohio State University '' . </Li> <Li> Richard E. Byrd at Find a Grave </Li> <Li> The short film Longines Chronoscope with Richard E. Byrd is available for free download at the Internet Archive and from `` Public.Resource.Org '' . 1954 . on YouTube . </Li> <Li> Newspaper clippings about Richard E. 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Forbes </Li> <Li> 1987 Kathryn Dwyer Sullivan / Oliver George Simmons </Li> <Li> 1988 William Halsey Jr . / Frederick Walker Castle </Li> <Li> 1989 Charles Joseph Fletcher </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1993 Jean - Pierre Blanchard </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2002 Oliver Colin LeBoutillier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> WorldCat Identities </Li> <Li> BNE : XX1214427 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb12527608t ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 118665707 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 1621 4220 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n79060195 </Li> <Li> NARA : 10582649 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00520487 </Li> <Li> PIC : 285940 </Li> <Li> RKD : 411753 </Li> <Li> SELIBR : 179832 </Li> <Li> SNAC : w6bw85m2 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 034528881 </Li> <Li> ULAN : 500333546 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 37026893 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Byrd&oldid=865654121 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1888 births </Li> <Li> 1957 deaths </Li> <Li> Aviators from Virginia </Li> <Li> American navigators </Li> <Li> Flight navigators </Li> <Li> Explorers of Antarctica </Li> <Li> American Episcopalians </Li> <Li> American people of English descent </Li> <Li> American people of Native American descent </Li> <Li> Burials at Arlington National Cemetery </Li> <Li> Congressional Gold Medal recipients </Li> <Li> United States and the Antarctic </Li> <Li> Byrd family of Virginia </Li> <Li> United States Navy World War II admirals </Li> <Li> United States Naval Aviators </Li> <Li> Recipients of the Navy Cross ( United States ) </Li> <Li> United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients </Li> <Li> American oceanographers </Li> <Li> Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross ( United States ) </Li> <Li> Recipients of the Legion of Merit </Li> <Li> United States Naval Academy alumni </Li> <Li> United States Navy rear admirals ( upper half ) </Li> <Li> National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees </Li> <Li> University of Virginia people </Li> <Li> Virginia Military Institute alumni </Li> <Li> People from Winchester , Virginia </Li> <Li> American polar explorers </Li> <Li> 20th - 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Apples and bananas - Wikipedia <H1> Apples and bananas </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the instrumental composition released by Lawrence Welk and His Orchestra , see Apples and Bananas ( instrumental ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Apples and Bananas '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Song </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written </Th> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Children 's </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Traditional </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Apples and Bananas '' or `` Oopples and Boo - noo - noos '' is a traditional North American children 's song that plays with the vowels of words . The first verse usually begins unaltered : </P> <P> I like to eat , eat , eat apples and bananas . I like to eat , eat , eat apples and bananas . </P> <P> The following verses replace most or all vowels with one given vowel sound , usually each of the long vowels sounds of ⟨ a ⟩ ( / eɪ / ) , ⟨ e ⟩ ( / iː / ) , ⟨ i ⟩ ( / aɪ / ) , ⟨ o ⟩ ( / oʊ / ) , and ⟨ u ⟩ ( / uː / ) , although potentially any English vowel can be used . For example : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Ay lake tay ate , ate , ate ayples aind baynaynays . Ay lake tay ate , ate , ate ayples aind baynaynays . </P> </Td> <Td> <P> / eɪ leɪk teɪ eɪt eɪt eɪt ˈeɪpəlz eɪnd beɪˈneɪneɪz / / eɪ leɪk teɪ eɪt eɪt eɪt ˈeɪpəlz eɪnd beɪˈneɪneɪz / </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Raffi , a Canadian musician , released a version of the song on his album One Light , One Sun ( 1985 ) . Raffi 's version only changed the vowels in `` eat '' , `` apples '' , and the last 2 syllables of `` bananas '' . The song was described as one of several `` old favorites '' by the Ottawa Citizen in 1984 . The song was also sung on three early episodes of the children 's television program Barney & Friends , as well as on Rock with Barney , the final video in the predecessor series Barney & the Backyard Gang . As with Raffi , Barney 's version also only changed the vowels in `` eat '' , `` apples '' , and the last 2 syllables of `` bananas '' . The Wiggles did sing their version on their album released in 2014 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Drei Chinesen mit dem Kontrabass '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , John A . The Reading Teacher , Vol. 53 , No. 8 , May 2000 . `` Singing and songwriting support early literacy instruction Archived March 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Accessed 10 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` One Light , One Sun '' , AllMusic.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ottawa Citizen . `` Entertainers promise music , magic , mimicry '' . May 29 , 1984 , p. 43 . Retrieved on July 3 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apples_and_Bananas&oldid=795113537 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Children 's songs </Li> <Li> Songwriter unknown </Li> <Li> Year of song unknown </Li> <Li> Song stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 02 : 54 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Beauty and the Beast - wikipedia <H1> Beauty and the Beast </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fairy tale . For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Illustration for Beauty and the Beast by Walter Crane . <P> Beauty and the Beast ( French : La Belle et la Bête ) is a traditional fairy tale written by French novelist Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve and published in 1740 in La Jeune Américaine et les contes marins ( The Young American and Marine Tales ) . Her lengthy version was abridged , rewritten , and published first by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont in 1756 in Magasin des enfants ( Children 's Collection ) and by Andrew Lang in the Blue Fairy Book of his Fairy Book series in 1889 , to produce the version ( s ) most commonly retold . It was influenced by some earlier stories , such as `` Cupid and Psyche '' , written by Lucius Apuleius Madaurensi in The Golden Ass in the 2nd century AD , and `` The Pig King '' . an Italian fairytale published by Giovanni Francesco Straparola in The Facetious Nights of Straparola . </P> <P> Variants of the tale are known across Europe . In France , for example , Zémire and Azor is an operatic version of the story , written by Marmontel and composed by Grétry in 1771 , which had enormous success well into the 19th century ; it is based on the second version of the tale . Amour pour amour ( Love for love ) , by Nivelle de la Chaussée , is a 1742 play based on de Villeneuve 's version . According to researchers at universities in Durham and Lisbon , the story originated around 4,000 years ago . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Villeneuve 's version </Li> <Li> 3 Commentary </Li> <Li> 4 Modern uses and adaptations <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Literature </Li> <Li> 4.2 Film </Li> <Li> 4.3 Television </Li> <Li> 4.4 Theatre </Li> <Li> 4.5 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> A widower merchant lives in a mansion with his six children , three sons and three daughters . All his daughters are very beautiful , but the youngest , Beauty , is the most lovely , as well as kind , well - read , and pure of heart ; while the two elder sisters , in contrast , are wicked , selfish , vain , and spoiled . They secretly taunt Beauty and treat her more like a servant than a sister . The merchant eventually loses all of his wealth in a tempest at sea which sinks most of his merchant fleet . He and his children are consequently forced to live in a small farmhouse and work for their living . </P> <P> Some years later , the merchant hears that one of the trade ships he had sent has arrived back in port , having escaped the destruction of its compatriots . Before leaving , he asks his children if they wish for him to bring any gifts back for them . The sons ask for weaponry and horses to hunt with , whereas his oldest daughters ask for clothing , jewels , and the finest dresses possible as they think his wealth has returned . Beauty is satisfied with the promise of a rose as none grow in their part of the country . The merchant , to his dismay , finds that his ship 's cargo has been seized to pay his debts , leaving him penniless and unable to buy his children 's presents . </P> <P> During his return , the merchant becomes lost during a storm . Seeking shelter , he enters a dazzling palace . A hidden figure opens the giant doors and silently invites him in . The merchant finds tables inside laden with food and drink , which seem to have been left for him by the palace 's invisible owner . The merchant accepts this gift and spends the night there . The next morning , as the merchant is about to leave , he sees a rose garden and recalls that Beauty had desired a rose . Upon picking the loveliest rose he can find , the merchant is confronted by a hideous `` Beast '' which tells him that for taking his most precious possession after accepting his hospitality , the merchant must die . The merchant begs to be set free , arguing that he had only picked the rose as a gift for his youngest daughter . The Beast agrees to let him give the rose to Beauty , but only if the merchant or one of his daughters will return . </P> Beauty dines with the Beast in an illustration by Anne Anderson . <P> The merchant is upset but accepts this condition . The Beast sends him on his way , with wealth , jewels and fine clothes for his sons and daughters , and stresses that Beauty must never know about his deal . The merchant , upon arriving home , tries to hide the secret from Beauty , but she pries it from him . Her brothers say they will go to the castle and fight the Beast , but the merchant dissuades them , saying they will stand no chance against the monster . Beauty then agrees to go to the Beast 's castle . The Beast receives her graciously and informs her that she is now mistress of the castle , and he is her servant . He gives her lavish clothing and food and carries on lengthy conversations with her . Every night , the Beast asks Beauty to marry him , only to be refused each time . After each refusal , Beauty dreams of a handsome prince who pleads with her to answer why she keeps refusing him , to which she replies that she can not marry the Beast because she loves him only as a friend . Beauty does not make the connection between the handsome prince and the Beast and becomes convinced that the Beast is holding the prince captive somewhere in the castle . She searches and discovers multiple enchanted rooms , but never the prince from her dreams . </P> <P> For several months , Beauty lives a life of luxury at the Beast 's palace , having every whim catered to by invisible servants , with no end of riches to amuse her and an endless supply of exquisite finery to wear . Eventually , she becomes homesick and begs the Beast to allow her to go see her family . He allows it on the condition that she returns exactly a week later . Beauty agrees to this and sets off for home with an enchanted mirror and ring . The mirror allows her to see what is going on back at the Beast 's castle , and the ring allows her to return to the castle in an instant when turned three times around her finger . Her older sisters are surprised to find her well fed and dressed in finery . Beauty tries to share the magnificent gowns and jewels the Beast gave her with her sisters , but they turn into rags at her sisters ' touch , and are restored to their splendour when returned to Beauty , as the Beast meant them only for her . Her sisters are envious when they hear of her happy life at the castle , and , hearing that she must return to the Beast on a certain day , beg her to stay another day , even putting onion in their eyes to make it appear as though they are weeping . They hope that the Beast will be angry with Beauty for breaking her promise and eat her alive . Beauty 's heart is moved by her sisters ' false show of love , and she agrees to stay . </P> Illustration by Warwick Goble . <P> Beauty begins to feel guilty about breaking her promise to the Beast and uses the mirror to see him back at the castle . She is horrified to discover that the Beast is lying half - dead from heartbreak near the rose bushes from which her father plucked the rose , and she immediately uses the ring to return to the Beast . </P> <P> Beauty weeps over the Beast , saying that she loves him . When her tears strike him , the Beast is transformed into the handsome prince from Beauty 's dreams . The Prince informs her that long ago a fairy turned him into a hideous beast after he refused to let her in from the rain and that only by finding true love , despite his ugliness , could the curse be broken . He and Beauty are married and they live happily ever after together . </P> <H2> Villeneuve 's version ( edit ) </H2> <P> Villeneuve 's original tale includes several elements that Beaumont 's omits . Chiefly , the backstory of both Beauty and the Beast is given . The Beast was a prince who lost his father at a young age , and whose mother had to wage war to defend his kingdom . The queen left him in care of an evil fairy , who tried to seduce him when he became an adult ; when he refused , she transformed him into a beast . Beauty 's story reveals that she is not really a merchant 's daughter but the offspring of a king and a good fairy . A wicked fairy had tried to murder Beauty so she could marry her father the king , and Beauty was put in the place of the merchant 's dead daughter to protect her . Villeneuve also gave the castle elaborate magic , which obscured the more vital pieces of it . Beaumont greatly pared down the cast of characters and simplified the tale to an almost archetypal simplicity . </P> <H2> Commentary ( edit ) </H2> Painting of Petrus Gonsalvus ( c. 1580 ) <P> Tatar ( 2017 ) compares the tale to the theme of `` animal brides and grooms '' found in folklore throughout the world , pointing out that the French tale was specifically intended for the preparation of young girls in 18th century France for arranged marriages . The urban opening is unusual in fairy tales , as is the social class of the characters , neither royal nor peasants . It may reflect the social changes occurring at the time of its first writing . </P> <P> Hamburger ( 2015 ) points out that the design of the Beast in the 1946 film adaptation by Jean Cocteau was inspired by the portrait of Petrus Gonsalvus , a native of Tenerife who suffered from hypertrichosis , causing an abnormal growth of hair on his face and other parts , and who came under the protection of the French king and married a beautiful Parisian woman named Catherine . </P> <H2> Modern uses and adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The tale has been notably adapted for screen , stage , prose , and television over the years . </P> <H3> Literature ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Pig King , by Giovanni Francesco Straparola , an Italian fairytale published in The Facetious Nights of Straparola . </Li> <Li> The Scarlet Flower , a Russian fairy tale published in 1858 by Sergey Aksakov . </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ... The Story Retold . Laura E. Richards . London : Blickie & Son , 1886 . Also , Boston : Roberts Brothers , 1886 . </Li> <Li> Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast , 1978 and Rose Daughter , 1997 ( both by author Robin McKinley ) . </Li> <Li> `` The Courtship of Mr. Lyon '' , a story from Angela Carter 's The Bloody Chamber ( 1979 ) , is based on Madame Le Prince de Beaumont 's version . </Li> <Li> `` Beauty '' , a short story by Tanith Lee , is a science fiction retelling of `` Beauty and the Beast '' . It appeared in Lee 's anthology , Red as Blood , or Tales from the Sisters Grimmer , published in 1983 . The heroine is named Estár ; the Beast , a catlike telepathic alien , is never given a name that can be written or spoken in any human language . </Li> <Li> Fashion Beast , a 1985 screenplay by Alan Moore , was adapted into a graphic novel in 2012 . </Li> <Li> In The Last Wish ( 1993 ) by Andrzej Sapkowski , the story `` A Grain of Truth '' is very similar to `` Beauty and the Beast '' , though the beast enjoys being a beast and the daughters of various merchants willingly live with him in exchange for money . </Li> <Li> Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) by Loretta Chase , a Regency romance and retelling of Beauty and the Beast </Li> <Li> The Fire Rose ( 1995 ) by Mercedes Lackey , part of the Elementals series . </Li> <Li> The Quantum Rose by Catherine Asaro is another science fiction retelling of `` Beauty and the Beast '' . It won the 2002 Nebula Award for Best Novel and the 2001 Affaire de Coeur Award for Best Science Fiction Novel . The first third of the novel appeared as a three - part serialization in Analog magazine in the 1999 May , June , and July / August issues . Tor Books published the full novel in 2000 . </Li> <Li> Beastly , written in 2007 by Alex Flinn , sets the story in modern - day Manhattan . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> A French version entitled La Belle et la Bête was made in 1946 , directed by Jean Cocteau , starring Jean Marais as the Beast and Josette Day as the Beauty . This version adds a subplot involving Belle 's suitor Avenant , also played by Marais . </Li> <Li> A 1952 animated feature film , The Scarlet Flower , based upon Aksakov 's aforementioned tale , was directed by Lev Atamanov and produced at the Soyuzmultfilm . It was restored at the Gorky Film Studio in 1987 , and is now widely available on several video and DVD editions in Russia ( an English - subtitled version has not been released ) . </Li> <Li> A 1962 version directed by Edward L. Cahn , starring Joyce Taylor and Mark Damon , had the Beast as a prince who transformed into a werewolf at night , with makeup by Universal 's Jack Pierce . </Li> <Li> In 1987 , The Cannon Group and Golan - Globus Productions released Beauty and the Beast , a musical live - action version , directed by Eugene Marner , starring John Savage as Beast , and Rebecca De Mornay as Beauty , with original music by Lori McKelvey . It was released on VHS in 1988 by Cannon Video , and on DVD in 2005 by MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> In 1991 , Walt Disney Feature Animation produced a musical animated film entitled Beauty and the Beast , directed by Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale , with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton , and songs by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman . Like the 1946 version , the Disney version also names Beauty `` Belle '' and gives her a handsome suitor ( here named Gaston ) who eventually plots to kill the Beast . The Beast is depicted to having the head structure and horns of a bison , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the eyebrow of a gorilla , the tusks of a wild boar , the arms and body of a bear , and the hind legs and tail of a wolf . </Li> <Li> Children 's film producer Diane Eskenazi produced Beauty and the Beast , directed by Masakazu Higuchi and Chinami Namba , for Golden Films in 1993 . The film , which relied on moderate animation techniques but was mostly faithful to the original tale , featured classical compositions as opposed to an original soundtrack , featuring the works of many well - known popular composers . This film 's version of the Beast has the body of a gorilla , the mane of a lion , the snout and tusks of a common warthog , and the tail of a bull . </Li> <Li> The theme of the music video `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' by Meat Loaf , released in 1993 , is adapted from Beauty and the Beast . </Li> <Li> A 2005 Viking period film directed by David Lister was alternately known as Beauty and the Beast and Blood of Beasts . </Li> <Li> A dark version of the fairy tale updated to modern times , director Robert Beaucage 's 2008 film Spike , was described ( at its premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival where it was chosen as part of the Best of the Fest ) as `` Angela Carter rewriting La Belle et la Bête as an episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer '' . </Li> <Li> Another modern take is Beastly starring Alex Pettyfer as the beast ( named Kyle ) and Vanessa Hudgens as the love interest ( named Lindy ) . Directed by Daniel Barnz it is based on the book Beastly mentioned above . </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast , a French - German film , released in 2014 . </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast , a Disney live - action remake of the 1991 animated film , starring Emma Watson and Dan Stevens , was released on March 17 , 2017 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> George C. Scott appeared as the Beast in a made - for - TV rendition in 1976 , with his second wife , Patricia `` Trish '' Van Devere , co-starring alongside him as Belle in the film , which aired as part of the Hallmark Hall of Fame . Scott was nominated for an Emmy for his performance . </Li> <Li> In 1984 , Shelley Duvall 's Faerie Tale Theatre aired `` Beauty and the Beast '' , starring Klaus Kinski and Susan Sarandon . The script , sets , makeup , and costumes were based on the 1946 film . </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast , a television series which owed as much to detective shows and fantasy fiction as to the fairy tale , was originally broadcast from 1987 to 1989 . This was centered around the relationship between Catherine ( played by Linda Hamilton ) , an attorney who lived in New York City , and Vincent ( played by Ron Perlman ) , a gentle but lion - faced `` beast '' who dwells in the tunnels beneath the city . Wendy Pini created two issues of a comic - book adaptation of the TV series . The series was cancelled when ratings fell after Hamilton decided to leave the show at the end of the second season . </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast was featured in Grimm 's Fairy Tale Classics . In this version , the Beast had an ogre - like appearance and appeared at the Merchant 's house when his time to give him Beauty came . Outside of Beauty breaking the spell on the Beast enough to turn him back into a prince , the two of them sent birds to carry messages of their marriage . The narrator commented that he learned of this story because `` a little birdie told '' him . </Li> <Li> A version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' was featured in Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child . The story is set in Africa and features the voices of Vanessa L. Williams as the Beauty , Gregory Hines as the Beast , Debbie Allen as Precious , Terrence C. Carson as the Tree , and Paul Winfield as the Father . </Li> <Li> A loose adaption of the story was featured in the animated series Stories from My Childhood . The voice cast included Amy Irving as the Beauty , Tim Curry as the Beast and Robert Loggia as the Beauty 's father . </Li> <Li> Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) is a reworking of the 1987 TV series with Jay Ryan and Kristin Kreuk reprising the roles that Perlman and Hamilton , respectively , had originated in that production . </Li> <Li> A variation of the story was incorporated into an episode of the ABC TV series Once Upon a Time entitled `` Skin Deep '' , in which Beauty / Belle is played by Emilie de Ravin and the Beast is Rumpelstiltskin ( played by Robert Carlyle ) . </Li> <Li> While Belle had appeared in Sofia the First , the Beast was n't featured . Instead , a variation of the story is used in the episode `` Beauty is the Beast '' where Princess Charlotte of Isleworth ( voiced by Megan Hilty ) was turned into a Beast by the powerful enchantress Zinessa ( voiced by Meredith Roberts Quill ) because she was rude and insensitive to Zinessa 's friend Morris the Goblin ( voiced by Andrew Rannells ) . The description of her Beast form is a cross between a human and a wild boar with a wolf - like tail . Once Princess Charlotte vouched for Morris the Goblin upon the royal guards arresting him and became friends with him in front of her parents King Philip and Queen Everly ( voiced by Fritz Sperburg and Jamie Denbo ) upon being encouraged by Sofia , the spell on Princess Charlotte was broken and Zinessa left in cat form while quoting to Princess Charlotte `` well done . '' After thanking Sofia who was transported back to Enchancia , Princess Charlotte invited Morris to the Summer Ball . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Theatre ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> In 1994 , Philip Glass wrote an opera , La Belle et la Bête , based on Cocteau 's film . Glass 's composition follows the film scene by scene , effectively providing a new original soundtrack for the movie . </Li> <Li> The Disney film was adapted for the stage as Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton and Alan Menken , who had worked on the film . Howard Ashman , the original lyricist , had died , and additional lyrics were written by Tim Rice . </Li> <Li> In 2011 , a new ballet adaptation of Beauty and the Beast was created by choreographer David Nixon for Northern Ballet . Works by several composers , including Bizet and Poulenc , were used for the score . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> A hidden object game , Mystery Legends : Beauty and the Beast , was released in 2012 . </Li> <Li> The narrative of the Sierra Entertainment adventure game King 's Quest VI follows several fairy tales , and Beauty and the Beast is the focus of one multiple part quest . </Li> <Li> Stevie Nicks recorded a song based on the fairy tale for her 1983 solo album , The Wild Heart . </Li> <Li> Real Life based the video for their signature hit `` Send Me an Angel '' on the fairy story . </Li> <Li> Disco producer Alec R. Costandinos released a twelve inch by his side project Love & Kisses with the theme of the fairy - tale set to a disco melody in 1978 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Damsel in distress </Li> <Li> Eros and Psyche </Li> <Li> Noble savage </Li> <Li> Shapeshifting </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Windling , Terri . `` Beauty and the Beast , Old and New '' . The Journal of Mythic Arts . The Endicott Studio . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stouff , Jean . `` La Belle et la Bête '' . Biblioweb . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison , `` Cupid and Psyche '' , Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome ' , ' p. 339 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heidi Anne Heiner , `` Tales Similar to Beauty and the Beast '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Downing . Aesthetics of Opera in the Ancien Régime , 1647 -- 1785 . Cambridge : Cambridge UP , 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC . `` Fairy tale origins thousands of years old , researchers say '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Betsy Hearne , Beauty and the Beast : Visions and Revisions of An Old Tale , p 22 -- 23 ISBN 0 - 226 - 32239 - 4 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Betsy Hearne , Beauty and the Beast : Visions and Revisions of An Old Tale , p 25 ISBN 0 - 226 - 32239 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tatar , Maria ( March 7 , 2017 ) . Beauty and the Beast : Classic Tales of Animal Brides and Grooms from Around the World . Random House Penguin . ISBN 9780143111696 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilbert , Sophie ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Dark Morality of Fairy - Tale Animal Brides '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . `` Maria Tatar points ( ... ) the story of Beauty and the Beast was meant for girls who would likely have their marriages arranged '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , p 45 , The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales , ISBN 0 - 393 - 05163 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreas Hamburger in : Andreas Hamburger ( ed . ) Women and Images of Men in Cinema : Gender Construction in La Belle et La Bete by Jean Cocteau chapter 3 ( 2015 ) . see also : `` La Bella y la Bestia '' : Una historia real inspirada por un hombre de carne y hueso ( difundir.org 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crunelle - Vanrigh , Anny . `` The Logic of the Same and Différance : ' The Courtship of Mr. Lyon ' '' . In Roemer , Danielle Marie , and Bacchilega , Cristina , eds. ( 2001 ) . Angela Carter and the Fairy Tale , p. 128 . Wayne State University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wherry , Maryan ( 2015 ) . `` More than a Love Story : The Complexities of the Popular Romance '' . In Berberich , Christine . The Bloomsbury Introduction to Popular Fiction . Bloomsbury . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1441172013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David J. Hogan ( 1986 ) . Dark Romance : Sexuality In the Horror Film . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0474 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 50 's and 60 's Horror Movies B '' . The Missing Link . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell A. Peck . `` Cinderella Bibliography : Beauty and the Beast '' . The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester . Archived from the original on 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Janet Maslin ( 13 November 1991 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Updated In Form and Content '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Movie Review Film . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GNhdQRbXhc </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet . `` Beauty and the Beast : Overview '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jason Buchanan . `` Spike '' . All Movie Guide . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calum Waddell . `` Spike '' . Total Sci - Fi . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beauty & the Beast + Blood and Guts = Spike '' . HorrorMovies.ca. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Festival Highlights : 2008 Edinburgh International Film Festival '' . Variety . 13 June 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of the Fest Programme at Edinburgh International Film Festival '' . The List . 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Hope . `` Spike '' . Edinburgh International Film Festival . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` Vanessa Hudgens And Alex Pettyfer Get ' Intense ' In ' Beastly ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.premiere.fr/Cinema/News-Cinema/Christophe-Gans-decrypte-sa-version-de-La-Belle-et-la-Bete </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alternate Versions for La Belle et la Bête '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tale as Old as Time : The Making of Beauty and the Beast . ( VCD ) . Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson , Laura ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast , Northern Ballet , Grand Theatre , Leeds , review '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mystery Legends : Beauty and the Beast Collector 's Edition ( PC DVD ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ KQ6 Game Play video </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and Beast . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Beauty and the Beast </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Beauty and the Beast : folktales of Aarne - Thompson type 425C </Li> <Li> Cinderella Bibliography -- includes an exhaustive list of B&tB productions in books , TV and recordings </Li> <Li> Original version and psychological analysis of Beauty and the Beast </Li> <Li> ( in French ) La Belle et la Bête , audio version </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Beastly ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Exile ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) <Ul> <Li> episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Beastly ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Zémire et Azor ( opera ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disney Characters </Li> <Li> Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast&oldid=804850937 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Shapeshifting in fiction </Li> <Li> Literary duos </Li> <Li> 1740 works </Li> <Li> French fairy tales </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast </Li> <Li> Love stories </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from June 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles containing French - language text </Li> <Li> All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases </Li> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with French - language external links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikisource </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ລາວ </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 14 : 40 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Anne of Green Gables - wikipedia <H1> Anne of Green Gables </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Anne of Green Gables ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Anne of Green Gables <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> First edition . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Lucy Maud Montgomery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Illustrator </Th> <Td> M.A. and W.A.J. Claus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Written and set in Canada , published in the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> Anne of Green Gables </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Novel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> June 1908 ( L.C. Page & Co . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> Anne of Avonlea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Text </Th> <Td> Anne of Green Gables at Wikisource </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery ( published as L.M. Montgomery ) . Written for all ages , it has been considered a children 's novel since the mid-twentieth century . It recounts the adventures of Anne Shirley , an 11 - year - old orphan girl who is mistakenly sent to Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert , a middle - aged brother and sister who had intended to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in the fictional town of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island . The novel recounts how Anne makes her way with the Cuthberts , in school , and within the town . </P> <P> Since its publication , Anne of Green Gables has sold more than 50 million copies and has been translated into at least 36 languages . Montgomery wrote numerous sequels , and since her death , another sequel has been published , as well as an authorized prequel . The original book is taught to students around the world . </P> <P> The book has been adapted as films , made - for - television movies , and animated and live - action television series . Musicals and plays have also been created , with productions annually in Canada since 1964 of the first musical production , which has toured in Canada , the United States , Europe , and Japan . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 3 Characters </Li> <Li> 4 Related works </Li> <Li> 5 Tourism and merchandising </Li> <Li> 6 Legacy and honours </Li> <Li> 7 Adaptations <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Films </Li> <Li> 7.2 Literature </Li> <Li> 7.3 Radio productions </Li> <Li> 7.4 Stage productions </Li> <Li> 7.5 Television movies </Li> <Li> 7.6 Television series </Li> <Li> 7.7 Web productions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Parodies </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> The portrait of Evelyn Nesbit by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr. which inspired Montgomery . <P> In writing the novel , Montgomery was inspired by notes she had made as a young girl about a couple who were mistakenly sent an orphan girl instead of the boy they had requested yet decided to keep her . She drew upon her own childhood experiences in rural Prince Edward Island , Canada . Montgomery used a photograph of Evelyn Nesbit , which she had clipped from New York 's Metropolitan Magazine and put on the wall of her bedroom , as the model for the face of Anne Shirley and a reminder of her `` youthful idealism and spirituality . '' </P> <P> Montgomery was also inspired by the `` formula Ann '' orphan stories ( called such because they followed such a predictable formula ) which were popular at the time and distinguished her character by spelling her name with an extra `` e '' . She based other characters , such as Gilbert Blythe , in part on people she knew . She said she wrote the novel in the twilight of the day , while sitting at her window and overlooking the fields of Cavendish . </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> Anne attacks Gilbert <P> Anne Shirley , a young orphan from the fictional community of Bolingbroke , Nova Scotia ( based upon the real community of New London , Prince Edward Island ) , is sent to live with Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert , siblings in their fifties and sixties , after a childhood spent in strangers ' homes and orphanages . Marilla and Matthew had originally decided to adopt a boy from the orphanage to help Matthew run their farm at Green Gables , which is set in the fictional town of Avonlea . Through a misunderstanding , the orphanage sends Anne instead . </P> <P> Anne is highly imaginative , eager to please and quite dramatic at times . However , she is defensive about her appearance , despising her red hair and pale , thin frame . She is often quite talkative , especially when it comes to describing her fantasies and dreams . At first , stern and sharp Marilla says Anne must return to the orphanage , but after much observation and considering , along with Matthew 's strong liking to Anne , she decides to let her stay . </P> <P> As a child of imagination , Anne takes much joy in life and adapts quickly , thriving in the close - knit farming village . Her imagination and talkativeness soon brighten up Green Gables . </P> <P> The book recounts Anne 's adventures in making a home : the country school where she quickly excels in her studies ; her friendship with Diana Barry , the girl living next door ( her best or `` bosom friend '' as Anne fondly calls her ) ; her budding literary ambitions ; and her rivalry with her classmate Gilbert Blythe , who teases her about her red hair . For that , he earns her instant hatred , although he apologizes many times . As time passes , Anne realizes she no longer hates Gilbert but can not bring herself to speak to him . </P> <P> The book also follows Anne 's adventures with her new - found friends . Episodes include her play - time with her friends Diana , a calm girl named Jane Andrews and a good - natured but often hysterical girl called Ruby Gillis , and her run - ins with the unpleasant Pye sisters Gertie and Josie ; and domestic mishaps such as dyeing her hair green while intending to dye it black , and accidentally getting Diana drunk by giving her what she thought was raspberry cordial but turned out to be currant wine . </P> <P> At sixteen , Anne goes to Queen 's Academy to earn a teaching license , along with Gilbert , Ruby , Josie , Jane , and several other students , excluding Diana much to Anne 's dismay . She obtains her license in one year instead of the usual two and wins the Avery Scholarship for the top student in English . Her attainment of this scholarship would allow her to pursue a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) degree at the fictional Redmond College ( based on the real Dalhousie University ) on the mainland in Nova Scotia . </P> <P> Near the end of the book however , tragedy strikes when Matthew dies of a heart attack after learning that all of his and Marilla 's money has been lost in a bank failure . Out of devotion to Marilla and Green Gables , Anne gives up the scholarship to stay at home and help Marilla , whose eyesight is failing . She plans to teach at the Carmody school , the nearest school available , and return to Green Gables on weekends . In an act of friendship , Gilbert Blythe gives up his teaching position at the Avonlea School to work at the White Sands School instead , knowing that Anne wants to stay close to Marilla after Matthew 's death . After this kind act , Anne and Gilbert 's friendship is cemented , and Anne looks forward to what life will bring next . </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> Diana and Anne <P> Green Gables household : </P> <Ul> <Li> Anne Shirley : An imaginative , talkative , red - headed orphan who comes to live with Matthew Cuthbert and Marilla Cuthbert . Anne is very sensitive and is very insecure about the color of her hair . She exhibits categorical interest in everything romantic . </Li> <Li> Marilla Cuthbert : Matthew 's sister , she is an austere but fair woman who objects to Anne 's imaginative , unusual conduct on the grounds of its being part of the same group of behavioral misconducts that bring about dereliction of responsibility or produce a disrespectful personal image . Life experience with Anne , however , profoundly affects Marilla 's ways ; in a very early instance , she experiences first - hand how worthless a confession under duress could be . Although conservative and austere , she is fond of Anne and has the glimmerings of a sense of humor . </Li> <Li> Matthew Cuthbert : Marilla 's brother , he is an overly shy , albeit kind , old man with a lumbering frame and above - average strength . Matthew takes a liking to Anne from the start and the two become fast friends . Because Marilla has primary responsibility for rearing the girl , he has no qualms about `` spoiling '' her and indulging her in pretty clothes and other frivolities . </Li> </Ul> <P> Anne 's schoolmates : </P> <Ul> <Li> Diana Barry : Anne 's bosom friend and a kindred spirit . Anne and Diana become best friends from the moment they meet . She is the only girl of Anne 's age who lives close to Green Gables . Anne admires Diana for being pretty and for her amiable disposition . Diana lacks Anne 's powerful imagination but is a loyal friend . </Li> <Li> Gilbert Blythe : A handsome , smart , witty and chivalrous classmate who has a crush on Anne the moment he sees her . Unaware of Anne 's near - pathological sensitivity about her red hair , he tries to get Anne 's attention by holding her braid and calling her `` Carrots ! '' Anne 's explosively hostile reaction only causes Gilbert to be more smitten . He makes several attempts to apologize , the failure of all of which do not seem to mar his admiration . He attempts to apologize one last time when he saves Anne from drowning ; Anne crassly rebuffs this attempt , only to regret it almost immediately . Years later , he gives up his job offer of teaching at the Avonlea school so that Anne may live at Green Gables , upon which the two reconcile and become good friends . </Li> <Li> Ruby Gillis : Another of Anne 's friends . Having several `` grown up '' sisters , Ruby loves to share her knowledge of beaus with her friends . Ruby is portrayed as traditionally beautiful with long golden hair . She is hysterical and suffers from consumption ( tuberculosis ) . </Li> <Li> Jane Andrews : One of Anne 's friends from school , she is plain and sensible . She does well enough academically to join Anne 's class at Queen 's . </Li> <Li> Josie Pye : A classmate generally disliked by the other girls ( as are her siblings ) , Josie is vain , dishonest , and jealous of Anne 's popularity . </Li> </Ul> <P> Avonlea 's locals : </P> <Ul> <Li> Mrs. Rachel Lynde : A neighbour of Matthew and Marilla , Mrs. Lynde is an amalgamation of vices and virtues . She is industrious and helpful , and does work for the church , yet she is famous for being nosy and condescending . Although she and Anne start off the wrong foot , owing to Mrs. Lynde 's obnoxious criticism and Anne 's lack of tolerance for such , as well as her temper , they soon become quite close . Mrs. Lynde is married and has raised ten children , although her husband , Thomas Lynde , is mentioned briefly and never speaks . </Li> <Li> Mr. Phillips : Anne 's first teacher at Avonlea , Mr. Phillips is unpopular with students , because of his boring and crude ways . In Anne 's case , he continually misspells her name ( without the `` E '' ) and punishes only her among twelve pupils who arrive late . He is described as lacking discipline , and `` courts '' one of his pupils openly ( this was less frowned upon then as opposed to more contemporary times ) . </Li> <Li> Miss Muriel Stacy : Anne 's energetic replacement teacher . Her warm and sympathetic nature appeals to her students , but Avonlea 's conservative parents disapprove of her liberal teaching methods . She forms a special relationship with Anne , who views her as a mentor . Miss Stacy encourages Anne to develop her character and intellect and helps prepare her for the entrance exam at Queen 's Academy , where she finishes in a tie for first with Gilbert Blythe . </Li> <Li> Reverend and Mrs. Allan : The minister and his wife also befriend Anne , with Mrs. Allan becoming particularly close . She is described as pretty . </Li> <Li> Mr. & Mrs. Barry : Diana 's parents . Mr. Barry farms . Near the end of the book , he offers to rent some tracts to help out Anne and Marilla , after Matthew 's passing . Mrs. Barry has a severe personality , expecting her children to follow strict rules . After Anne accidentally gets Diana drunk , Mrs. Barry rejects the girl , forbidding Diana to have anything to do with Anne . This sanction is repealed after Anne saves Minnie May . </Li> <Li> Minnie May Barry : Diana 's baby sister , whose life is saved by Anne when she comes down with croup . </Li> </Ul> <P> Others : </P> <Ul> <Li> Miss Josephine Barry : Diana 's great - aunt . Initially portrayed in a negative light , she is quickly charmed by Anne 's imagination , and eventually invites her and Diana to tea . She refers to Anne as `` the Anne - girl '' and even sends Anne beaded slippers as a Christmas present . </Li> <Li> Mrs Hammond : Anne had lived with her for a portion of her pre-Green - Gables life . She was very mean as a result of her husband ′ s death . Anne was treated more as a maid in her home than as a daughter or friend . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Related works ( edit ) </H2> <P> Based on the popularity of her first book , Montgomery wrote a series of sequels to continue the story of her heroine Anne Shirley . They are listed chronologically below , by Anne 's age in each of the novels . </P> <Table> Lucy Maud Montgomery 's books on Anne Shirley : <Tr> <Td> # </Td> <Td> Book </Td> <Td> Date published </Td> <Td> Anne Shirley 's age </Td> <Td> Timeline year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anne of Green Gables </Td> <Td> 1908 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 16 </Td> <Td> 1876 - 1881 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anne of Avonlea </Td> <Td> 1909 </Td> <Td> 16 -- 18 </Td> <Td> 1881 - 1883 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anne of the Island </Td> <Td> 1915 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 22 </Td> <Td> 1883 - 1887 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anne of Windy Poplars ( US & Canada ) Anne of Windy Willows ( Other ) </Td> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> 22 -- 25 </Td> <Td> 1887 - 1890 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Anne 's House of Dreams </Td> <Td> 1917 </Td> <Td> 25 -- 27 </Td> <Td> 1890 - 1892 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Anne of Ingleside </Td> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> 34 -- 40 </Td> <Td> 1899 - 1905 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> The following books focus on Anne 's children , or on other family friends . Anne appears in these volumes , but plays a lesser part . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> # </Td> <Td> Book </Td> <Td> Date published </Td> <Td> Anne Shirley 's age </Td> <Td> Timeline year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Rainbow Valley </Td> <Td> 1919 </Td> <Td> 41 -- 43 </Td> <Td> 1906 - 1908 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Rilla of Ingleside </Td> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> 49 -- 53 </Td> <Td> 1914 - 1918 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> The Blythes Are Quoted </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 40 -- 75 </Td> <Td> 1905 - 1940 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Anne Shirley features in one story ( and is referenced in other stories ) in each of the following collections : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> # </Td> <Td> Book </Td> <Td> Date published </Td> <Td> Anne Shirley 's age </Td> <Td> Timeline year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Chronicles of Avonlea </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> approx. 20 </Td> <Td> 1885 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Further Chronicles of Avonlea </Td> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> approx. 20 </Td> <Td> 1885 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The prequel , Before Green Gables ( 2008 ) , was written by Budge Wilson with authorization of heirs of L.M. Montgomery . </P> <H2> Tourism and merchandising ( edit ) </H2> The Green Gables farmhouse located in Cavendish Sign marking trail through Balsam Hollow <P> The province and tourist facilities have highlighted the local connections to the internationally popular novels . Anne of Green Gables has been translated into 36 languages . `` Tourism by Anne fans is an important part of the Island economy '' . Merchants offer items based on the novels . </P> <P> The Green Gables farmhouse is located in Cavendish , Prince Edward Island . Many tourist attractions on Prince Edward Island have been developed based on the fictional Anne , and provincial licence plates once bore her image . Balsam Hollow , the forest that inspired the Haunted Woods and Campbell Pond , the body of water which inspired The Lake of Shining Waters , both described in the book , are located in the vicinity . In addition , the Confederation Centre of the Arts has featured the wildly successful Anne of Green Gables musical on its mainstage every summer for over five decades . The Anne of Green Gables Museum is located in Park Corner , PEI , in a home that inspired L.M. Montgomery . </P> <P> The novel has been very popular in Japan , where it is known as Red - haired Anne , and where it has been included in the national school curriculum since 1952 . ' Anne ' is revered as `` an icon '' in Japan , especially since 1979 when this story was broadcast as anime , Anne of Green Gables . Japanese couples travel to Prince Edward Island to have civil wedding ceremonies on the grounds of the Green Gables farm . Some Japanese girls arrive as tourists with red - dyed hair styled in pigtails , to look like Anne . In 2014 , Asadora ' Hanako to Anne ' ( Hanako Muraoka is the first translator in Japan ) was broadcast and Anne became popular among old and young alike . </P> <P> A replica of the Green Gables house in Cavendish is located in the theme park Canadian World in Ashibetsu , Hokkaido , Japan . The park was a less expensive alternative for Japanese tourists instead of traveling to P.E.I. The park hosted performances featuring actresses playing Anne and Diana . The theme park is open during the summer season with free admission , though there are no longer staff or interpreters . </P> <P> The Avonlea theme park near Cavendish and the Cavendish Figurines shop have trappings so that tourists may dress like the book 's characters for photos . Souvenir shops throughout Prince Edward Island offer numerous foods and products based on details of the ' Anne Shirley ' novels . Straw hats for girls with sewn - in red braids are common , as are bottles of raspberry cordial soda . In the first book , Lucy Maud Montgomery established the cordial soda as the favorite beverage of Anne , who declares : `` I just love bright red drinks ! '' </P> Panorama of Green Gable farmhouse and grounds in Cavendish Entrance to Anne of Green Gables Museum in Park Corner <H2> Legacy and honours ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Buildings </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The popularity of the books and subsequent film adaptations is credited with inspiring the design and naming of buildings `` Green Gables '' . An example still standing is an apartment block called `` Green Gables '' built in the 1930s , in New Farm , Queensland , Australia . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Museum </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Bala 's Museum , located in Bala , Ontario , Canada , is a house museum established in 1992 and dedicated to Lucy M. Montgomery information and heritage . The house was a tourist home owned by Fanny Pike when Montgomery and her family stayed there on a summer vacation in 1922 . That visit to the region inspired the novel The Blue Castle ( 1926 ) . The town is named Deerwood in the novel ; this was Montgomery 's only narrative setting outside Atlantic Canada . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Postage stamps </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> On May 15 , 1975 , Canada Post issued Lucy Maud Montgomery , Anne of Green Gables designed by Peter Swan and typographed by Bernard N.J. Reilander . The 8 ¢ stamps are perforated 13 and were printed by Ashton - Potter Limited . </Li> <Li> In 2008 , Canada Post issued two postage stamps and a souvenir sheet honouring Anne and the `` Green Gables '' house . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Reading lists </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> In 2003 , Anne of Green Gables was ranked number 41 in The Big Read , a survey of the British public by BBC to determine the `` nation 's best - loved novel '' ( not children 's novel ) . </Li> <Li> In 2012 , it was ranked number nine among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Films ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) , a silent film adapted to the screen by Frances Marion , directed by William Desmond Taylor , and starring Mary Miles Minter as Anne ; this is considered a lost film . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) , black & white `` talkie '' directed by George Nichols Jr. and starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley ; after filming , O'Day changed her screen name to `` Anne Shirley '' . </Li> <Li> Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) -- directed by Jack Hively , is a black & white `` talkie '' starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley , now billed as `` Anne Shirley '' . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( as of 2017 ) , an upcoming feature film version of Anne of Green Gables : The Musical . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Literature ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ana of California : A Novel ( 2015 ) , by Andi Teran , is a `` contemporary spin on Anne of Green Gables . The lead character of Anne Shirley has been adapted to Ana Cortez , a 15 - year - old orphan who `` ca n't tell a tomato plant from a blackberry bush '' when she leaves East Los Angeles for the Northern California farm of Emmett and Abbie Garber . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Radio productions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1941 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic , adapted into four parts by Muriel Levy , and starring Cherry Cottrell as Anne . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1944 ) , a recreation of the 1941 BBC Radio drama , produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1954 ) , a Canadian radio drama produced and broadcast by CBC Radio , adapted into 13 parts by Andrew Allen and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne . </Li> <Li> Anna zo Zeleného domu ( 1966 ) , a Slovak radio drama produced and broadcast by Czechoslovak Radio , starring Anna Bučinská as Anne . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1971 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 , adapted into 13 parts by Cristina Sellors , and read by Ann Murray . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1997 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 , dramatized into five parts by Marcy Kahan and starred Barbara Barnes as Anne . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Stage productions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Anne of Green Gables : The Musical , performed annually in the summer , at Charlottetown Festival , since 1965 , this is Canada 's longest - running main stage musical production , and has had a total audience of more than 2 million . Anne of Green Gables -- The Musical was composed by Canadians Don Harron and Norman Campbell , with lyrics by Elaine Campbell and Mavor Moore . The production has been performed before Queen Elizabeth II and it has toured across Canada , the United States , and Europe . In 1969 , it had a run in London 's West End . The Charlottetown Festival production performed at the 1970 World 's Fair in Osaka , Japan . Walter Learning directed and organized a successful national tour of the musical in Japan in 1991 . </Li> <Li> The Guild in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , hosts Anne and Gilbert , The Musical . Written by Nancy White , Bob Johnston , and Jeff Hochhauser , the production is based on Montgomery 's sequels featuring Anne Shirley . </Li> <Li> The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery , a musical adapted from Montgomery 's novel and her life , opened at Kings Playhouse in Georgetown , Prince Edward Island on June 20 , 2008 , the 100th anniversary of the book 's publication . With book and lyrics by Adam - Michael James and music by Emmy - nominated composer Leo Marchildon , the musical depicts events from Montgomery 's life and features as characters heroines from all of her novels . Anne figures prominently , and is shown from age 12 into her 40s . Gilbert Blythe also appears . The show 's second production was at the Carrefour Theatre in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island and opened July 11 , 2009 . Both years , the musical was nominated for The Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage Foundation 's Wendell Boyle Award . In July 2010 , a concert version of the show toured Prince Edward Island , with four performances at Green Gables . </Li> <Li> Theatreworks USA , a New York - based children 's theatre company , produced an Anne of Green Gables musical in 2006 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre . A revived production , with musical contributions from Gretchen Cryer , is planned to tour grade - schools . </Li> <Li> The Peterborough Players , based in Peterborough , New Hampshire , staged an adaptation by Joseph Robinette of Anne of Green Gables in August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Anne and Gilbert is a musical adaptation of the books Anne of Avonlea and Anne of the Island . It depicts the relationship of Anne and Gilbert during their years as teachers and college students , as well as their return to Avonlea . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Television movies ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) , a made - for - television musical version directed by Norman Campbell and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne . </Li> <Li> Anne de Green Gables ( 1957 ) , a French - Canadian television film directed by Jacques Gauthier , starring Mireille Lachance as Anne Shirley . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1958 ) , a recreation of the 1956 film directed by Don Harron , starring Kathy Willard as Anne . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) , a British made - for - television 5 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft , starring Kim Braden as Anne . </Li> <Li> Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) , a British made - for - television 4 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft , starring Kim Braden as Anne . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) , a CBC 4 - hour television mini series directed by Kevin Sullivan with Megan Follows as Anne . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) , a sequel to the 1985 miniseries which aired on CBC and the Disney Channel as Anne of Avonlea : The Continuing Story of Anne of Green Gables . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) , a television miniseries inaccurately based upon the novels . </Li> <Li> Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) , an animated video film produced by Sullivan Entertainment and the prequel to Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2001 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) , a television miniseries whose script is not based on the novels . </Li> <Li> L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) , a 90 - minute made - for - television adaptation of the book by Breakthrough Films & Television , which began filming in Toronto in May 2015 . Casting was held in February 2015 . ( This replaces the previously announced 13 - part series that had been set to film in 2013 ) . It was adapted by Susan Coyne , directed by John Kent Harrison , and stars Ella Ballentine as Anne . The world premiere of the film , advertised under the abbreviated title Anne of Green Gables , on February 15 , 2016 on YTV . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables : The Good Stars aired on YTV on February 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables : Fire & Dew , aired July 1 , 2017 on YTV . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Television series ( edit ) </H3> Anne as she appeared in the 1979 Japanese anime adaptation of Anne of Green Gables . Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series <Ul> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1952 ) , a BBC television series starring Carole Lorimer as Anne . </Li> <Li> Akage no An ( 1979 ; Red - Haired Anne ) , an animated television series , part of Nippon Animation 's World Masterpiece Theater , produced in Japan and directed by Isao Takahata . </Li> <Li> Road to Avonlea ( 1990 -- 1996 ) shown on CBC , a live - action television series produced by Kevin Sullivan , based upon characters and episodes from several of L.M. Montgomery 's books , excluding Anne Shirley . Gilbert Blythe , Marilla Cuthbert , Rachel Lynde and other characters from the Anne books are included , and the series is set within the same continuity as Sullivan 's 1980s miniseries . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) , a PBS Kids animated series for older children ages eight to twelve , created by Sullivan Entertainment Inc . </Li> <Li> Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) , part of the World Masterpiece Theater , this prequel to Akage no An is based on Budge Wilson 's authorized prequel Before Green Gables ( 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Anne ( 2017 ) , an eight - part TV series produced and broadcast by CBC in Canada and Netflix worldwide ( under the title `` Anne with an E '' ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Web productions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Green Gables Fables ( 2014 -- 2016 ) , an American - Canadian web series which conveys the story in the form of Tumblr posts , tweets , vlogs , and other social media . It is a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables and Anne of the Island , with many of its elements changed to better suit 21st - century culture . Mandy Harmon portrays the main character , Anne Shirley . </Li> <Li> Project Green Gables ( 2015 -- 2016 ) , a Finnish web series and a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables , which conveys the story in the form of vlogs . Laura Eklund Nhaga plays Anne Shirley . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Parodies ( edit ) </H2> <P> As one of the most familiar characters in Canadian literature , Anne of Green Gables has been parodied by several Canadian comedy troupes , including CODCO ( Anne of Green Gut ) and The Frantics ( Fran of the Fundy ) . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Devereux , Cecily Margaret ( 2004 ) . A Note on the Text . In Montgomery ( 2004 ) , p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 362 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( 2004 ) ( 1908 ) . Devereux , Cecily Margaret , ed . Anne of Green Gables . Peterborough , Ontario : Broadview Press . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 362 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Anne of Green Gables ' 1st edition sells at auction for US $37,000 , a new record '' . The Guardian . December 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mollins , Julie ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` New Anne of Green Gables book stirs debate '' . Reuters Life ! . Toronto . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables New TV Series Willow and Thatch '' . Willow and Thatch. 2016 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gammel , Irene ( 2009 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . New York : St. Martin 's Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gammel , Irene ( July 8 , 2008 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and Her Literary Classic . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 38237 - 7 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gammel , Irene ( 2009 ) . `` The Mystery of Anne Revealed , '' . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . New York : St. Martin 's Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Geography of Anne of the Island '' . lmm-anne.net. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Birthplace of L.M. Montgomery , New London '' . lmm-anne.net. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables -- Celebrate 100 Years Archived December 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Anne of Green Gables has sold millions of copies in more than 36 languages '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables still rules Prince Edward Island `` , USA Today , August 5 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CBC News ( June 19 , 2008 ) . CBC.ca , `` 100 years of Anne of Green Gables '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` License plate goes green '' , `` The Guardian '' , April 5 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green Gables Government of Prince Edward Island . Retrieved on July 24 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables - The Musical '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables Museum website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yuka Kajihara ( April 4 , 2004 ) . `` Anne in Japan FAQ 1.0 '' . Yukazine.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buttercups : L.M. Montgomery & Anne of Green Gables fan club in Japan '' Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Yukazine , April 4 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruni , Frank ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` Beckoned by Bivalves : Prince Edward Island '' . The New York Times </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables theme park in Japan falls on hard times '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cloning Anne of Green Gables . '' . Tacky Tourist Photos . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Heroine 's Bookshelf : Anne of Green Gables '' . Theheroinesbookshelf.com . October 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` In search of Anne with some unexpected discoveries '' . State Library of Queensland. 2016 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History : A look back at the last 20 years '' . Bala 's Museum with Memories of Lucy Maud Montgomery . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian Postal Archives Database '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada Post -- Anne of Green Gables '' . Canada Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Big Read -- Top 100 '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Anne of Green Gables film announced '' . cbc.ca. 10 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Teran , Andi ( June 2015 ) . Ana of California : A Novel . Penguin Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IMDB , Toby Tarnow Biography , http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0850558/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery '' . Ninelivesoflmm.com . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PeterBoroughPlayers.org '' . PeterBoroughPlayers.org . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` In Production -- ANNE OF GREEN GABLES TV Movie '' . Ontario Film Commission . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MAJOR UPDATE : ANNE OF GREEN GABLES ADAPTATION BY BREAKTHROUGH ENTERTAINMENT '' . L.M. Montgomery Online . April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada Wide Casting for Anne of Green Gables ( Movie of the Week ) '' . ACTpei . February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables returns to TV '' . CBC News . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables Movies 1 X 90 '' . Breakthrough Entertainment . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lorimer , Carole ; Miller , Joan ; Richardson , Charles ; Young , Joan ( 1952 - 09 - 16 ) , Anne of Green Gables , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC - TV '' . CBC . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards CBC 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation ; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere '' . Deadline . August 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green Gables Fables , `` Cast and Crew '' http://www.greengablesfables.com/cast-crew </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About '' . www.projectgreengables.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bustard , Ned ( January 2009 ) . Anne of Green Gables Comprehension Guide . Veritas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932168 - 79 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Campbell , Norman ( 1972 ) . Anne of Green Gables . Samuel French , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 573 - 68002 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Gammel , Irene ( 2008 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . authorized by the heirs of L.M. Montgomery . </Li> <Li> Gammel , Irene ; Benjamin Lefebvre ( May 30 , 2010 ) . Anne 's World : A New Century of Anne of Green Gables . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1106 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( June 3 , 2008 ) . The Green Gables Collection . Doubleday Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 66599 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Teran , Andi ( June 2015 ) . Ana of California . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 312649 - 2 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne of Green Gables . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Anne of Green Gables </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Anne of Green Gables </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Anne of Green Gables and L.M. Montgomery Lexicon , collection of Anne book cover artwork , games , recipes , time line and more </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables at Project Gutenberg </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables at Faded Page ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables public domain audiobook at LibriVox </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables Centenary </Li> <Li> `` L.M. Montgomery Research Centre '' , University of Guelph Library Archival & Special Collections . </Li> <Li> L.M. Montgomery Online Formerly the L.M. Montgomery Research Group , this site includes a blog , extensive lists of primary and secondary materials , detailed information about Montgomery 's publishing history , and a filmography of screen adaptations of Montgomery texts . See , in particular , the page about Anne of Green Gables . </Li> <Li> The L.M. Montgomery Literary Society </Li> <Li> `` Top 100 Children 's Novels # 9 '' . School Library Journal Blog . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables at IMDB </Li> <Li> All About Anne Facebook Page </Li> <Li> Ana of California at Penguin Books </Li> <Li> Ana of California , author 's page </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Works by Lucy Maud Montgomery </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Anne of Green Gables series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) </Li> <Li> Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Emily trilogy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Emily of New Moon ( 1923 ) </Li> <Li> Emily Climbs ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> Emily 's Quest ( 1927 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pat of Silver Bush </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pat of Silver Bush ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Mistress Pat ( 1935 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Story Girl </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Story Girl ( 1911 ) </Li> <Li> The Golden Road ( 1913 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kilmeny of the Orchard ( 1910 ) </Li> <Li> The Blue Castle ( 1926 ) </Li> <Li> Magic for Marigold ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> A Tangled Web ( 1931 ) </Li> <Li> Jane of Lantern Hill ( 1937 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short story collections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) </Li> <Li> Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) </Li> <Li> The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poetry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Watchman & Other Poems ( 1916 ) </Li> <Li> The Poetry of Lucy Maud Montgomery ( 1987 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Alpine Path : The Story of My Career ( 1917 ) </Li> <Li> Courageous Women ( 1934 ) ( with Marian Keith and Mabel Burns McKinley ) </Li> <Li> The Selected Journals of L.M. Montgomery , Vol . I -- V ( 1985 -- 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. Montgomery </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anne Shirley </Li> <Li> Gilbert Blythe </Li> <Li> Walter Blythe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) </Li> <Li> Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Companion books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) </Li> <Li> Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) </Li> <Li> Before Green Gables ( authorised prequel by Budge Wilson , 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Road to Avonlea ( 1990 - 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Anne ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anne of Green Gables : The Musical ( since 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Anne & Gilbert ( since 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Avonlea </Li> <Li> Green Gables </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 181345094 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2010143485 </Li> <Li> GND : 4359421 - 9 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb14532211w ( data ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_of_Green_Gables&oldid=804772737 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Anne of Green Gables </Li> <Li> 1908 novels </Li> <Li> Anne of Green Gables books </Li> <Li> New Canadian Library </Li> <Li> Novels by Lucy Maud Montgomery </Li> <Li> Works about adoption </Li> <Li> Novels about orphans </Li> <Li> Canadian children 's novels </Li> <Li> Novels set in Prince Edward Island </Li> <Li> Debut novels </Li> <Li> Canadian novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> 1908 children 's books </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles that link to Wikisource </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles with minor POV problems </Li> <Li> Articles with minor POV problems from September 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with Project Gutenberg links </Li> <Li> Articles with LibriVox links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 01 : 48 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Victoria 's Secret fashion show 2013 - wikipedia <H1> Victoria 's Secret fashion show 2013 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show 2013 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> Active </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Fashion show </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date ( s ) </Th> <Td> November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> Annually </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venue </Th> <Td> Lexington Avenue Armory </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> New York City , New York , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inaugurated </Th> <Td> August 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 08 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most recent </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Previous event </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Next event </Th> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Member </Th> <Td> Victoria 's Secret </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show </Td> </Tr> </Table> Victoria 's Secret Angels 2013 <P> The Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show is an annual fashion show sponsored by Victoria 's Secret , a brand of lingerie and sleepwear . Victoria 's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high - profile settings . The show features some of the world 's leading fashion models , such as current Victoria 's Secret Angels Adriana Lima , Alessandra Ambrosio , Doutzen Kroes , Candice Swanepoel , Lily Aldridge , Lindsay Ellingson , Karlie Kloss , and Behati Prinsloo . Elsa Hosk received billing </P> <P> The show featured performances by Fall Out Boy , A Great Big World , Neon Jungle , and Taylor Swift . </P> <P> The shoes used during this fashion show were created by Nicholas Kirkwood . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Dates </Th> <Th> Locations </Th> <Th> Broadcaster </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Performers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 000000002013 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2013 ( taped ) ; 000000002013 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2013 </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> 9.72 </Td> <Td> Fall Out Boy , A Great Big World , Neon Jungle and Taylor Swift </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Aired Segment Line - ups <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Segment 1 : British Invasion </Li> <Li> 1.2 Segment 2 : Shipwrecked </Li> <Li> 1.3 Segment 3 : Parisian Nights </Li> <Li> 1.4 Segment 4 : Birds of Paradise </Li> <Li> 1.5 Segment 5 : PINK Network </Li> <Li> 1.6 Segment 6 : Snow Angels </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Finale </Li> <Li> 3 Live Segment Line - ups <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Segment 1 : British Invasion </Li> <Li> 3.2 Segment 2 : Birds of Paradise </Li> <Li> 3.3 Segment 3 : Parisian Nights </Li> <Li> 3.4 Segment 4 : Shipwrecked </Li> <Li> 3.5 Segment 5 : PINK Network </Li> <Li> 3.6 Segment 6 : Snow Angels </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Aired Segment Line - ups ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Segment 1 : British Invasion ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) </Td> <Td> Fall Out Boy </Td> <Td> Live performance ( with Taylor Swift ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Wings </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Candice Swanepoel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) Wearing `` Royal Fantasy Bra '' ( Value : $ 10,000,000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> Behati Prinsloo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2009 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> Lily Donaldson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> Cara Delevingne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 - 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Barbara Fialho </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> Fitting model ( 2013 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> Jourdan Dunn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Karlie Kloss </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2014 ; 2017 </Td> <Td> New Angel ( 2013 - 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Kasia Struss </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Adriana Lima </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1999 - 2003 ; 2005 - 2008 ; 2010 -- present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2000 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Cindy Bruna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Devon Windsor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer / Fitting Model ( 2013 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Lily Aldridge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Segment 2 : Shipwrecked ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song List </Th> <Th> Performance </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Say Something </Td> <Td> A Great Big World </Td> <Td> Live Performance ( only Ian Axel ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Wings </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Doutzen Kroes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 - 2006 ; 2008 - 2009 ; 2011 - 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2008 - 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Toni Garrn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Sui He </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> Behati Prinsloo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2009 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Candice Swanepoel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2015 ; 2017 - present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Lily Aldridge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Karlie Kloss </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2014 , 2017 </Td> <Td> New Angel ( 2013 - 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Martha Hunt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Sigrid Agren </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Lindsay Ellingson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2011 - 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Alessandra Ambrosio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2003 ; 2005 - 2017 </Td> <Td> Former Angel ( 2000 - 2003 2005 - 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Constance Jablonski </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Segment 3 : Parisian Nights ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song List </Th> <Th> Performance </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FU </Td> <Td> Miley Cyrus </Td> <Td> Recording </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Wings </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Adriana Lima </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1999 - 2003 ; 2005 - 2008 ; 2010 - present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2000 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Doutzen Kroes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 - 2006 , 2008 - 2009 , 2011 - 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2008 - 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Cindy Bruna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 - present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Lais Ribeiro </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 - 2011 ; 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Alessandra Ambrosio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2003 ; 2005 - 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Great Britain </Td> <Td> Jourdan Dunn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> Joan Smalls </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Kelly Gale </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 2014 , 2016 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> Cara Delevingne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 - 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Izabel Goulart </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Former Angel ( 2005 - 2008 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Erin Heatherton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> Former Angel ( 2010 - 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Barbara Fialho </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> Fitting model ; Swarovski Headpiece </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Segment 4 : Birds of Paradise ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song List </Th> <Th> Performance </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Phoenix </Td> <Td> Fall Out Boy </Td> <Td> Live Performance </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Wings </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Lais Ribeiro </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 - 2011 ; 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Opened due to injury in 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Alessandra Ambrosio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2000 - 2003 ; 2005 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2004 - 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Erin Heatherton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> Former Angel ( 2010 - 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Lindsay Ellingson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2011 - 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Izabel Goulart </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Former Angel ( 2005 - 2008 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> Joan Smalls </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Jacquelyn Jablonski </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Hilary Rhoda </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Magdalena Frackowiak </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 ; 2012 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> Maria Borges </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 - present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Segment 5 : PINK Network ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song List </Th> <Th> Performance </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trouble </Td> <Td> Neon Jungle </Td> <Td> Live Performance </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Wings </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> Ieva Laguna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Jessica Hart </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> PINK Spokesmodel ( 2011 - 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Ming Xi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Caroline Brasch Nielsen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 ; 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> Malaika Firth </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Elsa Hosk </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> PINK Spokesmodel ( 2011 - 2014 ) / Featured </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Josephine Skriver </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Jasmine Tookes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Sara Sampaio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Jac Jagaciak </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Segment 6 : Snow Angels ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song List </Th> <Th> Performance </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> I Knew You Were Trouble </Td> <Td> Taylor Swift </Td> <Td> Live Performance </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Wings </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> Behati Prinsloo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2009 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Karlie Kloss </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 - 2014 , 2017 </Td> <Td> New Angel ( 2013 - 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Lindsay Ellingson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2011 - 2014 ) ; Swarovski Outfit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Constance Jablonski </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Candice Swanepoel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2015 ; 2017 - present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Toni Garrn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Republic Of China </Td> <Td> Sui He </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Great Britain </Td> <Td> Lily Donaldson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> Maryna Linchuk </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 - 2011 ; 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Lily Aldridge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Doutzen Kroes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 - 2006 ; 2008 - 2009 ; 2011 - 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2008 - 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Adriana Lima </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1999 - 2003 ; 2005 - 2008 ; 2010 -- present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2000 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Magdalena Frackowiak </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 ; 2012 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Finale ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song List </Th> <Th> Performance </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Applause </Td> <Td> Lady Gaga </Td> <Td> Recording </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Adriana Lima and Candice Swanepoel led the finale . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adriana Lima </Td> <Td> 1999 - 2003 ; 2005 - 2008 ; 2010 - present </Td> <Td> Current Angel </Td> <Td> Candice Swanepoel </Td> <Td> 2007 - 2015 ; 2017 - present </Td> <Td> Current Angel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karlie Kloss </Td> <Td> 2011 - 2014 ; 2017 </Td> <Td> New Angel </Td> <Td> Behati Prinsloo </Td> <Td> 2007 - 2015 </Td> <Td> Current Angel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lily Aldridge </Td> <Td> 2009 - present </Td> <Td> Current Angel </Td> <Td> Lindsay Ellingson </Td> <Td> 2007 - 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doutzen Kroes </Td> <Td> 2005 - 2006 ; 2008 - 2009 ; 2011 - 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel </Td> <Td> Alessandra Ambrosio </Td> <Td> 2000 - 2017 </Td> <Td> Current Angel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Magdalena Frackowiak </Td> <Td> 2010 - 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Constance Jablonski </Td> <Td> 2010 - 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sui He </Td> <Td> 2011 - present </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Toni Garrn </Td> <Td> 2011 - 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lily Donaldson </Td> <Td> 2010 - 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lais Ribeiro </Td> <Td> 2010 - present </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryna Linchuk </Td> <Td> 2008 - 2011 ; 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kelly Gale </Td> <Td> 2013 - 2014 ; 2016 - present </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joan Smalls </Td> <Td> 2011 - 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cara Delevingne </Td> <Td> 2012 - 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Izabel Goulart </Td> <Td> 2005 - 2016 </Td> <Td> Former Angel </Td> <Td> Erin Heatherton </Td> <Td> 2008 - 2013 </Td> <Td> Former Angel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barbara Fialho </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> Fitting Model </Td> <Td> Sigrid Agren </Td> <Td> 2013 - 2014 </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jourdan Dunn </Td> <Td> 2012 - 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maria Borges </Td> <Td> 2013 - present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martha Hunt </Td> <Td> 2013 - present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> <Td> Hilary Rhoda </Td> <Td> 2012 - 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Devon Windsor </Td> <Td> 2013 - present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> <Td> Kasia Struss </Td> <Td> 2013 - 2014 </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacquelyn Jablonski </Td> <Td> 2010 - 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cindy Bruna </Td> <Td> 2013 - present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ieva Laguna </Td> <Td> 2011 - 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elsa Hosk </Td> <Td> 2011 - present </Td> <Td> PINK Spokesmodel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ming Xi </Td> <Td> 2013 - present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> <Td> Caroline Brasch Nielsen </Td> <Td> 2011 ; 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Josephine Skriver </Td> <Td> 2013 - present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> <Td> Malaika Firth </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sara Sampaio </Td> <Td> 2013 - present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> <Td> Jasmine Tookes </Td> <Td> 2012 - present </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jac Jagaciak </Td> <Td> 2013 - 2015 </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Live Segment Line - ups ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Segment 1 : British Invasion ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) </Td> <Td> Fall Out Boy </Td> <Td> Live performance ( with Taylor Swift ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Wings </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Candice Swanepoel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) Wearing `` Royal Fantasy Bra '' ( Value : $ 10,000,000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> Behati Prinsloo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2009 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> Lily Donaldson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> Cara Delevingne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 - 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Barbara Fialho </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> Fitting model ( 2013 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> Jourdan Dunn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Karlie Kloss </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2014 ; 2017 </Td> <Td> New Angel ( 2013 - 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Kasia Struss </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Adriana Lima </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1999 - 2003 ; 2005 - 2008 ; 2010 -- present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2000 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Cindy Bruna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Devon Windsor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer / Fitting Model ( 2013 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Lily Aldridge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Segment 2 : Birds of Paradise ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song List </Th> <Th> Performance </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Phoenix </Td> <Td> Fall Out Boy </Td> <Td> Live Performance </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Wings </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Lais Ribeiro </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 - 2011 ; 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Opened due to injury in 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Alessandra Ambrosio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2000 - 2003 ; 2005 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2004 - 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Erin Heatherton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> Former Angel ( 2010 - 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Lindsay Ellingson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2011 - 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Izabel Goulart </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Former Angel ( 2005 - 2008 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> Joan Smalls </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Jacquelyn Jablonski </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Hilary Rhoda </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Magdalena Frackowiak </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 ; 2012 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> Maria Borges </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 - present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Segment 3 : Parisian Nights ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song List </Th> <Th> Performance </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FU </Td> <Td> Miley Cyrus </Td> <Td> Recording </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Wings </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Adriana Lima </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1999 - 2003 ; 2005 - 2008 ; 2010 - present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2000 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Doutzen Kroes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 - 2006 , 2008 - 2009 , 2011 - 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2008 - 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Cindy Bruna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 - present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Lais Ribeiro </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 - 2011 ; 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Alessandra Ambrosio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2003 ; 2005 - 2017 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2004 - 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Great Britain </Td> <Td> Jourdan Dunn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> Joan Smalls </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Kelly Gale </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 2014 , 2016 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> Cara Delevingne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 - 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Izabel Goulart </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Former Angel ( 2005 - 2008 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Erin Heatherton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> Former Angel ( 2010 - 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Barbara Fialho </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> Fitting model ; Swarovski Headpiece </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Segment 4 : Shipwrecked ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song List </Th> <Th> Performance </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Say Something </Td> <Td> A Great Big World </Td> <Td> Live Performance ( only Ian Axel ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Wings </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Doutzen Kroes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 - 2006 ; 2008 - 2009 ; 2011 - 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2008 - 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Toni Garrn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Sui He </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> Behati Prinsloo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2009 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Candice Swanepoel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2015 ; 2017 - present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Lily Aldridge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Karlie Kloss </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2014 , 2017 </Td> <Td> New Angel ( 2013 - 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Martha Hunt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Sigrid Agren </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Lindsay Ellingson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2011 - 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Alessandra Ambrosio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2003 ; 2005 - 2017 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2004 - 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Constance Jablonski </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Segment 5 : PINK Network ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song List </Th> <Th> Performance </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trouble </Td> <Td> Neon Jungle </Td> <Td> Live Performance </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Wings </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> Ieva Laguna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Jessica Hart </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> PINK Spokesmodel ( 2011 - 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Ming Xi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Caroline Brasch Nielsen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 ; 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> Malaika Firth </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Elsa Hosk </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> PINK Spokesmodel ( 2011 - 2014 ) / Featured </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Josephine Skriver </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Jasmine Tookes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Sara Sampaio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Jac Jagaciak </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Newcomer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Segment 6 : Snow Angels ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song List </Th> <Th> Performance </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> I Knew You Were Trouble </Td> <Td> Taylor Swift </Td> <Td> Live Performance </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Wings </Th> <Th> Runway shows </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> Behati Prinsloo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2009 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Karlie Kloss </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 - 2014 , 2017 </Td> <Td> New Angel ( 2013 - 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Lindsay Ellingson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2011 - 2014 ) ; Swarovski Outfit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Constance Jablonski </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Candice Swanepoel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2015 ; 2017 - present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Toni Garrn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Republic Of China </Td> <Td> Sui He </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Great Britain </Td> <Td> Lily Donaldson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> Maryna Linchuk </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 - 2011 ; 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Lily Aldridge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2010 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Doutzen Kroes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 - 2006 ; 2008 - 2009 ; 2011 - 2014 </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2008 - 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Adriana Lima </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1999 - 2003 ; 2005 - 2008 ; 2010 -- present </Td> <Td> Current Angel ( 2000 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Magdalena Frackowiak </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2010 ; 2012 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Emily Cronin ( 14 November 2013 ) . `` Victoria 's Secret fashion show 2013 : six talking points '' . theguardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : My Songs Know What You Did In The Dark - Fall Out Boy vs Taylor Swift . New York . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lauren Milligan ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` Candice Will Wear The Victoria 's Secret Fantasy Bra '' . vogue.co.uk . Vogue UK . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lauren Milligan ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` Candice Will Wear The Victoria 's Secret Fantasy Bra '' . vogue.co.uk . Vogue UK . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show , Vogue UK . </Li> <Li> The Top 20 Looks from the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show , Harper 's Bazaar . </Li> <Li> The 2013 Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show , GQ </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Victoria 's Secret Fashion Shows </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show models by first appearance in the 2010s </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lily Aldridge </Li> <Li> Alessandra Ambrosio </Li> <Li> Gracie Carvalho </Li> <Li> Shannan Click </Li> <Li> Katsia Damankova </Li> <Li> Lily Donaldson </Li> <Li> Selita Ebanks </Li> <Li> Lindsay Ellingson </Li> <Li> Isabeli Fontana </Li> <Li> Magdalena Frackowiak </Li> <Li> Izabel Goulart </Li> <Li> Héloïse Guérin </Li> <Li> Erin Heatherton </Li> <Li> Rosie Huntington - 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Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball - wikipedia <H1> Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Kentucky Wildcats </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 -- 18 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> University </Th> <Td> University of Kentucky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First season </Th> <Td> 1903 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - time record </Th> <Td> 2,238 -- 688 (. 765 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Athletic director </Th> <Td> Mitch Barnhart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> John Calipari 9th season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Td> SEC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Lexington , Kentucky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arena </Th> <Td> Rupp Arena ( Capacity : 23,500 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname </Th> <Td> Wildcats </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Student section </Th> <Td> eRUPPtion Zone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> Blue and White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Uniforms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Home </Td> <Td> Away <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pre-tournament Premo - Porretta champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1934 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pre-tournament Helms champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1933 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Tournament champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Tournament runner - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1966 , 1975 , 1997 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Tournament Final Four </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1942 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1966 , 1975 , 1978 , 1984 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Tournament Elite Eight </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1942 , 1945 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1961 , 1962 , 1966 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1951 , 1952 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Tournament appearances </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1942 , 1945 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1952 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Conference tournament champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1921 , 1933 , 1937 , 1939 , 1940 , 1942 , 1944 , 1945 , 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1984 , 1986 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2010 , 2011 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Conference regular season champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1926 , 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , 1937 , 1939 , 1940 , 1942 , 1944 , 1945 , 1946 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1954 , 1955 , 1957 , 1958 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 , 2010 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team is an American college basketball team that represents the University of Kentucky . Kentucky is the most successful NCAA Division I basketball program in history in terms of both all - time wins ( 2,237 ) and all - time winning percentage (. 765 ) . The Wildcats are currently coached by John Calipari . </P> <P> Kentucky leads all schools in total NCAA tournament appearances ( 56 ) , NCAA tournament wins ( 124 ) , NCAA Tournament games played ( 174 ) , NCAA Sweet Sixteen appearances ( 42 ) , NCAA Elite Eight appearances ( 37 ) , and total postseason tournament appearances ( 64 ) . Further , Kentucky has played in 17 NCAA Final Fours ( tied for 2nd place all - time with UCLA ) , 12 NCAA Championship games , and has won 8 NCAA championships ( second only to UCLA 's 11 ) . In addition to these titles , Kentucky won the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) in both 1946 and 1976 , making it the only school to win multiple NCAA and NIT championships . Kentucky also leads all schools with 61 20 - win seasons , 15 30 - win seasons , and 6 35 - win seasons . </P> <P> Throughout its history , the Kentucky basketball program has featured many notable and successful players , both on the collegiate level and the professional level . Kentucky holds the record for the most NBA Draft selections ( 121 ) as well as the most # 1 NBA Draft picks ( 3 ) . The Wildcats have also been led by many successful head coaches , including Adolph Rupp , Joe B. Hall , Eddie Sutton , Rick Pitino , Tubby Smith , and John Calipari . Kentucky is the only program with 5 different NCAA Championship coaches ( Rupp , Hall , Pitino , Smith , and Calipari ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early history ( 1903 -- 1930 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 George Buchheit and the `` Wonder Team '' ( 1919 -- 1925 ) </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 C.O Applegran , Ray Eklund , and Basil Hayden ( 1925 -- 1927 ) </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 John Mauer and the `` Mauermen '' ( 1927 -- 1930 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Adolph Rupp ( 1930 -- 1972 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 The Beardless Wonders ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Kentucky 's first championship ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2. 3 Back - to - back championships ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2. 4 A new decade ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2. 5 Third championship and point shaving scandal ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2. 6 Undefeated but no tournament ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2. 7 Rupp 's fourth championship ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2. 8 Rupp 's Runts ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2. 9 The late Rupp years ( 1967 -- 1972 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Joe B. Hall ( 1972 -- 1985 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 The Super Kittens ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 The Season Without Celebration and fifth championship ( 1978 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 Eddie Sutton ( 1985 -- 1989 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Early Sutton era ( 1985 -- 1988 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Emery scandal ( 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5 Rick Pitino ( 1989 -- 1997 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 1 Post season ban and rebuilding with the Unforgettables ( 1989 -- 1992 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5. 2 Return to the Final Four ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5. 3 The Mardi Gras Miracle ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5. 4 The Untouchables and Championship Number Six ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5. 5 The Unbelievables ( 1997 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.6 Orlando `` Tubby '' Smith ( 1997 -- 2007 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.6. 1 New coach and a seventh championship ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6. 2 Final Four drought ( 1999 -- 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.7 Billy Gillispie ( 2007 -- 2009 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.7. 1 Decline in form ( 2008 -- 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.8 John Calipari ( 2009 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> 1.8. 1 Calipari first class ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8. 2 Run to the Final Four ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8. 3 The road to an eighth championship ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8. 4 Starting anew ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8. 5 The Tweakables ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8. 6 Pursuit of perfection ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Season by season results </Li> <Li> 3 Coaches </Li> <Li> 4 Postseason results <Ul> <Li> 4.1 National championships </Li> <Li> 4.2 Final Four history </Li> <Li> 4.3 NCAA Tournament seeding history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Wildcats of note <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Honored players </Li> <Li> 5.2 Honored coaches </Li> <Li> 5.3 Honored contributors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 All - Time Statistical leaders </Li> <Li> 7 Awards <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Naismith Hall of Fame Members </Li> <Li> 7.2 Olympians </Li> <Li> 7.3 Wildcats in the NBA </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Memorable teams <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Three point streak </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Facilities <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Rupp Arena ( 1976 -- present ) </Li> <Li> 9.2 Joe Craft Center ( 2007 -- present ) </Li> <Li> 9.3 Memorial Coliseum ( 1950 -- 76 ) </Li> <Li> 9.4 Alumni Gymnasium ( 1924 -- 50 ) </Li> <Li> 9.5 Woodland Park Auditorium ( 1914 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> 9.6 Buell Armory Gymnasium ( 1910 -- 24 ) </Li> <Li> 9.7 State College Gymnasium ( 1902 -- 14 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Cumulative all - time statistics </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early history ( 1903 -- 1930 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Records indicate that the first head coach of the Wildcats was W.W.H. Mustaine , who in 1903 called together some students , took up a collection totaling $3 for a ball , and told the students to start playing . The first recorded intercollegiate game at the college was a 15 -- 6 defeat to nearby Georgetown College . The team went 1 -- 2 for their first `` season '' , also losing to Kentucky University ( later Transylvania University ) but defeating the Lexington YMCA . </P> <P> Through 1908 , the team did not manage a winning season , and had an all - time record of 15 -- 29 . In the fall of that year a full - time head coach was hired . This made him the first paid coach in Kentucky 's basketball history . That year , the team went 5 -- 4 , and only three years later , boasted their first undefeated season with nine victories and no losses . </P> <P> During this early era Kentucky was unstable in that the school went through multiple coaches , of whom many stayed only one or two seasons . </P> George Buchheit and the `` Wonder team '' ( 1919 -- 1925 ) ( edit ) <P> In 1919 , George Buchheit became the new head coach of the Wildcats . An alumnus of the University of Illinois , he brought with him a new system of basketball . The `` Buchheit system '' or `` Illinois system '' , focused on defense and featured one player standing under each basket , while three roamed the court . Buckheit varied the system he learned in Illinois in one important way . While the Illinois system employed a zone defense , Buchheit 's system used an aggressive man - to - man scheme . On offense , he used a complicated system of passing called the `` zig - zag '' or `` figure eight '' offense . </P> <P> Although the team had a losing season in Buchheit 's first year , they won the first - ever Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association tournament the next year , defeating the heavily favored Georgia Bulldogs . Both of these teams were composed entirely of native Kentuckians , anchored by All - American Basil Hayden . The tournament victory was considered Kentucky 's first major success , and the 1921 team became known as the `` Wonder Team . '' </P> <P> In 1922 , the team was unable to build on the success of the `` Wonder Team . '' Although every player was eligible in 1922 , two key players , Hayden and Sam Ridgeway , were injured before the start of the season . Hayden returned from his knee injury during the season , but was never able to play at the level he had the previous year . Ridgeway fought a year - long battle with diphtheria , and although he recovered , never played for the Wildcats again . The remaining three members of the `` Wonder Team '' went 9 -- 5 for the season , and bowed out of the SIAA tournament in the second round . </P> C.O applegran , Ray Eklund , and Basil Hayden ( 1925 -- 1927 ) ( edit ) <P> Buchheit remained as coach through the 1924 season before moving on to coach Trinity College ( later Duke University ) . A different coach would guide the team for each of the next four years . C.O. Applegran immediately followed Buchheit , and his 1925 team posted a respectable 13 -- 8 record . Applegran in college had played for the University of Illinois , where he became an All - American . The next year , Ray Eklund led the team to a 15 -- 3 record , and produced UK 's second All - American , Burgess Carey . The record was enough for Kentucky to win their first regular season conference championship in the Southern Conference . </P> <P> Seeing the cupboard largely bare for the upcoming year , Eklund resigned shortly before the start of the 1927 season . The team scrambled to find a new coach , and former player Basil Hayden left his coaching job at Kentucky Wesleyan College to answer the call . An inexperienced coach and a roster largely depleted of talent left the Wildcats with a 3 -- 13 record that year . The disappointment convinced Hayden that he was n't the `` coaching type '' , and he resigned after the season . Fortunately for the Wildcats , 1927 would be their last losing season for six decades . </P> John Mauer and the `` Mauermen '' ( 1927 -- 1930 ) ( edit ) <P> The Wildcats ' new coach for the 1927 - 28 season was John Mauer . Although he had a talented group of players moving up from the junior varsity team , Mauer quickly discovered that his players did n't know the fundamentals of the game . He began a regimen of three - hour practices five days a week during the preseason . The practice began with half an hour of shooting drills and usually ended with a full - court scrimmage . Between the two , Mauer worked on skill drills and scenarios . Mauer 's teams were nicknamed the `` Mauermen . '' </P> <P> Teamwork was the hallmark of Mauer 's system . Every player worked on every aspect of the game ; there were no specialists . Like Buchheit , Mauer employed a strong man - to - man defense . He utilized a slow - break offense that relied on a complicated system of short passes to get a good shot . Two elements of Mauer 's system were new to basketball in the south -- the offensive screen and the bounce pass . The latter was so new to most of UK 's opponents that it was referred to as the `` submarine attack . '' </P> <P> Over his three - year tenure , Mauer led the Wildcats to an overall record of 40 -- 14 . One major prize eluded him , however . Despite having teams that were almost universally acknowledged as the `` class of the South '' , Mauer never led a team to the Southern Conference title . Despite his innate ability for coaching , Mauer lacked the ability to heighten his team 's emotions for a big game , a fault that was cited as the reason for his lack of tournament success . Mauer left the Wildcats to coach the Miami University Redskins following the 1930 season . </P> <H3> Adolph Rupp ( 1930 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball under Adolph Rupp <P> In 1930 , the university hired Adolph Rupp , who had played as a reserve for the University of Kansas 1922 and 1923 Helms National Championship teams , under coach Forest C. `` Phog '' Allen . At the time of his hiring , Rupp was a high school coach in Freeport , Illinois . </P> <P> Rupp coached the University of Kentucky men 's basketball team from 1930 to 1972 . There , he gained the nicknames , `` Baron of the Bluegrass '' , and `` The Man in the Brown Suit '' . Rupp , who was an early innovator of the fast break and set offense , quickly gained a reputation as an intense competitor , a strict motivator , and a fine strategist , often driving his teams to great levels of success . Rupp 's Wildcat teams won 4 NCAA championships ( 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 ) , one NIT title in 1946 , appeared in 20 NCAA tournaments , had 6 NCAA Final Four appearances , captured 27 Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) regular season titles , and won 13 SEC tournaments . Rupp 's Kentucky teams also finished ranked No. 1 on 6 occasions in the final Associated Press college basketball poll and 4 times in the United Press International ( Coaches ) poll . In addition , Rupp 's 1966 Kentucky squad ( nicknamed `` Rupp 's Runts '' , as no starting player on the squad was taller than 6'5 `` ) finished runner - up in the NCAA tournament , and his 1947 Wildcats finished runner - up in the NIT . Rupp 's 1933 and 1954 Kentucky squads were also awarded the Helms National Championship , and his 1934 and 1947 teams were retroactively recognized as the national champion by the Premo - Porretta Power Poll . </P> The Beardless Wonders ( 1944 ) ( edit ) <P> One of Rupp 's early successful teams , he would give the ' 44 team the nickname `` the Beardless Wonders '' and `` Wildkittens '' because according to Rupp , `` It was like running a Kindergarten . '' Of the young players , Kentucky 's best player was freshman Bob Brannum , who at the age of 17 , would be named consensus All - American , making him the youngest player to ever earn the title . The Beardless Wonders would win nineteen of their twenty - one games , enough to be invited into the NIT . There they would be matched up with an equally young and talented Utah team nicknamed the `` Blitz Kids . '' The game made for an exciting outing with both teams going into the half tied at 24 , but with the help of Brannum Kentucky would pull away to win 46 -- 38 . Kentucky would lose the next game to home town Saint John 's . </P> Kentucky 's first championship ( 1948 ) ( edit ) <P> On the way to its first NCAA title , Kentucky would go on to a record of 36 -- 3 . Of these three losses , all were either away or at neutral sites , keeping Kentucky undefeated at home throughout the entire season . Kentucky started off the beginning of the season with a 7 -- 0 record heading into their away game at Temple . However , Temple was able to give the Cats their first loss by one point , 60 -- 59 . Still , this loss was not enough to keep the Wildcats down , as they rolled off an 11 - win streak before playing at Notre Dame , where they lost 55 -- 64 . They would not lose a game for the rest of the regular season . Kentucky continued through the NCAA Tournament to the finals , where they faced the Baylor Bears . Kentucky won its first NCAA title in a decisive 77 -- 59 victory . The season did not end after the NCAA Tournament , as Kentucky who would play in the Olympic Trials , where they went 2 -- 1 , only losing to the Phillips Oilers once . This was performance enough to help represent the United States in the 1948 Olympic Games . Despite only being a college team , the starting 5 of Kentucky would help defeat all of its competition in London , making Kentucky the only team to win both a NCAA title and an Olympic gold medal . Adolph Rupp soon gave this team the nickname `` The Fabulous Five '' , in honor of their accomplishments . </P> Back - to - back Championships ( 1949 ) ( edit ) <P> For the 1949 season Kentucky had high expectations with most of the Fabulous Five returning . Big Blue Nation 's expectations were met as the 1949 team won one more game than the previous year including both a SEC regular season and SEC tournament championship , while also getting back to the Final Four that March . In the finals Kentucky faced the Oklahoma A&M Cowboys , a team that had previously seen success in the tournament with back - to - back championships in 1945 and 1946 . The Fab Five would succeed again winning 46 -- 36 and Kentucky 's only back - to - back NCAA championship . Kentucky was the second program in NCAA history to win back - to - back championships ( there have been six other schools since ) . </P> A new decade ( 1950 ) ( edit ) <P> With a returning star player like Bill Spivey , Kentucky hoped to carry their success into the new decade . All did n't look well after the Wildcats lost their first game by 11 to Saint John 's at home , but they would pull it together for the Sugar Bowl Tournament which they won beating NCAA runner up Bradley . Heading into rival Tennessee now No. 2 Kentucky was looking at the beginning of a tough six away game stretch ; and tough it was . After losing to Tennessee , Kentucky would struggle to chain two wins together , losing every other game . They would defeat their next fourteen opponents , including getting revenge in SEC tournament championship over Tennessee . Heading into the post-season , No. 3 Kentucky would play a powerhouse CCNY team in the NIT , missing the NCAA tournament . The Wildcats were no match and were thrashed by the CCNY Beavers , 50 -- 83 . The same CCNY would go to win the NIT , and then the NCAA championship . They are the only team in college basketball history to accomplish this feat . </P> Third championship and point shaving scandal ( 1951 ) ( edit ) <P> Coming off a successful but titleless 1950 season , the Wildcats continued their dominance into the new decade . Over the season Kentucky would defeat four top 15 teams including four top 10 teams , and would be ranked in the top 5 the entire season . And with only one loss heading into the SEC tournament it looked like Kentucky would once again claim both SEC championships and their dominance over their conference . Vanderbilt had a different idea however , and would knock off the top ranked Wildcats in the SEC tournament finals denying them an eighth straight SEC tournament title . Kentucky was determined to not repeat the result it had in the SEC tournament in the NCAA finals , where they defeated fourth ranked Kansas State 68 -- 58 . </P> <P> Adolph Rupp was the head coach at Kentucky during the year of the point shaving scandal of 1951 . In 1945 former Kentucky football player Nick Englisis met Kentucky basketball legend Ralph Beard while the two played football at Kentucky . Englisis entered the gambling business when he left the football team in 1946 , then approached three Kentucky basketball players Ralph Beard , Alex Groza , and Dale Barnstable with his associates in late 1948 about potentially point shaving ( fixing the score of games ) during the upcoming season in exchange for money . The three players agreed to point shave and successfully shaved points in several games during the 1948 -- 1949 season until an effort to point shave caused the Wildcats to lose to the Loyola Ramblers in the National Invitation Tournament . Groza , Beard , and Barnstable attempted to win the game under the point spread but kept the score too close , allowing the Ramblers to win the game with an impressive performance at the end of the second half . Kentucky faced Villanova in their first game of the NCAA Tournament following the loss to Loyola and the three players attempted to win over the point spread . When Groza , Beard , and Barnstable failed to win over the point spread , it caused Englisis to lose all of his money and ended the point shaving deals between Englisis and these three players . On October 20 , 1951 , Alex Groza , Ralph Beard , and Dale Barnstable were arrested for taking bribes from gamblers to shave points during several games including the National Invitation Tournament game against the Loyola Ramblers in the 1948 -- 49 season . </P> <P> At the conclusion of this scandal , a subsequent NCAA investigation found that Kentucky had committed several rule violations , including giving illegal spending money to players on several occasions , and also allowing some ineligible athletes to compete . As a result , the Southeastern Conference voted to ban Kentucky from competing for a year and the NCAA requested all other basketball - playing members not to schedule Kentucky , with eventually none doing so . As a result of these actions , Kentucky was forced to cancel the entire 1952 -- 53 basketball season . Years later , Walter Byers , the first executive director of the NCAA , unofficially referred to this punishment as the first de facto NCAA death penalty , despite the current rule first coming into effect in 1985 , thus the NCAA having no such enforcement power previous to that . Echoing Mr. Byers ' view , the NCAA 's official stance is very much the same , and they now state in hindsight , `` In effect , it was the Association 's first death penalty , though its enforcement was binding only through constitutional language that required members to compete against only those schools that were compliant with NCAA rules . Despite fears that it would resist , Kentucky accepts the penalty and , in turn , gives the NCAA credibility to enforce its rules . '' </P> Undefeated but No. Tournament ( 1954 ) ( edit ) <P> The team returned with a vengeance the next year , posting a perfect 25 -- 0 record ( Rupp 's only undefeated season ) , for which it was awarded the 1954 Helms National Championship . In addition , Kentucky also finished ranked No. 1 in the final Associated Press poll . On the team were three players who had graduated at the conclusion of the previous academic year . When , at the last minute , the NCAA ruled these players ineligible from post-season play , Rupp decided to skip the 1954 NCAA Tournament in protest . </P> Rupp 's fourth championship ( 1958 ) ( edit ) <P> Early into the season it was obvious that the `` Fiddlin Five '' were not like Rupp 's teams earlier in the decade . They played around and made mistakes , which Rupp described as fiddling . In fact the Fiddlin Five still has the most losses out of any Kentucky 's championships , with six , three of those were in four games . Unlike the Fab Five or the 1951 teams , the Fiddling Five would yoyo in the rankings with their lowest a No. 13 coming after 56 -- 57 loss to unranked Loyola Chicago . Kentucky would catch fire through the tournament though and would win their fourth title over No. 18 Seattle in the confides of Louisville 's Freedom Hall . </P> Rupp 's Runts ( 1966 ) ( edit ) <P> Rupp 's last Final Four team and one of his last chances at a 5th NCAA title occurred in the 1965 -- 66 season , with Kentucky going all the way to the NCAA title game . The now historic 1966 NCAA championship game against Texas Western ( now University of Texas - El Paso or UTEP ) marked the first occurrence that an all - white starting five ( Kentucky ) played an all - black starting five ( Texas Western ) in the NCAA championship game . Texas Western won the game 72 -- 65 , on the night of March 19 , 1966 . Contrary to popular belief , this game was not a huge `` upset '' as while Kentucky entered the tournament with only one loss and ranked No. 1 , Texas Western also had only one loss and entered the tournament ranked second . Kentucky was a 6.5 point favorite in the game The game was depicted in the film Glory Road . </P> <P> This game , and the result of it , were especially significant as the game came at a time when the civil rights movement was coming into full swing around the country . In 1969 , after actively recruiting black players for over six years ( his first formal scholarship offer was in 1964 , despite most of the other SEC teams threatening to boycott if a black player took the court ) , Rupp finally signed his first black player , Tom Payne , an athletic 7 ' - 1 '' center out of Louisville . This ended the aspect of all - white Kentucky teams forever , and marked a new era with many notable black Kentucky basketball legends , including Jack Givens , Sam Bowie , Kenny Walker , Jamal Mashburn , Tayshaun Prince , Rajon Rondo , John Wall , Anthony Davis , and Karl Anthony Towns . </P> The late Rupp years ( 1967 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) <P> Though he was born and raised in Indiana , Dan Issel would commit to the Wildcats in 1966 ( the year of the famous Kentucky - UTEP game ) . Over the next four years Issel would score an average of 25.7 per game , adding up to 2,137 points in his college career . This made Issel the player with the most points to ever play at Kentucky , a feat that has to this day not been matched . This included his 53 points scored against Mississippi State in 1970 , the most by a Kentucky player in a single game and breaking the previous record of 51 points held by Cliff Hagan . Issel would not capture the national championship in his college years but would go on to make a name for himself in the ABA . </P> <P> Rupp was forced into retirement in March 1972 , after reaching age 70 . At the time , this was the mandatory retirement age for all University of Kentucky employees . He was a 5 - time National Coach - of - the - Year award winner , a 7 - time Conference Coach - of - the - Year award winner , and was elected a member of both the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and College Basketball Hall of Fame . Further , since 1972 , the Adolph Rupp Trophy , considered one of the nation 's premier basketball awards , has been given by Commonwealth Athletic Club to the nation 's top men 's college basketball player . In addition , the University of Kentucky retired a jersey in his honor in the rafters of Rupp Arena , a 23,500 - seat arena named after him , dedicated in 1976 . </P> <H3> Joe B. Hall ( 1972 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Joe B. Hall was the head basketball coach at Kentucky from 1972 to 1985 . Although he had been an assistant at Kentucky since 1965 , Coach Hall was given a difficult task : to follow in the footsteps of his legendary predecessor , Adolph Rupp . In the 1978 NCAA Tournament , he coached the Wildcats to their fifth NCAA championship . He was named National Coach of the Year in 1978 and SEC Coach of the Year on four different occasions . His record at UK was 297 -- 100 , and 373 -- 156 over his career . Coach Hall would win the title once in 1978 as well as making the final four in 1975 and 1984 , and the elite eight in 1972 , 1973 , 1977 , 1983 . </P> <P> Coach Hall is one of only three men to both play on a NCAA championship team ( 1949 -- Kentucky ) and coach a NCAA championship team ( 1978 -- Kentucky ) , and the only one to do so for the same school . The only others to achieve this feat are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bob Knight -- Player for Ohio State in 1960 and coach at Indiana in 1976 , 1981 , and 1987 . </Li> <Li> Dean Smith -- Player for Kansas in 1952 and coach at North Carolina in 1982 and 1993 . </Li> </Ul> The Super Kittens ( 1975 ) ( edit ) <P> After a year of playing in the freshman league and a disappointing sophomore season , Hall 's Super Kittens returned with hopes of finally bringing Kentucky its fifth title . They nearly did just that , guiding Kentucky to a runner - up finish to UCLA in the 1975 NCAA tournament but not before avenging their 20 - point defeat to an undefeated Indiana team . Despite losing in the championship game , it would give freshman Jack Givens a taste for success that would help propel Kentucky to the title three years later . </P> The season without Celebration and fifth championship ( 1978 ) ( edit ) <P> It had been twenty years without a championship in Lexington , and along with pressure of following a hall of fame coach , Hall would nickname the 1978 season the `` Season Without Celebration . '' The pressure to win was immense on both players and coach to bring home the title , especially with a senior laden team that had gone to the finals as freshman . Kentucky would hardly lose its composure all season or break under pressure , winning 30 of 32 games and defeating eight ranked teams along the way . By the time Kentucky reached the tournament finals they seemed bound to win the title , though Duke would give Kentucky their all . With the help of senior Jack `` Goose '' Givens ' 41 points , Kentucky defeated the Blue Devils 94 -- 88 , and finally won their fifth title and first in 20 years . </P> <H3> Eddie Sutton ( 1985 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Early Sutton era ( 1985 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) <P> In 1985 , Eddie Sutton succeeded Joe B. Hall . He coached the Wildcats for four years , leading them to the Elite Eight of the 1986 NCAA Tournament . Two seasons later , Sutton and the 25 -- 5 Wildcats captured their 37th SEC title and were ranked as the 6th college basketball team in the nation by the Associated Press and UPI before losing to Villanova in the Tournament . </P> Emery scandal ( 1989 ) ( edit ) <P> Kentucky entered the 1988 -- 89 season with a gutted roster . Ed Davender , Robert Lock and Winston Bennett had all graduated from school , while All - SEC sophomore Rex Chapman left school early to enter the 1988 NBA draft . Additionally , sophomore standout Eric Manuel was suspected of cheating on his college entrance exam and voluntarily agreed to sit out until the investigation was finished . Potential franchise recruit Shawn Kemp transferred out of Kentucky after signing with the school early that year . Unfortunately , Manuel was forced to sit out the entire season as the investigation dragged on , essentially leaving the Wildcats in the hands of inexperienced sophomore LeRon Ellis and true freshman Chris Mills . The two underclassmen struggled to fill the talent vacuum on the court and the Wildcats finished with a losing record of 13 -- 19 , the team 's first losing full - season record since 1927 . To add insult to injury , the NCAA announced at the end of the season that its investigation into the basketball program had found the school guilty of violating numerous NCAA policies . </P> <P> The scandal broke when Emery Worldwide employees claimed to have discovered $1,000 in cash in an envelope Kentucky assistant coach Dwane Casey sent to Mills ' father . Later Emery settled a libel lawsuit filed by Casey for a substantial amount of money . Casey was not in Lexington when the envelope was supposedly mailed and the father of Mills said they received no money . The NCAA rescinded its show cause order immediately after the settlement of the lawsuit , and Casey 's career has flourished as an NBA coach . Another player , Eric Manuel , was alleged to have received improper assistance on his college entrance exams and was banned from NCAA competition . Whether Manuel was directly involved has been questioned . Kentucky was already on probation stemming from allegations of an extensive scheme of payments to recruits , and the NCAA seriously considered hitting the Wildcats with the `` death penalty '' , which would have shut down the entire basketball program ( as opposed to simply being banned from postseason play ) for up to two years . However , school president David Roselle forced Sutton and athletic director Cliff Hagan to resign . The Wildcats were slapped with three years ' probation , a two - year ban from postseason play and a ban from live television in 1989 -- 90 . </P> <H3> Rick Pitino ( 1989 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) </H3> Post season ban and rebuilding with the Unforgettables ( 1989 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) <P> In 1989 , Rick Pitino left the NBA 's New York Knicks and became the coach at a Kentucky program reeling from the aforementioned scandal . Kentucky would be banned from the 1990 and 1991 post season , with the 1990 season suffering a 14 -- 14 record . Kentucky would improve in 1991 with a beavy of home - grown upperclassmen such as Sean Woods , John Pelphrey , Richie Farmer , Deron Feldhaus , and Reggie Hanson along with the talented freshman Jamal Mashburn . Despite their record of 22 -- 6 , Kentucky was still banned from the post season and would have to wait another year to see the Unforgettables succeed in the tournament . </P> <P> Beginning with the 1992 season , Kentucky was free of post season bans . Though they lost one more game than last season , this team was most memorable for going to the Elite Eight ( for the first time since Sutton 's 1986 team ) with many returning upperclassmen from Kentucky . The team is also known for playing in what could be considered one of the greatest games in NCAA tournament history against Duke . In this game defending champion Duke were looking to return to the Final Four once again , Kentucky for the first time in almost a decade . The game was hard fought and physical on both sides all game including Laettner 's infamous stomp on Aminu Timberlake , which resulted in a technical . The teams took the lead back and forth until the final minute of the game which resulted in a first buzzer beater shot by Kentucky 's Sean Woods to take the lead 103 -- 102 , and then Laettner 's shot to win the game for the Blue Devils in the final seconds 104 -- 103 . This team came to be known as the `` Unforgettables '' for helping put Kentucky back on the path to success in the 1990s and because the team was made up of home grown Kentucky kids . </P> Return to the Final Four ( 1993 ) ( edit ) <P> Kentucky returned a junior Mashburn , along with Travis Ford and Tony Delk . They were expected to reach the Final Four for the first time since Joe B. Hall 's 1984 team . The expectations were right , as Kentucky would head into the post-season with only 2 losses and a No. 5 ranking . After winning the SEC Tournament once again , Kentucky stormed to the NCAA Final Four to meet up with Michigan 's `` Fab Five '' a team of young and highly talented recruits that brought Michigan to the championship game the year before . As talented as Kentucky was they would fail to reach the championship game with a 78 -- 81 overtime loss to the Wolverines . But this would be the just a glimpse of a run Kentucky would have later in the decade . </P> The Mardi Gras Miracle ( 1994 ) ( edit ) <P> Kentucky started the next season ranked # 1 but would underachieve , falling short of the Elite Eight for the only time under Pitino . The highlight of the season was the `` Mardi Gras Miracle '' , a game where Kentucky trailed LSU 68 -- 37 with 15 : 34 left , but outscored them 62 -- 27 over the remainder of regulation to win 99 -- 95 . </P> The Untouchables and championship number six ( 1996 ) ( edit ) <P> Starting in 1996 , Kentucky would put together a string of Final Fours with help from 9 future NBA players . The `` Untouchables '' as they were nicknamed , would only lose twice , to Final Four bound UMass Minutemen ( coached by current Kentucky coach John Calipari ) and Mississippi State . It was with their overwhelming talent and chemistry that would win Kentucky their sixth national title in the 1996 NCAA Tournament , Kentucky 's first NCAA championship in 18 years . </P> The Unbelievables ( 1997 ) ( edit ) <P> The following year , Pitino 's Kentucky team made it back to the national title game , losing to Arizona in overtime in the finals of the 1997 NCAA Tournament . Pitino 's fast - paced teams at Kentucky were favorites of the school 's fans . It was primarily at Kentucky where he implemented his signature style of full - court pressure defense . By the end of the Pitino era , Kentucky went from banned from the post season to going to three of the last five Final Fours and five of the last six Elite Eights . For this the 1997 team was dubbed the `` Unbelievables '' for taking a team that was not expected much of to return the Wildcats back to the championship game for a second time . </P> <P> Pitino left Kentucky in 1997 to coach the NBA 's Boston Celtics , he then went on to coach Kentucky 's in - state rival , the University of Louisville . </P> <H3> Orlando `` Tubby '' Smith ( 1997 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Orlando `` Tubby '' Smith was introduced by UK Athletic Director C.M. Newton as the Wildcats ' 20th head coach on May 12 , 1997 , charged with the unenviable task of replacing popular coach Rick Pitino . The Wildcats were at the top of the basketball world at the time , having won a national title in 1996 and , according to many , missing a second straight title in 1997 by the torn ACL of shooting guard Derek Anderson . ( Anderson tore his ACL in January against SEC foe Auburn ; Kentucky lost the 1997 title game in overtime to the Arizona Wildcats . ) The team Smith inherited sported seven players from the Arizona loss , and five from the 1996 championship team . However , since most of the players who had left after the 1996 and 1997 seasons were high NBA draft picks , his team had the lowest pre-season ranking since Kentucky came off probation in 1991 . </P> New coach and a seventh championship ( 1998 ) ( edit ) <P> In his first season at UK , he coached the Wildcats to their seventh NCAA championship , including a come - from - behind victory against Duke in the Elite Eight , and another comeback win against Stanford , then Utah in the Finals . His 1998 National Championship is unique in modern times , as being along with 1985 Villanova the 2nd team in over twenty years to win without a First Team All American or future NBA Lottery Pick ( see 1998 NCAA Tournament ) . The 1998 team was also unlike Kentucky 's past two championship teams , often falling behind in games before roaring back to win rather than dominating their competition . </P> <P> Smith 's teams , known primarily for a defense - oriented slower style of play coined `` Tubbyball '' , received mixed reviews among Kentucky fans who have historically enjoyed a faster , higher - scoring style of play under previous coaches . Smith was also under pressure from Kentucky fans to recruit better players . </P> Final Four drought ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) <P> After leading Kentucky to one National Championship in 1998 , Kentucky would complete a perfect 16 -- 0 regular season conference record in 2003 , win five SEC regular season championships ( 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 ) and five SEC Tournament titles ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 ) . Smith led the Wildcats to six Sweet Sixteen appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) and four Elite Eight appearances ( 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) in his ten seasons . He totaled 100 wins quicker than any other Wildcat coach before him except Hall of Famer Adolph Rupp , reaching the plateau in 130 games ( John Calipari subsequently broke this record in 114 games ) . In 2003 , he was named AP College Coach of the Year . </P> <P> Although Smith compiled an impressive resume during his UK career , he came under considerable pressure from many UK fans , who believed that his failure to achieve even a single Final Four appearance in his last nine seasons was inadequate by UK standards . This drought is the longest of any coach in UK history , although Smith did come just a double - overtime loss short of another Final Four appearance in 2005 . On March 22 , 2007 , Smith resigned his position of UK Head Coach to accept the head coach position at the University of Minnesota . </P> <H3> Billy Gillispie ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> On April 6 , 2007 , Billy Gillispie was formally announced as the new head coach of the University of Kentucky by UK athletic director Mitch Barnhart . He fielded questions from the media during the press conference held at UK 's new practice facility , the Joe Craft Center . He expressed his excitement and joy to be not only considered for the position but to have been given the honor and the opportunity to coach what former UK coach Rick Pitino referred to as the `` Roman Empire '' of college basketball . `` I 'm very , very grateful and honored to be here , but we have a lot of work to do . '' Gillispie became only the sixth head coach in the last 76 years at the school . </P> Decline in form ( 2008 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) <P> Gillispie 's second season again started out rocky in 2008 as the ' Cats fell to VMI in their season opener . The second game of the season saw the Wildcats fall to North Carolina by 19 points . UK rebounded to win 11 of their next 12 games , improving their record to 11 -- 3 . On January 4 , the Wildcats lost a heart breaker to archrival Louisville 74 -- 71 after a 25 ft. shot by Edgar Sosa with 2.3 seconds remaining in the game . Prior to the shot , UK was down 7 with 38.5 seconds left , and Jodie Meeks was fouled shooting a three , proceeded to make all three free throw shots , Patrick Patterson stole an inbound and passed it to Meeks who laid it in to bring the game to 71 -- 69 with 29.6 left , and then an inbound pass went long and Meeks snatched the pass , drove to the hoop and was fouled , and then made both free throws to tie the game at 71 with 22.9 left . So all in all , UK and Meeks got seven points in about 15 seconds to tie the game . Kentucky disposed of Vanderbilt to win their SEC opener on January 10 , 70 -- 60 . On January 13 , in a road game against Tennessee , Jodie Meeks set a new Kentucky scoring record by dropping 54 points on the Volunteers . This total bested Dan Issel 's 39 - year - old scoring record by 1 point , and propelled UK to a 90 -- 72 win and 2 -- 0 start in conference play . Kentucky followed up this effort with a 68 -- 45 victory at Georgia , improving to 14 -- 4 on the season . With wins over Auburn and Alabama , Kentucky moved to 5 -- 0 in the SEC . On January 26 , UK was ranked in the AP Poll ( 24th ) for the first time since week 1 of the 2007 -- 08 season . UK promptly dropped 3 in a row ( to Ole Miss , South Carolina , and Mississippi State ) before rebounding at home with a thrilling 68 -- 65 win over Florida . Jodie Meeks scored 23 points in the contest , including the fade - away contested 3 point basket with less than 5 seconds remaining to seal the win for UK . On Valentine 's Day Kentucky handily defeated Arkansas at Bud Walton Arena 79 -- 63 behind another strong performance from Meeks . Meeks contributed 45 points and helped UK win despite the absence of Patrick Patterson ( sprained ankle ) . With the win , UK remained tied with South Carolina and Tennessee for 1st in the SEC East at 7 -- 3 . Following the win UK completely collapsed , losing 5 of its last 6 games to finish the regular season 19 -- 12 with an 8 -- 8 SEC record . Entering the SEC tournament many felt UK would need to win the championship game to get into the NCAA tournament , but UK was defeated in the second game vs. LSU . With an unimpressive regular season and quick elimination in the SEC tournament , UK did indeed miss the NCAA tournament for the first time in 18 years and instead received an invitation to the NIT tournament where the team was defeated in the quarterfinal round against Notre Dame . </P> <P> On March 27 , 2009 an 18 - minute - long meeting occurred between Billy Gillispie , President Dr. Lee Todd , Jr. and Athletic Director Mitch Barnhart , after which it was announced that Gillispie would not be returning as the head coach the next season . Barnhart stressed the firing was due to more than wins and losses , citing `` philosophical differences '' and `` a clear gap in how the rules and responsibilities overseeing the program are viewed '' . </P> <H3> John Calipari ( 2009 -- present ) ( edit ) </H3> Calipari first class ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2010 -- 11 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team <P> On April 1 , 2009 , John Calipari replaced Billy Gillispie as the Wildcats head coach . To begin his tenure at the University of Kentucky , John Calipari signed one of the best all time recruiting classes . The class was headlined by four five - star recruits : John Wall , DeMarcus Cousins , Daniel Orton , and Eric Bledsoe . On December 19 , 2009 , the Wildcats defeated Austin Peay 90 -- 69 extending their record to 11 -- 0 , and John Calipari broke Adolph Rupp 's record for the most consecutive wins to start a season for a first - year head coach at Kentucky . Kentucky defeated the Drexel Dragons 88 -- 44 on December 21 , 2009 to become the first program in college basketball history to claim their 2000th victory . By January 25 , 2010 , Coach `` Cal '' had the Kentucky ranked No. 1 in both the ESPN / Coaches poll and AP poll with a record of 19 -- 0 . By this point , these feats were not even considered his greatest accomplishment at the school , as John Calipari had raised in excess of $1.5 million to aid the country of Haiti during the aftermath of a natural disaster . President Barack Obama called the Wildcats to thank them for their relief efforts and wish them luck in their future endeavors . To finish off the 2009 -- 10 regular season , Kentucky won its 44th SEC regular season championship ( with a final 14 -- 2 SEC record ) , and won its 26th SEC Tournament Championship , beating Mississippi State in the finals . The Wildcats then received a No. 1 seed ( their 10th No. 1 seed in history ) in the East Regional of the NCAA Tournament , where they eventually lost to West Virginia in the Elite Eight . This also marked Kentucky 's record 50th NCAA Tournament appearance . </P> Run to the Final Four ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2010 -- 11 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team <P> In 2011 the Wildcats got off to a good start in the regular season with a record of 12 -- 2 , with their only losses being North Carolina away and UConn in the Maui Invitational Finals . Conference play was a different matter , and Kentucky would struggle in the SEC losing 6 out of their 8 away games , all of one were against unranked opponents . To close out the season with a three - game defeat No. 13 Florida , No. 23 Vanderbilt and Tennessee at home for a 22 -- 8 record . The hot streak would continue and Kentucky would win their 27th SEC Tournament Title . This was enough for No. 4 seed on the East regional where they played Princeton in a very close first - round game that ended in a 59 - 57 victory for the Cats . Knight , Jones and company would exact their revenge in the second round against West Virginia , who knocked off Kentucky in the 2010 tourney . In the Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight they would upset the No. 1 seed Ohio State Buckeyes and No. 2 seed North Carolina Tar Heels on their way to the school 's 14th Final Four . They lost in the Final Four to eventual National Champion No. 3 seed UConn 56 -- 55 . </P> The road to an eighth championship ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2011 -- 12 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team <P> In the 2011 -- 12 season , he led Kentucky to being 16 -- 0 in SEC regular season play , clinching its 45th SEC regular season championship . The last team to do so in the SEC was the 2002 -- 03 Kentucky Wildcats , and before that , the 1995 -- 96 Kentucky Wildcats . Kentucky 's regular season record was 30 -- 1 , with its only loss being by one point coming from a 3 - pointer buzzer - beater by the Indiana Hoosiers ' Christian Watford at Assembly Hall on December 10 , 2011 . In the SEC Tournament , Kentucky fell to Vanderbilt in the championship game , making its overall record 32 -- 2 going into the NCAA Tournament . Kentucky was both selected as the No. 1 seed in the South Region and also the No. 1 seed overall of the entire NCAA Tournament . The Sweet 16 match - up on March 23 , 2012 was a rematch against Indiana , in which this time the Wildcats prevailed over the Hoosiers 102 -- 90 . On March 25 , 2012 , Kentucky won the South Regional , setting up a Final Four semifinal with the Louisville Cardinals . Calipari 's Wildcats defeated the Cardinals ( coached by former Kentucky coach Rick Pitino ) by a score of 69 -- 61 . This sent Kentucky to the National Championship game against the Kansas Jayhawks , where they defeated Kansas 67 -- 59 , winning UK 's 8th NCAA championship , along with John Calipari 's first NCAA Championship as a head coach . This Kentucky team had a record six players drafted in the 2012 NBA draft , including the first time two teammates have been chosen with the first two picks : Anthony Davis ( 1st overall ) , Michael Kidd - Gilchrist ( 2nd ) , Terrence Jones ( 18th ) , Marquis Teague ( 29th ) , Doron Lamb ( 42nd ) and Darius Miller ( 46th ) . </P> Starting anew ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2012 -- 13 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team <P> The 2012 -- 13 season 's recruiting class ranked either first or second by various recruiting experts led by top center Nerlens Noel , guard Archie Goodwin , forward Alex Poythress , and four - star center Willie Cauley - Stein . Kentucky also brought in transfer guard Julius Mays , a graduate student who had previously played at Wright State University and North Carolina State . Mays was eligible to play immediately , because UK offered a master 's degree program that Wright State did not . However , the only returner that saw significant minutes from the championship squad was back - up power forward Kyle Wiltjer , who averaged 11 minutes per game ( Ryan Harrow sat out the previous season after transferring from NC State before the 2011 -- 12 season ) . Although the team saw the rise of Jarrod Polson in the first game of the season against Maryland , they struggled to close out closer games and play with the will to win that Calipari demands . On February 12 , Noel tore his ACL in a loss against Florida . UK was 17 -- 7 including that game , and went 4 -- 5 the remainder of the season , losing all 5 games away from Rupp Arena . The fourth of those losses was against Vanderbilt in the first round of the SEC tournament , and UK missed the NCAA tournament altogether , being the overall No. 1 seed of the NIT . UK was upset by Robert Morris in the first round of the NIT , ending their season with a 21 -- 12 record . </P> <P> In the press conference following the loss to Robert Morris , Calipari stated that his 2013 -- 14 team would be a `` tough , hard - nosed , fighting team . '' Noel and Goodwin both entered the NBA draft and were both taken in the first round at 6th and 29th , respectively . Ryan Harrow transferred to Georgia State to be closer to his father that had suffered from a stroke , and Kyle Wiltjer transferred to Gonzaga . Kentucky brought in the No. 1 recruiting class , featuring a record six McDonald 's All - Americans in Julius Randle , Andrew Harrison , Aaron Harrison , James Young , Dakari Johnson , and Marcus Lee , as well as Kentucky natives Derek Willis and Dominique Hawkins , and walk - on E.J. Floreal ( son of Edrick Floréal , head coach of UK 's track and field team ) . Alex Poythress and Willie Cauley - Stein did not declare for the 2013 NBA draft , and decided to return for their sophomore seasons . </P> The Tweakables ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2013 -- 14 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team <P> In 2013 -- 14 , Kentucky looked to make up for its struggles in the previous season . Despite making the NIT , there were high expectations for this team . The team , however , would be without some of its top players from the 2012 -- 13 team including Nerlens Noel and starting shooting guard Archie Goodwin , who were first - round draft choices in the 2013 NBA draft . Starting power forward Kyle Wiltjer transferred to Gonzaga and starting point guard Ryan Harrow transferred to Georgia State . Returning was former McDonald 's All - American Alex Poythress and starting center Willie Cauley - Stein . The poor success of the 2012 -- 13 team did not stop John Calipari from again producing another number one recruiting class . The entering class included a record six McDonald 's All - Americans highlighted by Julius Randle and the Harrison Twins , Aaron and Andrew . Many recruiting analysts and experts proclaimed that the 2013 signing class was the greatest recruiting class since the infamous Fab Five in the 1990s . </P> <P> The team began the season ranked number 1 in both the AP and Coaches polls . The season was full of ups and downs . Early in the season the team experienced close losses to Baylor , Michigan State , and North Carolina . Despite those losses the team was able to defeat in - state rival and defending National Champion Louisville . Nothing changed in SEC play for them either . The team ended the regular season losing three of their last four games including once to South Carolina , who finished the season 14 -- 20 overall . The team limped into the SEC Tournament unranked , and desperately looking for any answer to their disappointing season . Calipari during his weekly radio call - in show mentioned the team was given a `` tweak '' . The `` tweak '' sparked speculation and curiosity among the fans and the media to what it could be . The `` tweak '' was never fully revealed . However , the `` tweak '' caused the team to go on an historic run through both the SEC and NCAA tournaments . UK was the runner - up to number one Florida in the SEC Tournament . During the NCAA Tournament UK became the first team in history to eliminate three teams from the previous Final Four ( Wichita State , Louisville , Michigan ) . UK was the National Runner - up after losing to Connecticut in the National Championship Game . </P> Pursuit of perfection ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2014 -- 15 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team <P> After the 2014 season , Kentucky only lost Randle and Young to the NBA draft . The returning players consisted of a record - tying nine McDonald 's All - Americans . Juniors Cauley - Stein and Poythress returned with sophomores Aaron and Andrew Harrison , Johnson , and Lee to join the No. 2 ranked 2015 recruiting class which was highlighted of Gatorade Player of the Year Karl - Anthony Towns for the 2015 season . The team began its season in the Bahamas on a six - game tour against international clubs and teams . While in the Bahamas the team established a `` platoon system '' which featured two groups of five players that would rotate every four minutes within the game . The `` platoon system '' was put on display nationally in a 72 to 40 victory over No. 5 Kansas in the Champions Classic in November . In December , the team defeated UCLA 83 to 44 . Kentucky led 41 to 7 at halftime , the lowest UCLA point total for a half in its storied history . The SEC regular season began with two overtime victories over Ole Miss and Texas A&M , the closest games Kentucky would play all season . Kentucky finished the regular season with a perfect 31 and 0 record , the best start in school history . In the SEC Tournament , the team won each game by double - digits , including a 78 to 63 victory over Arkansas in the finals . Cauley - Stein was named the MVP of the Tournament . In the NCAA Tournament Kentucky played its first two games at the KFC Yum ! Center in Louisville . Prior to the regional semifinal against West Virginia , Mountaineers guard Daxter Miles proclaimed that Kentucky would be 36 and 1 after the game . The comment fueled the team as they defeated West Virginia 78 to 39 , tying the largest margin of victory in the Sweet 16 in NCAA Tournament history . In the regional final Kentucky narrowly defeated Notre Dame 68 to 66 . The only loss of the season was in the Final Four to Wisconsin , who Kentucky defeated the previous season in the Final Four . The 2014 -- 15 team tied the NCAA record for most wins in a season ( 38 ) . After the season Cauley - Stein and Towns were named consensus All - Americans among other awards received . </P> <H2> Season by season results ( edit ) </H2> For complete season - by - season results , see List of Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball seasons . <H2> Coaches ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball head coaches <P> The Wildcats have had 22 coaches in their 112 - year history . John Calipari is the current coach . To date , 6 Wildcats coaches have won the National Coach - of - the - Year award : Adolph Rupp in 1950 , 1954 , 1959 , 1966 , and 1970 , Joe B. Hall in 1978 , Eddie Sutton in 1986 , Rick Pitino in 1990 and 1992 , Tubby Smith in 1998 , 2003 , and 2005 , and John Calipari in 2012 and 2015 . Additionally , 7 Wildcats coaches have been named Southeastern Conference Coach - of - the - Year : Adolph Rupp in 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 and 1972 , Joe B. Hall in 1973 , 1975 , 1978 and 1983 , Eddie Sutton in 1986 , Rick Pitino in 1990 , 1991 and 1996 , Tubby Smith in 1998 , 2003 , and 2005 , Billy Gillispie in 2008 , and John Calipari in 2010 , 2012 , and 2015 . </P> <H2> Postseason results ( edit ) </H2> <H3> National championships ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following is a list of Kentucky 's 8 National Championships : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Coach </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Adolph Rupp </Td> <Td> Baylor </Td> <Td> 58 -- 42 </Td> <Td> 36 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Adolph Rupp </Td> <Td> Oklahoma State </Td> <Td> 46 -- 36 </Td> <Td> 32 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Adolph Rupp </Td> <Td> Kansas State </Td> <Td> 68 -- 58 </Td> <Td> 32 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> Adolph Rupp </Td> <Td> Seattle </Td> <Td> 84 -- 72 </Td> <Td> 23 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Joe B. Hall </Td> <Td> Duke </Td> <Td> 94 -- 88 </Td> <Td> 30 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rick Pitino </Td> <Td> Syracuse </Td> <Td> 76 -- 67 </Td> <Td> 34 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Tubby Smith </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> 78 -- 69 </Td> <Td> 35 -- 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> John Calipari </Td> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> 67 -- 59 </Td> <Td> 38 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> National Championships </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 8 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 1948 NCAA Tournament Results <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elite 8 </Td> <Td> Columbia </Td> <Td> 76 -- 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final 4 </Td> <Td> Holy Cross </Td> <Td> 60 - 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Championship </Td> <Td> Baylor </Td> <Td> 58 -- 42 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 1949 NCAA Tournament Results <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elite 8 </Td> <Td> Villanova </Td> <Td> 85 -- 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final 4 </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 76 -- 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Championship </Td> <Td> Oklahoma State </Td> <Td> 46 -- 36 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 1951 NCAA Tournament Results <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweet 16 </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> 79 -- 68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elite 8 </Td> <Td> St. John 's </Td> <Td> 59 -- 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final 4 </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 76 -- 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Championship </Td> <Td> Kansas State </Td> <Td> 68 -- 58 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 1958 NCAA Tournament Results <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweet 16 </Td> <Td> Miami ( OH ) </Td> <Td> 94 -- 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elite 8 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> 89 -- 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final 4 </Td> <Td> Temple </Td> <Td> 61 -- 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Championship </Td> <Td> Seattle </Td> <Td> 84 -- 72 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 1978 NCAA Tournament Results <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round No. 1 </Td> <Td> Florida State </Td> <Td> 85 -- 76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweet 16 </Td> <Td> Miami ( OH ) </Td> <Td> 91 -- 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elite Eight </Td> <Td> Michigan State </Td> <Td> 52 -- 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final 4 </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 64 -- 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Championship </Td> <Td> Duke </Td> <Td> 94 -- 88 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 1996 NCAA Tournament Results <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round No. 1 </Td> <Td> San Jose State </Td> <Td> 110 -- 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round No. 2 </Td> <Td> Virginia Tech </Td> <Td> 84 -- 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweet 16 </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> 101 -- 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elite 8 </Td> <Td> Wake Forest </Td> <Td> 83 -- 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final 4 </Td> <Td> UMass </Td> <Td> 81 -- 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Championship </Td> <Td> Syracuse </Td> <Td> 76 -- 67 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 1998 NCAA Tournament Results <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round No. 1 </Td> <Td> South Carolina State </Td> <Td> 82 -- 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round No. 2 </Td> <Td> Saint Louis </Td> <Td> 88 -- 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweet 16 </Td> <Td> UCLA </Td> <Td> 94 -- 68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elite 8 </Td> <Td> Duke </Td> <Td> 86 -- 84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final 4 </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> 86 -- 85 OT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Championship </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> 78 -- 69 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 2012 NCAA Tournament Results <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round No. 2 </Td> <Td> Western Kentucky </Td> <Td> 81 -- 66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round No. 3 </Td> <Td> Iowa State </Td> <Td> 87 -- 71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweet 16 </Td> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 102 -- 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elite 8 </Td> <Td> Baylor </Td> <Td> 82 -- 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final 4 </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> 69 -- 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Championship </Td> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> 67 -- 59 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Final Four history ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1942 - Semifinalist </Td> <Td> 1948 - Champion </Td> <Td> 1949 - Champion </Td> <Td> 1951 - Champion </Td> <Td> 1958 - Champion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 - Runner - Up </Td> <Td> 1975 - Runner - Up </Td> <Td> 1978 - Champion </Td> <Td> 1984 - Semifinalist </Td> <Td> 1993 - Semifinalist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 - Champion </Td> <Td> 1997 - Runner - Up </Td> <Td> 1998 - Champion </Td> <Td> 2011 - Semifinalist </Td> <Td> 2012 - Champion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 - Runner - Up </Td> <Td> 2015 - Semifinalist </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> NCAA Tournament seeding history ( edit ) </H3> <P> The NCAA began seeding the tournament with the 1979 edition . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Years → </Th> <Th> ' 80 </Th> <Th> ' 81 </Th> <Th> ' 82 </Th> <Th> ' 83 </Th> <Th> ' 84 </Th> <Th> ' 85 </Th> <Th> ' 86 </Th> <Th> ' 87 </Th> <Th> ' 88 </Th> <Th> ' 92 </Th> <Th> ' 93 </Th> <Th> ' 94 </Th> <Th> ' 95 </Th> <Th> ' 96 </Th> <Th> ' 97 </Th> <Th> ' 98 </Th> <Th> ' 99 </Th> <Th> ' 00 </Th> <Th> ' 01 </Th> <Th> ' 02 </Th> <Th> ' 03 </Th> <Th> ' 04 </Th> <Th> ' 05 </Th> <Th> ' 06 </Th> <Th> ' 07 </Th> <Th> ' 08 </Th> <Th> ' 10 </Th> <Th> ' 11 </Th> <Th> ' 12 </Th> <Th> ' 14 </Th> <Th> ' 15 </Th> <Th> ' 16 </Th> <Th> ' 17 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seeds → </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 * </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The * represents overall number one seed which began with the 2004 Tournament . </P> <H2> Wildcats of note ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Forty - two former Kentucky men 's basketball players , coaches , and contributors are honored in Rupp Arena with banners representing their numbers hung from the rafters . Due to the number of players honored , the fact that several of them have shared numbers , and NCAA rules requiring players to only wear jersey numbers containing digits 0 thru 5 , their numbers are not officially retired . To have a banner hung , the person must be elected to the UK Athletics Hall of Fame . </P> <H3> Honored players ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Number </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Years </Th> <Th> Awards and Achievements </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Cliff Barker </Td> <Td> 1947 -- 49 </Td> <Td> 1948 NCAA Champion , 1949 NCAA Champion , One of the Fabulous Five </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Ralph Beard </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 49 </Td> <Td> 1948 NCAA Champion , 1949 NCAA Champion , One of the Fabulous Five </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Jerry Bird </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Bob Burrow </Td> <Td> 1955 -- 56 </Td> <Td> 1956 Second Team All - America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Burgess Carey </Td> <Td> 1925 -- 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Johnny Cox </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 59 </Td> <Td> 1958 NCAA Champion , 1959 First Team All - America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Louie Dampier </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 67 </Td> <Td> 1967 Second Team All - America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> John DeMoisey </Td> <Td> 1932 -- 34 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 00 </Td> <Td> Tony Delk </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 96 </Td> <Td> 1996 NCAA Champion , 1996 First Team All - America , 1996 SEC Player of the Year , 1996 NCAA Tournament M.O.P. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Bill Evans </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 55 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Richie Farmer </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 92 </Td> <Td> One of the Unforgettables </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Deron Feldhaus </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 92 </Td> <Td> One of the Unforgettables </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Jack Givens </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 78 </Td> <Td> 1978 NCAA Champion , 1978 Second Team All - America , 1978 SEC Player of the Year , 1978 NCAA Tournament M.O.P. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Phil Grawemeyer </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Alex Groza </Td> <Td> 1945 -- 49 </Td> <Td> 1948 NCAA Champion , 1949 NCAA Champion , One of the Fabulous Five </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Kevin Grevey </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 75 </Td> <Td> 1975 First Team All - America , 1973 and 1975 SEC Player of the Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Cliff Hagan </Td> <Td> 1951 -- 54 </Td> <Td> 1951 NCAA Champion , 1952 First Team All - America , 1954 First Team All - America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Vernon Hatton </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 58 </Td> <Td> 1958 NCAA Champion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Basil Hayden </Td> <Td> 1920 -- 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Dan Issel </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 70 </Td> <Td> UK All - time leading scorer , 1970 First Team All - America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Wallace Jones </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 49 </Td> <Td> 1948 NCAA Champion , 1949 NCAA Champion , One of the Fabulous Five </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kyle Macy </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 80 </Td> <Td> 1978 NCAA Champion , 1980 First Team All - America , 1980 SEC Player of the Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Cotton Nash </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 64 </Td> <Td> 1964 First Team All - America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Jamal Mashburn </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 93 </Td> <Td> 1993 First Team All - America , 1993 SEC Player of the Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> John Pelphrey </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 92 </Td> <Td> One of the Unforgettables </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Frank Ramsey </Td> <Td> 1951 -- 54 </Td> <Td> 1951 NCAA Champion , 1954 Second Team All - America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Kenny Rollins </Td> <Td> 1943 -- 48 </Td> <Td> 1948 NCAA Champion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Pat Riley </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 67 </Td> <Td> 1966 First Team All - America , 1966 SEC Player of the Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Rick Robey </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 78 </Td> <Td> 1978 NCAA Champion , 1978 Second Team All - America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Layton Rouse </Td> <Td> 1938 -- 40 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Forest Sale </Td> <Td> 1931 -- 33 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Carey Spicer </Td> <Td> 1929 -- 31 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Bill Spivey </Td> <Td> 1950 -- 51 </Td> <Td> 1951 NCAA Champion , 1951 First Team All - America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Gayle Rose </Td> <Td> 1953 -- 55 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Lou Tsioropoulos </Td> <Td> 1951 -- 54 </Td> <Td> 1951 NCAA Champion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Kenny Walker </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 86 </Td> <Td> 1986 First Team All - America , 1985 -- 86 SEC Player of the Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Sean Woods </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 92 </Td> <Td> One of the Unforgettables </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Honored coaches ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Number </Th> <Th> Names </Th> <Th> Years </Th> <Th> Awards and Achievements </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Joe B. Hall </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 85 </Td> <Td> 1978 NCAA Championship head coach , 4x SEC Coach of the Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Rick Pitino </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 97 </Td> <Td> 1996 NCAA Championship head coach , 3x SEC Coach of the Year , Naismith Hall of Fame Class of 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Adolph Rupp </Td> <Td> 1930 -- 72 </Td> <Td> 4x NCAA Championship head coach ( 1948 - 1949 , 1951 , 1958 ) , 7x SEC Coach of the Year , Naismith Hall of Fame Class of 1969 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Honored contributors ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Number </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Years </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bill Keightley </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Mr. Wildcat , Equipment Manager </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Cawood Ledford </Td> <Td> 1953 -- 92 </Td> <Td> Voice of the Wildcats </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> All - Time Statistical leaders ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> Points <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Years </Th> <Th> Points </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dan Issel </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> 2,138 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenny Walker </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> 2,080 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Givens </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> 2,038 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keith Bogans </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> 1,923 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony Delk </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> 1,890 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamal Mashburn </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> 1,843 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kevin Grevey </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> 1,801 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tayshaun Prince </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2002 </Td> <Td> 1,775 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cotton Nash </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> 1,770 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex Groza </Td> <Td> 1945 -- 1949 </Td> <Td> 1,744 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> Rebounds <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Years </Th> <Th> Rebounds </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dan Issel </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> 1,078 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Ramsey </Td> <Td> 1950 -- 1954 </Td> <Td> 1,038 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cliff Hagan </Td> <Td> 1950 -- 1954 </Td> <Td> 1,035 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnny Cox </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1959 </Td> <Td> 1,004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cotton Nash </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> 962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenny Walker </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> 942 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chuck Hayes </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> 910 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam Bowie </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1984 </Td> <Td> 843 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rick Robey </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> 838 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Burrow </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 1956 </Td> <Td> 823 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> Assists <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Years </Th> <Th> Assists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dirk Minniefield </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> 646 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anthony Epps </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> 544 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roger Harden </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> 498 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wayne Turner </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> 494 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sean Woods </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> 482 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyle Macy </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 1980 </Td> <Td> 470 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cliff Hawkins </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> 468 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ed Davender </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1988 </Td> <Td> 436 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Travis Ford </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> 428 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tyler Ulis </Td> <Td> 2014 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> 381 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> Steals <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Years </Th> <Th> Steals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wayne Turner </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> 238 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony Delk </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> 201 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cliff Hawkins </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> 199 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ed Davender </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1988 </Td> <Td> 191 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jared Prickett </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> 187 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anthony Epps </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> 184 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Pelphrey </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> 173 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chuck Hayes </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> 169 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rodrick Rhodes </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> 163 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rajon Rondo </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dirk Minniefield </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> Blocked Shots <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Years </Th> <Th> Blocks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamaal Magloire </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> 268 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Willie Cauley - Stein </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> 233 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melvin Turpin </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 1984 </Td> <Td> 226 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam Bowie </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1984 </Td> <Td> 218 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andre Riddick </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> 212 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anthony Davis </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> 186 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perry Stevenson </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> 160 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Souleymane Camara </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patrick Patterson </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tayshaun Prince </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2002 </Td> <Td> 142 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> Games Played <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Years </Th> <Th> Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darius Miller </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wayne Turner </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> 151 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamaal Magloire </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> 145 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jared Prickett </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saul Smith </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anthony Epps </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> 141 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ralph Beard </Td> <Td> 1945 -- 1949 </Td> <Td> 139 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeff Sheppard </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> 139 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Souleymane Camara </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> 136 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keith Bogans </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Line </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 1950 </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tayshaun Prince </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2002 </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Honored Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball players <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> National Coach of the Year </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Adolph Rupp -- 1950 </Li> <Li> Adolph Rupp -- 1954 </Li> <Li> Adolph Rupp -- 1959 </Li> <Li> Adolph Rupp -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Adolph Rupp -- 1970 </Li> <Li> Joe B. Hall -- 1978 </Li> <Li> Eddie Sutton -- 1986 </Li> <Li> Rick Pitino -- 1990 </Li> <Li> Rick Pitino -- 1991 </Li> <Li> Tubby Smith -- 1998 </Li> <Li> Tubby Smith -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Tubby Smith -- 2005 </Li> <Li> John Calipari -- 2010 </Li> <Li> John Calipari -- 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> SEC Coach of the Year </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Adolph Rupp -- 1964 </Li> <Li> Adolph Rupp -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Adolph Rupp -- 1968 </Li> <Li> Adolph Rupp -- 1969 </Li> <Li> Adolph Rupp -- 1970 </Li> <Li> Adolph Rupp -- 1971 </Li> <Li> Adolph Rupp -- 1972 </Li> <Li> Joe B. Hall -- 1973 </Li> <Li> Joe B. Hall -- 1975 </Li> <Li> Joe B. Hall -- 1978 </Li> <Li> Joe B. Hall -- 1983 </Li> <Li> Eddie Sutton -- 1986 </Li> <Li> Rick Pitino -- 1990 </Li> <Li> Rick Pitino -- 1991 </Li> <Li> Rick Pitino -- 1996 </Li> <Li> Tubby Smith -- 1998 </Li> <Li> Tubby Smith -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Tubby Smith -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Billy Gillispie -- 2008 </Li> <Li> John Calipari − 2010 </Li> <Li> John Calipari -- 2012 </Li> <Li> John Calipari -- 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> National Player of the Year </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Forest Sale -- 1933 </Li> <Li> Leroy Edwards -- 1935 </Li> <Li> Jack Givens -- 1978 </Li> <Li> John Wall -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Anthony Davis -- 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> SEC Player of the Year </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Pat Riley -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Tom Parker -- 1972 </Li> <Li> Kevin Grevey -- 1973 </Li> <Li> Kevin Grevey -- 1975 </Li> <Li> Kyle Macy -- 1980 </Li> <Li> Kenny Walker -- 1985 </Li> <Li> Kenny Walker -- 1986 </Li> <Li> Jamal Mashburn -- 1993 </Li> <Li> Tony Delk -- 1996 </Li> <Li> Ron Mercer -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Tayshaun Prince -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Keith Bogans -- 2003 </Li> <Li> John Wall -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Anthony Davis -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Tyler Ulis -- 2016 </Li> <Li> Malik Monk -- 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> National Freshman of the Year </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> John Wall -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Anthony Davis -- 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> SEC Rookie of the Year </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Patrick Patterson -- 2008 </Li> <Li> DeMarcus Cousins -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Terrence Jones -- 2011 </Li> <Li> Anthony Davis -- 2012 </Li> <Li> Nerlens Noel -- 2013 </Li> <Li> Julius Randle -- 2014 </Li> <Li> Karl - Anthony Towns -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Malik Monk -- 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NCAA Tournament MOP 's </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Alex Groza -- 1948 </Li> <Li> Alex Groza -- 1949 </Li> <Li> Jack Givens -- 1978 </Li> <Li> Tony Delk -- 1996 </Li> <Li> Jeff Sheppard -- 1998 </Li> <Li> Anthony Davis -- 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> SEC Tournament MVP 's </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Kyle Macy -- 1979 </Li> <Li> Dirk Minniefield -- 1982 </Li> <Li> Rex Chapman -- 1988 </Li> <Li> Jamal Mashburn -- 1992 </Li> <Li> Travis Ford -- 1993 </Li> <Li> Travis Ford -- 1994 </Li> <Li> Antoine Walker -- 1995 </Li> <Li> Ron Mercer -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Wayne Turner -- 1998 </Li> <Li> Scott Padgett -- 1999 </Li> <Li> Tayshaun Prince -- 2001 </Li> <Li> Keith Bogans -- 2003 </Li> <Li> Gerald Fitch -- 2004 </Li> <Li> John Wall -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Darius Miller -- 2011 </Li> <Li> Willie Cauley - Stein -- 2015 </Li> <Li> Tyler Ulis -- 2016 </Li> <Li> De'Aaron Fox -- 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Naismith Hall of Fame members ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following Kentucky players , coaches , and contributors have been enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year Inducted </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Years at Kentucky </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Adolph Rupp </Td> <Td> Head Coach </Td> <Td> 1930 - 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Cliff Hagan </Td> <Td> Player , Administrator </Td> <Td> 1950 - 1954 ; 1975 - 1989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Frank Ramsey </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> 1950 - 1953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Dan Issel </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> 1967 - 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cawood Ledford </Td> <Td> Broadcaster </Td> <Td> 1953 - 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> C.M. Newton </Td> <Td> Player , Administrator </Td> <Td> 1949 - 1951 ; 1989 - 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Pat Riley </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> 1964 - 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Adrian Smith </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> 1956 - 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Rick Pitino </Td> <Td> Head Coach </Td> <Td> 1989 - 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> John Calipari </Td> <Td> Head Coach </Td> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Louie Dampier </Td> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> 1964 - 1967 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Olympians ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following Kentucky players and coaches have represented their country in basketball in the Summer Olympic Games : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Player / Coach </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Medal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Cliff Barker </Td> <Td> United States ( USA ) </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Ralph Beard </Td> <Td> United States ( USA ) </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Alex Groza </Td> <Td> United States ( USA ) </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Wah Wah Jones </Td> <Td> United States ( USA ) </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Ken Rollins </Td> <Td> United States ( USA ) </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Adolph Rupp ( asst . coach ) </Td> <Td> United States ( USA ) </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> Billy Evans </Td> <Td> United States ( USA ) </Td> <Td> Melbourne </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> Adrian Smith </Td> <Td> United States ( USA ) </Td> <Td> Rome </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Tubby Smith ( asst . coach ) </Td> <Td> United States ( USA ) </Td> <Td> Sydney </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Tayshaun Prince </Td> <Td> United States ( USA ) </Td> <Td> Beijing </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Anthony Davis </Td> <Td> United States ( USA ) </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> DeMarcus Cousins </Td> <Td> United States ( USA ) </Td> <Td> Rio de Janeiro </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Wildcats in the NBA ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Kentucky Wildcats in the NBA Draft <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Wildcats in the NBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> NBA Draft Selections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total selected : </Th> <Td> 110 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lottery Picks in Draft : </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st round : </Th> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. 1 Picks : </Th> <Td> 3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Height </Th> <Th> Weight ( lbs . ) </Th> <Th> Hometown </Th> <Th> Draft Year </Th> <Th> Pick </Th> <Th> All - Star Selections </Th> <Th> NBA Championships </Th> <Th> NBA Team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ulis , Tyler Tyler Ulis </Td> <Td> 5'10 '' </Td> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> Southfield , Michigan </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 34th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bledsoe , Eric Eric Bledsoe </Td> <Td> 6'1 '' </Td> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> Birmingham , Alabama </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Milwaukee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Booker , Devin Devin Booker </Td> <Td> 6'6 '' </Td> <Td> 206 </Td> <Td> Moss Point , Mississippi </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 13th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cauley - Stein , Willie Willie Cauley - Stein </Td> <Td> 7'1 '' </Td> <Td> 242 </Td> <Td> Olathe , Kansas </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Sacramento </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cousins , DeMarcus DeMarcus Cousins </Td> <Td> 6'11 '' </Td> <Td> 270 </Td> <Td> Mobile , Alabama </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> 4 ( 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> New Orleans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis </Td> <Td> 6'11 '' </Td> <Td> 225 </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 5 ( 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> New Orleans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Goodwin , Archie Archie Goodwin </Td> <Td> 6'5 '' </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> Sylvania , Arkansas </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 29th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Brooklyn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harrison , Aaron Aaron Harrison </Td> <Td> 6'6 '' </Td> <Td> 212 </Td> <Td> Richmond , Texas </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> UD </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Charlotte </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> F-C </Td> <Td> Hayes , Chuck Chuck Hayes </Td> <Td> 6'6 '' </Td> <Td> 238 </Td> <Td> Modesto , California </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> UD </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> FA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jones , Terrence Terrence Jones </Td> <Td> 6'9 '' </Td> <Td> 252 </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 18th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> New Orleans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kanter , Enes Enes Kanter * </Td> <Td> 6'11 '' </Td> <Td> 255 </Td> <Td> Istanbul , Turkey </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kidd - Gilchrist , Michael Michael Kidd - Gilchrist </Td> <Td> 6'7 '' </Td> <Td> 230 </Td> <Td> Somerdale , New Jersey </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Charlotte </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Knight , Brandon Brandon Knight </Td> <Td> 6'3 '' </Td> <Td> 189 </Td> <Td> Fort Lauderdale , Florida </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lyles , Trey Trey Lyles </Td> <Td> 6'10 '' </Td> <Td> 242 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis , Indiana </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 12th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Meeks , Jodie Jodie Meeks </Td> <Td> 6'4 '' </Td> <Td> 208 </Td> <Td> Norcross , Georgia </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 41st </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Orlando </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mohammed , Nazr Nazr Mohammed </Td> <Td> 6'10 '' </Td> <Td> 238 </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 29th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2005 San Antonio ) </Td> <Td> FA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Murray , Jamal Jamal Murray </Td> <Td> 6'4 '' </Td> <Td> 207 </Td> <Td> Kitchener , Ontario </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Denver </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Noel , Nerlens Nerlens Noel </Td> <Td> 6'11 '' </Td> <Td> 205 </Td> <Td> Everett , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Dallas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Patterson , Patrick Patrick Patterson </Td> <Td> 6'9 '' </Td> <Td> 235 </Td> <Td> Huntington , West Virginia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Oklahoma City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Prince , Tayshaun Tayshaun Prince </Td> <Td> 6'9 '' </Td> <Td> 215 </Td> <Td> Compton , California </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 23rd </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2004 Detroit ) </Td> <Td> FA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Randle , Julius Julius Randle </Td> <Td> 6'9 '' </Td> <Td> 240 </Td> <Td> Dallas , Texas </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo </Td> <Td> 6'1 '' </Td> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> Louisville , Kentucky </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 21st </Td> <Td> 4 ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2008 Boston ) </Td> <Td> New Orleans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Towns , Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns </Td> <Td> 6'11 '' </Td> <Td> 250 </Td> <Td> Metuchen , New Jersey </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wall , John John Wall </Td> <Td> 6'4 '' </Td> <Td> 195 </Td> <Td> Raleigh , North Carolina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 5 ( 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Young , James James Young </Td> <Td> 6'6 '' </Td> <Td> 215 </Td> <Td> Troy , Michigan </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 17th </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Boston </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Though he never played a game at Kentucky , Enes Kanter did attend the University for one full academic year . He also was a part of the men 's basketball team as a student assistant after the NCAA announced he was ineligible . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Memorable teams ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Wonder Team : Despite coming off a losing season Coach Buchheit and Kentucky 's first All - American Basil Hayden would help a complete turn around in the 1920 -- 21 season . Kentucky finished the season 13 -- 1 and tasted their first post season success by winning the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association conference title . </Li> <Li> The Mauermen : Coach John Mauer took over the program prior to the 1927 -- 28 season , building a team that would go by the Mauermen . These Mauermen became well known for being well rounded and team oriented as well as having sound fundamentals . By the time John Mauer left after the 1930 -- 31 season , he had compiled a 40 -- 14 record at Kentucky (. 740 ) . However , Kentucky could not break through in the postseason during Mauer 's tenure , and thus , did not win any Southern Conference titles from 1928 -- 30 . </Li> <Li> The Fabulous Five : The 1947 -- 48 team not only won the NCAA title , but provided the core of the United States 1948 Olympic team that won the gold medal in the London Games . A year later in the 1948 -- 49 season , this nearly the same team would win back - to - back NCAA Championships , making Kentucky only the second team to repeat as NCAA Champions after Oklahoma A&M . </Li> <Li> The 1951 Team : The 1950 -- 51 team , under the guidance of players such as Cliff Hagan and Bill Spivey , Kentucky would gain a record of 32 -- 2 , and 14 -- 0 in the SEC . They would then go on to win Kentucky its 3rd title in only four years . </Li> <Li> The Undefeated Team : The 1953 -- 54 team , which went 25 -- 0 in the regular season and defeated LSU in a playoff to earn the Southeastern Conference bid to the NCAA tournament . However , several of the team 's players had technically graduated during the 1952 -- 53 season and were prohibited from tournament play the following year . Despite the wishes of the players , Rupp refused to allow the team to play in the tournament , thus leading to the team 's reputation as one of the best teams ever to fail to win an NCAA title . </Li> <Li> The Fiddlin ' Five : The 1957 -- 58 team was given its nickname by Rupp due to his perception that they tended to `` fiddle '' early in games . However , they would right their ship in time to give Rupp his 4th and last national title . </Li> <Li> Rupp 's Runts : The 1965 -- 66 team , with no starter taller than 6'5 `` , was arguably the most beloved in UK history . Despite its lack of size , it used devastating defensive pressure and a fast - paced offense to take a 27 -- 1 record and top national ranking into the NCAA final against Texas Western . However , the Miners would deny Rupp another title . For more details on the game , see the articles for Rupp and the Miners ' coach , Don Haskins . Future NBA coach and Hall - of Famer Pat Riley was a starter on this team . So was ABA and NBA star Louie Dampier . Both players were named All - Americans in 1966 . Sportscaster Larry Conley was also a starter , along with Tom Kron and Thad Jaracz . All five starters were All - SEC selections in 1966 . </Li> <Li> The Season Without Celebration : Going into the 1977 -- 78 season , the Wildcats faced perhaps the most suffocating expectations of any UK team . As freshmen , that year 's senior class lost in the 1975 final to UCLA in John Wooden 's final game as the Bruins ' head coach . The seniors had an outstanding supporting cast , and most Kentucky fans would have accepted nothing less than a national title . Despite its successful run to the title , the team was widely criticized , especially by its own fans , for being too serious and focused , giving rise to the `` season without celebration '' moniker . Much of the criticism was directed at Head Coach Joe B. Hall , who felt under tremendous pressure from fans and boosters to win Kentucky 's 5th championship , and did n't let up in his quest . </Li> <Li> The Unforgettables : The 1991 -- 92 team made up of mostly local players who had stayed behind after a scandal two years before is credited with reestablishing UK basketball in the 1990s . Despite a lack of a height they scrapped their way to a 29 -- 7 record and SEC regular season and tournament championships . They played arguably the greatest college game ever played against Duke in the East Regional Final 1991 -- 92 Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team </Li> <Li> Mardi Gras Miracle : Although the 1993 -- 94 season would be quite a disappointment in terms of the NCAA Tournament ( only non-probation year Pitino failed to take the Cats to at least the Elite Eight ) , this season is best known for the Wildcats ' 31 - point comeback at LSU . Down 68 -- 37 with less than sixteen minutes left in the game , Kentucky outscored LSU 62 -- 27 to win 99 -- 95 in one of the greatest comebacks in NCAA basketball history . </Li> <Li> The Untouchables : The 1995 -- 96 team was arguably the most talented team in Kentucky basketball history , and quite possibly in NCAA history , with nine players who would eventually play in the NBA : <Ul> <Li> Derek Anderson </Li> <Li> Tony Delk </Li> <Li> Walter McCarty </Li> <Li> Ron Mercer </Li> <Li> Nazr Mohammed </Li> <Li> Mark Pope </Li> <Li> Jeff Sheppard </Li> <Li> Wayne Turner </Li> <Li> Antoine Walker </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> This team became the first SEC team in 40 years to go through SEC regular season undefeated . Kentucky would repeat this feat in the 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 , and 2014 -- 2015 seasons . After losing in the SEC Tournament final against Mississippi State , Kentucky would make a dominating run to the Final Four . They avenged an early - season loss to UMass in the NCAA National Semifinals , and then defeated Syracuse in the NCAA Championship game to win their 6th championship . Many of the players on this great Kentucky team returned the following season . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The Unbelievables : The 1996 -- 97 team just missed repeating as NCAA Champions when they lost to Arizona in overtime in the NCAA Championship game . The nickname comes from the fact that early on in the season , very few UK fans ( or the media ) gave Kentucky much of a chance of repeating on the feats of the previous 1995 -- 96 season . This nickname also gained in importance as the team only had 8 available players for the 1997 NCAA Tournament , which was largely due to injury , NBA draft picks , and transfers . </Li> <Li> The Comeback Cats : The 1997 -- 98 NCAA National Champions . This was new head coach Tubby Smith 's first year at Kentucky , and the team truly earned this nickname in their last three games . In the South Regional Final against Duke , they gained some measure of payback for Kentucky 's heartbreaking 1992 defeat to Duke , with UK coming back from a 17 - point deficit with 9 : 38 remaining . In the National Semifinal , they came back from a double - digit halftime deficit again , this time against Stanford . In the NCAA Finals against Utah , they became the first team to come back from a double - digit halftime deficit in a NCAA Finals Game . 1997 -- 98 would be Kentucky 's 7th championship . </Li> <Li> The Draft Cats : The 2009 -- 10 team just missed the Final Four when they lost to West Virginia in the Elite Eight . The name comes from the 2010 NBA draft when they set a record with five players being drafted from the same school in the first round . These players were : <Ul> <Li> John Wall ( 1st selection ) </Li> <Li> DeMarcus Cousins ( 5th ) </Li> <Li> Patrick Patterson ( 14th ) </Li> <Li> Eric Bledsoe ( 18th ) </Li> <Li> Daniel Orton ( 29th ) . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The 8th Wonders The 2011 -- 12 NCAA National Champions , coached by head coach John Calipari , in his third year at Kentucky , earned this nickname due to their remarkable teamwork and overall quest for a NCAA Championship , and for being a team that started three freshman and two sophomores . For much of the season the team was ranked No. 1 in both the major polls , and also went undefeated in SEC regular season conference play ( 16 -- 0 ) . Kentucky stormed to the program 's 8th NCAA Tournament Championship , winning their 6 NCAA Tournament games by an average of 10 points and never trailing in the second half . The team set an NCAA record with 38 wins in a season , and finished with a final ranking of No. 1 in both major polls . The team won Kentucky its 8th national championship with three one - and - done freshmen , and two sophomores that also declared for the NBA draft after the season . The team also set two new records for the NBA draft : the first time two players from the same school ever went as the first and second draft picks ( No. 1 was Anthony Davis and No. 2 was Michael Kidd - Gilchrist ) , and the most players taken in a single two - round draft ( six players ) : <Ul> <Li> Anthony Davis </Li> <Li> Michael Kidd - Gilchrist </Li> <Li> Terrence Jones </Li> <Li> Marquis Teague </Li> <Li> Doron Lamb </Li> <Li> Darius Miller </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Tweakables : This was the memorable 2013 -- 14 team . After losing three of their last four regular season games the Wildcats were given little chance to accomplish much in the postseason . Prior to the SEC tournament , John Calipari announced that he had implemented a `` tweak '' to the team , which was later revealed to be encouraging Andrew Harrison to pass more . They defied their odds beating Louisiana State and Georgia to get to the finals for a rematch with the still top ranked Florida . Again defying odds they came one possession short of beating Florida . Despite this , Kentucky would receive a 8 seed in the Midwest , which included top seed and undefeated Wichita State , fourth seeded arch - rival and defending champion Louisville , second seeded Michigan , and third seeded Duke . Kentucky started their run by defeating Kansas State 56 -- 49 , setting them up with the Wichita State Shockers . In a shocking fashion Kentucky would defeat Wichita State by two points when Wichita missed its last shot ( the second time in school history UK knocked off an undefeated team in the NCAA Tournament ; 1975 against Indiana was the other ) . Kentucky would then go on to beat instate rivals Louisville Cardinals in the Sweet Sixteen after Aaron Harrison hits a late three to put the Wildcats up 70 -- 68 and hitting their last free throws to beat the defending champs . The next two games versus Michigan and Wisconsin would end in similar fashion with Aaron Harrison hitting late game threes to put the Wildcats in the Championship Game for the second time in three years . Marcus Lee would also have his break out game versus Michigan with four straight put - back dunks ( and a total of ten points ) and a block . Despite their run , they could not finish off Connecticut to win the title . This made them only the fifth 8 seed to make the Championship game . They are also one of the few teams that beat three out of the previous year 's Final Four teams to get there ( Wichita State , Louisville and Michigan ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Three point streak ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Wildcats have gone 1013 consecutive games ( non-exhibition ) with at least one three - point field goal made , as of March 26 , 2017 vs. North Carolina , the longest such streak in NCAA history . </P> <H2> Facilities ( edit ) </H2> Rupp Arena <H3> Rupp Arena ( 1976 -- present ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Kentucky Wildcats presently play their home games in 23,500 + - seat Rupp Arena , the largest arena in the United States built specifically for basketball . It was opened in 1976 and is named after legendary Kentucky head coach Adolph Rupp . Located off - campus , in downtown Lexington , the facility 's official capacity is 23,500 + . The Wildcats have consistently led the country in home attendance since the 1976 -- 77 season ( when Rupp Arena first opened ) , winning the National Attendance Title a record 25 times , including 17 of the past 20 seasons , and 8 of the last 10 seasons . Kentucky also has an impressive 529 -- 64 (. 892 ) all - time record in Rupp Arena . </P> <H3> Joe Craft center ( 2007 -- present ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2007 , the university unveiled the Joe Craft Center , a state - of - the - art basketball practice facility and athletics office building attached to the north side of Memorial Coliseum on the `` Avenue of Champions '' at the University of Kentucky campus in Lexington , Kentucky . The 102,000 ft2 structure contains separate practice courts for the men 's and women 's basketball programs , separate men 's and women 's locker rooms , state - of - the - art video rooms for game film viewing , new coaches offices , a ticket office , and athletic administration offices . As a result , Memorial Coliseum has more ample space for volleyball and gymnastics practice and games. The facility is named after Joe Craft , a Hazard , Kentucky native , who pledged $6 million towards the completion of the $30 million project . </P> <H3> Memorial Coliseum ( 1950 -- 76 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Coming off back - to - back national championships , the team moved to Memorial Coliseum in 1950 . Nicknamed `` The House That Rupp Built '' , the multipurpose facility cost $4 million and seated 12,000 people . It also housed a swimming pool , physical education equipment , and offices for the athletics staff . The team occupied Memorial Coliseum for twenty - six seasons , and sold out all 345 home games they played there during that period . Kentucky also played a 2009 NIT game at Memorial Coliseum due to Rupp Arena being booked . The Wildcats are 307 -- 38 (. 890 ) all - time at Memorial Coliseum . </P> <H3> Alumni Gymnasium ( 1924 -- 50 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1924 , Alumni Gymnasium was completed . It included seating for 2,800 people and cost $92,000 to construct . Kentucky played 271 games at Alumni Gymnasium from 1924 to 1950 , going 247 -- 24 (. 911 ) . </P> <H3> Woodland Park Auditorium ( 1914 -- 16 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Woodland Park Auditorium , opened in 1906 and closed in 1941 , was located on the corner of East High Street and Kentucky Avenue in Lexington , Kentucky . Kentucky used this facility for home games during World War I between 1914 and 1916 going 15 -- 7 there all - time . </P> A 1909 picture of Buell Armory Gymnasium ( right side ) and Alumni Hall ( main building ) on the campus of the University of Kentucky . <H3> Buell Armory Gymnasium ( 1910 -- 24 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Wildcats played 84 home games at Buell Armory Gymnasium from 1910 to 1924 . It was named for Union Civil War General Don Carlos Buell who was a member of the first board of trustees at Kentucky . The armory was also used during World War I to teach truck maintenance and repair among other skills . Kentucky was 59 -- 25 all - time at Buell Armory Gymnasium . </P> State College Gymnasium `` The Gymnasium '' first home basketball court used by the Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team in 1902 . <H3> State College Gymnasium ( 1902 -- 14 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first home court for the Wildcats was simply called `` The Gymnasium '' or State College Gymnasium until 1910 . It was located in the north wing of Barker Hall on the university campus . Constructed in 1902 , it also housed the university 's physical education classes until 1909 . The facility had a capacity of 650 people , and with no bleachers or seats , fans had to stand to watch the games that were played there . By the 1920s , it had become clear that `` The Gymnasium '' ( by then renamed `` The Ladies ' Gym '' ) was inadequate to house the university 's basketball team . Records show Kentucky was 17 -- 14 at State College Gymnasium . </P> <H2> Cumulative all - time statistics ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> All Time Wins : 2237 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> All Time Winning Percentage : . 765 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> NCAA Championships : 8 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> NCAA Championship Game Appearances : 12 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> NCAA Final Four Appearances : 17 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> NCAA Final Four Games Played : 28 ( NCAA rank No. 3 ) </Li> <Li> NCAA Final Four Wins : 20 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> NCAA Final Four Winning Percentage : . 715 ( NCAA rank No. 8 ) </Li> <Li> NCAA Elite - 8 Appearances : 36 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> NCAA Sweet - 16 Appearances : 41 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> NCAA Tournament Appearances : 54 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> NCAA Tournament Games Played : 168 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> NCAA Tournament Wins : 120 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> NCAA Tournament Winning Percentage : . 719 ( NCAA rank No. 4 ) </Li> <Li> Total Postseason Tournament Appearances ( NCAA and NIT ) : 63 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> NBA Draft Picks : 110 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> All - Americans : 57 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> All - American Total Selections : 87 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> First Team Consensus All - Americans : 20 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> First Team Consensus All - American Total Selections : 25 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> AP Poll Top - 20 / 25 Weeks Ranked All Time : 825 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> AP Poll Top - 10 Weeks Ranked All Time : 653 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> AP Poll Top - 5 Weeks Ranked All Time : 441 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> AP Poll No. 1 Weeks Ranked All Time : 120 ( NCAA rank No. 3 ) </Li> <Li> Final AP Poll Top - 25 Finishes : 49 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Final AP Poll Top - 20 Finishes : 49 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Final AP Poll Top - 15 Finishes : 44 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Final AP Poll Top - 10 Finishes : 40 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Final AP Poll Top - 5 Finishes : 29 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Final AP Poll No. 1 Finishes : 10 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> All Time Winning Percentage Against AP - Ranked Opponents : . 615 ( NCAA Rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Final UPI / Coaches ' Poll Top - 25 Finishes : 47 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Final UPI / Coaches ' Poll Top - 20 Finishes : 46 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Final UPI / Coaches ' Poll Top - 15 Finishes : 43 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Final UPI / Coaches ' Poll Top - 10 Finishes : 39 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Final UPI / Coaches ' Poll Top - 5 Finishes : 30 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Final UPI / Coaches ' Poll No. 1 Finishes : 8 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total 20 - Win Seasons : 59 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total 25 - Win Seasons : 33 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Total 30 - Win Seasons : 14 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total 35 - Win Seasons : 6 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Average Victories Per Season Played : 19.4464285714 ( NCAA rank No. 3 ) </Li> <Li> Average Losses Per Season Played : 6.0 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Winning Seasons : 95 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Total Non-Losing Seasons (. 500 or better ) : 98 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Total Undefeated Seasons : 2 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Total Head Coaches With a NCAA Championship : 5 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Head Coaches With Multiple NCAA Championships : 1 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Total Head Coaches With Multiple NCAA Championships in the Same Decade : 1 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Head Coaches With a NCAA Championship Game Appearance : 5 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Head Coaches With Multiple NCAA Championship Game Appearances : 4 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Head Coaches With Multiple NCAA Championship Game Appearances in the Same Decade : 4 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Head Coaches With a NCAA Final Four Appearance : 5 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Total Head Coaches With Multiple NCAA Final Four Appearances : 4 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Total Head Coaches With Multiple NCAA Final Four Appearances in the Same Decade : 4 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Head Coaches With Both NCAA and NIT Championships : 2 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Decades With a NCAA Championship : 5 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Decades With Multiple NCAA Championships : 3 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Decades With a NCAA Championship Game Appearance : 6 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Total Decades With Multiple NCAA Championship Game Appearances : 5 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Decades With a NCAA Final Four Appearance : 7 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Decades With Multiple NCAA Final Four Appearances : 5 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Decades No. 1 in Total Wins ( since 1930 ) : 1 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Total Decades Top - 5 in Total Wins ( since 1930 ) : 4 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Decades Top - 10 in Total Wins ( since 1930 ) : 7 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Decades No. 1 in Winning Percentage ( since 1930 ) : 2 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Decades Top - 5 in Winning Percentage ( since 1930 ) : 6 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Total Decades Top - 10 in Winning Percentage ( since 1930 ) : 7 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Conference Regular Season Championships : 48 ( NCAA rank No. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Conference Tournament Championships : 29 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> <Li> National Attendance Titles : 25 ( NCAA rank No. 1 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> ( Of the 71 major categories listed above , Kentucky is No. 1 in 50 of them , No. 2 in 16 of them , No . No. 3 in 3 of them , No. 4 in 1 of them , and No. 8 in 1 of them . ) </P> <P> Kentucky can also lay claim to several individual achievements for both players and coaches : </P> <Ul> <Li> 13 players winning NBA Championships a total of 20 times </Li> <Li> 12 players named NBA All - Star a total of 23 times </Li> <Li> 12 Olympic Gold Medal winners </Li> <Li> 10 Naismith Hall - of - Fame members </Li> <Li> 5 players named National Player - of - the - Year </Li> <Li> 2 players named National Freshman - of - the - Year </Li> <Li> 6 head coaches named National Coach - of - the Year a total of 14 times </Li> <Li> 7 head coaches named SEC Coach - of - the - Year a total of 22 times </Li> <Li> 138 players named All - Conference a total of 231 times </Li> <Li> 82 players named to the All - Conference Tournament Team a total of 118 times </Li> <Li> 12 players named Conference Player - of - the - Year a total of 14 times </Li> <Li> 7 players named Conference Freshman - of - the - Year </Li> <Li> 31 players named to the All - Conference Freshman Team </Li> <Li> 15 players named Conference Tournament MVP a total of 16 times </Li> <Li> 18 players named All - NCAA Final Four a total of 21 times </Li> <Li> 51 players named All - NCAA Regional a total of 65 times </Li> <Li> 5 players named NCAA Final Four Most Outstanding Player a total of 6 times </Li> <Li> 12 players named NCAA Regional Most Outstanding Player a total of 13 times </Li> <Li> 74 players who played in the NBA at least one season </Li> <Li> 60 1000 - point scorers </Li> <Li> 52 players named McDonald 's All - American </Li> <Li> 6 times being ranked No. 1 in the season opening AP Poll </Li> <Li> 6 times being ranked No. 1 in the season opening UPI / Coaches ' Poll </Li> <Li> 12 times a No. 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament </Li> <Li> 4 times being the NCAA official No. 1 overall seed in the NCAA Tournament </Li> </Ul> <P> Kentucky also holds several other NCAA records and various additional accomplishments : </P> <Ul> <Li> Kentucky has 2 NIT Championships ( 1946 , 1976 ) , 7 Helms Titles ( 1933 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1954 , 1958 , 1978 ) , 2 undefeated seasons ( 1912 , 1954 ) , 5 Sugar Bowl Tournament Championships ( 1937 , 1939 , 1949 , 1956 , 1963 ) , a league best all time SEC regular season record of 943 -- 261 (. 783 ) , a league best 46 SEC Regular Season Championships , a league best all time SEC Tournament record of 124 -- 25 (. 832 ) , and a league best 28 SEC Tournament Championships . Kentucky also holds the SEC 's all time consecutive win streak among all past or present SEC schools at 38 straight victories , and is one of only 2 SEC schools to ever finish at 21 -- 0 for the entire SEC season ( 18 -- 0 record in the SEC Regular Season , plus a 3 -- 0 record in the SEC Tournament ) . </Li> <Li> Kentucky holds the NCAA records for Consecutive Non-Losing Seasons ( 60 ) , Consecutive Home Court Victories ( 129 ) , for Total Victories in a Season ( 38 ) , and for the best start for any season in NCAA Men 's Basketball history at 38 -- 0 . </Li> <Li> Kentucky plays in the nation 's largest basketball arena ( Rupp Arena , capacity : 23,500 ) , and has both the nation 's largest radio and television affiliate networks . </Li> <Li> Kentucky has made a 3 - point basket in 1013 consecutive games ( leads the nation ) , and have won 17 of the last 20 National Attendance Titles , including 8 of the last 10 , and 25 overall . </Li> <Li> Kentucky is the only school to have multiple NCAA ( 8 ) and NIT ( 2 ) Championships , the only school to have 5 different NCAA Championship head coaches , the only school to have 4 coaches with multiple NCAA Championship Game appearances , the only school to have 4 coaches with multiple NCAA Championship Game appearances in the same decade , the only school to have 4 coaches with 3 NCAA Final Four appearances , the only school to win NCAA Championships in 5 different decades , the only school to win multiple NCAA Championships in 3 different decades , the only school to have NCAA Championship Game appearances in 5 different decades , the only school to have multiple NCAA Championship Game appearances in 5 different decades , the only school to have multiple NCAA Final Four appearances in 5 different decades , the only school to have 2 different head coaches win both NCAA and NIT Championships , and the one of only 2 schools to have 2 different head coaches win a NCAA Championship in the same decade . </Li> <Li> Kentucky has played before the largest regulation basketball game crowd in history ( 79,444 ) , the largest Final Four game crowd in history ( 79,444 ) , the largest NCAA Championship Game crowd in history ( 79,238 ) , and the largest total Final Four game crowd ( both games ) in history ( 158,682 ) . </Li> <Li> Kentucky is the only school to have 5 players selected in the 1st - Round of the NBA Draft in the same year ( 2010 ) , the only school to have both the No. 1 and No. 2 picks of the NBA Draft in the same year ( 2012 ) , the only school to have 6 players drafted in the first 2 rounds of the NBA draft in the same year ( 2012 , 2015 ) , and the only school to sign 6 McDonald 's All - Americans in the same year ( 2013 ) . </Li> <Li> Kentucky was the first college program to reach both the 1000 - win and 2000 - win victory plateaus . </Li> <Li> Kentucky is the first team to be live - broadcast on the SEC Network . </Li> <Li> Kentucky is one of only three schools to have 9 McDonald 's All - Americans on a single roster . </Li> <Li> Kentucky is the first school to hold an on - campus NBA Combine . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament consecutive appearances </Li> <Li> Florida -- Kentucky men 's basketball rivalry </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ University of Kentucky Athletics Brand Identity Guidelines . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time UK Coaches '' . UK Athletics . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelli , p. 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanly , Gregory Kent , `` Before Big Blue -- Sports at the University of Kentucky 1880 -- 1940 '' , ( The University Press of Kentucky , 1996 ) , p. 115 - 116 , ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1991 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelli , p. 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelli , pp. 15 -- 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelli , pp. 17 -- 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelli , p. 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelli , pp. 22 -- 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelli , p. 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelli , pp. 24 -- 25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelli , pp. 27 -- 28 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelli , pp. 29 -- 30 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` KU Basketball : 1922 -- 1923 '' . Rockchalk.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` University of Kentucky Official Athletics Site '' . Ukathletics.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sorry '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ESPN , ed. ( 2009 ) . ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . New York : ESPN Books . p. 543 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott , Jon . `` Schedule for 1952 -- 53 . '' Schedule for 1952 -- 53 . January 26 , 2011 . Web . October 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` O'Connor Asks Leniency , Praises ' Co-Operation ' '' . Lexington Her'he incident in any way . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Breslin , Jimmy ( March 1953 ) . `` Kentucky Apologizes for Nothing ! '' . Sports Magazine . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK Suspended from SEC Basketball For One Year '' . The Lexington Herald . August 12 , 1952 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Byers , Walter ( 1995 ) . `` Unsportsmanlike Conduct : Exploiting College Athletics '' . University of Michigan Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ESPN ( 2009 ) . College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . New York : Random House Publishing Group . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NCAA Chronology of Enforement '' . NCAA . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` February 28 , 1966 AP Men 's Basketball Poll - College Poll Archive - Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings '' . College Poll Archive. 1966 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adolph Rupp : Fact and Fiction '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott , Jon . `` Statistics for 1987 -- 88 '' . bigbluehistory.net : Kentucky Wildcats Basketball Page . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scott , Jon . `` Kentucky Teams of the Past '' . bigbluehistory.net : Kentucky Wildcats Basketball Page . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drum , Keith ( November 16 , 1988 ) . `` Commentary '' . United Press International . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. ( May 20 , 1989 ) . `` Kentucky 's Basketball Program And 2 Players Heavily Penalized '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ York , Michael . `` Kentucky Loves Its Basketball , but Not at Any Price '' The Washington Post , December 11 , 1988 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sterling , Kent ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Dwane Casey Did n't Do It , the Cautionary Tale of a Post Gone Wrong '' . KentSterling.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eric Manuel Bigbluehistory.net </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Curry . Dodging a Bullet Archived May 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sports Illustrated , May 29 , 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Good , Bad and Blue -- A Timeline of Milestones , Heartbreak , Scandal and Triumph in a Century of Basketball '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . December 22 , 2002 . p. 47 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2000 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shannon , Kelley . `` Final Four coaches savor first - time experience '' . South Coast Today . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2005 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Ken . `` Tubby should keep job , despite spoiled fans '' . MSNBC . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- Smith leaving Kentucky to coach Minnesota -- Men 's College Basketball '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 23 , 2007 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gillispie `` Honored '' To Be New UK Coach `` . WLEX - TV . Associated Press . April 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2010 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McMurray , Jeffrey ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` UK Names Billy Gillispie New Head Basketball Coach '' . WKYT - TV . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freedom Hall , Louisville , Kentucky ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` Kentucky Wildcats vs. Louisville Cardinals -- Recap -- January 4 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats vs. Tennessee Volunteers -- Recap -- January 13 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NCAA College Basketball Polls , College Basketball Rankings , NCAA Basketball Polls -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats vs. Arkansas Razorbacks -- Recap -- February 14 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Real Insight . Real Fans. Real Conversations '' . Sporting News . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Coyne ( March 25 , 2009 ) . `` Harangody leads Notre Dame past Kentucky '' . The Journal Gazette . Fort Wayne , Indiana . Associated Press . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billy Gillispie out as coach of Kentucky Wildcats in second season -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mike DeCourcy ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` With Wall , Kentucky could have all - time recruiting class -- NCAA Basketball '' . Sporting News . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Sports : Rivals.com 2009 Kentucky Commitments '' . Kentucky.rivals.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 3 Kentucky beats Drexel to reach 2,000 wins '' . SI.com . Lexington , Kentucky : Time Warner Company . December 21 , 2009 . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Noel to Enter NBA Draft '' . University of Kentucky . April 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Kentucky 's Goodwin to enter NBA draft '' . Associated Press . June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker , Kyle ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Former Kentucky player Kyle Wiltjer transfers to Gonzaga '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ryan Harrow to transfer to Ga . State '' . ESPN . May 31 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colleen Kane ( March 31 , 2013 ) . `` Kentucky recruits dominate McDonald 's All - American game rosters '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky reloads : Calipari ushers in ' best ever ' freshman class '' . USA Today . October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky is No. 1 in preseason USA TODAY Sports Coaches Poll '' . USA Today . October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK Ranked No. 1 in Associated Press Preseason Top 25 '' . University of Kentucky . October 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Higgins , Ron ( April 6 , 2014 ) . `` Kentucky , UConn have been ' disrespected ' throughout entire tournament '' . The Times Picayune . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker , Kyle ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Kentucky 's James Young declares for NBA draft '' . Courier - Journal . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goodman , Jeff ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` James Young declares for draft '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Jeff ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Only one NBA team has as many McDonald 's All - Americans as Kentucky will next year '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Men 's Basketball to Take ' Big Blue Bahamas ' Tour '' . UKathletics.com . CBS Interactive . June 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tipton , Jerry ( August 16 , 2014 ) . `` Big Blue Bahamas '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's Defense Dominant in Defeat of No. 5 Kansas '' . UKathletics.com . CBS Interactive . June 26 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Defense Dominant as Kentucky Beats UCLA , Moves to 12 -- 0 '' . UKathletics.com . CBS Interactive . June 26 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky off to best start in school history after win over Tennessee '' . Sports Illustrated . April 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Walking the walk : Cats cruise past West Virginia , into Elite Eight '' . UKathletics.com . CBS Interactive . June 26 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker , Kyle ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` How should the 38 -- 1 Wildcats be remembered ? '' . Courier - Journal . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 2011 -- 12 University of Kentucky Men 's Basketball Media Guide </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK Creates Athletics Hall of Fame '' . UK Wildcats News . April 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bigbluehistory.net/bb/statistics/careerpoints.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bigbluehistory.net/bb/Statistics/careerrebounds.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bigbluehistory.net/bb/Statistics/careerassists.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bigbluehistory.net/bb/statistics/careersteals.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bigbluehistory.net/bb/Statistics/careerblockedshots.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bigbluehistory.net/bb/Statistics/careergamesplayed.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wallace , Tom ( October 15 , 2002 ) . `` UK in the NCAA '' . Kentucky Basketball Encyclopedia . Sports Publishing LLC . p. 353 . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 569 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats -- 8th Wonders -- NCAA Champions 2011 -- 12 -- Wood Mounted Newspaper Print '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky champions leave no doubt of supremacy -- Philly.com '' . Articles.philly.com. April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Tweakables by Inside Joke ( Full Audio ) '' . YouTube . 2014 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dauster , Rob ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) . `` John Calipari reveals what ' the tweak ' actually was CollegeBasketballTalk '' . Collegebasketballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky - Mississippi State Postgame Notes UK Wildcats News '' . Ukathletics.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nelli , p. 7 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Kentucky Wildcats Official Athletic Site -- Men 's Basketball '' . Ukathletics.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Basketball Practice Facility '' . 2007 - 02 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kernel Editorial : Practice facility will benefit all of UK 's athletic teams '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's Memorial Coliseum Record '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nelli , p. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's Alumni Gymnasium Record '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's Woodland Auditorium Record '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buell , Don Carlos '' . Kyenc.org . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 10 . Gymnasium and Armory University of Kentucky Libraries '' . Libraries.uky.edu . January 14 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's Buell Armory Gymnasium Record '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's State College Gymnasium Record '' . Bigbluehistory.net . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 2013 -- 14 NCAA Men 's Basketball Records Book </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 2013 -- 14 NCAA Men 's Basketball Final Four Records Book </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 2013 -- 14 University of Kentucky Men 's Basketball Fact Book </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Historical College Football and Basketball Polls and Rankings '' . College Poll Archive . 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Degree of a polynomial - wikipedia <H1> Degree of a polynomial </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of its monomials ( individual terms ) with non-zero coefficients . The degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables that appear in it , and thus is a non-negative integer . The term order has been used as a synonym of degree but , nowadays , may refer to several other concepts ( see order of a polynomial ) . For example , the polynomial 7 x 2 y 3 + 4 x − 9 , ( \ displaystyle 7x ^ ( 2 ) y ^ ( 3 ) + 4x - 9 , ) which can also be expressed as 7 x 2 y 3 + 4 x 1 y 0 − 9 x 0 y 0 , ( \ displaystyle 7x ^ ( 2 ) y ^ ( 3 ) + 4x ^ ( 1 ) y ^ ( 0 ) - 9x ^ ( 0 ) y ^ ( 0 ) , ) has three terms . The first term has a degree of 5 ( the sum of the powers 2 and 3 ) , the second term has a degree of 1 , and the last term has a degree of 0 . Therefore , the polynomial has a degree of 5 , which is the highest degree of any term . </P> <P> To determine the degree of a polynomial that is not in standard form ( for example ( x + 1 ) 2 − ( x − 1 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( x + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) - ( x-1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , one has to put it first in standard form by expanding the products ( by distributivity ) and combining the like terms ; for example ( x + 1 ) 2 − ( x − 1 ) 2 = 4 x ( \ displaystyle ( x + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) - ( x-1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 4x ) is of degree 1 , even though each summand has degree 2 . However , this is not needed when the polynomial is expressed as a product of polynomials in standard form , because the degree of a product is the sum of the degrees of the factors . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Names of polynomials by degree </Li> <Li> 2 Other examples </Li> <Li> 3 Behavior under polynomial operations <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Addition </Li> <Li> 3.2 Scalar multiplication </Li> <Li> 3.3 Multiplication </Li> <Li> 3.4 Composition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Degree of the zero polynomial </Li> <Li> 5 Computed from the function values </Li> <Li> 6 Extension to polynomials with two or more variables </Li> <Li> 7 Degree function in abstract algebra </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Names of polynomials by degree ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up Appendix : English polynomial degrees in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The following names are assigned to polynomials according to their degree : </P> <Ul> <Li> Special case -- zero ( see § Degree of the zero polynomial below ) </Li> <Li> Degree 0 -- non-zero constant </Li> <Li> Degree 1 -- linear </Li> <Li> Degree 2 -- quadratic </Li> <Li> Degree 3 -- cubic </Li> <Li> Degree 4 -- quartic ( or , if all terms have even degree , biquadratic ) </Li> <Li> Degree 5 -- quintic </Li> <Li> Degree 6 -- sextic ( or , less commonly , hexic ) </Li> <Li> Degree 7 -- septic ( or , less commonly , heptic ) </Li> </Ul> <P> For higher degrees , names have sometimes been proposed , but they are rarely used : </P> <Ul> <Li> Degree 8 -- octic </Li> <Li> Degree 9 -- nonic </Li> <Li> Degree 10 -- decic </Li> </Ul> <P> Names for degree above three are based on Latin ordinal numbers , and end in - ic . This should be distinguished from the names used for the number of variables , the arity , which are based on Latin distributive numbers , and end in - ary . For example , a degree two polynomial in two variables , such as x 2 + x y + y 2 ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( 2 ) + xy + y ^ ( 2 ) ) , is called a `` binary quadratic '' : binary due to two variables , quadratic due to degree two . There are also names for the number of terms , which are also based on Latin distributive numbers , ending in - nomial ; the common ones are monomial , binomial , and ( less commonly ) trinomial ; thus x 2 + y 2 ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( 2 ) + y ^ ( 2 ) ) is a `` binary quadratic binomial '' . </P> <H2> Other examples ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The polynomial 3 − 5 x + 2 x 5 − 7 x 9 ( \ displaystyle 3 - 5x + 2x ^ ( 5 ) - 7x ^ ( 9 ) ) is a nonic polynomial </Li> <Li> The polynomial ( y − 3 ) ( 2 y + 6 ) ( − 4 y − 21 ) ( \ displaystyle ( y - 3 ) ( 2y + 6 ) ( - 4y - 21 ) ) is a cubic polynomial </Li> <Li> The polynomial ( 3 z 8 + z 5 − 4 z 2 + 6 ) + ( − 3 z 8 + 8 z 4 + 2 z 3 + 14 z ) ( \ displaystyle ( 3z ^ ( 8 ) + z ^ ( 5 ) - 4z ^ ( 2 ) + 6 ) + ( - 3z ^ ( 8 ) + 8z ^ ( 4 ) + 2z ^ ( 3 ) + 14z ) ) is a quintic polynomial ( as the z 8 ( \ displaystyle z ^ ( 8 ) ) are cancelled out ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The canonical forms of the three examples above are : </P> <Ul> <Li> for 3 − 5 x + 2 x 5 − 7 x 9 ( \ displaystyle 3 - 5x + 2x ^ ( 5 ) - 7x ^ ( 9 ) ) , after reordering , − 7 x 9 + 2 x 5 − 5 x + 3 ( \ displaystyle - 7x ^ ( 9 ) + 2x ^ ( 5 ) - 5x + 3 ) ; </Li> <Li> for ( y − 3 ) ( 2 y + 6 ) ( − 4 y − 21 ) ( \ displaystyle ( y - 3 ) ( 2y + 6 ) ( - 4y - 21 ) ) , after multiplying out and collecting terms of the same degree , − 8 y 3 − 42 y 2 + 72 y + 378 ( \ displaystyle - 8y ^ ( 3 ) - 42y ^ ( 2 ) + 72y + 378 ) ; </Li> <Li> for ( 3 z 8 + z 5 − 4 z 2 + 6 ) + ( − 3 z 8 + 8 z 4 + 2 z 3 + 14 z ) ( \ displaystyle ( 3z ^ ( 8 ) + z ^ ( 5 ) - 4z ^ ( 2 ) + 6 ) + ( - 3z ^ ( 8 ) + 8z ^ ( 4 ) + 2z ^ ( 3 ) + 14z ) ) , in which the two terms of degree 8 cancel , z 5 + 8 z 4 + 2 z 3 − 4 z 2 + 14 z + 6 ( \ displaystyle z ^ ( 5 ) + 8z ^ ( 4 ) + 2z ^ ( 3 ) - 4z ^ ( 2 ) + 14z + 6 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Behavior under polynomial operations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The degree of the sum , the product or the composition of two polynomials is strongly related to the degree of the input polynomials . </P> <H3> Addition ( edit ) </H3> <P> The degree of the sum ( or difference ) of two polynomials is less than or equal to the greater of their degrees ; the equality always holds when the degrees of the polynomials are different i.e. </P> <Dl> <Dd> deg ( P + Q ) ≤ max ( deg ( P ) , deg ( Q ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ deg ( P + Q ) \ leq \ max ( \ deg ( P ) , \ deg ( Q ) ) ) . </Dd> <Dd> deg ( P − Q ) ≤ max ( deg ( P ) , deg ( Q ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ deg ( P-Q ) \ leq \ max ( \ deg ( P ) , \ deg ( Q ) ) ) . </Dd> </Dl> <P> E.g. </P> <Ul> <Li> The degree of ( x 3 + x ) + ( x 2 + 1 ) = x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 ( \ displaystyle ( x ^ ( 3 ) + x ) + ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) = x ^ ( 3 ) + x ^ ( 2 ) + x + 1 ) is 3 . Note that 3 ≤ max ( 3 , 2 ) </Li> <Li> The degree of ( x 3 + x ) − ( x 3 + x 2 ) = − x 2 + x ( \ displaystyle ( x ^ ( 3 ) + x ) - ( x ^ ( 3 ) + x ^ ( 2 ) ) = - x ^ ( 2 ) + x ) is 2 . Note that 2 ≤ max ( 3 , 3 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Scalar multiplication ( edit ) </H3> <P> The degree of the product of a polynomial by a non-zero scalar is equal to the degree of the polynomial , i.e. </P> <Dl> <Dd> deg ( c P ) = deg ( P ) ( \ displaystyle \ deg ( cP ) = \ deg ( P ) ) . </Dd> </Dl> <P> E.g. </P> <Ul> <Li> The degree of 2 ( x 2 + 3 x − 2 ) = 2 x 2 + 6 x − 4 ( \ displaystyle 2 ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 3x - 2 ) = 2x ^ ( 2 ) + 6x - 4 ) is 2 , just as the degree of x 2 + 3 x − 2 ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( 2 ) + 3x - 2 ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Note that for polynomials over a ring containing divisors of zero , this is not necessarily true . For example , in Z / 4 Z ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( Z ) / 4 \ mathbf ( Z ) ) , deg ( 1 + 2 x ) = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ deg ( 1 + 2x ) = 1 ) , but deg ( 2 ( 1 + 2 x ) ) = deg ( 2 + 4 x ) = deg ( 2 ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ deg ( 2 ( 1 + 2x ) ) = \ deg ( 2 + 4x ) = \ deg ( 2 ) = 0 ) . </P> <P> The set of polynomials with coefficients from a given field F and degree smaller than or equal to a given number n thus forms a vector space . ( Note , however , that this set is not a ring , as it is not closed under multiplication , as is seen below . ) </P> <H3> Multiplication ( edit ) </H3> <P> The degree of the product of two polynomials over a field or an integral domain is the sum of their degrees </P> <Dl> <Dd> deg ( P Q ) = deg ( P ) + deg ( Q ) ( \ displaystyle \ deg ( PQ ) = \ deg ( P ) + \ deg ( Q ) ) . </Dd> </Dl> <P> E.g. </P> <Ul> <Li> The degree of ( x 3 + x ) ( x 2 + 1 ) = x 5 + 2 x 3 + x ( \ displaystyle ( x ^ ( 3 ) + x ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) = x ^ ( 5 ) + 2x ^ ( 3 ) + x ) is 3 + 2 = 5 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Note that for polynomials over an arbitrary ring , this is not necessarily true . For example , in Z / 4 Z ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( Z ) / 4 \ mathbf ( Z ) ) , deg ( 2 x ) + deg ( 1 + 2 x ) = 1 + 1 = 2 ( \ displaystyle \ deg ( 2x ) + \ deg ( 1 + 2x ) = 1 + 1 = 2 ) , but deg ( 2 x ( 1 + 2 x ) ) = deg ( 2 x ) = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ deg ( 2x ( 1 + 2x ) ) = \ deg ( 2x ) = 1 ) . </P> <H3> Composition ( edit ) </H3> <P> The degree of the composition of two non-constant polynomials P ( \ displaystyle P ) and Q ( \ displaystyle Q ) over a field or integral domain is the product of their degrees : </P> <Dl> <Dd> deg ( P ∘ Q ) = deg ( P ) deg ( Q ) ( \ displaystyle \ deg ( P \ circ Q ) = \ deg ( P ) \ deg ( Q ) ) . </Dd> </Dl> <P> E.g. </P> <Ul> <Li> If P = ( x 3 + x ) ( \ displaystyle P = ( x ^ ( 3 ) + x ) ) , Q = ( x 2 + 1 ) ( \ displaystyle Q = ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) , then P ∘ Q = P ∘ ( x 2 + 1 ) = ( x 2 + 1 ) 3 + ( x 2 + 1 ) = x 6 + 3 x 4 + 4 x 2 + 2 ( \ displaystyle P \ circ Q = P \ circ ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) = ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ^ ( 3 ) + ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) = x ^ ( 6 ) + 3x ^ ( 4 ) + 4x ^ ( 2 ) + 2 ) , which has degree 6 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Note that for polynomials over an arbitrary ring , this is not necessarily true . For example , in Z / 4 Z ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( Z ) / 4 \ mathbf ( Z ) ) , deg ( 2 x ) deg ( 1 + 2 x ) = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ deg ( 2x ) \ deg ( 1 + 2x ) = 1 \ cdot 1 = 1 ) , but deg ( 2 x ∘ ( 1 + 2 x ) ) = deg ( 2 + 4 x ) = deg ( 2 ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ deg ( 2x \ circ ( 1 + 2x ) ) = \ deg ( 2 + 4x ) = \ deg ( 2 ) = 0 ) . </P> <H2> Degree of the zero polynomial ( edit ) </H2> <P> The degree of the zero polynomial is either left undefined , or is defined to be negative ( usually − 1 or − ∞ ( \ displaystyle - \ infty ) ) . </P> <P> Like any constant value , the value 0 can be considered as a ( constant ) polynomial , called the zero polynomial . It has no nonzero terms , and so , strictly speaking , it has no degree either . As such , its degree is undefined . The propositions for the degree of sums and products of polynomials in the above section do not apply if any of the polynomials involved is the zero polynomial . </P> <P> It is convenient , however , to define the degree of the zero polynomial to be negative infinity , − ∞ , ( \ displaystyle - \ infty , ) and introduce the arithmetic rules </P> <Dl> <Dd> max ( a , − ∞ ) = a , ( \ displaystyle \ max ( a , - \ infty ) = a , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> and </P> <Dl> <Dd> a + ( − ∞ ) = − ∞ . ( \ displaystyle a+ ( - \ infty ) = - \ infty . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> These examples illustrate how this extension satisfies the behavior rules above : </P> <Ul> <Li> The degree of the sum ( x 3 + x ) + ( 0 ) = x 3 + x ( \ displaystyle ( x ^ ( 3 ) + x ) + ( 0 ) = x ^ ( 3 ) + x ) is 3 . This satisfies the expected behavior , which is that 3 ≤ max ( 3 , − ∞ ) ( \ displaystyle 3 \ leq \ max ( 3 , - \ infty ) ) . </Li> <Li> The degree of the difference ( x ) − ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( x ) - ( x ) = 0 ) is − ∞ ( \ displaystyle - \ infty ) . This satisfies the expected behavior , which is that − ∞ ≤ max ( 1 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle - \ infty \ leq \ max ( 1 , 1 ) ) . </Li> <Li> The degree of the product ( 0 ) ( x 2 + 1 ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( 0 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) = 0 ) is − ∞ ( \ displaystyle - \ infty ) . This satisfies the expected behavior , which is that − ∞ = − ∞ + 2 ( \ displaystyle - \ infty = - \ infty + 2 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Computed from the function values ( edit ) </H2> <P> A number of formulae exist which will evaluate the degree of a polynomial function f . One based on asymptotic analysis is </P> <Dl> <Dd> deg f = lim x → ∞ log f ( x ) log x ( \ displaystyle \ deg f = \ lim _ ( x \ rightarrow \ infty ) ( \ frac ( \ log f ( x ) ) ( \ log x ) ) ) ; </Dd> </Dl> <P> this is the exact counterpart of the method of estimating the slope in a log -- log plot . </P> <P> This formula generalizes the concept of degree to some functions that are not polynomials . For example : </P> <Ul> <Li> The degree of the multiplicative inverse , 1 / x ( \ displaystyle \ 1 / x ) , is − 1 . </Li> <Li> The degree of the square root , x ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( x ) ) ) , is 1 / 2 . </Li> <Li> The degree of the logarithm , log x ( \ displaystyle \ \ log x ) , is 0 . </Li> <Li> The degree of the exponential function , exp x ( \ displaystyle \ exp x ) , is ∞ . ( \ displaystyle \ infty . ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Note that the formula also gives sensible results for many combinations of such functions , e.g. , the degree of 1 + x x ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 + ( \ sqrt ( x ) ) ) ( x ) ) ) is − 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle - 1 / 2 ) . </P> <P> Another formula to compute the degree of f from its values is </P> <Dl> <Dd> deg f = lim x → ∞ x f ′ ( x ) f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ deg f = \ lim _ ( x \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( xf ' ( x ) ) ( f ( x ) ) ) ) ; </Dd> </Dl> <P> this second formula follows from applying L'Hôpital's rule to the first formula . Intuitively though , it is more about exhibiting the degree d as the extra constant factor in the derivative d x d − 1 ( \ displaystyle dx ^ ( d - 1 ) ) of x d ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( d ) ) . </P> <P> A more fine grained ( than a simple numeric degree ) description of the asymptotics of a function can be had by using big O notation . In the analysis of algorithms , it is for example often relevant to distinguish between the growth rates of x ( \ displaystyle x ) and x log x ( \ displaystyle x \ log x ) , which would both come out as having the same degree according to the above formulae . </P> <H2> Extension to polynomials with two or more variables ( edit ) </H2> <P> For polynomials in two or more variables , the degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables in the term ; the degree ( sometimes called the total degree ) of the polynomial is again the maximum of the degrees of all terms in the polynomial . For example , the polynomial x y + 3x + 4y has degree 4 , the same degree as the term x y . </P> <P> However , a polynomial in variables x and y , is a polynomial in x with coefficients which are polynomials in y , and also a polynomial in y with coefficients which are polynomials in x . The polynomial </P> <Dl> <Dd> x 2 y 2 + 3 x 3 + 4 y = ( 3 ) x 3 + ( y 2 ) x 2 + ( 4 y ) = ( x 2 ) y 2 + ( 4 ) y + ( 3 x 3 ) ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( 2 ) y ^ ( 2 ) + 3x ^ ( 3 ) + 4y = ( 3 ) x ^ ( 3 ) + ( y ^ ( 2 ) ) x ^ ( 2 ) + ( 4y ) = ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) y ^ ( 2 ) + ( 4 ) y+ ( 3x ^ ( 3 ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> has degree 3 in x and degree 2 in y . </P> <H2> Degree function in abstract algebra ( edit ) </H2> <P> Given a ring R , the polynomial ring R ( x ) is the set of all polynomials in x that have coefficients chosen from R. In the special case that R is also a field , then the polynomial ring R ( x ) is a principal ideal domain and , more importantly to our discussion here , a Euclidean domain . </P> <P> It can be shown that the degree of a polynomial over a field satisfies all of the requirements of the norm function in the euclidean domain . That is , given two polynomials f ( x ) and g ( x ) , the degree of the product f ( x ) g ( x ) must be larger than both the degrees of f and g individually . In fact , something stronger holds : </P> <Dl> <Dd> deg ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) = deg ( f ( x ) ) + deg ( g ( x ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> For an example of why the degree function may fail over a ring that is not a field , take the following example . Let R = Z / 4 Z ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) / 4 \ mathbb ( Z ) ) , the ring of integers modulo 4 . This ring is not a field ( and is not even an integral domain ) because 2 × 2 = 4 ≡ 0 ( mod 4 ) . Therefore , let f ( x ) = g ( x ) = 2x + 1 . Then , f ( x ) g ( x ) = 4x + 4x + 1 = 1 . Thus deg ( f ⋅ g ) = 0 which is not greater than the degrees of f and g ( which each had degree 1 ) . </P> <P> Since the norm function is not defined for the zero element of the ring , we consider the degree of the polynomial f ( x ) = 0 to also be undefined so that it follows the rules of a norm in a euclidean domain . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ For simplicity , this is a homogeneous polynomial , with equal degree in both variables separately . </Li> </Ol> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Names of Polynomials '' . November 25 , 1997 . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mac Lane and Birkhoff ( 1999 ) define `` linear '' , `` quadratic '' , `` cubic '' , `` quartic '' , and `` quintic '' . ( p. 107 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ King ( 2009 ) defines `` quadratic '' , `` cubic '' , `` quartic '' , `` quintic '' , `` sextic '' , `` septic '' , and `` octic '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shafarevich ( 2003 ) says of a polynomial of degree zero , f ( x ) = a 0 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = a_ ( 0 ) ) : `` Such a polynomial is called a constant because if we substitute different values of x in it , we always obtain the same value a 0 ( \ displaystyle a_ ( 0 ) ) . '' ( p. 23 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Cockle proposed the names `` sexic '' , `` septic '' , `` octic '' , `` nonic '' , and `` decic '' in 1851 . ( Mechanics Magazine , Vol . LV , p. 171 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lang , Sergei ( 2005 ) . Algebra ( 3rd ed . ) . Springer . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 95385 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shafarevich ( 2003 ) says of the zero polynomial : `` In this case , we consider that the degree of the polynomial is undefined . '' ( p. 27 ) Childs ( 1995 ) uses − 1 . ( p. 233 ) Childs ( 2009 ) uses − ∞ ( p. 287 ) , however he excludes zero polynomials in his Proposition 1 ( p. 288 ) and then explains that the proposition holds for zero polynomials `` with the reasonable assumption that − ∞ ( \ displaystyle - \ infty ) + m = − ∞ ( \ displaystyle - \ infty ) for m any integer or m = − ∞ ( \ displaystyle - \ infty ) `` . Axler ( 1997 ) uses − ∞ . ( p. 64 ) Grillet ( 2007 ) says : `` The degree of the zero polynomial 0 is sometimes left undefined or is variously defined as − 1 ∈ Z or as − ∞ ( \ displaystyle - \ infty ) , as long as deg 0 < deg A for all A ≠ 0 . '' ( A is a polynomial . ) However , he excludes zero polynomials in his Proposition 5.3 . ( p. 121 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barile , Margherita . `` Zero Polynomial '' . MathWorld . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Axler ( 1997 ) gives these rules and says : `` The 0 polynomial is declared to have degree − ∞ ( \ displaystyle - \ infty ) so that exceptions are not needed for various reasonable results . '' ( p. 64 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Axler , Sheldon ( 1997 ) , Linear Algebra Done Right ( 2nd ed . ) , Springer Science & Business Media </Li> <Li> Childs , Lindsay N. ( 1995 ) , A Concrete Introduction to Higher Algebra ( 2nd ed . ) , Springer Science & Business Media </Li> <Li> Childs , Lindsay N. ( 2009 ) , A Concrete Introduction to Higher Algebra ( 3rd ed . ) , Springer Science & Business Media </Li> <Li> Grillet , Pierre Antoine ( 2007 ) , Abstract Algebra ( 2nd ed . ) , Springer Science & Business Media </Li> <Li> King , R. Bruce ( 2009 ) , Beyond the Quartic Equation , Springer Science & Business Media </Li> <Li> Mac Lane , Saunders ; Birkhoff , Garrett ( 1999 ) , Algebra ( 3rd ed . ) , American Mathematical Society </Li> <Li> Shafarevich , Igor R. ( 2003 ) , Discourses on Algebra , Springer Science & Business Media </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Polynomial Order ; Wolfram MathWorld </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Polynomials and polynomial functions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By degree </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Zero polynomial ( degree undefined or − 1 or − ∞ ) </Li> <Li> Constant function ( 0 ) </Li> <Li> Linear function ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Quadratic function ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Cubic function ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> Quartic function ( 4 ) </Li> <Li> Quintic function ( 5 ) </Li> <Li> Sextic equation ( 6 ) </Li> <Li> Septic equation ( 7 ) </Li> <Li> Octic equation ( 8 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By number of terms and other properties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monomial </Li> <Li> Binomial </Li> <Li> Trinomial </Li> <Li> Homogeneous </Li> <Li> Quasi-homogeneous </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tools and algorithms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Factorization </Li> <Li> Greatest common divisor </Li> <Li> Division </Li> <Li> Horner 's method of evaluation </Li> <Li> Resultant </Li> <Li> Discriminant </Li> <Li> Gröbner basis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degree_of_a_polynomial&oldid=813684477 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Polynomials </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from July 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 18 : 43 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Hellcats - wikipedia <H1> Hellcats </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Hellcat . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Hellcats </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Hellcats title card </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Kevin Murphy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aly Michalka </Li> <Li> Ashley Tisdale </Li> <Li> Heather Hemmens </Li> <Li> Robbie Jones </Li> <Li> Matt Barr </Li> <Li> Sharon Leal </Li> <Li> Gail O'Grady </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Belong Here '' by 78violet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 22 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Tom Welling Kevin Murphy Allan Arkush </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 41 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Five & Dime Productions Tom Welling Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. Television Distribution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> The CW </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> HDTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 08 ) -- May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.cwtv.com/shows/hellcats </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Hellcats is an American cheerleading drama television series that originally aired on The CW in the United States from September 8 , 2010 , to May 17 , 2011 . Based on the book Cheer : Inside the Secret World of College Cheerleaders by journalist Kate Torgovnick , the series focuses in the lives of college cheerleaders , mainly Marti Perkins ( Aly Michalka ) , a pre-law college student who has to join the cheerleading team , the Hellcats , in order to get the athletic scholarship she needs . The main cast also includes Ashley Tisdale , Robbie Jones , Heather Hemmens , Matt Barr , Gail O'Grady , and Sharon Leal . </P> <P> In May 2010 , Hellcats had been picked by The CW for the fall 2010 -- 11 season . Initially with a 13 - episode order , The CW aired the series after America 's Next Top Model on Wednesday nights . The pilot episode aired on September 8 , 2010 , and became the first premiere to ever match or build on an America 's Next Top Model lead - in since The CW began in 2006 . The CW later gave a full season order for the series , with executives saying they were `` thrilled that ( it ) paid off for us '' . On May 17 , 2011 , The CW announced that Hellcats would not be renewed for the 2011 fall schedule . </P> <P> Hellcats has been described as `` Election meets Bring It On '' by critics . It received mixed reviews during its first season , obtaining a Metacritic weighted average score of 51 percent , based on the impression of 22 critics . The series also earned a nomination in the 2011 People 's Choice Awards . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 5.2 Ratings </Li> <Li> 5.3 Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Broadcast </Li> <Li> 7 Cancellation and possible reboot </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hellcats follows Marti Perkins , a pre-law college student at Lancer University , who lost her scholarship and has no other choice but to join the college 's cheer squad , the Hellcats , in order to obtain a new one . There she meets her new roommate and team captain Savannah Monroe , the injured flyer Alice Verdura , her new partner Lewis Flynn and the Hellcats coach Vanessa Lodge who hopes to win nationals , otherwise the cheer leading program will be cut . All the while , Marti also has to deal with her financially unstable and sometimes irresponsible mother , Wanda Perkins , whom she often has to bail out of difficult situations , and her best friend Dan Patch . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> The main cast of Hellcats ; from left to right : Heather Hemmens , Matt Barr , Aly Michalka , Robbie Jones , and Ashley Tisdale <Ul> <Li> Marti Perkins ( Aly Michalka ) is the protagonist of the series and a townie from Memphis , Tennessee . Described as `` wicked smart '' , she is a pre-law student at Lancer University . Her mother , Wanda Perkins ( Gail O'Grady ) , works at the university pub and is a party girl who never grew up . Her mother 's behavior is , for the most part , an embarrassment to Marti . When Lancer 's administrative department cuts scholarships for Lancer employees and families , Marti learns she can get a new one by choosing one of Lancer 's programs . She then auditions for a position on Lancer 's cheerleading team , the Hellcats . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Savannah Monroe ( Ashley Tisdale ) , the captain of the Hellcats , is described as `` peppy and petite '' with a `` fierce intensity '' . She initially clashes with Marti , but realizes she is the godsend that the Hellcats need to win the championship . She votes for Marti when the team has auditions for a new flyer . Savannah is from a very religious , upper - middle class southern family . After a fight with her family , she left the university she was attending , Memphis Christian , and transferred to secular Lancer . Her sister Charlotte , a recurring role played by Emma Lahana , is the captain of the Cyclones , the cheerleading team at Savannah 's old school and a Hellcats ' rival . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Alice ( Heather Hemmens ) is dangerously narcissistic and after she injures her wrist , she dislikes the idea of Marti replacing her on the squad , or the attention Marti receives from Alice 's ex-boyfriend , Lewis Flynn . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Lewis ( Robbie Jones ) is one of the Hellcats ' bases and is an easy - going guy who has a love for action . He was once a star on the Lancer football team but quit when he discovered a scandal of players being paid by the college . He tried out for the Hellcats team when his then - girlfriend Alice encouraged him to do so in order to gain scholarship money after the football scandal , and instantly became hooked . He has an instant attraction to Marti . They later start dating . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Dan Patch ( Matt Barr ) is a townie who is Marti 's friend . He had an unspoken crush on her but now is dating Savannah , Marti 's new friend on the team . He 's of Irish descent with at least six siblings . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Vanessa ( Sharon Leal ) plays Vanessa Lodge , a former Hellcat cheerleader who is now the team 's coach . Her job is threatened if the Hellcats do not place at the national competition . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Supporting cast includes Red Raymond ( Jeff Hephner ) , the Lancer 's football coach who shares a romantic past with Vanessa , and Derrick Altman ( D.B. Woodside ) , a doctor who works at Lancer University and is now Vanessa 's boyfriend . Bill Marsh ( Aaron Douglas ) is the college 's athletic director who is still involved in a `` pay for play '' scandal with players that could get the school 's programs ( including the Hellcats ) suspended . Morgan Pepper ( Craig Anderson ) is a pre-law student and Marti 's classmate . He later befriends Marti and joins her to solve a legal case introduced by their teacher Julian ( Gale Harold ) . Other Hellcats members include Darwin ( Jeremy Wong ) , and Frankie ( Alana Randall ) . Kathy ( Magda Apanowicz ) is a member of the Cyclones , usually called `` Nasty Kathy '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> `` Through that book we were able to understand that there was a whole world here that had n't been tapped into and Kevin Murphy was able to go in and bring it to life and create this universe for these characters . I just think it 's a great story . I think there 's a lot of heart . I think there 's a lot of struggle for all of our characters , especially our lead and her journey and her finding her identity and what she 's going to do with her life . I just found that interesting . '' -- Tom Welling <P> Hellcats is based on the book Cheer : Inside the Secret World of College Cheerleaders by journalist Kate Torgovnick and the series has been described as `` Election meets Bring It On '' . Actor Tom Welling teamed with Kevin Murphy to executive produce the series , which was initially given the name Cheer . The pilot episode was written by Murphy and directed by Allan Arkush . On May 18 , 2010 , The Hollywood Reporter , Variety and Entertainment Weekly reported that The CW had picked up the series for the 2010 -- 2011 television season and confirmed that Paul Becker would be the head choreographer for the series . Tisdale 's character was originally named Sierra Sloan but was renamed Savannah Monroe in the press release . </P> <P> While presenting its 2010 -- 11 season schedule on May 21 , 2010 , The CW officially confirmed the pick up of the series and announced its intention to air Hellcats after America 's Next Top Model on Wednesday nights . TV Guide reported that Ashley Tisdale is the best paid of the cast , earning $30,000 per episode during the first season of the series . </P> <P> During the 2010 Television Critics Association press tour in Los Angeles on July 29 , 2010 , producer Murphy said the series `` was inspired by aspirational sports movies of the 1980s like Breaking Away , Vision Quest , and Pittsburgh - set Flashdance '' , and also added that `` Hellcats is a show either for optimists or for people who are interested in learning the trade '' . Producer Welling said he was attracted to the series mainly because of the script , and he also felt the cheerleaders ' world had not yet been tapped into on television . When asked why it picked up Hellcats , The CW replied saying the series is `` one of the underdogs '' and it liked the big production numbers . </P> <P> The filming of the pilot episode took place in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada between April 13 -- 21 , 2010 . The filming of the next episodes of the first season began on July 14 in Vancouver . The cast had two weeks of rehearsal for the pilot episode but after the series ' fall season pick up , they will only have a week to rehearse the dance numbers for each episode . Former Fame actress and choreographer Debbie Allen directed the episode `` Pledging My Love '' . </P> <P> The CW Network attempted to break the Guinness World Records mark for the `` Largest Cheerleading Dance '' at a single venue by inviting cheerleading squads to participate in a five - minute choreographed Hellcats dance in September 2010 . The mark was not broken as there were not enough cheerleaders present . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> On why he cast Tisdale , Murphy said she can `` hold multiple colors in the same palette . '' <P> On March 8 , 2010 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Aly Michalka and Gail O'Grady were the first actresses to be cast in the series . Michalka would play the lead role of Marti Perkins , a college girl who decided to join the Hellcats , and O'Grady was to portray Wanda Perkins , Marti 's mother . The site later announced that actress Ashley Tisdale was cast as Savannah Monroe ( then known as Sierra Sloane ) , the fiercely intense captain of the Hellcats . </P> <P> Matt Barr was cast as Dan Patch , a womanizer who quietly pines for Marti . On April 5 , 2010 , it was reported that actors Robbie Jones and Heather Hemmens were cast . Jones would portray the male lead , a cheerleading `` base '' who falls for Marti , and Hemmens to play a cheerleader sidelined with a wrist injury . On April 8 , 2010 , it was reported that actress Sharon Leal was cast as Vanessa Lodge , a former Hellcat star who now serves as the squad 's coach . Elena Esovolva was cast as Patty `` The Wedge '' Wedgerman , a lesbian cheerleader and a base for the squad . </P> <P> On April 14 , 2010 , it was announced that Ben Browder was cast as Red Raymond , Lancer University 's football coach . On May 21 , 2010 , it was announced that the role was being recast and possibly retooled as well , although Browder had already shot scenes for the pilot episode . Raymond 's role was later given to Jeff Hephner . On July 13 , one day before the beginning of filming , D.B. Woodside was cast as Derrick Altman , a `` handsome young physician who takes care of the Hellcats cheerleaders '' . </P> <P> Producer Kevin Murphy confirmed that Gale Harold would guest star in the series as one of Marti 's law professors . Michalka added that Harold would appear in the third episode of the first season and had a multiple - episode arc . In late November 2010 , AJ Michalka was cast in a recurring role as a girl who works at a record store near Lancer University and befriends Marti . Camille Sullivan was added to the supporting cast in February 2011 to portray Red Reymond 's ex-wife . </P> <P> On January 18 , 2011 , it was announced that Esovolova would not be returning to the show . Michalka has said that it was difficult for the writers to incorporate her storylines with the others . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the 2010 Television Critics Association press tour held in Los Angeles on July 29 , 2010 , lead actresses Michalka and Tisdale were asked about the idea of singing on the show . They stated that they plan to keep their music careers separate from the series , although Michalka advised that she would sing in the fourth episode . In addition to that , Michalka 's band 78violet recorded `` Belong Here '' , which served as the theme song for Hellcats . It was later released into digital stores . </P> <P> Executive producer Kevin Murphy confirmed in an interview that a soundtrack would be released for the series , which would include the theme song and other songs recorded for the series . He later added `` So we are building a library of material . Once we have enough , we 're gon na put it on iTunes and definitely do a soundtrack album . '' Songs covered for the series include `` The Letter '' originally by The Box Tops , Sting 's `` Brand New Day '' , Squeeze 's `` Tempted '' and The Go - Go 's hit `` We Got the Beat '' . Canadian singer Fefe Dobson recorded `` Rockstar '' , an exclusive song for the series that was played during the `` A World Full of Strangers '' episode . `` Rockstar '' was ultimately released on the iTunes Deluxe Edition of Dobson 's album Joy . As previously promised by Murphy , a digital EP featuring five of the songs recorded for the series was released on November 30 , 2010 , via Warner Bros. Records . </P> <P> The first season of Hellcats also included live performances by guest musicians , including Hey Monday , Faber Drive , Fefe Dobson , 3OH ! 3 featuring Ashley Tisdale , Elise Estrada and Ciara . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first and only season of Hellcats consisted of 22 episodes . The pilot episode was broadcast on September 8 , 2010 . The initial order for the series was thirteen episodes . On September 23 , 2010 , due to successful ratings , The CW ordered six more scripts for the first season , although its production order was still at thirteen . On October 22 , 2010 , Variety announced that The CW had given a full season order for the series . The network said they took risks this year but they were `` thrilled that they 've paid off for us '' . </P> <P> Hellcats aired on Wednesdays at 9 -- 10 pm until December 1 , 2010 , when the eleventh episode aired . Starting January 25 , 2011 , The CW moved Hellcats to Tuesday nights at 9 -- 10 pm , following One Tree Hill . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Production code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( million ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` A World Full of Strangers '' </Td> <Td> Allan Arkush </Td> <Td> Kevin Murphy </Td> <Td> September 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5591 </Td> <Td> 3.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In order to gain a scholarship and stay in school , pre-law student Marti Perkins tries out for the cheerleading squad . She eventually makes it by becoming friends with Savannah Monroe , the head cheerleader . Marti does not get along with Alice Verdura , the cheerleader she replaced in the squad after a bad injury , but finds a fast friend in one of the Hellcats bases , Lewis Flynn . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` I Say a Little Prayer '' </Td> <Td> Allan Arkush </Td> <Td> Story by : Kevin Murphy Teleplay by : Kevin Murphy & Jennifer Schuur </Td> <Td> September 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5552 </Td> <Td> 2.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Marti realizes that Wanda is in the audience during qualifiers and banishes her from the stadium . Savannah must choose to stay and compete with the Hellcats or join her sister Charlotte who fell and injured herself when she was competing for the Hellcats ' rival Memphis Christian College squad . The Hellcats arrange to switch places with another team , so they can postpone the competition and Savannah may be with her sister . Savannah leaves to take care of her sister though her sister does not welcome her pleasantly and her mother ignores her presence . Marti decides no to tell Wanda about her competition being postponed so she would n't assist . Savannah 's mom invites her to a praying circle for Charlotte 's health but it 's the same time of the competition . Savannah confides in Marti about her uptight Christian parents disowning her because of her choice in transferring from Memphis Christian to the secular Lancer University ; Marti confides in Savannah that in the past her mother 's presence also tenses her up and makes her lose her concentration ( the reason she failed in a past gymnastics competition ) . Savannah competes ( after saying a prayer to God for her family and her sister ) . Wanda shows up , though Marti initially begins to kick her out , she realizes her mom only assists because she proud of her and decides to let Wanda stay . In the end , Marti is able to perform even with her mother 's presence and The Hellcat win the competition . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Beale St. After Dark '' </Td> <Td> Bethany Rooney </Td> <Td> Story by : Kevin Murphy Teleplay by : Kevin Murphy & Peter Calloway </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5553 </Td> <Td> 2.32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Savannah goes on a date with Dan and asks Marti and the rest of the squad to accompany her . Things get messy when Lewis spots Alice taking steroids from Lancer 's star quarterback . When Lewis confronts Alice about it , a fight breaks out between the quarterback , Lewis and Dan ( Dan was defending Savannah after she was pushed down while trying to break up the fight ) . The three are sent to jail , however , the football - fan sheriff lets the quarterback go . Lewis is worried he might lose his scholarship so Savannah and Marti turn to Marti 's law teacher to get the boys out in time . Meanwhile , Vanessa finally reveals to Derrick that she once had a relationship with Red . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Nobody Loves Me But My Mother '' </Td> <Td> David Paymer </Td> <Td> Anne Kenney </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5554 </Td> <Td> 2.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Lewis asks Marti out but she rejects him . Marti 's mother employs the help of her daughter for a promotion at the bar . Meanwhile , Savannah brings Dan home to meet her family but ends up fighting with her mother who wants her to stop seeing Dan . Things start to get serious between them . Alice seeks Lewis ' help for the bid video but ends up getting more than Lewis bargained for . Marti then changes her mind and decides to go out with Lewis , and things get even more complicated when he has second thoughts . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` The Prisoner 's Song '' </Td> <Td> John Behring </Td> <Td> Curtis Kheel </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5555 </Td> <Td> 2.13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Savannah attempts to get Dan to direct the squad 's bid video , but her idea clashes with Alice . Meanwhile , Marti hopes to investigate Julian 's case even further concerning a inmate serving a life sentence for a crime he may not have committed . Also , Derrick punches Red after saying that he has returned to Lancer to get back Vanessa . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> `` Ragged Old Flag '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Fair </Td> <Td> James Eagan </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5556 </Td> <Td> 2.01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Lewis coaches the Hellcats cheerleaders in a flag football game against the girls volleyball team . In an attempt to win the game , Alice secretly copies plays from the playbook of her boyfriend , who is coaching the opposition . Savannah convinces Alice that cheating is not the way to win . Meanwhile , Marti goes to a conference with Julian . Also , Lewis is upset at his father for accepting money from the school booster club . Marti and Lewis share an intimate moment . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> `` The Match Game '' </Td> <Td> John Dahl </Td> <Td> Jennifer Schuur </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5557 </Td> <Td> 2.03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The Hellcats plan a date auction so they can raise funds to get them to Nationals , but things go awry after Savannah 's old boyfriend , Noah , shows up . Meanwhile , Lewis and Marti start dating , and Marti wants to keep it a secret from everyone until they find out what 's really going on between them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> `` Back of a Car '' </Td> <Td> Allan Arkush </Td> <Td> Kevin Murphy & Amanda Alpert Muscat </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5558 </Td> <Td> 1.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The Hellcats plan an 80s party to celebrate their anniversary . Savannah decides to have a romantic evening with Dan , but the night does n't end as well as she planned and Marti has conflicting feelings about Savannah and Dan 's relationship moving forward . A local magazine shows more interest in doing a story on the Hellcats than the football team , which angers Bill Marsh . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> `` Finish What We Started '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> Vince Gonzales </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5559 </Td> <Td> 1.92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Savannah fights with Marti after she finds out about her and Dan 's past . Lewis overhears their argument and gets angry at Marti for keeping her past a secret . Savannah then decides to go home and spend some time re-connecting with her family . After a deep and honest talk with her sister , Charlotte ( Emma Lahana ) , Savannah learns she is pregnant . Desperate to stop Charlotte from `` flying '' in their cheer leading routine , Savannah commits herself to being the flier in Charlotte 's place . Conflicted over her feelings for Dan and Lewis , Marti decides to focus on Travis ' case , but when Dan comes along for the stakeout things get worse ; especially since Lewis apologizes for getting mad . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> `` Pledging My Love '' </Td> <Td> Debbie Allen </Td> <Td> Peter Calloway </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5560 </Td> <Td> 2.04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> When naked pictures of Alice lead to her public humiliation , Lewis & Jake ( whom the pictures were meant for , but his phone was stolen during practice ) decide to help her find the culprit . Marti clashes with Julian over representing Travis . Vanessa is frustrated about Derrick 's work schedule and has a talk with Red , which stirs old feelings but in the end Derrick proposes in a very special way and she accepts . Both Dan and Marti are conflicted with their feelings for each other which makes Dan break up with Savannah . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> `` Think Twice Before You Go '' </Td> <Td> Dennie Gordon </Td> <Td> Matthew B. Roberts </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5561 </Td> <Td> 1.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Dan threatens to no longer be Marti 's friend if she does not tell him how she feels and he tells her he wants to be with her but she says she 's not in the same place . Savannah is upset and gets too drunk which puts her in a sticky situation with the host of the BBQ night . Marti reveals her relationship with Dan to Savannah , Lewis and the rest of the squad . Dan leaves town , while sectionals are on the way . It is revealed that there is a bigger picture to Travis ' case in which Bill Marsh is also involved . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> `` Papa , Oh Papa '' </Td> <Td> Andy Wolk </Td> <Td> Kevin Murphy & Jennifer Schuur </Td> <Td> January 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5562 </Td> <Td> 2.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Alice gets a surprise visit from her father ( Mario Van Peebles ) and his new fiancée ( Christine Lakin ) who showed up to watch her fly causing Alice to blackmail Savannah into giving up her spot as a flyer by threatening to tell the squad that Savannah helped Memphis Christian get a free ride to the sectionals . Marti gets the cold shoulder on the bus on the way to the sectionals from the squad after admitting to hooking up with Dan . Lewis is shocked when he finds out Alice has n't told her dad about the two of them breaking up and her not being a flyer anymore . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> `` Worried Baby Blues '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> Kevin Murphy & Curtis Kheel </Td> <Td> February 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5563 </Td> <Td> 1.80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The Hellcats shoot a sexy calendar for a fundraiser and throw a party with 3OH ! 3 performing . Marti and Alice break into Bill Marsh 's office while Vanessa tries to sort out her feelings for Red . Savannah tells her mother that Charlotte is pregnant after Wanda 's convincing . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> `` Remember When '' </Td> <Td> Omar Madha </Td> <Td> Kevin Murphy & James Eagan </Td> <Td> February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5564 </Td> <Td> 1.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Jake asks Alice to help him get the disk that holds his darkest secret but Alice refuses because she ca n't betray a fellow Hellcat but explains to Marti about the dire consequences if the secret comes out . Meanwhile , a desperate Marti calls Dan who once again says he ca n't help her . The Hellcats kidnap Marti for her `` Initiation Ceremony '' into the group . Savannah , Alice , Lewis and Vanessa flashback on how they became a part of the Hellcats which ultimately makes Marti realize that she ca n't make a decision on her own . Travis is beaten by two men in prison on Bill Marsh 's appeal so he fires his lawyers `` Marti , Morgan and Julian '' . When Marti receives news of what happened to Travis she and Savannah come clean to the squad and ask for support , which they ultimately get including Alice . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> `` God Must Have My Fortune Laid Away '' </Td> <Td> John Behring </Td> <Td> Vince Gonzales & Matthew B. Roberts </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5565 </Td> <Td> 1.58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The Hellcats decide to throw a toga party as a last farewell . Meanwhile , Marti , Vanessa , Julian , and Red hatch a plan to take down Bill Marsh once and for all . Step 1 of the plan was for Red to have Bill say something threatening and betraying about Jake , which they recorded . Step 2 they ask that Jake confess to robbing the pharmacy so Travis can be set free but Jake refused and shut them down . They showed Jake the recording of Bill Marsh , but he stormed out angry . Hopeless , Marti goes to see Travis one more time where she tells him that Jake refused to confess so they are going to take this to the media . She tells him about their situation and Travis tries to stop Marti from letting down the Hellcats but Marti is still determined to set Travis free . On the other hand , Alice and Savannah invite firemen to their party . In the party Savannah seems to be getting along with the fireman Keith . After Marti comes to the party Alice questions her about Jake and finds him on the football field . Jake resists but Alice finally convinces him to confess and prays with him ; regardless of her disbelief in God . Finally , Jake calls a press conference and confesses but to his surprise , everyone is proud of him and considers him a hero . Red , Julian and Marti blackmail Bill Marsh with his recording so he will retire without pension and he accepts . As Travis is leaving jail he makes eye contact with Jake while Jake is entering the jail . After Jake gets to his cell , Jake starts to cry . In the last scene we see the Hellcats singing `` Redemption Song '' in Cheertown with Travis , Marti 's mom , Vanessa , Julian , Lewis , Savannah 's sister and Morgan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> `` Fancy Dan '' </Td> <Td> John Dahl </Td> <Td> Anne Kenney </Td> <Td> February 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5566 </Td> <Td> 1.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Dan comes back for his brother 's wedding , where Marti and Savannah both compete for the affections of Dan . While at the wedding , Marti performs , and she and Savannah both dress up in hope of winning Dan , however they later find out that Dan has a girlfriend whom he kisses in front of Savannah and Marti . Alice feels guilty about convincing Jake to confess and refuses to visit him in jail . However , a talk with Travis convinces her to go to him . Dan 's father reminds him that Marti is not a good match for him as they are both `` trainwrecks '' but Savannah encourages Dan to be a better person and more mature . Marti and Dan agreeing to just stay friends and Dan reunites with Savannah after he asks for her forgiveness . Derrick is getting shipped out for a year with the army and asks Vanessa to marry him before he leaves . She initially agrees but at the last second can not sign the marriage certificate . Derrick guesses that it 's because of Red and breaks up with Vanessa , wishing her well for her future with Red . The episode ends with a kiss between Dan and Savannah . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> `` Do n't Make Promises ( You Ca n't Keep ) '' </Td> <Td> Robert Berlinger </Td> <Td> Amanda Alpert Muscat </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5567 </Td> <Td> 1.46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The Hellcats and Cyclones have a crisis when Alice discovers they have the same song for nationals , which causes problems . They compete by doing a routine in front of the band , which gave both teams permission to use the song , where the best routine claims the song for nationals . The band turns out to be lazy and rude drunks who pick the Hellcats due to their skimpier uniform . The Hellcats reject the song and the band , followed suit by the Cyclones . Savannah finds out the father of Charlotte 's baby is her ex-boyfriend , Noah . Charlotte announces wedding plans with the baby 's father , but an interrogation from Savannah forces Noah to admit that he has no feelings for Charlotte . Savannah tries to tell Charlotte that marrying Noah is a mistake because he does n't love her , but she refuses to see sense . Eventually Charlotte realises that things wo n't work , and calls off the engagement . Travis slips about Marti 's father with a song that Marti 's father wrote , causing Marti to regain interest and confronting Wanda to find out more about him . Wanda continues to deny Marti information about her father , stating that he was simply a bad man . Marti does n't accept this , and goes through her father 's things in the hopes of getting to know him better . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> `` Woke Up Dead '' </Td> <Td> Andy Fickman </Td> <Td> Jennifer Schuur </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5568 </Td> <Td> 1.19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The Hellcats help Dan with his short movie trailer , involving zombies . Marti continues to investigate into her father 's past with help from Deirdre ( AJ Michalka ) , a music store employee . Kelsey , a magazine reporter ( who previously wrote a story on the Hellcats ) convinces Alice to work with her in exposing athletes cheating on their assignments , with Lewis being one those athletes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> `` Before I Was Caught '' </Td> <Td> Andy Wolk </Td> <Td> Peter Calloway </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5569 </Td> <Td> 0.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Marti is about to represent Lewis in the case concerning the cheating scandal , when it 's discovered that he 's actually covering up for Savannah . As Marti is working on the case , it becomes too personal for her and Julian . She feels a hint of jealousy after seeing all the couples together after she wins the cheating case and then goes to visit Julian in his 3 - Strikes office , the episode ending in them both kissing . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> `` Warped Sister '' </Td> <Td> Tricia Brock </Td> <Td> James Eagan </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5570 </Td> <Td> 1.01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Marti discovers more about her father , Rex , with Julian 's help ; she discovers that Deirdre is her half - sister , and their bond grows after a rocky start . Savannah loses her scholarship after her passing grade from a class is revoked because of her cheating , forcing her to ask her father for help with tuition money . Later , police arrest Savannah 's dad on account of firewire and fraud , using the excuse of him writing a big check to Savannah . At Charlotte 's baby shower , Lewis discovers the reason behind Savannah and Kathy 's bitterness towards each other . Vanessa and Red continue to feel tension from Emily ( Camille Sullivan ) , Red 's ex-wife who is investigating the Lancer athletic department . The episode ends with Marti and Julian kissing again . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> `` Land of 1,000 Dances '' </Td> <Td> Debbie Allen </Td> <Td> Curtis Kheel </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5571 </Td> <Td> 1.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Marti is shocked to find out that Julian has a daughter and is finalizing a divorce with his soon - to - be ex-wife , and she asks him to help out Savannah 's father in prison . Lewis and Kathy enter a dance competition to win a Toyota Rav - 4 for Lewis 's father , but Alice and Morgan enter too . Kathy 's knee injury forces Alice and Lewis to partner up despite Alice 's injured feet . Mr. Monroe is bailed out of prison but later goes on the run , apologizing to Savannah over the phone for disappointing her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> `` I 'm Sick Y'all '' </Td> <Td> Omar Madha </Td> <Td> Kevin Murphy </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5572 </Td> <Td> 1.16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Strep throat hits Lancer , and the Hellcats find themselves a few members short as they prepare for Nationals , leaving the squad disqualified from competing . Charlotte goes into labor a month early and Savannah ditches Nationals to be at her sister 's side . Marti and Deidre hit some major road bumps in their relationship , due to Deidre refusing to acclimate to Marti 's cheerleading life . The sisters later patch things up until Marti learns that Deidre has been in contact with their father meaning that Deidre was lying to Marti from the moment they met . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> Los Angeles Times and Newsday praised Michalka by saying she has a big talent . The New York Times and Variety criticized her performance . <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> The show has received mixed reviews , with Metacritic giving it a score of 51 percent , based on reviews from 22 critics . It was praised and criticized by critics in several round - up reviews of 2010 in television . Los Angeles Times had a good first impression of the pilot episode , saying Hellcats has a predictable story but , on the other hand , Michalka and Tisdale seem perfect for their roles . The newspaper also wrote the cheerleading world portrayed in the series is a `` fun and deep world to explore '' . The journal later gave a complete review of the series , comparing it to 1983 's film Flashdance aimed squarely at audiences too young for Gossip Girl but too old for Hannah Montana . </P> <P> Verne Gay of Newsday praised Michalka 's performance in the series , while The Hollywood Reporter praised the series itself and said it has `` multilayered characters that defy expectations '' . Mara Reinstein of Us Weekly gave an early review of the first episode of the series , saying Hellcats has `` plenty of winning elements '' but added that the series lacks spirit . She also praised the performance and Marti 's relationship with her mother . ABC News listed Hellcats as one of the ten best new shows of 2010 's fall season and described the series as `` almost laughably formulaic '' and added it `` works like a charm '' . Brian Lowry of Variety praised the series ' promise , and said that the series has a Glee - like element in the script , while also criticizing Michalka and acclaiming O'Grady's performance . Lowry also added Hellcats 's premiere `` is n't quite unabashedly trashy enough to completely qualify as a guilty pleasure '' . </P> <P> Curt Wagner of ChicagoNow said the series is predictable and has unrealistic situations , and criticized the lack of fun in the jokes . The journal also praised Tisdale 's performance , claiming she was the one who made him laugh the most . Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times criticized Michalka 's performance and called the series a `` soft - porn music video for teenagers '' . Washington Post 's Hank Stuever was critical about the pilot episode , describing it as `` mean - spirited , painfully dumb and badly acted '' . He also wrote Hellcats is the opposite to Fox 's Glee . </P> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <P> The pilot episode `` A World Full of Strangers '' averaged a total of 3.0 million viewers and scored a 2.0 rating in the network 's target audience of women 18 -- 34 , which marks the first premiere to ever match or build on an America 's Next Top Model lead - in since The CW began . Hellcats also delivered the largest non-Top Model performance in The CW 's Wednesday 9 -- 10 pm time period in 3 years since the Gossip Girl series premiere . On September 10 , the network aired an encore of the pilot episode which averaged a total of 2.42 million viewers and won the hour with adults 18 -- 49 . </P> <P> Hellcats delivered The CW 's most watched Tuesday of the season with 2.2 million viewers watching `` Papa , Oh Papa '' , its 12th episode and the first in its new Tuesday 9 -- 10 pm timeslot . Ratings fell rapidly as the series progressed , with the nineteenth episode , `` Before I Was Caught '' , hitting a series low , with less than a million viewers watching it on April 27 , 2011 . The finale was watched by 1.16 million viewers . </P> <P> The series averaged 2.11 million viewers with live + 7 day DVR viewing . </P> <H3> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite New TV Drama </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Reel Awards </Td> <Td> Best Sound Editing : Short Form Musical in Television </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> `` Back of a Car '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Broadcast ( edit ) </H2> <P> While presenting its 2010 -- 11 season schedule on May 21 , 2010 , The CW announced its intention to air Hellcats in the United States after America 's Next Top Model on Wednesday nights starting September 8 , 2010 , at 9 pm . The series moved to Tuesday nights in the 9 -- 10 pm timeslot , starting with the twelfth episode . Hellcats has been syndicated for broadcast in several countries worldwide , including Australia , Canada , Greece , Ireland , Israel , United Kingdom , Brazil , Spain , the Arab World , Latin - America , New Zealand , and Denmark . </P> <P> Hellcats can be currently viewed on CW Seed , CW 's digital programming online . </P> <H2> Cancellation and possible reboot ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to the producer , Tom Welling , he states that the reason of cancellation was due to the change of CW president of entertainment from Dawn Ostroff to Mark Pedowitz . He also said that there was a possibility of a reboot of the series with a new cast and cameos from the previous cast if enough fans continue to watch the original series on CW Seed . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Development Update : Friday , April 9 '' . The Futon Critic. April 9 , 2010 . 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Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Αναζήτηση στις Σειρές '' . Star.gr . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hellcats '' . TV Now . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ הלקאטס ( Hellcats ) ( in Hebrew ) . HOT . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV picks up ' Hellcats ' for the UK '' . Digital Spy . November 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` As Estréias de 2011 dos Canais Turner no Brasil '' . Veja ( in Portuguese ) . November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hellcats se preestrena en Cosmopolitan TV '' . Dentrotele ( in Spanish ) . December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Hellcats ' official MBC4 website '' . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Hellcats ' official Boomerang website '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TVNZ - Hellcats : '' . 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List of Urbanized Areas in Florida ( by population ) - wikipedia <H1> List of Urbanized Areas in Florida ( by population ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( August 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Map of Florida Urbanized Areas ( 2010 ) Miami Tampa Orlando Jacksonville <P> The United States Census Bureau defines an Urbanized Area to be `` one or more places ( ' central place ' ) and the adjacent densely settled surrounding territory ( ' urban fringe ' ) that together have a minimum of 50,000 persons . '' There are a number of rules specifying what is included in the urban fringe , but it `` generally consists of contiguous territory having a density of at least 1,000 persons per square mile '' . Urbanized Areas often form the cores of Metropolitan Statistical Areas , and as they comprise census tracts rather than local political subdivisions ( counties , in Florida ) , they are generally smaller than the corresponding Metropolitan Statistical Area . A Metropolitan Statistical Area may have more than one Urbanized Area within its boundaries , and an Urbanized Area may extend into more than one Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of 2010 , the US Census Bureau has defined thirty Urbanized Areas in Florida . </P> <H2> Alphabetical list ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United States Census Bureau defines an Urbanized Area to be `` one or more places ( ' central place ' ) and the adjacent densely settled surrounding territory ( ' urban fringe ' ) that together have a minimum of 50,000 persons . '' There are a number of rules specifying what is included in the urban fringe , but it `` generally consists of contiguous territory having a density of at least 1,000 persons per square mile '' . Urbanized Areas often form the cores of Metropolitan Statistical Areas , and , as they comprise census tracts rather than local political subdivisions ( counties , in Florida ) , they are generally smaller than the corresponding Metropolitan Statistical Area . A Metropolitan Statistical Area may have more than one Urbanized Area within its boundaries , and an Urbanized Area may extend into more than one Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of 2010 , the US Census Bureau has defined thirty Urbanized Areas in Florida . </P> <Ul> <Li> Bonita Springs ( Map of Bonita Springs - Naples Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Cape Coral ( Map of Cape Coral Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Deltona ( Map of Deltona Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Fort Walton Beach - Navarre - Wright ( formerly Fort Walton Beach ) ( Map of Fort Walton Beach Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Gainesville ( Map of Gainesville Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Homosassa Springs - Beverly Hills - Citrus Springs ( added in 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jacksonville ( Map of Jacksonville Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Kissimmee ( Map of Kissimmee Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Lady Lake - The Villages ( formerly Lady Lake ) ( Map of Lady Lake Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Lakeland ( Map of Lakeland Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Leesburg - Eustis - Tavares ( formerly Leesburg - Eustis ) ( Map of Leesburg - Eustis Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Miami ( Map of Miami Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> North Port - Port Charlotte ( Map of North Port - Punta Gorda Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Ocala ( Map of Ocala Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Orlando ( Map of Orlando Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Palm Bay - Melbourne ( Map of Palm Bay - Melbourne Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Palm Coast - Daytona Beach - Port Orange ( formerly Daytona Beach - Port Orange ) ( Map of Daytona Beach - Port Orange Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Panama City ( Map of Panama City Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Pensacola ( Map of Pensacola Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Port St. Lucie ( Map of Port St. Lucie Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Sarasota - Bradenton ( Map of Sarasota - Bradenton Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Sebastian - Vero Beach - Florida Ridge ( formerly Vero Beach - Sebastian ) ( Map of Vero Beach - Sebastian Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Sebring - Avon Park ( added in 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Spring Hill ( formerly Brooksville ) ( Map of Brooksville Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> St. Augustine ( Map of St. Augustine Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Tallahassee ( Map of Tallahassee Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Tampa - St. Petersburg ( Map of Tampa - St. Petersburg Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Titusville ( Map of Titusville Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Winter Haven ( Map of Winter Haven Urbanized Area ) </Li> <Li> Zephyrhills ( Map of Zephyrhills Urbanized Area ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Population list ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> Metro Areas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miami </Td> <Td> 5,502,379 </Td> <Td> Miami - Ft . Lauderdale - Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tampa - St. Petersburg </Td> <Td> 2,441,770 </Td> <Td> Tampa - St. Petersburg - Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Orlando </Td> <Td> 1,510,516 </Td> <Td> Orlando - Kissimmee , Florida , Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jacksonville </Td> <Td> 1,065,219 </Td> <Td> Jacksonville Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sarasota - Bradenton </Td> <Td> 643,260 </Td> <Td> Bradenton - Sarasota - Venice , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area and Punta Gorda , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Cape Coral - Fort Myers </Td> <Td> 530,290 </Td> <Td> Cape Coral - Fort Myers , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Palm Bay - Melbourne </Td> <Td> 452,791 </Td> <Td> Palm Bay - Melbourne - Titusville , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Port St. Lucie </Td> <Td> 376,047 </Td> <Td> Port St. Lucie , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Palm Coast - Daytona Beach - Port Orange </Td> <Td> 349,064 </Td> <Td> Deltona - Daytona Beach - Ormond Beach , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Pensacola </Td> <Td> 340,067 </Td> <Td> Pensacola - Ferry Pass - Brent Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Kissimmee </Td> <Td> 314,071 </Td> <Td> Orlando - Kissimmee , Florida , Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Bonita Springs </Td> <Td> 310,298 </Td> <Td> Naples - Marco Island , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area and Cape Coral - Fort Myers , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Lakeland </Td> <Td> 262,596 </Td> <Td> Lakeland , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Tallahassee </Td> <Td> 240,223 </Td> <Td> Tallahassee , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Winter Haven </Td> <Td> 201,289 </Td> <Td> Lakeland , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Fort Walton Beach - Navarre - Wright </Td> <Td> 191,917 </Td> <Td> Fort Walton Beach - Crestview - Destin , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area and Pensacola - Ferry Pass - Brent , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Gainesville </Td> <Td> 187,781 </Td> <Td> Gainesville , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Deltona </Td> <Td> 182,169 </Td> <Td> Deltona - Daytona Beach - Ormond Beach , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> North Port - Port Charlotte </Td> <Td> 169,541 </Td> <Td> Punta Gorda , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area and Sarasota - Bradenton - Venice , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Ocala </Td> <Td> 156,909 </Td> <Td> Ocala , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Sebastian - Vero Beach South - Florida Ridge </Td> <Td> 149,422 </Td> <Td> Sebastian - Vero Beach , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area , Palm Bay - Melbourne - Titusville , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area and Port St. Lucie , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Spring Hill </Td> <Td> 148,220 </Td> <Td> Tampa - St. Petersburg - Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Panama City </Td> <Td> 143,280 </Td> <Td> Panama City - Lynn Haven , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Leesburg - Eustis - Tavares </Td> <Td> 131,337 </Td> <Td> Orlando - Kissimmee , Florida , Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Lady Lake - The Villages </Td> <Td> 112,991 </Td> <Td> Orlando - Kissimmee , Florida , Metropolitan Statistical Area , Ocala , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area and Sumter County </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Homosassa Springs - Beverly Hills - Citrus Springs </Td> <Td> 80,962 </Td> <Td> Homosassa Springs , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> St. Augustine </Td> <Td> 69,173 </Td> <Td> Jacksonville Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Zephyrhills </Td> <Td> 66,609 </Td> <Td> Tampa - St. Petersburg - Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Sebring - Avon Park </Td> <Td> 61,625 </Td> <Td> Sebring , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Titusville </Td> <Td> 54,386 </Td> <Td> Palm Bay - Melbourne - Titusville , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ US Census Bureau Urban and Rural definitions - URL retrieved August 22 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ State - sorted corrected list of Urbanized Areas as of 2002 - URL retrieved August 22 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US Census Bureau Urban and Rural definitions - URL retrieved August 22 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ State - sorted corrected list of Urbanized Areas as of 2002 - URL retrieved August 22 , 2006 </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_urbanized_areas_in_Florida_(by_population)&oldid=799693068 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Cities in Florida </Li> <Li> Metropolitan areas of Florida </Li> <Li> Florida geography - related lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Orphaned articles from August 2016 </Li> <Li> All orphaned articles </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 08 : 03 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory - wikipedia <H1> Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory </H1> For the 2005 film adaptation , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( film ) . For the book , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Mel Stuart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stan Margulies </Li> <Li> David L. Wolper </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Roald Dahl </Li> <Li> David Seltzer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gene Wilder </Li> <Li> Jack Albertson </Li> <Li> Peter Ostrum </Li> <Li> Roy Kinnear </Li> <Li> Julie Dawn Cole </Li> <Li> Leonard Stone </Li> <Li> Denise Nickerson </Li> <Li> Dodo Denney </Li> <Li> Paris Themmen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leslie Bricusse </Li> <Li> Anthony Newley </Li> <Li> Walter Scharf </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Arthur Ibbetson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> David Saxon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wolper Pictures </Li> <Li> The Quaker Oats Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Paramount Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> June 30 , 1971 ( 1971 - 06 - 30 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 99 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $3 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $4 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy family film directed by Mel Stuart , and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka . It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl . Dahl was credited with writing the film 's screenplay ; however , David Seltzer , who went uncredited in the film , was brought in to re-work the screenplay against Dahl 's wishes , making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers . These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film . </P> <P> The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket ( Peter Ostrum ) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world . Filming took place in Munich in 1970 , and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30 , 1971 . With a budget of just $3 million , the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run . The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales . In 1972 , the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score , and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof . The film also introduced the song `` The Candy Man '' , which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr . In 2014 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Oompa Loompas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.4 Promotion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Dahl 's reaction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Animated adaptation </Li> <Li> 6 Home media </Li> <Li> 7 Music </Li> <Li> 8 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In a small town , Charlie Bucket , a poor paperboy , watches a group of children visit a candy shop . Walking home , he passes Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory . A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham 's poem `` The Fairies '' , and tells Charlie , `` Nobody ever goes in , and nobody ever comes out . '' Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents . After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker , Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers , including rival Arthur Slugworth , sent in spies to steal his recipes . Wonka disappeared , but after three years resumed selling candy ; the origin of Wonka 's labor force is unknown . </P> <P> The next day , Wonka announces that he hid five `` Golden Tickets '' in chocolate Wonka Bars . Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate . The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop , the spoiled Veruca Salt , the gum - chewing Violet Beauregarde , and the television - obsessed Mike Teevee . As each winner is announced on TV , a man whispers to them . Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket . The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay causing Charlie to lose hope . The next day , Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar . With the change , he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe . Walking home , as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers ; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire 's ticket is a fake , he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket . While rushing home , he encounters the same man seen whispering to the other winners , who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka 's latest creation , the Everlasting Gobstopper . </P> <P> Returning home with the Golden Ticket , Charlie chooses Joe as his chaperone . The next day , Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour . The factory includes a river of chocolate , edible mushrooms , lickable wallpaper , and other sweets and inventions . As the visitors sample these , they see Wonka 's workers , small men known as Oompa - Loompas . Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room . In the Inventing Room , everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper . Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three - course meal , over Wonka 's warnings . The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room , where Charlie and Joe ignore Wonka 's warning and sample the drinks . They float and have a near - fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground . In the Chocolate Eggs Room , Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace , with her father falling in trying to rescue her . The group tests out Wonka 's Wonkavision , only for Mike to teleport himself and become a few inches tall . </P> <P> With Charlie and Joe remaining , Wonka says they are not getting anything because they violated the contract by stealing the Fizzy Lifting Drinks . Infuriated by this , Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge , but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka . With this selfless act , Wonka declares Charlie as the winner . He reveals that Slugworth is actually Mr. Wilkinson , an employee of Wonka , and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test that only Charlie passed . The trio enter the `` Wonkavator '' , a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory . Soaring over the city , Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory ; Wonka created the contest to find an heir worthy enough , and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in . Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted . Charlie asks , `` What happened ? '' to which Wonka replies , `` He lived happily ever after . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> The main cast . Back row ( left to right ) : Michael Bollner ( Augustus Gloop ) , Ursula Reit ( Mrs. Gloop ) , Gene Wilder ( Willy Wonka ) Front row ( left to right ) : Leonard Stone ( Sam Beauregard ) , Denise Nickerson ( Violet Beauregard ) , Roy Kinnear ( Henry Salt ) , Julie Dawn Cole ( Veruca Salt ) , Dodo Denny ( Mrs. Teevee ) , Paris Themmen ( Mike Teevee ) , Peter Ostrum ( Charlie Bucket ) , Jack Albertson ( Grandpa Joe ) Main article : List of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory characters <Ul> <Li> Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka </Li> <Li> Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe </Li> <Li> Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket </Li> <Li> Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt </Li> <Li> Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt </Li> <Li> Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde </Li> <Li> Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde </Li> <Li> Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee </Li> <Li> Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee </Li> <Li> Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop </Li> <Li> Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop </Li> <Li> Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket </Li> <Li> Aubrey Woods as Bill , the Candy Shop owner </Li> <Li> David Battley as Mr. Turkentine </Li> <Li> Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth / Mr. Wilkinson </Li> <Li> Peter Capell as The Tinker </Li> <Li> Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck </Li> <Li> Peter Stuart as Winkelmann </Li> </Ul> <H3> Oompa Loompas ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Rusty Goffe </Li> <Li> Rudy Borgstaller </Li> <Li> George Claydon </Li> <Li> Malcolm Dixon </Li> <Li> Ismed Hassan </Li> <Li> Norman McGlen </Li> <Li> Angelo Muscat </Li> <Li> Pepe Poupee </Li> <Li> Marcus Powell </Li> <Li> Albert Wilkinson </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart 's ten - year - old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it , with `` Uncle Dave '' ( producer David L. Wolper ) producing it . Stuart showed the book to Wolper , who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago - based Breaker Confections subsidiary ( since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé ) . Wolper persuaded the company , which had no previous experience in the film industry , to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar . </P> <P> It was agreed that the film would be a children 's musical , and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay . However , the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . </P> <P> Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources , such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy 's Ode , Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest , Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . Seltzer also worked Slugworth ( only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book ) into the plot as an actual character ( only to be revealed to be Wilkinson , one of Wonka 's agents , at the end of the film ) . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> All six members of Monty Python : Graham Chapman , John Cleese , Eric Idle , Terry Gilliam , Terry Jones and Michael Palin , expressed interest in playing Wonka , but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience . Three of the members , Cleese , Idle and Palin , were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton 's version . </P> <P> Before Wilder was officially cast for the role , producers considered Fred Astaire , Joel Grey , Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee . Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl 's original choice to play Willy Wonka . Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role . </P> <P> When Wilder was cast for the role , he accepted it on one condition : </P> <P> When I make my first entrance , I 'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp . After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple , they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet . As I walk toward them , my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I 'm walking on and stands straight up , by itself ; but I keep on walking , until I realize that I no longer have my cane . I start to fall forward , and just before I hit the ground , I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up , to great applause . </P> -- Gene Wilder <P> The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that `` from that time on , no one will know if I 'm lying or telling the truth . '' </P> <P> Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee . Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde . Sammy Davis Jr. wanted to play Bill , the candy store owner , but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality . Nevertheless , Davis ' recording of the film 's opening musical number , `` The Candy Man , '' would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972 , despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song . Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill , but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Principal photography commenced on August 31 , 1970 , and ended on November 19 , 1970 . The primary shooting location was Munich , Bavaria , West Germany , because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka 's factory ; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location . External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München ( Emmy - Noether - Straße 10 ) ; the entrance and side buildings still exist . The exterior of Charlie Bucket 's house , which was only a set constructed for the film , was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich . Charlie 's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester , Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich . Bill 's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße , Munich . The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Munich Gasworks as it appears today ( building on the left ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Munich Gasworks as it appears today </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Nördlingen , the town seen from above at the end of the film </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room . According to Paris Themmen , who played Mike Teevee , `` The river was made of water with food coloring . At one point , they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it did n't really work . When asked this question , Michael Böllner , who played Augustus Gloop , answers , ' It vas dirty , stinking vater . ' '' </P> <P> When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition , Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors , but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen , claiming that he was `` a handful '' . </P> <H3> Promotion ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before its release , the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a `` Willy Wonka candy factory kit '' for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman , Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Willy Wonka was released on June 30 , 1971 . The film was not a big success , being the 53rd highest - grossing film of the year in the U.S. , earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend . It received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert who gave the film a four out of four stars , while comparing it to The Wizard of Oz . Ebert said , `` All of this is preface to a simple statement : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz . It is everything that family movies usually claim to be , but are n't : Delightful , funny , scary , exciting , and , most of all , a genuine work of imagination . `` Willy Wonka '' is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds , and it is fascinating because , like all classic fantasy , it is fascinated with itself . '' </P> <P> By the mid-1980s , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales . Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996 , it was released on DVD the next year , allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers . The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary . In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the `` Top 50 Cult Movies '' of all time . </P> <P> Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments for the `` scary tunnel '' scene . </P> <P> As of 2017 , the film holds a 91 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 based on 44 reviews . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting , full of narrative detours that do n't always work but express the film 's uniqueness '' . </P> <H3> Dahl 's reaction ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dahl disowned the film , the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines . Dahl said he was `` disappointed '' because `` he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie '' , as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan . Dahl was also `` infuriated '' by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay , including the conversion of Slugworth , a minor character in the book , into a spy ( so that the film could have a villain ) and the `` fizzy lifting drinks '' scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions ( including `` Pure Imagination '' and `` The Candy Man '' ) , and the ending dialogue for the movie . In 1996 , Dahl 's second wife Felicity commented on her husband 's objections towards the film saying `` they always want to change a book 's storyline . What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film , when they accept it in a book ? '' </P> <H2> Animated adaptation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory <P> In 2017 , an animated adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released . Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder , who died less than a year before the release . </P> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film was first released on DVD in 1997 / 1999 in a `` 25th anniversary edition '' as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and `` standard '' version . The `` standard '' version is an open matte print , where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed , revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers . VHS and Betamax copies were also available , but only containing the `` standard '' version . </P> <P> A special edition DVD was released , celebrating the film 's 30th anniversary , on August 28 , 2001 , but in fullscreen only . Due to the lack of a letterboxed release , fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13 , 2001 . It was also released on VHS , with only one of the special features ( a making - of feature ) . Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release . The two editions featured restored sound , and better picture quality . In addition to the documentary , the DVD included a trailer , a gallery , and audio commentary by the cast . </P> <P> In 2007 , Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD . The film was released on Blu - ray on October 20 , 2009 . It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD - DVD as well as a 38 - page book . </P> <P> In 2011 , a new deluxe - 40th - anniversary edition Blu - ray / DVD set was released on November 1 , consisting of the film on Blu - ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc . The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar - designed tin , four scented pencils , a scented eraser , a book detailing the making of the film , original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles . The set is now out of print . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Academy Award - nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley , and musical direction was by Walter Scharf . The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971 . On October 8 , 1996 , Hip - O Records ( in conjunction with MCA Records , which by then owned the Paramount catalog ) , released the soundtrack on CD as a `` 25th Anniversary Edition '' . In 2016 , UMe and Geffen Records released a 45th Anniversary Edition LP . </P> <P> The music and songs , in order of appearance , are as follows : </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Main Title '' -- Instrumental medley of `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' and `` Pure Imagination '' </Li> <Li> `` The Candy Man '' -- Aubrey Woods </Li> <Li> `` Cheer Up , Charlie '' -- Diana Lee ( dubbing over Diana Sowle ) </Li> <Li> `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' -- Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum </Li> <Li> `` Pure Imagination '' -- Gene Wilder </Li> <Li> `` Oompa Loompa ( Augustus ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas </Li> <Li> `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' / `` The Rowing Song '' -- Gene Wilder </Li> <Li> `` Oompa Loompa ( Violet ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas </Li> <Li> `` I Want it Now ! '' -- Julie Dawn Cole </Li> <Li> `` Oompa Loompa ( Veruca ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas </Li> <Li> `` Ach , so fromm '' ( alternately titled `` M'appari '' , from Martha ) -- Gene Wilder </Li> <Li> `` Oompa Loompa ( Mike ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas </Li> <Li> `` End Credits '' -- `` Pure Imagination '' </Li> </Ol> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <P> The track listing for the soundtrack is as follows : </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Main Title '' ( `` Golden Ticket '' / `` Pure Imagination '' ) </Li> <Li> `` The Candy Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Charlie 's Paper Run '' </Li> <Li> `` Cheer up , Charlie '' </Li> <Li> `` Lucky Charlie '' </Li> <Li> `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' </Li> <Li> `` Pure Imagination '' </Li> <Li> `` Oompa Loompa '' </Li> <Li> `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' </Li> <Li> `` Everlasting Gobstoppers / Oompa Loompa '' </Li> <Li> `` The Bubble Machine '' </Li> <Li> `` I Want it Now / Oompa Loompa '' </Li> <Li> `` Wonkamobile , Wonkavision / Oompa Loompa '' </Li> <Li> `` Wonkavator / End Title '' ( `` Pure Imagination '' ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Film portal </Li> <Li> 1970s portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of American films of 1971 </Li> <Li> List of films featuring miniature people </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Because Paramount Pictures decided not to renew distribution rights , the film rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977 , when Wolper Pictures Ltd. was bought by the company and Quaker Oats sold its share of the film </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 20 , 1971 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) - Financial Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why Roald Dahl Hated The Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Film '' . yahoo . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liz Buckingham , trustee for the Roald Dahl Museum , quoted in Tom Bishop : `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' , BBC News , July 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : J.M. Kenny ( Writer , Director , Producer ) ( 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Story of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( DVD ) . USA : Warner Home Video . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paur , Joey . `` 25 Fun Facts About Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Honeybone , Nigel ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Film Review : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Segal , David ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Gene Wilder : It Hurts to Laugh '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Peter Sellers '' . Splitsider . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Will . `` Gene Wilder 's Willy Wonka Demands Revealed '' . Yahoo.com . Yahoo . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jean Stapleton Dies : Top 10 Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chandler , Ed ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Five Things You Should Know About Jean Stapleton '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) : Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ParisThemmenAMA comments on I am Paris Themmen . I played Mike Teevee in the original Willy Wonka . AMA ! '' . Reddit.com . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stuart , Mel ; Young , Josh ( November 1 , 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0312287771 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ robatsea2009 ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka Candy Factory 1971 TV commercial '' -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1971 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ' '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Tom ( July 11 , 2005 ) . `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie , '' said Liz Attenborough , trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire . `` For him the book was about Charlie . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pure Imagination : The Story of `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Two Dog Productions Inc. 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( HD DVD ) - IGN '' . Dvd.ign.com . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` News : Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory ( US - BD ) '' . DVDActive.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook , Tommy ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory 40th Anniversary Box Set Blu - ray Review '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory on IMDb </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> The AFI Catalog of Feature Films ... Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory </Li> <Li> Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory </Li> <Li> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Willy Wonka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theater </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) </Li> <Li> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) </Li> <Li> The Golden Ticket </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack </Li> <Li> `` Pure Imagination '' </Li> <Li> `` The Candy Man '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Ride </Li> <Li> Video games </Li> <Li> Wonka Bar </Li> <Li> Everlasting Gobstopper </Li> <Li> Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble </Li> <Li> The Willy Wonka Candy Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Mel Stuart </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Four Days in November ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> If It 's Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> I Love My Wife ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> One Is a Lonely Number ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Wattstax ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Mean Dog Blues ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> The White Lions ( 1981 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Roald Dahl </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children 's fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Gremlins ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> The Twits ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The BFG ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> The Witches ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Matilda ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Esio Trot ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Minpins ( 1991 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children 's poetry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adult novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adult short story collections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Someone Like You ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Two Fables ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Going Solo ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> My Year ( 1993 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 36 Hours ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> The BFG ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> The Witches ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Four Rooms ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Matilda ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The BFG ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film scripts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) </Li> <Li> You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> The Night Digger ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ' Way Out ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musicals and plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Honeys ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> James and the Giant Peach ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Matilda ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Quentin Blake </Li> <Li> Roald Dahl bibliography </Li> <Li> Roald Dahl short stories bibliography </Li> <Li> Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre </Li> <Li> Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery </Li> <Li> Patricia Neal ( wife ) </Li> <Li> Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) </Li> <Li> Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory&oldid=854637309 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1971 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> Willy Wonka </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> 1970s musical films </Li> <Li> 1970s fantasy films </Li> <Li> American children 's fantasy films </Li> <Li> American musical films </Li> <Li> Compositions by Leslie Bricusse </Li> <Li> Films about children </Li> <Li> Films about food and drink </Li> <Li> Films based on British novels </Li> <Li> Films based on children 's books </Li> <Li> Films based on fantasy novels </Li> <Li> Films based on works by Roald Dahl </Li> <Li> Films directed by Mel Stuart </Li> <Li> Films set in Europe </Li> <Li> Films shot in Bavaria </Li> <Li> Musical fantasy films </Li> <Li> Quaker Oats Company </Li> <Li> Screenplays by Roald Dahl </Li> <Li> Size change in fiction </Li> <Li> United States National Film Registry films </Li> <Li> The Wolper Organization films </Li> <Li> Paramount Pictures films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from April 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> 18 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 19 : 54 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of Pokémon : Sun & Moon episodes - wikipedia <H1> List of Pokémon : Sun & Moon episodes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pokémon : Sun & Moon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Pokémon : Sun & Moon logo ( Japanese ) ( top ) International logo ( bottom ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> TV Tokyo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) -- September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous XY & Z Next → Ultra Adventures </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The twentieth season of the long running Pokémon animated series is known as Pocket Monsters : Sun & Moon ( ポケットモンスター サン & ムーン , Poketto Monsutā : San & Mūn ) in Japan and internationally as Pokémon Sun and Moon ( advertised as Pokémon the Series : Sun & Moon ) . This season follows the continuing adventures of Ash Ketchum and Pikachu as they travel to the Alola region , go to Pokémon school , participate in the island trials , and learn how to use the power of Z - moves . </P> <P> The season premiered in Japan on November 17 , 2016 on TV Tokyo . The season premiered in the United States on May 12 , 2017 on Disney XD . This is after a preview of the first two episodes on December 5 , 2016 on Disney XD . This is the first season to air on Disney XD . The sneak peek of the first two episodes of the season premiered in the UK on CITV on November 20 , 2016 . Episodes 3 to 8 premiered in April 2017 as part of the Easter holiday lineup . The season premiered in Canada on Teletoon on March 17 , 2017 . The season premiered in Australia on 9Go ! on July 17 , 2017 . </P> <P> The Japanese opening song is `` Alola ! ! '' ( アローラ ! ! , Arōra ! ! ) by Rica Matsumoto with Ikue Otani . The Japanese opening song was `` Aim to Be a Pokémon Master ( 20th Anniversary ) '' ( めざせ ポケモン マスター ( 20th Anniversary ) , Mezase Pokémon Master ( 20th Anniversary ) ) by Rica Matsumoto for episodes 30 through 43 . The opening song for the English dub is `` Under the Alolan Sun '' by Jannel Candrice and The Sad Truth . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Season 20 : Sun & Moon ( 2016 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 2 Notes </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Season 20 : Sun & Moon ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The English episode numbers are based on their first airing in the United States in syndication on Disney XD . Other English - speaking nations largely follow either this order or the Japanese order . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> EP # </Th> <Th> English title Japanese title </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> J# </Th> <Th> E# </Th> <Th> Japan </Th> <Th> United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 942 </Th> <Td> 936 </Td> <Td> `` Alola to New Adventure ! '' ( Alola ! New Islands , New Pokémon ! ! ) `` Arōra ! Hajimete no shima , hajimete no Pokemon - tachi ! ! '' ( アローラ ! はじめて の 島 、 はじめて の ポケモン たち ! ! ) </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash , his mother , Mimey , and Pikachu arrive at Melemele Island in the Alola region on vacation to deliver a Pokémon egg to Professor Oak 's cousin , Samson Oak . While exploring for new Pokémon , Ash and Pikachu stumble upon the Pokémon school , of which Samson is the principal , and meets three students : Mallow , Lilie and Sophocles , and Professor Kukui . While helping defend the school from a group of Team Skull grunts , Ash witnesses another student , Kiawe , perform a powerful Z - Move with his Pokémon to drive the grunts away . The night before Ash and his mother are due to return home , the Melemele Island guardian Pokémon Tapu Koko , who has been watching Ash , appears to him and gives him a Z - Ring that will enable him to perform his own Z - Moves . With his mother 's permission , Ash decides to stay in Alola and enroll in the Pokémon school to learn more about Alolan Pokémon . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 943 </Th> <Td> 937 </Td> <Td> `` The Guardian 's Challenge ! '' ( Enter the Guardian Deity Kapu - Kokeko ! Let Us Attempt to Master Our Z - Move ! ! ) `` Mamorigami Kapu Kokeko tōjō ! Chōsen , ore - tachi no Z - waza ! ! '' ( 守り神 カプ ・ コケコ 登場 ! 挑戦 、 オレ たち の Z ワザ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> On Ash 's first day at Pokémon school , Professor Kukui and the other students host a surprise welcome party for him , which includes contests against the other students ' Pokémon . Soon after , Tapu Koko appears and battles Ash and Pikachu in order to test their ability to use the Z - Ring . Ash and Pikachu manage to unleash the Z - Move `` Gigavolt Havoc '' , but the Z - Crystal shatters after Pikachu 's immense release of power . In order to regain the power of Z - Moves , Ash decides to undergo the island challenge . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 944 </Th> <Td> 938 </Td> <Td> `` Loading the Dex ! '' ( Good Rotomorning , I Am the Rotom Zukan Roto ! ) `` Yorotoshiku , boku , Rotomu Zukan roto '' ( よ ロト しく 、 ボク 、 ロトム 図鑑 ロト ! ) </Td> <Td> November 24 , 2016 </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Professor Kukui gives Ash a `` Rotom - Dex '' , which is an intelligent Pokédex that is capable of human speech and powered by a Rotom . Ash goes to search for and catch his first Pokémon in Alola , finding a wild Mimikyu . He is interrupted by Team Rocket , who have arrived on the island under their own orders to acquire new Pokémon for Giovanni ; Mimikyu , who despises Pikachu , willingly sides with Team Rocket to battle Ash 's Pokémon . Before the battle can be decided , Team Rocket are carried off by a wild Bewear . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 945 </Th> <Td> 939 </Td> <Td> `` First Catch in Alola , Ketchum - style ! '' ( Enter Mokuroh ! I Got a Pokémon in Alola ! ! ) `` Mokurō tōjō ! Arōra de Pokemon getto da ze '' ( モクロー 登場 ! アローラ で ポケモン ゲット だ ぜ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> November 24 , 2016 </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> After Ash fails to capture a Grubbin , he encounters a Rowlet that lives in a Toucannon nest with a flock of Pikipek and Trumbeak . After Ash feeds the starving Rowlet , it returns the favor by helping him fight off Team Rocket . Afterwards , Rowlet chooses to go with Ash . Ash catches Rowlet as his first Pokémon in Alola . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 946 </Th> <Td> 940 </Td> <Td> `` Yo , Ho , Ho ! Go , Popplio ! '' ( Ashimari , Do Your Balloonest ! ) `` Ashimari , ganbarūn ! '' ( シマリ 、 が ん バルーン ! ) </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2016 </Td> <Td> May 15 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash helps Lana train her Popplio to blow a water balloon large enough to enable undersea travel for people . During a school fishing trip , the class 's Ride Pokémon are stolen by Team Rocket . Pikachu 's Iron Tail frees all the Ride Pokémon , while Popplio manages to blow a massive water balloon to save them from falling onto the rocks . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 947 </Th> <Td> 941 </Td> <Td> `` A Shocking Grocery Run ! '' ( Zing Zap Togedemaru ! ) `` Biribiri chikuchiku Togedemaru ! '' ( びりびり ちくちく トゲデマル ! ) </Td> <Td> December 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash and Sophocles are separated from their Pokémon during a visit to the local shopping mall when Team Rocket accidentally activates the mall 's security system . Pikachu , Rotom - Dex , and Togedemaru are trapped inside with Team Rocket , while Sophocles inadvertently reveals his greatest fear . A wild race through the mall ends in a roof - top battle . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 948 </Th> <Td> 942 </Td> <Td> `` That 's Why the Litten Is a Scamp ! '' ( Nyabby , The Marketplace Wanderer ! ) `` Ichiba no fūraibō Nyabī ! '' ( 市場 の 風来坊 ニャビー ! ) </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A stray Litten that Ash has encountered before continues to give him trouble . When he decides to catch it , he learns why it steals food from people . Later , Ash helps Litten deal with a mean Alolan Persian . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 949 </Th> <Td> 943 </Td> <Td> `` Lillie 's Egg - xhilarating Challenge ! '' ( Who 's in Charge of the Egg ? ) `` Tamago - gakari wa dāre da ? '' ( タマゴ 係 は だ ~ れ だ ? ) </Td> <Td> December 22 , 2016 </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash 's class is assigned to look after a newly discovered Alolan Pokémon egg . When the class deliberates who will bring the egg home for the night , Lillie agrees to take care of the egg in order to overcome her fear of handling Pokémon . When she and Ash bring it home , a Salandit follows them . While Ash and Lillie 's butler , Hobbes , are having a practice battle , the Salandit attacks Lillie and the egg . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 950 </Th> <Td> 944 </Td> <Td> `` To Top a Totem '' ( The Leader Pokémon Is Dekagoos ! ) `` Nushi Pokemon wa Dekagūsu ! '' ( ぬ し ポケモン は デカグース ! ) </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2017 </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash meets Hala , the Kahuna of Melemele Island , who created his Z - Ring . As part of Ash 's first Island Trial Challenge , Hala tasks him with finding a solution to an infestation of Rattata and Raticate without fighting them . Thanks to his friends ' suggestion , Ash decides to recruit the local Yungoos and Gumshoos . However , Ash must defeat their leader , the Totem Pokémon Gumshoos , in battle in order to earn their cooperation , with Tapu Koko secretly observing . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 951 </Th> <Td> 945 </Td> <Td> `` Trial and Tribulation ! '' ( Will the Z - Move Work ? ! Challenging the Grand Trial ! ! ) `` Deru ka Z - waza ! Daishiren e no chōsen ! ! '' ( 出る か Z ワザ ! 大 試練 へ の 挑戦 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The time has come for Ash to confront Hala in order to win his first Island Grand Trial Challenge in Alola using the Z - Crystal he obtained from the Totem Gumshoos . After the battle , Hala rewards Ash with a Fightinium Z , but Tapu - Koko intervenes and replaces it with Electrium Z . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 952 </Th> <Td> 946 </Td> <Td> `` Young Kiawe Had a Farm ! '' ( Satoshi Visits Kaki ! ) `` Satoshi , kaki n chi ni iku ! '' ( サトシ 、 カキ ん ち に 行く ! ) </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> May 27 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash and Pikachu visit Akala Island with Kiawe , where Kiawe 's family runs a dairy farm . The Team Skull grunts interfere when Ash and Kiawe are on their way with a special delivery . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 953 </Th> <Td> 947 </Td> <Td> `` The Sun , the Scare , the Secret Lair ! '' ( The Extracurricular Lesson is on Hidoide ? ! ) `` Kagai jugyō wa Hidoide ! ? '' ( 課外 授業 は ヒドイデ ! ? ) </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> June 3 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Professor Kukui takes Ash and the other students to the beach for a special lesson . After encountering a bunch of Mareanie , the group splits up to find and observe Pokémon . Ash , Pikachu , and Rotom - Dex are searching for Pokémon to observe when they run into Team Rocket , who are under pressure from their boss to catch new Pokémon in the Alola region . One Mareanie causes trouble for Ash and his Pokémon when it decides to help Team Rocket , especially James . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 954 </Th> <Td> 948 </Td> <Td> `` Racing to a Big Event ! '' ( The Great Alola Pancake Race ! ) `` Arōra Pankēki dai rēsu ! '' ( アローラ パン ケーキ 大 レース ! ) </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> June 10 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Mallow tells Ash about the Pokémon Pancake Race and suggests that he join in . Ash agrees and finds his main rival to be the Pancake waitress Nina , who has an Alolan Raichu and is also the race 's previous champion . During the race , Team Rocket , who want the grand prize of a year 's supply of free pancakes , enter both Mimikyu and a mechanical Bewear powered by Meowth and Wobbuffet . Mimikyu is disqualified for using a Pokémon attack against Pikachu that also eliminates Bounsweet and Popplio . The mechanical Bewear later self - destructs , and Team Rocket is carried off once again by the real Bewear . With Pikachu and Raichu distracted , the Principal 's Komala wins the race at the last moment . Pikachu and Raichu tie for second place . Later at the Pokémon School , Lillie 's egg begins to hatch . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 955 </Th> <Td> 949 </Td> <Td> `` Getting to Know You ! '' ( The Fruit of Courage : Lilie and Rokon ! ) `` Yūki no kesshō , Rīrie to Rokon ! '' ( 勇気 の 結晶 、 リーリエ と ロコン ! ) </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2017 </Td> <Td> June 17 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Lillie 's egg , which she had named `` Snowy '' in the previous episode , hatches into an Alolan Vulpix and the principal 's egg into a normal Vulpix . The fire - type Vulpix starts playing with Pikachu , Togedemaru , Popplio , and the others , while Snowy ( an ice - type ) ignores the others . Finally , it decides to accept Lillie as its trainer and enters Lillie 's Pokéball on its own . Lillie decides to spend some time alone with her newfound partner and takes a walk with Snowy , while being followed secretly by Mallow and Ash . Team Rocket also starts following them and soon corners Lillie and Snowy . Although Lillie tries to put up a fight with Snowy using Powder Snow , Team Rocket dominates her in battle . She and Snowy are saved by Ash and Mallow . Lillie finally is able to touch a Pokémon , although she is only able to touch Snowy for now . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 956 </Th> <Td> 950 </Td> <Td> `` Rocking Clawmark Hill ! '' ( Scratchmark Hill , Iwanko and Lugarugan ! ! ) `` Tsumeato no oka , Iwanko to Rugarugan ! ! '' ( 爪 あと の 丘 、 イワンコ と ルガルガン ! ! ) </Td> <Td> February 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> June 24 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash and Professor Kukui notice that the Rockruff that lives with Professor Kukui is disappearing at night and returning the next morning badly injured . Following it , they find out that Rockruff is participating in a secret Pokémon training ground . Ash decides to help Rockruff train , and Rockruff learns to use Rock Throw . After Rockruff defeats a Magmar that previously defeated it , Professor Kukui decides to leave Rockruff in Ash 's care . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 957 </Th> <Td> 951 </Td> <Td> `` They Might Not Be Giants ! '' ( Three Little Pokémon , One Big Adventure ! ! ) `` Chiisana san - biki , ōkina bōken ! ! '' ( 小さな 三 匹 、 大きな 冒険 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> July 1 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> While training on a beach , Lana 's Popplio and Ash 's Rowlet are caught inside one of Popplio 's balloons , which is blown away by a strong wind . Rowlet bursts the balloon open , and they both crash into Team Rocket 's secret base . Meowth and Mareanie chase after them , but they are rescued by Litten . While Ash , Lana , and Mallow search for the missing pair , Litten takes them to where it has been staying with the old Stoutland . Stoutland asks Litten to help them find their trainers , but Team Rocket is also hunting them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 958 </Th> <Td> 952 </Td> <Td> `` Crystal - Clear Sleuthing ! '' ( Alola Detective Rotom ! The Mystery of the Lost Crystal ! ! ) `` Arōra tantei Rotomu ! Kieta kurisutaru no nazo ! ! '' ( アローラ 探偵 ロトム ! 消え た クリスタル の 謎 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2017 </Td> <Td> July 1 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash 's Electrium Z - crystal is missing . Rotom , who is a big fan of an Alolan detective TV show , is prompted to try and find it with Pikachu as his assistant , getting a new video camera function in the course of the story . In the meantime , Ash and the other students are all desperate to keep Kiawe , the only other Z - ring wearer , from finding out about the missing Z - crystal out of fear of his anger . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 959 </Th> <Td> 953 </Td> <Td> `` A Seasoned Search ! '' ( Really ? Mao 's Great Culinary Plan ! ) `` Majii ! ? Mao no oryōri dai sakusen ! ! '' ( マジィ ! ? マオ の お 料理 大 作戦 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> March 16 , 2017 </Td> <Td> July 1 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Mallow invites her classmates to her restaurant to taste her version of Alola 's legendary stew . Unfortunately , her use of Pikachu 's electric shock to cook it does not go over so well . It turns out that she is missing an important ingredient known as the rare Yellow Nectar . Ash and Pikachu decide to help Mallow gather some nectar . Their plan is to use an Oricorio to find it , but finding one is not so easy . Meanwhile , Ash 's Rowlet seems to have developed feelings for Mallow 's Bounsweet , but the feelings are not reciprocated . Team Rocket turns up once again , but this time instead of stealing Pikachu they plan to steal all of the nectar . However , their interference causes Bounsweet to evolve into a Steenee with a devastating slap attack . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 960 </Th> <Td> 954 </Td> <Td> `` A Guardian Rematch ! '' ( Intense Electric Shock Training ! A Rematch with Kapu - Kokeko ! ! ) `` Dengeki mō tokkun ! Kapu Kokeko to no saisen ! ! '' ( 電撃 猛 特訓 ! カプ ・ コケコ と の 再戦 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> July 1 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash begins training for a possible rematch against Tapu Koko . Sophocles helps out with scientific methods that yields surprising results . Naturally , this arouses Tapu Koko 's interest . Tapu Koko challenges Ash and Pikachu with the whole Pokémon school looking on . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 961 </Th> <Td> 955 </Td> <Td> `` Partner Promises ! '' ( The Promise Between Satoshi and Pikachu ) `` Satoshi to Pikachū , futari no yakusoku '' ( サトシ と ピカチュウ 、 二 人 の 約束 ) </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> July 1 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> On the advice of a local shopkeeper , Ash and Pikachu kayak to Treasure Island , where there are lots of wild Pokémon . After watching a group of Crabrawler , following a Cutiefly to a meadow full of friendly bug Pokémon and having fun with a group of Alolan Exeggutor , they are overrun by a school of Wimpod who try to steal their snacks . Preparing to return home , they find a Wimpod trapped inside a blocked cave . With the help of one of the Exeggutor from earlier , they manage to reach and free Wimpod , who thanks Ash before returning to its school . Ash and Pikachu see another Island Guardian , Tapu Lele , who heals Ash 's bruised hands . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 962 </Th> <Td> 956 </Td> <Td> `` One Journey Ends , Another Begins ... '' ( It 's Time for Nyabby to Move On ) `` Nyabī , tabidachi no toki ! '' ( ニャビー 、 旅立ち の 時 ! ) </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> July 1 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash and Pikachu run into Litten again , but this time something 's very wrong with its friend , the old Stoutland . Ash carries the Stoutland to the Pokémon Center , where Ash , Pikachu , and Rotom learn that while Stoutland is n't seriously ill , it is getting very old and there is nothing nurse joy can do to help it . Litten and Stoutland escape from the Pokémon Center and return to their riverside den , where Stoutland passes away in the night . After realizing what has happened , Litten is heart - broken and refuses to be comforted by anyone . After Litten finally comes to terms with the loss of its friend , Ash asks Litten to join him , and Litten decides to test him by battling against Pikachu . When the battle ends in a draw , Litten chooses to become one of Ash 's Pokémon . Team Rocket 's Meowth , who for reasons of his own has been secretly watching everything , seems pleased by the outcome . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 963 </Th> <Td> 957 </Td> <Td> `` A Shivering Shovel Search ! '' ( Beware of Shovels ! ! ! ) `` Sukoppu ni yōchūi ! ! ! '' ( スコップ に 要 注意 ! ! ! ) </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2017 </Td> <Td> July 8 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> While training Litten , who is having trouble mastering Fire Fang , Ash accidentally incurs the wrath of an unfriendly Sandygast when Rockruff 's Rock Throw knocks the shovel off its head . Ash 's attempt to temporarily replace it with Rotom - Dex only makes things worse . In a rage , Sandygast evolves into Palossand and swallows up Ash and also Litten when it tries to rescue him . With both Litten and Rotom - Dex affected by Palossand 's energy drain , it is up to the rest of Ash 's classmates to save them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 964 </Th> <Td> 958 </Td> <Td> `` Getting the Band Back Together ! '' ( Shocking ! A Dugtrio Split - Up ? ! ) `` Shōgeki ! Dagutorio kaisan ? ! '' ( 衝撃 ! ダグトリオ 解散 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> April 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> July 15 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash and his classmates are excited to see a popular local musician , DJ Leo , that plays music with his Alolan Dugtrio . After a dancing Alolan Diglett joins the group , the Dugtrio start quarreling among themselves as to which of them should take the center stage . Amid the threat of a split - up , Team Rocket steps in to steal Dugtrio . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 965 </Th> <Td> 959 </Td> <Td> `` Alolan Open House ! '' ( Alola ! The First Visitors Day ! ! ) `` Arōra ! Hajimete no jugyō sankan ! ! '' ( アローラ ! はじめて の 授業 参観 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> April 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> July 22 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> When the Pokémon School announces a special Visitors Day , Ash 's mother , Delia , and Mimey come for a visit . Delia charms everyone , including all of Ash 's Alolan Pokémon ( especially Litten ) . Meanwhile , Ash is reluctantly trying to prepare a report he has to give in front of his classmates , the school visitors , and his own mother . When the Team Skull grunts crash the festivities on Tauros and start causing mayhem , Ash , Delia , and Ash 's Pokémon team up to drive them off . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 966 </Th> <Td> 960 </Td> <Td> `` A Team - on - Team Tussle ! '' ( The Battle for the Crystal ! Rocket Gang VS Skull Gang ! ! ) `` Kurisutaru sōdatsu - sen ! Roketto - dan tai Sukaru - dan ! ! '' ( クリスタル 争奪 戦 ! ロケット 団 対 スカル 団 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> When Team Rocket see Ash and Kiawe demonstrating Z - moves , they plot to find Z - crystals for themselves . While searching , Team Rocket run into Team Skull . Both gangs spot a Darkinium Z - crystal embedded in a large rock . The problem is , the rock is the current lair of the Raticate and Rattata infestation from earlier . The two gangs compete to acquire the Z - crystal with Team Rocket emerging as the winners . With the Z - crystal in their possession , they try to figure out how to use it . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 967 </Th> <Td> 961 </Td> <Td> `` So Long , Sophocles ! '' ( Goodbye , Māmane ! ) `` Sayonara Māmane ! '' ( さよなら マーマネ ! ) </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2017 </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Sophocles and his family may be moving away , so Sophocles will have to leave the Pokémon school and all his friends . Even though he tries to keep the news from his classmates , they can see that both he and Togedemaru are very upset . Ash and his friends work together to cheer up Sophocles with a farewell party . However , when Sophocles finds out he 's made a mistake , he finds it very hard to tell his friends . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 968 </Th> <Td> 962 </Td> <Td> `` A Glaring Rivalry ! '' ( Come Forth ! The Crimson Glare of Lugarugan ! ! ) `` Ide yo ! Akaki manazashi Rugarugan ! ! '' ( 出 で よ ! 紅き 眼差し ルガルガン ! ! ) </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2017 </Td> <Td> August 19 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A trainer named Gladion , dressed in black , battling with a powerful fiery - eyed Lycanroc and wearing a Z - ring , has appeared on Melemele Island . After seeing them in action , Ash naturally wants to battle Gladion . However , he 's totally shocked when Lillie appears and calls Gladion her brother . Gladion seems cold towards Lillie and at first refuses Ash 's challenge , but he learns that Ash got his Z - ring from Tapu Koko and had actually battled the Island Guardian . That night , Gladion 's Umbreon delivers a note to Ash agreeing to battle . It 's Ash 's Rockruff versus Gladion 's Lycanroc ! However , Team Rocket , who saw Gladion defeat the Team Skull grunts earlier , ca n't resist getting involved . Ash and Gladion must work together to rescue Pikachu and Lycanroc . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 969 </Th> <Td> 963 </Td> <Td> `` Pulling Out the Pokémon Base Pepper ! '' ( The Fierce Pokébase Match ! Go for a Tide - Turning Home Run ! ! ) `` Nettō Pokebēsu ! Nerae gyakuten hōmuran ! ! '' ( 熱闘 ポケベース ! ねらえ 逆転 ホームラン ! ! ) </Td> <Td> May 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> August 26 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Pokémon Base , a version of baseball in which both humans and Pokémon are players , is extremely popular in the Alolan Islands , and naturally Ash and his friends are big fans . Professor Kukui , Principal Oak , and human Pokémon Base star , Oluolu , act as judges in a spirited game between the students ( Ash , Pikachu , Sophocles , Togedemaru , Lana , and Popplio vs. Kiawe , Turtonator , Mallow , Steenee , Lillie , and Snowy ) . After Team Rocket 's Meowth gets beaned by Lana 's home run ball , Jessie , who has a crush on Oluolu , drags Team Rocket into a game against the students with Oluolu 's autograph as the prize . It 's Ash , Pikachu , Rockruff , Kiawe , Oluolu , and his Snorlax against James , Mareanie , Jessie , Wobbuffet , Mimikkyu , and Meowth . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 970 </Th> <Td> 964 </Td> <Td> `` Lulled to La - La Land ! '' ( Are You Going to Sleep in the Nemashu Forest Too ? ) `` Nemashu no mori de anata mo nemashu ? '' ( ネマシュ の 森 で あなた も 寝 まし ゅ ? ) </Td> <Td> June 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> September 2 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash and his classmates go on a camping trip in the forest . The trip does not start out well when Lana scares them all with a ghost story about a traveler who had all his energy drained from him , while he was asleep . However , they have no idea that they are being spied on by a mysterious Pokémon . One by one , the gang except for Lillie is attacked , knocked out , and their energy drained from them . The culprit turns out to be a hungry Morelull . Ash figures out a way that the Morelull can get all the energy it needs from him , and later the gang finds out why the Morelull need so much energy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 971 </Th> <Td> 965 </Td> <Td> `` The Ol ' Raise and Switch ! '' ( Lilie , Take Good Care of Pikachu ) `` Rīrie , Pikachū o kawaigatte agete ne '' ( リーリエ 、 ピカチュウ を かわいがっ て あげ て ね ) </Td> <Td> June 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> September 9 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> As part of a class assignment , each of the students must take care of each other 's Pokémon partner for the weekend . Pikachu gets to stay with Lillie at her mansion , and Lillie is determined to try and overcome her fear of getting close to Pokémon , so she uses Ash 's methods to gain Pikachu 's trust . At Lana 's home , Turtonator is having trouble with her twin sisters , while Mallow also has problems with Togedemaru while working at her family restaurant . Sophocles 's experiments with Steenee do n't work out well , but he finds that Steenee can be a great night - time comfort . At his family 's dairy farm , Kiawe assigns Popplio to work with his younger sister , Mimo , but he finds the water Pokémon to be a great problem - solver with the farm 's Tauros . Snowy keeps giving Ash the cold shoulder but finally warms up to him when Ash includes Snowy in his Pokémon 's training sessions . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 972 </Th> <Td> 966 </Td> <Td> `` The Island Whisperer ! '' ( Lychee Appears ! Laugh and Cry , Island Queen ! ! ) `` Raichi tōjō ! Naitewaratte , shima kuīn ! ! '' ( ライチ 登場 ! 泣い て 笑っ て 、 島 クイーン ! ! ) </Td> <Td> June 22 , 2017 </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Olivia , the Akala Island Kahuna , and her Lycanroc appear at the school just in time to stop a fight between Kiawe 's Charizard and a Tauros . She completely wins over everybody 's Pokémon including Litten . The class and Professor Kukui will be traveling to Akala Island for a special practical class under Olivia 's supervision . On the way , they encounter various types of Sea Pokémon . After Ash and Pikachu join Olivia in an underwater swim , they find a Wailmer trapped in a rock crevice by a vicious Bruxish . Now they have to help the Wailmer and fend off the Bruxish at the same time . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 973 </Th> <Td> 967 </Td> <Td> `` Treasure Hunt , Akala Style ! '' ( Finding the Treasure ! Mooland Searching ! ! ) `` Otakara hakken ! Mūrando sāchi ! ! '' ( お宝 発見 ! ムーランド サーチ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2017 </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> As part of Olivia 's practical lesson on Akala Island , the gang are sent on treasure hunts across the island mounted on Stoutland , each of which reacts differently to its rider : Ash 's Stoutland is extremely friendly and enthusiastic , Lana 's Stoutland does not seem to like her , and Lillie has trouble even getting close to her Stoutland . In the first round , Ash finds three gemstones , Mallow finds giant mushrooms , Kiawe finds a large fossil , Lana and Sophocles find nothing and Lillie is still trying to approach her Stoutland . In the second round , Lana and Popplio run into a hostile Pokémon which is fought off by her Stoutland , an Alolan Geodude Ash mistakes for a fossil gets away when he tries to catch it , Mallow finds a giant fruit , Kiawe finds another fossil , Sophocles uses technology to find a piece of meteorite , and Lana finds a lump of metal that can be made into a Z - ring , making her the winner . At last , Lillie uses her experiences with Snowy and Pikachu to finally get close to her Stoutland . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 974 </Th> <Td> 968 </Td> <Td> `` Big Sky , Small Fry ! '' ( The Mighty Yowashi , Totem of the Lake ! ) `` Yowashi tsuyoshi , ike no nushi ! '' ( ヨワシ 強し 、 池 の ぬ し ! ) </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> September 30 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> With no class today , Ash and Lana go Pokémon - fishing , but they may end up catching more than they bargained for since the lagoon they 're fishing in may contain a water - type Totem Pokémon . If there is , then Lana is determined to battle it . Meanwhile , Kiawe takes the rest of the gang to visit his family 's dairy farm ( where they 're more interested in sampling the produce then in helping him ) , and Team Rocket does n't have much luck with their own Totem Pokémon - fishing , especially when it 's interrupted by Bewear . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 975 </Th> <Td> 969 </Td> <Td> `` A Crowning Moment of Truth ! '' ( A Fiery Battle ! Garagara Appears ! ! ) `` Honō no batoru ! Garagara arawaru ! ! '' ( 炎 の バトル ! ガラガラ あらわ る ! ! ) </Td> <Td> July 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash and his friends go to the Wela Volcano Festival , where an Alolan Marowak appears and takes the `` Wela Crown '' , which supposedly has the power to make Pokémon stronger . Ash and Kiawe chase after it , which leads to a fierce battle between Marowak and Kiawe 's Turtonator in which , even when using a Z - move , Turtonator is defeated . Kiawe is devastated and disheartened by the loss , but Ash and Turtonator encourage him . The next day , Kiawe and Turtonator face Marowak in a rematch , but this time Turtonator wins . Marowak not only returns the crown but also decides to join Kiawe as one of his Pokémon . Turtonator develops a rivalry with Marowak in the process . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 976 </Th> <Td> 970 </Td> <Td> `` Currying Favor and Flavor ! '' ( Curry - ficent Battle ! The Lalantes Dance ! ! ) `` Karē - na batoru ! Rarantesu no mai ! ! '' ( カレー な バトル ! ラランテス の 舞 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> July 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> October 14 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Olivia and Professor Kukui send the class out to find ingredients for Akalan Curry in groups of two . The team of Ash and Mallow find their task more challenging than expected , especially in getting past angry Fomantis , Parasect and an Alolan Diglett . Their search for the final ingredient brings them face - to - face with a Totem Lurantis . Ash and his Pokémon must now battle Lurantis and its partner Castform , but there may be more to this than meets the eye . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 977 </Th> <Td> 971 </Td> <Td> `` Trials and Determinations ! '' ( Lychee 's Grand Trial ! The Hardest Pokémon Match ! ! ) `` Raichi no dai shiren ! Ichiban hādona Pokemon shōbu ! ! '' ( ライチ の 大 試練 ! 一 番 ハード な ポケモン 勝負 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> August 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The time has come for Ash , now armed with his new Grassium Z - crystal , to face Olivia in the Akala Island Grand Trial Challenge , and Rockruff wants to battle Lycanroc even before the Trial gets underway . This will be a Double Battle ; Olivia brings out a Probopass to partner her Lycanroc , and Ash chooses Rowlet to partner Rockruff . The battle is intense , with both Olivia and Ash using Z - moves . With Ash 's new Grassium Z - move Bloom Doom , Rowlet defeats Probopass , but then the unthinkable happens : Rockruff wants to battle Lycanroc so fiercely that it attacks Rowlet without thinking when Ash orders Rowlet to help Rockruff . Rockruff is horrified by what it 's done , but Ash forgives and encourages his Pokémon , and Rockruff goes on to defeat Lycanroc . Olivia presents Ash with a Rockium Z - crystal , and she tells him that Rockruff may evolve soon . Tapu - Lele appears to honor Ash and Rockruff . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 978 </Th> <Td> 972 </Td> <Td> `` Rising from the Ruins ! '' ( Iwanko and the Guardian Deity of the Ruins of Life ! ) `` Iwanko to inochi no iseki no mamorigami ! '' ( イワンコ と いのち の 遺跡 の 守り神 ! ) </Td> <Td> August 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Rockruff , now close to evolving , goes off on its own during the night and encounters Akala Island guardian Tapu Lele . Rockruff battles Tapu Lele but is easily defeated . Concerned for Rockruff , Ash and Pikachu chase after and find Rockruff , but Rockruff attacks Ash and , immediately ashamed , runs away . The next day , everyone else joins in the search for Rockruff , including Olivia 's Lycanroc . Rockruff , injured after falling into a river , is found by both Olivia 's and Gladion 's Lycanroc and brought to the Ruins of Life . Ash arrives with Olivia and Professor Kukui in time to stop the Island Guardian from battling the two Lycanroc . Using energy from Ash and both Lycanroc , Tapu Lele heals Rockruff , who then evolves into Dusk Form Lycanroc . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 979 </Th> <Td> 973 </Td> <Td> `` Mimikyu Unmasked ! '' ( Mimikkyu 's Disguise ! ) `` Mimikkyu no bake no kawa '' ( ミミッキュ の ばけ の かわ ! ) </Td> <Td> August 17 , 2017 </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash and his friends have returned to Melemele Island , but Team Rocket is there to welcome them by trying to steal Pikachu once again ! When Ash 's new Z - move Continental Crush fails , Kiawe 's Z - move sends Team Rocket blasting off . However , Bewear fails to appear and Team Rocket crashes separately , with Jessie and Mimikyu landing in a shopping mall . Mimikyu 's disguise has been badly damaged , so Jessie first devises a temporary disguise from a paper bag and then tries to find something new . While James , Mewoth , and Wobbuffet search for their missing partner , Ash and Lycanroc try to master Continental Crush . Jessie eventually repairs Mimikyu 's Pikachu disguise , but it is stolen by a flock of Murkrow who were actually after Jessie 's donut . James , Meowth , and Wobbuffet catch up to Jessie just as she retrieves both disguise and donut . The angry Murkrow return in force , but Mimikyu resumes its Pikachu disguise and drives them off . Full of confidence in their closer bond , Jessie and Mimikyu challenge Ash again . However , Ash and Lycanroc have mastered Continental Crush and send Team Rocket blasting off again , but this time Bewear rescues them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 980 </Th> <Td> 974 </Td> <Td> `` Mallow and the Forest Teacher ! '' ( Mao 's Runaway from Home and Yareyuutan ! ) `` Iede no Mao to Yareyūtan '' ( 家出 の マオ と ヤレユータン ! ) </Td> <Td> August 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A television crew has come to Mallow 's family restaurant , outside of which Team Rocket has set up an unsuccessful competing food truck . However , when Mallow 's father overworks her and appears unappreciative of her efforts , she loses her temper and runs off with Steenee in pursuit . Naturally , Team Rocket sees an opportunity and chases after them . When Mallow knocks herself out in a fall , she is found and cared for by a Oranguru . While Mallow 's remorseful father and the gang search for Mallow , Team Rocket captures Steenee . Oranguru 's psychic powers free Steenee , and the two combined prove more than a match for Team Rocket . Bewear appears , but it and Oranguru refuse to fight each other , and Team Rocket is once again carried off . When Mallow 's father and the gang arrive , Mallow 's father recognizes Oranguru as his cooking teacher , and he and Mallow reconcile . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 981 </Th> <Td> 975 </Td> <Td> `` Balloons , Brionne , and Belligerence ! '' ( Ashimari , Osyamari , and the Anch - gry Dadarin ! ) `` Ashimari , Oshamari , ikari no Dadarin ! '' ( アシマリ 、 オシャマリ 、 いかり の ダダリン ! ) </Td> <Td> August 31 , 2017 </Td> <Td> November 18 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Lana and Popplio have been practicing the Z - move Hydro Vortex , but so far with no success , and Lana is feeling discouraged . Ash , Lana , and Mallow meet a performing Brionne and its trainer Ida who possesses a Z - ring with a Waterium Z - crystal and can perform Hydro Vortex . Lana begs Ida to teach her . Ida and Brionne are helping her boyfriend , Kanoa , to search for a mysterious Mystic Water that may be located in the wreck of a sunken ship , and Ash , Lana , Mallow , and their Pokémon join in to help . When Team Rocket try to steal the Mystic Water , they anger a Dhelmise that 's been living on the wreck and trick it into attacking Kanoa 's boat . When Brionne is knocked out and Dhelmise creates a deadly whirlpool , Lana and Popplio are able to use Hydro Vortex to defeat Dhelmise . With everyone safe , Kanoa finds the Mystic Water and gives it to Ida . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 982 </Th> <Td> 976 </Td> <Td> `` Mounting an Electrifying Charge ! '' ( Dash ! Dendimushi ) `` Dasshu ! Dendimushi '' ( ダッシュ ! デンヂムシ ) </Td> <Td> September 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> November 25 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Sophocles enters a special race with a miniature car powered by his Charjabug against other Charjabug - cars . Ash and Kiawe are keen to help , with Ash acting as track partner and Kiawe as mechanic . The problem is that Charjabug ca n't seem to generate enough power to make its car run very fast , but it gets stronger and faster with all three Trainers ' help . On the day of the race , they find that they have a rival team with a flashy Charjabug - car and a very arrogant attitude . Team Rocket has also entered the race , with James as track partner , Jessie as track spotter , Wobbuffet / Mareanie supposedly as mechanic , and a fake Charjabug - car run by Meowth inside it . The race has three stages : 1 ) a rocky terrain , 2 ) a desert terrain , and 3 ) an urban area , each with obstacles powered by a Pokémon . However , with Sophocles as track spotter , some unorthodox moves and teamwork and Team Rocket 's cheating exposed , Team Sophocles puts up a good fight . Ash is knocked unconscious in the urban area , but Sophocles takes over as track partner , and he and Charjabug bring in the victory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 983 </Th> <Td> 977 </Td> <Td> `` Alola , Kanto ! '' ( Kanto , Alola ! Takeshi and Kasumi ! ! ) `` Kantō de Arōra ! Takeshi to Kasumi ! ! '' ( カントー で アローラ ! タケシ と カスミ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> September 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> November 25 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ash returns to Kanto with his friends , their Pokémon , Professor Kukui , and Principal Oak as part of a special school project about the differences between Kanto and Alolan Pokémon . Misty and Brock are waiting for him at the airport , and Brock shows he has n't changed as he first cares for Lillie 's Snowy and then chases after a pretty flight attendant . The gang from Alola have a grand time with their Pokémon seeing and interacting with their Kanto counterparts at Professor Oak 's lab . Ash 's herd of Tauros naturally stampede on him , and he happily reunites with his Bulbasaur and Muk . Kiawe races a Rapidash on his Ride Charizard and then rides it . Mallow and Steenee have an unfortunate interaction with a Kanto Vileplume . Sophocles and Togedemaru meet a Kanto Raichu with shocking results . Snowy meets a Kanto Ninetales . Lana and Popplio meet a Kanto Dewgong and then swim with Misty and other Water Pokémon . As Ash , Misty , and Brock remember old times , it 's great to see that some things have n't changed ( Misty is still terrified of Bug Pokémon ) . Team Rocket have also returned to Kanto on orders , and their latest ( and old - school ) plot to steal everyone 's Pokémon using a giant mecha reunites the original trio as battling partners including Ash 's Lycanroc , Misty 's Staryu , and Brock 's Crobat . However , the battle is once again interrupted by Bewear ( wearing a jet - pack ! ) , and another old acquaintance , Jigglypuff , finishes things off in its usual fashion . The day ends with a magnificent outdoor feast prepared by Delia and Mr. Mime , spied upon by Mew ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 984 </Th> <Td> 978 </Td> <Td> `` When Regions Collide ! '' ( Gym Battle ! Z - Move VS Mega Evolution ! ! ) `` Jimu batoru ! Z - Waza tai Mega Shinka ! ! '' ( ジムバトル ! Z ワザ 対 メガシンカ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> December 9 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The previous day was all fun , but the next day brings more interesting things for Ash and the Alolan visitors as they and their Pokémon travel to Misty 's Gym in Cerulean City . After explaining about Gym Battles and Pokémon Leagues , Professor Kukui announces that the class will be engaging in Gym Battles against Brock and Misty . After two practice battles ( Mallow , Steenee , Lana and Popplio vs. Misty and Psyduck and Lillie , Snowy , Sophocles and Togedemaru vs. Brock and Geodude ) , real Gym Battles will now be fought : Kiawe vs. Brock and Ash vs. Misty , but each battle is taken to a new level with Brock and Misty both revealing they have Key Stones and using Mega-Evolution . Kiawe 's Z - Move Inferno Overdrive proves useless against Brock 's Mega-Evolved Steelix and Turtonator is defeated , but Ash and Pikachu 's unorthodox strategy and his Z - move Gigavolt Havoc defeat Misty 's Mega-Evolved Gyarados . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The English episode numbers are based on their first airing in the United States in syndication on Disney XD . Other English - speaking nations largely follow either this order or the Japanese order . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : These episodes were broadcast in the United States on December 5 , 2016 as a sneak peek at the upcoming season , which had recently begun being broadcast in Japan . Previous sequences were broadcast on March 17 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` テレビ 東京 ・ あにてれ ポケットモンスター サン & ムーン '' . TV Tokyo . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Moves to Disney XD with a Big Movie Debut '' . Pokemon.com . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watch the Debut of the New Pokémon Movie '' . Pokemon.com/UK . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CITV on Twitter '' . April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Teletoon on Twitter '' . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` テレビ 東京 ・ あにてれ ポケットモンスター サン & ムーン '' . Pokémon . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pokémon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Nintendo </Li> <Li> Game Freak <Ul> <Li> Satoshi Tajiri </Li> <Li> Ken Sugimori </Li> <Li> Junichi Masuda </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Creatures Inc . </Li> <Li> The Pokémon Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games ( Video games list ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Main series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Red & Blue <Ul> <Li> Yellow </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gold & Silver ( Crystal ) </Li> <Li> Ruby & Sapphire <Ul> <Li> Emerald </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Diamond & Pearl <Ul> <Li> Platinum </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Black & White <Ul> <Li> Black 2 & White 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> X & Y </Li> <Li> Sun & Moon <Ul> <Li> Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Remakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FireRed & LeafGreen </Li> <Li> HeartGold & SoulSilver </Li> <Li> Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Console games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Snap </Li> <Li> Stadium </Li> <Li> Stadium 2 </Li> <Li> Colosseum </Li> <Li> XD : Gale of Darkness </Li> <Li> Battle Revolution </Li> <Li> Pokkén Tournament </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Go </Li> <Li> Mystery Dungeon </Li> <Li> TCG Online </Li> <Li> Shuffle </Li> <Li> Duel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television series ( seasons 1 -- 13 , 14 -- current ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Original </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indigo League <Ul> <Li> `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adventures on the Orange Islands </Li> <Li> The Johto Journeys </Li> <Li> Johto League Champions </Li> <Li> Master Quest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Advanced Generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Advanced </Li> <Li> Advanced Challenge </Li> <Li> Advanced Battle </Li> <Li> Battle Frontier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diamond and Pearl </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diamond and Pearl </Li> <Li> DP : Battle Dimension </Li> <Li> DP : Galactic Battles </Li> <Li> DP : Sinnoh League Victors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Wishes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Black & White </Li> <Li> BW : Rival Destinies </Li> <Li> BW : Adventures in Unova </Li> <Li> BW : Adventures in Unova and Beyond </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> XY </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> XY </Li> <Li> Kalos Quest </Li> <Li> XY & Z </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sun and Moon </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sun and Moon </Li> <Li> Ultra Adventures </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mewtwo Returns </Li> <Li> Chronicles </Li> <Li> The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon </Li> <Li> Origins </Li> <Li> Generations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Original </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The First Movie </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 4Ever </Li> <Li> Heroes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Advanced Generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jirachi Wish Maker </Li> <Li> Destiny Deoxys </Li> <Li> Lucario and the Mystery of Mew </Li> <Li> Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diamond and Pearl </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rise of Darkrai </Li> <Li> Giratina and the Sky Warrior </Li> <Li> Arceus and the Jewel of Life </Li> <Li> Zoroark : Master of Illusions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Wishes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Black -- Victini and Reshiram & White -- Victini and Zekrom </Li> <Li> Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice </Li> <Li> Genesect and the Legend Awakened </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> XY </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction </Li> <Li> Hoopa and the Clash of Ages </Li> <Li> Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reboot series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I Choose You ! </Li> <Li> Everyone 's Story </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live - action </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Detective Pikachu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manga series ( volume list ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pocket Monsters </Li> <Li> Pokémon Adventures </Li> <Li> Magical Pokémon Journey </Li> <Li> The Electric Tale of Pikachu </Li> <Li> Battle Frontier </Li> <Li> Ginji 's Rescue Team </Li> <Li> Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure ! </Li> <Li> Pocket Monsters RéBURST </Li> <Li> Pokémon Black and White </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> TV series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ash Ketchum </Li> <Li> Pikachu </Li> <Li> Brock </Li> <Li> Misty </Li> <Li> Team Rocket <Ul> <Li> Meowth </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pokémon Adventures </Li> <Li> Pokémon species </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Controversies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burger King recall </Li> <Li> Black and Blue </Li> <Li> Controversial episodes <Ul> <Li> `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fandom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pokémon Apokélypse </Li> <Li> Pokémon Sage </Li> <Li> Pokémon Uranium </Li> <Li> Twitch Plays Pokémon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gameplay of Pokémon </Li> <Li> Pikachu ( sculpture ) </Li> <Li> Pokémon Live ! </Li> <Li> Trading Card Game </Li> <Li> Trading Figure Game </Li> <Li> Universe </Li> <Li> Theme songs <Ul> <Li> `` Pokémon Theme '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lavender Town </Li> <Li> Play ! Pokémon </Li> <Li> Poképark </Li> <Li> Pokémon : Tenth Anniversary </Li> <Li> Pokémon Junior </Li> <Li> Super Smash Bros . </Li> <Li> Pokémon : Symphonic Evolutions </Li> <Li> `` Gotta Catch ' Em All '' </Li> <Li> World Championships <Ul> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= List_of_Pokémon : _Sun_ % 26_Moon_episodes&oldid = 828079261 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2016 Japanese television seasons </Li> <Li> 2017 Japanese television seasons </Li> <Li> Lists of Pokémon episodes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter </Li> <Li> Articles containing Japanese - language text </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing style editing </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 12 : 49 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia <H1> List of Super Bowl champions </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . </P> The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) . <P> Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were marketed as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , but were also casually referred to as `` the Super Bowl game '' during the television broadcast . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker in official marketing ; the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Twenty franchises , including teams that have relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . </P> <P> The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 -- 5 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four ( all losses ) from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 1974 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls . The Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the Green Bay Packers ( 1966 -- 1967 ) , the Miami Dolphins ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1974 -- 1975 and 1978 -- 1979 , the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 -- 1993 ) , the Denver Broncos ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and the New England Patriots ( 2003 -- 2004 ) . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 1993 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 2004 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Consecutive winners </Li> <Li> 1.2 Consecutive losers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Super Bowl appearances by team <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances </Li> <Li> 2.2 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts </Li> <Li> 2.3 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories </Li> <Li> 2.4 Super Bowl rematches </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) </H2> <P> Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . </Li> <Li> Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . </Li> <Li> City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) </Th> <Th> American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) </Th> <Th> American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NFC champion ( 48 , 25 -- 23 ) </Td> <Td> AFC champion ( 48 , 23 -- 25 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Winning team </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Losing team </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Attendance </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 01 ! I </Td> <Td> 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 3510 ! 35 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California </Td> <Td> 061946 ! 61,946 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 02 ! II </Td> <Td> 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 3314 ! 33 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida </Td> <Td> 075546 ! 75,546 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 03 ! III </Td> <Td> 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 </Td> <Td> New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 1607 ! 16 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 075389 ! 75,389 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 04 ! IV </Td> <Td> 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 </Td> <Td> Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2307 ! 23 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium </Td> <Td> New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana </Td> <Td> 080562 ! 80,562 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 05 ! V </Td> <Td> 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1613 ! 16 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 079204 ! 79,204 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 06 ! VI </Td> <Td> 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2403 ! 24 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 081023 ! 81,023 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 07 ! VII </Td> <Td> 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 </Td> <Td> Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1407 ! 14 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 090182 ! 90,182 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 08 ! VIII </Td> <Td> 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 </Td> <Td> Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2407 ! 24 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium </Td> <Td> Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas </Td> <Td> 071882 ! 71,882 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 09 ! IX </Td> <Td> 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 1606 ! 16 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) </Td> <Td> Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 080997 ! 80,997 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 ! X </Td> <Td> 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 2117 ! 21 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 080187 ! 80,187 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 ! XI </Td> <Td> 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 </Td> <Td> Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 3214 ! 32 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) </Td> <Td> Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 103438 ! 103,438 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 ! XII </Td> <Td> 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2710 ! 27 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome </Td> <Td> New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 076400 ! 76,400 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 ! XIII </Td> <Td> 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 3531 ! 35 -- 31 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) </Td> <Td> Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 079484 ! 79,484 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 ! XIV </Td> <Td> 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 3119 ! 31 -- 19 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 103985 ! 103,985 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 ! XV </Td> <Td> 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 </Td> <Td> Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2710 ! 27 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 076135 ! 76,135 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 ! XVI </Td> <Td> 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 2621 ! 26 -- 21 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan </Td> <Td> 081270 ! 81,270 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 ! XVII </Td> <Td> 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2717 ! 27 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 103667 ! 103,667 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 ! XVIII </Td> <Td> 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 </Td> <Td> Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 3809 ! 38 -- 9 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium </Td> <Td> Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida </Td> <Td> 072920 ! 72,920 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 ! XIX </Td> <Td> 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 3816 ! 38 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) </Td> <Td> Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California 01 ! Stanford , California </Td> <Td> 084059 ! 84,059 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 ! XX </Td> <Td> 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 </Td> <Td> Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 4610 ! 46 -- 10 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 073818 ! 73,818 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 ! XXI </Td> <Td> 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 </Td> <Td> New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 3920 ! 39 -- 20 </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 101063 ! 101,063 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 ! XXII </Td> <Td> 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> 4210 ! 42 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) </Td> <Td> Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium </Td> <Td> San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California </Td> <Td> 073302 ! 73,302 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 ! XXIII </Td> <Td> 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 2016 ! 20 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 075129 ! 75,129 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 ! XXIV </Td> <Td> 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 5510 ! 55 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) </Td> <Td> Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 072919 ! 72,919 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 ! XXV </Td> <Td> 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 </Td> <Td> New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 2019 ! 20 -- 19 </Td> <Td> Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 073813 ! 73,813 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 ! XXVI </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> 3724 ! 37 -- 24 </Td> <Td> Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota </Td> <Td> 063130 ! 63,130 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 ! XXVII </Td> <Td> 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) </Td> <Td> 5217 ! 52 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) </Td> <Td> Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 098374 ! 98,374 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 ! XXVIII </Td> <Td> 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) </Td> <Td> 3013 ! 30 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) </Td> <Td> Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome </Td> <Td> Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia </Td> <Td> 072817 ! 72,817 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 ! XXIX </Td> <Td> 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 4926 ! 49 -- 26 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 074107 ! 74,107 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 ! XXX </Td> <Td> 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) </Td> <Td> 2717 ! 27 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium </Td> <Td> Phoenix , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona </Td> <Td> 076347 ! 76,347 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 ! XXXI </Td> <Td> 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 3521 ! 35 -- 21 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> 072301 ! 72,301 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 ! XXXII </Td> <Td> 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) </Td> <Td> 3124 ! 31 -- 24 </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 068912 ! 68,912 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 ! XXXIII </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) </Td> <Td> 3419 ! 34 -- 19 </Td> <Td> Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> 074803 ! 74,803 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 ! XXXIV </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2316 ! 23 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 072625 ! 72,625 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 ! XXXV </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 3407 ! 34 -- 7 </Td> <Td> New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium </Td> <Td> Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 071921 ! 71,921 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 ! XXXVI </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2017 ! 20 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) </Td> <Td> 072922 ! 72,922 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 ! XXXVII </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 4821 ! 48 -- 21 </Td> <Td> Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 067603 ! 67,603 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 ! XXXVIII </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> 3229 ! 32 -- 29 </Td> <Td> Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium </Td> <Td> Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 071525 ! 71,525 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 ! XXXIX </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2421 ! 24 -- 21 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! Alltel Stadium </Td> <Td> Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida </Td> <Td> 078125 ! 78,125 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 ! XL </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2110 ! 21 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 068206 ! 68,206 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 ! XLI </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2917 ! 29 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) </Td> <Td> 074512 ! 74,512 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 ! XLII </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 </Td> <Td> New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1714 ! 17 -- 14 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) </Td> <Td> University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium </Td> <Td> Phoenix , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 071101 ! 71,101 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 ! XLIII </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2723 ! 27 -- 23 </Td> <Td> Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 070774 ! 70,774 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 ! XLIV </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 </Td> <Td> New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 3117 ! 31 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) </Td> <Td> 074059 ! 74,059 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 ! XLV </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 3125 ! 31 -- 25 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium </Td> <Td> Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas </Td> <Td> 103219 ! 103,219 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 ! XLVI </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 </Td> <Td> New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2117 ! 21 -- 17 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) </Td> <Td> Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium </Td> <Td> Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana </Td> <Td> 068658 ! 68,658 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 ! XLVII </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) </Td> <Td> 3431 ! 34 -- 31 </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) </Td> <Td> 071024 ! 71,024 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 ! XLVIII </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> 4308 ! 43 -- 8 </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) </Td> <Td> MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium </Td> <Td> East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey </Td> <Td> 082529 ! 82,529 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 ! XLIX </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) </Td> <Td> 2824 ! 28 -- 24 </Td> <Td> Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Phoenix , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 070288 ! 70,288 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 ! 50 </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) </Td> <Td> 2410 ! 24 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 071088 ! 71,088 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 ! LI </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) </Td> <Td> 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) </Td> <Td> Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 070807 ! 70,807 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 ! LII </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia Eagles 03 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) </Td> <Td> 4133 ! 41 -- 33 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots 10 ! New England Patriots ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) </Td> <Td> U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 067612 ! 67,612 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 ! LIII </Td> <Td> 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 </Td> <Td> X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion </Td> <Td> 0019 ! -- </Td> <Td> X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) </Td> <Td> Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium </Td> <Td> Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 ! LIV </Td> <Td> 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 </Td> <Td> X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion </Td> <Td> 0020 ! -- </Td> <Td> X 2020 ! To be determined </Td> <Td> Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 ! LV </Td> <Td> 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 </Td> <Td> X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion </Td> <Td> 0021 ! -- </Td> <Td> X 2021 ! To be determined </Td> <Td> Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 ! LVI </Td> <Td> 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 </Td> <Td> X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion </Td> <Td> 0022 ! -- </Td> <Td> X 2022 ! To be determined </Td> <Td> City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Winning team </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Losing team </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Attendance </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Consecutive winners </H3> The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . <P> Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which ( Pittsburgh ) has accomplished it twice : </P> <Ul> <Li> Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) </Li> <Li> Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) </Li> <Li> San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) </Li> <Li> Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) </Li> <Li> Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) </Li> <Li> New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) </Li> </Ul> <P> No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . </Li> <Li> The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . </Li> <Li> The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls ( XIII and XIV ) for four wins in six seasons . </Li> <Li> The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . </Li> <Li> The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . </Li> <Li> The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI , which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX , for three wins in four seasons . They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season ( XXXVII ) . The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season ( 50 ) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Consecutive losers </H3> <P> Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls : </P> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) ( Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) -- The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls , let alone lose in all four appearances . </Li> <Li> Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XI , and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons . </Li> <Li> Denver Broncos ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls XXI and XXII ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XXIV , but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Super Bowl appearances by team </H2> The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX ( pictured ) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( 10 ) and are tied for the most losses ( 5 ) as of 2018 . <Table> <Tr> <Td> NFL / NFC teams ( 27 wins ) </Td> <Td> AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> NFL / AFC team ( 0 - 1 as part of the NFL , 2 - 1 as part of the AFC ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl . In the `` Seasons '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Appearances </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Losses </Th> <Th> Winning percentage </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10A - 05W - 01YA - 02YW ! 10 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> <Td> 05W - 10A - 02YW - 01YA ! 5 </Td> <Td> 05L - 10A - 01YL - 01YA ! 5 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 08A - 06W - 08YA - 10YW ! 8 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers </Td> <Td> 06W - 08A - 10YW - 08YA ! 6 </Td> <Td> 02L - 08A - 08YL - 08YA ! 2 </Td> <Td> . 750 </Td> <Td> 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 08A - 05W - 23YA - 23YW ! 8 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 05W - 08A - 23YW - 23YA ! 5 </Td> <Td> 03L - 08A - 40YL - 23YA ! 3 </Td> <Td> . 625 </Td> <Td> 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 08A - 03W - 03YA - 03YW ! 8 </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos </Td> <Td> 03W - 08A - 03YW - 03YA ! 3 </Td> <Td> 05L - 08A - 05YL - 03YA ! 5 </Td> <Td> . 375 </Td> <Td> 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 06A - 05W - 06YA - 24YW ! 6 </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers </Td> <Td> 05W - 06A - 24YW - 06YA ! 5 </Td> <Td> 01L - 06A - 06YL - 06YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> . 833 </Td> <Td> 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 05A - 04W - 08YA - 08YW ! 5 </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> <Td> 04W - 05A - 08YW - 08YA ! 4 </Td> <Td> 01L - 05A - 21YL - 08YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> . 800 </Td> <Td> 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 05A - 04W - 07YA - 07YW ! 5 </Td> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> 04W - 05A - 07YW - 07YA ! 4 </Td> <Td> 01L - 05A - 18YL - 07YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> . 800 </Td> <Td> 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 05A - 03W - 27YA - 27YW ! 5 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 03W - 05A - 27YW - 27YA ! 3 </Td> <Td> 02L - 05A - 35YL - 27YA ! 2 </Td> <Td> . 600 </Td> <Td> 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 05A - 03W - 16YA - 35YW ! 5 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 03W - 05A - 35YW - 16YA ! 3 </Td> <Td> 02L - 05A - 16YL - 16YA ! 2 </Td> <Td> . 600 </Td> <Td> 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 05A - 02W - 34YA - 45YW ! 5 </Td> <Td> Miami Dolphins </Td> <Td> 02W - 05A - 45YW - 34YA ! 2 </Td> <Td> 03L - 05A - 34YL - 34YA ! 3 </Td> <Td> . 400 </Td> <Td> 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 04A - 02W - 09YA - 12YW ! 4 </Td> <Td> Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 02W - 04A - 12YW - 09YA ! 2 </Td> <Td> 02L - 04A - 09YL - 09YA ! 2 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 04A - 00W - 42YA - 53YW ! 4 </Td> <Td> Minnesota Vikings </Td> <Td> 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 </Td> <Td> 04L - 04A - 42YL - 42YA ! 4 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> <Td> 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 04A - 00W - 25YA - 53YW ! 4 </Td> <Td> Buffalo Bills </Td> <Td> 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 </Td> <Td> 04L - 04A - 25YL - 25YA ! 4 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> <Td> 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 03A - 01W - 17YA - 19YW ! 3 </Td> <Td> St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 01W - 03A - 19YW - 17YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> 02L - 03A - 17YL - 17YA ! 2 </Td> <Td> . 333 </Td> <Td> 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 03A - 01W - 03YA - 04YW ! 3 </Td> <Td> Seattle Seahawks </Td> <Td> 01W - 03A - 04YW - 03YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> 02L - 03A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 </Td> <Td> . 333 </Td> <Td> 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 03A - 01W - 01YA - 01YW ! 3 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia Eagles </Td> <Td> 01W - 03A - 01YW - 01YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> 02L - 03A - 14YL - 01YA ! 2 </Td> <Td> . 333 </Td> <Td> 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 02A - 02W - 06YA - 06YW ! 2 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 02W - 02A - 06YW - 06YA ! 2 </Td> <Td> 00L - 02A - 22YL - 06YA ! 0 </Td> <Td> 1.000 </Td> <Td> 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 02A - 01W - 49YA - 49YW ! 2 </Td> <Td> Kansas City Chiefs </Td> <Td> 01W - 02A - 49YW - 49YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> 01L - 02A - 52YL - 49YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 02A - 01W - 12YA - 33YW ! 2 </Td> <Td> Chicago Bears </Td> <Td> 01W - 02A - 33YW - 12YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> 01L - 02A - 12YL - 12YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 02A - 00W - 30YA - 53YW ! 2 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Bengals </Td> <Td> 00W - 02A - 53YW - 30YA ! 0 </Td> <Td> 02L - 02A - 30YL - 30YA ! 2 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> <Td> 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 02A - 00W - 03YA - 23YW ! 2 </Td> <Td> Carolina Panthers </Td> <Td> 00W - 02A - 23YW - 03YA ! 0 </Td> <Td> 02L - 02A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> <Td> 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 02A - 00W - 02YA - 53YW ! 2 </Td> <Td> Atlanta Falcons </Td> <Td> 00W - 02A - 53YW - 02YA ! 0 </Td> <Td> 02L - 02A - 02YL - 02YA ! 2 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> <Td> 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 01A - 01W - 50YA - 50YW ! 1 </Td> <Td> New York Jets </Td> <Td> 01W - 01A - 50YW - 50YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> 00L - 01A - 53YL - 50YA ! 0 </Td> <Td> 1.000 </Td> <Td> 1968 ! 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 01A - 01W - 18YA - 18YW ! 1 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay Buccaneers </Td> <Td> 01W - 01A - 18YW - 18YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> 00L - 01A - 44YL - 18YA ! 0 </Td> <Td> 1.000 </Td> <Td> 2002 ! 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 01A - 01W - 09YA - 09YW ! 1 </Td> <Td> New Orleans Saints </Td> <Td> 01W - 01A - 09YW - 09YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> 00L - 01A - 52YL - 09YA ! 0 </Td> <Td> 1.000 </Td> <Td> 2009 ! 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 01A - 00W - 24YA - 53YW ! 1 </Td> <Td> San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers </Td> <Td> 00W - 01A - 53YW - 24YA ! 0 </Td> <Td> 01L - 01A - 24YL - 24YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> <Td> 1994 ! 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 01A - 00W - 19YA - 53YW ! 1 </Td> <Td> Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 00W - 01A - 53YW - 19YA ! 0 </Td> <Td> 01L - 01A - 19YL - 19YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> <Td> 1999 ! 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 01A - 00W - 10YA - 53YW ! 1 </Td> <Td> St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 00W - 01A - 53YW - 10YA ! 0 </Td> <Td> 01L - 01A - 10YL - 10YA ! 1 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> <Td> 2008 ! 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 11CG ! 0 </Td> <Td> Cleveland Browns </Td> <Td> 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 </Td> <Td> 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> none </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 05CG ! 0 </Td> <Td> Detroit Lions </Td> <Td> 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 </Td> <Td> 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> none </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 00A - 00W - 23YA - 23YW - 00CG ! 0 </Td> <Td> Jacksonville Jaguars </Td> <Td> 00W - 00A - 23YW - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 </Td> <Td> 00L - 00A - 23YL - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> none </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 00A - 00W - 16YA - 16YW - 00CG ! 0 </Td> <Td> Houston Texans </Td> <Td> 00W - 00A - 16YW - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 </Td> <Td> 00L - 00A - 16YL - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> none </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Teams with no Super Bowl appearances </H3> <P> Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : </P> <Ul> <Li> Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996 , and have since won two Super Bowls . </Li> <Li> Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 </Li> <Li> Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996 , 1999 , and 2017 . </Li> <Li> Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . </Li> </Ul> <P> In addition , Detroit , Houston , and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls , making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl . </P> <H3> Teams with long Super Bowl droughts </H3> The Jets ' last championship appearance was their victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III . <P> Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl , there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL ( 1995 and 2002 , respectively ) , resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams . </P> <P> Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : </P> <Ul> <Li> New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) </Li> <Li> Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) </Li> </Ul> <P> However , the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl , both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time . </P> <P> The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : </P> <Ul> <Li> Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) </Li> <Li> Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) </Li> <Li> Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) </Li> <Li> Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Chargers ( played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories </H3> <P> Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . </Li> <Li> Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . </Li> <Li> Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . </Li> <Li> Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . </Li> <Li> Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . </Li> <Li> Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Super Bowl rematches </H3> The 49ers and the Bengals , who faced off in Super Bowl XVI ( pictured ) , would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII . <P> The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : </P> <Ul> <Li> Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . </Li> <Li> Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . </Li> <Li> Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . </Li> <Li> New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . </Li> <Li> New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England , Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Football League portal </Li> <Li> American football portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> History of the National Football League championship </Li> <Li> List of AFC champions </Li> <Li> List of NFC champions </Li> <Li> List of NFL champions </Li> <Li> List of Super Bowl records </Li> <Li> Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award </Li> <Li> List of NFL franchise post-season droughts </Li> <Li> List of NFL franchise post-season streaks </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming : SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium , San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium , and Qualcomm Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unlike other Super Bowls , Super Bowl 50 's official name , as designated by the NFL , uses the Arabic numeral `` 50 '' instead of the Roman numeral `` L '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . The Colts are the only team to have played in the Super Bowl for both the NFL and AFC . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Top Plays in Super Bowl History `` and the old veteran scores the first touchdown of the Super Bowl game '' YouTube , NFL Highlights . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Culture in NFL History '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 -- The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Football League </Li> <Li> Super Bowl </Li> <Li> List of winning rosters </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Super Bowl champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> I : Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> II : Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> III : New York Jets </Li> <Li> IV : Kansas City Chiefs </Li> <Li> V : Baltimore Colts </Li> <Li> VI : Dallas Cowboys </Li> <Li> VII : Miami Dolphins </Li> <Li> VIII : Miami Dolphins </Li> <Li> IX : Pittsburgh Steelers </Li> <Li> X : Pittsburgh Steelers </Li> <Li> XI : Oakland Raiders </Li> <Li> XII : Dallas Cowboys </Li> <Li> XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers </Li> <Li> XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers </Li> <Li> XV : Oakland Raiders </Li> <Li> XVI : San Francisco 49ers </Li> <Li> XVII : Washington Redskins </Li> <Li> XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders </Li> <Li> XIX : San Francisco 49ers </Li> <Li> XX : Chicago Bears </Li> <Li> XXI : New 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XXIV ) </Li> <Li> 1990 ( XXV ) </Li> <Li> 1991 ( XXVI ) </Li> <Li> 1992 ( XXVII ) </Li> <Li> 1993 ( XXVIII ) </Li> <Li> 1994 ( XXIX ) </Li> <Li> 1995 ( XXX ) </Li> <Li> 1996 ( XXXI ) </Li> <Li> 1997 ( XXXII ) </Li> <Li> 1998 ( XXXIII ) </Li> <Li> 1999 ( XXXIV ) </Li> <Li> 2000 ( XXXV ) </Li> <Li> 2001 ( XXXVI ) </Li> <Li> 2002 ( XXXVII ) </Li> <Li> 2003 ( XXXVIII ) </Li> <Li> 2004 ( XXXIX ) </Li> <Li> 2005 ( XL ) </Li> <Li> 2006 ( XLI ) </Li> <Li> 2007 ( XLII ) </Li> <Li> 2008 ( XLIII ) </Li> <Li> 2009 ( XLIV ) </Li> <Li> 2010 ( XLV ) </Li> <Li> 2011 ( XLVI ) </Li> <Li> 2012 ( XLVII ) </Li> <Li> 2013 ( XLVIII ) </Li> <Li> 2014 ( XLIX ) </Li> <Li> 2015 ( 50 ) </Li> <Li> 2016 ( LI ) </Li> <Li> 2017 ( LII ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1921 APFA de facto championship game </Li> <Li> 1925 NFL Championship controversy </Li> <Li> 1932 NFL Playoff Game </Li> <Li> NFL Championship broadcasters </Li> <Li> AFL Championship broadcasters </Li> <Li> Super Bowl champions </Li> <Li> Super Bowl Most Valuable Players </Li> <Li> Super Bowl records </Li> <Li> Super Bowl broadcasters </Li> <Li> Super Bowl officials </Li> <Li> Super Bowl halftime </Li> <Li> Super Bowl commercials </Li> <Li> Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions </Li> <Li> NFL playoffs ( Results ) </Li> <Li> AFL playoffs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National Football League ( 2018 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AFC </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> East </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> North </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> South </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buffalo Bills </Li> <Li> Miami Dolphins </Li> <Li> New England Patriots </Li> <Li> New York Jets </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltimore Ravens </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Bengals </Li> <Li> Cleveland Browns </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Steelers </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Houston Texans </Li> <Li> Indianapolis Colts </Li> <Li> Jacksonville Jaguars </Li> <Li> Tennessee Titans </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Denver Broncos </Li> <Li> Kansas City Chiefs </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Chargers </Li> <Li> Oakland Raiders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NFC </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> East </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> North </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> South </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dallas Cowboys </Li> <Li> New York Giants </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Eagles </Li> <Li> Washington Redskins </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago Bears </Li> <Li> Detroit Lions </Li> <Li> Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> Minnesota Vikings </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta Falcons </Li> <Li> Carolina Panthers </Li> <Li> New Orleans Saints </Li> <Li> Tampa Bay Buccaneers </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona Cardinals </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Rams </Li> <Li> San Francisco 49ers </Li> <Li> Seattle Seahawks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Seasons ( by team ) </Li> <Li> Preseason <Ul> <Li> Hall of Fame Game </Li> <Li> American Bowl </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Regular season <Ul> <Li> Kickoff game </Li> <Li> Monday Night Football </Li> <Li> International Series <Ul> <Li> London </Li> <Li> Toronto </Li> <Li> Bills Series </Li> <Li> List of games played outside the U.S. </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thanksgiving games </Li> <Li> Christmas games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Playoffs <Ul> <Li> Streaks </Li> <Li> Droughts </Li> <Li> AFC Championship </Li> <Li> NFC Championship </Li> <Li> Super Bowl <Ul> <Li> champions </Li> <Li> quarterbacks </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pro Bowl </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> League history <Ul> <Li> Executive history </Li> <Li> Championship history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Timeline <Ul> <Li> Defunct franchises </Li> <Li> Franchise moves and mergers </Li> <Li> Los Angeles team history <Ul> <Li> Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) <Ul> <Li> Playoffs </Li> <Li> Merger </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Playoff Bowl </Li> <Li> Records <Ul> <Li> individual </Li> <Li> team </Li> <Li> Super Bowl </Li> <Li> All time win -- loss </Li> <Li> Last undefeated </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tied games </Li> <Li> Canceled games </Li> <Li> Controversies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Business </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Owners </Li> <Li> Properties </Li> <Li> Management Council </Li> <Li> Competition Committee </Li> <Li> Collective Bargaining Agreement </Li> <Li> National Football League Players Association </Li> <Li> Lockouts </Li> <Li> Media <Ul> <Li> TV <Ul> <Li> NFL Network </Li> <Li> NFL RedZone </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Radio </Li> <Li> NFL Films </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Officials </Li> <Li> Stadiums <Ul> <Li> Chronology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Awards <Ul> <Li> All - Pro </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> Foreign players </Li> <Li> Player conduct <Ul> <Li> Suspensions </Li> <Li> Player misconduct </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Combine </Li> <Li> Draft </Li> <Li> Training camp </Li> <Li> Rivalries </Li> <Li> NFL Foundation </Li> <Li> Culture <Ul> <Li> Cheerleading </Li> <Li> Mascots </Li> <Li> Lore </Li> <Li> Nicknames </Li> <Li> Numbers <Ul> <Li> Retired </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Color Rush </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=834538879 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Super Bowl lists </Li> <Li> Lists of sports championships </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from February 2013 </Li> <Li> Featured lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 07 : 28 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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2007 NBA draft - Wikipedia <H1> 2007 NBA draft </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2007 NBA draft </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> General information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date ( s ) </Th> <Td> June 28 , 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time </Th> <Td> 7 : 30 pm ( EDT ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Madison Square Garden , New York City , New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Network ( s ) ( US ) </Th> <Td> ESPN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First selection </Th> <Td> Greg Oden , Portland Trail Blazers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2006 NBA draft 2008 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2007 NBA draft was held on June 28 , 2007 at the WaMu Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . It was broadcast on television in 115 countries . In this draft , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . </P> <P> Freshman Greg Oden from Ohio State University was drafted first overall by the Portland Trail Blazers , who won the draft lottery . However , he missed the 2007 -- 08 season due to microfracture surgery on his right knee during the pre-season . Another freshman , Kevin Durant , was drafted second overall from the University of Texas by the Seattle SuperSonics , and went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award for the 2007 -- 08 season . Oden and Durant became the first freshmen to be selected with the top two picks in the draft . Al Horford , the son of former NBA player Tito Horford , was drafted third by the Atlanta Hawks . Of the three top picks , Durant and Horford were able to enjoy solid All - Star careers , while Oden was beset by numerous microfracture surgeries on both knees that limited him to only 82 games from 2008 to 2010 . </P> <P> On the night after the draft , the Seattle SuperSonics traded seven - time All - Star Ray Allen along with the draft rights of the 35th pick Glen Davis to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Delonte West , Wally Szczerbiak and the draft rights to the 5th pick Jeff Green . The Portland Trail Blazers and the New York Knicks were also involved in a multi-player trade that sent Zach Randolph to the Knicks and Steve Francis to the Blazers . Apart from those two trades , nine further draft - day trades were announced . </P> <P> The 2007 Draft marked the first time three players drafted in the top 10 came from the same school : the University of Florida . Florida , the 2007 National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Basketball champion , tied the record set by the University of Connecticut in 2006 with five players selected in the first two rounds of an NBA draft . Florida joined nine other schools , including Connecticut , that had five players selected in an NBA draft , second only to UNLV , which had six players selected in the eighth - round 1977 draft . Five players who competed in the 2007 NCAA Basketball National Championship Final were selected in the top 10 ; three players came from Florida , and two players came from the runner - up , Ohio State University . This draft also set the record number of freshmen drafted in the first round when eight freshmen were selected . Of the 60 players drafted , eight were freshmen , five were sophomores , 14 were juniors , 20 were seniors , and 13 were international players without U.S. college basketball experience . The Cleveland Cavaliers , Denver Nuggets , Indiana Pacers and Toronto Raptors all did not have a draft pick this year , although Indiana and Toronto each acquired a drafted player 's rights after the draft . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Draft </Li> <Li> 2 Notable undrafted players </Li> <Li> 3 Eligibility </Li> <Li> 4 Draft lottery </Li> <Li> 5 Trades involving draft picks <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Draft - day trades </Li> <Li> 5.2 Pre-draft trades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Draft ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Kevin Durant was selected second by the Seattle SuperSonics . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Al Horford was selected third by the Atlanta Hawks . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Mike Conley was selected fourth by the Memphis Grizzlies . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Joakim Noah was selected ninth by the Chicago Bulls . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Marc Gasol was selected 48th by the Los Angeles Lakers . </P> </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Center </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> * </Td> <Td> Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game and All - NBA Team </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - NBA Team </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Pick </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> School / club team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Oden , Greg Greg Oden </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Portland Trail Blazers </Td> <Td> Ohio State ( Fr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant * </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Seattle SuperSonics </Td> <Td> Texas ( Fr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Horford , Al Al Horford </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> Atlanta Hawks </Td> <Td> Florida ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Conley , Mike Mike Conley </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Memphis Grizzlies </Td> <Td> Ohio State ( Fr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Green , Jeff Jeff Green </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics ( traded to Seattle ) </Td> <Td> Georgetown ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Yi , Jianlian Yi Jianlian </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Bucks </Td> <Td> Guangdong Southern Tigers ( China ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Brewer , Corey Corey Brewer </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Minnesota Timberwolves </Td> <Td> Florida ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Wright , Brandan Brandan Wright </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Charlotte Bobcats ( traded to Golden State ) </Td> <Td> North Carolina ( Fr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Noah , Joakim Joakim Noah </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> France United States </Td> <Td> Chicago Bulls ( from New York ) </Td> <Td> Florida ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Hawes , Spencer Spencer Hawes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Sacramento Kings </Td> <Td> Washington ( Fr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Law , Acie Acie Law </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Atlanta Hawks ( from Indiana ) </Td> <Td> Texas A&M ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Young , Thaddeus Thaddeus Young </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers </Td> <Td> Georgia Tech ( Fr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Wright , Julian Julian Wright </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> New Orleans Hornets </Td> <Td> Kansas ( So . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Thornton , Al Al Thornton </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Clippers </Td> <Td> Florida State ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Stuckey , Rodney Rodney Stuckey </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Detroit Pistons ( from Orlando ) </Td> <Td> Eastern Washington ( So . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Young , Nick Nick Young </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Washington Wizards </Td> <Td> USC ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Williams , Sean Sean Williams </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> New Jersey Nets </Td> <Td> Boston College ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Belinelli , Marco Marco Belinelli </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Golden State Warriors </Td> <Td> Fortitudo Bologna ( Italy ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Crittenton , Javaris Javaris Crittenton </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> Georgia Tech ( Fr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Smith , Jason Jason Smith </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Miami Heat ( traded to Philadelphia ) </Td> <Td> Colorado State ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Cook , Daequan Daequan Cook </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers ( from Denver , traded to Miami ) </Td> <Td> Ohio State ( Fr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Dudley , Jared Jared Dudley </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Charlotte Bobcats ( from Toronto via Cleveland ) </Td> <Td> Boston College ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Chandler , Wilson Wilson Chandler </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> New York Knicks ( from Chicago ) </Td> <Td> DePaul ( So . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Fernández , Rudy Rudy Fernández </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Phoenix Suns ( from Cleveland via Boston , traded to Portland ) </Td> <Td> Joventut Badalona ( Spain ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Almond , Morris Morris Almond </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Utah Jazz </Td> <Td> Rice ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Brooks , Aaron Aaron Brooks </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Houston Rockets </Td> <Td> Oregon ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Afflalo , Arron Arron Afflalo </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Detroit Pistons </Td> <Td> UCLA ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Splitter , Tiago Tiago Splitter </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> <Td> TAU Cerámica ( Spain ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Tucker , Alando Alando Tucker </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Phoenix Suns </Td> <Td> Wisconsin ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Koponen , Petteri Petteri Koponen </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers ( from Dallas via Golden State and Denver , traded to Portland ) </Td> <Td> Tapiolan Honka ( Finland ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Landry , Carl Carl Landry </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Seattle SuperSonics ( from Memphis , traded to Houston ) </Td> <Td> Purdue ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Pruitt , Gabe Gabe Pruitt </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> USC ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Williams , Marcus Marcus Williams </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs ( from Milwaukee ) </Td> <Td> Arizona ( So . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Fazekas , Nick Nick Fazekas </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Dallas Mavericks ( from Atlanta ) </Td> <Td> Nevada ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Davis , Glen Glen Davis </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Seattle SuperSonics ( traded to Boston ) </Td> <Td> LSU ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Davidson , Jermareo Jermareo Davidson </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Golden State Warriors ( from Minnesota , traded to Charlotte ) </Td> <Td> Alabama ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> McRoberts , Josh Josh McRoberts </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Portland Trail Blazers </Td> <Td> Duke ( So . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Fesenko , Kyrylo Kyrylo Fesenko </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers ( from New York via Chicago , traded to Utah ) </Td> <Td> SK Cherkassy ( Ukraine ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Barać , Stanko Stanko Barać </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Miami Heat ( from Sacramento via Utah and Orlando , traded to Indiana ) </Td> <Td> Široki Brijeg ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Sun , Yue Sun Yue </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers ( from Charlotte ) </Td> <Td> Beijing Olympians ( ABA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Richard , Chris Chris Richard </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Philadelphia ) </Td> <Td> Florida ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Byars , Derrick Derrick Byars </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Portland Trail Blazers ( from Indiana , traded to Philadelphia ) </Td> <Td> Vanderbilt ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Haluska , Adam Adam Haluska </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> New Orleans Hornets </Td> <Td> Iowa ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Terry , Reyshawn Reyshawn Terry </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Orlando Magic ( traded to Dallas ) </Td> <Td> North Carolina ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Jordan , Jared Jared Jordan </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Clippers </Td> <Td> Marist ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Lasme , Stephane Stephane Lasme </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> Golden State Warriors ( from New Jersey ) </Td> <Td> Massachusetts ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> McGuire , Dominic Dominic McGuire </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Washington Wizards </Td> <Td> Fresno State ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Gasol , Marc Marc Gasol </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers ( traded to Memphis ) </Td> <Td> Akasvayu Girona ( Spain ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Gray , Aaron Aaron Gray </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Chicago Bulls ( from Golden State via Phoenix , Boston and Denver ) </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Seibutis , Renaldas Renaldas Seibutis </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> Dallas Mavericks ( from Miami via L.A. Lakers ) </Td> <Td> Maroussi ( Greece ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Curry , JamesOn JamesOn Curry </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Chicago Bulls ( from Denver ) </Td> <Td> Oklahoma State ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Green , Taurean Taurean Green </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Portland Trail Blazers ( from Toronto ) </Td> <Td> Florida ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Nichols , Demetris Demetris Nichols </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Portland Trail Blazers ( from Chicago , traded to New York ) </Td> <Td> Syracuse ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Newley , Brad Brad Newley </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Houston Rockets ( from Cleveland via Orlando ) </Td> <Td> Townsville Crocodiles ( Australia ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Hill , Herbert Herbert Hill </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Utah Jazz ( traded to Philadelphia ) </Td> <Td> Providence ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Sessions , Ramon Ramon Sessions </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Bucks ( from Houston ) </Td> <Td> Nevada ( Jr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Mejia , Sammy Sammy Mejia </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> Detroit Pistons </Td> <Td> DePaul ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Printezis , Giorgos Giorgos Printezis </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs ( traded to Toronto ) </Td> <Td> Olympia Larissa ( Greece ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Strawberry , D.J. D.J. Strawberry </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Phoenix Suns </Td> <Td> Maryland ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Raković , Milovan Milovan Raković </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> Dallas Mavericks ( traded to Orlando ) </Td> <Td> Mega Ishrana ( Serbia ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Nationality indicates the player 's national team or representative nationality . If a player has not competed at the international level , then the nationality indicates the national team which the player is eligible to represent according to FIBA rules . </Li> </Ol> <P> ^ a : Yi Jianlian 's year of birth has been widely disputed , with several sources claiming that Chinese basketball authorities falsified his year of birth from 1984 to 1987 to allow him a longer period of competition in international junior tournaments . A dedicated section of Yi 's Wikipedia article discusses this issue and includes sources . ^ b : Joakim Noah , who was born in the United States to a French father and a Swedish mother , has dual U.S. and French citizenship . He has represented France internationally since 2011 . ^ c : Taurean Green , who was born in the United States , became a naturalized citizen of Georgia in 2010 . He has represented Georgia internationally since 2010 . </P> <H2> Notable undrafted players ( edit ) </H2> Gary Neal , not selected in the draft , but signed with the San Antonio Spurs in 2010 . <P> These players were not selected in the 2007 NBA Draft but have played at least one game in the NBA . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> School / club team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ahearn , Blake Blake Ahearn </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Missouri State ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anthony , Joel Joel Anthony </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> UNLV ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ayón , Gustavo Gustavo Ayón </Td> <Td> C / PF </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Baloncesto Fuenlabrada ( Spain ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brown , Bobby Bobby Brown </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Cal State Fullerton ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dawson , Eric Eric Dawson </Td> <Td> PF / C </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Midwestern State ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dowdell , Zabian Zabian Dowdell </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Virginia Tech ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson , Ivan Ivan Johnson </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Cal State San Bernardino ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson , Trey Trey Johnson </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Jackson State ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karl , Coby Coby Karl </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Boise State ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martin , Cartier Cartier Martin </Td> <Td> SF / SG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Kansas State ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neal , Gary Gary Neal </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Towson ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shakur , Mustafa Mustafa Shakur </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Arizona ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sims , Courtney Courtney Sims </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Michigan ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teletović , Mirza Mirza Teletović </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> Saski Baskonia ( Spain ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tolliver , Anthony Anthony Tolliver </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Creighton ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Watkins , Darryl Darryl Watkins </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Syracuse ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West , Mario Mario West </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Georgia Tech ( Sr . ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Eligibility ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Eligibility for the NBA draft <P> The basic requirements for draft eligibility are : </P> <Ul> <Li> All drafted players must be at least 19 years of age during the calendar year of the draft ( i.e. , born on or before December 31 , 1988 ) . </Li> <Li> Any player who is not an `` international player '' , as defined in the Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) , must be at least one year removed from the graduation of his high school class . </Li> </Ul> <P> The CBA defines `` international players '' as players who permanently resided outside the U.S. for three years before the draft , did not complete high school in the U.S. , and have never enrolled at a U.S. college or university . </P> <P> The basic requirement for automatic eligibility for a U.S. player is the completion of his college eligibility . Players who meet the CBA definition of `` international players '' are automatically eligible if their 22nd birthday falls during or before the calendar year of the draft ( i.e. , born on or before December 31 , 1985 ) . </P> <P> A player who is not automatically eligible must declare his eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 60 days before the draft . An early entry candidate is allowed to withdraw his eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 10 days before the draft . On June 19 , 2007 , NBA announced that 32 college players and 6 international players had filed as early - entry candidates for the 2007 Draft , while 46 players who had previously declared as early entry candidates had withdrawn from the draft . </P> <H2> Draft lottery ( edit ) </H2> Further information : NBA draft lottery <P> The first 14 picks in the draft belonged to teams that had missed the playoffs ; the order was determined through a lottery . The lottery would determine the three teams that would obtain the first three picks on the draft . The remaining first - round picks and the second - round picks were assigned to teams in reverse order of their win - loss record in the previous season . On April 20 , 2007 , the NBA performed a tie - breaker to determine the order of the picks for teams with identical win - loss record . </P> <P> The lottery was held on May 22 , 2007 in Secaucus , New Jersey . The Portland Trail Blazers , who had the seventh - worst record in the previous season , won the lottery with just a 5.3 % chance to win . This was the fourth time that the Blazers had the first overall draft pick and the first time that the Blazers won the draft lottery since it was introduced in 1985 . The Seattle SuperSonics , who had the fifth - worst record , and the Atlanta Hawks , who had the fourth - worst record , obtained the second and third pick respectively . </P> <P> Three teams who had the worst records -- the Memphis Grizzlies , the Boston Celtics and the Milwaukee Bucks -- obtained the fourth , fifth and sixth pick respectively . These were the lowest possible picks they could have obtained through the lottery . The most recent draft in which the three worst teams did not receive the top three picks was in 1993 . </P> <P> Below were the chances for each team to get specific picks in the 2007 draft lottery , rounded to three decimal places : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ^ </Td> <Td> Denotes the actual lottery results </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> 2006 -- 07 record </Th> <Th> Lottery chances </Th> <Th_colspan="14"> Pick </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st </Th> <Th> 2nd </Th> <Th> 3rd </Th> <Th> 4th </Th> <Th> 5th </Th> <Th> 6th </Th> <Th> 7th </Th> <Th> 8th </Th> <Th> 9th </Th> <Th> 10th </Th> <Th> 11th </Th> <Th> 12th </Th> <Th> 13th </Th> <Th> 14th </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Memphis Grizzlies </Td> <Td> 22 -- 60 </Td> <Td> 250 </Td> <Td> . 250 </Td> <Td> . 215 </Td> <Td> . 178 </Td> <Td> . 357 ^ </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> 24 -- 58 </Td> <Td> 199 </Td> <Td> . 199 </Td> <Td> . 188 </Td> <Td> . 171 </Td> <Td> . 319 </Td> <Td> . 123 ^ </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milwaukee Bucks </Td> <Td> 28 -- 54 </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> . 156 </Td> <Td> . 157 </Td> <Td> . 156 </Td> <Td> . 226 </Td> <Td> . 265 </Td> <Td> . 041 ^ </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atlanta Hawks </Td> <Td> 30 -- 52 </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> . 119 </Td> <Td> . 126 </Td> <Td> . 133 ^ </Td> <Td> . 099 </Td> <Td> . 350 </Td> <Td> . 161 </Td> <Td> . 013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seattle SuperSonics </Td> <Td> 31 -- 51 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> . 088 </Td> <Td> . 097 ^ </Td> <Td> . 107 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 261 </Td> <Td> . 359 </Td> <Td> . 084 </Td> <Td> . 004 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota Timberwolves </Td> <Td> 32 -- 50 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> . 053 </Td> <Td> . 060 </Td> <Td> . 070 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 439 </Td> <Td> . 331 ^ </Td> <Td> . 046 </Td> <Td> . 001 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portland Trail Blazers </Td> <Td> 32 -- 50 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> . 053 ^ </Td> <Td> . 060 </Td> <Td> . 070 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 572 </Td> <Td> . 226 </Td> <Td> . 018 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlotte Bobcats </Td> <Td> 33 -- 49 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> . 019 </Td> <Td> . 022 </Td> <Td> . 027 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 725 ^ </Td> <Td> . 196 </Td> <Td> . 011 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York Knicks </Td> <Td> 33 -- 49 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> . 019 </Td> <Td> . 022 </Td> <Td> . 027 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 784 ^ </Td> <Td> . 143 </Td> <Td> . 005 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sacramento Kings </Td> <Td> 33 -- 49 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> . 018 </Td> <Td> . 021 </Td> <Td> . 025 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 846 ^ </Td> <Td> . 087 </Td> <Td> . 002 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana Pacers </Td> <Td> 35 -- 47 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> . 008 </Td> <Td> . 009 </Td> <Td> . 012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 907 ^ </Td> <Td> . 063 </Td> <Td> . 001 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers </Td> <Td> 35 -- 47 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> . 007 </Td> <Td> . 008 </Td> <Td> . 010 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 935 ^ </Td> <Td> . 039 </Td> <Td> . 000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Orleans Hornets </Td> <Td> 39 -- 43 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> . 006 </Td> <Td> . 007 </Td> <Td> . 009 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 960 ^ </Td> <Td> . 018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles Clippers </Td> <Td> 40 -- 42 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> . 005 </Td> <Td> . 006 </Td> <Td> . 007 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> . 982 ^ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ 1 : Atlanta Hawks ' pick would be conveyed to the Phoenix Suns if it was not in the top three . ^ 2 : New York Knicks ' pick was conveyed to the Chicago Bulls . ^ 3 : Indiana Pacers ' pick was conveyed to the Atlanta Hawks because it was not in the top ten . </P> <H2> Trades involving draft picks ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Draft - day trades ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following trades involving drafted players were made on the day of the draft . </P> <Ul> <Li> Seattle acquired Wally Szczerbiak , Delonte West , the draft rights to 5th pick Jeff Green and a 2008 second - round draft pick from Boston in exchange for Ray Allen and the draft rights to 35th pick Glen Davis . </Li> <Li> Golden State acquired the draft rights to 8th pick Brandan Wright from Charlotte in exchange for Jason Richardson and the draft rights to 36th pick Jermareo Davidson . </Li> <Li> Philadelphia acquired the draft rights to 20th pick Jason Smith from Miami in exchange for the draft rights to 21st pick Daequan Cook , a 2009 second - round draft pick and cash considerations . </Li> <Li> Portland acquired James Jones and the draft rights to 24th pick Rudy Fernández from Phoenix in exchange for cash considerations . The trade was finalized on July 11 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Portland acquired the draft rights to 30th pick Petteri Koponen from Philadelphia in exchange for the draft rights to 42nd pick Derrick Byars and cash considerations . </Li> <Li> Houston acquired the draft rights to 31st pick Carl Landry from Seattle in exchange for a 2008 second - round draft pick and cash considerations . </Li> <Li> Utah acquired the draft rights to 38th pick Kyrylo Fesenko from Philadelphia in exchange for the draft rights to 55th pick Herbert Hill and future draft considerations . </Li> <Li> Indiana acquired the draft rights to 39th pick Stanko Barać from Miami in exchange for a 2009 second - round draft pick . </Li> <Li> Dallas acquired the draft rights to 44th pick Reyshawn Terry from Orlando in exchange for the draft rights to 60th pick Milovan Raković . </Li> <Li> New York acquired Zach Randolph , Dan Dickau , Fred Jones and the draft rights to 53rd pick Demetris Nichols from Portland in exchange for Steve Francis , Channing Frye and a 2008 second - round draft pick . </Li> <Li> Toronto acquired the draft rights to 58th pick Giorgos Printezis from San Antonio in exchange for a 2008 second - round draft pick . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pre-draft trades ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before the draft , the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of draft picks between the teams . </P> <Ul> <Li> On October 4 , 2005 , Chicago acquired an option to swap 2007 first - round draft picks , a 2006 first - round draft pick , 2007 and 2009 second - round draft picks , Tim Thomas , Michael Sweetney and Jermaine Jackson from New York in exchange for Eddy Curry and Antonio Davis . The options to swap 2007 first - round draft picks were exercised , hence Chicago acquired New York 's first - round draft pick and New York acquired Chicago 's first - round draft pick . Chicago used the 9th pick to draft Joakim Noah and New York used the 23rd pick to draft Wilson Chandler . </Li> <Li> On August 22 , 2006 , Atlanta acquired a 2007 first - round draft pick and cash considerations from Indiana in exchange for Al Harrington and John Edwards . Atlanta used the 11th pick to draft Acie Law . </Li> <Li> On February 15 , 2006 , Detroit acquired a 2007 first - round draft pick and Kelvin Cato from Orlando in exchange for Darko Miličić and Carlos Arroyo . Detroit used the 15th pick to draft Rodney Stuckey . </Li> <Li> On December 19 , 2006 , Philadelphia acquired Denver 's and Dallas ' 2007 first - round draft picks , Andre Miller and Joe Smith from Denver in exchange for Allen Iverson and Ivan McFarlin . Previously , Denver acquired Dallas ' 2007 first - round draft pick , Eduardo Nájera and Luis Flores on February 24 , 2005 from Golden State in exchange for Rodney White and Nikoloz Tskitishvili . Earlier , Golden State acquired two future first - round draft picks , Eduardo Nájera , Christian Laettner , the draft rights to Luis Flores and Mladen Šekularac and cash considerations on August 24 , 2004 from Dallas in exchange for Erick Dampier , Evan Eschmeyer , Dan Dickau and the draft rights to Steve Logan . Denver used the 21st and 30th picks to draft Daequan Cook and Petteri Koponen respectively . </Li> <Li> On June 23 , 2004 , Charlotte acquired Toronto 's 2007 first - round draft pick from Cleveland in exchange for Sasha Pavlović . Previously , Cleveland acquired a 2007 first - round draft pick and Michael Stewart on September 25 , 2002 from Toronto in exchange for Lamond Murray and a 2004 second round draft pick . Charlotte used the 22nd pick to draft Jared Dudley . </Li> <Li> On June 28 , 2006 , Phoenix acquired Cleveland 's 2007 first - round draft pick from Boston in exchange for Brian Grant , the draft rights to Rajon Rondo and cash considerations . Previously , Boston acquired a 2007 first - round draft pick on February 24 , 2005 from Cleveland in exchange for Jiří Welsch . Phoenix used the 24th pick to draft Rudy Fernández . </Li> <Li> On August 19 , 2005 , Phoenix acquired 2006 and future first - round draft picks and Boris Diaw from Atlanta in exchange for Joe Johnson . Atlanta 's 2007 first - round draft pick was top - three protected and hence the pick was not conveyed to Phoenix . Instead , Atlanta would convey their 2008 first - round draft pick to Phoenix . </Li> <Li> On June 28 , 2005 , Seattle acquired 2006 and 2007 second - round draft picks from Memphis in exchange for the draft rights to Lawrence Roberts . Seattle used the 31st pick to draft Carl Landry . </Li> <Li> On June 28 , 2006 , San Antonio acquired a 2007 second - round draft pick from Milwaukee in exchange for the draft rights to Damir Markota . San Antonio used the 33rd pick to draft Marcus Williams . </Li> <Li> On February 22 , 2007 , Dallas acquired a 2007 second - round draft pick from Atlanta in exchange for Anthony Johnson . Dallas used the 34th pick to draft Nick Fazekas . </Li> <Li> On February 21 , 2002 , Golden State acquired a 2007 second - round draft pick and Dean Garrett from Minnesota in exchange for Marc Jackson . Golden State used the 36th pick to draft Jermareo Davidson . </Li> <Li> On June 28 , 2006 , Philadelphia acquired New York 's 2007 second - round draft pick , the draft rights to Rodney Carney and cash considerations from Chicago in exchange for the draft rights to Thabo Sefolosha . Previously , Chicago acquired an option to swap 2007 first - round draft picks , a 2006 first - round draft pick , 2007 and 2009 second - round draft picks , Tim Thomas , Michael Sweetney and Jermaine Jackson on October 4 , 2005 from New York in exchange for Eddy Curry and Antonio Davis . Philadelphia used the 38th pick to draft Kyrylo Fesenko . </Li> <Li> On June 7 , 2007 , Miami acquired Sacramento 's 2007 and Miami 's 2008 second - round draft picks from Orlando as part of the hiring of Stan Van Gundy as Orlando 's head coach . Previously , Orlando acquired Sacramento 's second - round draft pick and DeShawn Stevenson on February 19 , 2004 from Utah in exchange for Gordan Giriček . Earlier , Utah acquired 2004 and 2007 second - round draft picks and Keon Clark on August 3 , 2003 from Sacramento in exchange for a 2004 second - round draft pick . Miami used the 39th pick to draft Stanko Barać . </Li> <Li> On October 26 , 2005 , the L.A. Lakers acquired a 2007 second - round draft pick from Charlotte in exchange for Jumaine Jones . The L.A. Lakers used the 40th pick to draft Sun Yue . </Li> <Li> On June 28 , 2006 , Minnesota acquired a 2007 second - round draft pick and cash considerations from Philadelphia in exchange for the draft rights to Bobby Jones . Minnesota used the 41st pick to draft Chris Richard . </Li> <Li> On June 28 , 2006 , Portland acquired 2007 and 2008 second - round draft picks and the draft rights to Alexander Johnson from Indiana in exchange for the draft rights to James White . Portland used the 42nd pick to draft Derrick Byars </Li> <Li> On February 14 , 2005 , Golden State acquired 2005 and 2007 second - round draft picks from New Jersey in exchange for Clifford Robinson . Golden State used the 46th pick to draft Stephane Lasme . </Li> <Li> On July 20 , 2006 , Chicago acquired Denver 's and Golden State 's 2007 second - round draft picks and Howard Eisley from Denver in exchange for J.R. Smith . Previously , Denver acquired Golden State 's 2007 second - round draft pick on June 28 , 2006 from Boston in exchange for the draft rights to Leon Powe . Beforehand , Boston acquired Golden State 's 2007 second - round draft pick on February 8 , 2005 from Phoenix in exchange for Walter McCarty and cash considerations . Earlier , Phoenix acquired 2007 and 2009 second - round draft picks on January 3 , 2005 from Golden State in exchange for Žarko Čabarkapa . Chicago used the 49th and 51st picks to draft Aaron Gray and JamesOn Curry . </Li> <Li> On June 28 , 2006 , Dallas acquired Miami 's 2007 second - round draft pick from the L.A. Lakers in exchange for the draft rights to J.R. Pinnock . Previously , the L.A. Lakers acquired a 2006 first - round draft pick , a 2007 second - round draft pick , Lamar Odom , Caron Butler and Brian Grant on July 14 , 2004 from Miami in exchange for Shaquille O'Neal . Dallas used the 50th pick to draft Renaldas Seibutis . </Li> <Li> On October 10 , 1997 , Portland acquired a 2007 second - round draft pick from Toronto in a three - team trade with Toronto and New York . Portland used the 52nd pick to draft Taurean Green . </Li> <Li> On June 28 , 2006 , Portland acquired a 2007 second - round draft pick and the draft rights to LaMarcus Aldridge from Chicago in exchange for the draft rights to Tyrus Thomas and Viktor Khryapa . Portland used the 53rd pick to draft Demetris Nichols . </Li> <Li> Hours before the start of the draft , Houston acquired the 54th pick from Orlando in exchange for cash considerations . Previously , Orlando acquired 2005 and 2007 second - round draft picks and Tony Battie on July 23 , 2004 from Cleveland in exchange for Drew Gooden , Steven Hunter and Anderson Varejão . Houston used the 54th pick to draft Brad Newley . </Li> <Li> On February 24 , 2005 , Milwaukee acquired 2006 and 2007 second - round draft picks and Reece Gaines from Houston in exchange for Mike James and Zendon Hamilton . Milwaukee used the 56th pick to draft Ramon Sessions . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> General </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` 2007 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> `` 2007 NBA Draft Board '' . NBA . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Specific </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2007 NBA Draft Draws Increased Global Interest '' . NBA . June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers take ex-Ohio State star Oden with top choice '' . ESPN . June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oden 's recovery from surgery likely in range of 6 -- 12 months '' . ESPN . September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Oden to Blazers , Oden to Sonics '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. Inc . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Named T - Mobile Rookie of the Year '' . NBA . May 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Michael ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` A Case of Natural Selection '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawlor , Christopher ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Notes : No. 3 pick Horford eager to help Hawks '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. Inc . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sonics ' Allen traded to Celts for Wally , West & Green '' . ESPN . June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Randolph heading to Knicks , Francis shipped to Blazers in draft - day trade '' . ESPN . June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NBA draft - day trade overview '' . ESPN . June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( June 28 , 2007 ) . `` Florida trio tapped in top 10 ; Celts land Ray Allen '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. Inc . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Carey , Jack ( June 28 , 2007 ) . `` First round awaits Gators after second collegiate title '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. Inc . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA Draft Superlatives '' . CBS College Sports . CSTV Networks , Inc . June 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portland Selects Oden With Top Pick '' . Channel3000.com . Internet Broadcasting Systems , Inc . June 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Freshmen could produce record number in the ' 08 draft '' . ESPN . June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Final Early Entry Candidates for 2007 NBA Draft '' . NBA . June 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2009 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rudy Fernandez Draft 2007 Profile '' . NBA . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tiago Splitter Draft 2007 Profile '' . NBA . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Petteri Koponen Stats - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. April 13 , 1988 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stanko Barac Stats - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . August 8 , 1986 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yue Sun Draft 2007 Profile '' . NBA . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adam Haluska Stats - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . November 16 , 1983 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reyshawn Terry Stats - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. April 7 , 1984 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jared Jordan Stats - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . October 14 , 1984 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Marc Gasol Draft 2007 Profile '' . NBA . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Renaldas Seibutis Stats - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . July 23 , 1985 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Renaldas Seibutis Draft 2007 Profile '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brad Newley Stats - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . February 18 , 1985 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brad Newley Draft 2007 Profile '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Herbert Hill Stats - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . October 1 , 1984 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sammy Mejia Stats - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . February 7 , 1983 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Giorgos Printezis Stats - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . February 22 , 1985 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Giorgos Printezis Draft 2007 Profile '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/historical/search/index.jsp?kw=Milovan%20Rakovic#results </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Milovan Rakovic Draft 2007 Profile '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Noah cleared to play for France '' . FIBA . FIBA . August 10 , 2007 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pau Show as Spain Down France '' . FIBA Europe . FIBA . August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Two Americans will play for Georgia Basketball national team '' . Department of Sport and Youth Affairs of Georgia . June 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement : Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( i ) '' . NBPA.com . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement : Article X , Section 1 ( c ) '' . NBPA.com . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement : Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) '' . NBPA.com . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement : Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) ( G ) ( 1 ) '' . NBPA.com . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement : Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) ( F ) '' . NBPA.com . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement : Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) ( G ) ( 3 ) '' . NBPA.com . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement : Article X , Section 8 ( c ) '' . NBPA.com . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ties Broken for NBA Draft 2007 Order of Selection '' . NBA . April 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Blazers Win Draft Lottery '' . NBA . May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Win NBA Draft Lottery , Followed by Sonics , Hawks '' . Bloomberg L.P . Bloomberg L.P. May 23 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blazers get No. 1 pick ; Celtics , Grizzlies slip down '' . ESPN . May 23 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canavan , Tom ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Trail Blazers ' lottery win angers West '' . USA Today . Gannett Co , Inc . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inside The Numbers : 2007 Draft Lottery Demystified '' . NBA . April 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2007 . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Results of 2007 NBA Draft Lottery '' . NBA . May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA Draft Lottery -- Probabilities for the 2007 Draft Lottery '' ( PDF ) . NBA . April 24 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Wheelin ' and Dealin ' '' . NBA . June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sonics Acquire Green , Szczerbiak and West in Trade With Boston '' . NBA . June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bobcats Acquire Richardson , Rights To Davidson From Warriors '' . NBA . June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sixers Acquire Thaddeus Young , Jason Smith , Derrick Byars and Herbert Hill in 2007 NBA Draft '' . NBA . June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Acquire James Jones and Draft Rights to Rudy Fernandez , Waive Steve Francis '' . NBA . July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pacers Make Trade for 2nd - Round Pick Barać '' . NBA . June 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Magic Obtain Draft Rights to Milovan Rakovic From Dallas '' . NBA . June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Knicks Acquire Randolph , Dickau and Jones '' . NBA . June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Raptors Acquire Draft Rights to Giorgos Printezis '' . NBA . June 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bulls Re-Sign Curry , Complete Sign - and - Trade with Knicks '' . NBA.com/Bulls . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 4 , 2005 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawks Acquire 2007 First - Round Draft Pick from Indiana '' . NBA . August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pistons Acquire Future First round Draft Choice and Center Kelvin Cato From the Orlando Magic in Exchange for Darko Milicic and Carlos Arroyo '' . NBA . February 15 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 76ers Trade Allen Iverson to Denver Nuggets for Andre Miller , Joe Smith , and Two First round Draft Picks '' . NBA . December 19 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Warriors Acquire Rodney White and Nikoloz Tskitishvili from Denver '' . NBA . February 24 , 2005 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Warriors And Dallas Consummate Eight - Player Trade '' . NBA . August 24 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bobcats Acquire Draft Picks in Two Trades '' . NBA . June 23 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Raptors Acquire Lamond Murray '' . NBA . September 25 , 2002 . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Celtics Acquire Draft Rights to Rajon Rondo and Brian Grant '' . NBA . June 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2009 . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Acquire Jiri Welsch from Celtics '' . NBA . February 24 , 2005 . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Johnson Trade to Atlanta Completed '' . NBA . August 19 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies Acquire Draft Rights to Lawrence Roberts from Seattle for Two Future Second round Picks and Cash Considerations '' . NBA . June 28 , 2005 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bucks Acquire Damir Markota in Draft Night Trade '' . NBA . June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawks Acquire Anthony Johnson '' . NBA . February 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Warriors Acquire Dean Garrett and Future Draft Choice From Minnesota '' . NBA . February 21 , 2002 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 76ers Acquire Rodney Carney from Chicago in a Draft - Night Trade '' . NBA . June 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Magic close book on Donovan by hiring Van Gundy '' . ESPN . June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Magic Acquire DeShawn Stevenson from Utah '' . NBA . February 19 , 2004 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jazz Acquire Clark '' . NBA . August 5 , 2003 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bobcats Acquire Jumaine Jones '' . NBA . October 26 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2009 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Trail Blazers Land Brandon Roy and LaMarcus Aldridge '' . NBA . June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Warriors Trade Clifford Robinson To New Jersey Nets '' . NBA . February 14 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nuggets Acquire J.R. Smith from Bulls '' . NBA . July 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Celtics Acquire Draft Rights to Leon Powe '' . NBA . June 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Suns Acquire McCarty from Celtics '' . NBA . February 8 , 2005 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Suns Trade Zarko Cabarkapa to Golden State '' . NBA . January 3 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lakers Sign J.R. Pinnock '' . NBA . September 6 , 2006 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lakers Acquire Odom , Butler , Grant and a Future First rounder for Shaq : '' . NBA . July 14 , 2004 . Retrieved May 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( October 11 , 1997 ) . `` Pro Basketball ; Wrangling Is Over : Dudley 's A Knick '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Acquire Gooden , Hunter , and Varejao from Orlando '' . NBA . July 23 , 2004 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets Acquire James and Hamilton '' . NBA . February 24 , 2005 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` NBA.com : Draft 2007 '' . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 23 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> 2007 NBA Draft -- ESPN </Li> <Li> 2007 NBA Draft -- Basketball-Reference.com </Li> <Li> 2007 NBA Draft Class : Grades & Analysis </Li> <Li> 2007 NBA Draft History </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NBA drafts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Draft lottery </Li> <Li> Draft Combine </Li> <Li> Eligibility </Li> <Li> Territorial picks </Li> <Li> First overall picks </Li> <Li> High school draftees </Li> <Li> Undrafted players </Li> <Li> Supreme Court case </Li> <Li> WNBA draft </Li> <Li> 1976 ABA Dispersal Draft </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> 1949 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 2019 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Expansion drafts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> 1961 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 1966 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 1967 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 1968 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 1970 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 1980 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 1988 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 1989 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 1995 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2007 -- 08 NBA season by team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2007 NBA draft </Li> <Li> All - Star Game </Li> <Li> Playoffs </Li> <Li> Finals </Li> <Li> Transactions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Atlantic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> Philadelphia </Li> <Li> Toronto </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago </Li> <Li> Cleveland </Li> <Li> Detroit </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Milwaukee </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta </Li> <Li> Charlotte </Li> <Li> Miami </Li> <Li> Orlando </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Northwest </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Denver </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Portland </Li> <Li> Seattle </Li> <Li> Utah </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pacific </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Golden State </Li> <Li> L.A. Clippers </Li> <Li> L.A. Lakers </Li> <Li> Phoenix </Li> <Li> Sacramento </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southwest </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dallas </Li> <Li> Houston </Li> <Li> Memphis </Li> <Li> New Orleans </Li> <Li> San Antonio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NBA on ABC </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related programs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NBA Countdown </Li> <Li> NBA Access with Ahmad Rashad </Li> <Li> NBA Inside Stuff </Li> <Li> NBA Saturday Primetime </Li> <Li> NBA Sunday Showcase </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> NBA on ESPN </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Radio </Li> <Li> NBA Wednesday </Li> <Li> NBA Friday </Li> <Li> WNBA on ESPN </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NBA Drafts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-NBA programs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ESPN College Basketball on ABC </Li> <Li> Olympics on ABC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ratings ( NBA Finals ) </Li> <Li> Game history </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key figures </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All - 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7 ) </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ABC Radio 's coverage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> WNBA Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2003 ( Game 2 on ABC ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 ( Game 3 on ABC ) </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> 2010 ( Game 1 on ABC ) </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 ( Game 1 on ABC ) </Li> <Li> 2015 ( Game 1 on ABC ) </Li> <Li> 2016 ( Game 1 on ABC ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - Star Game </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ABC Radio 's coverage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Let 's Get It Started '' ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> `` ABC '' ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> `` Lose My Breath '' ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> `` This Is How a Heart Breaks '' ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> `` Runnin ' Down a Dream '' ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> `` Right Now '' ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> `` It Ends Tonight '' ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> `` Nine Lives '' ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> `` Get On Your Boots '' ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> `` Rip This Joint '' ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> `` Oh Santa ! 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Public relations - Wikipedia <H1> Public relations </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the rock band , see Public Relations ( band ) . For other uses , see PR ( disambiguation ) . `` Public information '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Public sector information . <P> Public relations ( PR ) is the practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization ( such as a business , government agency , or a nonprofit organization ) and the public . Public relations may include an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment . This differentiates it from advertising as a form of marketing communications . Public relations is the idea of creating coverage for clients for free , rather than marketing or advertising . An example of good public relations would be generating an article featuring a client , rather than paying for the client to be advertised next to the article . The aim of public relations is to inform the public , prospective customers , investors , partners , employees , and other stakeholders and ultimately persuade them to maintain a positive or favorable view about the organization , its leadership , products , or political decisions . Public relations professionals typically work for PR and marketing firms , businesses and companies , government , and public officials as PIOs and nongovernmental organizations , and nonprofit organizations . Jobs central to public relations include account coordinator , account executive , account supervisor , and media relations manager . Public relation is an action of convincing people . The PR person talks with others that make them think about the things the person wants them to think , and the people regard the person as their believes . Public relations helps people to build up the connection to media and society that they can talk steadily . </P> <P> Public relations specialists establish and maintain relationships with an organization 's target audience , the media , relevant trade media , and other opinion leaders . Common responsibilities include designing communications campaigns , writing news releases and other content for news , working with the press , arranging interviews for company spokespeople , writing speeches for company leaders , acting as an organization 's spokesperson , preparing clients for press conferences , media interviews and speeches , writing website and social media content , managing company reputation ( crisis management ) , managing internal communications , and marketing activities like brand awareness and event management Success in the field of public relations requires a deep understanding of the interests and concerns of each of the company 's many stakeholders . The public relations professional must know how to effectively address those concerns using the most powerful tool of the public relations trade , which is publicity . </P> <P> Public relations and journalism have similarities in the work they do , yet these two fields do n't necessarily have the greatest relationship , being described as `` adversaries '' at times . </P> <P> PR is able to divide to many types , for example the product public relations , financial public relations , corporate public relations , employee public relations and government public relations . Product PR is managing the release of new products into the market . Financial PR is to build up a relation to shareholders and customers . Corporate PR helps communicate the core conception of the companies for customers . Employee PR focus on the employments and HR . Government PR is to help set up a correct attitude towards the political perspectives . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Definition </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Salaries and growth </Li> <Li> 4 Tactics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Audience targeting </Li> <Li> 4.2 Messaging </Li> <Li> 4.3 Social media marketing </Li> <Li> 4.4 Other techniques </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Ethics <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Spin </Li> <Li> 5.2 Negative </Li> <Li> 5.3 Politics and civil society </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Definition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ivy Lee , the man who turned around the Rockefeller name and image , and his friend , Edward Louis Bernays , established the first definition of public relations in the early 1900s as follows : `` a management function , which tabulates public attitudes , defines the policies , procedures and interests of an organization ... followed by executing a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance . '' However , when Lee was later asked about his role in a hearing with the United Transit Commission , he said `` I have never been able to find a satisfactory phrase to describe what I do . '' In 1948 , historian Eric Goldman noted that the definition of public relations in Webster 's would be `` disputed by both practitioners and critics in the field . '' </P> <P> According to Bernays , the public relations counsel is the agent working with both modern media of communications and group formations of society in order to provide ideas to the public 's consciousness . Furthermore , he is also concerned with ideologies and courses of actions as well as material goods and services and public utilities and industrial associations and large trade groups for which it secures popular support . </P> <P> In August 1978 , the World Assembly of Public Relations Associations defined the field as </P> <P> `` the art and social science of analyzing trends , predicting their consequences , counseling organizational leaders and implementing planned programs of action , which will serve both the organization and the public interest . '' </P> <P> Public Relations Society of America , a professional trade association , defined public relations in 1982 as : </P> <P> `` Public relations helps an organization and its publics adapt mutually to each other . '' </P> <P> In 2011 and 2012 , the PRSA solicited crowd supplied definitions for the term and allowed the public to vote on one of three finalists . The winning definition stated that : </P> <P> `` Public relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics . '' </P> <P> Public relations can also be defined as the practice of managing communication between an organization and its publics . </P> <P> Public relation is to speak out its advocacy in public , and it builds up a talking platform to achieve its goals and protect the interests of people . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of public relations <P> Public relations is not a phenomenon of the twentieth century , but rather has historical roots . Most textbooks consider the establishment of the Publicity Bureau in 1900 to be the founding of the public relations profession . However , academics have found early forms of public influence and communications management in ancient civilizations , during the settling of the New World and during the movement to abolish slavery in England . Basil Clark is considered the founder of public relations in the United Kingdom for his establishment of Editorial Services in 1924 . </P> <P> Propaganda was used by the United States , the United Kingdom , Germany , and others to rally for domestic support and demonize enemies during the World Wars , which led to more sophisticated commercial publicity efforts as public relations talent entered the private sector . Most historians believe public relations became established first in the US by Ivy Lee or Edward Bernays , then spread internationally . Many American companies with PR departments spread the practice to Europe when they created European subsidiaries as a result of the Marshall plan . </P> <P> The second half of the 1900s is considered the professional development building era of public relations . Trade associations , PR news magazines , international PR agencies , and academic principles for the profession were established . In the early 2000s , press release services began offering social media press releases . The Cluetrain Manifesto , which predicted the effect of social media in 1999 , was controversial in its time , but by 2006 , the effect of social media and new internet technologies became broadly accepted . </P> <H2> Salaries and growth ( edit ) </H2> <P> There is a study by the Institute of Public Relations said that there were more than 48,000 people who took part in public relations in Britain , and 155,000 people blended into public relations in the United States . </P> <P> The U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that in 2014 , the median annual salary for public relations practitioners was $55,680 . The top ten percent in the field made around $105,720 and the bottom ten percent made around $31,190 . </P> <P> For public relations managers , however , the median annual wage in 2011 was $93,310 . Workers in the 90th percentile earned around $176,400 , and workers in the 10th percentile earned $50,360 , according to the U.S. Department of Labor . </P> <P> The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics also projects an employment growth of 12 percent between 2012 and 2022 for the profession , where an additional 27,400 jobs will need to be filled . The public relations profession has claimed the No. 75 spot on the 2014 U.S. News & World Report list of Best Jobs because of its promising direction . </P> <P> In the United States , public relations professionals earn an average annual salary of $49,800 which compares with £ 40,000 ( $68,880 ) for a practitioner with a similar job in the UK . Top earners make around $89,220 annually , while entry - level public relations specialists earn around $28,080 . Corporate , or in - house communications is generally more profitable , and communications executives can earn salaries in the mid six - figures , though this only applies to a fraction of the sector 's workforce . </P> <P> According to the 2015 PRWeek / Bloom , Gross & Associates Salary Survey , the median salary at PR firms was $90,000 , a 5.9 % increase from $85,000 in the 2014 survey . </P> <P> In 2016 , the average salary was estimated to be $130,000 for in - house PR professionals , $84,500 for agency professionals and $68,000 for nonprofit PR pros . </P> <P> The role of public relations professionals is changing because of the shift from traditional to online media . Many PR professionals are finding it necessary to learn new skills and to understand how social media can affect a brand 's reputation . </P> <H2> Tactics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Public relations professionals present the face of an organization or individual , usually to articulate its objectives and official views on issues of relevance , primarily to the media . Public relations contributes to the way an organization is perceived by influencing the media and maintaining relationships with stakeholders . According to Dr. Jacquie L'Etang from Queen Margaret University , public relations professionals can be viewed as `` discourse workers specializing in communication and the presentation of argument and employing rhetorical strategies to achieve managerial aims . '' </P> <P> Specific public relations disciplines include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Financial public relations -- communicating financial results and business strategy </Li> <Li> Consumer / lifestyle public relations -- gaining publicity for a particular product or service </Li> <Li> Crisis communication -- responding in a crisis </Li> <Li> Internal communications -- communicating within the company itself </Li> <Li> Government relations -- engaging government departments to influence public policy </Li> <Li> Media relations -- a public relations function that involves building and maintaining close relationships with the news media so that they can sell and promote a business . </Li> <Li> Celebrity public relations − promotion of a celebrity to various media publications and outlets </Li> <Li> Food - centric relations -- communicating specific information centered on foods , beverages and wine . </Li> </Ul> <P> Building and managing relationships with those who influence an organization or individual 's audiences has a central role in doing public relations . After a public relations practitioner has been working in the field , they accumulate a list of relationships that become an asset , especially for those in media relations . </P> <P> Within each discipline , typical activities include publicity events , speaking opportunities , press releases , newsletters , blogs , social media , press kits , and outbound communication to members of the press . Video and audio news releases ( VNRs and ANRs ) are often produced and distributed to TV outlets in hopes they will be used as regular program content . </P> <H3> Audience targeting ( edit ) </H3> <P> A fundamental technique used in public relations is to identify the target audience and to tailor messages to be relevant to each audience . Sometimes the interests of differing audiences and stakeholders common to a public relations effort necessitate the creation of several distinct but complementary messages . These messages however should be relevant to each other , thus creating a consistency to the overall message and theme . Audience targeting tactics are important for public relations practitioners because they face all kinds of problems : low visibility , lack of public understanding , opposition from critics , and insufficient support from funding sources . </P> <P> On the other hand , stakeholder theory identifies people who have a stake in a given institution or issue . All audiences are stakeholders ( or presumptive stakeholders ) , but not all stakeholders are audiences . For example , if a charity commissions a public relations agency to create an advertising campaign to raise money to find a cure for a disease , the charity and the people with the disease are stakeholders , but the audience is anyone who is likely to donate money . Public relations experts possess deep skills in media relations , market positioning , and branding . They are powerful agents that help clients deliver clear , unambiguous information to a target audience that matters to them . </P> <H3> Messaging ( edit ) </H3> <P> Messaging is the process of creating a consistent story around : a product , person , company , or service . Messaging aims to avoid having readers receive contradictory or confusing information that will in still doubt in their purchasing choices , or other decisions that affect the company . Brands aim to have the same problem statement , industry viewpoint , or brand perception shared across sources and media . </P> <H3> Social media marketing ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Digital marketing <P> Digital marketing is the use of Internet tools and technologies such as search engines , Web 2.0 social bookmarking , new media relations , blogging , and social media marketing . Interactive PR allows companies and organizations to disseminate information without relying solely on mainstream publications and communicate directly with the public , customers and prospects . </P> <P> PR practitioners have always relied on the media such as TV , radio , and magazines , to promote their ideas and messages tailored specifically to a target audience . Social media marketing is not only a new way to achieve that goal , it is also a continuation of a strategy that existed for decades . Lister et al. said that `` Digital media can be seen as a continuation and extension of a principal or technique that was already in place '' . </P> <P> PR professionals are well aware of the fact that digital technology is used in a practically different way than before . For instance , cellphones are no longer just devices we use to talk to one another . They are also used for online shopping , dating , learning and getting the most up to date news around the world . </P> <P> As digital technology has evolved , the methods to measure effective online public relations effectiveness have improved . The Public Relations Society of America , which has been developing PR strategies since 1947 , identified 5 steps to measure online public relations effectiveness . </P> <Ol> <Li> Engagement : Measure the number of people who engaged with an item ( social shares , likes and comments ) . </Li> <Li> Impressions : Measure the number of people who may have viewed an item . </Li> <Li> Items : Measure any content ( blog posts , articles , etc . ) that originally appeared as digital media . </Li> <Li> Mentions : Measure how many online items mention the brand , organization , or product . </Li> <Li> Reach : Measure how far the PR campaign managed to penetrate overall and in terms of a particular audience . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Other techniques ( edit ) </H3> <P> Litigation public relations is the management of the communication process during the course of any legal dispute or adjudicatory processing so as to affect the outcome or its effect on the client 's overall reputation ( Haggerty , 2003 ) . </P> <H2> Ethics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Public relations professionals both serve the public 's interest and private interests of businesses , associations , non-profit organizations , and governments . This dual obligation gave rise to heated debates among scholars of the discipline and practitioners over its fundamental values . This conflict represents the main ethical predicament of public relations . In 2000 , the Public Relations Society of America ( PRSA ) responded to the controversy by acknowledging in its new code of ethics `` advocacy '' -- for the first time -- as a core value of the discipline . </P> <P> The field of public relations is generally highly un-regulated , but many professionals voluntarily adhere to the code of conduct of one or more professional bodies to avoid exposure for ethical violations . The Chartered Institute of Public Relations , the Public Relations Society of America , and The Institute of Public Relations are a few organizations that publish an ethical code . Still , Edelman 's 2003 semi-annual trust survey found that only 20 percent of survey respondents from the public believed paid communicators within a company were credible . Public relations people are growing increasingly concerned with their company 's marketing practices , questioning whether they agree with the company 's social responsibility . They seek more influence over marketing and more of a counseling and policy - making role . On the other hand , marketing people are increasingly interested in incorporating publicity as a tool within the realm marketing . </P> <P> According to Scott Cutlip , the social justification for public relations is the right for an organization to have a fair hearing of their point of view in the public forum , but to obtain such a hearing for their ideas requires a skilled advocate . </P> <H3> Spin ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Spin ( public relations ) <P> Spin has been interpreted historically to mean overt deceit that is meant to manipulate the public , but since the 1990s has shifted to describing a `` polishing of the truth . '' Today , spin refers to providing a certain interpretation of information meant to sway public opinion . Companies may use spin to create the appearance of the company or other events are going in a slightly different direction than they actually are . Within the field of public relations , spin is seen as a derogatory term , interpreted by professionals as meaning blatant deceit and manipulation . Skilled practitioners of spin are sometimes called `` spin doctors . '' </P> <P> In Stuart Ewen 's PR ! A Social History of Spin , he argues that public relations can be a real menace to democracy as it renders the public discourse powerless . Corporations are able to hire public relations professionals and transmit their messages through the media channels and exercise a huge amount of influence upon the individual who is defenseless against such a powerful force . He claims that public relations is a weapon for capitalist deception and the best way to resist is to become media literate and use critical thinking when interpreting the various mediated messages . </P> <P> The techniques of spin include selectively presenting facts and quotes that support ideal positions ( cherry picking ) , the so - called `` non-denial denial , '' phrasing that in a way presumes unproven truths , euphemisms for drawing attention away from items considered distasteful , and ambiguity in public statements . Another spin technique involves careful choice of timing in the release of certain news so it can take advantage of prominent events in the news . </P> <H3> Negative ( edit ) </H3> See also : Negative campaigning <P> Negative public relations , also called dark public relations ( DPR ) and in some earlier writing `` Black PR '' , is a process of destroying the target 's reputation and / or corporate identity . The objective in DPR is to discredit someone else , who may pose a threat to the client 's business or be a political rival . DPR may rely on IT security , industrial espionage , social engineering , and competitive intelligence . Common techniques include using dirty secrets from the target , producing misleading facts to fool a competitor . In politics , a decision to use negative PR is also known as negative campaigning . Public relations are frequently just recycled information used by a plethora of sources , thus giving way to minimal perspectives regarding events . </P> <H3> Politics and civil Society ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Propaganda ( 1928 ) , Bernays argued that the manipulation of public opinion was a necessary part of democracy . In public relations , lobby groups are created to influence government policy , corporate policy or public opinion , typically in a way that benefits the sponsoring organization . </P> <P> In fact , Bernays stresses that we are in fact dominated in almost every aspect of our lives , by a relatively small number of persons who have mastered the ' mental processes and social patterns of the masses , ' which include our behavior , political and economic spheres or our morals . In theory , each individual chooses his own opinion on behavior and public issues . However , in practice , it is impossible for one to study all variables and approaches of a particular question and come to a conclusion without any external influence . This is the reason why the society has agreed upon an ' invisible government ' to interpret on our behalf information and narrow the choice field to a more practical scale . </P> <P> When a lobby group hides its true purpose and support base , it is known as a front group . Front groups are a form of astroturfing , because they intend to sway the public or the government without disclosing their financial connection to corporate or political interests . They create a fake grass - roots movement by giving the appearance of a trusted organization that serves the public , when they actually serve their sponsors . </P> <P> Politicians also employ public relations professionals to help project their views , policies , and even personalities to their best advantages . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Brand management </Li> <Li> Grassroots </Li> <Li> Impression management </Li> <Li> List of press release agencies </Li> <Li> List of public relations journals </Li> <Li> Media intelligence </Li> <Li> Media manipulation </Li> <Li> Promotion ( marketing ) </Li> <Li> Propaganda </Li> <Li> Public relations in India </Li> <Li> Publicist </Li> <Li> Reputation management </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Grunig , James E ; Hunt , Todd ( 1984 ) , Managing Public Relations ( 6th ed . ) , Orlando , FL : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seitel , Fraser P. ( 2007 ) , The Practice of Public Relations . ( 10th ed . ) , Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What You Need to Get a Job in Public Relations After College - AfterCollege '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Career Overview : Public Relations - Wetfeet.com '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wynne , Robert . `` Five Things Everyone Should Know About Public Relations '' . Forbes . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Public Relations '' . www.ipr.org.uk . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rubel , Gina F. ( 2007 ) , Everyday Public Relations for Lawyers ( 1st ed . ) , Doylestown , PA , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9801719 - 0 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roos , Dave . `` What Is Public Relations ? '' HowStuffWorks . N.p. , 5 Apr. 2008 . Web . 25 Nov. 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SHOEMAKER , P.J. `` Public Relations Versus Journalism : Comments on Turow '' . American Behavioral Scientist. 33 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 215 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002764289033002017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Linton , Ian . `` Examples of Public Relations Campaigns '' . azcentral . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Breakenridge , Deirdre ( 2008 - 03 - 26 ) . PR 2.0 : New Media , New Tools , New Audiences . FT Press . ISBN 9780132703970 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( 1948 ) . Two - Way Street . Bellman Publishing Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward Bernays , `` The New Propagandists , '' in Propaganda , ( New York : H. Liverlight , 1928 ) , 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen Zhao . Encyclopedia of Business , 2nd . Ed . Retrieved from findarticles.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Special Events : The Roots and Wings of Celebration . 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( 2009 ) . Grown up digital : How the net generation is changing your world . New York : McGraw hill . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yann , Arthur . `` PR Measurement Standardization : Moving Toward Industry Agreement : PRSA '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kathy Fitzpatrick and Carolyn Bronstein , `` Introduction : Towards a Definitional Framework for Responsible Advocacy , '' in Ethics in Public Relations , Responsible Advocacy , ed . Kathy Fitzpatrick and Carolyn Bronstein ( USA : Sage Publications , Inc. 2006 ) , ix . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marshall , Tim ( 2002 ) . `` Ethics -- Who needs them ? '' . Journal of Communication Management . 7 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 112 . ISSN 1363 - 254X . doi : 10.1108 / 13632540310807313 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Natasha Tobin , ( 2005 ) , `` Can the professionalisation of the UK public relations industry make it more trustworthy ? '' , Journal of Communication Management , Vol. 9 Iss : 1 pp. 56 -- 64 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kermani , Faiz and Alan Needham . Marketing and Public Relations . Marlow : Institute of Clinical Research , 2006 . N. pag . Print . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cutlip , Scott ( 1994 ) , The Unseen Power : Public Relations : A History , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , ISBN 0 - 8058 - 1464 - 7 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Safire , William ( 1996 ) The Spinner Spun </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` spin '' -- via The Free Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spin Doctor a Derogatory Term That Needs to Go , Dilenschneider Says . Don Hale PR . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dear Gracie : Is ' Flack ' a Four - Letter Word ? Beyond PR . Blog.prnewswire.com ( 2012 - 02 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Timothy Coombs and Sherry J. Holladay , `` Does Society Need Public Relations ? Criticisms of Public Relations '' in It 's Not Just PR : Public Relations in Society , ( Blackwell Publishing Ltd , 2007 ) , 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wattenberg , Martin P. ( 22 Aug. 1996 ) . Negative Campaign Advertising : Demobilizer or Mobilizer . eScholarship Repository . UC Irvine , Department of Politics and Society . Retrieved on 29 January 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bike , William S. ( 28 March 2004 ) . Campaign Guide : Negative Campaigning . CompleteCampaigns.com . City : San Diego . Retrieved on 3 August 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saletan , William ( 25 November 1999 ) . `` Three Cheers for Negative Campaigning '' . Slate . Washington . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Does Attack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate ? Stephen Ansolabehere , Shanto Iyengar , Adam Simon , Nicholas Valentino , 1994 , American Political Science Review , 88 : 829 -- 838 ; Winning , But Losing , Ansolabehere and Iyenger , 1996 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Advantages & Disadvantages of A PR Electoral System UK Engage '' . www.uk-engage.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward Bernays Propaganda ( 1928 ) p. 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward Bernays , `` Organizing Chaos , '' in Propaganda , ( New York : H. Liverlight , 1928 ) , 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward Bernays , `` Organizing Chaos , '' in Propaganda , ( New York : H. Liverlight , 1928 ) , 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Peter Viggo Jakobsen , Focus on the CNN Effect Misses the Point : The Real Media Impact on Conflict Management is Invisible and Indirect , Journal of Peace Research , vol. 37 , no. 2 . Institute of Political Science , University of Copenhagen ( 2000 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oakes , Laurie ( 2010 ) , On the Record : Politics , Politicians and Power , Hachette Australia , p. 191 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7336 - 2700 - 2 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Public relations </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Public relations . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> A History of Public Relations ( PDF ) , The Institute for Public Relations , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 June 2010 </Li> <Li> Breakenridge , D. ( 2012 ) , Social media and public relations : Eight new practices for the pr professional , New jersey : FT Press </Li> <Li> Cutlip , Scott ( 1994 ) , The Unseen Power : Public Relations : A History , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , ISBN 0 - 8058 - 1464 - 7 </Li> <Li> Cutlip , Scott ( 1995 ) , Public Relations History : from the 17th to the 20th Century , Lawrence Earlbaum Associates , ISBN 0 - 8058 - 1780 - 8 </Li> <Li> Heitmueller , Lars M. ( 2012 ) , Corporate Communication Map : Outline of an interactive Overview of the fundamental Models and Theories of Public Relations </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Communication studies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics and terminology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biocommunication </Li> <Li> Broadcasting </Li> <Li> Communication </Li> <Li> Computer - mediated communication </Li> <Li> Conversation </Li> <Li> History of communication </Li> <Li> Information </Li> <Li> Intercultural / Interpersonal / Intrapersonal communication </Li> <Li> Journalism </Li> <Li> Mass media </Li> <Li> Meaning </Li> <Li> Media ecology </Li> <Li> Meta - communication </Li> <Li> Models of communication </Li> <Li> New media </Li> <Li> Nonverbal communication </Li> <Li> Propaganda </Li> <Li> Reading </Li> <Li> Speech </Li> <Li> Symbol </Li> <Li> Telecommunication </Li> <Li> Text and conversation theory </Li> <Li> Writing </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subfields </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Communication design </Li> <Li> Communication theory </Li> <Li> Communicology </Li> <Li> Crisis communication </Li> <Li> Cross-cultural communication </Li> <Li> Development communication </Li> <Li> Discourse analysis </Li> <Li> Environmental communication </Li> <Li> Health communication </Li> <Li> International communication </Li> <Li> Mass communication </Li> <Li> Media studies </Li> <Li> Mediated cross-border communication </Li> <Li> Organizational communication </Li> <Li> Political communication </Li> <Li> Risk communication </Li> <Li> Science communication </Li> <Li> Technical communication </Li> <Li> Visual communication </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related fields </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conversation analysis </Li> <Li> Critical theory </Li> <Li> Cultural studies </Li> <Li> Digital rhetoric </Li> <Li> Film criticism </Li> <Li> Heritage interpretation </Li> <Li> Journalism <Ul> <Li> photojournalism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Linguistics </Li> <Li> Philosophy of language </Li> <Li> Political science </Li> <Li> Pragmatics </Li> <Li> Public relations </Li> <Li> Rhetoric </Li> <Li> Semiotics </Li> <Li> Sociolinguistics </Li> <Li> Sociology of culture </Li> <Li> Theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scholars </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adorno </Li> <Li> Barthes </Li> <Li> Bateson </Li> <Li> Benjamin </Li> <Li> Burke </Li> <Li> Castells </Li> <Li> Chomsky </Li> <Li> Craig </Li> <Li> Fisher </Li> <Li> Flusser </Li> <Li> Gerbner </Li> <Li> Goffman </Li> <Li> Habermas </Li> <Li> Horkheimer </Li> <Li> Huxley </Li> <Li> Innis </Li> <Li> Jakobson </Li> <Li> Janis </Li> <Li> Johnson </Li> <Li> Kincaid </Li> <Li> Lippman </Li> <Li> Luhmann </Li> <Li> Marcuse </Li> <Li> McLuhan </Li> <Li> Mead </Li> <Li> Morgan </Li> <Li> Ong </Li> <Li> Packard </Li> <Li> Peirce </Li> <Li> Postman </Li> <Li> Quebral </Li> <Li> Richards </Li> <Li> Rogers </Li> <Li> Schramm </Li> <Li> Tankard </Li> <Li> Tannen </Li> <Li> Wertheimer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Journals </Li> <Li> Organizations </Li> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> Scholars </Li> <Li> Templates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Media culture </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mass media </Li> <Li> Mainstream media </Li> <Li> 24 - hour news cycle </Li> <Li> Corporate media </Li> <Li> News broadcasting </Li> <Li> News media </Li> <Li> Film </Li> <Li> Internet </Li> <Li> Radio </Li> <Li> Television </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ideology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mainstream </Li> <Li> Advanced capitalism </Li> <Li> American Dream </Li> <Li> Bipartisanship </Li> <Li> Consumerism </Li> <Li> Pensée unique </Li> <Li> Pop music </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deception </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Forms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Advertising </Li> <Li> Propaganda </Li> <Li> Public relations </Li> <Li> Spin </Li> <Li> Tabloid journalism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Techniques </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cult of personality </Li> <Li> Dumbing down </Li> <Li> Framing </Li> <Li> Media circus </Li> <Li> Media event </Li> <Li> Narcotizing dysfunction </Li> <Li> Recuperation </Li> <Li> Sensationalism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Crowd manipulation </Li> <Li> Managing the news </Li> <Li> Media manipulation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Philosophers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Theodor W. 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YouTube Play Button - Wikipedia <H1> YouTube Play Button </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search <P> YouTube Play Buttons , a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards , are a recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels . </P> <P> These are distinct from the YouTube Awards which are intended to recognize the best quality videos , while the YouTube Creator Rewards are based solely on a channel 's subscriber count . </P> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> When a verified YouTuber reaches a specific milestone , they are awarded a relatively flat trophy in a metal casing with a YouTube play button symbol . The trophies are of different sizes : each button and plaque get progressively bigger the more subscribers the channel gets . </P> <P> There are currently three levels of rewards , plus a fourth one that has been awarded to only one YouTuber thus far : </P> <Ol> <Li> The Silver Play Button , for channels that surpass 100,000 subscribers . Old version made of nickel plated copper - nickel alloy . </Li> <Li> The Gold Play Button , for channels that surpass 1,000,000 subscribers . It is made of gold - plated brass . </Li> <Li> The Diamond Play Button , for channels that surpass 10,000,000 subscribers . Made of silver plated metal inset with a large piece of crystal in the shape of a play button triangle . </Li> <Li> In December 2016 , YouTuber PewDiePie received a ruby trophy , known as the Ruby Play Button , as a gift for reaching 50,000,000 subscribers . It was made in the shape of his channel 's logo , a hand in the process of giving a fist bump . It came with several mini-awards to give out to subscribers that was with him the longest and are still active . It is not referenced in the Creators Award page and it is unknown if such a trophy will be given out to any other YouTuber who surpasses the milestone in the future . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Acuna , Kirsten ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` YouTube Is Rewarding Its Most Popular Users With Gold '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Brouwer , Bree ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` YouTube Gives New Diamond Play Button To Channels With 10 Million Subscribers '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Cohen , Joshua ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` YouTube Gives 24 - Karat Gold ' Play Button ' to Channels with 1M+ Subs '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Dillon , Poppy ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` YouTube Announced Diamond Play Button '' . TenEighty . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` YouTube Creator Rewards '' n.d. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ YouTube . `` YouTube Creator Hub '' . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` YouTube Creator Rewards '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` What is the Gold Play Button REALLY Made Of ? '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PewdiePie 's video on receiving the award '' . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` YouTube Sends PewDiePie Custom Ruby Play Button To Commemorate 50 Million Subscribers '' . TubeFilter . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> YouTube </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steve Chen </Li> <Li> Chad Hurley </Li> <Li> Jawed Karim </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> CNN / YouTube presidential debates </Li> <Li> Comedy Week </Li> <Li> Live </Li> <Li> Music Awards </Li> <Li> Orchestra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Channels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Most - subscribed channels </Li> <Li> Spotlight channel </Li> <Li> Multi-channel network ( MCN ) </Li> <Li> Original channels </Li> <Li> Personalities </Li> <Li> Vevo channels </Li> <Li> YouTube Red </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Let 's Play </Li> <Li> Video game walkthrough </Li> <Li> YouTube Poop </Li> <Li> YouTube Rewind </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Most - viewed videos <Ul> <Li> in the first 24 hours videos and trailers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most - liked videos </Li> <Li> Most - disliked videos </Li> <Li> Most - viewed Vevo videos </Li> <Li> List of MCNs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> API </Li> <Li> Censorship </Li> <Li> Copyright issues </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Play Buttons </Li> <Li> Social impact </Li> <Li> Viacom conflict </Li> <Li> Viral video <Ul> <Li> List of viral videos </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This Internet - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YouTube_Play_Button&oldid=808921667 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> YouTube </Li> <Li> Awards established in 2012 </Li> <Li> Internet stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 01 : 27 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Prehistoric art - wikipedia <H1> Prehistoric art </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Paleoart . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History of art </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prehistoric </Li> <Li> Ancient </Li> <Li> European </Li> <Li> Asian </Li> <Li> Islamic </Li> <Li> Painting ( Western ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Art history </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Ceramic Moche stirrup spout vessel representing a crustacean . <P> In the history of art , prehistoric art is all art produced in preliterate , prehistorical cultures beginning somewhere in very late geological history , and generally continuing until that culture either develops writing or other methods of record - keeping , or makes significant contact with another culture that has , and that makes some record of major historical events . At this point ancient art begins , for the older literate cultures . The end - date for what is covered by the term thus varies greatly between different parts of the world . </P> <P> The earliest human artifacts showing evidence of workmanship with an artistic purpose are the subject of some debate . It is clear that such workmanship existed by 40,000 years ago in the Upper Paleolithic era , but there is evidence of artistic activity dating as far back as 500,000 years ago performed by Homo erectus . From the Upper Palaeolithic through the to the Mesolithic , cave paintings and portable art such as figurines and beads predominated , with decorative figured workings also seen on some utilitarian objects . In the Neolithic evidence of early pottery appeared , as did sculpture and the construction of megaliths . Early rock art also first appeared during this period . The advent of metalworking in the Bronze Age brought additional media available for use in making art , an increase in stylistic diversity , and the creation of objects that did not have any obvious function other than art . It also saw the development in some areas of artisans , a class of people specializing in the production of art , as well as early writing systems . By the Iron Age , civilizations with writing had arisen from Ancient Egypt to Ancient China . </P> <P> Many indigenous peoples from around the world continued to produce artistic works distinctive to their geographic area and culture , until exploration and commerce brought record - keeping methods to them . Some cultures , notably the Maya civilization , independently developed writing during the time they flourished , which was then later lost . These cultures may be classified as prehistoric , especially if their writing systems have not been deciphered . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Paleolithic era <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Lower and Middle Paleolithic </Li> <Li> 1.2 Upper Paleolithic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Asia <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Russia </Li> <Li> 2.2 Indian sub-continent </Li> <Li> 2.3 China </Li> <Li> 2.4 Japan </Li> <Li> 2.5 Korea <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Jeulmun period </Li> <Li> 2.5. 2 Mumun period </Li> <Li> 2.5. 3 Protohistoric Korea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.6 Steppes Art </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Europe <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Stone Age <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Neolithic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Bronze Age </Li> <Li> 3.3 Iron Age </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Africa <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Southern Africa </Li> <Li> 4.2 Horn of Africa </Li> <Li> 4.3 Saharan Africa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 The Americas <Ul> <Li> 5.1 North America </Li> <Li> 5.2 Mesoamerica </Li> <Li> 5.3 South America <Ul> <Li> 5.3. 1 Peru and the central Andes <Ul> <Li> 5.3. 1.1 Lithic and preceramic periods </Li> <Li> 5.3. 1.2 Initial Period and First Horizon </Li> <Li> 5.3. 1.3 Early Intermediate Period </Li> <Li> 5.3. 1.4 Middle Horizon </Li> <Li> 5.3. 1.5 Late Intermediate Period </Li> <Li> 5.3. 1.6 Late Horizon and Inca culture </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2 Early ceramics in northern South America </Li> <Li> 5.3. 3 Early art in eastern South America </Li> <Li> 5.3. 4 Argentina , Chile , and Patagonia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Native arts of Oceania <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Australia </Li> <Li> 6.2 Polynesia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Paleolithic era ( edit ) </H2> Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← Separation from gorillas ← Possibly bipedal ← Separation from chimpanzees ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : millions of years ago . Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline <H3> Lower and Middle Paleolithic ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Art of the Middle Paleolithic A petroglyphic Saharan rock carving from southern Algeria depicting an antelope or gazelle . Lions painted at Chauvet Cave , France <P> The earliest undisputed art originated with the Aurignacian archaeological culture in the Upper Paleolithic . However , there is some evidence that the preference for the aesthetic emerged in the Middle Paleolithic , from 100,000 to 50,000 years ago . Some archaeologists have interpreted certain Middle Paleolithic artifacts as early examples of artistic expression . The symmetry of artifacts , evidence of attention to the detail of tool shape , has led some investigators to conceive of Acheulean hand axes and especially laurel points as having been produced with a degree of artistic expression . </P> <P> Similarly , a zig - zag etching made with a shark tooth on a freshwater clam - shell around 500,000 years ago ( i.e. well into the Lower Paleolithic ) , associated with Homo erectus , was proposed as the earliest evidence of artistic activity in 2014 . </P> <P> There are other claims of Middle Paleolithic sculpture , dubbed the `` Venus of Tan - Tan '' ( before 300 kya ) and the `` Venus of Berekhat Ram '' ( 250 kya ) . In 2002 in Blombos cave , situated in South Africa , stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns , dated to some 70,000 years ago . This suggested to some researchers that early Homo sapiens were capable of abstraction and production of abstract art or symbolic art . Several archaeologists including Richard Klein are hesitant to accept the Blombos caves as the first example of actual art . </P> <H3> Upper Paleolithic ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Art of the Upper Paleolithic Aurochs on a cave painting in Lascaux , France <P> The oldest undisputed works of figurative art were found in the Schwäbische Alb , Baden - Württemberg , Germany . The earliest of these , the Venus figurine known as the Venus of Hohle Fels and the Lion - man figurine date to some 40,000 years ago . </P> Venus of Willendorf <P> Further depictional art from the Upper Palaeolithic period ( broadly 40,000 to 10,000 years ago ) includes cave painting ( e.g. , those at Chauvet , Altamira , Pech Merle , and Lascaux ) and portable art : Venus figurines like the Venus of Willendorf , as well as animal carvings like the Swimming Reindeer , Wolverine pendant of Les Eyzies , and several of the objects known as bâtons de commandement . </P> <P> Paintings in Pettakere cave on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi are up to 40,000 years old , a similar date to the oldest European cave art , which may suggest an older common origin for this type of art , perhaps in Africa . </P> <P> Monumental open - air art in Europe from this period includes the rock - art at Côa Valley and Mazouco in Portugal , Domingo García and Siega Verde in Spain , and Rocher gravé de Fornols ( fr ) in France . </P> <P> A cave at Turobong in South Korea containing human remains has been found to contain carved deer bones and depictions of deer that may be as much as 40,000 years old . Petroglyphs of deer or reindeer found at Sokchang - ri may also date to the Upper Paleolithic . Potsherds in a style reminiscent of early Japanese work have been found at Kosan - ri on Jeju island , which , due to lower sea levels at the time , would have been accessible from Japan . </P> <P> The oldest petroglyphs are dated to approximately the Mesolithic and late Upper Paleolithic boundary , about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago . The earliest undisputed African rock art dates back about 10,000 years . The first naturalistic paintings of humans found in Africa date back about 8,000 years apparently originating in the Nile River valley , spread as far west as Mali about 10,000 years ago . Noted sites containing early art include Tassili n'Ajjer in southern Algeria , Tadrart Acacus in Libya ( A Unesco World Heritage site ) , and the Tibesti Mountains in northern Chad . Rock carvings at the Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa have been dated to this age . Contentious dates as far back as 29,000 years have been obtained at a site in Tanzania . A site at the Apollo 11 Cave complex in Namibia has been dated to 27,000 years . </P> <P> Göbekli Tepe in Turkey has circles of massive T - shaped stone pillars dating back to the 10th -- 8th millennium BCE ; the world 's oldest known megaliths . Many of the pillars are decorated with abstract , enigmatic pictograms and carved animal reliefs . </P> <H2> Asia ( edit ) </H2> See also : Eastern art history and History of Chinese art Replica of the `` Dancing Girl of Mohenjo Daro '' , Indus Valley civilization <P> Asia was the cradle for several significant civilizations , most notably those of China and South Asia . The prehistory of eastern Asia is especially interesting , as the relatively early introduction of writing and historical record - keeping in China has a notable impact on the immediately surrounding cultures and geographic areas . Little of the very rich traditions of the art of Mesopotamia counts as prehistoric , as writing was introduced so early there , but neighbouring cultures such as Urartu , Luristan and Persia had significant and complex artistic traditions . </P> A possible representation of a `` yogi '' or `` proto - Shiva '' , 2600 -- 1900 BCE <H3> Russia ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Shigir Idol ( Russian : Шигирский идол ) , is the most ancient wooden sculpture in the world . It was made during the Mesolithic Era , around 7500 BC . The idol was discovered in 1894 , in the peat bog of Shigir , on the eastern slope of the Middle Urals ( to approximately 100 km of Yekaterinburg ) . Western Russia participated in several phases of European prehistoric art , and southern Russia and Ukraine are key areas where nomadic Steppes art is found , for which see below . </P> <H3> Indian sub-continent ( edit ) </H3> <P> The earliest Indian paintings were the rock paintings of prehistoric times , the petroglyphs as found in places like the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka , and some of them are older than 5500 BC . The Indus Valley civilization produced fine small cylinder seals and sculptures , and may have been literate , but after its collapse there are relatively few artistic remains until the literate period , probably as perishable materials were used . </P> <H3> China ( edit ) </H3> Bronze head from Sanxingdui <P> Prehistoric artwork such as painted pottery in Neolithic China can be traced back to the Yangshao culture and Longshan culture of the Yellow River valley . During China 's Bronze Age , Chinese of the ancient Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty produced multitudes of Chinese ritual bronzes , which are elaborate versions of ordinary vessels and other objects used in rituals of ancestor veneration , decorated with taotie motifs and by the late Shang Chinese bronze inscriptions . Discoveries in 1987 in Sanxingdui in central China revealed a previously unknown pre-literate Bronze Age culture whose artefacts included spectacular very large bronze figures ( example left ) , and which appeared culturally very different from the contemporary late Shang , which has always formed part of the account of the continuous tradition of Chinese culture . </P> <H3> Japan ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Jōmon period A Jōmon statue <P> According to archeological evidence , the Jōmon people in ancient Japan were among the first to develop pottery , dated from the 11th millennium BCE . With growing sophistication , the Jōmon created patterns by impressing the wet clay with braided or unbraided cord and sticks . </P> <H3> Korea ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Korean art See also : Prehistoric Korea and List of archaeological periods ( Korea ) A Korean Neolithic pot found in Busan , 3500 BCE <P> The earliest examples of Korean art consist of Stone Age works dating from 3000 BCE . These mainly consist of votive sculptures , although petroglyphs have also been recently rediscovered . Rock arts , elaborate stone tools , and potteries were also prevalent . </P> <P> This early period was followed by the art styles of various Korean kingdoms and dynasties . In these periods , artists often adopted Chinese style in their artworks . However , Koreans not only adopted but also modified Chinese culture with a native preference for simple elegance , purity of nature and spontaneity . This filtering of Chinese styles later influenced Japanese artistic traditions , due to cultural and geographical circumstances . </P> <P> The prehistory of Korean ends with the founding of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , which are documented in the Samguk Sagi , a 12th - century CE text written in Classical Chinese ( the written language of the literati in traditional Korea ) , as beginning in the 1st century BCE ; some mention of earlier history is also made in Chinese texts , like the 3rd - century CE Sanguo Zhi . </P> Jeulmun period ( edit ) Further information : Jeulmun pottery period <P> Clearer evidence of culture emerges in the late Neolithic , known in Korea as the Jeulmun pottery period , with pottery similar to that found in the adjacent regions of China , decorated with Z - shaped patterns . The earliest Neolithic sites with pottery remains , for example Osan - ri , date to 6000 -- 4500 BCE . This pottery is characterized by comb patterning , with the pot frequently having a pointed base . Ornaments from this time include masks made of shell , with notable finds at Tongsam - dong , Osan - ri , and Sinam - ri . Hand - shaped clay figurines have been found at Nongpo - dong . </P> Mumun period ( edit ) Further information : Mumun pottery period Large Middle Mumun ( c. 800 BCE ) storage vessel unearthed from a pit - house in or near Daepyeong <P> During the Mumun pottery period , roughly between 1500 BCE and 300 BCE , agriculture expanded , and evidence of larger - scale political structures became apparent , as villages grew and some burials became more elaborate . Megalithic tombs and dolmens throughout Korea date to this time . The pottery of the time is in a distinctive undecorated style . Many of these changes in style may have occurred due to immigration of new peoples from the north , although this is a subject of debate . At a number of sites in southern Korea there are rock art panels that are thought to date from this period , mainly for stylistic reasons . </P> <P> While the exact date of the introduction of bronzework into Korea is also a matter of debate , it is clear that bronze was being worked by about 700 BCE . Finds include stylistically distinctive daggers , mirrors , and belt buckles , with evidence by the 1st century BCE of a widespread , locally distinctive , bronzeworking culture . </P> Protohistoric Korea ( edit ) Goguryeo tomb mural <P> The time between 300 BCE and the founding and stabilization of the Three Kingdoms around 300 CE is characterized artistically and archaeologically by increasing trade with China and Japan , something that Chinese histories of the time corroborate . The expansionist Chinese invaded and established commanderies in northern Korea as early as the 1st century BCE ; they were driven out by the 4th century CE . The remains of some of these , especially that of Lelang , near modern Pyongyang , have yielded many artifacts in a typical Han style . </P> <P> Chinese histories also record the beginnings of iron works in Korea in the 1st century BCE . Stoneware and kiln - fired pottery also appears to date from this time , although there is controversy over the dates . Pottery of distinctly Japanese origin is found in Korea , and metalwork of Korean origin is found in northeastern China . </P> <H3> Steppes art ( edit ) </H3> Late 7th - century Scythian plaque of a leopard Main article : Scythian art <P> Superb samples of Steppes art - mostly golden jewellery and trappings for horse - are found over a vast expanses of land stretching from Hungary to Mongolia . Dating from the period between the 7th and 3rd centuries BCE , the objects are usually diminutive , as may be expected from nomadic people always on the move . Art of the steppes is primarily an animal art , i.e. , combat scenes involving several animals ( real or imaginary ) or single animal figures ( such as golden stags ) predominate . The best known of the various peoples involved are the Scythians , at the European end of the steppe , who were especially likely to bury gold items . </P> <P> Among the most famous finds was made in 1947 , when the Soviet archaeologist Sergei Rudenko discovered a royal burial at Pazyryk , Altay Mountains , which featured - among many other important objects - the most ancient extant pile rug , probably made in Persia . Unusually for prehistoric burials , those in the northern parts of the area may preserve organic materials such as wood and textiles that normally would decay . Steppes people both gave and took influences from neighbouring cultures from Europe to China , and later Scythian pieces are heavily influenced by ancient Greek style , and probably often made by Greeks in Scythia . </P> <H2> Europe ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Stone Age ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Art of the Upper Paleolithic includes carvings on antler and bone , especially of animals , as well as the so - called Venus figurines and cave paintings , discussed above . Despite a warmer climate , the Mesolithic period undoubtedly shows a falling - off from the heights of the preceding period . Rock art is found in Scandinavia and northern Russia , and around the Mediterranean in eastern Spain and the earliest of the Rock Drawings in Valcamonica in northern Italy , but not in between these areas . Examples of portable art include painted pebbles from the Azilian culture which succeeded the Magdalenian , and patterns on utilitarian objects , like the paddles from Tybrind Vig , Denmark . The Mesolithic statues of Lepenski Vir at the Iron Gate , Serbia date to the 7th millennium BCE and represent either humans or mixtures of humans and fish . Simple pottery began to develop in various places , even in the absence of farming . </P> Neolithic ( edit ) Map with distribution of statue - menhir in Europe. ( 1 ) Photos and pictures : 1y 4. - Bueno et al. 2005 ; 2. - Santonja y Santonja 1978 ; 3. - Jorge 1999 ; 5. - Portela y Jiménez 1996 ; 6. - Romero 1981 ; 7. - Helgouach 1997 ; 8. - Tarrete 1997 ; 9 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32. - Philippon 2002 ; 11. - Corboud y Curdy 2009 ; 12. - Muller 1997 ; 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 Arnal 1976 ; 24 y 25. - Augusto 1972 ; 26 y 27. - Grosjean 1966 ; 34. - López et al. 2009 . <P> In Central Europe , many Neolithic cultures , like Linearbandkeramic , Lengyel and Vinča , produced female ( rarely male ) and animal statues that can be called art , and elaborate pottery decoration in , for example , the Želiesovce and painted Lengyel style . </P> <P> Megalithic ( i.e. , large stone ) monuments are found in the Neolithic Era from Malta to Portugal , through France , and across southern England to most of Wales and Ireland . They are also found in northern Germany and Poland , as well as in Egypt in the Sahara desert ( at Nabta Playa and other sites ) . The best preserved of all temples and the oldest free standing structures are the Megalithic Temples of Malta . They start in the 5th millennium BC , though some authors speculate on Mesolithic roots . One of the best - known prehistoric sites is Stonehenge , part of the Stonehenge World Heritage Site which contains hundreds of monuments and archaeological sites . Monuments have been found throughout most of Western and Northern Europe , notably at Carnac , France . </P> Entrance stone with megalithic art at Newgrange <P> The large mound tomb at Newgrange , Ireland , dating to around 3200 BC , has its entrance marked with a massive stone carved with a complex design of spirals . The mound at nearby Knowth has large flat rocks with rock engravings on their vertical faces all around its circumference , for which various meanings have been suggested , including depictions of the local valley , and the oldest known image of the Moon . Many of these monuments were megalithic tombs , and archaeologists speculate that most have religious significance . Knowth is reputed to have approximately one third of all megalithic art in Western Europe . </P> <P> In the central Alps , the Camunni made some 350,000 petroglyphs : see Rock Drawings in Valcamonica . </P> <H3> Bronze Age ( edit ) </H3> Three men performing a ritual , Bohuslän , Sweden <P> During the 3rd millennium BCE , the Bronze Age began in Europe , bringing with it a new medium for art . The increased efficiency of bronze tools also meant an increase in productivity , which led to a surplus -- the first step in the creation of a class of artisans . Because of the increased wealth of society , luxury goods began to be created , especially decorated weapons . </P> <P> Examples include ceremonial bronze helmets , ornamental ax - heads and swords , elaborate instruments such as lurer , and other ceremonial objects without a practical purpose , such as the oversize Oxborough Dirk . Special objects were made in gold ; many more gold objects have survived from Western and Central Europe than from the Iron Age , many mysterious and strange objects ranging from lunulas , apparently an Irish speciality , the Mold Cape and Golden hats . Pottery from Central Europe can be elaborately shaped and decorated . Rock art , showing scenes from the religious rituals have been found in many areas , for example in Bohuslän , Sweden and the Val Camonica in northern Italy . </P> <P> In the Mediterranean , the Minoan civilization was highly developed , with palace complexes from which sections of frescos have been excavated . Contemporary Ancient Egyptian art and that of other advanced Near Eastern cultures can no longer be treated as `` prehistoric '' . </P> <H3> Iron Age ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Celtic art A 1st century BCE mirror found in Desborough , Northants , showing the spiral and trumpet motif <P> The Iron Age saw the development of anthropomorphic sculptures , such as the warrior of Hirschlanden , and the statue from the Glauberg , Germany . Hallstatt artists in the early Iron Age favored geometric , abstract designs perhaps influenced by trade links with the Classical world . </P> Gold shoe plaques from the Iron Age Hochdorf Chieftain 's Grave , Germany , c. 530 BC . <P> The more elaborate and curvilinear La Tène style developed in Europe in the later Iron Age from a centre in the Rhine valley but it soon spread across the continent . The rich chieftain classes appear to have encouraged ostentation and Classical influences such as bronze drinking vessels attest to a new fashion for wine drinking . Communal eating and drinking were an important part of Celtic society and culture and much of their art was often expressed through plates , knives , cauldrons and cups . Horse tack and weaponry were also subjects deemed fit for elaboration . Mythical animals were a common motif along with religious and natural subjects and their depiction is a mix between the naturalistic and the stylized . Megalithic art was still practiced , examples include the carved limestone pillars of the sanctuary at Entremont in modern - day France . Personal adornment included torc necklaces whilst the introduction of coinage provided a further opportunity for artistic expression . The coins of this period are derivatives of Greek and Roman types , but showing the more exuberant Celtic artistic style . </P> <P> The famous late 4th century BCE Waldalgesheim chariot burial in the Rhineland produced many fine examples of La Tène art including a bronze flagon and bronze plaques with repoussé human figures . Many pieces had curvy , organic styles though to be derived from Classical tendril patterns . </P> <P> In much of western Europe elements of this artistic style can be discerned surviving in the art and architecture of the Roman colonies . In particular in Britain and Ireland there is a tenuous continuity through the Roman period , enabling Celtic motifs to resurface with new vigour in the Christian Insular art from the 6th century onwards . </P> <P> The sophisticated Etruscan culture developed from the 9th to 2nd centuries , with considerable influence from the Greeks , before finally being absorbed by the Romans . By the end of the period they had developed writing , but early Etruscan art can be called prehistoric . </P> <H2> Africa ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ancient Egypt falls outside the scope of this article ; it had a close relationship with the Sudan in particular , known in this period as Nubia , where there were advanced cultures from the 4th millennium BCE , such as the `` A-Group '' , `` C - Group '' , and the Kingdom of Kush . </P> <H3> Southern Africa ( edit ) </H3> San rock painting of an eland at Drakensberg <P> There is a significant body of rock painting in the region around Matobo National Park of Zimbabwe dating from as early as 6000 BCE to 500 CE . </P> <P> Significant San rock paintings exist in the Waterberg area above the Palala River and around Drakensberg in South Africa , some of which are considered to derive from the period 8000 BCE . These images are very clear and depict a variety of human and wildlife motifs , especially antelope . There appears to be a fairly continuous history of rock painting in this area ; some of the art clearly dates into the 19th century . They include depictions of horses with riders , which were not introduced to the area until the 1820s . </P> <P> Namibia , in addition to the Apollo 11 complex , has a significant array of San rock art near Twyfelfontein . This work is several thousand years old , and appears to end with the arrival of pastoral tribes in the area . </P> <H3> Horn of Africa ( edit ) </H3> Long - horned cattle and other rock art in the Laas Geel complex . <P> Laas Geel is a complex of caves and rock shelters in northwestern Somalia . Famous for their rock art , the caves are located in a rural area on the outskirts of Hargeisa . They contain some of the earliest known cave paintings in the Horn of Africa , many of which depict pastoral scenes . Laas Geel 's rock art is estimated to date back to somewhere between 9,000 -- 8,000 and 3,000 BCE . </P> <P> In 2008 , archaeologists also announced the discovery of cave paintings in Somalia 's northern Dhambalin region , which the researchers suggest includes one of the earliest known depictions of a hunter on horseback . The rock art is in the Ethiopian - Arabian style , dated to 1000 to 3000 BCE . </P> <P> Other prehistoric art in the Horn region include stone megaliths and engravings , some of which are 3,500 years old . The town of Dillo in Ethiopia has a hilltop covered with stone stelae . It is one of several such sites in southern Ethiopia dating from historic period ( 10th - 14th centuries ) . </P> <H3> Saharan Africa ( edit ) </H3> See also : Saharan rock art <P> The early art of this region has been divided into five periods : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bubalus Period , roughly 12 - 8 kya </Li> <Li> Round Head Period , roughly 10 - 8 kya </Li> <Li> Pastoral Period , roughly 7.5 - 4 kya </Li> <Li> Horse Period , roughly 3 - 2 kya </Li> <Li> Camel Period , 2,000 years ago to the present </Li> </Ul> Rock carving of an elephant at Tadrart Acacus <P> Works of the Bubalus period span the Sahara , with the finest work , carvings of naturalistically depicted megafauna , concentrated in the central highlands . The Round Head Period is dominated by paintings of strangely shaped human forms , and few animals , suggesting the artists were foragers . These works are largely limited to Tassili n'Ajjer and the Tadrart Acacus . Toward the end of the period , images of domesticated animals , as well as decorative clothing and headdresses appear . Pastoral Period art was more focused on domestic scenes , including herding and dancing . The quality of artwork declined , as figures became more simplified . </P> <P> The Horse Period began in the eastern Sahara and spread west . Depictions from this period include carvings and paintings of horses , chariots , and warriors with metal weapons , although there are also frequent depictions of wildlife such as giraffes . Humans are generally depicted in a stylized way . Some of the chariot art bears resemblance to temple carvings from ancient Egypt . Occasionally , art panels are accompanied by Tifinagh script , still in use by the Berber people and the Tuareg today ; however , modern Tuareg are generally unable to read these inscriptions . The final Camel period features carvings and paintings in which camels predominate , but also include humans with swords , and later , guns ; the art of this time is relatively crude . </P> <H2> The Americas ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Pre-Columbian art , Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas , and List of pre-Columbian cultures <H3> North America ( edit ) </H3> Great Serpent Mound , a 411 - meter long ( 1,348 ft ) effigy mound in Adams County , Ohio , ca . 1070 CE <P> Belonging in the Lithic stage , the oldest known art in the Americas is the Vero Beach bone , possibly a mammoth bone , etched with a profile of walking mammoth that dates back to 11,000 BCE . The oldest known painted object in the Americas is the Cooper Bison Skull from 10,900 -- 10,200 BCE . </P> <H3> Mesoamerica ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Ancient Maya art , Olmec § art , and Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas § Mesoamerica and Central America An Olmec stone head <P> The ancient Olmec `` Bird Vessel '' and bowl , both ceramic and dating to circa 1000 BC as well as other ceramics were produced in kilns capable of exceeding approximately 900 ° C. The only other prehistoric culture known to have achieved such high temperatures is that of Ancient Egypt . </P> <P> Much Olmec art is highly stylized and uses an iconography reflective of the religious meaning of the artworks . Some Olmec art , however , is surprisingly naturalistic , displaying an accuracy of depiction of human anatomy perhaps equaled in the pre-Columbian New World only by the best Maya Classic - era art . Olmec art - forms emphasize monumental statuary and small jade carvings . A common theme is to be found in representations of a divine jaguar . Olmec figurines were also found abundantly through their period . </P> Murales della Preistoria in Cuba , Contemporary Art <H3> South America ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lithic age art in South America includes Monte Alegre culture rock paintings created at Caverna da Pedra Pintada dating back to 9250 -- 8550 BCE . Guitarrero Cave in Peru has the earliest known textiles in South America , dating to 8000 BCE . </P> Peru and the central Andes ( edit ) See also : Cultural periods of Peru , History of Peru , and Andean textiles Lithic and preceramic periods ( edit ) Stirrup handled Cupinisque ceramic vase 1250 BCE from the Larco Museum <P> Peru , including an area of the central Andes stretching from Ecuador to northern Chile , has a rich cultural history , with evidence of human habitation dating to roughly 10,000 BCE . Prior to the emergence of ceramics in this region around 1850 BCE , cave paintings and beads have been found . These finds include rock paintings that controversially date as far back as 9500 BCE in the Toquepala Caves . Burial sites in Peru like one at Telarmachay as old as 8600 - 7200 BCE contained evidence of ritual burial , with red ocher and bead necklaces . </P> <P> The earliest ceramics that appear in Peru may have been imported from the Validivia region ; indigenous pottery production almost certainly arrived in the highlands around 1800 BCE at Kotosh , and on the coast at La Florida c. 1700 BCE . Older calabash gourd vessels with human faces burned into them were found at Huaca Prieta , a site dating to 2500 - 2000 BCE Huaca Prieta also contained some early patterned and dyed textiles made from twisted plant fibers . </P> Initial period and first Horizon ( edit ) Further information : Chavín culture An image of the Lanzón deity on the great wall at Chavín de Huantar , a First Horizon site <P> The Initial Period in Central Andean cultures lasted roughly from 1800 BCE to 900 BCE . Textiles from this time found at Huaca Prieta are of astonishing complexity , including images such as crabs whose claws transform into snakes , and double - headed birds . Many of these images are similar to optical illusions , where which image dominates depends in part on which the viewer chooses to see . Other portable artwork from this time includes decorated mirrors , bone and shell jewelry , and unfired clay female effigies . Public architecture , including works estimated to require the movement of more than 100,000 tons of stone , are to be found at sites like Kotosh , El Paraíso , Peru , and La Galgada ( archaeological site ) . Kotosh , a site in the Andean highlands , is especially noted as the site of the Temple of the Crossed Hands , in which there are two reliefs of crossed forearms , one pair male , one pair female . Also of note is one of South America 's largest ceremonial sites , Sechín Alto . This site 's crowning work is a twelve - story platform , with stones incised with military themes . The architecture and art of the highlands , in particular , laid down the groundwork for the rise of the Chavín culture . </P> <P> The Chavín culture dominated the central Andes during the First Horizon , beginning around 900 BCE , and is generally divided into two stages . The first , running until about 500 BCE , represented a significant cultural unification of the highland and coastal cultures of the time . Imagery in all manner of art ( textiles , ceramics , jewelry , and architectural ) included sometimes fantastic imagery such as jaguars , snakes , and human -- animal composites , much of it seemingly inspired by the jungles to the east . </P> <P> The later stage of the Chavín culture is primarily represented by a significant architectural expansion of the Chavín de Huantar site around 500 BCE , accompanied by a set of stylistic changes . This expansion included , among other changes , over forty large stone heads , whose reconstructed positions represent a transformation from human to supernatural animal visages . Much of the other art at the complex from this time contains such supernatural imagery . The portable art associated with this time included sophisticated metalworking , including alloying of metals and soldering . Textiles found at sites like Karwa clearly depict Chavín cultural influences , and the Cupisnique style of pottery disseminated by the Chavín would set standards all across the region for later cultures . ( The vessel pictured at the top of this article , while from the later Moche culture , is representative of the stirrup - spouted vessels of the Chavín . ) </P> Early Intermediate period ( edit ) Further information : Paracas culture , Nazca culture , and Moche ( culture ) A Paracas Mantle dating from 200 CE <P> The Early Intermediate Period lasted from about 200 BCE to 600 CE . Late in the First Horizon , the Chavín culture began to decline , and other cultures , predominantly in the coastal areas , began to develop . The earliest of these was the Paracas culture , centered on the Paracas Peninsula of central Peru . Active from 600 BCE to 175 BCE , their early work clearly shows Chavín influence , but a locally distinctive style and technique developed . It was characterized by technical and time - consuming detail work , visually colorful , and a profusion visual elements . Distinctive technical differences include painting on clay after firing , and embroidery on textiles . One notable find is a mantle that was clearly used for training purposes ; it shows obvious indications of experts doing some of the weaving , interspersed with less technically proficient trainee work . </P> The Nazca line figure known as The Dog <P> The Nazca culture of southern Peru , which is widely known for the enormous figures traced on the ground by the Nazca lines in southern Peru , shared some similarities with the Paracas culture , but techniques ( and scale ) differed . The Nazca painted their ceramics with slip , and also painted their textiles . Nazca ceramics featured a wide variety of subjects , from the mundane to the fantastic , including utilitarian vessels and effigy figures . The Nazca also excelled at goldsmithing , and made pan pipes from clay in a style not unlike the pipes heard in music of the Andes today . </P> <P> The famous Nazca lines are accompanied by temple - like constructions ( showing no sign of permanent habitation ) and open plazas that presumably had ritual purposes related to the lines . The lines themselves are laid out on a sort of natural blackboard , where a thin layer of dark stone covers lighter stone ; the lines were thus created by simply removing the top layer where desired , after using surveying techniques to lay out the design . </P> Gold Moche headdress representing a condor <P> In the north of Peru , the Moche culture dominated during this time . Also known as Mochica or Early Chimú , this warlike culture dominated the area until about 500 CE , apparently using conquest to gain access to critical resources along the desert coast : arable land and water . Moche art is again notably distinctive , expressive and dynamic in a way that many other Andean cultures were not . Knowledge of the period has been notably expanded by finds like the pristine royal tombs at Sipán . </P> <P> The Moche very obviously absorbed some elements of the Chavín culture , but also absorbed ideas from smaller nearby cultures that they assimilated , such as the Recuay culture and the Vicús . They made fully sculpted ceramic animal figures , worked gold , and wove textiles . The art often featured everyday images , but seemingly always with a ritual intent . </P> <P> In its later years , the Moche came under the influence of the expanding Huari empire . The Cerro Blanco site of Huaca del Sol appears to have been the Moche capital . Largely destroyed by natural events around 600 CE , it was further damaged by Spanish conquistadors searching for gold , and continues with modern looters . </P> Middle Horizon ( edit ) Ponce monolith in the sunken courtyard of the Tiwanaku 's Kalasasaya temple <P> The Middle Horizon lasted from 600 CE to 1000 CE , and was dominated by two cultures : the Huari and the Tiwanaku . The Tiwanaku ( also spelled Tiahuanaco ) culture arose near Lake Titicaca ( on the modern border between Peru and Bolivia ) , while the Wari culture arose in the southern highlands of Peru . Both cultures appear to have been influenced by the Pukara culture , which was active during the Early Intermediate in between the primary centers of the Wari and Tiwanaku . These cultures both had wide - ranging influence , and shared some common features in their portable art , but their monumental arts were somewhat distinctive . </P> <P> The monumental art of the Tiwanaku demonstrated technical prowess in stonework , including fine detailed reliefs , and monoliths such as the Ponce monolith ( photo to the left ) , and the Sun Gate , both in the main Tiwanaku site . The portable art featured `` portrait vessels '' , with figured heads on ceramic vessels , as well as natural imagery like jaguars and raptors . A full range of materials , from ceramics to textiles to wood , bone , and shell , were used in creative endeavours . Textiles with a weave of 300 threads per inch ( 80 threads per cm ) have been found at Tiwanaku sites . </P> The ruins of Pikillacta , a Wari site <P> The Wari dominated an area from central Peru to Ecuador , with their main center near Ayacucho , Peru . Their art is distinguished from the Tiwanaku style by the use of bolder colors and patterns . Notable among Wari finds are tapestry garments , presumed to be made for priests or rulers to wear , often bearing abstract geometric designs of significant complexity , but also bearing images of animals and figures . Wari ceramics , also of high technical quality , are similar in many ways to those of the preceding cultures , where local influences from fallen cultures , like the Moche , are still somewhat evident . Metalwork , while rarely found due to its desirability by looters , shows elegant simplicity and , once more , a high level of workmanship . </P> Late Intermediate period ( edit ) <P> Following the decline of the Wari and Tiwanaku , the northern and central coastal areas were somewhat dominated by the Chimú culture , which included notable subcultures like the Lambayeque ( or Sicán ) and Chancay cultures . To the south , coastal cultures dominated in the Ica region , and there was a significant cultural crossroads at Pachacamac , near Lima . These cultures would dominate from about 1000 CE until the 1460s and 1470s , as the Inca Empire began to take shape and eventually absorbed the geographically smaller nearby cultures . </P> <P> Chimú and Sicán Cultures </P> Further information : Chimú culture and Sican Culture <P> The Chimú culture in particular was responsible for an extremely large number of artworks . Its capital city , Chan Chan , appears to have contained building that appeared to function as museums -- they seem to have been used for displaying and preserving artwork . Much of the artwork from Chan Chan in particular has been looted , some by the Spanish after the Spanish conquest . The art from this time at times displays amazing complexity , with `` multimedia '' works that require artists working together in a diversity of media , including materials believed to have come from as far away as Central America . Items of increasing splendor or value were produced , apparently as the society became increasing stratified . At the same , the quality of some of the work declined , as demand for pieces pushed production rates up and values down . </P> Sicán funerary mask , Metropolitan Museum <P> The Sicán culture flourished from 700 CE to about 1400 CE , although it came under political domination of the Chimú around 1100 CE , at which time many of its artists may have moved to Chan Chan . There was significant copperworking by the Sicán , including what seems to be a sort of currency based on copper objects that look like axes . Artwork includes burial masks , beakers and metal vessels that previous cultures traditionally made of clay . The metalwork of the Sicán was particularly sophisticated , with innovations including repoussé and shell inlay . Sheet metal was also often used to cover other works . </P> <P> Prominent in Sicán iconography is the Sicán deity , which appears on all manner of work , from the portable to the monumental . Other imagery includes geometric and wave patterns , as well as scenes of fishing and shell diving . </P> <P> Chancay culture Chancay culture , before it was subsumed by the Chimú , did not feature notable monumental art . Ceramics and textiles were made , but the quality and skill level was uneven . Ceramics are generally black on white , and often suffer from flaws like poor firing , and drips of the slip used for color ; however , fine examples exist . Textiles are overall of a higher quality , including the use of painted weaves and tapestry techniques , and were produced in large quantities . The color palette of the Chancay was not overly bold : golds , browns , white , and scarlet predominate . </P> <P> Pachacamac Pachacamac is a temple site south of Lima , Peru that was an important pilgrimage center into Spanish colonial times . The site boasts temple constructions from several periods , culminating in Inca constructions that are still in relatively good condition . The temples were painted with murals depicting plants and animals . The main temple contained a carved wooden sculpture akin to a totem pole . </P> <P> Ica culture The Ica region , which had been dominated by the Nazca , was fragmented into several smaller political and culture groups . The pottery produced in this region was of the highest quality at the time , and its aesthetics would be adopted by the Inca when they conquered the area . </P> Late Horizon and Inca culture ( edit ) Further information : Inca architecture An 1860 map of Cusco . The puma shape is discernible , with the head at the upper left and the tail at the lower right . The twelve angle stone , in the Hatum Rumiyoc street of Cusco , is an example of Inca masonry . <P> This time period represents the era in which the culture of the central Andes is almost completely dominated by the Inca Empire , which began its expansion in 1438 . It lasted until the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1533 . The Inca absorbed much technical skill from the cultures they conquered , and disseminated it , along with standard shapes and patterns , throughout their area of influence , which extended from Quito , Ecuador to Santiago , Chile . Inca stonework is notably proficient ; giant stones are set so tightly without mortar that a knife blade will not fit in the gap . Many of the Inca 's monumental structures deliberately echoed the natural environment around them ; this is particularly evident in some of the structures at Machu Picchu . The Inca laid the city of Cusco in the shape of a puma , with the head of the puma at Sacsayhuaman , a shape that is still discernible in aerial photographs of the city today . </P> <P> The iconography of Inca art , while clearly drawing from its many predecessors , is still recognizably Inca . Bronzework owes a clear debt to the Chimú , as do a number of cultural traditions : the finest goods were reserved to the rulers , who wore the finest textiles , and ate and drank from gold and silver vessels . As a result , Inca metalwork was relatively rare , and an obvious source of plunder for the conquering Spanish . </P> An Inca period tunic <P> Textiles were widely prized within the empire , in part as they were somewhat more portable in the far - flung empire . </P> <P> Ceramics were made in large quantities , and , as with other media , in standardized shapes and patterns . One common shape is the urpu , a distinctive urn shape that came in a wide variety of standard capacities , much as modern storage containers do . In spite of this standardization , many local areas retained some distinctive aspects of their culture in the works they produced ; ceramics produced in areas under significant Chimú control prior to the Inca rule still retain characteristics indicative of that style . </P> <P> Following the Spanish conquest , the art of the central Andes was significantly affected by the conflict and diseases brought by the Spanish . Early colonial period art , began to show influences of both Christianity and Inca religious and artistic ideas , and eventually also began to encompass new techniques brought by the conquerors , including oil painting on canvas . </P> Early ceramics in northern South America ( edit ) See also : Indigenous peoples in Colombia and Indigenous ceramics of the Americas <P> The earliest evidence of decorated pottery in South America is to be found in two places . A variety of sites in the Santarém region of Brazil contain ceramic sherds dating to a period between 5000 and 3000 BCE . Sites in Colombia , at Monsú and San Jacinto contained pottery finds in different styles , and date as far back as 3500 BCE . This is an area of active research and subject to change . The ceramics were decorated with curvilinear incisions . Another ancient site at Puerto Hormiga in the Bolívar Department of Colombia dating to 3100 BCE contained pottery fragments that included figured animals in a style related to later Barrancoid cultural finds in Colombia and Venezuela . Valdivia , Ecuador also has a site dated to roughly 3100 BCE containing decorated fragments , as well as figurines , many represent nude females . The Valdivian style stretched as far south as northern Peru , and may , according to Lavallée , yet yield older artifacts . </P> <P> By 2000 BCE , pottery was evident in eastern Venezuela . The La Gruta style , often painted in red or white , included incised animal figures in the ceramic , as well as ceramic vessels shaped as animal effigies . The Rancho Peludo style of western Venezuela featured relatively simple textile - type decorations and incisions . Finds in the central Andes dating to 1800 BCE and later appear to be derived from the Valdivian tradition of Ecuador . </P> Early art in eastern South America ( edit ) See also : Indigenous peoples in Brazil <P> Relatively little is known about the early settlement of much of South America east of the Andes . This is due to the lack of stone ( generally required for leaving durable artifacts ) , and a jungle environment that rapidly recycles organic materials . Beyond the Andean regions , where the inhabitants were more clearly related to the early cultures of Peru , early finds are generally limited to coastal areas and those areas where there are stone outcrops . While there is evidence of human habitation in northern Brazil as early as 8000 BCE , and rock art of unknown ( or at best uncertain ) age , ceramics appear to be the earliest artistic artifacts . The Mina civilization of Brazil ( 3000 -- 1600 BCE ) had simple round vessels with a red wash , that were stylistic predecessors to later Bahia and Guyanan cultures . </P> Argentina , Chile , and Patagonia ( edit ) <P> The southern reaches of South America show evidence of human habitation as far back as 10,000 BCE . A site at Arroio do Fosseis on the pampa in southern Brazil has shown reliable evidence to that time , and the Tierra del Fuego at the southern tip of the continent has been occupied since 7000 BCE . Artistic finds are scarce ; in some parts of Patagonia ceramics were never made , only being introduced by contact with Europeans . </P> <H2> Native arts of Oceania ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Australia ( edit ) </H3> See also : Indigenous Australian art Aboriginal rock painting at Namadgi National Park <P> From earliest times , the natives of Australia , often known as Aborigines , have been creating distinctive patterns of art . Much of Aboriginal art is transitory , drawn in sand or on the human body to illustrate a place , an animal totem , or a tribal story . Early surviving artworks of the Aborigines are mostly rock paintings . Many are called X-ray paintings because they show the bones and organs of the animals they depict . Some Aboriginal art seems abstract to modern viewers ; Aboriginal art often employs geometrical figures and lines to represent landscape , which is often shown from a birds - eye view . For instance , in Aboriginal symbolism , a swirl stands for a watering hole . </P> Bradshaw rock paintings found in the north - west Kimberley region of Western Australia <P> The Bradshaw rock paintings are a style of rock art found in Western Australia . They are predominantly human figures drawn in fine detail with accurate anatomical proportioning . They are usually dated to be around 17,000 years old , and there have been suggestions they are as much as 70,000 years old . </P> <H3> Polynesia ( edit ) </H3> <P> The natives of Polynesia have a distinct artistic heritage . While many of their artifacts were made with organic materials and thus lost to history , some of their most striking achievements survive in clay and stone . Among these are numerous pottery fragments from western Oceania , from the late 2nd millennium BCE . Also , the natives of Polynesia left scattered around their islands Petroglyphs , stone platforms or Marae , and sculptures of ancestor figures , the most famous of which are the Moai of Easter Island . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Çatalhüyük </Li> <Li> Göbekli Tepe </Li> <Li> Lepenski Vir </Li> <Li> List of Stone Age art </Li> <Li> Nevali Cori </Li> <Li> Prehistoric music </Li> <Li> Prehistoric religion </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The term `` prehistoric '' ceases to be valid some thousands of years B.C. in the near east but remains a warranted description down to about 500 A.D. in Ireland `` , Review by `` A.T.L. '' of Prehistoric Art by T.G.E. Powell , The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland , Vol. 97 , No. 1 ( 1967 ) , p. 95 , Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland , JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shell ' art ' made 300,000 years before humans evolved - New Scientist '' . New Scientist . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New York Times </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Metropolitan Museum of New York City Introduction to Prehistoric Art Retrieved 2012 - 5 - 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joordens , Josephine C.A. ; d'Errico , Francesco ; Wesselingh , Frank P. ; Munro , Stephen ; de Vos , John ; Wallinga , Jakob ; Ankjærgaard , Christina ; Reimann , Tony ; Wijbrans , Jan R. ; Kuiper , Klaudia F. ; Mücher , Herman J. ; Coqueugniot , Hélène ; Prié , Vincent ; Joosten , Ineke ; van Os , Bertil ; Schulp , Anne S. ; Panuel , Michel ; van der Haas , Victoria ; Lustenhouwer , Wim ; Reijmer , John J.G. ; Roebroeks , Wil ( 2014 ) . `` Homo erectus at Trinil on Java used shells for tool production and engraving '' . Nature . 518 ( 7538 ) : 228 -- 231 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13962 . PMID 25470048 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chase , pp. 145 - 146 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indonesian Cave Paintings As Old As Europe 's Ancient Art '' . NPR.org. 8 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portal , p. 25 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Portal , p. 26 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coulson , pp. 150 -- 155 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thackeray . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ It is on display the museum in Yekaterinburg </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portal , p. 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portal , p. 29 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portal , p. 33 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portal , pp. 34 -- 35 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portal , p. 38 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portal , p. 39 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portal , p. 40 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portal , p. 41 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sandars , 75 - 98 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coulson , p. 86 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coulson , pp. 80 -- 82 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unesco World Heritage designation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mire , Sada ( 2008 ) . `` The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site , Somaliland '' . African Archaeological Review . 25 : 153 -- 168 . doi : 10.1007 / s10437 - 008 - 9032 - 2 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alberge , Dalya ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coulson , p. 147 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coulson , pp. 156 -- 160 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coulson , pp. 160 -- 162,205 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ice Age Art from Florida . '' Past Horizons . 23 June 2011 ( retrieved 23 June 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bement , Leland C. Bison hunting at Cooper site : where lightning bolts drew thundering herds . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1999 : 37 , 43 , 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3053 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Friedman , Florence Dunn ( September 1998 ) . `` Ancient Egyptian faience '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble . Scientist at Work : Anna C. Roosevelt ; Sharp and To the Point In Amazonia . New York Times . 23 April 1996 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dating a Paleoindian Site in the Amazon in Comparison with Clovis Culture . '' Science . March 1997 : Vol. 275 , no . 5308 , pp. 194801952 . ( retrieved 1 Nov 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lavallée , p. 88 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lavallée , p. 94 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lavallée , p. 115 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lavallée , p. 186 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruhns , p. 80 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , pp. 19 -- 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , pp. 28 -- 29 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 40 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 46 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 49 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 58 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 67 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , pp. 74 -- 75 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , pp. 78 -- 82 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 83 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 88 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 86 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 92 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , pp. 121 -- 123 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 119 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , pp. 131 -- 134 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 136 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , pp. 138 -- 139 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , pp. 146 -- 148 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , pp. 149 -- 150 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stone - Miller , p. 151 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 153 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 154 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 156 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , pp. 156 -- 158 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 160 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , pp. 175 -- 177 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stone - Miller , p. 179 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 180 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 181 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 190 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 194 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 186 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 209 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 215 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 216 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone - Miller , p. 217 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lavallée , p. 182 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bruhns , pp. 116 -- 117 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lavallée , pp. 176 -- 182 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bruhns , pp. 117 -- 118 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruhns , p. 119 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lavallée , p. 113 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lavallée , p. 108 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lavallée , p. 112 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lavallée , p. 187 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradshaw Foundation . `` The Bradshaw Paintings - Australian Rock Art Archive '' . Bradshaw Foundation . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Arbib , Michael A ( 2006 ) . Action to language via the mirror neuron system : The Mirror Neuron System . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84755 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Bailey , Douglass ( 2005 ) . Prehistoric Figurines : Representation and Corporeality in the Neolithic . Routledge Publishers . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33152 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Bruhns , Karen O ( 1994 ) . Ancient South America . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27761 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Chase , Philip G ( 2005 ) . The Emergence of Culture : The Evolution of a Uniquely Human Way of Life . Birkhäuser . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 30512 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Coulson , David ; Campbell , Alec ( 2001 ) . African Rock Art . Harry N. Abrams , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4363 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Lavallée , Danièle ( 1995 ) . The First South Americans . Bahn , Paul G ( trans . ) . University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 665 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Portal , Jane ( 2000 ) . Korea : Art and Archaeology . Thames & Hudson . </Li> <Li> Sandars , Nancy K. , Prehistoric Art in Europe , Penguin ( Pelican , now Yale , History of Art ) , 1968 ( nb 1st edn . ) </Li> <Li> Stone - Miller , Rebecca ( 1995 ) . Art of the Andes . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 20286 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Thackeray , Anne I. ; Thackeray , JF ; Beaumont , PB ; Vogel , JC ; et al. ( 1981 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Dated Rock Engravings from Wonderwerk Cave , South Africa '' . Science . 214 ( 4516 ) : 64 -- 67 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 214.4516. 64 . PMID 17802575 . </Li> <Li> `` Unesco World Heritage announcement on Twyfelfontein '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 13 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prehistoric art . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> RockArtScandinavia Tanums Hällristningsmuseum Underslös . Rock art research centre . </Li> <Li> EuroPreArt database of European Prehistoric Art </Li> <Li> Lepenski Vir </Li> <Li> Göbekli Tepe , in German </Li> <Li> Nevali Cori </Li> <Li> Prehistoric Art Expressions from India </Li> <Li> http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHprehistoric.html#general </Li> <Li> http://donsmaps.com/combarelles.html </Li> <Li> http://www.caveartproject.org </Li> <Li> List of oldest Prehistoric Art ever discovered </Li> <Li> Human Timeline ( Interactive ) -- Smithsonian , National Museum of Natural History ( August 2016 ) . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Human evolution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taxonomy ( Hominins ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Orrorin </Li> <Li> Sahelanthropus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last common ancestors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chimpanzee -- human </Li> <Li> Gorilla -- human </Li> <Li> Orangutan -- human </Li> <Li> Gibbon -- human </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australopithecines </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Ardipithecus </Li> <Li> Kenyanthropus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australopithecus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A. afarensis </Li> <Li> A. africanus </Li> <Li> A. anamensis </Li> <Li> A. bahrelghazali </Li> <Li> A. deyiremeda </Li> <Li> A. garhi </Li> <Li> A. sediba </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paranthropus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> P. aethiopicus </Li> <Li> P. boisei </Li> <Li> P. robustus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Humans and proto - 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Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) - wikipedia <H1> Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Hillsong United </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Zion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 23 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Worship </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 8 : 55 ( Album version ) 4 : 09 ( Radio version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hillsong </Li> <Li> Capitol CMG </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Matt Crocker </Li> <Li> Joel Houston </Li> <Li> Salomon Ligthelm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Michael Guy Chislett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Hillsong United singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Scandal of Grace '' ( 2013 ) </Td> <Td> `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' ( 2013 ) </Td> <Td> `` Touch the Sky '' ( 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Scandal of Grace '' ( 2013 ) </Td> <Td> `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' ( 2013 ) </Td> <Td> `` Touch the Sky '' ( 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' is a song by Australian worship group Hillsong United . It was released on 23 August 2013 as the second and final single from their third studio album , Zion ( 2013 ) . The song is led by Taya Smith , and was written by Matt Crocker , Joel Houston and Salomon Ligthelm , with production being handled by Michael Guy Chislett . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Awards </Li> <Li> 2 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 3 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 4 Track listing </Li> <Li> 5 Charts <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 5.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Certifications </Li> <Li> 7 Release history </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song won many of the main categories at the 2014 GMA Dove Awards . It won the `` Song of the Year '' , `` Contemporary Christian Performance of the Year '' , `` Pop / Contemporary Song of the Year '' , `` Worship Song of the Year '' , and Hillsong United was named the `` Artist of the Year '' . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ryan Barbee of Jesus Freak Hideout said `` ' Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) ' continues ( the album ) with a more intimate tone and will surely grasp the heart of the listener as the song reiterates , ' Spirit lead me where my trust is without boarders ( sic ) , let me walk upon the waters wherever you would call me ' . The music builds and builds to a gorgeous climax that will pull on your heartstrings whilst being encouraged by the faith that only the Holy Spirit can give . '' Louder Than the Music 's Jono Davies stated `` ( Oceans ) has a stunning orchestral opening before out of nowhere a voice hits you . The voice is stunning , yet haunting , all in the same breath . The song then builds musically from atmospheric haunting tones to sheer epicness . I can hear people just getting lost in worship at a Hillsong conference to this song . '' </P> <H2> Chart Performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart , and stayed atop of the charts for 45 consecutive weeks until it was dethroned by Carrie Underwood 's `` Something in the Water '' in October 2014 . The song rebounded to No. 1 for another five weeks until the chart week of 23 May 2015 , marking a total of 50 non-consecutive weeks atop of the chart . In total , the song spent a record 61 weeks atop of the chart . </P> <P> It has since become the longest running No. 1 song on the chart . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' </Td> <Td> 8 : 55 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Océanos ( Donde Mis Pies Pueden Fallar ) '' </Td> <Td> 4 : 19 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> 83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Heatseeker Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2014 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2015 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2016 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Format </Th> <Th> Label </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia </Th> <Td> 22 February 2013 </Td> <Td> Digital download </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hillsong </Li> <Li> Capitol CMG </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Worldwide </Th> <Td> 23 February 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> 26 February 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 August 2013 </Td> <Td> Christian radio </Td> <Td> Sparrow </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Worldwide </Th> <Td> 30 September 2014 </Td> <Td> Digital download ( Spanish version ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hillsong </Li> <Li> Capitol CMG </Li> <Li> Sparrow </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` UNITED - Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) - Daily Play MPE '' . Daily Play MPE. 17 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kate Shellnutt ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` ' Oceans ' Keeps Rising - Christianity Today '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oceans - Hillsong United - Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JFH News : Hillsong UNITED Honored With 5 Dove Awards Including Artist , and Song of the Year Awards '' . Jesus Freak Hideout. 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan Barbee ( 24 February 2013 ) . `` Jesusfreakhideout.com : Hillsong UNITED , ' Zion ' Review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jono Davies . `` Louder Than The Music - Hillsong United - Zion '' . Louder Than the Music . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wade Jessen ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` The Year in Christian Music : Hillsong and Carrie Underwood Triumph - Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Christian Music : Praise and Worship Songs Chart - Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jim Asker ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` Country Goes Christian : Reba McEntire No. 1 , Tim McGraw and Faith Hill Debut - Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herb Longs ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Kari Jobe Performs ' Oceans ' With Hillsong Worship On Outcry Tour '' . The Christian Beat . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Worldwide digital release of `` Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) '' : <Ul> <Li> `` Zion by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> `` Zion av Hillsong UNITED på Apple Music '' ( in Swedish ) . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> `` Zion by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( ZA ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Worldwide digital release of `` Océanos ( Donde Mis Pies Pueden Fallar ) '' : <Ul> <Li> `` Océanos ( Donde Mis Pies Pueden Fallar ) - Single by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> `` Océanos - Single by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> `` Océanos - Single av Hillsong UNITED på Apple Music '' ( in Swedish ) . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> `` Océanos - Single by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( ZA ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> `` Océanos - Single by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hillsong United -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Hillsong United . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hillsong United -- Chart history '' Billboard Christian Songs for Hillsong United . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hillsong United - Chart history ( Heatseeker Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs - Year - End 2014 - Billboard '' . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs - Year - End 2015 - Billboard '' . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs - Year - End 2016 - Billboard '' . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Hillsong United '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Zion ( Deluxe Edition ) by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Zion by Hillsong UNITED on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oceans_(Where_Feet_May_Fail)&oldid=808244348 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Sparrow Records singles </Li> <Li> 2013 songs </Li> <Li> 2013 singles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 </Li> <Li> CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 18 : 58 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union - wikipedia <H1> Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The freedom of movement for workers is a policy chapter of the acquis communautaire of the European Union . It is part of the free movement of persons and one of the four economic freedoms : free movement of goods , services , labour and capital . Article 45 TFEU ( ex 39 and 48 ) states that : </P> <Ol> <Li> Freedom of movement for workers shall be secured within the Community . </Li> <Li> Such freedom of movement shall entail the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States as regards employment , remuneration and other conditions of work and employment . </Li> <Li> It shall entail the right , subject to limitations justified on grounds of public policy , public security or public health : <Dl> <Dd> ( a ) to accept offers of employment actually made ; </Dd> <Dd> ( b ) to move freely within the territory of Member States for this purpose ; </Dd> <Dd> ( c ) to stay in a Member State for the purpose of employment in accordance with the provisions governing the employment of nationals of that State laid down by law , regulation or administrative action ; </Dd> <Dd> ( d ) to remain in the territory of a Member State after having been employed in that State , subject to conditions which shall be embodied in implementing regulations to be drawn up by the Commission . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> The provisions of this article shall not apply to employment in the public service . </Li> </Ol> <P> The right to free movement has both ' horizontal ' and ' vertical ' direct effect , such that a private citizen can invoke the right , without more , in an ordinary court , against other persons , both governmental and non-governmental . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Definition of `` worker '' </Li> <Li> 3 Extent of the right </Li> <Li> 4 Discrimination and market access </Li> <Li> 5 Public service exception </Li> <Li> 6 Directives and regulations </Li> <Li> 7 Social rights </Li> <Li> 8 Transitional provisions in new member states </Li> <Li> 9 Freedom of movement in the European Economic Area </Li> <Li> 10 Summary </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Treaty of Paris ( 1951 ) establishing the European Coal and Steel Community established a right to free movement for workers in these industries and the Treaty of Rome ( 1957 ) provided a right for the free movement of workers within the European Economic Community . The Directive 2004 / 38 / EC on the right to move and reside freely assembles the different aspects of the right of movement in one document , replacing inter alia the directive 1968 / 360 / EEC . It also clarifies procedural issues , and it strengthens the rights of family members of European citizens using the freedom of movement . According to the official site of the European Parliament , the explanation of the freedom of workers goes as follows : </P> <P> Freedom of movement and residence for persons in the EU is the cornerstone of Union citizenship , which was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992 . Its practical implementation in EU law , however , has not been straightforward . It first involved the gradual phasing out , of internal borders under the Schengen agreements , initially in just a handful of Member States . Today , the provisions governing the free movement of persons are laid down in Directive 2004 / 38 / EC on the right of EU citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States . However , the implementation of this directive continues to face many obstacles . </P> <H2> Definition of `` worker '' ( edit ) </H2> <P> The meaning of ' worker ' is a matter of European Union law . `` The essential feature of an employment relationship , however , is that for a certain period of time a person performs services for and under the direction of another person in return for which he receives remuneration . '' </P> <Ul> <Li> Purpose : under the European Court of Justice caselaw , the rights of free movement of workers applies regardless of the worker 's purpose in taking up employment abroad , so long as the work is not solely provided as a means of rehabilitation or reintegration of the workers concerned into society . </Li> <Li> Time commitment : the right of free movement applies to both part - time and full - time work , so long as the work is effective and genuine and not of such small scale , irregular nature or limited duration to be purely marginal and ancillary . </Li> <Li> Remuneration : a wage is a necessary precondition for activity to constitute work , but the amount is not important . The right to free movement applies whether or not the worker required additional financial assistance from the Member State into which he moves . Remuneration may be indirect quid pro quo ( e.g. board and lodging ) rather than strict consideration for work . </Li> <Li> Direction of another : where a person is self - employed , he can avail himself of the freedom to provide services and freedom of establishment . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Extent of the right ( edit ) </H2> <P> The right to free movement applies where the legal relationship of employment is entered into in or shall take effect within the territory of the European Community . The precise legal scope of the right to free movement for workers has been shaped by the European Court of Justice and by directives and regulations . Underlying these developments is a tension `` between the image of the Community worker as a mobile unit of production , contributing to the creation of a single market and to the economic prosperity of Europe '' and the `` image of the worker as a human being , exercising a personal right to live in another state and to take up employment there without discrimination , to improve the standard of living of his or her family '' . </P> <H2> Discrimination and market access ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Case 379 / 87 Groener v Minister for Education ( 1989 ) ECR 3967 </Li> <Li> Cases 267 & 268 / 91 Keck and Mithouard ( 1993 ) ECR I - 6097 </Li> <Li> Case 18 / 95 F.C. Terhoeve v Inspecteur van de Belastingdienst Particulieren / Ondernemingen Buitenland ( 1999 ) ECR I - 345 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Public service exception ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Case 149 / 79 Commission v Belgium ( 1980 ) ECR 3881 </Li> <Li> Case 152 / 73 Sotigiu v Deutsche Bundespost ( 1974 ) ECR 153 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Directives and regulations ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Directive 68 / 360 / EEC </Li> <Li> Case 48 / 75 Royer ( 1976 ) ECR 497 </Li> <Li> Case 118 / 75 Watson and Belmann ( 1976 ) ECR 1185 </Li> <Li> Case C - 292 / 89 Antonissen ( 1991 ) ECR I - 745 </Li> <Li> EU Regulation 1612 / 68 repealed and replaced by Regulation 492 / 2011 </Li> <Li> Case C - 207 / 78 Ministere Public v Even and ONPTS ( 1979 ) ECR 2019 </Li> <Li> Case C - 267 / 83 Diatta v Land Berlin ( 1985 ) ECR 567 </Li> <Li> Case C - 370 / 90 R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal and Surinder Singh , ex parte Secretary of State for the Home Department ( 1991 ) ECR I - 4265 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Social rights ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Case 293 / 83 Gravier v City of Liege ( 1985 ) ECR 593 </Li> <Li> Case C - 85 / 96 Maria Martinez Sala v Freistaat Bayern ( 1998 ) ECR I - 2691 </Li> <Li> Case C - 184 / 99 Rudy Grzelczyk v Centre Public d'Aide Sociale d'Ottignes - Louvain - la - Neuve ( CPAS ) ( 2001 ) ECR I - 6193 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Transitional provisions in new member states ( edit ) </H2> <P> In both the Treaty of Accession 2003 and the Treaty of Accession 2005 , there is a clause about a transition period before workers from the new member states can be employed on an equal , non-discriminatory terms in the old member states . The old member states have the right to impose such transitional period for 2 years , then to decide to extend it for additional 3 years , and then , if there is serious proof that labour from new member states would be disruptive to the market in the old member states then the period can be extended for the last time for 2 more years . </P> <P> According to the principle of reciprocity , new member states have the right to impose restrictions for all the countries that introduced restrictions and transitional periods to their citizens . Croatia has decided to apply this rule . </P> <H2> Freedom of movement in the European Economic Area ( edit ) </H2> <P> The citizens of the member states of the European Economic Area ( which includes the EU ) have the same right of freedom of movement in the EEA as do EU citizens do within the Union . Additionally , the European Union and Switzerland have concluded a bilateral agreement with the same meaning . The EEA member states outside the EU ( Norway , Iceland and Liechtenstein ) and Switzerland are treated as `` old member states '' in regard to the Treaty of Accession of the new EU members , so they can impose such 2 + 3 + 2 transitional periods . </P> <P> Switzerland initially granted freedom of movement to EEA citizens in 2005 - 2011 . It briefly reimposed restrictions in 2012 - 2013 , but lifted them again in 2014 . A 2014 Referendum directed the Swiss government to impose permanent quotas on residence / work permits for citizens of all EEA countries except Liechtenstein , starting from 2017 at the latest . However , on 22 December 2016 , Switzerland and the EU concluded an agreement that a new Swiss law ( in response to the referendum ) may require Swiss employers to give priority to Swiss - based job seekers ( Swiss nationals and foreigners registered in Swiss job agencies ) but does not limit the free movement of EU workers to Switzerland . </P> <P> Liechtenstein imposes a permanent quota for all EEA citizens ( issuing 56 residence permits per year ) and a separate quota for Swiss citizens ( a further 12 residence permits per year ) . </P> <H2> Summary ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Establishment of rights of nationals of each EEA member state to work in each other member state <Tr> <Th> The citizens of → can be employed in ↓ starting ↘ </Th> <Th_colspan="28"> European Union members </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Other EEA members </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> The citizens of ← can be employed in ↓ starting ∠ </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Cyprus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Malta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Estonia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Lithuania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Romania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> ( 2024 ) </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Iceland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> ( 2024 ) </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="38"> no restriction on freedom of movement of workers ; year of initial lifting of restrictions restricted movement of workers ; earliest date for lifting of the restrictions for Croatian citizens is 1 July 2018 ( 1 January 2024 in case of Switzerland ) Liechtenstein imposes a permanent annual quota on residence permits issued , for all EEA citizens and ( separately ) Swiss citizens <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : See also the parallel , concurrent Nordic Passport Union between the Kingdom of Denmark ( for Denmark and the Faroe Islands ) , Sweden , Norway , Iceland and Finland . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Date of applicability as member states of the EEC . See also the parallel , concurrent Common Travel Area between the United Kingdom and Islands and the Republic of Ireland ( Great Britain and Islands and all of the island of Ireland ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For the countries that joined the EU before 2004 , plus Cyprus and Malta , restrictions on freedom of movement were initially lifted on 1 June 2007 , but Switzerland decided to reimpose them from 1 June 2013 to 31 May 2014 under a safeguard clause . Similarly , for the countries that joined the EU in 2004 , except Cyprus and Malta , restrictions on freedom of movement were initially lifted on 1 May 2011 , but Switzerland decided to reimpose them from 1 May 2012 to 30 April 2014 under a safeguard clause . Also , according to the Protocol to the Agreement between the European Community and Switzerland regarding the participation of Bulgaria and Romania , Switzerland applied the 2 + 3 + 2 transitional period formula to these two countries starting from 1 June 2009 , an may enforce some exclusions for an additional 3 years , until 31 May 2019 . </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement </Li> <Li> Compact of Free Association </Li> <Li> European Union law </Li> <Li> Citizenship of the European Union </Li> <Li> Internal Market </Li> <Li> Free Movement of Citizens Directive </Li> <Li> Freedom of movement </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Treaty of Rome ( consolidated version ) . EUR - Lex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Union royale belge des sociétés de football association ASBL v Jean - Marc Bosman , Case C - 415 / 93 . EUR - Lex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA , Case C - 281 / 98 ( 2000 ) . EUR - Lex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Article 69 part of Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ( Rome , 25 March 1957 ) on CVCE website . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Title 3 part of Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ( Rome , 25 March 1957 ) on CVCE website . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Free movement of persons '' . Europarl.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoekstra ( née Unger ) v Bestuur der Bedrijfsvereniging voor Detailhandel en Ambachten , Case 75 - 63 ( 1964 ) . EUR - Lex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deborah Lawrie - Blum v Land Baden - Württemberg , Case 66 / 85 ( 1986 ) . EUR - Lex </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Levin v Staatssecretaris van Justitie , Case 53 / 81 ( 1982 ) . EUR - Lex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bettray v Staatssecretaris van Justitie , Case 344 / 87 ( 1989 ) . EUR - Lex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raulin v Minister van Onderwijs en Wetenschappen , Case C - 357 / 89 ( 1992 ) . EUR - Lex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kempf v Staatssecretaris van Justitie , Case 139 / 85 ( 1986 ) . EUR - Lex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Udo Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie , Case 196 / 87 ( 1988 ) . EUR - Lex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walrave and Koch v Association Union cycliste internationale , Koninklijke Nederlandsche Wielren Unie et Federación Española Ciclismo , Case 36 - 74 ( 1974 ) . EUR - Lex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See alsoIngrid Boukhalfa v Bundesrepublik Deutschland , C - 214 / 94 ( 1996 ) . EUR - Lex </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Craig & de Búrca 2003 , p. 701 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&numdoc=61987J0379&lg=en Anita Groener v Minister for Education and the City of Dublin Vocational Educational Committee . Judgment of the Court of 28 November 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61991CJ0267:EN:HTML Judgment of the Court of 24 November 1993 . - Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard . - References for a preliminary ruling : Tribunal de grande instance de Strasbourg - France . - Free movement of goods - Prohibition of resale at a loss . - Joined cases C - 267 / 91 and C - 268 / 91 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61995J0018 F.C. Terhoeve v Inspecteur van de Belastingdienst Particulieren / Ondernemingen buitenland . Judgment of the Court of 26 January 1999 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EUR - Lex - 31968L0360 - EN - EUR - Lex '' . eur-lex.europa.eu . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EUR - Lex - 31968R1612 - EN '' . eur-lex.europa.eu . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Regulation ( EU ) No 492 / 2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on freedom of movement for workers within the Union Text with EEA relevance '' . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ European Commission . `` FAQ on the Commission 's free movement of workers report '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Croatia - Employment , Social Affairs & Inclusion - European Commission '' . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Free movement of persons '' . Directorate for European Affairs . Bern : Federal Department of Foreign Affairs . May 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Free Movement of Persons Switzerland -- EU / EFTA '' . Federal Office for Migration . Bern : Federal Department of Justice and Police . May 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Working in Switzerland as a citizen of an EU / EFTA member state - www.ch.ch '' . www.ch.ch . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ EU and Switzerland agree on free movement -- euobserver , 22 Dec 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Liechtenstein Wirtschaft Work permits and residence </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Work permits and labour market restrictions in some EU countries '' . Europa . 27 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Croatian '' . Immigration and Naturalisation Service . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Croatia to become part of the EEA '' . Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 2014 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Citizens of Croatia will not need residence permits from the 1st of July 2015 '' . The Directorate of Immigration . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Croatia - Employment , Social Affairs & Inclusion - European Commission '' . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Free Movement of Persons Switzerland -- EU / EFTA '' . sem.admin.ch . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> P. Craig and G. de Búrca , EU Law : Text , Cases and Materials , 3rd edition , OUP , 2003 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> European Commission : EU citizenship and free movement </Li> <Li> Your Europe : Work Permits </Li> <Li> EURES - The European Job Mobility Portal </Li> <Li> The Free Movement of Persons in the European Union : A Legal - historical Overview </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> European Union articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Timeline </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-1945 </Li> <Li> 1945 -- 57 </Li> <Li> 1958 -- 72 </Li> <Li> 1973 -- 93 </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Since 2004 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Predecessors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Founders </Li> <Li> European Coal and Steel Community ( 1951 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> European Economic Community ( 1958 -- 1993 / 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Euratom ( 1958 -- present ) </Li> <Li> European Communities ( 1967 -- 1993 / 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Justice and Home Affairs ( 1993 -- 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Extreme points </Li> <Li> Geographic centre </Li> <Li> Largest municipalities </Li> <Li> Urban areas </Li> <Li> Larger urban zones </Li> <Li> Member states </Li> <Li> Regions ( first - 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passer </Li> <Li> Languages </Li> <Li> Media freedom </Li> <Li> Public holidays </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Sport </Li> <Li> Telephone numbers </Li> <Li> Statistics </Li> <Li> Symbols </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Concepts , acronyms , & jargon </Li> <Li> Agencies </Li> <Li> Books </Li> <Li> Companies </Li> <Li> Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants </Li> <Li> Largest cities by population within city limits </Li> <Li> Directives </Li> <Li> Tallest buildings </Li> <Li> Terrorist incidents </Li> <Li> Vehicle registration plates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theory </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eurosphere </Li> <Li> Intergovernmentalism </Li> <Li> Multi-speed </Li> <Li> Neofunctionalism </Li> <Li> Optimum currency area </Li> <Li> Supranational union </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Outline </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> European Union portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union&oldid=832503695 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> European Union law </Li> <Li> Global workforce </Li> <Li> Freedom of movement </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from March 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 12 : 07 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Donny Osmond - wikipedia <H1> Donny Osmond </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Donny Osmond </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Osmond in 2007 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Background information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Birth name </Th> <Td> Donald Clark Osmond </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1957 - 12 - 09 ) December 9 , 1957 ( age 60 ) Ogden , Utah , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vocal </Li> <Li> pop rock </Li> <Li> R&B </Li> <Li> bubblegum pop </Li> <Li> blue - eyed soul </Li> <Li> comedy </Li> <Li> musical theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Singer </Li> <Li> songwriter </Li> <Li> musician </Li> <Li> actor </Li> <Li> television host </Li> <Li> dancer </Li> <Li> author </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Instruments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vocals </Li> <Li> piano </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1963 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Universal </Li> <Li> Decca </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated acts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marie Osmond </Li> <Li> The Osmonds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> donny.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Donald Clark `` Donny '' Osmond ( born December 9 , 1957 ) is an American singer , actor , radio personality , and former teen idol . Osmond has also been a talk and game show host , record producer and author . In the mid-1960s , he and four of his elder brothers gained fame as : `` The Osmonds '' . Osmond went solo in the early 1970s , covering such hits as `` Go Away Little Girl '' and `` Puppy Love '' . </P> <P> For more than forty years , he and younger sister Marie have gained fame as Donny & Marie , partly due to the success of their 1976 -- 79 self - titled variety series , which aired on ABC . The duo also did a 1998 -- 2000 talk show and have been headlining in Las Vegas since 2008 . </P> <P> In 1989 , Osmond had two big - selling recordings , the first of which , `` Soldier of Love '' , was initially credited to a `` mystery artist '' by some radio stations . </P> <P> Starting in July 1992 , Osmond played Joseph in the Elgin Theatre 's Toronto production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat . He relocated to Chicago where Joseph played for sixteen months in 1993 - 94 . The musical then toured North America until 1998 returning to Chicago twice again . Creator Andrew Lloyd Webber chose him for the 1999 film version . </P> <P> In 2009 , Osmond won the ninth season of Dancing with the Stars . Osmond appeared as a guest judge on Strictly Come Dancing on week 3 ( movie week ) of the 12th series . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Music career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Teen idol : 1971 -- 1978 </Li> <Li> 2.2 Comeback : 1989 -- 1990 </Li> <Li> 2.3 Current music career : 1991 -- present </Li> <Li> 2.4 Donny & Marie in Las Vegas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Film , radio and television <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Donny & Marie </Li> <Li> 3.2 Other hosting opportunities </Li> <Li> 3.3 Radio </Li> <Li> 3.4 Music </Li> <Li> 3.5 Musical theater </Li> <Li> 3.6 Film </Li> <Li> 3.7 Dancing with the Stars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Image struggle </Li> <Li> 5 Personal life </Li> <Li> 6 Discography </Li> <Li> 7 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Television </Li> <Li> 7.2 Films </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Osmond was born on December 9 , 1957 , in Ogden , Utah , the seventh son of Olive May ( née Davis ; 1925 -- 2004 ) and George Virl Osmond ( 1917 -- 2007 ) . He is the brother of Alan , Jay , Jimmy , Merrill , Wayne , Marie , Tom , and Virl Osmond . Alan , Jay , Merrill , Wayne , and Donny were members of the popular singing group The Osmonds ( also known as The Osmond Brothers ) . Osmond was raised as a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Utah along with his siblings . Osmond has traced some of his family ancestry back to Merthyr Tydfil in Wales ; his journey was documented in a BBC Wales program , Donny Osmond Coming Home . On the BBC 's The One Show , a plaque was unveiled in the town to commemorate ' the ancestors of Donny Osmond ' . In his youth , Osmond held a ham radio license , KA7EVD . </P> <H2> Music career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Teen idol : 1971 -- 1978 ( edit ) </H3> The Osmonds in the Netherlands ( 1973 ) <P> Andy Williams ' father , Jay Emerson Williams , saw the Osmond Brothers ( Alan , Wayne , Merrill and Jay ) perform on a Disneyland televised special as a barbershop quartet . In short order , the group was invited to audition for The Andy Williams Show . Williams initially had reservations about featuring children on the program , however , encouraged by his father to try them out , they proved in a short period of time to become an asset to the program , and soon became regulars on the show and gained popularity quickly . In 1963 , Donny Osmond made his debut on the show at the age of 5 singing `` You Are My Sunshine '' . The brothers continued to perform on the show throughout the 1960s along with a visit from their sister Marie . In the early 1970s , the Osmonds , via recording and virtually constant touring , sold over 80 million records in a single 12 - month period , making them the most successful , and fatigued , of the early Seventies touring groups . </P> <P> Osmond became a teen idol in the early 1970s as a solo singer , while continuing to sing with his older brothers . Osmond , Bobby Sherman , and David Cassidy were the biggest `` Cover Boy '' pop stars for Tiger Beat magazine in the early 1970s . His first solo hit was a cover of Roy Orbison 's 1958 recording of `` Sweet and Innocent '' , which peaked at No. 7 in the U.S. in 1971 . Osmond 's follow - ups `` Go Away Little Girl '' ( 1971 ) ( U.S. # 1 ) , `` Puppy Love '' ( U.S. # 3 ) , and `` Hey Girl / I Knew You When '' ( U.S. # 9 ) ( 1972 ) vaulted him into international fame , further advanced by his 20 November 1972 appearance on the Here 's Lucy show , where he sang `` Too Young '' to Lucille Ball 's niece , played by Eve Plumb , and sang with Lucie Arnaz ( `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' ) . </P> <H3> Comeback : 1989 -- 1990 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the 1980s , Osmond re-invented himself and abandoned the earlier television show image crafted to appeal to young viewers . He made an unlikely appearance as one of several celebrities and unknowns auditioning to sing for guitarist Jeff Beck in the video for Beck 's 1985 single `` Ambitious '' -- which was produced by Paul Flattery and directed by Jim Yukich -- followed in 1986 by an equally unlikely cameo in the animated Luis Cardenas music video `` Runaway '' . He spent several years as a performer , before hiring the services of music and entertainment guru Steven Machat , who got Osmond together with English singer - songwriter Peter Gabriel to see whether Machat and Gabriel could turn the TV Osmond 's image into a contemporary young pop act . They succeeded , returning Osmond to the US charts in 1989 with the Billboard Hot 100 No. 2 song `` Soldier of Love '' and its top twenty follow - up `` Sacred Emotion '' . The campaign to market `` Soldier Of Love '' received considerable airplay with the singer being presented as a `` mystery artist '' before his identity was later revealed . Launching an extensive tour in support of the Eyes Do n't Lie record , he enlisted Earth Wind & Fire and Kenny Loggins guitarist Dick Smith along with keyboardist Marc Jackson . </P> <P> Osmond was often reluctant to perform his earliest songs , in particular `` Go Away Little Girl '' , but was convinced to sing the song live for KLOS - FM 's Mark & Brian Christmas Show on December 21 , 1990 . Now he embraces his initial recording period with fondness , and recognizes that his many fans around the world are always excited and appreciative to hear his earliest chart successes . </P> <H3> Current music career : 1991 -- present ( edit ) </H3> <P> Osmond was the guest vocalist on Dweezil Zappa 's star - studded version of the Bee Gees ' `` Stayin ' Alive '' which appeared on Zappa 's 1991 album Confessions . The song also included guitar solos from Zakk Wylde , Steve Lukather , Warren DeMartini , Nuno Bettencourt , and Tim Pierce . Osmond sang `` No One Has To Be Alone '' , but the song was heard at the end of the film The Land Before Time IX : Journey to Big Water . He also sang `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' for Disney 's Mulan . </P> <P> In the 2000s , he released a Christmas album , an album of his favorite Broadway songs , and a compilation of popular love songs . In 2004 , he returned to the UK Top 10 for the first time as a solo artist since 1973 , with the George Benson - sampling `` Breeze On By '' , co-written with former teen idol Gary Barlow , from the 1990s UK boy band Take That , reaching number 8 . </P> <P> Forthcoming 60th album The Soundtrack of My Life features a collection of cover songs with personal meaning to Osmond . He enlisted Stevie Wonder to play harmonica on track `` My Cherie Amour '' </P> <H3> Donny & Marie in Las Vegas ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following Marie 's stint on Dancing with the Stars in 2007 , the pair teamed up for a limited engagement in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Las Vegas . Beginning September 2008 , Donny and Marie began playing the 750 - seat showroom at the Flamingo Hotel . `` Donny & Marie '' is a 90 - minute show . The singing siblings are backed by eight dancers and a nine piece band . Donny and Marie sing together at the beginning and end of the show , and have solo segments in between . The old style showroom was updated in 2014 and renamed the Donny and Marie Theater . Osmond and the show earned three of the Las Vegas Review - Journal 's Best of Las Vegas Awards in 2012 including `` Best Show '' , `` Best All - Around Performer '' ( Donny & Marie ) , and `` Best Singer '' . Osmond earned `` Best Singer '' for a second time in the Las Vegas Review - Journal 's Best of Las Vegas Awards in 2013 . They extended their contract until November 2016 . </P> <H2> Film , radio and television ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Donny & Marie ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1974 , he and Marie co-hosted The Mike Douglas Show for a week , and were later offered a show of their own by Fred Silverman , The Donny & Marie Show , a television variety series which aired on ABC between 1976 and 1979 . Osmond felt that their program should have been continued for at least another television season , and has expressed regret that the show was cancelled , as opposed to them deciding when to bring the show to conclusion . </P> <P> Donny and Marie also co-hosted a talk show together 20 years later . Though ratings were high and they were nominated for an Emmy award for best talk show , the series was ultimately canceled . In a 1999 episode featuring Jefferson Starship promoting their album Windows of Heaven , the hosts performed a rendition of `` Volunteers '' live with the band . </P> <H3> Other hosting opportunities ( edit ) </H3> <P> Osmond went on to host Pyramid , a syndicated version of the Dick Clark - hosted television game show that ran two seasons in the US from 2002 to 2004 , and a British version of Pyramid on Challenge in 2007 . </P> <P> Osmond returned to ABC as host of The Great American Dream Vote , a prime - time reality / game show that debuted in March 2007 . After earning lackluster ratings in its first two episodes , the program was cancelled . </P> <P> Osmond hosted the British version of the game show Identity on BBC Two during the daytime . </P> <P> On April 11 , 2008 , Osmond also hosted the 2008 Miss USA pageant along with his sister Marie from Las Vegas . </P> <P> Osmond appeared on Entertainment Tonight as a commentator covering the ABC show Dancing with the Stars during his sister Marie 's run as a contestant on the 5th season of the American version of the popular show in Fall of 2007 . He was seen at week 7 of the competition in tears in the audience watching Marie do a rumba after his and Marie 's father died . </P> <H3> Radio ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Donny Osmond '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Osmond hosts a syndicated radio show in a deal with McVay Syndication and Citadel Media . Versions of The Donny Osmond Show air across the United States , Canada , Australia and the UK . </P> <P> The UK edition of the show is co-produced by London - based radio production & syndication company Blue Revolution . Through this partnership the first UK network to carry The Donny Osmond Show is Celador - owned The Breeze , which has outlets in Portsmouth , Southampton , Isle of Wight , Winchester , Bridgwater & West Somerset , Bristol , Bath and Warminster . As of January 2012 , The Donny Osmond Show is no longer broadcasting on The Breeze . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> Osmond 's name was used in the lyrics of Alice Cooper 's song Department of Youth ( song ) on the album , Welcome to My Nightmare . As the song fades , Cooper can be heard asking the youth choir backing him up , `` Who 's got the power ? '' to which a crowd of young people screams `` we do ! '' After a couple of repetitions this changes to `` We 've got the power '' with a cheering response . On the final repetition , Cooper changes the question to `` ... and who gave it to you ? '' The crowd answers , `` Donny Osmond ! '' . Cooper then responds `` What ? ! '' </P> <H3> Musical theater ( edit ) </H3> <P> His first foray into Broadway musical theater was the lead role in a revival of the 1904 George M. Cohan show Little Johnny Jones . Osmond replaced another former teen idol , David Cassidy , who left the show while it was on its pre-Broadway tour . After 29 previews and only one performance , the show closed on March 21 , 1982 . </P> <P> Osmond found success in musical theater through much of the 1990s when he starred in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat for over 2,000 performances . During his performances for the musical , he suffered from social anxiety disorder , which caused him to feel light - headed and extremely nervous during his performances . In 1997 , Osmond left his starring role in the tour to participate with his family in the cast of the Hill Cumorah Pageant . </P> <P> He returned to Broadway on September 19 , 2006 , in the role of Gaston in Disney 's Beauty and the Beast . He was scheduled to perform for nine weeks , but due to popular demand he extended his run through December 24 . Liz Smith of the New York Post wrote , `` I am here to tell you he is charmingly campy , good - looking and grand as the villain ' Gaston ' , patterned after our old friend Elvis '' , and noting `` Donny is divine '' . On July 29 , 2007 , Osmond played Gaston again for the final performance of Beauty and the Beast . </P> <P> Osmond and his sister Marie starred in a holiday production called Donny & Marie -- A Broadway Christmas , originally scheduled to play on Broadway at the Marquis Theatre December 9 -- 19 , 2010 . The show extended until December 30 , 2010 , and again until January 2 , 2011 . Donny & Marie -- Christmas in Chicago played the Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre in Chicago from December 6 -- 24 , 2011 . It was similar to the 2010 Broadway show . In December 2014 , they again performed a similar Broadway show , receiving very positive reviews . </P> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the animated television series Johnny Bravo , Osmond voiced himself as a recurring character . He has also done guest spots on numerous other television shows such as Friends , Diagnosis : Murder and Hannah Montana . He also appeared in a Pepsi Twist commercial during the Super Bowl with his sister , Marie , and Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne . In 1982 , he co-starred with Priscilla Barnes and Joan Collins in the television movie The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch for Aaron Spelling . </P> <P> In 1978 he appeared in Goin ' Coconuts with sister Marie . His future wife Debbie made a cameo appearance at the end of the film . </P> <P> In 1998 , Osmond was chosen as the singing voice of Shang in Disney 's Mulan . He sang `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' . </P> <P> Also in 1999 , he starred as Joseph in the movie version of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat by Andrew Lloyd Webber 's request who said , `` to me there is no better selection '' . </P> <P> In 2002 he sang `` No One Has to Be Alone '' for the end credits of The Land Before Time IX : Journey to Big Water . </P> <P> In the Bob the Builder special `` Built to be Wild '' , he played Jackaroo the pickup truck . </P> <P> Osmond remarked in an interview recently that with his movie appearance on College Road Trip and upcoming appearances on two Disney Channel shows that he would coming about full circle since he and his family were discovered by Walt Disney . </P> <P> Osmond appears in the music video of `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's song `` White & Nerdy '' . The song is a parody of Chamillionaire 's `` Ridin ' '' ; Osmond 's role is analogous to that of Krayzie Bone 's role in the original video . Yankovic asked Osmond to appear because `` if you have to have a white and nerdy icon in your video , like who else do you go for ? '' </P> <H3> Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) </H3> <P> Osmond and professional Kym Johnson were paired for the 2009 ninth season of Dancing with the Stars ; he participated in the show to prove he was a better dancer than his sister . It was very difficult for him to manage to get to rehearsals and host his show in Las Vegas with sister Marie . For the first week , the two were assigned to dance a Foxtrot and a 30 - second Salsa . His Foxtrot was said to be `` too theatrical '' and was scored 20 / 30 from the judges . He however managed to maintain a good score when his Salsa scored 10 points and was safe that week . He danced a Jive the following week which was guest judged by Baz Luhrmann . He scored 25 and was scored 2nd place , called first to be safe . That following week he danced a rumba and scored 21 . </P> <P> After his comments , he `` toyed - with '' openly gay judge Bruno Tonioli , first kissing him , before embracing him and tipping him back in a mock - passionate move after Bruno called Osmond 's dance `` a bit airy fairy '' . The following week introduced 4 new dances including the Charleston which he danced and scored 24 . That following week , the two danced an Argentine Tango which scored 29 / 30 , the highest scored dance to date until it was beaten by then leader topping scorer and future runner - up Mýa and her 70s - themed Samba . He had also received that week 's encore . </P> <P> Following that week , Osmond and Johnson danced a train - station themed Jitterbug and was scored a 24 . He then danced a Mambo against all couples and was eliminated 6th receiving 7 points for a total of 31 / 40 . The following week , he danced a Quickstep which he quotes `` was one of the worst moments of my life '' and scored 24 and a Team Tango along with Joanna Krupa and Kelly Osbourne and received 28 / 30 and the encore . </P> <P> In the 8th week of competition , Osmond was required to dance a Ballroom and decade - themed Latin dance . His Ballroom Viennese Waltz received 26 but his 1980s themed Paso Doble received 24 being quoted by judge Len Goodman as `` the most scariest , bizarre Paso Doble we 've ever seen '' being awarded last place on the judges ' leaderboard for the first time . Following that week , he danced a Tango and got advice from past runner - up Gilles Marini . He got tangled in Johnson 's dress and received 21 and saying the cause was that `` I saw Marie '' . He then danced a samba to a song originally recorded by his brothers and himself called `` One Bad Apple '' , receiving 26 and a Jitterbug scored 27 . He once again was scored last place . </P> <P> For the finals week , he danced a Cha - Cha - Cha ( 27 ) , a Megamix dance alongside Mya and Kelly Osbourne ( 28 ) , the only perfect - scoring Freestyle ( 30 ) and a repeat of his Argentine Tango ( 30 ) and won the competition . As he accepted his trophy , he hugged fellow finalist Mya and grabbed his wife , Debbie , and his sister , Marie , on stage . </P> <P> On Season 18 , he guest judged week five on Disney Night . Again , in October 2014 he guest judged on the British version of the show , Strictly Come Dancing . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' score </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` All that Jazz '' Salsa Relay / `` Get Busy '' </Td> <Td> 7 Awarded </Td> <Td> 6 10 </Td> <Td> 7 Points </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jive / `` Secret Agent Man '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> * 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rumba / `` Endless Love '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charleston / `` Put a Lid on It '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Argentine Tango / `` Tango a Pugliese '' </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Jitterbug / `` Choo Choo Ch'Boogie '' Mambo Marathon / `` Ran Kan Kan '' </Td> <Td> 8 Awarded </Td> <Td> 8 7 </Td> <Td> 8 Points </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Quickstep / `` Sing , Sing , Sing '' Team Tango `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' </Td> <Td> 8 9 </Td> <Td> 8 9 </Td> <Td> 8 10 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Viennese Waltz / `` You Do n't Know Me '' Paso Doble / `` You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) '' </Td> <Td> 9 8 </Td> <Td> 8 8 </Td> <Td> 9 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 Semi-finals </Td> <Td> Tango / `` Black and Gold '' Samba / `` One Bad Apple '' Jitterbug / `` Jump Shout Boogie '' </Td> <Td> 7 8 9 </Td> <Td> 7 9 9 </Td> <Td> 7 9 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 Finals </Td> <Td> Cha - Cha - Cha / `` September '' Megamix / `` You and Me '' / `` Whenever , Wherever '' / `` Maniac '' Freestyle / `` Back in Business '' Argentine Tango / `` Tango a Pugliese '' </Td> <Td> 9 Awarded 10 Awarded </Td> <Td> 9 28 10 30 </Td> <Td> 9 Points 10 Points </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Image struggle ( edit ) </H2> <P> Osmond states that he has had a tremendous public image struggle since Donny & Marie ended in 1979 . He has been described as `` unhip '' , as a `` boy scout '' , and has been the butt of innumerable jokes , including appearing in the video `` White & Nerdy '' at the request of his friend `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , since he was `` the whitest guy ( he ) could think of '' . In the 1980s , a publicist suggested that Osmond purposefully get arrested for drug possession in order to change his image . </P> <P> In March 2010 , Osmond criticized Lady Gaga and Beyoncé for using profanity and sex in their `` Telephone '' video . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Osmond married Debra Glenn ( born in Billings , Montana on February 26 , 1959 ) on May 8 , 1978 , in the Salt Lake Temple at age 20 . Together they have five sons : Donald Clark Osmond , Jr. ( b . 1979 ) , Jeremy James Osmond ( b . 1981 ) , Brandon Michael Osmond ( b . 1985 ) , Christopher Glenn Osmond ( b . 1990 ) , and Joshua Davis Osmond ( b . 1998 ) . </P> <P> Osmond became a grandfather on August 21 , 2005 , when his second son Jeremy and daughter - in - law Melisa ( married 2002 ) had son Dylan James Osmond . They later had daughter Emery Anne ( b . 2008 ) and second son Ryder James ( b . 2013 ) . Osmond 's third son Brandon married Shelby Hansen in 2008 . Their son , Daxton Michael , was born on June 28 , 2010 . Brandon and Shelby 's second son , Tayte Darton Osmond , was born on August 1 , 2012 . Brandon and Shelby 's third son Benson Stanley was born in November 29 , 2014 . Their fourth son Peder was born August 3 , 2017 . Donny 's eldest son , Donald Jr. , married Jessica Nelson on October 1 , 2010 , in the Oquirrh Mountain Temple , and the couple had their first child , a son , Truman Clark Osmond , on January 9 , 2013 . Their second son Leo was born in 2015 . </P> <P> Like the rest of his family , he is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . In retrospect , he has written , `` It would have been nice to be able to have served a regular full - time mission , but when I was of that age , my career was such that everyone , including my parents and the leaders of the church , thought that I could do a lot of good in the world by continuing being in the public eye , by living an exemplary life and sharing my beliefs in every way that I could '' . He continues sharing his beliefs in an extensive letters - and - comments portion of his website . </P> <P> In the aftermath of Proposition 8 in California , which received large Mormon support , Osmond stated that he opposes same - sex marriage but that he does not condemn homosexuality . He believes that gays and lesbians should be accepted in the church if they remain celibate . </P> <P> He stated on his website : </P> <P> We all determine for ourselves what is right and what is not right for our own lives and how we live God 's commandments . I am not a judge and I will never judge anyone for the decisions they make unless they are causing harm to another individual . I love my friends , including my homosexual friends . We are all God 's children . It is their choice , not mine on how they conduct their lives and choose to live the commandments according to the dictates of their own conscience . </P> <P> Osmond 's two oldest brothers are deaf and his nephew is hard of hearing . He has talked about the experience of growing up with his brothers and their use of sign language when performing together : </P> <P> My oldest brother was born 85 percent deaf and the next was born worse with almost total deafness . My parents were told by everyone , doctors included , to stop having kids . Thank God , they at least went as far as seven ! Anyhow , they decided they were not going to treat my brothers differently ( or lower their expectations ) . My brothers talk and communicate verbally . They also sign and do have that down quite well . As a matter of fact , we used sign language when we were performing together as a group . There 's this one number we did on the Donny and Marie Show , it was amazing -- even when we were taping it . It was a huge production number and my brothers learned the routine . Obviously they could n't really hear the music , but they could feel the beat and they 'd watch us out of the corner of their eyes to make sure they were still in tempo . </P> <H2> Discography ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Donny Osmond discography <Ul> <Li> The Donny Osmond Album ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> To You with Love , Donny ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Portrait of Donny ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Too Young ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Alone Together ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> A Time for Us ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Donny ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Disco Train ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Donald Clark Osmond ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Donny Osmond ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Eyes Do n't Lie ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Four ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> This Is the Moment ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Christmas at Home ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Somewhere in Time ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> What I Meant to Say ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Love Songs of the 70s ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Soundtrack of My Life ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> The Andy Williams Show </Td> <Td> The Osmonds </Td> <Td> Multiple episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 -- 1979 </Td> <Td> Donny & Marie </Td> <Td> Various Characters </Td> <Td> 78 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Space Ghost Coast to Coast </Td> <Td> Himself </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Fire Drill '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Johnny Bravo </Td> <Td> Himself </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Donny & Marie </Td> <Td> Himself </Td> <Td> All episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> The King of Queens </Td> <Td> Himself </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Miss America Pageant </Td> <Td> Co-Host </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Diagnosis Murder </Td> <Td> Himself </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Mouth That Roared '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 2004 ( US ) , 2007 ( UK ) </Td> <Td> Pyramid </Td> <Td> Host </Td> <Td> All episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sesame Street </Td> <Td> Himself </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> The Great American Dream Vote </Td> <Td> Host </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 ( UK ) </Td> <Td> Identity </Td> <Td> Host </Td> <Td> All episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Entertainment Tonight </Td> <Td> Commentator </Td> <Td> Several episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Hannah Montana </Td> <Td> Cameo </Td> <Td> Episode : `` We 're All on This Date Together '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Handy Manny </Td> <Td> Farmer </Td> <Td> `` Handy Manny 's Motorcycle Adventure '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 , 2014 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Dancing with the Stars </Td> <Td> Contestant </Td> <Td> Contestant on season 9 Guest judge on season 18 Guest performer on season 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Strictly Come Dancing </Td> <Td> Guest Judge </Td> <Td> Movie week </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Films ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Goin ' Coconuts </Td> <Td> Donny </Td> <Td> Feature film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch </Td> <Td> Frank Isaacs </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Ambitious </Td> <Td> Cameo </Td> <Td> Jeff Beck music video </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Mulan </Td> <Td> Captain Li Shang </Td> <Td> Singing voice only ( `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat </Td> <Td> Joseph </Td> <Td> Direct - to - video film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> White & Nerdy </Td> <Td> Cameo / Dancer </Td> <Td> `` Weird Al '' Yankovic music video </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> College Road Trip </Td> <Td> Doug Greenhut </Td> <Td> Feature film </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Osmond Traces Welch Ancestors '' . BBC News . April 20 , 2001 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Original Famous Hams and ex-Hams List '' . W5WWW . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Osmond as teen idol '' . Getback.com . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Luis Cardenas Runaway Video with Osmond as the Angry Neighbor on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gold , Tayna ( October 5 , 2007 ) . `` I hated being me , says former teen idol Donny Osmond '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved November 21 , 2007 . In 1988 , after nearly ten years of playing high school halls , and waiting , Osmond 's promoter released Soldier Of Love as a mystery song -- they played the song without revealing Osmond as the singer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` Donny Osmond Sings ' My Cherie Amour ' With Stevie Wonder on Harmonica : Exclusive '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donny & Marie Show at Flamingo Las Vegas '' . Flamingolasvegas.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donny and Marie Extend Residency in Las Vegas until November 2016 ! '' . VegasNews.com . November 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Awards for Donny Osmond '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Steve ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) . `` ABC dumps Donny Osmond - hosted TV show '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cassidy , David ; Deffaa , Chip ( July 1 , 1994 ) . C'mon , Get Happy ... Fear and Loathing on the Partridge Family Bus . New York : Warner Books . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 0446395311 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Little Johnny Jones ( 1982 revival ) '' . IBDb . March 21 , 1982 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 24 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donny Osmond Sheds Dreamcoat To Star in Mormon Pageant July 11 -- 19 '' . Playbill . July 12 , 1997 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mormon spirit moves Osmond '' . New York Daily News . July 9 , 1997 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` Osmond Will Play Final Performance in Broadway 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Playbill . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donny & Marie -- A Broadway Christmas to play Broadway 's Marriott Marquis Theatre this December '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donny & Marie 's A Broadway Christmas Will Get Extra Performances '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donny & Marie 's A Broadway Christmas Gets One Extra Performance on Jan. 2 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donny and Marie deliver ageless treats : review '' . Toronto Star . December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goin ' Coconuts on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The World 's Greatest Pop Culture Site '' . retroCRUSH . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donny Osmond : We suffer for his art '' . Salon . September 21 , 1999 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donny Osmond : The Kid Re-invents Himself '' . Music Connection . June 26 , 1989 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2005 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donny Osmond '' . BBC News . December 6 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , Soraya ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Donny Osmond slams ' explicit ' Lady Gaga and Beyonce for ' Telephone ' video '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donny Osmond '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donny Osmond is a Grandfather at 47 '' . Hello ! . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Osmond , Shelby ( 2010 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Daxton Michael Osmond '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Osmond , Shelby ( 2012 - 08 - 06 ) . `` A baby '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Osmond , Jessica ( 2013 - 01 - 18 ) . `` Introducing '' . hummingbirdmemoirs.blogspot.com/ . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived April 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` My Beliefs '' . Donny.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mormon stars face backlash after homosexual marriage ban . Guy Adams . The Independent . November 9 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Ted ( December 2 , 2008 ) . `` Donny Osmond Wades into Prop 8 Debate '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooper , Chet ; Friedman , Dr. Gillian . `` Interview with Donny Osmond '' . Ability . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Donny Osmond . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Donny Osmond on Official Osmond Family website </Li> <Li> Donny Osmond on IMDb </Li> <Li> Donny Osmond at the Internet Broadway Database </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Donny Osmond Interview on Fox News Radio </Li> <Li> Donny Osmond in I Dreamed A Dream : The Susan Boyle Story </Li> <Li> Osmondheaven Popular Fan Site </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Media offices </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Boomer Esiason and Meredith Vieira </Td> <Td> Host of Miss America with Marie Osmond 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Tony Danza </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by John Davidson </Td> <Td> Host of Pyramid 2002 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Mike Richards </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Donny Osmond </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Solo albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Donny Osmond Album </Li> <Li> To You with Love , Donny </Li> <Li> Portrait of Donny </Li> <Li> Too Young </Li> <Li> Alone Together </Li> <Li> A Time for Us </Li> <Li> Donny </Li> <Li> Disco Train </Li> <Li> Donald Clark Osmond </Li> <Li> Donny Osmond </Li> <Li> Eyes Do n't Lie </Li> <Li> The Soundtrack of My Life </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> My Best to You </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Sweet and Innocent '' </Li> <Li> `` Go Away Little Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Hey Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Puppy Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Too Young '' </Li> <Li> `` Why '' </Li> <Li> `` The Twelfth of Never '' </Li> <Li> `` Young Love '' </Li> <Li> `` A Million to One '' </Li> <Li> `` When I Fall in Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' </Li> <Li> `` C'mon Marianne '' </Li> <Li> `` ( You 've Got Me ) Dangling on a String '' </Li> <Li> `` Soldier of Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Sacred Emotion '' </Li> <Li> `` My Love Is a Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` Breeze On By '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Donny & Marie albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I 'm Leaving It All Up to You </Li> <Li> Featuring Songs from Their Television Show </Li> <Li> New Season </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Donny & Marie singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I 'm Leavin ' It ( All ) Up to You '' </Li> <Li> `` Morning Side of the Mountain '' </Li> <Li> `` Make the World Go Away '' </Li> <Li> `` Deep Purple '' </Li> <Li> `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' </Li> <Li> `` ( You 're My ) Soul and Inspiration '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> The Osmonds </Li> <Li> Donny & Marie ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Donny & Marie ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Goin ' Coconuts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Osmonds </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Merrill Osmond </Li> <Li> Jay Osmond </Li> <Li> Donny Osmond </Li> <Li> Marie Osmond </Li> <Li> Jimmy Osmond </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Alan Osmond </Li> <Li> Wayne Osmond </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Wonderful World of The Osmond Brothers </Li> <Li> Hello ! The Osmond Brothers </Li> <Li> Osmonds </Li> <Li> Homemade </Li> <Li> Phase III </Li> <Li> Crazy Horses </Li> <Li> The Plan </Li> <Li> Love Me for a Reason </Li> <Li> The Proud One </Li> <Li> Osmond Family Christmas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Osmonds Live </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Osmondmania ! </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mister Sandman '' </Li> <Li> `` Ovan Regnbagen '' </Li> <Li> `` Taking a Chance on Love '' </Li> <Li> `` One Bad Apple '' </Li> <Li> `` Yo - Yo '' </Li> <Li> `` Down by the Lazy River '' </Li> <Li> `` Hold Her Tight '' </Li> <Li> `` We Can Make it Together '' </Li> <Li> `` Crazy Horses '' </Li> <Li> `` Goin ' Home '' </Li> <Li> `` Let Me In '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Me for a Reason '' </Li> <Li> `` I Ca n't Stop '' </Li> <Li> `` The Proud One '' </Li> <Li> `` I Ca n't Live a Dream '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Still Gonna Need You '' </Li> <Li> `` I Think About Your Lovin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Never Ending Song of Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Anytime '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Osmonds </Li> <Li> Donny & Marie ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Donny & Marie ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> George Osmond </Li> <Li> Olive Osmond </Li> <Li> Tom Osmond </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 15 </Li> <Li> 16 </Li> <Li> 17 </Li> <Li> 18 </Li> <Li> 19 </Li> <Li> 20 </Li> <Li> 21 </Li> <Li> 22 </Li> <Li> 23 </Li> <Li> 24 </Li> <Li> 25 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Participants </Th> <Td> List of competitors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winners </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kelly Monaco </Li> <Li> Drew Lachey </Li> <Li> Emmitt Smith </Li> <Li> Apolo Anton Ohno </Li> <Li> Hélio Castroneves </Li> <Li> Kristi Yamaguchi </Li> <Li> Brooke Burke </Li> <Li> Shawn Johnson </Li> <Li> Donny Osmond </Li> <Li> Nicole Scherzinger </Li> <Li> Jennifer Grey </Li> <Li> Hines Ward </Li> <Li> J.R. Martinez </Li> <Li> Donald Driver </Li> <Li> Melissa Rycroft </Li> <Li> Kellie Pickler </Li> <Li> Amber Riley </Li> <Li> Meryl Davis </Li> <Li> Alfonso Ribeiro </Li> <Li> Rumer Willis </Li> <Li> Bindi Irwin </Li> <Li> Nyle DiMarco </Li> <Li> Laurie Hernandez </Li> <Li> Rashad Jennings </Li> <Li> Jordan Fisher </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Professional </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alec Mazo </Li> <Li> Cheryl Burke </Li> <Li> Julianne Hough </Li> <Li> Mark Ballas </Li> <Li> Derek Hough </Li> <Li> Kym Johnson </Li> <Li> Karina Smirnoff </Li> <Li> Peta Murgatroyd </Li> <Li> Tony Dovolani </Li> <Li> Maksim Chmerkovskiy </Li> <Li> Witney Carson </Li> <Li> Valentin Chmerkovskiy </Li> <Li> Emma Slater </Li> <Li> Lindsay Arnold </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dancing with the Stars </Li> <Li> We Dance ! </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 51885289 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n50049650 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0000 7365 9843 </Li> <Li> GND : 121603040 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb139970449 ( data ) </Li> <Li> BIBSYS : 90260389 </Li> <Li> MusicBrainz : 0caf9760 - a755 - 4f14 - a0ac - f669991527ab </Li> <Li> SNAC : w62w6dw9 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donny_Osmond&oldid=828075969 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1957 births </Li> <Li> Male actors from Orange County , California </Li> <Li> Male actors from Utah </Li> <Li> American male singers </Li> <Li> American child singers </Li> <Li> American country singers </Li> <Li> American country singer - songwriters </Li> <Li> American keyboardists </Li> <Li> American saxophonists </Li> <Li> American male film actors </Li> <Li> American game show hosts </Li> <Li> American Latter Day Saints </Li> <Li> American male musical theatre actors </Li> <Li> American male pop singers </Li> <Li> American pop singers </Li> <Li> American male television actors </Li> <Li> Child pop musicians </Li> <Li> Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) winners </Li> <Li> Latter Day Saints from California </Li> <Li> Latter Day Saints from Utah </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> MGM Records artists </Li> <Li> Participants in American reality television series </Li> <Li> Musicians from Ogden , Utah </Li> <Li> The Osmonds members </Li> <Li> 20th - century American male actors </Li> <Li> 20th - century American singers </Li> <Li> 21st - century American singers </Li> <Li> Osmond family ( show business ) </Li> <Li> 20th - century saxophonists </Li> <Li> 21st - century saxophonists </Li> <Li> Songwriters from Utah </Li> <Li> People with social anxiety disorder </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from February 2013 </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from April 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 </Li> <Li> BLP articles lacking sources from January 2012 </Li> <Li> All BLP articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with IBDb links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SNAC - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Piano sonata No. 18 ( Beethoven ) - wikipedia <H1> Piano sonata No. 18 ( Beethoven ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Piano Sonata No. 18 in E ♭ major , Op. 31 , No. 3 , is a sonata for solo piano by Ludwig van Beethoven , the third and last of his Op. 31 piano sonatas . The work dates from 1802 . The sonata was given the nickname The Hunt by a third party due to one of its themes being reminiscent of a horn call . A playful jocularity is maintained throughout the piece . However , as with many of Beethoven 's early works , the ' jocular ' style can be heard as a facade , concealing profound ideas and depths of emotion . </P> <P> Roger Kamien has performed a Schenkerian analysis of facets of chords of the sonata . </P> <P> The sonata consists of four movements : </P> <Ol> <Li> Allegro : Beethoven 's progressive harmonic language is apparent from the very first chord of the piece ( 3rd inversion of the 11th on dominant B ♭ ) ; the stability of a tonic chord in root position is delayed until bar 8 . The expressive harmonic colour , coupled with the changes of tempi in the introduction ( 1 - 18 ) , creates an evocative opening , reminiscent of the improvisatory style of C.P.E. Bach 's piano sonatas . This opening cell is repeated extensively throughout the movement - at the start of the development ( 89 ) , in the recapitulation ( 137 ) , and also during the coda ( transposed into the subdominant A ♭ ( 220 ) , and then at its original pitch ( 237 ) ) . The codetta ( 33 - 45 ) explores the opening chord , but in a minor variation ( with a C ♭ , implying ii of E ♭ minor ) , even appearing in bar 36 in the exact spacing ( albeit with different spelling ) of the ' Tristan chord ' , written by Richard Wagner some 55 years later . </Li> <Li> Scherzo . Allegretto vivace : This scherzo is different from regular scherzos , as it is written in 2 / 4 time as opposed to 3 / 4 , and because it is in sonata form rather than ternary form . This was n't the first time Beethoven wrote a scherzo that was n't in ternary form ; the Op. 14 , No. 2 sonata has a scherzo , in rondo form , as its third movement . However , this movement still contains many characteristics of a scherzo , including unexpected pauses and a playful nature . The theme is in the right hand while the left hand contains staccato accompaniment . </Li> <Li> Menuetto . Moderato e grazioso : It is the most serious of the movements , with a sweet and tender nature presented in the piece . Both the minuet and the trio are presented in E ♭ major . </Li> <Li> Presto con fuoco : A very vigorous and rolling piece suspended by continuous , rollicking eighth notes in the bass , featuring tarantella rhythms . </Li> </Ol> <P> The form of the entire sonata is unusual because it does not have a slow movement . </P> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Camille Saint - Saëns used the Trio section of the Menuetto as the theme for his 1874 Variations sur un thème de Beethoven , Op. 35 , for two pianos . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Piano Sonata No. 18 in E flat major description '' . AllMusic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamien , Roger ( Summer 1998 ) . `` Primary Tone '' . The Journal of Musicology. 16 ( 3 ) : 379 -- 393 . doi : 10.1525 / jm. 1998.16. 3.03 a00060 . JSTOR 763997 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harding , Henry Alfred ( 1901 ) . Analysis of form in Beethoven 's sonatas . Novello . p. 37 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> A lecture by András Schiff on Beethoven 's piano sonata op . 31 no . 3 </Li> <Li> For a public domain recording of this sonata visit Musopen </Li> <Li> Piano Sonata No. 18 : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Piano Sonata No. 18 ( Beethoven ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Piano sonatas by Ludwig van Beethoven </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nos. 1 -- 10 ( Opp. 2 -- 14 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No. 1 in F minor , Op. 2 , No. 1 </Li> <Li> No. 2 in A major , Op. 2 , No. 2 </Li> <Li> No. 3 in C major , Op. 2 , No. 3 </Li> <Li> No. 4 in E ♭ major , Op. 7 ( Grand Sonata ) </Li> <Li> No. 5 in C minor , Op. 10 , No. 1 </Li> <Li> No. 6 in F major , Op. 10 , No. 2 </Li> <Li> No. 7 in D major , Op. 10 , No. 3 </Li> <Li> No. 8 in C minor , Op. 13 ( Pathétique ) </Li> <Li> No. 9 in E major , Op. 14 , No. 1 </Li> <Li> No. 10 in G major , Op. 14 , No. 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nos. 11 -- 20 ( Opp. 22 -- 49 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No. 11 in B ♭ major , Op. 22 </Li> <Li> No. 12 in A ♭ major , Op. 26 ( Funeral March ) </Li> <Li> No. 13 in E ♭ major , Op. 27 , No. 1 </Li> <Li> No. 14 in C ♯ minor , Op. 27 , No. 2 ( Moonlight ) </Li> <Li> No. 15 in D major , Op. 28 ( Pastoral ) </Li> <Li> No. 16 in G major , Op. 31 , No. 1 </Li> <Li> No. 17 in D minor , Op. 31 , No. 2 ( The Tempest ) </Li> <Li> No. 18 in E ♭ major , Op. 31 , No. 3 ( The Hunt ) </Li> <Li> No. 19 in G minor and No. 20 in G major , Op. 49 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nos. 21 -- 32 ( Opp. 53 -- 111 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No. 21 in C major , Op. 53 ( Waldstein ) </Li> <Li> No. 22 in F major , Op. 54 </Li> <Li> No. 23 in F minor , Op. 57 ( Appassionata ) </Li> <Li> No. 24 in F ♯ major , Op. 78 ( À Thérèse ) </Li> <Li> No. 25 in G major , Op. 79 </Li> <Li> No. 26 in E ♭ major , Op . 81a ( Les adieux ) </Li> <Li> No. 27 in E minor , Op. 90 </Li> <Li> No. 28 in A major , Op. 101 </Li> <Li> No. 29 in B ♭ major , Op. 106 ( Hammerklavier ) </Li> <Li> No. 30 in E major , Op. 109 </Li> <Li> No. 31 in A ♭ major , Op. 110 </Li> <Li> No. 32 in C minor , Op. 111 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unnumbered ( WoO ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Three Piano Sonatas , WoO 47 </Li> <Li> Piano Sonata in C major , WoO. 51 ( fragmentary work ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spurious / doubtful ( Anh . ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sonatina in G major , Anh. 5 , No. 1 </Li> <Li> Sonatina in F major , Anh. 5 , No. 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 300016735 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb14818513z ( data ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piano_Sonata_No._18_(Beethoven)&oldid=813576158 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Piano sonatas by Ludwig van Beethoven </Li> <Li> 1802 compositions </Li> <Li> Compositions in E-flat major </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from February 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All accuracy disputes </Li> <Li> Articles with disputed statements from December 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Works with IMSLP links </Li> <Li> Articles with International Music Score Library Project links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 04 : 13 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Effingham , Illinois - wikipedia <H1> Effingham , Illinois </H1> For other places named Effingham , see Effingham ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> City in Illinois , United States <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Effingham </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Old Effingham County Courthouse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : `` Crossroads of Opportunity '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Effingham in Effingham County , Illinois . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Illinois in the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 39 ° 7 ′ 15 '' N 88 ° 32 ′ 45 '' W / 39.12083 ° N 88.54583 ° W / 39.12083 ; - 88.54583 Coordinates : 39 ° 7 ′ 15 '' N 88 ° 32 ′ 45 '' W / 39.12083 ° N 88.54583 ° W / 39.12083 ; - 88.54583 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Td> Illinois </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> County </Th> <Td> Effingham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 10.02 sq mi ( 25.94 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Land </Th> <Td> 9.95 sq mi ( 25.78 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water </Th> <Td> 0.06 sq mi ( 0.16 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 590 ft ( 180 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2010 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 12,328 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Estimate ( 2016 ) </Th> <Td> 12,655 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 1,271.35 / sq mi ( 490.88 / km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> UTC - 6 ( CST ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer ( DST ) </Th> <Td> UTC - 5 ( CDT ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ZIP Code ( s ) </Th> <Td> 62401 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area code ( s ) </Th> <Td> 217 Exchanges : 342,347,540 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIPS code </Th> <Td> 17 - 22736 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GNIS ID </Th> <Td> 2394628 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wikimedia Commons </Th> <Td> Effingham , Illinois </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Effingham is a city in and the county seat of Effingham County , Illinois , United States . Effingham is in Southern Illinois . Its population was 12,604 at the 2015 census estimate . The city is part of the Effingham , IL Micropolitan Statistical Area . Effingham is home to a 198 foot tall cross , The Cross at the Crossroads . The cross is the tallest cross in the United States . </P> <P> The city bills itself as `` The Crossroads of Opportunity '' because of its location at the intersection of two major Interstate highways : I - 57 running from Chicago to Miner , Missouri , and I - 70 running from Utah to Maryland . It is also served by U.S. Route 45 , which runs from Ontonagon , Michigan to Mobile , Alabama , U.S. Route 40 , the historic National Road , which stretches from Atlantic City , New Jersey to Summit , Utah , and Illinois routes 32 and 33 also run through the city . It is also a major railroad junction , the crossing of the Illinois Central main line from Chicago to Memphis with the Pennsylvania Railroad line from Indianapolis to St. Louis . Thus , Effingham has a broad range of restaurants , and lodging facilities . </P> <P> Effingham is the home of the Effingham Flaming Hearts and the St. Anthony Bulldogs . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Geography </Li> <Li> 2 Demographics </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 Rail transportation </Li> <Li> 5 Education </Li> <Li> 6 Monument </Li> <Li> 7 Notable people </Li> <Li> 8 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Effingham is located at 39 ° 7 ′ 15 '' N 88 ° 32 ′ 45 '' W / 39.12083 ° N 88.54583 ° W / 39.12083 ; - 88.54583 ( 39.120903 , − 88.545909 ) . </P> <P> According to the 2010 census , Effingham has a total area of 9.921 square miles ( 25.70 km ) , of which 9.86 square miles ( 25.54 km ) ( or 99.39 % ) is land and 0.061 square miles ( 0.16 km ) ( or 0.61 % ) is water . </P> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Census </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> % ± </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1870 </Td> <Td> 2,383 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1880 </Td> <Td> 3,065 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> 3,260 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 3,774 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> 3,898 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 4,024 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> 4,978 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> 6,180 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 6,892 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 8,172 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 9,458 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 11,270 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11,851 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 12,384 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12,328 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 0.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Est. 2016 </Td> <Td> 12,655 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> U.S. Decennial Census </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> As of the 2000 United States Census , there were 12,384 people , 5,330 households , and 3,187 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,428.9 people per square mile ( 551.5 / km2 ) . There were 5,660 housing units at an average density of 653.0 per square mile ( 252.1 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 93.31 % White , 3.8 % African American , 0.19 % Native American , 0.59 % Asian , 0.38 % from other races , and 0.69 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.04 % of the population . </P> <P> There were 5,330 households out of which 29.9 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 45.0 % were married couples living together , 11.4 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 40.2 % were non-families. 36.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 15.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.96 . </P> <P> In the city , the population was spread out with 24.9 % under the age of 18 , 9.0 % from 18 to 24 , 27.7 % from 25 to 44 , 20.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 18.1 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 38 years . For every 100 females , there were 89.3 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 84.2 males . </P> <P> The median income for a household in the city was $34,761 , and the median income for a family was $45,902 . Males had a median income of $31,442 versus $21,543 for females . The per capita income for the city was $19,132 . About 6.5 % of families and 9.6 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 12.9 % of those under age 18 and 7.9 % of those age 65 or over . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Effingham was first settled in 1814 , and was known from then until 1859 as Broughton . The community was named after General E. Effingham , a local surveyor . In the late 1880s , local citizens founded Austin College , which lasted for several decades , and ultimately was purchased to become the Illinois College of Photography , also known as Bissel College . That school closed due to the Great Depression in the 1930s . </P> <P> On April 4 , 1949 , St. Anthony 's hospital caught fire and burned to the ground , killing 74 people . As a result , fire codes nationwide were improved . Due to extensive media coverage , including a `` Life Magazine '' cover story , donations for rebuilding the hospital came from all 48 states and several foreign countries . </P> <P> Effingham was a sundown town ; daytime segregation was enforced until at least the mid-1960s . </P> <H2> Rail transportation ( edit ) </H2> See also : Effingham ( Amtrak station ) <P> Effingham is also historically important as a rail junction . The old Pennsylvania Railroad and the former Illinois Central Railroad crossed in downtown Effingham . Even today , Amtrak 's City of New Orleans passes through daily . </P> <P> Amtrak , the national passenger rail system , provides service to Effingham under the daily City of New Orleans route to New Orleans and Chicago , Saluki , and Illini routes to Chicago and Carbondale . Until October 1 , 1979 , the station also served Amtrak 's former National Limited line between Kansas City and New York City . </P> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> <P> Effingham has several schools , both public and private . The private schools are both religiously affiliated and include Saint Anthony and Sacred Heart . Saint Anthony Grade School ( SAGS ) serves grades preschool ( age 3 + ) to eighth grade . SAGS has the Bullpups as its mascot . Sacred Heart Grade School ( SHS ) serves preschool ( age 3 + ) to eighth grade . SHS 's mascot is the Shamrocks . The public schools include the Early Learning Center , South Side Elementary , Central Grade School , Effingham Junior High School ( EJHS ) , and Effingham High School . The Early Learning Center serves preschool and kindergarten age children . South Side Elementary serves first and second graders . Aspire , which is a school for students who are likely to drop out or those who get expelled . Central Grade School serves third through fifth grade students . Central Grade school 's mascot is the mustangs . EJHS serves junior high students in grades six to eight . EJHS 's mascot is the Mustangs . </P> <P> Effingham High School ( EHS ) is the public high school . The new EHS opened in the fall of 1998 , and has a current enrollment of 849 . The former EHS building , built in 1939 as a WPA project ( film made as of the construction ) and expanded in 1965 , is currently the junior high , serving grades 6 -- 8 . The old junior high , Central School , is now a grade school serving grades 3 -- 5 . EHS athletics were originally known as the `` Warriors '' but the name was changed after Ada Kepley , a city resident , referred to Effingham as the `` Heart of America '' in a campaign to attract visitors to the city . The name stuck , with references in the city government and the downtown movie theater named `` The Heart Theater . '' EHS athletics are now known as the `` Flaming Hearts '' though generally referred to as simply the `` Hearts . '' </P> <P> Effingham is also home to St. Anthony High School , a private Roman Catholic High School . SAHS athletics are known as the `` Bulldogs '' . </P> <P> SHS athletics and extra-curricular activities currently consist of boys ' baseball , girls ' softball , girls ' basketball ( grades 4 - 8 ) , boys ' basketball ( grades 4 - 8 ) , girls ' track ( grades 5 - 8 ) , boys ' track ( grades 5 - 8 ) , girls ' cross country ( grade 5 - 8 ) , boys ' cross country ( grades 5 - 8 ) , volleyball , cheerleading , band ( grades 5 - 8 ) , chorus ( grades 5 - 8 ) , musicals , plays , student council , and scholar bowl . </P> <P> SAGS athletics and extra-curricular activities currently consist of boys ' baseball , girls ' softball , girls ' track , boys ' track , girls ' cross country , boys ' cross country , volleyball ( grades 7 - 8 ) , girls ' basketball ( grades 6 - 8 ) , boys ' basketball ( grades 6 - 8 ) , cheerleading , student council , scholastic bowl , spring musical , art club , eco-meet , and bridge club . </P> <P> SAHS athletics and extra-curricular activities currently consist of soccer , boys ' golf , girls ' golf , girls ' volleyball , girls ' tennis , girls ' and boys ' cross country , boys ' fall baseball , boys ' basketball , girls ' basketball , cheerleading , wrestling , bellettes ( dance ) , swimming , boys ' tennis , spring baseball , girls ' track , boys ' track , softball , bass fishing , National Honor Society , WYSE ( world youth in science and engineering ) , Society for Academic Achievement ( SAA ) , scholar bowl , Spanish club , band , chorus , fall musical , spring play , drama club , book club , chemistry club , Spanish scholar bowl , and pep club . </P> <P> EJHS athletics and extra-curricular activities currently consist of baseball , soccer , cross country , tennis , golf , cheerleading , football , volleyball , basketball , swimming , chorus , band , theatre , and scholar bowl . </P> <P> EHS athletics and extra-curricular activities currently consist of boys ' baseball , coed soccer , cross country , girls ' and boys ' tennis , boys ' and girls ' golf , coed wrestling , basketball cheerleading , girls ' track , boys ' track , football cheerleading , competition cheerleading , football , girls ' softball , volleyball , girls ' and boys ' basketball , girls ' and boys ' swimming , chorus , band , theatre , student council , dance , WYSE , National Honor Society , Society for Academic Achievement ( SAA ) , color guard , FACS club , math club , Young Heart Riding club , chemistry club , Spanish club , French club , book club , pep club , and scholar bowl . </P> <H2> Monument ( edit ) </H2> Cross at Interstate 57 and 70 <P> A 198 - foot ( 60 m ) steel cross erected by The Cross Foundation is located in Effingham . The Cross is made out of over 180 tons of steel and cost over $1 million . The Cross Foundation claims that the cross is the `` largest '' in the United States standing at 198 - foot ( 60 m ) with a span of 113 - foot ( 34 m ) . While the 208 - foot ( 63 m ) Great Cross in St. Augustine , Florida is believed to be the tallest freestanding cross in the western hemisphere , it is thinner than the cross in Effingham and has a narrow span . </P> <P> One resident complained that using a Christian symbol to attract tourism `` reeks of avarice and hypocrisy . '' Another pointed out that the money that built the cross , which was collected through private donations , could have fed the poor and done other good for the community that was n't simply `` over-the - top symbolism . '' Philip Coats of the Cross Foundation said there was barely a ripple of criticism in the town . John Schultz , the donor who put up most of the money for the project , said , `` I guess you ca n't satisfy everybody . '' </P> <H2> Notable people ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jack Berch , singer and radio personality ; raised in Effingham </Li> <Li> Uwe Blab , center for the Dallas Mavericks , Golden State Warriors , and San Antonio Spurs ; attended high school in Effingham </Li> <Li> Charles H. Constable , judge and Illinois state senator ; died in Effingham </Li> <Li> Ada Kepley , first American woman to graduate from law school </Li> <Li> Jimmy Kite , driver with IndyCar and NASCAR </Li> <Li> Brian Shouse , left - handed pitcher for the Tampa Bay Rays and Milwaukee Brewers in Major League Baseball </Li> <Li> Daniel Winkler ( baseball ) , pitcher for the Atlanta Braves , born and raised in Effingham , attended St. Anthony High School </Li> <Li> Benson Wood , U.S. Congressman , 1895 -- 1897 </Li> <Li> Chad Green ( pitcher ) , pitcher for the New York Yankees , graduate of Effingham High School </Li> <Li> Nick Gardewine , pitcher for the Texas Rangers , graduate of Effingham High School </Li> </Ul> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> Comedians and authors have poked fun at the `` Effing '' portion of the name Effingham and its use in American and UK slang as a minced oath for the `` F '' word . For example , radio comedians Bob and Tom produced a segment on their national radio show . Ben Folds 's album Way to Normal uses a similar play on words in a track that was inspired while driving by Effingham , although the song refers to the city as `` Effington . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' ( TXT ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jun 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Illinois 2016 '' . City and Town Population Totals : 2010 -- 2016 > Incorporated Places : 2010 -- 2016 . United States Census Bureau . Effingham City , Illinois . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ History of Effingham Archived July 28 , 2012 , at Archive.is </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Illinois Central Magazine . Illinois Central Railroad Company . 1922 . p. 46 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perkins , Kevin . `` Austin College '' . www.frontiernet.net . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Life Magazine Article , April 18 , 1949 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Inc , Time ( 1949 - 04 - 18 ) . LIFE . Time Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loewen , James W. ( 2006 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Honda 's All - American Sundown Town '' . History News Network . The George Washington University . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loewen , James W. ( 2005 - 09 - 29 ) . Sundown Towns : A Hidden Dimension Of American Racism . The New Press . p. 231 . ISBN 1595586741 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EFFINGHAM HIGH SCHOOL '' . Effingham Community Schools . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EFFINGHAM HIGH SCHOOL '' . Illinois Report Card . Illinois State Board of Education . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SACRED HEART TEAMWORK OPPORTUNITIES '' . SACRED HEART PARISH . SACRED HEART SCHOOL . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SAINT ANTHONY GRADE SCHOOL '' . GRADE SCHOOL SPORTS . SAINT ANTHONY OF PADUA PARISH . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SAINT ANTHONY GRADE SCHOOL '' . GRADE SCHOOL EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES . SAINT ANTHONY OF PADUA PARISH . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SAINT ANTHONY HIGH SCHOOL '' . HIGH SCHOOL EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES . SAINT ANTHONY OF PADUA PARISH . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World 's Largest Cross FAQ '' . worldslargestthings.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Ted . `` Landmark speaks volumes '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Jessica ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Building St. Augustine 's Great Cross '' . First Coast News . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daniel Winkler Register Statistics & History Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.cgi?id=green-006cha </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/g/gardeni01.shtml </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eff '' . dictionary.cambridge.org . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Effing House Family Restaurant , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charlie Amter ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` Small town Mayor to Ben Folds : We will bury you '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Effingham 's official website </Li> <Li> Effingham convention and visitor 's bureau </Li> <Li> Visit Effingham </Li> <Li> Effingham High School Band Website </Li> <Li> Genealogy Trails -- Effingham , IL </Li> <Li> Effingham 's Online Community </Li> <Li> 360 Degree Panorama of The Cross At The Crossroads </Li> <Li> Effingham City County Ambulance </Li> <Li> Effingham , IL St. Anthony 's Hospital Fire , Apr 1949 article at GenDisasters.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Municipalities and communities of Effingham County , Illinois , United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> County seat : Effingham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Altamont </Li> <Li> Effingham </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Town </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mason </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Villages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beecher City </Li> <Li> Dieterich </Li> <Li> Edgewood </Li> <Li> Montrose ‡ </Li> <Li> Shumway </Li> <Li> Teutopolis </Li> <Li> Watson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Townships </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Banner </Li> <Li> Bishop </Li> <Li> Douglas </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Lucas </Li> <Li> Mason </Li> <Li> Moccasin </Li> <Li> Mound </Li> <Li> St. Francis </Li> <Li> Summit </Li> <Li> Teutopolis </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Watson </Li> <Li> West </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unincorporated communities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dexter </Li> <Li> Elliottstown </Li> <Li> Funkhouser </Li> <Li> Gilmore </Li> <Li> Moccasin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Footnotes </Th> <Td> ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effingham,_Illinois&oldid=864918081 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Populated places established in 1814 </Li> <Li> Cities in Illinois </Li> <Li> Cities in Effingham County , Illinois </Li> <Li> Micropolitan areas of Illinois </Li> <Li> National Road </Li> <Li> County seats in Illinois </Li> <Li> Monumental crosses in the United States </Li> <Li> Sundown towns in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template archiveis links </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from April 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from April 2007 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with short description </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Wikivoyage </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Kreyòl ayisyen </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> नेपाल भाषा </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> Volapük </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> 20 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 12 : 17 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Hand , foot , and mouth disease - wikipedia <H1> Hand , foot , and mouth disease </H1> This article is about viral disease . For the chemotherapy - induced condition , see Chemotherapy - induced acral erythema . For the animal disease , see Foot - and - mouth disease . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Hand , foot , and mouth disease </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Synonyms </Th> <Td> Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Typical lesions around the mouth of an 11 - month - old boy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialty </Th> <Td> Infectious disease </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Symptoms </Th> <Td> Fever , flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Complications </Th> <Td> Temporary loss of nails , viral meningitis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Usual onset </Th> <Td> 3 -- 6 days post exposure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duration </Th> <Td> 1 week </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Causes </Th> <Td> Coxsackievirus A16 , Enterovirus 71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diagnostic method </Th> <Td> Based on symptoms , viral culture </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prevention </Th> <Td> Handwashing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Treatment </Th> <Td> Supportive care </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medication </Th> <Td> Pain medication such as ibuprofen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> As outbreaks </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Hand , foot , and mouth disease ( HFMD ) is a common infection caused by a group of viruses . It typically begins with a fever and feeling generally unwell . This is followed a day or two later by flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister , on the hands , feet , and mouth , and occasionally buttocks and groin . Signs and symptoms normally appear 3 -- 6 days after exposure to the virus . The rash generally resolves on its own in about a week . Fingernail and toenail loss may occur a few weeks later , but they will regrow with time . </P> <P> The viruses that cause HFMD are spread through close personal contact , through the air from coughing , and the feces of an infected person . Contaminated objects can also spread the disease . Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause and Enterovirus 71 is the second-most common cause . Other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also be responsible . Some people may carry and pass on the virus despite having no symptoms of disease . Other animals are not involved . Diagnosis can often be made based on symptoms . Occasionally a throat or stool sample may be tested for the virus . </P> <P> Handwashing may prevent spread and those infected should not go to work , daycare , or school . No antiviral medication or vaccine is available , but development efforts are underway . Most cases require no specific treatment . Simple pain medication such as ibuprofen or numbing mouth gel may be used . Occasionally intravenous fluids are given to children who are unable to drink enough . Rarely viral meningitis or encephalitis may complicate the disease . </P> <P> HFMD occurs in all areas of the world . It often occurs in small outbreaks in nursery schools or kindergartens . Large outbreaks have been occurring in Asia since 1997 . It usually occurs during the spring , summer , and fall months . Typically it occurs in children less than five years old , but can occasionally occur in adults . HFMD should not be confused with foot - and - mouth disease ( also known as hoof - and - mouth disease ) which mostly affects livestock . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Signs and symptoms </Li> <Li> 2 Cause <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Transmission </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Diagnosis </Li> <Li> 4 Prevention <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Vaccine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Treatment </Li> <Li> 6 Complications </Li> <Li> 7 Epidemiology <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Outbreaks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 History </Li> <Li> 9 Research </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Signs and symptoms ( edit ) </H2> <P> Common constitutional signs and symptoms of the HFMD include fever , nausea , vomiting , feeling tired , generalized discomfort , loss of appetite , and irritability in infants and toddlers . Skin lesions frequently develop in the form of a rash of flat discolored spots and bumps which may be followed by vesicular sores with blisters on palms of the hands , soles of the feet , buttocks , and sometimes on the lips . The rash is rarely itchy for children , but can be extremely itchy for adults . Painful facial ulcers , blisters , or lesions may also develop in or around the nose or mouth . HFMD usually resolves on its own after 7 -- 10 days . Most cases of the disease are relatively harmless , but complications including encephalitis , meningitis , and paralysis that mimics the neurological symptoms of polio can occur . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Rash on palms of the hands . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Rash on hand and feet of a 36 - year - old man </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Rash on the soles of a child 's feet </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cause ( edit ) </H2> <P> The viruses that cause the disease are of the Picornaviridae family . Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause of HFMD . Enterovirus 71 ( EV - 71 ) is the second-most common cause . Many other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also be responsible . </P> <H3> Transmission ( edit ) </H3> <P> HFMD is highly contagious and is transmitted by nasopharyngeal secretions such as saliva or nasal mucus , by direct contact , or by fecal - oral transmission . </P> <P> Child care settings are the most common places for HMFD to be contracted because of the bathroom training , diaper changes , and that children often put their hands into their mouths . Children who do not attend a preschool or kindergarten were found to be more susceptible to the disease . HFMD is contracted through nose and throat secretions such as saliva , sputum , nasal mucus and as well as fluid in blisters , and stool . </P> <H2> Diagnosis ( edit ) </H2> <P> A diagnosis usually can be made by the presenting signs and symptoms alone . If the diagnosis is unclear , a throat swab or stool specimen may be taken to identify the virus by culture . The common incubation period ( the time between infection and onset of symptoms ) ranges from three to six days . Early detection of HFMD is important in preventing an outbreak in the pediatric population . </P> <H2> Prevention ( edit ) </H2> <P> Preventive measures include avoiding direct contact with infected individuals ( including keeping infected children home from school ) , proper cleaning of shared utensils , disinfecting contaminated surfaces , and proper hand hygiene . These measures have been shown to be effective in decreasing the transmission of the viruses responsible for HFMD . </P> <P> Protective habits include hand washing and disinfecting surfaces in play areas . Breast - feeding has also shown to decrease rates of severe HFMD , though does not reduce the risk for the infection of the disease . </P> <H3> Vaccine ( edit ) </H3> <P> A vaccine known as the EV71 vaccine is available to prevent HFMD in China as of December 2015 . No vaccine is currently available in the United States . </P> <H2> Treatment ( edit ) </H2> <P> Medications are usually not needed as hand , foot , and mouth disease is a viral disease that typically resolves on its own . Currently , there is no specific curative treatment for hand , foot and mouth disease . Disease management typically focuses on achieving symptomatic relief . Pain from the sores may be eased with the use of analgesic medications . Infection in older children , adolescents , and adults is typically mild and lasts approximately 1 week , but may occasionally run a longer course . Fever reducers and lukewarm baths can help decrease body temperature . </P> <P> A minority of individuals with hand , foot and mouth disease may require hospital admission due to complications such as inflammation of the brain , inflammation of the meninges , or acute flaccid paralysis . Non-neurologic complications such as inflammation of the heart , fluid in the lungs , or bleeding into the lungs may also occur . </P> <H2> Complications ( edit ) </H2> <P> Complications from the viral infections that cause HFMD are rare , but require immediate medical treatment if present . HFMD infections caused by Enterovirus 71 tend to be more severe and are more likely to have neurologic or cardiac complications including death than infections caused by Coxsackievirus A16 . Viral or aseptic meningitis can occur with HFMD in rare cases and is characterized by fever , headache , stiff neck , or back pain . The condition is usually mild and clears without treatment ; however , hospitalization for a short time may be needed . Other serious complications of HFMD include encephalitis ( swelling of the brain ) , or flaccid paralysis in rare circumstances . </P> <P> Fingernail and toenail loss have been reported in children 4 -- 8 weeks after having HFMD . The relationship between HFMD and the reported nail loss is unclear ; however , it is temporary and nail growth resumes without treatment . </P> <P> Minor complications due to symptoms can occur such as dehydration , due to mouth sores causing discomfort with intake of foods and fluid . </P> <H2> Epidemiology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hand , foot and mouth disease most commonly occurs in children under the age of 10 . It tends to occur in outbreaks during the spring , summer , and autumn seasons . This is believed to be due to heat and humidity improving spread . HFMD is more common in rural areas than urban areas ; however , socioeconomic status and hygiene levels need to considered . Poor hygiene is a risk factor for HFMD . </P> <P> Outbreaks have occurred in China , Japan , Hong Kong , the Republic of Korea , Malaysia , Singapore , Thailand , Taiwan , and Vietnam . HFMD most commonly affects young children under the age of 10 and more often under the age of 5 , but can also affect adults with varying symptoms . </P> <P> Since 1997 there have been 71 large enterovirus outbreaks reported , mostly in East and South East Asia , primarily affecting children . From the years 2008 to 2014 , more than 1 million HFMD cases have been reported in China each year . </P> <H3> Outbreaks ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> In 1998 , there was an outbreak in Taiwan , affecting mainly children . There were 405 severe complications , and 78 children died . The total number of cases in that epidemic is estimated to have been 1.5 million . </Li> <Li> In 2008 an outbreak in China , beginning in March in Fuyang , Anhui , led to 25,000 infections , and 42 deaths , by May 13 . Similar outbreaks were reported in Singapore ( more than 2,600 cases as of April 20 , 2008 ) , Vietnam ( 2,300 cases , 11 deaths ) , Mongolia ( 1,600 cases ) , and Brunei ( 1053 cases from June -- August 2008 ) </Li> <Li> In 2009 17 children died in an outbreak during March and April 2009 in China 's eastern Shandong Province , and 18 children died in the neighboring Henan Province . Out of 115,000 reported cases in China from January to April , 773 were severe and 50 were fatal . </Li> <Li> In 2010 in China , an outbreak occurred in southern China 's Guangxi Autonomous Region as well as Guangdong , Henan , Hebei and Shandong provinces . Until March 70,756 children were infected and 40 died from the disease . By June , the peak season for the disease , 537 had died . </Li> <Li> The World Health Organization reporting between January to October 2011 ( 1,340,259 ) states the number of cases in China had dropped by approx 300,000 from 2010 ( 1,654,866 ) cases , with new cases peaking in June . There were 437 deaths , down from 2010 ( 537 deaths ) . </Li> <Li> In December 2011 , the California Department of Public Health identified a strong form of the virus , coxsackievirus A6 ( CVA6 ) , where nail loss in children is common . </Li> <Li> In 2012 in Alabama , United States there was an outbreak of an unusual type of the disease . It occurred in a season when it is not usually seen and affected teenagers and older adults . There were some hospitalizations due to the disease but no reported deaths . </Li> <Li> In 2012 in Cambodia , 52 of 59 reviewed cases of children reportedly dead ( as of July 9 , 2012 ) due to a mysterious disease were diagnosed to be caused by a virulent form of HFMD . Although a significant degree of uncertainty exists with reference to the diagnosis , the WHO report states , `` Based on the latest laboratory results , a significant proportion of the samples tested positive for enterovirus 71 ( EV - 71 ) , which causes hand foot and mouth disease ( HFMD ) . The EV - 71 virus has been known to generally cause severe complications amongst some patients . '' </Li> <Li> HFMD infected 1,520,274 people with up to 431 deaths reported at the end of July in 2012 in China . </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> HFMD cases were first described clinically in Canada and New Zealand in 1957 . The disease was termed `` Hand Foot and Mouth Disease '' , by Thomas Henry Flewett , after a similar outbreak in 1960 . </P> <H2> Research ( edit ) </H2> <P> Novel antiviral agents to prevent and treat infection with the viruses responsible for HFMD are currently under development . Preliminary studies have shown inhibitors of the EV - 71 viral capsid to have potent antiviral activity . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kaminska , K ; Martinetti , G ; Lucchini , R ; Kaya , G ; Mainetti , C ( 2013 ) . `` Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand , Foot , and Mouth Disease : Three Case Reports of Familial Child - to - Immunocompetent Adult Transmission and a Literature Review '' . Case Reports in Dermatology. 5 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 209 . doi : 10.1159 / 000354533 . PMC 3764954 . PMID 24019771 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ooi , MH ; Wong , SC ; Lewthwaite , P ; Cardosa , MJ ; Solomon , T ( 2010 ) . `` Clinical features , diagnosis , and management of enterovirus 71 '' . Lancet Neurology . 9 ( 11 ) : 1097 -- 1105 . doi : 10.1016 / S1474 - 4422 ( 10 ) 70209 - X . PMID 20965438 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hand , Foot , and Mouth Disease ( HFMD ) Complications '' . CDC . August 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hoy , NY ; Leung , AK ; Metelitsa , AI ; Adams , S ( 2012 ) . `` New concepts in median nail dystrophy , onychomycosis , and hand , foot and mouth disease nail pathology '' . ISRN Dermatology. 2012 ( 680163 ) : 680163 . doi : 10.5402 / 2012 / 680163 . PMC 3302018 . PMID 22462009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Longo , Dan L. ( 2012 ) . Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine ( 18th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07174889 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Repass GL , Palmer WC , Stancampiano FF ( September 2014 ) . `` Hand , foot , and mouth disease : Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome '' . Cleve Clin J Med. 81 ( 9 ) : 537 -- 43 . doi : 10.3949 / ccjm. 81a. 13132 . PMID 25183845 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Diagnosis '' . CDC . August 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Causes & Transmission '' . CDC . August 18 , 2015 . 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PMID 22235257 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pourianfar HR , Grollo L ( February 2014 ) . `` Development of antiviral agents toward enterovirus 71 infection '' . J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 48 : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmii. 2013.11. 011 . PMID 24560700 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Outbreaks '' . CDC . August 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Foot and Mouth Disease update : further temporary control zone established in Surrey '' . Defra. 2007 - 08 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Huang , CC ; Liu , CC ; Chang , YC ; Chen , CY ; Wang , ST ; Yeh , TF ( 23 September 1999 ) . `` Neurologic complications in children with enterovirus 71 infection '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 341 ( 13 ) : 936 -- 42 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm199909233411302 . PMID 10498488 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wang , Jing ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Epidemiological characteristics of hand , foot , and mouth disease in Shandong , China , 2009 -- 2016 '' . Scientific Reports . 7 ( 8900 ) : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / s41598 - 017 - 09196 - z . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease : Signs & Symptoms '' . mayoclinic.com . The Mayo Clinic . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease ( HFMD ) '' . WHO Western Pacific Region . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Koh , Wee Ming ; Bogich , Tiffany ; Siegel , Karen ; Jin , Jing ; Chong , Elizabeth Y. ; Tan , Chong Yew ; Chen , Mark Ic ; Horby , Peter ; Cook , Alex R. ( October 2016 ) . `` The Epidemiology of Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease in Asia : A Systematic Review and Analysis '' . The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal . 35 ( 10 ) : e285 -- 300 . doi : 10.1097 / INF. 0000000000001242 . ISSN 1532 - 0987 . PMC 5130063 . PMID 27273688 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Omaña - Cepeda , Carlos ; Martínez - Valverde , Andrea ; del Mar Sabater - Recolons , María ; Jané - Salas , Enric ; Marí - Roig , Antonio ; López - López , José ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) . `` A literature review and case report of hand , foot and mouth disease in an immunocompetent adult '' . BMC Research Notes . 9 : 165 . doi : 10.1186 / s13104 - 016 - 1973 - y . ISSN 1756 - 0500 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease '' . Prevention and Treatment . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2013 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mao , QY ; Wang , Y ; Bian , L ; Xu , M ; Liang , Z ( May 2016 ) . `` EV71 vaccine , a new tool to control outbreaks of hand , foot and mouth disease ( HFMD ) '' . Expert review of vaccines . 15 ( 5 ) : 599 -- 606 . doi : 10.1586 / 14760584.2016. 1138862 . 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Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CBS News Staff ( 2012 ) . `` Joint Press Release Between The Ministry of Health Kingdom of Cambodia and the World Health Organization '' ( PDF ) . CBS News . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mysterious deadly illness in Cambodian children tied to hand , foot and mouth disease '' . Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease . World Health Organization . 2012 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Global Alert and Response ( GAR ) '' . Undiagnosed illness in Cambodia - update . World Health Organization . 2012 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Emerging disease surveillance and response '' . Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease . World Health Organization . 2013 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alsop J , Flewett TH , Foster JR ( December 1960 ) . `` '' Hand - foot - and - mouth disease '' in Birmingham in 1959 `` . British Medical Journal . 2 ( 5214 ) : 1708 -- 11 . PMC 2098292 . PMID 13682692 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flewett TH , Warin RP , Clarke SK ( January 1963 ) . `` ' Hand , foot , and mouth disease ' associated with Coxsackie A5 virus '' . Journal of Clinical Pathology. 16 : 53 -- 5 . PMC 480485 . PMID 13945538 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Classification </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ICD - 10 : B08. 4 </Li> <Li> ICD - 9 - CM : 074.3 </Li> <Li> MeSH : D006232 </Li> <Li> DiseasesDB : 5622 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> External resources </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MedlinePlus : 000965 </Li> <Li> eMedicine : derm / 175 </Li> <Li> Patient UK : Hand , foot , and mouth disease </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Media related to Hand , foot and mouth disease at Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News related to Highly contagious Hand , foot and mouth disease killing China 's children at Wikinews </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Infectious skin disease : Viral cutaneous conditions , including viral exanthema ( B00 -- B09 , 050 -- 059 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> DNA virus </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Herpesviridae </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Alpha </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> HSV </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Herpes simplex </Li> <Li> Herpetic whitlow </Li> <Li> Herpes gladiatorum </Li> <Li> Herpes simplex keratitis </Li> <Li> Herpetic sycosis </Li> <Li> Neonatal herpes simplex </Li> <Li> Herpes genitalis </Li> <Li> Herpes labialis </Li> <Li> Eczema herpeticum </Li> <Li> Herpetiform esophagitis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Herpes B virus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> B virus infection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VZV </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chickenpox </Li> <Li> Herpes zoster </Li> <Li> Herpes zoster oticus </Li> <Li> Ophthalmic zoster </Li> <Li> Disseminated herpes zoster </Li> <Li> Zoster - associated pain </Li> <Li> Modified varicella - like syndrome </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Beta </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Human herpesvirus 6 / Roseolovirus <Ul> <Li> Exanthema subitum </Li> <Li> Roseola vaccinia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cytomegalic inclusion disease </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gamma </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> KSHV <Ul> <Li> Kaposi 's sarcoma </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poxviridae </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ortho </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Variola <Ul> <Li> Smallpox </Li> <Li> Alastrim </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> MoxV <Ul> <Li> Monkeypox </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> CPXV <Ul> <Li> Cowpox </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> VV <Ul> <Li> Vaccinia </Li> <Li> Generalized vaccinia </Li> <Li> Eczema vaccinatum </Li> <Li> Progressive vaccinia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Buffalopox </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Para </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Farmyard pox : Milker 's nodule </Li> <Li> Bovine papular stomatitis </Li> <Li> Pseudocowpox </Li> <Li> Orf </Li> <Li> Sealpox </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yatapoxvirus : Tanapox </Li> <Li> Yaba monkey tumor virus </Li> <Li> MCV <Ul> <Li> Molluscum contagiosum </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Papillomaviridae </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> HPV </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wart / plantar wart </Li> <Li> Heck 's disease </Li> <Li> Genital wart <Ul> <Li> giant </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Laryngeal papillomatosis </Li> <Li> Butcher 's wart </Li> <Li> Bowenoid papulosis </Li> <Li> Epidermodysplasia verruciformis </Li> <Li> Verruca plana </Li> <Li> Pigmented wart </Li> <Li> Verrucae palmares et plantares </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> BPV <Ul> <Li> Equine sarcoid </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parvoviridae </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parvovirus B19 <Ul> <Li> Erythema infectiosum </Li> <Li> Reticulocytopenia </Li> <Li> Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Polyomaviridae </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Merkel cell polyomavirus <Ul> <Li> Merkel cell carcinoma </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> RNA virus </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Paramyxoviridae </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MeV <Ul> <Li> Measles </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Togaviridae </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rubella virus <Ul> <Li> Rubella </Li> <Li> Congenital rubella syndrome ( `` German measles '' ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Alphavirus infection </Li> <Li> Chikungunya fever </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picornaviridae </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CAV <Ul> <Li> Hand , foot and mouth disease </Li> <Li> Herpangina </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> FMDV <Ul> <Li> Foot - and - mouth disease </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Boston exanthem disease </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ungrouped </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood </Li> <Li> Post-vaccination follicular eruption </Li> <Li> Lipschütz ulcer </Li> <Li> Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis </Li> <Li> Viral - associated trichodysplasia </Li> <Li> Gianotti -- Crosti syndrome </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Oral and maxillofacial pathology ( K00 -- K06 , K11 -- K14 , 520 -- 525 , 527 -- 529 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Lips </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Cheilitis <Ul> <Li> Actinic </Li> <Li> Angular </Li> <Li> Plasma cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cleft lip </Li> <Li> Congenital lip pit </Li> <Li> Eclabium </Li> <Li> Herpes labialis </Li> <Li> Macrocheilia </Li> <Li> Microcheilia </Li> <Li> Nasolabial cyst </Li> <Li> Sun poisoning </Li> <Li> Trumpeter 's wart </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tongue </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Ankyloglossia </Li> <Li> Black hairy tongue </Li> <Li> Caviar tongue </Li> <Li> Crenated tongue </Li> <Li> Cunnilingus tongue </Li> <Li> Fissured tongue </Li> <Li> Foliate papillitis </Li> <Li> Glossitis <Ul> <Li> Geographic tongue </Li> <Li> Median rhomboid glossitis </Li> <Li> Transient lingual papillitis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Glossoptosis </Li> <Li> Hypoglossia </Li> <Li> Lingual thyroid </Li> <Li> Macroglossia </Li> <Li> Microglossia </Li> <Li> Rhabdomyoma </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Palate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bednar 's aphthae </Li> <Li> Cleft palate </Li> <Li> High - arched palate </Li> <Li> Palatal cysts of the newborn </Li> <Li> Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia </Li> <Li> Stomatitis nicotina </Li> <Li> Torus palatinus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Oral mucosa -- Lining of mouth </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Amalgam tattoo </Li> <Li> Angina bullosa haemorrhagica </Li> <Li> Behçet 's disease </Li> <Li> Bohn 's nodules </Li> <Li> Burning mouth syndrome </Li> <Li> Candidiasis </Li> <Li> Condyloma acuminatum </Li> <Li> Darier 's disease </Li> <Li> Epulis fissuratum </Li> <Li> Erythema multiforme </Li> <Li> Erythroplakia </Li> <Li> Fibroma <Ul> <Li> Giant - cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Focal epithelial hyperplasia </Li> <Li> Fordyce spots </Li> <Li> Hairy leukoplakia </Li> <Li> Hand , foot and mouth disease </Li> <Li> Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis </Li> <Li> Herpangina </Li> <Li> Herpes zoster </Li> <Li> Intraoral dental sinus </Li> <Li> Leukoedema </Li> <Li> Leukoplakia </Li> <Li> Lichen planus </Li> <Li> Linea alba </Li> <Li> Lupus erythematosus </Li> <Li> Melanocytic nevus </Li> <Li> Melanocytic oral lesion </Li> <Li> Molluscum contagiosum </Li> <Li> Morsicatio buccarum </Li> <Li> Oral cancer <Ul> <Li> Benign : Squamous cell papilloma </Li> <Li> Keratoacanthoma </Li> <Li> Malignant : Adenosquamous carcinoma </Li> <Li> Basaloid squamous carcinoma </Li> <Li> Mucosal melanoma </Li> <Li> Spindle cell carcinoma </Li> <Li> Squamous cell carcinoma </Li> <Li> Verrucous carcinoma </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oral florid papillomatosis </Li> <Li> Oral melanosis <Ul> <Li> Smoker 's melanosis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pemphigoid <Ul> <Li> Benign mucous membrane </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pemphigus </Li> <Li> Plasmoacanthoma </Li> <Li> Stomatitis <Ul> <Li> Aphthous </Li> <Li> Denture - related </Li> <Li> Herpetic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Smokeless tobacco keratosis </Li> <Li> Submucous fibrosis </Li> <Li> Ulceration <Ul> <Li> Riga -- Fede disease </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Verruca vulgaris </Li> <Li> Verruciform xanthoma </Li> <Li> White sponge nevus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Teeth ( pulp , dentin , enamel ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Amelogenesis imperfecta </Li> <Li> Ankylosis </Li> <Li> Anodontia </Li> <Li> Caries <Ul> <Li> Early childhood caries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Concrescence </Li> <Li> Failure of eruption of teeth </Li> <Li> Dens evaginatus <Ul> <Li> Talon cusp </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dentin dysplasia </Li> <Li> Dentin hypersensitivity </Li> <Li> Dentinogenesis imperfecta </Li> <Li> Dilaceration </Li> <Li> Discoloration </Li> <Li> Ectopic enamel </Li> <Li> Enamel hypocalcification </Li> <Li> Enamel hypoplasia <Ul> <Li> Turner 's hypoplasia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Enamel pearl </Li> <Li> Fluorosis </Li> <Li> Fusion </Li> <Li> Gemination </Li> <Li> Hyperdontia </Li> <Li> Hypodontia <Ul> <Li> Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Impaction <Ul> <Li> Wisdom tooth impaction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Macrodontia </Li> <Li> Meth mouth </Li> <Li> Microdontia </Li> <Li> Odontogenic tumors <Ul> <Li> Keratocystic odontogenic tumour </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Odontoma <Ul> <Li> Dens in dente </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Open contact </Li> <Li> Premature eruption <Ul> <Li> Neonatal teeth </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pulp calcification <Ul> <Li> Pulp stone </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pulp canal obliteration </Li> <Li> Pulp necrosis </Li> <Li> Pulp polyp </Li> <Li> Pulpitis </Li> <Li> Regional odontodysplasia </Li> <Li> Resorption </Li> <Li> Shovel - shaped incisors </Li> <Li> Supernumerary root </Li> <Li> Taurodontism </Li> <Li> Trauma <Ul> <Li> Avulsion </Li> <Li> Cracked tooth syndrome </Li> <Li> Vertical root fracture </Li> <Li> Occlusal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tooth loss <Ul> <Li> Edentulism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tooth wear <Ul> <Li> Abrasion </Li> <Li> Abfraction </Li> <Li> Acid erosion </Li> <Li> Attrition </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Periodontium ( gingiva , periodontal ligament , cementum , alveolus ) -- Gums and tooth - supporting structures </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Cementicle </Li> <Li> Cementoblastoma <Ul> <Li> Gigantiform </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cementoma </Li> <Li> Eruption cyst </Li> <Li> Epulis <Ul> <Li> Pyogenic granuloma </Li> <Li> Congenital epulis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gingival enlargement </Li> <Li> Gingival cyst of the adult </Li> <Li> Gingival cyst of the newborn </Li> <Li> Gingivitis <Ul> <Li> Desquamative </Li> <Li> Granulomatous </Li> <Li> Plasma cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hereditary gingival fibromatosis </Li> <Li> Hypercementosis </Li> <Li> Hypocementosis </Li> <Li> Linear gingival erythema </Li> <Li> Necrotizing periodontal diseases <Ul> <Li> Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pericoronitis </Li> <Li> Peri-implantitis </Li> <Li> Periodontal abscess </Li> <Li> Periodontal trauma </Li> <Li> Periodontitis <Ul> <Li> Aggressive </Li> <Li> As a manifestation of systemic disease </Li> <Li> Chronic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Perio - endo lesion </Li> <Li> Teething </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Periapical , mandibular and maxillary hard tissues -- Bones of jaws </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Agnathia </Li> <Li> Alveolar osteitis </Li> <Li> Buccal exostosis </Li> <Li> Cherubism </Li> <Li> Idiopathic osteosclerosis </Li> <Li> Mandibular fracture </Li> <Li> Microgenia </Li> <Li> Micrognathia </Li> <Li> Intraosseous cysts <Ul> <Li> Odontogenic : periapical </Li> <Li> Dentigerous </Li> <Li> Buccal bifurcation </Li> <Li> Lateral periodontal </Li> <Li> Globulomaxillary </Li> <Li> Calcifying odontogenic </Li> <Li> Glandular odontogenic </Li> <Li> Non-odontogenic : Nasopalatine duct </Li> <Li> Median mandibular </Li> <Li> Median palatal </Li> <Li> Traumatic bone </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Osteoma </Li> <Li> Osteomyelitis </Li> <Li> Osteonecrosis <Ul> <Li> Bisphosphonate - associated </Li> <Li> Neuralgia - inducing cavitational osteonecrosis </Li> <Li> Osteoradionecrosis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Osteoporotic bone marrow defect </Li> <Li> Paget 's disease of bone </Li> <Li> Periapical abscess <Ul> <Li> Phoenix abscess </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Periapical periodontitis </Li> <Li> Stafne defect </Li> <Li> Torus mandibularis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Temporomandibular joints , muscles of mastication and malocclusions -- Jaw joints , chewing muscles and bite abnormalities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bruxism </Li> <Li> Condylar resorption </Li> <Li> Mandibular dislocation </Li> <Li> Malocclusion <Ul> <Li> Crossbite </Li> <Li> Open bite </Li> <Li> Overbite </Li> <Li> Overeruption </Li> <Li> Overjet </Li> <Li> Prognathia </Li> <Li> Retrognathia </Li> <Li> Scissor bite </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maxillary hypoplasia </Li> <Li> Temporomandibular joint dysfunction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Salivary glands </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Benign lymphoepithelial lesion </Li> <Li> Ectopic salivary gland tissue </Li> <Li> Frey 's syndrome </Li> <Li> HIV salivary gland disease </Li> <Li> Necrotizing sialometaplasia </Li> <Li> Mucocele <Ul> <Li> Ranula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pneumoparotitis </Li> <Li> Salivary duct stricture </Li> <Li> Salivary gland aplasia </Li> <Li> Salivary gland atresia </Li> <Li> Salivary gland diverticulum </Li> <Li> Salivary gland fistula </Li> <Li> Salivary gland hyperplasia </Li> <Li> Salivary gland hypoplasia </Li> <Li> Salivary gland neoplasms <Ul> <Li> Benign : Basal cell adenoma </Li> <Li> Canalicular adenoma </Li> <Li> Ductal papilloma </Li> <Li> Monomorphic adenoma </Li> <Li> Myoepithelioma </Li> <Li> Oncocytoma </Li> <Li> Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum </Li> <Li> Pleomorphic adenoma </Li> <Li> Sebaceous adenoma </Li> <Li> Malignant : Acinic cell carcinoma </Li> <Li> Adenocarcinoma </Li> <Li> Adenoid cystic carcinoma </Li> <Li> Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma </Li> <Li> Lymphoma </Li> <Li> Mucoepidermoid carcinoma </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sclerosing polycystic adenosis </Li> <Li> Sialadenitis <Ul> <Li> Parotitis </Li> <Li> Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sialectasis </Li> <Li> Sialocele </Li> <Li> Sialodochitis </Li> <Li> Sialosis </Li> <Li> Sialolithiasis </Li> <Li> Sjögren 's syndrome </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Orofacial soft tissues -- Soft tissues around the mouth </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Actinomycosis </Li> <Li> Angioedema </Li> <Li> Basal cell carcinoma </Li> <Li> Cutaneous sinus of dental origin </Li> <Li> Cystic hygroma </Li> <Li> Gnathophyma </Li> <Li> Ludwig 's angina </Li> <Li> Macrostomia </Li> <Li> Melkersson -- Rosenthal syndrome </Li> <Li> Microstomia </Li> <Li> Noma </Li> <Li> Oral Crohn 's disease </Li> <Li> Orofacial granulomatosis </Li> <Li> Perioral dermatitis </Li> <Li> Pyostomatitis vegetans </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Other </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Eagle syndrome </Li> <Li> Hemifacial hypertrophy </Li> <Li> Facial hemiatrophy </Li> <Li> Oral manifestations of systemic disease </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NDL : 00804612 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hand,_foot,_and_mouth_disease&oldid=865134490 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Enterovirus - associated diseases </Li> <Li> Oral mucosal pathology </Li> <Li> Virus - related cutaneous conditions </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Archived copy as title </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2013 </Li> <Li> Infobox medical condition ( new ) </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers </Li> <Li> RTT </Li> <Li> RTTEM </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> ދިވެހިބަސް </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Монгол </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> ଓଡ଼ିଆ </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> <Li> Lingua Franca Nova </Li> 29 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 00 : 01 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Caste politics - Wikipedia <H1> Caste politics </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Caste in Indian society refers to a social group where membership is decided by birth . Members of such local group are endogamous , i.e. they tend to enter into marital relationships among themselves . They often have related political preferences . </P> <P> For political / government purposes , the castes are broadly divided into </P> <Ul> <Li> Forward Castes ( about 15 % of population ) </Li> <Li> Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) ( about 41 % of population ) </Li> <Li> Scheduled Castes ( about 20 % of population ) </Li> <Li> Scheduled Tribes ( about 9 % of population ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The Indian Muslims ( 13.4 % ) , and Christians ( 2.3 % ) often function as castes since they too marry among themselves . </P> <P> Official lists are compiled by states recognizing the OBC , Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes . The dividing lines can be ambiguous , several castes have demanded a lower rank so that they can avail the privileges offered . The term Upper caste also refers to Forward castes , when news reports refer to the Scheduled castes in relation to the two upper groups . </P> <P> The removal of the boundaries between `` civil society '' and `` political society '' meant that caste now played a huge role in the political arena and also influenced other government - run institutions such as police and the judicial system . Though caste seemed to dictate one 's access to such institutions , the location of that caste also played a pivotal role . If a lower caste were concentrated enough in one area , it could then translate that pocket of concentration of its caste members into political power and then challenge the hegemony of locally dominant upper caste . Gender also plays a significant role in the power dynamic of caste in politics . Women 's representation within the political system seems to also be tied to their caste . Lower , more conservative castes have less female participation in politics than upper , more socially liberal , castes . This has caused a disproportionately large number of upper - caste women to occupy political office when compared to their lower caste counterparts . The hierarchy of caste and its role in politics and access to power and resources has created a society of patron - client relationships along caste lines . This staunchly rigid structure was most prevalent during the Congress - dominating period . This eventually led to the practice of vote banking , where voters back only candidates that are in their caste ( 6 ) , or officials from which they expect to receive some kind of benefits . </P> <P> Historically it has been very hard to change the structure of caste politics in India . More recently however , there has been a flux in caste politics , mainly caused by economic liberalisation in India . This upsurge in lower - caste empowerment was accompanied in some regions by a spike in the level of corruption . This was partly due to lower caste perceiving development programs and rule of law as tools used by the upper caste to subjugate lower castes . </P> <P> Contemporary India , however , has seen the influence of caste start to decline . This is partly due to the spread of education to all castes which has had a democratising effect on the political system . However , this `` equalising '' of the playing field has not been without controversy . The Mandal Commission and its quotas system has been a particularly sensitive issue . </P> <P> It has been argued by Professor Dipankar Gupta that the role of castes in Indian elections have been overplayed . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Colonial history </Li> <Li> 2 Caste and political power <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Access to power </Li> <Li> 2.2 Clientelism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Caste politics in flux <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Political Corruption </Li> <Li> 3.2 Caste - based mobilisation </Li> <Li> 3.3 Education </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Politically Important Castes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Andhra Pradesh , Telangana </Li> <Li> 4.2 Bihar </Li> <Li> 4.3 Uttar Pradesh </Li> <Li> 4.4 West Bengal </Li> <Li> 4.5 Karnataka </Li> <Li> 4.6 Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> 4.7 Punjab </Li> <Li> 4.8 Rajasthan </Li> <Li> 4.9 Maharashtra </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Controversial issues <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Reservation system </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Colonial history ( edit ) </H2> Main article : British India <P> The British institutionalised caste into the workings of the major government institutions within India . The main benefactors of this indirect rule were the upper castes or forward castes , which maintained their hegemony and monopoly of control and influence over government institutes long after independence from the British . The state of post-colonial India promised development , rule of law , and nation building , but in reality , was a complex network of patronage systems , which solidified the upper - caste position of dominance over civil service institutions . This network undermined the very promises of ' nation building ' that post-colonial India had made and ushered in an area of upper - caste dominance that lasted for the next four decades . </P> <P> In August 1932 , the then Prime Minister of Britain , Ramsay MacDonald , made what became known as the Communal Award . According to it , separate representation was to be provided for communities such as the Dalit , Muslims , Sikhs , Indian Christians , Anglo - Indians and Europeans . These depressed classes were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from special constituencies in which only voters belonging to these classes could vote . </P> <H2> Caste and political power ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Caste system in India <P> The caste system has traditionally had significant influence over people 's access to power . The privileged upper caste groups benefit more by gaining substantially more economic and political power , while the lower caste groups have limited access to those powers . The caste system distributes to different castes different economic strengths . The upper caste groups can then manipulate the economic and political system to transfer economic strength into political power . </P> <H3> Access to power ( edit ) </H3> <P> In rural North India , upper and middle - ranking castes dominate the ownership of land . They were able to transfer this control over wealth into political dominance over the Panchayat decision . The Panchayat is a local government unit that is in - charge of resources disbursement . The dominant caste groups monopolised leadership positions in the Panchayat , thus gaining more opportunities to government contracts , employment and funding . </P> <P> Access to police and judicial assistance also depends on which caste one belongs to . By bribing , influencing and intimidating the police and judicial officials , the rural north Indian middle and upper castes tend to manipulate the local police and judicial power more successfully . These types of political rent - seeking 's have also helped secure the supply of rents to dominant castes through other channels such as ' rigging Panchayat elections , capturing electoral booths , and using pre-election intimidatory tactics in elections for the state assembly . ' Whether an individual or a group can raise enough money for constant bribes depends on the caste - based socioeconomic status . Hence , the advantage in accessing economic resources not only transfers into but also reinforces the political might of the dominant caste groups . Certain scientists and activists , such as MIT systems scientist Dr. VA Shiva Ayyadurai , blame caste for holding back innovation and scientific research in India , making it difficult to sustain progress while regressive social organisation prevails . </P> <P> Caste , ascribed at birth , is also influenced by where one is born . Political lines in India have often been drawn along caste lines ; however , this is only part of the story . Caste is often specific to a particular area . These caste pockets create a locally dominant castes . Because of the political structure in India , local dominance can translate into regional dominance . This concentration of caste population has meant that smaller , less influential castes have the opportunity stake there claims in the political power arena . However , if a non-dominant caste is not concentrated in a particular area , then they are not likely to get any representation without teaming up with another caste to increase their influence . This means , `` localised concentration facilitates a space for contesting the domination of State - level dominant caste '' . For instance , the Maratha - Kunbi caste has concentrations of populations all over the Indian states . They thus managed to receive maximum representation at the state legislature. ( ibid ) </P> <P> Though the caste system factors greatly in determining who makes up the local elites , it also plays a huge role in determining women 's influence and representation in the political system . In India 's bicameral parliamentary system , women represent a minuscule amount of each house . Of the people 's assembly , made up of 545 members , women represent a mere 5.2 percent ; and in the State assembly , with 259 members , women make up only 8.8 percent . Both houses have seen an alarming decline in female representatives in the most recent decades . Of the 39 women representatives in the Indian Parliament most were members of higher castes . Caste , which eventually effects class , is one of the most important factors in determining a woman 's successful inclusion into the political system . This may be due to the fact that higher castes challenge the role of the traditional Indian woman and so their caste position gives them a greater range of options that are not available to lower more traditional castes . This inflated representation of elite caste in public offices has meant that the impact they have on public policy is disproportionately large in comparison to their actual numbers . </P> <H3> Clientelism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Politics in India highly depended on patron - client ties along the caste lines during the Congress - dominating period . The caste that one belongs to serves as a strong determinant of his or her voting pattern . In India , different political parties represent the interests of different caste groups . The upper and merchant castes such as Brahmin , Rajput and Kayasth and the rich Muslim groups tend to express their interests through the Congress Party . The agrarian middle class such as the Jats tend to vote for the competing parties . Numerically minor parties , represented by the Jan Shangh , receive votes almost exclusively from the upper and trading castes ( ibid ) . However , caste does not solely determine voting behaviours . Discrepancies occur especially for the upper caste groups . ( ibid ) This means that not everyone from the same caste would vote for only one particular party . The upper caste people have more freedom to vote by political beliefs . The Mandal Commission covered more than 3000 Other Backward Castes . It is thus not clear which parties are associated with each castes . </P> <P> Loyal groups of voters usually back a certain candidate or party during elections with the expectation of receiving benefits once their candidate is in office . This practice , called `` votebank '' , is prolific throughout most regions of the country . Many political parties in India have openly indulged in caste - based votebank politics . The Congress party used votebank to maintain power ; the competing parties constructed votebanks to challenge the Congress dominance of politics . </P> <H2> Caste politics in flux ( edit ) </H2> See also : Politics of India <P> By the early 1990s there began a shift in caste politics . The continuation of a one party system , which was the Congress party , composed mostly of upper - caste leadership , came to an end . This was partly due to economic liberalisation in India which reduced the control the state had on the economy and thus the lower castes , and partly due to an upsurge in caste based parties that made the politics of lower caste empowerment a central part of there political agenda . It should be pointed out that these new political parties emerged not on a national level but on a village and regional level , and were most dominant in North India . </P> <P> These parties view development programs and rule of law as institutions used by upper caste to control and subjugate lower castes . As a result , these new political parties sought to weaken these institutions and in turn weaken the upper caste domination in the political arena in India . Since ' rule of law ' was seen as controlled by upper - castes , these new parties adopted a strategy that had to operate outside of this rule in order to gain political influence and lower - caste empowerment . </P> <H3> Political corruption ( edit ) </H3> <P> Corruption thus translated into power and a means to enter the political arena , once only open to upper caste members . Corruption in India became a way to level the playing field . This struggle for empowerment that was forced to operate outside of the rule of law produced caste - based mafia networks . These mafia - networks began to chip away at upper caste control over state institutions . </P> <P> However , unlike their predecessor , these caste mafia groups were not concerned with ' development ' , but mainly viewed elections and democracy as a way of gaining control of the state , which would enable them to level social inequalities . This new state envisioned a government of `` Social Justice '' through caste empowerment . Within the context of `` social justice '' corruption pontificated by the caste mafias became tolerated , and in some cases , as in the province of Bihar , even celebrated . </P> <P> The very nature of caste politics inherently means that there are no boundaries between `` civil society '' and `` political society '' , as demonstrated by the proliferation caste mafia . The mafia dons became mayors , ministers , and even members of Parliament . Therefore , there was no alternative to fight against these mafia figures and political brokers . Because rule of law was perceived to be a mechanism of upper caste control , corruption used by caste mafia became popularly accepted , as it was perceived to be a means to achieve lower caste empowerment . The corruption elevated to such a level that nearly all elected officials in some towns and regions were also criminals . The upper castes who had used their control over the state to discreetly plunder its institutions for their own gain , were now replaced by the mafia dons who now openly pillaged the state institutions . Many of these elected ministers / mafia dons were jailed for the illegal practices they employed ; however , this was widely touted as the upper castes trying to regain dominance by eliminating `` social justice '' supporters . Corruption and politics became so common that at a time it was not uncommon for election results to be contested from a prison cell . </P> <P> Corruption therefore translated into power and a means to enter the political arena , once only open to upper caste members . In this way corruption was seen as a way to level the playing field , and as a result was tolerated and in some villages championed under the banner of `` social justice '' . </P> <P> In the 1951 election , three ethnic parties challenged the Congress party : the Ram Rajya Parishad , the Hindu Mahasabha , and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh . These three sought to gain support from the Hindu majority . The All India Scheduled Caste Federation bid for support from the ex-untouchable castes . Three of the four ethnic parties gradually disappeared because they were not able to obtain enough votes . In the late 1980s , the Congress began to decline . More non-congress parties started to challenge the Congress dominance . The Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) descended from the Bharatiya Jana Sangh . It attempted to pit Hindus against Muslims . The Bahujan Samaj Party ( BSP ) and the Janata Dal ( JD ) tried to seek support from the Scheduled Castes , and Muslims against the upper castes . </P> <P> The intense party competitions that started in the late 1970s have also weakened the influence of caste in Indian politics . Traditionally , Indian political parties have been constructed from top - down . Party leaders relied on preexisted patron - client networks to collect votes . Hence , no parties established fixed organisations to keep constant contacts with the village - level . Since 1977 , the number of youth participating in politics has significantly increased . Due to the lack of fixed organisations , political parties had to rely on the young village members for political mobilisation . Often , these young villagers exerted more political influence than the upper caste leaders and patrons . The status of these young people in the village depended on how much he could contribute to the economic development of the village . It is easier for the youth to maintain their status by rallying rather than remain loyal to a specific party . This also weakened the influence of caste and clientelism on Indian politics . </P> <P> In the 1990s , many parties Bahujan Samaj Party ( BSP ) , the Samajwadi Party and the Janata Dal started claiming that they were representing the backward castes . Many such parties , relying primarily on Backward Classes ' support , often in alliance with Dalits and Muslims , rose to power in Indian states . At the same time , many Dalit leaders and intellectuals started realising that the main Dalit oppressors were the so - called Other Backward Classes , and formed their own parties , such as the Indian Justice Party . The Congress ( I ) in Maharashtra long relied on OBCs ' backing for its political success . Bharatiya Janata Party has also showcased its Dalit and OBC leaders to prove that it is not an upper - caste party . Bangaru Laxman , the former BJP president ( 2001 -- 2002 ) was a former Dalit . Sanyasin Uma Bharati , former CM of Madhya Pradesh , who belongs to OBC caste , was a former BJP leader . In 2006 Arjun Singh cabinet minister for MHRD of the United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) government was accused of playing caste politics when he introduced reservations for OBCs in educational institutions all around . </P> <P> In Tamil Nadu , Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) party rose to power promising representation of all castes in all important sectors of society . </P> <H3> Caste - based mobilisation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Recent evidence suggests that the influence of caste has been declining . Rather than a long - established , unchanging institution , caste is subject to political influence . Changes in political leadership throughout the history of India have led to changes in the structure of the caste system . India 's colonial past has shaped caste into a flexible institution , generating a new system that has crucial influences on political mobilisation . In some regions of India , strategic reconstructions of the caste system have taken place . For instance , the Bahujan Samaj Party in the state of Punjab was first initiated by urban political entrepreneurs who belonged to the former lower caste groups . The pliable caste system in the post-independence era acts as a tool for identifying marginal groups and political mobilisation . Various political leaderships can alter and influence the caste system to give different groups of people unequal rights in accessing public services and political competition . </P> <H3> Education ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Education in India <P> Education spread to the lower castes after India gained independence . The younger generations of all castes have had access to educational resources since the 1980s . The number of the Scheduled and Backward Castes people receiving education increased at a faster rate than that of the upper caste groups . The spread of education to all castes generated democratising effects . Some representatives of the SC and ST groups obtained access to Congress in the 1950s ~ 1960s ( 1179 ) . Due to their higher education levels , they are less likely to respond to the upper - caste patrons , but to the needs and interests of the lower castes . </P> <H2> Politically Important Castes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Andhra Pradesh , Telangana ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Kamma </Li> <Li> Reddy </Li> <Li> Kapu </Li> <Li> Velama </Li> <Li> Brahmin </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bihar ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Pandit , Yadav , Muslim </Li> <Li> Bhumihar </Li> <Li> Rajput </Li> </Ul> <H3> Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Pandit , Rajputs , Jats , gurjars in Western Uttar Pradesh </Li> <Li> Dalits , Muslims , Brahmins led by Mayawati </Li> <Li> Yadavs , who supported Samajwadi party recently </Li> </Ul> <H3> West Bengal ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Muslims </Li> </Ul> <H3> Karnataka ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Vokkaliga / Gowda </Li> <Li> Lingayat </Li> <Li> Ahinda ( Kannada acronym for minorities , backward classes and dalits ) or MOD ( Muslims , OBCs and Dalits ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Tamil Nadu ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Vanniyars </Li> <Li> Naicker ( Naicker or Naidu ) </Li> <Li> Kongu Vellalar ( Kavundan or Gounder ) </Li> <Li> Thevar </Li> <Li> Vellalar </Li> <Li> Nadar </Li> <Li> Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes </Li> </Ul> <H3> Punjab ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dalits ( especially Ad - Dharmis and Mazhabis ) , who tend to support Bahujan Samaj Party </Li> <Li> Jat Sikhs , who tend to support Akali Dal ( Badal ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Rajasthan ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Rajputs , Jats , Bishnoi , Meenas , Gujjars </Li> </Ul> <H3> Maharashtra ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Marathas </Li> <Li> Dhangars ( NT in State , OBC in Center ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Controversial issues ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Reservation system ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Mandal commission <P> The Mandal Commission was constituted in 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai with a mandate to `` identify the socially or educationally backward '' . The Commission was set up to consider the question of seat reservations and quotas for people to redress caste discrimination , and used eleven social , economic , and educational indicators to determine `` backwardness . '' In 1980 , the commission 's report affirmed the affirmative action practice under Indian law whereby members of lower castes ( known as Other Backward Classes and Scheduled Castes and Tribes ) were given exclusive access to a certain portion of government jobs and slots in public universities , and recommended changes to these quotas , increasing them by 27 % to 49.5 % . LR Naik , the only Dalit member in the Mandal Commission refused to sign the Mandal recommendations , as he feared that well - to - do OBCs would corner all the benefits of reservation . </P> <P> A decade after the commission gave its report , V.P. Singh , the Prime Minister at the time , tried to implement its recommendations in 1989 . The criticism was sharp and colleges across the country held massive protests against it . Many alleged that the politicians were trying to cash on caste - based reservations for purely pragmatic electoral purposes . Rajiv Goswami , student of Delhi University , threatened self - immolation in protest of the government 's actions . His act further sparked a series of self - immolations by other college students and led to a formidable movement against job reservations for Backward Castes in India . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ OBCs form 44 % of population : Survey , TNN , Sep 1 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caste and Democratic Politics in India , Anthem South Asian studies , Editor Ghanshyam Shah , Anthem Press , 2004 , p. 261 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 4 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The caste bogey in election analysis , Dipankar Gupta , March 21 , 2014 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Craig , Jeffrey . `` Caste , Class , and Clientelism : A Political Economy of Everyday Corruption in Rural North India '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scientist blames caste for India 's backwardness in research '' . Times of India . 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reddy , Prashant ( 20 May 2012 ) . `` CSIR Tech . Pvt. Ltd : Its controversial past and its uncertain future '' . SpicyIP.com . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Suhas , Pahlshikar . `` Caste Politics Through the Prism of Region '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rai , Shirin . `` Class , Caste and Gender - Women in Parliament in India '' . IDEA 'S Handbook : Women in Parliament : Beyond Numbers : 1 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kela , Shashank . `` Caste , Class and Politics in Contemporary North India '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Witsoe , Jeffrey . `` Corruption as Power : Caste and the Political Imagination of the Postcolonial State '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Witsoe , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . `` Corruption as A Power : Caste and the Political Imagination of the Postcolonial State '' . Journal of the American Ethnological Society . 38 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 85 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1548 - 1425.2010. 01293. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chandra , Kanchan ( June 2005 ) . `` Ethnic Parties and Democratic Stability '' . Perspectives on Politics . 3 : 235 -- 252 . doi : 10.1017 / s1537592705050188 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Krishna , Anirudh ( November 2003 ) . `` What is happening to Caste ? A View from Some North Indian Villages '' . The Journal of Asian Studies . 62 ( 4 ) : 1171 -- 1193 . doi : 10.2307 / 3591763 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Caste - Based Parties '' . Country Studies US . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rao and Ban . `` The Political Construction of Caste in South India '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Aditi Phadnis , ed. ( 2009 ) . Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings . Business Standard Books . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 905735 - 4 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 5 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bihar still votes on identity lines , Anuja , Apr 30 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Will India 's Mayawati hold on to Dalit votes ? Baba Umar , 16 Apr 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Samajwadi Party woos Muslim community with Lok Sabha candidate switch in Uttar Pradesh , Aditya Menon , 31 May 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lok Sabha elections 2014 : Is Bengal 's Muslim vote bank headed for Mandalisation ? , Shoaib Daniyal , 7 April 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Will Ahinda re-emerge ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Congress will help implement AHINDA agenda ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Addharmis and Valmikis are two powerful sub-groups among Dalits of Punjab '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ jat - sikhs - kainth&catid = 17&Itemid = 193 Vote bank politics compelled to grant OBC status to Jat Sikhs : Kainth , Chanchal Manohar Singh , April 5 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MALI Rajasthan polls : It 's caste politics all the way Prakash Bhandari , TNN , Oct 13 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Amit . `` Who are the OBCs ? '' . Archived from the original on 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 19 . Times of India , April 8 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mandal 's True Inheritors '' . The Times of India . 2006 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 12 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kothari , Rajni ( 2004 ) . Caste in Indian Politics . Orient Longman . ISBN 81 - 250 - 0637 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Bayly , Susan ( July 1999 ) . Caste , Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age . Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.2277 / 0521264340 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26434 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jain , Meenakshi , Congress Party , 1967 - 77 : Role of Caste in Indian Politics ( Vikas , 1991 ) , ISBN 0706953193 </Li> <Li> Bashiruddin Ahmed . Caste and Electoral Politics . Asian Survey , Vol. 10 , No. 11 , Elections and Party Politics in India : A Symposium ( Nov. , 1970 ) , pp. 979 -- 992 </Li> <Li> Firstpost News , Signature kids ? RSS formula of perfect babies is fed by our own nightmarish hopes </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Social issues in India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Economy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brain drain </Li> <Li> Communications </Li> <Li> Famine </Li> <Li> Farmers ' suicides </Li> <Li> Labour </Li> <Li> Land reforms </Li> <Li> Debt bondage </Li> <Li> National Pension Scheme </Li> <Li> Poverty <Ul> <Li> BPL </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Public Distribution System </Li> <Li> Remittances </Li> <Li> Reverse brain drain </Li> <Li> Slums </Li> <Li> Standard of living </Li> <Li> Street vendors </Li> <Li> Transport </Li> <Li> Urbanisation </Li> <Li> Unemployment </Li> <Li> Widening income gap </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Education </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Literacy </Li> <Li> Ragging </Li> <Li> School corporal punishment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Environment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conservation </Li> <Li> Global warming </Li> <Li> Manual scavenging </Li> <Li> Natural disasters </Li> <Li> Pollution </Li> <Li> Water supply and sanitation </Li> <Li> Water disputes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cohabitation </Li> <Li> Divorce </Li> <Li> Domestic violence </Li> <Li> Dowry system </Li> <Li> Family planning </Li> <Li> Hindu joint family </Li> <Li> Infertility </Li> <Li> Nuclear family </Li> <Li> Polyandry </Li> <Li> Polygamy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abortion </Li> <Li> Child labour </Li> <Li> Child marriage </Li> <Li> Child prostitution </Li> <Li> Child trafficking </Li> <Li> Female foeticide </Li> <Li> Female infanticide </Li> <Li> Street children </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Women </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acid throwing </Li> <Li> Bride burning </Li> <Li> Devadasi </Li> <Li> Dowry death </Li> <Li> Eve teasing </Li> <Li> Women 's health </Li> <Li> Feminism </Li> <Li> Menstrual taboo </Li> <Li> Prostitution </Li> <Li> Rape </Li> <Li> Sati </Li> <Li> Sexism </Li> <Li> Widows </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caste system </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caste politics </Li> <Li> Caste - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Wasted spark - wikipedia <H1> Wasted spark </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Ignition system of a flat - twin Citroën 2CV <P> The wasted spark system is an ignition system used in some four - stroke cycle internal combustion engines . In a wasted spark system , the spark plugs fire in pairs , with one plug in a cylinder on its compression stroke and the other plug in a cylinder on its exhaust stroke . The extra spark during the exhaust stroke has no effect and is thus `` wasted '' . This design halves the number of components necessary in a typical ignition system , while the extra spark , against much reduced dielectric resistance , barely impacts the lifespan of modern ignition components . In a typical engine , it requires only about 2 -- 3 kV to fire the cylinder on its exhaust stroke . The remaining coil energy is available to fire the spark plug in the cylinder on its compression stroke ( typically about 8 to 12 kV ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Advantages </Li> <Li> 2 Timing signal </Li> <Li> 3 Practical examples of ' wasted spark ' </Li> <Li> 4 Single cylinder use </Li> <Li> 5 Effect on component life </Li> <Li> 6 Twin plug combustion </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Advantages ( edit ) </H2> <P> Perhaps the most significant advantage of the system , compared to a single coil and distributor systems , is that it eliminated the high - tension distributor . This significantly improves reliability , since many problems with a conventional system are caused by the distributor being affected by dampness from rain or condensation , dirt accumulation , and degradation of insulating materials with time . Although plug - top coil systems would later offer this same advantage , they were not available for another 30 years . Plug - top systems increase the number of coils required , the heat that these coils must survive , and so their demands on materials science for insulators . </P> <H2> Timing signal ( edit ) </H2> <P> Wasted spark systems still require a timing signal from the crankshaft . In a conventional four - stroke engine , this signal must also observe the phase of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft , so contact breakers are normally driven from the camshaft and distributor drive . With a wasted spark , the crankshaft can be used instead , as the system fires on both revolutions . It simplifies the mechanical arrangements since there is no distributor drive and the contact breaker cam can be fixed to the crankshaft . Although a 2 : 1 reduction gear is still required to operate the camshaft and valves , the precision of this drive is now less critical ( ignition timing is more critical for engine performance than valve timing ) : engines continue to run adequately even with worn camshaft drives and imprecise timing . </P> <H2> Practical examples of ' wasted spark ' ( edit ) </H2> <P> This system has been widely used , including such engines as the MG MG6 1.8 T engine ; Mitsubishi Evolution 4G63 engine , Mercedes - Benz M104. 94x , M104. 98x , M104. 99x I6 engines ; Buick V6 engine 3800 LN3 and newer , Harley - Davidson V - Twin , air - cooled BMW Motorcycles , 1948 Citroën 2CV , Mazda B engine , Opel family 1&2 as example c14se c20xe x20xev ... from 1991 - 2005 Chrysler V10 , GY6 engine , Volkswagen Mark 3 2.8 VR6 ( other than 2.0 ) , Saturn Corporation 4 cylinders , Toyota VZ engine 5VZ - FE V6 , and Chrysler 1.8 , 2.0 & 2.4 engines . Some Ford engines also do . Many Honda and Kawasaki motorcycle and PWC engines also follow a similar design , to allow for a smaller number of more powerful coils to replace a larger number of smaller coils in the same limited space . </P> <P> In practical use , a V - 6 engine would only need three coil packs instead of six . Each individual coil fires the spark plugs in two cylinders simultaneously , the spark plug in one cylinder on a compression stroke where the power comes from , and the spark plug in the other cylinder on an exhaust stroke . </P> <H2> Single cylinder use ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most single cylinder ( four - stroke ) engines use the wasted spark system in order to capitalise on the simplicity and reliability of the flywheel magneto . These engines need a flywheel to run smoothly , and the heavy current - generating magnets help provide the momentum while delivering a zero - maintenance drive to the ignition system . Bolted to the end of the crankshaft , this flywheel rotates twice for each compression stroke . </P> <P> As well as the build - weight and maintenance advantages of this system , there is a tuning advantage . Mounted directly on the end of the crankshaft , all the stress that spark generation would otherwise place on the camshaft chain ( or another special purpose half - speed drive ) is avoided , while there is virtually none of the strain that necessarily degrades the ignition timing in systems relying on chains or gears . </P> <P> Unlike the multi-cylinder systems noted above ( which fire two plugs simultaneously from a double - ended coil ) the coil in this system has only a single HT lead running to the single plug . The flywheel magneto provides other services in , for instance , small motorcycles , as it can easily be built to provide direct - current battery - charging power at almost no additional cost or weight . </P> <H2> Effect on component life ( edit ) </H2> <P> In modern conditions , this method has a very small impact on the length on the service intervals of the vehicle and the longevity of individual components . Modern ignition systems do not have breaker points , which have been almost entirely replaced by electronic systems . Modern ignition coils outlast most other components of the vehicle and modern spark plugs have excellent service life , though there is a slight - difference between the two plugs as to erosion suffered at the center electrode . Because the spark jumps in opposite directions on the companion plugs , one bank will erode the center electrode more , and the opposite bank will erode the ground electrode more . </P> <H2> Twin plug combustion ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since the earliest petrol engines , some have used twin spark systems . These have two spark plugs in each cylinder . Each set of plugs is supplied separately . There may be several reasons for this : reliability ( typically aircraft ) , starting ( e.g. Model T ) , or better combustion performance by initiating the flamefront at opposing points simultaneously ( e.g. Alfa Romeo ) . These are not considered as wasted spark systems , as their sparks all take place after the useful compression stroke , rather than `` wasted '' in the exhaust stroke . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2CV wiring diagram and distributorless double - ended coil '' ( PDF ) . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wasted_spark&oldid=781110037 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Ignition systems </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from February 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 May 2017 , at 03 : 49 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Arjuna Award - wikipedia <H1> Arjuna Award </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Arjuna Award </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Awarded by Govt. of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Civilian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Sports ( Individual ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Instituted </Th> <Td> 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First awarded </Th> <Td> 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last awarded </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total awarded </Th> <Td> 700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cash award </Th> <Td> ₹ 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Award rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ← Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Arjuna Awards are given by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports , government of India to recognize outstanding achievement in National sports . Instituted in 1961 , the award carries a cash prize of ₹ 500,000 , a bronze statue of Arjuna and a scroll . </P> <P> Over the years the scope of the award has been expanded and a large number of sports persons who belonged to the pre-Arjuna Award era were also included in the list . Further , the number of disciplines for which the award is given was increased to include indigenous games and the physically handicapped category . </P> <P> The Government has recently revised the scheme for the Arjuna Award . As per the revised guidelines , to be eligible for the Award , a sportsperson should not only have had good performance consistently for the previous four years at the international level with excellence for the year for which the Award is recommended , but should also have shown qualities of leadership , sportsmanship and a sense of discipline . </P> <P> From the year 2001 , the award is given only in disciplines falling under the following categories : </P> <Ul> <Li> Olympic Games / Asian Games / Commonwealth Games / World Cup / World Championship Disciplines and Cricket </Li> <Li> Indigenous Games </Li> <Li> Sports for the Physically Challenged </Li> </Ul> <P> In mid-August 2011 , 19 athletes were announced as Arjuna recipients ; the high number due to the inclusion of both the 2010 Commonwealth Games and 2010 Asian Games in the Arjuna qualifying year . </P> <P> In 2012 , 25 sports - persons were conferred with the Arjuna awards . </P> <P> In the year 2017 , 17 sports - persons , including para - athletes were honoured with Arjuna Award by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Archery </Li> <Li> 2 Athletics </Li> <Li> 3 Badminton </Li> <Li> 4 Ball Badminton </Li> <Li> 5 Basketball </Li> <Li> 6 Billiards & Snooker </Li> <Li> 7 Boxing </Li> <Li> 8 Carrom </Li> <Li> 9 Chess </Li> <Li> 10 Cricket </Li> <Li> 11 Cycling </Li> <Li> 12 Equestrian </Li> <Li> 13 Football </Li> <Li> 14 Golf </Li> <Li> 15 Gymnastics </Li> <Li> 16 Hockey </Li> <Li> 17 Judo </Li> <Li> 18 Kabaddi </Li> <Li> 19 Lawn Tennis </Li> <Li> 20 Roller Skating </Li> <Li> 21 Rowing </Li> <Li> 22 Polo </Li> <Li> 23 Shooting </Li> <Li> 24 Squash </Li> <Li> 25 Swimming </Li> <Li> 26 Table Tennis </Li> <Li> 27 Volleyball </Li> <Li> 28 Weightlifting </Li> <Li> 29 Wrestling </Li> <Li> 30 Wushu </Li> <Li> 31 Yachting </Li> <Li> 32 References </Li> <Li> 33 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Archery ( edit ) </H2> Mangal Singh Champia <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Krishna Das </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Shyam Lal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Limba Ram </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Sanjeev Kumar Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Tarundeep Rai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Dola Banerjee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Jayanta Talukdar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Mangal Singh Champia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Rahul Banerjee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Deepika Kumari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Laishram Bombayla Devi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Chekrovolu Swuro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Abhishek Verma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Sandeep Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Rajat Chauhan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> VJ Surekha </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Athletics ( edit ) </H2> Mercy Kuttan Reeth and Beedu <P> ‡ - Para Athlete </P> <P> § - Lifetime Contribution </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Gurbachan Singh Randhawa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Tarlok Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Stephie D'Souza </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Makhan Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Kenneth Powell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Ajmer Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Bhogeswar Baruah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Praveen Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Bhim Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Joginder Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Manjit Walia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Harnek Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Mohinder Singh Gill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Edward Sequeira </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Vijay Singh Chauhan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Sriram Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> T.C. Yohannan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shivnath Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hari Chand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> V. Anusuya Bai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Bahadur Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Geeta Zutshi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1977 - 78 </Td> <Td> Satish Kumar ( Athlete ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 1978 - 79 </Td> <Td> Suresh Babu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 1978 - 79 </Td> <Td> Angel Mary Joseph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1979 - 80 </Td> <Td> R. Gyanasekaran </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 1980 - 81 </Td> <Td> Gopal Saini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Sabir Ali </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Charles Borromeo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Chand Ram </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> M.D. Valsamma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Suresh Yadav </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> P.T. Usha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Raj Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Shiny Abraham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Raghubir Singh Bal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Asha Agarwal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Adille Sumariwala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Suman Rawat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Balwinder Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vandana Rao </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bagicha Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vandana Shanbagh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Ashwini Nachappa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Mercy Kuttan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Deena Ram </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Bahadur Prasad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> K. Saramma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Rosa Kutty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Shakti Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Jyotirmoyee Sikdar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Malathi Krishnamurthy Holla ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kallegowda ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ajit Bhaduria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Padmini Thomas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> M. Mahadeva ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Reeth Abraham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Sirichand Ram </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Neelam Jaswant Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> S.D. Eshan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Rachita Mistry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Paramjit Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Gulab Chand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> G. Venkataravanappa ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Gurmit Kaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Parduman Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Sunita Rani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> K.M. Beenamol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Yadvendra Vashishta ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Joginder Singh Bedi ‡ § </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> K.R. Shankar Iyer ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Anju Bobby George </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Saraswati Saha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Soma Biswas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Madhuri Saxena </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anil Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J.J. Shobha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Devendra Jhajharia ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Manjit Kaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> K.M. Binu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Chitra K. Soman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Sinimol Paulose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joseph Abraham ( Athletics ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Krishna Punia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jagseer Singh ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Preeja Sreedharan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Sudha Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Kavita Ramdas Raut </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Deepa Malik ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Ramkaran Singh ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Amit Kumar Saroha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Tintu Luka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> M.R. Poovamma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Lalita Babar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Sandeep Singh Maan ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Khushbir Kaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Arokia Rajiv </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Mariyappan Thangavelu ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Varun Bhati ‡ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Badminton ( edit ) </H2> Prakash Padukone Chetan Anand Jwala Gutta Parupalli Kashyap <P> ‡ - Para Athlete </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Nandu Natekar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Meena Shah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Dinesh Khanna </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Suresh Goel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Dipu Ghosh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Damayanti Tambay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Shobha Moorthy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Prakash Padukone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Raman Ghosh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Davinder Ahuja </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Ami Ghia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1977 - 78 </Td> <Td> Kanwal Thakur Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1980 - 81 </Td> <Td> Syed Modi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Partho Ganguli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Madhumita Bisht </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Rajeev Bagga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Pullela Gopichand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> George Thomas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Ramesh Tikaram ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Madasu Srinivas Rao ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Abhinn Shyam Gupta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Aparna Popat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Chetan Anand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Rohit Bhakar ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Anup Sridhar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Saina Nehwal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Jwala Gutta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Ashwini Ponnappa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Parupalli Kashyap </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> P.V. Sindhu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Valiyaveetil Diju </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Srikanth Kidambi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ball Badminton ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> J. Pitchyya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Ms. J. Srinivasan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> A. Kareem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> L.A. Iqbal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Sam Christudas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> D. Rajaraman </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Basketball ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Sarbjit Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Khushi Ram </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Gurdial Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Hav . Hari Dutt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Gulam Abbas Moontasir </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Man Mohan Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> S.K. Kataria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A.K. Punj </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hanuman Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1977 - 78 </Td> <Td> T. Vijayaragavan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1979 - 80 </Td> <Td> Om Prakash </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Ajmer Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Suman Sharma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Radhey Shyam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Ms. S Sharma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Sajjan Singh Cheema </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Parminder Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Satya ( Sports ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Geethu Anna Jose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Prashanti Singh </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Billiards & Snooker ( edit ) </H2> Pankaj Advani 2012 <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Wilson Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Michael Ferreira </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Subhash Agarwal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Geet Sethi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Ashok Shandilya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Alok Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Pankaj Advani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Anuja Prakash Thakur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Aditya S. Mehta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Rupesh Shah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Sourav Kothari </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Boxing ( edit ) </H2> Vijender Singh Mary Kom <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> L. Buddy D ' Souza </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Hav . P. Badadur Mal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Hawa Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Hav . Dennis Swamy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Hav . Muniswamy Venu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Hav . Chandranarayanan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Hav . Mehatab Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1977 - 78 </Td> <Td> B.S. Thapa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1978 - 79 </Td> <Td> C.C. Machaiah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1979 - 80 </Td> <Td> B. Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1980 - 81 </Td> <Td> Issac Amaldas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Hav . G. Manoharan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Hav . Kaur Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jas Lal Pradhan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Jai Pal Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Seeva Jayaram </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Gopal Dewang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Dharmendra Singh Yadav </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Rajendra Prasad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Manoj Pingale </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Mukund Killekar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> V. Devarajan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Raj Kumar Sangwan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Dingko Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Gurcharan Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Jitender Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Mohammed Ali Qamar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Mary Kom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Akhil Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Vijender Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Verghese Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Laishram Sarita Devi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dinesh Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Suranjoy Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Vikas Krishan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Kavita Chahal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Manoj Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Mandeep Jangra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Shiva Thapa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Devendro Laishram </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Carrom ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A. Maria Irudayam </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Chess ( edit ) </H2> Viswanathan Anand Harika Dronavalli <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Manuel Aaron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1980 - 81 </Td> <Td> Rohini Khadilkar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dibyendu Barua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Pravin Thipsay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Viswanathan Anand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> D.V. Prasad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bhagyashree Thipsay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Anupama Gokhale </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Krishnan Sasikiran </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Koneru Humpy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Surya Shekhar Ganguly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Pentyala Harikrishna </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Dronavalli Harika </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Tania Sachdev </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Parimarjan Negi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Abhijeet Gupta </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cricket ( edit ) </H2> Sachin Tendulkar Sourav Ganguly Rahul Dravid Virender Sehwag Harbhajan Singh <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Saleem Durani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Vijay Manjrekar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Chandu Borde </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Ajit Wadekar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> E.A.S. Prasanna </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Bishan Singh Bedi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Dilip Sardesai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Eknath Solkar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> B.S. Chandrashekhar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sunil Gavaskar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Shanta Rangaswamy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1977 - 78 </Td> <Td> Gundappa Vishwanath </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1979 - 80 </Td> <Td> Kapil Dev Nikhanj </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 1980 - 81 </Td> <Td> Chetan Chauhan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1980 - 81 </Td> <Td> Syed Kirmani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Dilip Vengsarkar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Mohinder Amarnath </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Diana Edulji </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Ravi Shastri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Shubhangi Kulkarni </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Mohammad Azharuddin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Sandhya Agarwal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Madan Lal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Manoj Prabhakar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Kiran More </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Sachin Tendulkar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Anil Kumble </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Javagal Srinath </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Ajay Jadeja </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Sourav Ganguly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Rahul Dravid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Nayan Mongia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Venkatesh Prasad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> VVS Laxman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Virender Sehwag </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Harbhajan Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Mithali Raj </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Anju Jain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Anjum Chopra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Gautam Gambhir </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jhulan Goswami </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Zaheer Khan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Yuvraj Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Virat Kohli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Ravichandran Ashwin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Rohit Sharma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Ajinkya Rahane </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Cheteshwar Pujara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Harmanpreet Kaur </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cycling ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Amar Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1978 - 79 </Td> <Td> Ms. M. Mahapatra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A.R. Arthna </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Equestrian ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Dafadar Khan M. Khan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Lt. Col. H.S. Sodhi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Maj . R. Singh Brar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Raghubir Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Capt . G. Mohd . Khan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maj . J.S. Ahluwalia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Capt . Adhiraj Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Capt . Rajesh Pattu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maj . Deep Kumar Ahlawat </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Football ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> P.K. Banerjee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Tulsidas Balaram </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Chuni Goswami </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Jarnail Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Arun Lal Ghosh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Yousuf Khan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Peter Thangaraj </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Inder Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Syed Naeemuddin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> C.P. Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Magan Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 79 </Td> <Td> Gurdev Singh Gill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 80 </Td> <Td> Prasun Banerjee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 81 </Td> <Td> Mohammed Habib </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Sudhir Karmakar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shanti Mullick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Subrata Bhattacharya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Brahmanand Sankhwalkar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Baichung Bhutia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Bruno Coutinho </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> I.M. Vijayan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Deepak Kumar Mondal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Sunil Chhetri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Subrata Paul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Oinam Bembem Devi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Golf ( edit ) </H2> Jeev Milkha Singh <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> P.G. Sethi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> A.S. Malik </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> R.K. Pitamber </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Anjali N Desai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Vikramjit Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Sita Rawlley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Lakshman Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nonita Lall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Ali Sher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Jeev Milkha Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Shiv Kapur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jyoti Randhawa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Arjun Atwal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Gagan Jeet Bhullar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Anirban Lahiri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> SSP Chawrasia </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Gymnastics ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Shyam Lal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Montu Debnath </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Ms. S. Sharma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Ms. Krupali Patel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Dr. ( Ms . ) Kalpna Debnath </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Ashish Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Dipa Karmakar </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Hockey ( edit ) </H2> Jagbir Singh receiving the Arjuna Award 1990 from President Venkataraman . <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Prithipal Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Ann Lumsden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Charanjit Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> S. Laxman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Udham Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> E. Britto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> V.J. Peter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Sunita Puri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Gurbaksh Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Harbinder Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Mohinder Lal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Balbir Singh Kular </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Ajit Pal Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> P. Krishnamurthy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Michael Kindo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> M.P. Ganesh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> O. Mascarenhas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ashok Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A. Kaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> B.P. Govinda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rupa Saini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 1977 - 78 </Td> <Td> Capt . Harcharan Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1977 - 78 </Td> <Td> L.L. Fernandes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 1979 - 80 </Td> <Td> Vasudevan Baskaran </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 1979 - 80 </Td> <Td> R.B. Mundphan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1980 - 81 </Td> <Td> Mohammed Shahid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 1980 - 81 </Td> <Td> Eliza Nelson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Versha Soni </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zafar Iqbal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Rajbir Kaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> S. Maney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Prem Maya Sonir </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Maneyapanda Muthanna Somaya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> J.M. Carvalho </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> M.P. Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Pargat Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Jagbir Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Mervyn Fernandes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Jude Felix Sabastain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Dhanraj Pillai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Mukesh Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A.B. Subbaiah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ashish Kumar Ballal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Harmik Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Surinder Singh Sodhi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Rajinder Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Surjit Singh Randhawa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Pritam Rani Siwach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> B.S. Dhillon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> S. Omana Kumari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Mohammed Riaz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Baldev Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Maharaj Krishna Kaushik </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Balbir Singh Kullar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Lt. Col. Haripal Kaushik </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Ramandeep Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> V.J. Phillips </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Baljeet Singh Saini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Tingonleima Chanu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Gp . Capt . R.S. Bhola </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Balkishan Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Jalaluddin Rizvi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Madhu Yadav </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Dilip Tirkey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Gagan Ajit Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Mamta Kharab </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Devesh Chauhan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Suraj Lata Devi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Deepak Thakur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Innocent Helen Mary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Viren Rasquinha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Jyoti Sunita Kullu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Prabhjot Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Surinder Kaur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Ignace Tirkey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jasjeet Kaur Handa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Rajpal Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Sardar Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Saba Anjum Karim </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Sreejesh Ravindran </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> V.R. Raghunath </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Ritu Rani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> S.V. Sunil </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Judo ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Sandeep Byala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Cawas Billimoria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Poonam Chopra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Narender Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Akram Shah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ms. Angom Anita Chanu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Ms. Tombi Devi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Yashpal Solanki </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Kabaddi ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Subbiah Rajarathinam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Perumal Ganesan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Raju Bhavsar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Ashan Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Biswajit Palit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Balwinder Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Tirath Raj </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> C. Honappa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Ram Mehar Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Sanjeev Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sunder Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Ramesh Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Naveen Gautam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Pankaj Navnath Shrisat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dinesh Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Tejaswini Bai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Rakesh Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Anup Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Mamatha Poojary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Manjeet Chhillar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Abhilasha Mhatre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Jasvir Singh </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Lawn Tennis ( edit ) </H2> Sania Mirza Leander Paes <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Ramanathan Krishnan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Naresh Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Jaidip Mukerjea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Premjit Lall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vijay Amritraj </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1978 - 79 </Td> <Td> Nirupama Mankad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1980 - 81 </Td> <Td> Ramesh Krishnan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Anand Amritraj </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Leander Paes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Mahesh Bhupathi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gaurav Natekar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Asif Ismail </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Akhtar Ali </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sania Mirza </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Somdev Devvarman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Saketh Myneni </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Roller Skating ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Anup Kumar Yama </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Rowing ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Maj . Parveen Oberoy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Capt . M.A. Naik </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Naib Subedar Dalvir Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Major R.S. Bhanwala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Surender Singh Waldia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Jagjit Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Surender Singh Kanwasi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Kasam Khan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Inderpal Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jenil Krishnan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Bajrang lal Thakkar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Satish Joshi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Saji Thomas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Swarna Singh Virk </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Polo ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Prem Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Samir Suhag </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Shooting ( edit ) </H2> <P> ‡ - Para Athlete </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Karni Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Rajyashree Kumari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Bhuvaneshwari Kumari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Bhim Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Udyan Chinubhai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1978 - 79 </Td> <Td> Randhir Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> S.P. Chauhan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mohinder Lal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Soma Dutta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> A.J. Pandit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Bhagirath Samai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Mansher Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Jaspal Rana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Moraad A. Khan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Satendra Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Shilpi Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Naresh Kumar Sharma ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Manavjit Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Roopa Unnikrishnan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Vivek Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Anjali Vedpathak Bhagwat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Abhinav Bindra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Gurbir Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Anwer Sultan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Suma Shirur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Samaresh Jung </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Deepali A. Deshpande </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Gagan Narang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Vijay Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Avneet Kaur Sidhu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Ronjan Sodhi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sanjeev Rajput </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Tejaswini Sawant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Annu Raj Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Omkar Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Joydeep Karmakar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Rajkumari Rathore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Heena Sidhu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Jitu Rai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Apurvi Chandela </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Gurpreet Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> PN Prakash </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Squash ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Saurav Ghosal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Dipika Pallikal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Joshna Chinappa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Anaka Alankamony </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Swimming ( edit ) </H2> <P> ‡ - Para Athlete </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Jam . Bajarangi Prasad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Rima Datta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Arun Shaw </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Baidyanath Nath </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Bhanwar Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> D. ( Tingoo ) Khatau </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> A.B. Sarang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Manjari Bhargava ( diving ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M.S. Rana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Smita Desai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Persis Madan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anita Sood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Khajan Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Wilson Cherian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Bula Choudhury </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kutraleeswaran </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Bhanu Sachdeva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Nisha Millet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Sebastian Xavier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> J. Abhijith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Shikha Tandon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rehan Poncha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Virdhawal Khade </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Prasanta Karmakar ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Sandeep Sejwal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Sharath Gayakwad ‡ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Table Tennis ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> J.C. Vohra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> G.R. Deewan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> U. Sundararaj </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> F.R. Khodaiji </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Mir Kasim Ali </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> G. Jagannath </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> K.F. Khodaiji </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> N.R. Bajaj </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Shailaja Salokhe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1979 - 80 </Td> <Td> Indu Puri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1980 - 81 </Td> <Td> Manjit Dua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> V. Chandrasekhar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Kamlesh Mehta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Monalisa Barua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Niyati Shah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> M.S. Walia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Chetan Baboor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Subramaniam Raman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Mantu Ghosh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Achanta Sharath Kamal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Soumyadeep Roy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Subhajit Saha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Poulomi Ghatak </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Mouma Das </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Mouma Das </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Soumyajit Ghosh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Anthony Amalraj </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Volleyball ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> A. Palanisamy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Nripjit Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Balwant Singh a.k.a. Ballu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> G.M. Reddy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> M.S. Rao </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sub . Insp . R. Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K.C. Elamma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Jimmy George </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1977 - 78 </Td> <Td> A. Ramana Rao </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1978 - 79 </Td> <Td> Kutty Krishnan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Riaz Ahmed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1979 - 1980 </Td> <Td> S.K. Mishra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> G.E. Sridharan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> R.K. Purohit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Saley Joseph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Cyril C. Valloor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Abdul Basith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Dalel Singh Ror </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> K. Udaya Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Sukhpal Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> P.V. Ramana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Amir Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Ravikant Reddy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K.J. Kapil Dev </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Sanjay Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Tom Joseph </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Weightlifting ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> A.N. Ghosh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> L.K. Dass </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> K.E. Rao </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> B.S. Bhatia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Mohan Lal Ghosh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> S. John Gabriel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Arun Kumar Dass </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> S.L. Salwan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Anil Kumar Mandal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> S. Vellaiswamy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dalbir Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> K. Balamuruganandam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1977 - 78 </Td> <Td> M. Tamilselvan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1978 - 79 </Td> <Td> Ekambaram Karunakaran </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> B.K. Satpathy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Tara Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vispy K. Daroga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Mehar Chand Bhaskar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Jag Mohan Sapra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> G. Devan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Jyotsna Dutta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> R. Chandra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Kunjarani Devi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Chhaya Adak </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Bharati Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Karnam Malleswari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Paramjit Sharma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> N. Laxmi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Satheesha Rai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Dalbir Deol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Sanamacha Chanu Thingbaijam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Thandava Murthy Muthu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Geeta Rani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Katulu Ravi Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Ngangbam Soniya Chanu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Renubala Chanu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Sathish Sivalingam </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Wrestling ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Subedar Udey Chand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Malwa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> G. Andalkar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Bishamber Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Bhim Singh Bhati </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Mukhtiar Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Master Chandgi Ram ( Indian style wrestling ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Sudesh Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Prem Nath </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Jagroop Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Satpal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1978 - 79 </Td> <Td> Rajinder Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1980 - 81 </Td> <Td> Jagminder Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Kartar Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Mahabir Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Subhash Verma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Rajesh Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Satywan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Ombir Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Pappu Yadav </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Ashok Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Jagdish Bhola </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Sanjay Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Kaka Pawar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Rohtas Singh Dahiya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Ashok Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Randhir Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Kripa Shakar Patel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> K.D. Jadhav ( posthumously ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Naresh Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Palwinder Singh Cheema </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Sujeet Mann </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Shokhinder Tomar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anuj Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Sushil Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Geetika Jakhar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Alka Tomar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Yogeshwar Dutt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rajiv Tomar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Ravinder Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Narsingh Yadav </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Rajinder Kumar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Geeta Phogat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Neha Rathi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Dharmendra Dalal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Sunil Kumar Rana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Bajrang Punia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Babita Kumari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Vinesh Phogat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Amit Kumar Saroha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Virender Singh ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Satyawart Kadian </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Wushu ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S. No . </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> W. Sandhyarani Devi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> M. Bimoljit Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Yumnam Sanathoi Devi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Yachting ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> S.No , </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Lt. Cdr . S.J. Contractor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Afsar Hussain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1978 - 79 </Td> <Td> Cdr . S.K. Mongia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Zarir Karanjia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Farokh Tarapore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Fali Unwalla </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Jeeja Unwalla </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Lt. Dhruv Bhandari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> C.S. Pradipak </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Pushpendra Kumar Garg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Cdr . Homi Motiwala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lt. Cdr . Kelly Subbanand Rao ( posthumously ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Aashim Mongia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Mahesh Ramachandran </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Nitin Mongia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Girdhari Lal Yadav </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award and Arjuna Awards Announced '' . Press Information Bureau , Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports . 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2013 Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and Arjuna Awards '' . Press Information Bureau , Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports . 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Arjuna Award_0_0. pdf ) from the website of India 's Minister of Youth & Sports ; retrieved 2011 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gagan Narang confirmed for Khel Ratna award , published by the Press Trust of India on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ President Gives Away Sports and Adventure Awards , published by the Press Information Bureau of the Government of India on 2011 - 08 - 29 , retrieved 2011 - 08 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Sports Awards : Centre unveils list , cricket sensation Harmanpreet Kaur to receive Arjuna Award '' . Financial Express . 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Laxman , Tirkey , Sita get Arjuna Awards '' . The Hindu . 22 August 2002 . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : LIST OF ARJUNA AWARD WINNERS - Football </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pti ( 2011 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Arjuna award moral booster for K Ravi Kumar '' . News.oneindia.in . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arjuna Award . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> List of Award winners up to 2004 </Li> <Li> Winners for year 2006 - 2007 </Li> <Li> Winners of 2012 Arjuna Award </Li> <Li> Winners of Arjuna Award 2013 </Li> <Li> 2016 Winners </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Indian honours and decorations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Civilian </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> National </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bharat Ratna </Li> <Li> Padma Vibhushan </Li> <Li> Padma Bhushan </Li> <Li> Padma Shri </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Bravery Award </Li> <Li> National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement </Li> <Li> National Bal Shree Honour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Women </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stree Shakti Puraskar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Police </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> President 's Police Medal for Gallantry </Li> <Li> Police Medal for Gallantry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ganga Sharan Award </Li> <Li> George Grierson Award </Li> <Li> Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award </Li> <Li> Moturi Satyanarayan Award </Li> <Li> National Award for Child Welfare </Li> <Li> Subramanya Bharathi Award </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By field </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Literature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sahitya Akademi Fellowship </Li> <Li> Sahitya Akademi Award </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinema </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dadasaheb Phalke Award </Li> <Li> National Film Awards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other arts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship </Li> <Li> Sangeet Natak Akademi Award </Li> <Li> Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sports </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna </Li> <Li> Arjuna Award </Li> <Li> Dronacharya Award </Li> <Li> Dhyan Chand Award </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Science & Technology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize </Li> <Li> Kalinga Prize </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gallantry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak </Li> <Li> Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak </Li> <Li> Jeevan Raksha Padak </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dr. B.C. Roy Award </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gandhi Peace Prize </Li> <Li> Indira Gandhi Peace Prize </Li> <Li> Tagore Award for Cultural Harmony </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wartime </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Param Vir Chakra </Li> <Li> Maha Vir Chakra </Li> <Li> Vir Chakra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peacetime </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ashoka Chakra </Li> <Li> Kirti Chakra </Li> <Li> Shaurya Chakra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distinguished Service & Gallantry </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Sena Medal <Ul> <Li> Army </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nao Sena Medal <Ul> <Li> Navy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Vayu Sena Medal <Ul> <Li> Air Force </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wartime </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal </Li> <Li> Uttam Yudh Seva Medal </Li> <Li> Yudh Seva Medal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peacetime </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Param Vishisht Seva Medal </Li> <Li> Ati Vishisht Seva Medal </Li> <Li> Vishisht Seva Medal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Service and campaign medals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wound Medal </Li> <Li> General Service Medal 1947 </Li> <Li> Samanya Seva Medal </Li> <Li> Special Service Medal </Li> <Li> Samar Seva Star </Li> <Li> Poorvi Star </Li> <Li> Paschimi Star </Li> <Li> Operation Vijay Star </Li> <Li> Siachen Glacier Medal </Li> <Li> Raksha Medal </Li> <Li> Sangram Medal </Li> <Li> Operation Vijay Medal </Li> <Li> Operation Parakram Medal </Li> <Li> Sainya Seva Medal </Li> <Li> High Altitude Service Medal </Li> <Li> Videsh Seva Medal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Long service awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Meritorious Service Medal </Li> <Li> Long Service and Good Conduct Medal </Li> <Li> 30 Years Long Service Medal </Li> <Li> 20 Years Long Service Medal </Li> <Li> 9 Years Long Service Medal </Li> <Li> Territorial Army Decoration </Li> <Li> Territorial Army Medal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Independence Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indian Independence Medal </Li> <Li> 50th Independence Anniversary Medal </Li> <Li> 25th Independence Anniversary Medal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mention in Dispatches </Li> <Li> Commendation Card </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arjuna_Award&oldid=802490823 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Indian sports trophies and awards </Li> <Li> Recipients of the Arjuna Award </Li> <Li> Awards established in 1961 </Li> <Li> Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from February 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> অসমীয়া </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> ଓଡ଼ିଆ </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 13 : 57 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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GNU GRUB - wikipedia <H1> GNU GRUB </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` GRUB '' redirects here . For other uses , see grub ( disambiguation ) . <Table> GNU GRUB <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> GRUB v2 running in text mode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original author ( s ) </Th> <Td> Erich Boleyn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> GNU Project </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Initial release </Th> <Td> 1995 ; 22 years ago ( 1995 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stable release </Th> <Td> 2.02 ( GRUB 2 ) / April 26 , 2017 ; 7 months ago ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preview release </Th> <Td> 2.02 ~ rc2 ( GRUB 2 ) / March 15 , 2017 ; 8 months ago ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Repository </Th> <Td> http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grub.git , git://git.sv.gnu.org/grub.git </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Development status </Th> <Td> Active </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written in </Th> <Td> Assembly , C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating system </Th> <Td> Linux , macOS , BSD , Solaris ( x86 port ) and Windows ( through chainloading ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Td> IA - 32 , x86 - 64 , IA - 64 , ARM , PowerPC , MIPS and SPARC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Available in </Th> <Td> English and others </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Bootloader </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> License </Th> <Td> GNU GPL version 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.gnu.org/software/grub/ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> GNU GRUB ( short for GNU GRand Unified Bootloader ) is a boot loader package from the GNU Project . GRUB is the reference implementation of the Free Software Foundation 's Multiboot Specification , which provides a user the choice to boot one of multiple operating systems installed on a computer or select a specific kernel configuration available on a particular operating system 's partitions . </P> <P> GNU GRUB was developed from a package called the Grand Unified Bootloader ( a play on Grand Unified Theory ) . It is predominantly used for Unix - like systems . The GNU operating system uses GNU GRUB as its boot loader , as do most Linux distributions and the Solaris operating system on x86 systems , starting with the Solaris 10 1 / 06 release . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Operation <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Booting </Li> <Li> 1.2 Version 1 ( GRUB legacy ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Version 2 ( GRUB ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Development </Li> <Li> 2.2 Variants </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Utilities <Ul> <Li> 3.1 GRUB configuration tools </Li> <Li> 3.2 Other utilities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Operation ( edit ) </H2> GNU GRUB on a MBR - partitioned hard drive ; stage 1 ( boot. img ) can alternatively be written into one of the VBRs . GNU GRUB on a GPT - partitioned hard drive <H3> Booting ( edit ) </H3> See also : UEFI disk device compatibility <P> When a computer is turned on , BIOS finds the configured primary bootable device ( usually the computer 's hard disk ) and loads and executes the initial bootstrap program from the master boot record ( MBR ) . The MBR is the first sector of the hard disk , with zero as its offset ( sectors counting starts at zero ) . For a long time , the size of a sector has been 512 bytes , but since 2009 there are hard disks available with a sector size of 4096 bytes , called Advanced Format disks . As of October 2013 , such hard disks are still accessed in 512 - byte sectors , by utilizing the 512e emulation . </P> <P> The legacy MBR partition table supports a maximum of four partitions and occupies 64 bytes . Together with the optional disk signature ( four bytes ) and disk timestamp ( six bytes ) , this leaves between 434 and 446 bytes available for the machine code of a boot loader . Although such a small space can be sufficient for very simple boot loaders , it is not big enough to contain a boot loader supporting complex and multiple file systems , menu - driven selection of boot choices , etc . Boot loaders with bigger footprints are thus split into pieces , where the smallest piece fits into and resides within the MBR , while larger piece ( s ) are stored in other locations ( for example , into empty sectors between the MBR and the first partition ) and invoked by the boot loader 's MBR code . </P> <P> Operating system kernel images are in most cases files residing on appropriate file systems , but the concept of a file system is unknown to the BIOS . Thus , in BIOS - based systems , the duty of a boot loader is to access the content of those files , so it can be loaded into the RAM and executed . </P> <P> One possible approach for boot loaders to load kernel images is by directly accessing hard disk sectors without understanding the underlying file system . Usually , additional level of indirection is required , in form of maps or map files -- auxiliary files that contain a list of physical sectors occupied by kernel images . Such maps need to be updated each time a kernel image changes its physical location on disk , due to installing new kernel images , file system defragmentation etc . Also , in case of the maps changing their physical location , their locations need to be updated within the boot loader 's MBR code , so the sectors indirection mechanism continues to work . This is not only cumbersome , but it also leaves the system in need of manual repairs in case something goes wrong during system updates . </P> <P> Another approach is to make a boot loader aware of the underlying file systems , so kernel images are configured and accessed using their actual file paths . That requires a boot loader to contain a driver for each of the supported file systems , so they can be understood and accessed by the boot loader itself . This approach eliminates the need for hardcoded locations of hard disk sectors and existence of map files , and does not require MBR updates after the kernel images are added or moved around . Configuration of a boot loader is stored in a regular file , which is also accessed in a file system - aware way to obtain boot configurations before the actual booting of any kernel images . As a result , the possibility for things to go wrong during various system updates is significantly reduced . As a downside , such boot loaders have increased internal complexity and even bigger footprints . </P> <P> GNU GRUB uses the second approach , by understanding the underlying file systems . The boot loader itself is split into multiple stages , allowing for itself to fit within the MBR boot scheme . </P> <P> Two major versions of GRUB are in common use : GRUB version 1 , called GRUB legacy , is only prevalent in older releases of Linux distributions , some of which are still in use and supported , for example CentOS 5 . GRUB 2 was written from scratch and intended to replace its predecessor , and is now used by a majority of Linux distributions . </P> <H3> Version 1 ( GRUB legacy ) ( edit ) </H3> GRUB v1 running as part of a Ubuntu 8.04 installation <P> The master boot record ( MBR ) usually contains GRUB stage 1 , but can contain another bootloader which can chain boot GRUB stage 1 from another boot sector such as a partition 's volume boot record . Given the small size of a boot sector ( 512 Bytes ) , stage 1 can do little more than load the next stage of GRUB by loading a few disk sectors from a fixed location near the start of the disk ( within its first 1024 cylinders ) . </P> <P> Stage 1 can load stage 2 directly , but it is normally set up to load the stage 1.5. , located in the first 30 KiB of hard disk immediately following the MBR and before the first partition . In case this space is not available ( unusual partition table , special disk drivers , GPT or LVM disk ) the install of stage 1.5 will fail . The stage 1.5 image contains file system drivers , enable it to directly load stage 2 from any known location in the filesystem , for example from / boot / grub . Stage 2 will then load the default configuration file and any other modules needed . </P> <H3> Version 2 ( GRUB ) ( edit ) </H3> boot. img has the exact size of 446 bytes and is written to the MBR ( sector 0 ) . core. img is written to the empty sectors between the MBR and the first partition , if available ( for legacy reasons the first partition starts at sector 63 instead of sector 1 , but this is not mandatory ) . The / boot / grub directory can be located on an distinct partition , or on the root partition . <Ul> <Li> Stage 1 : boot. img is stored in the master boot record ( MBR ) or optionally in any of the volume boot records ( VBRs ) , and addresses the next stage by an LBA48 address ( thus , the 1024 - cylinder limitation of GRUB legacy is avoided ) ; at installation time it is configured to load the first sector of core. img . </Li> <Li> Stage 1.5 : core. img is by default written to the sectors between the MBR and the first partition , when these sectors are free and available . For legacy reasons , the first partition of a hard drive does not begin at sector 1 ( counting begins with 0 ) but at sector 63 , leaving 62 sectors of empty space not part of any partition or file system , and therefore not prone to any problems related with it . Once executed , core. img will load its configuration file and any other modules needed , particularly file system drivers ; at installation time , it is generated from diskboot. img and configured to load the stage 2 by its file path . </Li> <Li> Stage 2 : files belonging to the stage 2 are all being held in the / boot / grub , which is a subdirectory of the / boot directory specified by the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ( FHS ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Once GRUB stage 2 has loaded , it presents a TUI - based operating system selection ( kernel selection ) menu , where the user can select which operating system to boot . GRUB can be configured to automatically load a specified kernel after a user - defined timeout ; if the timeout is set to zero seconds , pressing and holding ⇧ Shift while the computer is booting makes it possible to access the boot menu . </P> <P> If files or the partition become unavailable , or if the user wishes to take direct control , stage 2 will drop the user to the GRUB command prompt , where the user can then manually specify the boot parameters . </P> <P> In the operating system selection menu GRUB accepts a couple of commands : </P> <Ul> <Li> By pressing e , it is possible to edit parameters for the selected operating system before the operating system is started . Typically , this is used to change kernel parameters for a Linux system . The reason for doing this in GRUB ( i.e. not editing the parameters in an already booted system ) can be an emergency case : the system has failed to boot . Using the kernel parameters line it is possible , among other things , to specify a module to be disabled ( blacklisted ) for the kernel . This could be required if the specific kernel module is broken and thus prevents boot - up . For example , to blacklist the kernel module nvidia - current , append modprobe. blacklist = nvidia - current at the end of the kernel parameters . </Li> <Li> By pressing c , the user enters the GRUB command line . The GRUB command line is not a regular Linux shell , like e.g. bash , and accepts only certain GRUB - specific commands , documented by various Linux distributions . </Li> </Ul> <P> Once boot options have been selected , GRUB loads the selected kernel into memory and passes control to the kernel . Alternatively , GRUB can pass control of the boot process to another boot loader , using chain loading . This is the method used to load operating systems such as Microsoft Windows , that do not support the Multiboot Specification or are not supported directly by GRUB . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> GRUB was initially developed by Erich Boleyn as part of work on booting the operating system GNU / Hurd , developed by the Free Software Foundation . In 1999 , Gordon Matzigkeit and Yoshinori K. Okuji made GRUB an official software package of the GNU Project and opened the development process to the public . As of 2014 , the majority of Linux distributions have adopted GNU GRUB 2 , as well as other systems such as Sony 's PlayStation 4 . </P> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> GRUB version 1 ( also known as `` GRUB Legacy '' ) is no longer under development and is being phased out . The GNU GRUB developers have switched their focus to GRUB 2 , a complete rewrite with goals including making GNU GRUB cleaner , more robust , more portable and more powerful . GRUB 2 started under the name PUPA . PUPA was supported by the Information - technology Promotion Agency ( IPA ) in Japan . PUPA was integrated into GRUB 2 development around 2002 , when GRUB version 0.9 x was renamed GRUB Legacy . </P> <P> Some of the goals of the GRUB 2 project include support for non-x86 platforms , internationalization and localization , non-ASCII characters , dynamic modules , memory management , a scripting mini-language , migrating platform specific ( x86 ) code to platform specific modules , and an object - oriented framework . GNU GRUB version 2.00 was officially released on June 26 , 2012 . </P> <P> Three of the most widely used Linux distributions use GRUB 2 as their mainstream boot loader . Ubuntu adopted it as the default boot loader in its 9.10 version of October 2009 . Fedora followed suit with Fedora 16 released in November 2011 . openSUSE adopted GRUB 2 as the default boot loader with its 12.2 release of September 2012 . Solaris also adopted GRUB 2 on the x86 platform in the Solaris 11.1 release . </P> <P> In late 2015 the exploit of pressing backspace 28 times to bypass the login password was found and quickly fixed . </P> <H3> Variants ( edit ) </H3> <P> GNU GRUB is free and open - source software , so several variants have been created . Some notable ones , which have not been merged into GRUB mainline : </P> <Ul> <Li> OpenSolaris includes a modified GRUB Legacy that supports BSD disklabels , automatic 64 - bit kernel selection , and booting from ZFS ( with compression and multiple boot environments ) . </Li> <Li> Google Summer of Code 2008 had a project to support GRUB legacy to boot from ext4 formatted partitions . </Li> <Li> The Syllable project made a modified version of GRUB to load the system from its AtheOS File System . </Li> <Li> TrustedGRUB extends GRUB by implementing verification of the system integrity and boot process security , using the Trusted Platform Module ( TPM ) . </Li> <Li> The Intel BIOS Implementation Test Suite ( BITS ) provides a GRUB environment for testing BIOSes and in particular their initialization of Intel processors , hardware , and technologies . BITS supports scripting via Python , and includes Python APIs to access various low - level functionality of the hardware platform , including ACPI , CPU and chipset registers , PCI , and PCI Express . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Utilities ( edit ) </H2> <H3> GRUB configuration tools ( edit ) </H3> StartUp - Manager , a program used to configure GRUB <P> The setup tools in use by various distributions often include modules to set up GRUB . For example , YaST2 on SUSE Linux and openSUSE distributions and Anaconda on Fedora / RHEL distributions . StartUp - Manager and GRUB Customizer are graphical configuration editors for Debian - based distributions . </P> <P> For GRUB 2 there are KDE Control Modules . </P> <P> GRLDR ICE is a tiny tool for modifying the default configuration of grldr file for GRUB4DOS . </P> <H3> Other Utilities ( edit ) </H3> <P> GRUB Utilities is a collection of multi-platform utilities for GRUB Legacy , GRUB 2 and GRUB for DOS . </P> <P> Boot - Repair is a simple graphical tool for recovering from frequent boot - related problems with GRUB and Microsoft Windows bootloader . This application is available under GNU GPL license . Boot - Repair can repair GRUB on multiple Linux distributions including , but not limited to , Debian , Ubuntu , Mint , Fedora , openSUSE , and Arch Linux . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Free software portal </Li> <Li> Computer science portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Comparison of boot loaders </Li> <Li> GUID Partition Table ( GPT ) </Li> <Li> NTLDR </Li> <Li> Unified Extensible Firmware Interface ( UEFI ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ ftp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/grub/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Serbinenko , Vladimir ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` GRUB 2.02 release '' . grub - devel ( Mailing list ) . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ohloh Analysis Summary -- GNU GRUB '' . Ohloh . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GNU GRUB license '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ EnterpriseLinux.com Definitions Definition of GRand Unified Bootloader </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Ryan ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Western Digital 's Advanced Format : The 4K Sector Transition Begins '' . AnandTech . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` mbldr ( Master Boot LoaDeR ) '' . mbldr.SourceForge.net. 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Booting and Boot Managers '' . SuSE . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoffman , Chris ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` How to Configure the GRUB2 Boot Loader 's Settings '' . HowToGeek.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GNU GRUB documentation '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : GRUB Manual -- 1.2 Grub History . Gnu.org ( 2012 - 06 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PS4 runs Orbis OS , a modified version of FreeBSD that 's similar to Linux '' . extremetech.com. 2013 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ GNU GRUB -- GRUB Legacy . Gnu.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GNU GRUB -- GRUB 2 '' . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Serbinenko , Vladimir ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` GRUB 2.00 released '' . grub - devel ( Mailing list ) . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larabel , Michael . `` GRUB 2.00 Boot - Loader Officially Released '' . Phoronix.com . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haddon , Tom ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` An Introduction to Ubuntu '' . WebJunction . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Janssen , Cory . `` What is Red Hat Enterprise Linux ( RHEL ) ? '' . Technopedia . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Varghese , Sam ( 2012 - 09 - 20 ) . `` SUSE chief lists progress since privatisation '' . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 9.10 Karmic GRUB version '' . Distrowatch.com . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ GRUB 2 . FedoraProject . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ openSUSE : Upcoming features -- openSUSE Archived September 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... En.opensuse.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Solaris 11.1 . Oracle Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Khandelwal , Swati ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` You can Hack into a Linux Computer just by pressing ' Backspace ' 28 times '' . thehackernews.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marco and , Hector ; Ripoll , Ismael ( December 2015 ) . `` Back to 28 : Grub2 Authentication 0 - Day '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ x86 : Modifying Boot Behavior by Editing the GRUB Menu at Boot Time Archived July 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Modifying Solaris Boot Behavior on x86 Based Systems ( Task Map ) -- System Administration Guide : Basic Administration </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ x86 : Supported GRUB Implementations Archived October 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , ( System Administration Guide : Basic Administration ) -- Sun Microsystems </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ > Peng , Tao . `` Grub4ext4 '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2.3 Why does Syllable have its own version of GRUB ? Archived January 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Syllable Documentation </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TrustedGRUB project '' . Sourceforge.net . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BIOS Implementation Test Suite , Official BITS website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ GRUB2 Bootloader Editor . Kde-apps.org ( 2012 - 06 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grub2 KCM '' . KDE-Apps.org . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grub4dos tutorial '' . Narod.ru . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ GRUB Utilities -- Summary Archived February 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Gna.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Boot - Repair website '' . SourceForge.net. 2011 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 01 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to GNU GRUB . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : GRUB Installation After Windows Installation </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Boot with GRUB , an April 2001 article in Linux Journal </Li> <Li> Booting Linux on x86 using Grub2 </Li> <Li> LILO and GRUB : Boot Loaders Made Simple </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> GNU Project </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GNU Manifesto </Li> <Li> Free Software Foundation <Ul> <Li> Europe </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Latin America </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> History of free software </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Licenses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GNU General Public License </Li> <Li> GNU Lesser General Public License </Li> <Li> GNU Affero General Public License </Li> <Li> GNU Free Documentation License </Li> <Li> GPL linking exception </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Software </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GNU ( variants ) </Li> <Li> Hurd </Li> <Li> Linux - libre </Li> <Li> glibc </Li> <Li> Bash </Li> <Li> coreutils </Li> <Li> findutils </Li> <Li> Build System </Li> <Li> GCC </Li> <Li> binutils </Li> <Li> GDB </Li> <Li> GRUB </Li> <Li> GNOME </Li> <Li> GNUstep </Li> <Li> GIMP </Li> <Li> GNU Ring </Li> <Li> GNU Emacs </Li> <Li> GNU TeXmacs </Li> <Li> GNU Octave </Li> <Li> GNU R </Li> <Li> GSL </Li> <Li> GMP </Li> <Li> GNU Electric </Li> <Li> GNU Archimedes </Li> <Li> GNUnet </Li> <Li> GNU Privacy Guard </Li> <Li> Gnuzilla ( IceCat ) </Li> <Li> GNU Health </Li> <Li> GNUmed </Li> <Li> GNU LilyPond </Li> <Li> GNU Go </Li> <Li> GNU Chess </Li> <Li> Gnash </Li> <Li> Guix </Li> <Li> Guix System Distribution </Li> <Li> more ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Public speakers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alexandre Oliva </Li> <Li> Benjamin Mako Hill </Li> <Li> Bradley M. Kuhn </Li> <Li> Eben Moglen </Li> <Li> Federico Heinz </Li> <Li> Georg C.F. Greve </Li> <Li> John Sullivan </Li> <Li> Loïc Dachary </Li> <Li> Matt Lee </Li> <Li> Nagarjuna G . </Li> <Li> Ricardo Galli </Li> <Li> Richard Stallman </Li> <Li> Robert J. Chassell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GNU / Linux naming controversy </Li> <Li> Revolution OS </Li> <Li> Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns </Li> <Li> Defective by Design </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&oldid=814548028 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Free boot loaders </Li> <Li> Free software primarily written in assembly language </Li> <Li> Free software programmed in C </Li> <Li> GNU GRUB </Li> <Li> GNU Project software </Li> <Li> Research projects </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from April 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Variants </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikibooks </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 13 : 25 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of cities in New York ( state ) - wikipedia <H1> List of cities in New York ( state ) </H1> Map of the United States with New York highlighted <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions of New York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Downstate New York ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> New York City </Li> <Li> Long Island </Li> <Li> Hudson Valley ( Lower and Middle ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Upstate New York ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Hudson Valley ( Middle and Upper ) </Li> <Li> Capital District </Li> <Li> North Country </Li> <Li> Southern Tier </Li> <Li> Mohawk Valley </Li> <Li> Central New York </Li> <Li> Finger Lakes </Li> <Li> Western New York </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Administrative divisions ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Counties </Li> <Li> Cities </Li> <Li> Towns </Li> <Li> Indian reservations </Li> <Li> Villages </Li> <Li> Census - designated places </Li> <Li> Places ( including hamlets ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timelines of town creation ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Downstate New York </Li> <Li> Hudson Valley </Li> <Li> Capital District </Li> <Li> North Country </Li> <Li> Central New York </Li> <Li> Southern Tier </Li> <Li> Western New York </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This list of the 62 cities in New York State contains all municipalities incorporated as cities and also gives the primary county in which each city is located . </P> <P> Except for Sherrill , the cities are distinct from towns . Geneva and New York City are the only cities in more than one county . </P> <Dl> <Dd> This list is complete . Do not add or remove any municipalities from this list unless that place has legally changed its incorporation . </Dd> </Dl> Contents : <Ul> <Li> Top </Li> <Li> 0 -- 9 </Li> <Li> A </Li> <Li> B </Li> <Li> C </Li> <Li> D </Li> <Li> E </Li> <Li> F </Li> <Li> G </Li> <Li> H </Li> <Li> I </Li> <Li> J </Li> <Li> K </Li> <Li> L </Li> <Li> M </Li> <Li> N </Li> <Li> O </Li> <Li> P </Li> <Li> Q </Li> <Li> R </Li> <Li> S </Li> <Li> T </Li> <Li> U </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> W </Li> <Li> X </Li> <Li> Y </Li> <Li> Z </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> Map of USA & New York <H2> List of cities ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Th> County </Th> <Th> Population ( 2011 census estimate ) </Th> <Th> Incorporation date </Th> <Th> FIPS code ( subdivision ) </Th> <Th> FIPS code ( place ) </Th> <Th> GNIS feature ID </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albany </Td> <Td> Albany </Td> <Td> 97,660 </Td> <Td> 1686 </Td> <Td> 3600101000 </Td> <Td> 3601000 </Td> <Td> 00978659 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amsterdam </Td> <Td> Montgomery </Td> <Td> 18,507 </Td> <Td> 1830 </Td> <Td> 3605702066 </Td> <Td> 3602066 </Td> <Td> 00978677 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Td> Cayuga </Td> <Td> 27,590 </Td> <Td> 1848 </Td> <Td> 3601103078 </Td> <Td> 3603078 </Td> <Td> 00978695 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Batavia </Td> <Td> Genesee </Td> <Td> 15,444 </Td> <Td> 1915 </Td> <Td> 3603704715 </Td> <Td> 3604715 </Td> <Td> 00978713 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beacon </Td> <Td> Dutchess </Td> <Td> 15,565 </Td> <Td> 1913 </Td> <Td> 3602705100 </Td> <Td> 3605100 </Td> <Td> 00978716 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Binghamton </Td> <Td> Broome </Td> <Td> 46,996 </Td> <Td> 1867 </Td> <Td> 3600706607 </Td> <Td> 3606607 </Td> <Td> 00978733 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buffalo </Td> <Td> Erie </Td> <Td> 261,025 </Td> <Td> 1832 </Td> <Td> 3602911000 </Td> <Td> 3611000 </Td> <Td> 00978764 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canandaigua </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> 10,604 </Td> <Td> 1913 </Td> <Td> 3606912144 </Td> <Td> 3612144 </Td> <Td> 00978784 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cohoes </Td> <Td> Albany </Td> <Td> 16,133 </Td> <Td> 1869 </Td> <Td> 3600116749 </Td> <Td> 3616749 </Td> <Td> 00978847 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corning </Td> <Td> Steuben </Td> <Td> 11,187 </Td> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> 3610118256 </Td> <Td> 3618256 </Td> <Td> 00978867 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cortland </Td> <Td> Cortland </Td> <Td> 19,212 </Td> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 3602318388 </Td> <Td> 3618388 </Td> <Td> 00978870 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dunkirk </Td> <Td> Chautauqua </Td> <Td> 12,511 </Td> <Td> 1888 </Td> <Td> 3601321105 </Td> <Td> 3621105 </Td> <Td> 00978911 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elmira </Td> <Td> Chemung </Td> <Td> 29,204 </Td> <Td> 1864 </Td> <Td> 3601524229 </Td> <Td> 3624229 </Td> <Td> 00978938 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fulton </Td> <Td> Oswego </Td> <Td> 11,906 </Td> <Td> 1902 </Td> <Td> 3607527815 </Td> <Td> 3627815 </Td> <Td> 00978979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Geneva </Td> <Td> Ontario Seneca </Td> <Td> 13,324 </Td> <Td> 1898 </Td> <Td> 3606928640 3609928640 </Td> <Td> 3628640 </Td> <Td> 00978992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glen Cove </Td> <Td> Nassau </Td> <Td> 27,063 </Td> <Td> 1918 </Td> <Td> 3605929113 </Td> <Td> 3629113 </Td> <Td> 00979003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glens Falls </Td> <Td> Warren </Td> <Td> 14,728 </Td> <Td> 1908 </Td> <Td> 3611329333 </Td> <Td> 3629333 </Td> <Td> 00979004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gloversville </Td> <Td> Fulton </Td> <Td> 15,621 </Td> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> 3603529443 </Td> <Td> 3629443 </Td> <Td> 00979006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hornell </Td> <Td> Steuben </Td> <Td> 8,566 </Td> <Td> 1888 </Td> <Td> 3610135672 </Td> <Td> 3635672 </Td> <Td> 00979078 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hudson </Td> <Td> Columbia </Td> <Td> 6,657 </Td> <Td> 1785 </Td> <Td> 3602135969 </Td> <Td> 3635969 </Td> <Td> 00979083 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ithaca </Td> <Td> Tompkins </Td> <Td> 30,054 </Td> <Td> 1888 </Td> <Td> 3610938077 </Td> <Td> 3638077 </Td> <Td> 00979099 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamestown </Td> <Td> Chautauqua </Td> <Td> 31,020 </Td> <Td> 1886 </Td> <Td> 3601338264 </Td> <Td> 3638264 </Td> <Td> 00979102 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnstown </Td> <Td> Fulton </Td> <Td> 8,718 </Td> <Td> 1895 </Td> <Td> 3603538781 </Td> <Td> 3638781 </Td> <Td> 00979110 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingston </Td> <Td> Ulster </Td> <Td> 23,887 </Td> <Td> 1872 </Td> <Td> 3611139727 </Td> <Td> 3639727 </Td> <Td> 00979118 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lackawanna </Td> <Td> Erie </Td> <Td> 18,121 </Td> <Td> 1909 </Td> <Td> 3602940189 </Td> <Td> 3640189 </Td> <Td> 00979124 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Little Falls </Td> <Td> Herkimer </Td> <Td> 5,188 </Td> <Td> 1895 </Td> <Td> 3604342741 </Td> <Td> 3642741 </Td> <Td> 00979157 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lockport </Td> <Td> Niagara </Td> <Td> 21,119 </Td> <Td> 1865 </Td> <Td> 3606343082 </Td> <Td> 3643082 </Td> <Td> 00979164 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Long Beach </Td> <Td> Nassau </Td> <Td> 33,395 </Td> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> 3605943335 </Td> <Td> 3643335 </Td> <Td> 00979167 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mechanicville </Td> <Td> Saratoga </Td> <Td> 5,227 </Td> <Td> 1915 </Td> <Td> 3609146360 </Td> <Td> 3646360 </Td> <Td> 00979207 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middletown </Td> <Td> Orange </Td> <Td> 28,243 </Td> <Td> 1888 </Td> <Td> 3607147042 </Td> <Td> 3647042 </Td> <Td> 00979217 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Vernon </Td> <Td> Westchester </Td> <Td> 67,780 </Td> <Td> 1892 </Td> <Td> 3611949121 </Td> <Td> 3649121 </Td> <Td> 00979245 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Rochelle </Td> <Td> Westchester </Td> <Td> 77,606 </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> 3611950617 </Td> <Td> 3650617 </Td> <Td> 00979271 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Bronx , Kings , New York , Queens , and Richmond </Td> <Td> 8,550,405 </Td> <Td> 1653 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3651000 </Td> <Td> 02395220 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Newburgh </Td> <Td> Orange </Td> <Td> 29,026 </Td> <Td> 1865 </Td> <Td> 3607150034 </Td> <Td> 3650034 </Td> <Td> 00979258 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niagara Falls </Td> <Td> Niagara </Td> <Td> 50,086 </Td> <Td> 1892 </Td> <Td> 3606351055 </Td> <Td> 3651055 </Td> <Td> 00979276 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Tonawanda </Td> <Td> Niagara </Td> <Td> 31,501 </Td> <Td> 1897 </Td> <Td> 3606353682 </Td> <Td> 3653682 </Td> <Td> 00979293 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norwich </Td> <Td> Chenango </Td> <Td> 7,139 </Td> <Td> 1914 </Td> <Td> 3601753979 </Td> <Td> 3653979 </Td> <Td> 00979296 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ogdensburg </Td> <Td> St. Lawrence </Td> <Td> 11,104 </Td> <Td> 1868 </Td> <Td> 3608954485 </Td> <Td> 3654485 </Td> <Td> 00979301 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Olean </Td> <Td> Cattaraugus </Td> <Td> 14,363 </Td> <Td> 1854 </Td> <Td> 3600954716 </Td> <Td> 3654716 </Td> <Td> 00979305 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oneida </Td> <Td> Madison </Td> <Td> 11,387 </Td> <Td> 1901 </Td> <Td> 3605354837 </Td> <Td> 3654837 </Td> <Td> 00979308 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oneonta </Td> <Td> Otsego </Td> <Td> 13,843 </Td> <Td> 1908 </Td> <Td> 3607754881 </Td> <Td> 3654881 </Td> <Td> 00979309 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oswego </Td> <Td> Oswego </Td> <Td> 18,158 </Td> <Td> 1848 </Td> <Td> 3607555574 </Td> <Td> 3655574 </Td> <Td> 00979325 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peekskill </Td> <Td> Westchester </Td> <Td> 23,755 </Td> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> 3611956979 </Td> <Td> 3656979 </Td> <Td> 00979348 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plattsburgh </Td> <Td> Clinton </Td> <Td> 19,949 </Td> <Td> 1902 </Td> <Td> 3601958574 </Td> <Td> 3658574 </Td> <Td> 00979376 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Port Jervis </Td> <Td> Orange </Td> <Td> 8,878 </Td> <Td> 1907 </Td> <Td> 3607159388 </Td> <Td> 3659388 </Td> <Td> 00979387 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poughkeepsie </Td> <Td> Dutchess </Td> <Td> 32,790 </Td> <Td> 1854 </Td> <Td> 3602759641 </Td> <Td> 3659641 </Td> <Td> 00979392 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rensselaer </Td> <Td> Rensselaer </Td> <Td> 9,391 </Td> <Td> 1897 </Td> <Td> 3608361148 </Td> <Td> 3661148 </Td> <Td> 00979414 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rochester </Td> <Td> Monroe </Td> <Td> 210,855 </Td> <Td> 1834 </Td> <Td> 3605563000 </Td> <Td> 3663000 </Td> <Td> 00979426 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rome </Td> <Td> Oneida </Td> <Td> 33,660 </Td> <Td> 1870 </Td> <Td> 3606563418 </Td> <Td> 3663418 </Td> <Td> 00979430 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rye </Td> <Td> Westchester </Td> <Td> 15,834 </Td> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> 3611964309 </Td> <Td> 3664309 </Td> <Td> 00979445 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salamanca </Td> <Td> Cattaraugus </Td> <Td> 5,780 </Td> <Td> 1913 </Td> <Td> 3600964749 </Td> <Td> 3664749 </Td> <Td> 00979450 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saratoga Springs </Td> <Td> Saratoga </Td> <Td> 26,727 </Td> <Td> 1915 </Td> <Td> 3609165255 </Td> <Td> 3665255 </Td> <Td> 00979462 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schenectady </Td> <Td> Schenectady </Td> <Td> 66,273 </Td> <Td> 1798 </Td> <Td> 3609365508 </Td> <Td> 3665508 </Td> <Td> 00979468 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherrill </Td> <Td> Oneida </Td> <Td> 3,147 </Td> <Td> 1916 </Td> <Td> 3606566993 </Td> <Td> 3666993 </Td> <Td> 00979493 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Syracuse </Td> <Td> Onondaga </Td> <Td> 145,151 </Td> <Td> 1848 </Td> <Td> 3606773000 </Td> <Td> 3673000 </Td> <Td> 00979539 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tonawanda </Td> <Td> Erie </Td> <Td> 15,112 </Td> <Td> 1904 </Td> <Td> 3602974166 </Td> <Td> 3674166 </Td> <Td> 00979550 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Troy </Td> <Td> Rensselaer </Td> <Td> 50,120 </Td> <Td> 1816 </Td> <Td> 3608375484 </Td> <Td> 3675484 </Td> <Td> 00979559 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Utica </Td> <Td> Oneida </Td> <Td> 62,110 </Td> <Td> 1832 </Td> <Td> 3606576540 </Td> <Td> 3676540 </Td> <Td> 00979575 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Watertown </Td> <Td> Jefferson </Td> <Td> 27,423 </Td> <Td> 1869 </Td> <Td> 3604578608 </Td> <Td> 3678608 </Td> <Td> 00979604 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Watervliet </Td> <Td> Albany </Td> <Td> 10,230 </Td> <Td> 1896 </Td> <Td> 3600178674 </Td> <Td> 3678674 </Td> <Td> 00979606 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White Plains </Td> <Td> Westchester </Td> <Td> 57,258 </Td> <Td> 1916 </Td> <Td> 3611981677 </Td> <Td> 3681677 </Td> <Td> 00979637 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yonkers </Td> <Td> Westchester </Td> <Td> 197,399 </Td> <Td> 1872 </Td> <Td> 3611984000 </Td> <Td> 3684000 </Td> <Td> 00979660 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Extremes in size and population ( edit ) </H2> <P> The most populous and largest city by area in the state is by far New York , home to over 8.2 million people and comprising just over 300 square miles ( 800 km ) of land ( 468.87 square miles ( 1,210 km ) including water ) . The least populous city is Sherrill , with just 3,147 inhabitants in 2000 . The smallest city by area is Mechanicville , which covers 0.91 square miles ( 2.4 km ) ( of which 0.08 square miles ( 0.2 km ) is water ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> </P> <P> New York City , largest city in New York and the United States . </P> <P> </P> </Li> <Li> <P> New York City , largest city in New York and the United States . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Buffalo , the second largest city in New York </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Rochester , the third largest . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Yonkers , the fourth largest </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Syracuse , the fifth largest . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Albany , the sixth largest and capital of New York . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> New Rochelle , the seventh largest . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Schenectady , the ninth largest . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> White Plains </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Troy </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Niagara Falls </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Binghamton </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Long Beach </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Poughkeepsie </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Jamestown </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Watertown </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> New York portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of city nicknames in New York </Li> <Li> Administrative divisions of New York </Li> <Li> List of counties in New York </Li> <Li> List of towns in New York </Li> <Li> List of villages in New York </Li> <Li> List of census - designated places in New York </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Geneva is located within both the counties of Ontario and Seneca , although the section in Seneca County has no population and is all water . </Li> <Li> ^ 1653 is the officially recognized date . Peter Stuyvesant convinced the States General of the Netherlands to charter the city of Nieuw Amsterdam in 1653 . The English envoy , Richard Nicolls , renamed the city `` New York '' two days after capturing it in 1664 . Provincial governor Thomas Dongan rechartered the city under the auspices of the Duke of York in 1683 , though the charter was not published until 1686 . Finally , New York was reincorporated to include all five of its present boroughs in 1898 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` New York '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Overview of Geneva city near county borders ( Map ) . USGS ( ACME mapper ) . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New York 1653 -- 1953 '' , The New York Times , New York , New York , 1953 - 02 - 02 , ISSN 0362 - 4331 , retrieved 2009 - 05 - 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1891 ) , New York : A Sketch of the City 's Social , Political , and Commercial Progress from the First Dutch Settlement to Recent Times , New York , New York : Longmans , Green , p. 30 , OCLC 2306039 , retrieved 2009 - 05 - 24 , It was under Stuyvesant , in 1653 , that the town was formally incorporated as a city </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1891 ) , New York : A Sketch of the City 's Social , Political , and Commercial Progress from the First Dutch Settlement to Recent Times , New York , New York : Longmans , Green , p. 46 , OCLC 2306039 , retrieved 2009 - 05 - 24 , The expedition against New Amsterdam had been organized with the Duke of York , afterward King James II. , as its special patron , and the city was rechristened in his honor . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1891 ) , New York : A Sketch of the City 's Social , Political , and Commercial Progress from the First Dutch Settlement to Recent Times , New York , New York : Longmans , Green , p. 56 , OCLC 2306039 , retrieved 2009 - 05 - 24 , Under the influence of Dongan , he did indeed grant to the city itself a charter of special rights and privileges </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dongan , Thomas ( 1694 ) , The charter of the city of New - York , New York , New York : William Bradford , OCLC 55899385 , retrieved 2009 - 05 - 24 </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Administrative divisions of New York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Primary division </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boroughs </Li> <Li> County </Li> <Li> List of New York counties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Secondary divisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Towns </Li> <Li> Cities </Li> <Li> Indian Reservations </Li> <Li> Community districts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other divisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Villages </Li> <Li> Census - designated places </Li> <Li> School districts </Li> <Li> Places </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> State of New York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Albany ( capital ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bibliography </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Healthcare </Li> <Li> Museums </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Nickname </Li> <Li> Parks </Li> <Li> People </Li> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> <Li> Symbols </Li> <Li> Transportation </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Administrative divisions </Li> <Li> Congressional districts </Li> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Elections </Li> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> Law </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adirondack Mountains </Li> <Li> Allegheny Plateau </Li> <Li> Capital District </Li> <Li> Catskill Mountains </Li> <Li> Central Region ( formerly Central - 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Heinz Tomato ketchup - Wikipedia <H1> Heinz Tomato ketchup </H1> <Table> Heinz Tomato Ketchup <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A bottle of Heinz Tomato Ketchup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Product type </Th> <Td> Ketchup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Kraft Heinz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Introduced </Th> <Td> 1876 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Markets </Th> <Td> Worldwide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Previous owners </Th> <Td> H.J. Heinz Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tagline </Th> <Td> `` Grown , not made '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.heinzketchup.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> A single serving of Heinz Tomato Ketchup ( containing 25 grams of ketchup ) <P> Heinz Tomato Ketchup is a brand of ketchup produced by the H.J. Heinz Company ( now Kraft - Heinz ) . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Production </Li> <Li> 3 Varieties <Ul> <Li> 3.1 EZ Squirt colored ketchup </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Packaging <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Glass bottles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Counterfeiting scheme </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> First introduced in 1876 , Heinz Tomato Ketchup remains the best selling brand of ketchup . From 1906 it was produced without preservatives . In 1907 , Heinz started producing 13 million bottles of ketchup per year , exporting ketchup all over the world , including India , Australia , South America , Japan , Indonesia , New Zealand , South Africa and the United Kingdom . Heinz ketchup is often served at restaurants in the United States and Canada , as well as many other countries . As a condiment for many foods , such as french fries , chips , hamburgers and hot dogs , Heinz ketchup uses the slogan , `` America 's Favorite Ketchup . '' As of 2012 , there are more than 650 million bottles of Heinz Tomato Ketchup being sold every year throughout the world . </P> <P> In January 2009 , the label design was altered , with the illustration of a gherkin pickle that had adorned the label since the 1890s removed and replaced with an illustration of a vine - ripened tomato accompanied by the slogan `` Grown not made '' . </P> <P> In a recent American Customer Satisfaction Index poll of 10,644 consumers , H.J. Heinz Co. had the highest score of any food or beverage firm , higher than Kraft , Coca - Cola , and Nestlé . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most of the world 's Heinz tomato ketchup is made in the main U.S. plant at Fremont , Ohio , after they closed their plant in Leamington , Ontario in 2014 . </P> <H2> Varieties ( edit ) </H2> Heinz Organic Tomato Ketchup <P> In addition to the standard ketchup variety , Heinz offers two varieties known as `` Organic '' and `` Simply Heinz '' . Both of these varieties ' ingredients contain sugar instead of high fructose corn syrup . Heinz offers several flavor variations : sriracha , jalapeño , and balsamic vinegar . Dietary requirements are addressed with no - salt - added and reduced - sugar varieties . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Limited Edition Heinz Tomato Ketchup blended with balsamic vinegar ( left ) and standard Heinz Tomato Ketchup ( right ) </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> EZ Squirt colored ketchup ( edit ) </H3> <P> From 2000 to 2006 , Heinz produced colored ketchup products called EZ Squirt , which were available in squeezable containers and targeted towards young children . The ketchup launched in green and red - colored varieties , which were later joined by purple , pink , orange , teal , and blue . The Canadian version was labelled E-ZEE Squirt , most likely because of the difference in the way that the letter Z is pronounced in the USA and the way it 's pronounced in rest of the English - speaking world . </P> <H2> Packaging ( edit ) </H2> <P> Heinz ketchup is packaged in glass and plastic bottles of various sizes , as well as individual - serving condiment packets made of foil or plastic . Larger amounts of ketchup are packaged either in metal cans , rigid plastic jugs , flexible plastic bags and in bag - in - box format . The larger containers can be fitted with pumps or placed into dispensers for bulk service . A bag containing 3 US gallons ( 11 L ) is the largest offering intended for restaurants ; an IBC tote containing 260 US gallons ( 980 L ) is sold to food manufacturers . </P> <P> In 2010 , Heinz unveiled a new single serve cup for dipping and squeezing , called the Dip & Squeeze , that will eventually replace the original packets . </P> <P> The Heinz Keystone Dispenser is a color - coded plastic dispensers , shaped to resemble the keystone part of the `` Heinz 57 '' symbol , that accepts bags of condiments that include the original , low - sodium and Simply Heinz varieties of ketchup , along with several varieties of mustard , mayonnaise , ranch dressing and relish . </P> <H3> Glass bottles ( edit ) </H3> <P> Heinz introduced its octagonal glass bottle for the first time in 1889 ; the bottle was patented in 1890 . While other glass bottle designs have existed , the octagonal glass bottle is still in use and is considered an `` iconic '' example of package design . In the United States , the glass bottle commonly used by restaurants holds 14 ounces ( 400 g ) of ketchup . A small bottle containing about 2.25 ounces ( 64 g ) of ketchup also exists for hotel room service and other situations where it is desirable to serve individual meals with a more personal or luxurious presentation than might be perceived with the foil or plastic packets associated with fast food dining . </P> <P> As ketchup has high viscosity and behaves as a pseudoplastic or thixotropic liquid , dispensing from glass bottles can be difficult . Tapping the glass bottle causes the ketchup to become thinner and easier to pour . Heinz suggests , on its website , that the best place to tap the bottle is on the `` 57 '' mark . The New York Times has also claimed that the tapping the `` 57 '' mark is the best way to cause Heinz ketchup to pour smoothly . Shaking the bottle or tapping in another place is also effective , however . </P> <P> The `` 57 '' mark arises from an advertising statement that Heinz made `` 57 Varieties '' of products . When Henry J. Heinz introduced the `` 57 Varieties '' slogan , however , the company already made at least 60 products . The number is simply the combination of numbers Heinz and his wife considered `` lucky '' . </P> <P> The `` upside - down '' squeezable plastic bottle , consisting of an opaque red bottle with a wide white cap located at the bottom , was introduced as a food service product in 2002 . It allows ketchup to be dispensed more easily than was possible with the glass bottle , and permits the use of more of the ketchup in the bottle , as the contents will settle on top of the dispensing valve . The `` upside - down '' bottle is intended to be non-refillable . A similar bottle has been introduced in several different sizes at the retail / grocery level , but without the opaque red coloring . </P> <H2> Counterfeiting scheme ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2012 , a criminal scheme that repackaged bulk standard ketchup into bottles with counterfeit `` Simply Heinz '' labels failed when the transferred ketchup began to ferment and explode . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Food portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Dip & Squeeze </Li> <Li> Heinz 57 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FOOD INDUSTRIES IN THE MID-ATLANTIC REGION . '' The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures : The Mid-Atlantic Region . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , 2004 . Credo Reference . Web . 1 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heinz Ketchup '' . heinz.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The First Name in Ketchup '' . H.J. Heinz Company . 21 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Kraft Heinz Company '' . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Higgins , Kevin ( January -- February 2004 ) . `` Competition Ca n't Ketchup to Heinz '' . Marketing Management . 13 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ketchup giant H.J. Heinz Co. closes Friday in Leamington , Ont . '' Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Simoncini , Melissa ( 2011 ) . `` Heinz Ketchup : A 135 - Year History of Innovation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 Oct 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://old.post-gazette.com/businessnews/20020317dickerson4.asp </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://i.imgur.com/BR7ScR0.jpg </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pearson , Jake and Jose Martinez ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` A classic gets revamped ! Heinz gives ketchup packet a makeover '' . NYDailyNews.com . New York . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Verhaaf , Marcel ( 2011 ) . The Heinz ketchup bottle . Amsterdam : BIS Publishers . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6369 - 230 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barry , Patrick L. ; Phillips , Tony ( 10 August 2004 ) . `` The Great Ketchup Mystery '' . First Science.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heinz.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rawsthorn , Alice ( 12 April 2009 ) . `` An Icon , Despite Itself '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heinz Trivia '' . heinz.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Dan ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` Counterfeit ketchup caper : Exploding bottles leave major mess in Dover '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gladwell , Malcolm ( September 6 , 2004 ) . `` The Ketchup Conundrum '' . Taste Technologies ( article series ) . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Focuses on the reasons Heinz Tomato Ketchup dominates the ketchup market . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heinz Tomato Ketchup . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Heinz </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Founded in 1869 </Li> <Li> Based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ownership </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3G Capital </Li> <Li> Berkshire Hathaway </Li> <Li> Kraft Heinz Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Heinz <Ul> <Li> Ketchup <Ul> <Li> Dip & Squeeze </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Beans </Li> <Li> Salad cream </Li> <Li> Sandwich Spread </Li> <Li> Tomate frito </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Farley 's </Li> <Li> Golden Circle </Li> <Li> Greenseas </Li> <Li> HP Foods <Ul> <Li> Daddies </Li> <Li> HP Sauce </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lea & Perrins </Li> <Li> Ore - Ida <Ul> <Li> Bagel Bites </Li> <Li> Tater Tots </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> T.G.I. Friday 's </Li> <Li> Wattie 's </Li> <Li> Weight Watchers from Heinz </Li> <Li> Wyler 's <Ul> <Li> Mrs. Grass </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former Brands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boston Market </Li> <Li> Kibbles ' n Bits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Henry J. Heinz ( Founder ) </Li> <Li> H.J. Heinz II ( former CEO ) </Li> <Li> William R. Johnson ( President , CEO and chairman ) </Li> <Li> Tony O'Reilly ( former CEO and chairman ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Facilities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> North America <Ul> <Li> Lofts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Asia <Ul> <Li> Northgate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Europe <Ul> <Li> Kitt Green </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Heinz 57 </Li> <Li> Good things come to those who wait </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Tomato_Ketchup&oldid=850541465 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1876 introductions </Li> <Li> Brand name condiments </Li> <Li> H.J. Heinz Company brands </Li> <Li> Ketchup </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 14 : 39 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Randy Gumpert - wikipedia <H1> Randy Gumpert </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Randy Gumpert </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Pitcher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Born : January 23 , 1918 Monocacy , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Died : November 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) ( aged 90 ) Wyomissing , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Batted : Right </Td> <Td> Threw : Right </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> MLB debut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> June 13 , 1936 , for the Philadelphia Athletics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Last MLB appearance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> September 23 , 1952 , for the Washington Senators </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> MLB statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Win -- loss record </Th> <Td> 51 -- 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Earned run average </Th> <Td> 4.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Strikeouts </Th> <Td> 352 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Teams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Philadelphia Athletics ( 1936 -- 1938 ) </Li> <Li> New York Yankees ( 1946 -- 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago White Sox ( 1948 -- 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Boston Red Sox ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Washington Senators ( 1952 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> World Series champion ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> All - Star ( 1951 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Randall Pennington Gumpert ( January 23 , 1918 -- November 25 , 2008 ) was a Major League Baseball pitcher , playing for five different teams throughout his career . He was born in Monocacy , Pennsylvania . His pro career began when he was signed by the Philadelphia Athletics as a free agent before the 1936 season , at the age of 18 . Even before that , he threw batting practice for the Athletics in Shibe Park as far back as 1934 before he was signed to the team . He pitched three seasons of relief in Philadelphia before being traded to the New York Yankees in July 1939 . </P> <P> Gumpert spent a few years in the minors before deciding to enter military service . He served in World War II as a member of the United States Coast Guard . After finishing his time in the military , he was able to make it to the major league roster for the 1946 season . He played well in his first season as a Yankee , earning an 11 -- 3 record with an earned run average of 2.31 . Gumpert played fewer innings the following season , but still received a 4 -- 1 record , and the Yankees won the 1947 World Series . He continued being a relief pitcher for part of the 1948 season before he was purchased by the Chicago White Sox . He finished the 1948 season in the starting rotation for the White Sox . He spent the 1949 season in the starting rotation as well , and managed to keep his spot throughout the year despite allowing the most home runs in the American League . It was also the one season where Gumpert pitched over 200 innings , pitching 234 , and the season where he pitched the most complete games and shutouts , with 18 and 3 , respectively . The 1950 season saw Randy split time between the starting rotation and the bullpen . </P> <P> On May 1 , 1951 , Gumpert became part of baseball history as he allowed Mickey Mantle 's first home run . 1951 also saw Gumpert make his only all - star appearance , in which he did not pitch . On November 13 , 1951 , Gumpert was traded along with Don Lenhardt to the Boston Red Sox for Mel Hoderlein and Chuck Stobbs . After playing 10 games for the Red Sox , he was traded again , this time to the Washington Senators with Walt Masterson for Sid Hudson . </P> <P> After spending the rest of the season in Washington , both in the rotation and the bullpen , Gumpert retired . He later became a scout for the New York Yankees , managed in their farm system and served as a temporary member of the Bombers ' 1957 coaching staff , when , in April , Bill Dickey stepped down due to ill health ; Gumpert eventually ceded his coaching post to Charlie Keller . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Randy Gumpert Statistics - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Randy Gumpert - BaseballLibrary.com '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bedingfield , Gary . `` Those Who Served '' . Baseball in Wartime . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 18 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference </Li> <Li> Randy Gumpert at Baseball Almanac </Li> <Li> Randy Gumpert at Find a Grave </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randy_Gumpert&oldid=832682981 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1918 births </Li> <Li> 2008 deaths </Li> <Li> Baltimore Orioles ( IL ) players </Li> <Li> Baseball players from Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Binghamton Triplets players </Li> <Li> Boston Red Sox players </Li> <Li> Charleston Senators players </Li> <Li> Chicago White Sox players </Li> <Li> Kansas City Blues ( baseball ) players </Li> <Li> Little Rock Travelers players </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Angels ( minor league ) players </Li> <Li> Major League Baseball pitchers </Li> <Li> Newark Bears ( IL ) players </Li> <Li> New York Yankees coaches </Li> <Li> New York Yankees players </Li> <Li> New York Yankees scouts </Li> <Li> Norfolk Tars players </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Athletics players </Li> <Li> Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 60 ) players </Li> <Li> Williamsport Grays players </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 12 : 15 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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May Fourth Movement - wikipedia <H1> May Fourth Movement </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Wusi '' redirects here . For other uses , see WUSI . <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> May Fourth Movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Traditional Chinese </Th> <Td> 五 四 運動 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Simplified Chinese </Th> <Td> 五 四 运动 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Transcriptions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Standard Mandarin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hanyu Pinyin </Th> <Td> Wǔsì yùndòng </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gwoyeu Romatzyh </Th> <Td> Wuusyh yunndonq </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wade -- Giles </Th> <Td> Wu - ssu yün - tung </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> IPA </Th> <Td> ( ù. sɨ̂ ŷntʊ̂ŋ ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Yue : Cantonese </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yale Romanization </Th> <Td> Ngh - sei wahn - duhng </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jyutping </Th> <Td> Ng - sei wan - dung </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Southern Min </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tâi - lô </Th> <Td> Ngó - sì ūn - tūng </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="8"> History of China </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> ANCIENT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Neolithic c. 8500 -- c. 2070 BCE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Xia dynasty c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BCE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Shang dynasty c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BCE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Zhou dynasty c. 1046 -- 256 BCE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Western Zhou </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Eastern Zhou </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Spring and Autumn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Warring States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> IMPERIAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Qin dynasty 221 -- 206 BCE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Han dynasty 206 BCE -- 220 CE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Western Han </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Xin dynasty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Eastern Han </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Three Kingdoms 220 -- 280 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Wei , Shu and Wu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Jin dynasty 265 -- 420 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Western Jin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Eastern Jin </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Sixteen Kingdoms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Northern and Southern dynasties 420 -- 589 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Sui dynasty 581 -- 618 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Tang dynasty 618 -- 907 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> ( Second Zhou dynasty 690 -- 705 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 -- 960 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Liao dynasty 907 -- 1125 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Song dynasty 960 -- 1279 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Northern Song </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Western Xia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Southern Song </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Jin </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Yuan dynasty 1271 -- 1368 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Ming dynasty 1368 -- 1644 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Qing dynasty 1644 -- 1912 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> MODERN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Republic of China 1912 -- 1949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Related articles ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Chinese historiography </Li> <Li> Timeline of Chinese history </Li> <Li> Dynasties in Chinese history </Li> <Li> Linguistic history </Li> <Li> Art history </Li> <Li> Economic history </Li> <Li> Education history </Li> <Li> Science and technology history </Li> <Li> Legal history </Li> <Li> Media history </Li> <Li> Military history </Li> <Li> Naval history </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> This box : <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> edit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Students in Beijing rallied during the May Fourth Movement . <P> The May Fourth Movement ( Chinese : 五 四 運動 ; pinyin : Wǔsì Yùndòng ) was an anti-imperialist , cultural , and political movement growing out of student participants in Beijing on May 4 , 1919 , protesting against the Chinese government 's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles , especially allowing Japan to receive territories in Shandong which had been surrendered by Germany after the Siege of Tsingtao . These demonstrations sparked national protests and marked the upsurge of Chinese nationalism , a shift towards political mobilization and away from cultural activities , and a move towards a populist base rather than intellectual elites . Many political and social leaders of the next decades emerged at this time . </P> <P> The term `` May Fourth Movement '' in a broader sense often refers to the period during 1915 -- 1921 more often called the New Culture Movement . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Shandong Problem </Li> <Li> 3 Days of protest </Li> <Li> 4 Birth of Chinese communism </Li> <Li> 5 Historical significance </Li> <Li> 6 Criticism and resistance </Li> <Li> 7 Neotraditionalism vs. Western thought </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` The atmosphere and political mood that emerged around 1919 , '' in the words of Mitter ( 2004 ) , `` are at the centre of a set of ideas that has shaped China 's momentous twentieth century . '' Following the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 , the Qing Dynasty disintegrated . This marked the end of thousands of years of powerful imperial rule , and theoretically ushered a new era in which political power rested with the people . However , the reality was that China was a fragmented nation dominated by warlords , who were more concerned with their own political powers and private armies than national interests . The Chinese Beiyang government was occupied with suppressing internal affairs and did little to counter the influence exerted by foreign powers . The March 1st Movement that happened in Korea ( 1919 ) , the Russian revolution ( 1917 ) , defeats by foreign powers and the presence of spheres of influence inflamed a sense of nationalism among the emerging middle class and cultural leaders . Leaders of the New Culture Movement believed that traditional Confucian values were responsible for the political weakness of the nation . Chinese nationalists called for a rejection of traditional values and the selective adoption of Western ideals of `` Mr. Science '' ( 賽 先生 ; 赛 先生 ; sài xiānsheng ) and `` Mr. Democracy '' ( 德 先生 ; dé xiānsheng ) in order to strengthen the new nation . These iconoclastic and anti-traditional views and programs have shaped China 's politics and culture down to the present . </P> <H2> Shandong Problem ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Shandong Problem <P> China had entered World War I on the side of the Allied Triple Entente in 1917 with the condition that all German spheres of influence , such as Shandong , would be returned to China . Although in that year 140,000 Chinese labourers ( as a part of the British army , the Chinese Labour Corps ) were sent to France , the Versailles Treaty of April 1919 awarded German rights in Shandong Province to Japan . The representatives of the Chinese government put forth the following requests : </P> <Ol> <Li> abolition of all privileges of foreign powers in China , such as extraterritoriality </Li> <Li> cancelling of the `` Twenty - One Demands '' with the Japanese </Li> <Li> return to China of the territory and rights of Shandong , which Japan had taken from Germany during World War I . </Li> </Ol> <P> The Western Allies dominated the meeting at Versailles , and paid little heed to Chinese demands . Britain and France were primarily interested in punishing Germany . Although the United States promoted Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points and the ideals of self - determination , they were unable to advance these ideals in the face of stubborn resistance by David Lloyd George , Georges Clemenceau and the U.S. Congress . American advocacy of self - determination at the League of Nations was attractive to Chinese intellectuals , but their failure to follow through was seen as a betrayal . Chinese diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference touched off the May Fourth Movement , and became known as the `` Shandong Problem '' . </P> <H2> Days of protest ( edit ) </H2> <P> On the morning of May 4 , 1919 , student representatives from thirteen different local universities met in Beijing and drafted five resolutions : </P> <Ol> <Li> to oppose the granting of Shandong to the Japanese under former German concessions . </Li> <Li> to draw awareness of China 's precarious position to the masses in China . </Li> <Li> to recommend a large - scale gathering in Beijing . </Li> <Li> to promote the creation of a Beijing student union . </Li> <Li> to hold a demonstration that afternoon in protest to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles . </Li> </Ol> Protestors dissatisfied with the Treaty of Versailles for China . Tsinghua University students burn Japanese goods . Students of Beijing Normal University who arrested by government at the May Fourth Movement . <P> On the afternoon of May 4 over 3,000 students of Peking University and other schools marched from many points to gather in front of Tiananmen . They shouted such slogans as `` Struggle for the sovereignty externally , get rid of the national traitors at home '' , `` Do away with the ' Twenty - One Demands ' '' , and `` Do n't sign the Versailles Treaty '' . They voiced their anger at the Allied betrayal of China , denounced the government 's spineless inability to protect Chinese interests , and called for a boycott of Japanese products . Demonstrators insisted on the resignation of three Chinese officials they accused of being collaborators with the Japanese . After burning the residence of one of these officials and beating his servants , student protesters were arrested , jailed , and severely beaten . </P> <P> The next day , students in Beijing as a whole went on strike and in the larger cities across China , students , patriotic merchants , and workers joined protests . The demonstrators skillfully appealed to the newspapers and sent representatives to carry the word across the country . From early June , workers and businessmen in Shanghai also went on strike as the center of the movement shifted from Beijing to Shanghai . Chancellors from thirteen universities arranged for the release of student prisoners , and Cai Yuanpei , the principal of Peking University resigned in protest . Newspapers , magazines , citizen societies , and chambers of commerce offered support for the students . Merchants threatened to withhold tax payments if China 's government remained obstinate . In Shanghai , a general strike of merchants and workers nearly devastated the entire Chinese economy . Under intense public pressure , the Beijing government released the arrested students and dismissed Cao Rulin , Zhang Zongxiang and Lu Zongyu . Chinese representatives in Paris refused to sign the peace treaty : the May Fourth Movement won an initial victory which was primarily symbolic , since Japan for the moment retained control of the Shandong Peninsula and the islands in the Pacific . Even the partial success of the movement exhibited the ability of China 's social classes across the country to successfully collaborate given proper motivation and leadership . </P> <H2> Birth of Chinese communism ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> For many years , the orthodox view in the People 's Republic of China was that after the demonstrations in 1919 and their suppression , the discussion became more and more political . People like Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao shifted more to the left and were among the leading founders of the 1921 Communist Party of China , whilst other intellectuals , such as the anarchist writer and agitator , Ba Jin also took part in the movement . Originally voluntarist or nihilist figures like Li Shicen and Zhu Qianzhi made similar turns to the Left as the 1920s saw China become increasingly turbulent . </P> <P> Mao Zedong claimed that the May Fourth Movement was a stage leading toward revolution : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The May Fourth Movement twenty years ago marked a new stage in China 's bourgeois - democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism . The cultural reform movement which grew out of the May Fourth Movement was only one of the manifestations of this revolution . With the growth and development of new social forces in that period , a powerful camp made its appearance in the bourgeois - democratic revolution , a camp consisting of the working class , the student masses and the new national bourgeoisie . Around the time of the May Fourth Movement , hundreds of thousands of students courageously took their place in the van . In these respects the May Fourth Movement went a step beyond the Revolution of 1911 . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The May Fourth Movement served as an intellectual turning point in China ; it was a seminal event that radicalized Chinese intellectual thought . Western - style liberal democracy had previously had a degree of traction amongst Chinese intellectuals , but after the Versailles Treaty ( which was viewed as a betrayal of China 's interests ) , lost much of its attractiveness . Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points , despite being rooted in moralism , were also seen as Western - centric and hypocritical . </P> <P> Many in the Chinese intellectual community believed that the United States had done little to convince the imperialist powers ( especially Britain , France , and Japan ) to adhere to the Fourteen Points , and observed that the United States itself had declined to join the League of Nations ; as a result they turned away from the Western liberal democratic model . Marxism began to take hold in Chinese intellectual thought , particularly among those already on the Left . It was during this time that communism was studied seriously by some Chinese intellectuals such as Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao . </P> <H2> Historical significance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Scholars rank the New Culture and May Fourth Movements as significant turning points , along with the abolition of the civil service system in 1905 and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1911 . Participants at the time , such as Hu Shi , referred to this era as the Chinese Renaissance because there was an intense focus on science and experimentation . </P> <P> The challenge to traditional Chinese values , however , was also met with strong opposition , especially from the Nationalist Party . From their perspective , the movement destroyed the positive elements of Chinese tradition and placed a heavy emphasis on direct political actions and radical attitudes , characteristics associated with the emerging Chinese Communist Party . On the other hand , the Communist Party , whose two founders , Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu , were leaders of the movement , viewed it more favorably , although remaining suspicious of the early phase which emphasized the role of enlightened intellectuals , not revolution . In its broader sense , the May Fourth Movement led to the establishment of radical intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into the Communist party and gain the organizational strength that would solidify the success of the Communist Revolution . </P> <H2> Criticism and resistance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although the Movement was highly influential , many of the intellectuals at the time opposed the anti-traditional message and many political figures ignored it . </P> <P> Chiang Kai - shek , as a nationalist and Confucianist was against the iconoclasm of the May Fourth Movement . As an anti-imperialist , he was skeptical of western ideas and literature . He and Dr. Sun Yat - sen criticized these May Fourth intellectuals for corrupting morals of youth . When the Nationalist party came to power under Chiang 's rule , it carried out the opposite agenda . The New Life Movement promoted Confucianism and the Kuomintang purged China 's education system of western ideas , introducing Confucianism into the curriculum . Textbooks , exams , degrees and educational instructors were all controlled by the state , as were all universities . </P> <P> Some conservative philosophers and intellectuals opposed any change , but many more accepted or welcomed the challenge from the West but wanted to base new systems on Chinese values , not imported ones . These figures included Liang Shuming , Liu Shipei , Tao Xisheng , Xiong Shili , Zhang Binglin and Lu Xun 's brother , Zhou Zuoren . In later years , others developed critiques , including figures as diverse as Lin Yutang , Qian Mu , Xu Fuguan , and Yu Yingshi . </P> <P> Chinese Muslims ignored the May Fourth movement by continuing to teach Classical Chinese and literature with the Qur'an and Arabic along with officially mandated contemporary subjects at the `` Normal Islamic School of Wanxian '' . A Classical Chinese translation of the Quran was done by Ha Decheng . Arabic , vernacular Chinese , Classical Chinese , and the Qur'an were taught in Ningxia Islamic schools funded by Muslim General Ma Fuxiang . </P> <H2> Neotraditionalism vs. Western thought ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although the May Fourth Movement did find partial success in removing Chinese traditional culture , there were still proponents who steadfastly argued that China 's traditions and values should be the fundamental foundation of the nation . From these opponents of Western civilization derived three neotraditional schools of thought : national essence , national character , and modern relevance of Confucianism . Each school of thought denounced the western values of individualism , materialism and utilitarianism as inadequate avenues for the development of China . Each school held to specific objectives . The `` national essence '' school sought to discover aspects of traditional culture that could potentially serve the national development of China . Such traditional aspects consisted of various philosophical and religious practices that emerged parallel with Confucianism . Most particularly , China imported Buddhism , a religion from their neighboring countries , India and Nepal . Under the `` national character '' school , advocates promoted the traditional family system , the primary target of the May Fourth Movement . In this school , reformers viewed Westerners as shells without morals . Finally , the modern relevance of Confucianism was centered on the notion that Confucian values were better than Western ones . In response to western culture 's primary concentration on rational analysis , China 's neotraditionalists argued that this was misguided , especially in the practical , changing milieu of the world . Most importantly , these three neo-traditionalist thoughts gave no consideration to the individual , which was the main theme of the May Fourth Movement . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> China portal </Li> <Li> Literature portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> `` A Madman 's Diary '' by Lu Xun </Li> <Li> History of the Republic of China </Li> <Li> History of Beijing </Li> <Li> Cultural Revolution </Li> <Li> Tiananmen Incident ( April Fifth Movement of 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitter , R. A Bitter Revolution : China 's Struggle with the Modern World ( 2004 ) , p. 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cambridge International AS Level International History 1871 - 1945 Coursebook , Phil Wadsworth , p. 109 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rana Mitter . A Bitter Revolution : China 's Struggle with the Modern World . ( Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , p. 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonathan D. Spence . The Gate of Heavenly Peace : The Chinese and Their Revolution , 1895 - 1980 . ( New York : Viking Press , 1981 ) , pp. 117 - 123 ff ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of China . John King Fairbank , Denis Crispin Twitchett , p. 451 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guoqi Xu . Strangers on the Western Front : Chinese Workers in the Great War . ( Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 2011 . ISBN 9780674049994 ) , pp. 1 - 9 , and passim . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wasserstrom , Jeffrey N. `` Chinese Students and Anti-Japanese Protests , Past and Present '' . World Policy Journal . Retrieved Nov 18 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hao , Zhidong . `` May 4th and June 4th Compared : A Sociological Study of Chinese Social Movements '' . Journal of Contemporary China . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The May Fourth Movement ( May 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hu Shih , The Chinese Renaissance : The Haskell Lectures , 1933 . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1934 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schoppa , R. Keith . Revolution and Its Past : Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . pp. 177 -- 179 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph T. Chen ( 1971 ) . The May fourth movement in Shanghai : the making of a social movement in modern China . Brill Archive . p. 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Werner Draguhn , David S.G. Goodman ( 2002 ) . China 's communist revolutions : fifty years of the People 's Republic of China . Psychology Press . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1630 - 0 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charlotte Furth , `` Culture and Politics in Modern Chinese Conservatism , '' in Charlotte Furth , ed. , The Limits of Change : Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican China . ( Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , Harvard East Asian Series 84 , 1976 ) . ISBN 0674534239 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephane A. Dudoignon ; Komatsu Hisao ; Kosugi Yasushi ( 27 September 2006 ) . Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World : Transmission , Transformation and Communication . Routledge . pp. 251 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 20597 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephane A. Dudoignon ; Komatsu Hisao ; Kosugi Yasushi ( 27 September 2006 ) . Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World : Transmission , Transformation and Communication . Routledge . pp. 253 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 20597 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephane A. Dudoignon ; Komatsu Hisao ; Kosugi Yasushi ( 27 September 2006 ) . Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World : Transmission , Transformation and Communication . Routledge . pp. 256 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 20597 - 4 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chow Tse - Tsung : The May Fourth Movement . Intellectual Revolution in Modern China ( Cambridge / Mass. : Harvard University ) , 1960 . </Li> <Li> Hao , Zhidong , `` May 4th and June 4th Compared : A Sociological Study of Chinese Social Movements . '' Journal of Contemporary China 6.14 ( 1997 ) : 79 - 99 . </Li> <Li> Lee , Haiyan , `` Tears that Crumbled the Great Wall : The Archaeology of Feeling in the May Fourth Folklore Movement . '' Journal of Asian Studies 64.1 ( 2005 ) : 35 - 65 . </Li> <Li> Ping , Liu , `` The Left Wing Drama Movement in China and Its Relationship to Japan . '' Positions : East Asia Cultures Critique 14.2 ( 2006 ) : 449 - 466 . </Li> <Li> Schoppa , R. Keith , `` Constructing a New Cultural Identity : The May Fourth Movement . '' Revolution and Its Past : Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History ( Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall ) , 2006 , 162 - 180 . </Li> <Li> Schwarcz , Vera : The Chinese enlightenment : intellectuals and the legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919 ( 1986 ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . </Li> <Li> Spence , Jonathan D . The Search for Modern China . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30780 - 8 New York : Norton , 1999 . </Li> <Li> Wasserstrom , Jeffrey N. , `` Chinese Students and Anti-Japanese Protests , Past and Present '' World Policy Journal 22.2 ( 2005 ) : 59 - 65 . </Li> <Li> Zarrow , Peter , `` Intellectuals , the Republic , and a new culture '' , in Zarrow , Peter : China in war and revolution , 1895 - 1949 ( New York : Routledge ) , 2005 , 133 - 143 . </Li> <Li> Zarrow , Peter , `` Politics and culture in the May Fourth Movement '' , in Zarrow , Peter : China in war and revolution , 1895 - 1949 ( New York : Routledge ) , 2005 , 149 - 169 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Find more aboutMay Fourth Movementat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Columbia University , China : A Teaching Workbook -- documents on May Fourth Movement </Li> <Li> May 4th 1919 Monument in Beijing -- photos , directions , + background . </Li> <Li> Chinese Posters.net : `` May Fourth Movement ( 1919 ) '' </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Chinese Posters.net : `` Propaganda , Politics , History , Art '' ( Amsterdam University ) -- mostly post 1949 posters , and commentary . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Media related to May Fourth Movement at Wikimedia Commons </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Warlord Era </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> 1915 -- 1922 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 1923 -- 1932 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Northern factions </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Southern factions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1915 -- 1916 </Th> <Td> Empire of China ( Yuan Shikai ) National Protection War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1916 </Th> <Td> Death of Yuan Shikai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1917 </Th> <Td> Manchu Restoration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1917 -- 1922 </Th> <Td> Constitutional Protection Movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1918 -- 1920 </Th> <Td> Siberian Intervention </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1919 </Th> <Td> Paris Peace Conference May Fourth Movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1919 -- 1921 </Th> <Td> Occupation of Outer Mongolia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1920 </Th> <Td> Zhili -- Anhui War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1920 -- 1921 </Th> <Td> Guangdong -- Guangxi War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1921 </Th> <Td> 1st National CPC Congress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1922 </Th> <Td> First Zhili -- Fengtian War </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1923 -- 1927 </Th> <Td> First United Front </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1924 </Th> <Td> Second Zhili -- Fengtian War Beijing Coup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1925 </Th> <Td> Yunnan -- Guangxi War May Thirtieth Movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1925 -- 1926 </Th> <Td> Anti-Fengtian War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1926 </Th> <Td> Zhongshan Warship Incident </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1926 -- 1928 </Th> <Td> Northern Expedition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1928 </Th> <Td> Jinan Incident Huánggūtun Incident Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum Flag Replacement of the Northeast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1929 </Th> <Td> Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong Sino - 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Marbury v. Madison - wikipedia <H1> Marbury v. Madison </H1> <P> </P> United States Supreme Court case <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Marbury v. Madison </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Supreme Court of the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Argued February 11 , 1803 Decided February 24 , 1803 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full case name </Th> <Td> William Marbury v. James Madison , Secretary of State of the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Citations </Th> <Td> 5 U.S. 137 ( more ) 1 Cranch 137 ; 2 L. Ed . 60 ; 1803 U.S. LEXIS 352 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prior history </Th> <Td> Original action filed in U.S. Supreme Court ; order to show cause why writ of mandamus should not issue , December 1801 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Holding </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional to the extent it purports to enlarge the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court beyond that permitted by the Constitution . Congress can not pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution , and it is the role of the judiciary to interpret what the Constitution permits . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Court membership </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Chief Justice </Dt> <Dd> John Marshall </Dd> <Dt> Associate Justices </Dt> <Dd> William Cushing William Paterson Samuel Chase Bushrod Washington Alfred Moore </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Case opinions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Majority </Th> <Td> Marshall , joined by Paterson , Chase , Washington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cushing and Moore took no part in the consideration or decision of the case . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Laws applied </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Const . arts . I , III ; Judiciary Act of 1789 § 13 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( 1 Cranch ) 137 ( 1803 ) , was a U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States , meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws , statutes , and executive actions that contravene the U.S. Constitution . The Court 's landmark decision , issued in 1803 , helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government . </P> <P> The case ultimately stemmed from a rivalry between outgoing U.S. President John Adams and incoming President Thomas Jefferson . Adams had lost the U.S. presidential election of 1800 to Jefferson , and in March 1801 , just two days before his term as president ended , Adams appointed several dozen men who supported him and the Federalist Party to new circuit judge and justice of the peace positions in an attempt to stymie Jefferson and his supporters in the Democratic - Republican Party . The U.S. Senate quickly confirmed Adams 's appointments , but upon Jefferson 's inauguration two days later , a few of the mens ' paper commissions still had not been delivered . Jefferson believed the commissions were void because they had not been delivered in time , and instructed his new Secretary of State , James Madison , not to deliver them . </P> <P> Among the men whose commissions had not been delivered in time was William Marbury , a landowner and businessman from Maryland who had been a strong supporter of Adams and the Federalists . In late 1801 , Marbury filed a lawsuit in the U.S. Supreme Court asking the Court to issue a writ of mandamus forcing Madison to deliver his commission . The Court , in an opinion written by Chief Justice John Marshall , found firstly that Madison 's refusal to deliver the commission was both illegal and correctible . Nonetheless , the Court stopped short of ordering Madison to hand over Marbury 's commission , instead holding that the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that enabled Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional , since it purported to extend the Court 's original jurisdiction beyond that which Article III established . </P> <P> Marbury v. Madison remains the single most important decision in American constitutional law . The decision expanded the power of the Supreme Court in general , by announcing that the 1789 law which gave the Court jurisdiction in this case was unconstitutional . Marbury thus lost his case , which the Court said he should have won , but , in explaining its inability to provide Marbury the remedy it said he deserved , the Court established the principle of judicial review , i.e. , the power to declare a law unconstitutional . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Decision <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Marbury 's commission and legal remedy </Li> <Li> 2.2 Jurisdiction </Li> <Li> 2.3 Introducing judicial review </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Impact </Li> <Li> 4 Criticism </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Citations </Li> <Li> 7.2 Works cited </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background </H2> <P> In the fiercely contested U.S. presidential election of 1800 , the three major candidates were Democratic - Republican Party candidates Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr , and Federalist Party candidate John Adams , who was the incumbent U.S. president . American public opinion had gradually turned against the Federalists in the months prior to the election , mainly due to their use of the Alien and Sedition Acts and growing tensions with Great Britain . Jefferson easily won the popular vote , but he and Burr tied in the Electoral College vote ; as the U.S. Constitution directs , the tie went to the U.S. House of Representatives , which voted in favor of Jefferson . </P> William Marbury , whose commission was not delivered before outgoing President John Adams left office . Secretary of State James Madison , whom incoming President Thomas Jefferson instructed to withhold the undelivered commissions . <P> As the results of the election became clear in early 1801 , Adams and the Federalists became determined to exercise their influence in the weeks remaining before Jefferson took office , and did all they could to fill federal offices with `` anti-Jeffersonians '' who were loyal to the Federalists . On March 2 , 1801 , just two days before his presidential term was to end , Adams nominated nearly 60 Federalist supporters to circuit judge and justice of the peace positions the Federalist - controlled Congress had newly created . These appointees -- known as the `` Midnight Judges '' -- included William Marbury , a prosperous businessman from Maryland . An ardent Federalist , Marbury was active in Maryland politics and had been a vigorous supporter of the Adams presidency . </P> <P> The following day , March 3 , Adams 's nominations were approved en masse by the U.S. Senate . The commissions were immediately signed and sealed by Adams 's Secretary of State , John Marshall , who had been named the new Chief Justice of the United States in January 1801 but continued acting as Adams 's Secretary of State until Jefferson took office . Marshall then dispatched his younger brother James Markham Marshall to deliver the commissions to the appointees . With only one day left before Jefferson 's inauguration , James Marshall was able to deliver most of the commissions , but a few -- including Marbury 's -- were not delivered . </P> <P> On March 4 , 1801 , Thomas Jefferson was sworn in and became the 3rd President of the United States . As soon as he was able , Jefferson instructed his new Secretary of State , James Madison , to withhold the undelivered appointments . In Jefferson 's opinion , the commissions were void because they had not been delivered in time . Without the commissions , the appointees were unable to assume the offices and duties to which they had been appointed . In December 1801 , Marbury filed suit against Madison in the Supreme Court , asking the Court to issue a writ of mandamus forcing Madison to deliver Marbury 's commission . This lawsuit resulted in the case of Marbury v. Madison . </P> <P> Aside from its inherent legal complexities , the case created a difficult political dilemma for Marshall and the rest of the Supreme Court . If the Court ruled in favor of Marbury and issued a writ of mandamus ordering Madison to deliver the commission , Jefferson and Madison would likely have simply ignored the order , which would have made the Court look impotent and emphasized the `` shakiness '' of the judiciary . On the other hand , a basic ruling against Marbury would have given Jefferson and the Republican - Democrats a clear political victory . In his `` brilliant '' decision , Marshall not only avoided both problems , but with `` a touch of genius '' also used the case to establish the principle of judicial review in American law . </P> <H2> Decision </H2> An engraving of Chief Justice John Marshall made by Charles - Balthazar - Julien Fevret de Saint - Mémin in 1808 . <P> On February 24 , 1803 , the Court rendered a unanimous ( 4 -- 0 ) decision against Marbury . The Court 's opinion was written by the Chief Justice , John Marshall . Marshall structured the Court 's opinion around a series of three questions that Marshall answered in turn : </P> <Ul> <Li> First , did Marbury have a right to his commission ? </Li> <Li> Second , if Marbury had a right to his commission , was there a legal remedy for him to obtain it ? </Li> <Li> Third , if there was such a remedy , could the Supreme Court legally issue it ? </Li> </Ul> <H3> Marbury 's commission and legal remedy </H3> <P> The Court quickly answered the first two questions affirmatively . </P> <P> First , Marshall wrote that Marbury had a right to his commission because all appropriate procedures were followed -- the commission had been properly signed and sealed . Madison contended that the commissions were void if not delivered ; the Court disagreed , and said that the delivery of the commission was merely a custom , not an essential element of the commission itself . </P> <P> The ( President 's ) signature is a warrant for affixing the great seal to the commission , and the great seal is only to be affixed to an instrument which is complete . ( ... ) The transmission of the commission is a practice directed by convenience , but not by law . It can not therefore be necessary to constitute the appointment , which must precede it and which is the mere act of the President . </P> -- from Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. at 158 , 160 . <P> Because Marbury 's commission was valid , Marshall wrote , Madison 's withholding of it was `` violative of a vested legal right '' on Marbury 's part . </P> <P> Turning to the second question , the Court said that the laws clearly afforded Marbury a remedy . Following the traditional Roman legal maxim ubi jus , ibi remedium ( `` where there is a legal right , there is also a legal remedy '' ) , Marshall wrote : `` The very essence of civil liberty certainly consists in the right of every individual to claim the protection of the laws whenever he receives an injury . '' The specific issue , however , was whether the courts -- part of the judicial branch of the government -- could give Marbury a remedy against Madison -- who as Secretary of State was part of the executive branch of the government . The Court held that so long as the remedy involved a mandatory duty to a specific person , and not a political matter left to discretion , the courts could provide the legal remedy . In a now well - known line of the opinion , Marshall wrote : `` The government of the United States has been emphatically termed a government of laws , and not of men . '' </P> <H3> Jurisdiction </H3> <P> After concluding that Marbury had a right to his commission and that a legal remedy existed to provide it to him , the Court then turned to whether or not it was proper for the Supreme Court to issue the writ Marbury requested . Marshall first reiterated the distinction between the executive branch 's political discretion , which he said the courts could not review , and its legally mandated ministerial duties , which the courts could review . Marshall then addressed the most important issue of the opinion : the propriety of the Supreme Court 's jurisdiction over the matter . Marbury argued that the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court original jurisdiction over his case . </P> <P> The Supreme Court shall also have appellate jurisdiction from the circuit courts and courts of the several states , in the cases herein after specially provided for ; and shall have power to issue writs of prohibition to the district courts , when proceeding as courts of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction , and writs of mandamus , in cases warranted by the principles and usages of law , to any courts appointed , or persons holding office , under the authority of the United States . </P> -- Judiciary Act of 1789 , Section 13 ( excerpt ) <P> Marshall 's discussion of this issue first explains the difference between original jurisdiction , in which a court has the power to be the first to hear and decide a case , and appellate jurisdiction , in which a party to a decision appeals to a higher court which has the power to review the previous decision and then either affirm or overturn it . Because Marbury filed his suit directly with the Supreme Court , the Court would need to exercise original jurisdiction to hear it ; if the Court 's jurisdiction over writs of mandamus was limited to appellate jurisdiction only , it would be unable to properly hear and decide Marbury 's directly - filed case , since it had not been first heard in a lower court and then appealed to the Supreme Court . </P> <P> The Court agreed with Marbury , and interpreted the relevant section of the Judiciary Act to authorize mandamus on original jurisdiction . However , Marshall noted that this authorization clashed with Article III of the U.S. Constitution , which establishes the judicial branch of the U.S. government . </P> <P> In all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party , the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction . In all the other Cases before mentioned , the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction , both as to Law and Fact , with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . </P> -- U.S. Constitution , Article III , Section 2 . <P> This section of Article III of the Constitution establishes that the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases where a U.S. State is a party to the lawsuit , or where the lawsuit involves foreign dignitaries . Neither of these categories covered Marbury 's justice of the peace commission , and so , according to the Constitution , the Court could only have heard Marbury 's case while exercising appellate jurisdiction . However , Marshall had interpreted the Judicial Act to have given the Court original jurisdiction over the matter : this meant that the Judicial Act apparently took the initial scope of the Supreme Court 's original jurisdiction -- which was limited to cases either directly involving States or involving foreign dignitaries -- and expanded it to include issuing writs of mandamus . Marshall ruled that Congress can not increase the Supreme Court 's original jurisdiction as it was set down in the Constitution , and therefore that the relevant portion of Section 13 of the Judiciary Act violated Article III of the Constitution . </P> <H3> Introducing judicial review </H3> Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison , in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review . <P> After ruling that it conflicted with the Constitution , Marshall struck down the relevant portion of the Judiciary Act in the U.S. Supreme Court 's first ever declaration of the power of judicial review . Marshall 's justification for the Court 's judicial review power began with a long disquisition on the hierarchy between statutory law and constitutional law . Marshall held `` virtually as a matter of iron logic '' that in the event of conflict between the Constitution and statutory laws passed by Congress , the constitutional law must be supreme . Additionally , Marshall stated that deciding the constitutionality of the laws it applies is an inherent part of the American judiciary 's role . In what has become the most frequently quoted line of the opinion , Marshall wrote : `` It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . '' </P> <P> The Court 's opinion gives a number of reasons in support of judicial review . Marshall reasoned that the U.S. Constitution places limits on the American government 's powers , and that those limits would be meaningless unless they were subject to judicial review and enforcement . The written nature of the Constitution , he wrote , inherently established judicial review . In a line borrowed from Alexander Hamilton 's essay Federalist No. 78 , Marshall wrote : `` The powers of the legislature are defined and limited ; and that those limits may not be mistaken or forgotten , the constitution is written . '' </P> <P> In another argument borrowed from Federalist No. 78 , Marshall stated that `` a law repugnant to the Constitution is void '' , and that the judiciary had no choice but to follow the Constitution . Marshall reasoned that the Constitution 's provisions limiting the legislature 's power -- such as the export tax clause and the prohibitions on bills of attainder and ex post facto laws -- meant that in some cases the judiciary would be forced to choose between enforcing the Constitution or following Congress . Marshall also argued that the authorization in Article III of the Constitution that the Court can decide cases arising `` under this Constitution '' implied that the Court had the power to strike down laws conflicting with the Constitution . This , Marshall wrote , meant that the Founders were willing to have the American judiciary use and interpret the Constitution when judging cases . Lastly , Marshall argued that judicial review is implied in Article VI of the Constitution , since it declares the supreme law of the United States to be not the Constitution and the laws of the United States in general , but rather the Constitution and laws made `` in Pursuance thereof '' . </P> <H2> Impact </H2> <P> Chief Justice John Marshall 's opinion in Marbury established the power of the judiciary to review the constitutionality of legislation and certain executive actions in American law , a power known as `` judicial review '' . Marbury 's establishment of judicial review cemented the fact that the U.S. Constitution is actual law -- as opposed to a document simply containing widely accepted political ideals -- against which courts can review laws and statutes passed by the legislature . This departed from the British system , in which statutes passed by Parliament can not be reviewed or struck down by courts because of the principle of parliamentary sovereignty . </P> <P> Marbury also established that the power of judicial review covers actions by the executive branch -- the U.S. President and his cabinet members . However , American courts ' power of judicial review over U.S. executive branch actions only extends to matters in which the executive has a legal duty to act or refrain from acting , and does not extend to matters that are entirely within the U.S. president 's discretion , such as whether to veto a bill or whom to appoint to an office . This power has been the basis of many subsequent important Supreme Court decisions in American history , such as the 1974 case United States v. Nixon , in which the Court held that President Richard Nixon was required to comply with a subpoena to provide tapes of his conversations for use in a criminal trial , and which ultimately led to Nixon 's resignation . </P> <P> Judicial review was rarely exercised in early American history . After the Marbury decision in 1803 , the U.S. Supreme Court did not strike down another federal law until 1857 , when the Court struck down the Missouri Compromise in the now - infamous case of Dred Scott v. Sandford , a ruling that contributed to the outbreak of the American Civil War . </P> <H2> Criticism </H2> <P> Given its preeminent position in American constitutional law , Chief Justice John Marshall 's opinion in Marbury v. Madison continues to be the subject of critical analysis and historical inquiry . Marshall 's opinion has been criticized on a number of grounds , including logical inconsistencies and legal inaccuracies , but is still widely praised for its overall political and jurisprudential brilliance . U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter , writing in the Harvard Law Review , emphasized that one can criticize Marshall 's opinion in Marbury without detracting from its foundational importance and overall brilliance : `` The courage of Marbury v. Madison is not minimized by suggesting that its reasoning is not impeccable and that its conclusion , however wise , not inevitable . '' </P> <P> Criticisms of Marshall 's opinion in Marbury usually fall into two general categories . First , some criticize the way Marshall strove to reach the conclusion that the U.S. Supreme Court has constitutional authority over the other branches of the U.S. government . Second , Marshall 's arguments for the Court 's authority are sometimes said to be mere `` assertions of authority '' , rather than substantial reasons logically laid out to support his position . </P> <P> Additionally , it is questionable whether Marshall should have participated in the Marbury case because of his participating role in the dispute . Marshall was still the acting Secretary of State when the nominations were made , and he himself had signed the commissions and had been responsible for their delivery . This potential conflict of interest raises strong grounds for Marshall to have recused himself from the case . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth </Li> <Li> Judicial review in the United States </Li> <Li> List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 5 </Li> <Li> Hylton v. United States </Li> <Li> Calder v. Bull </Li> <Li> Stuart v. Laird ( 1803 ) </Li> <Li> United States v. More ( 1805 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Due to illnesses , Justices William Cushing and Alfred Moore did not sit for oral argument or participate in the Court 's decision . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <H3> Citations </H3> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McBride , Alex ( December 2006 ) . `` The Supreme Court , The Court and Democracy , Landmark Cases , Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) '' . Thirteen / WNET New York . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCloskey & Levinson ( 2015 ) , pp. 23 -- 24 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCloskey & Levinson ( 2010 ) , p. 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller ( 2009 ) , p. 44 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pohlman ( 2005 ) , p. 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McCloskey & Levinson ( 2010 ) , p. 26 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 39 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , pp. 39 -- 40 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amar ( 1989 ) , p. 447 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 40 , quoting Marbury , 5 U.S. at 162 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 40 , quoting Marbury , 5 U.S. at 163 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , pp. 40 -- 41 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 41 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Epstein ( 2014 ) , p. 89 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Currie ( 1997 ) , p. 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 42 , quoting Marbury , 5 U.S. at 177 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prakash & Yoo ( 2003 ) , p. 914 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 43 , quoting Marbury , 5 U.S. at 176 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Epstein ( 2014 ) , p. 90 , quoting Marbury , 5 U.S. at 180 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rotunda & Nowak ( 2013 ) : § 1.3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky ( 2015 ) , p. 44 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rotunda & Nowak ( 2013 ) , § 1.4 ( a ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frankfurter ( 1955 ) , p. 219 , quoted in Rotunda & Nowak ( 2013 ) , § 1.4 ( a ) . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Works cited </H3> <Ul> <Li> Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1989 ) . `` Marbury , Section 13 , and the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court '' . University of Chicago Law Review . 56 ( 2 ) : 443 -- 99 . JSTOR 1599844 . </Li> <Li> Chemerinsky , Erwin ( 2015 ) . Constitutional Law : Principles and Policies ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Wolters Kluwer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4548 - 4947 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Currie , David P. ( 1997 ) . The Constitution in Congress : The Federalist Period 1789 -- 1801 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . </Li> <Li> Edlin , Douglas ( 2008 ) . Judges and Unjust Laws : Common Law Constitutionalism and the Foundations of Judicial Review . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11662 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Epstein , Richard A. ( 2014 ) . The Classical Liberal Constitution : The Uncertain Quest for Limited Government . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0674724891 . </Li> <Li> Fletcher , George P. ; Sheppard , Steve ( 2004 ) . American Law in Global Perspective : The Basics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516723 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Frankfurter , Felix ( 1955 ) . `` John Marshall and the Judicial Function '' . Harvard Law Review . 69 ( 2 ) : 217 -- 38 . JSTOR 1337866 . </Li> <Li> Henretta , James A. ; David Brody ; Lynn Dumenil ( 2007 ) . America 's History : Volume 1 : To 1877 ( 6th ed . ) . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 45285 - 8 . </Li> <Li> McCloskey , Robert G. ; Levinson , Sanford ( 2010 ) . The American Supreme Court ( 5th ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 55686 - 4 . </Li> <Li> McDowell , Gary L. ( 1993 ) . `` Coke , Corwin and the Constitution : The ' Higher Law Background ' Reconsidered '' . The Review of Politics . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 3 ) . doi : 10.1017 / s0034670500017605 . ISSN 0034 - 6705 . </Li> <Li> Miller , Mark Carlton ( 2009 ) . The View of the Courts from the Hill : Interactions Between Congress and the Federal Judiciary . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press . </Li> <Li> Pohlman , H.L. ( 2005 ) . Constitutional Debate in Action : Governmental Powers . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3593 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Rotunda , Ronald ; Nowak , John E. ( 2013 ) . Treatise on Constitutional Law : Substance & Procedure ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Thomson West . </Li> <Li> Prakash , Saikrishna ; Yoo , John ( 2003 ) . `` The Origins of Judicial Review '' . University of Chicago Law Review . 70 ( 3 ) : 887 -- 982 . doi : 10.2307 / 1600662 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Jean Edward ( 1996 ) . John Marshall : Definer of a Nation . New York : Henry Holt & Company ; New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 1389 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Sullivan , Kathleen M. ; Gunther , Gerald ( 2007 ) . Constitutional Law . New York : Foundation Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59941 - 246 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Treanor , William Michael ( 2005 ) . `` Judicial Review Before Marbury '' . Stanford Law Review . 58 ( 2 ) : 455 -- 562 . JSTOR 40040272 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Smith , Jean Edward ( 1989 ) . The Constitution And American Foreign Policy . St. Paul , MN : West Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 314 - 42317 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Nelson , William E. ( 2000 ) . Marbury v. Madison : The Origins and Legacy of Judicial Review . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1062 - 6 . ( One introduction to the case ) </Li> <Li> Clinton , Robert Lowry ( 1991 ) . Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0517 - 7 . ( Claims that it is a mistake to read the case as claiming a judicial power to tell the President or Congress what they can or can not do under the Constitution . ) </Li> <Li> Irons , Peter ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . Penguin Books . pp. 104 -- 107 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 029201 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Newmyer , R. Kent ( 2001 ) . John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 3249 - 7 . </Li> <Li> James M. O'Fallon , The Case of Benjamin More : A Lost Episode in the Struggle over Repeal of the 1801 Judiciary Act , 11 Law & Hist. Rev. 43 ( 1993 ) . </Li> <Li> Tushnet , Mark ( 2008 ) . I dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 1 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Sloan , Cliff ; McKean , David ( 2009 ) . The Great Decision : Jefferson , Adams , Marshall and the Battle for the Supreme Court . New York , NY : PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 426 - 5 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Marbury v. Madison </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Text of Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( 1 Cranch ) 137 ( 1803 ) is available from : Cornell Findlaw Justia OpenJurist </Li> <Li> Primary Documents in American History : Marbury v. Madison from the Library of Congress </Li> <Li> `` John Marshall , Marbury v. Madison , and Judicial Review -- How the Court Became Supreme '' Lesson plan for grades 9 -- 12 from National Endowment for the Humanities </Li> <Li> The 200th Anniversary of Marbury v. Madison : The Reasons We Should Still Care About the Decision , and The Lingering Questions It Left Behind </Li> <Li> The Establishment of Judicial Review </Li> <Li> The 200th Anniversary of Marbury v. Madison : The Supreme Court 's First Great Case </Li> <Li> Case Brief for Marbury v. Madison at Lawnix.com </Li> <Li> The short film Marbury v. Madison ( 1977 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive </Li> <Li> `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Marbury v. Madison '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : Historic Supreme Court Decisions </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> James Madison </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 4th President of the United States ( 1809 -- 1817 ) </Li> <Li> 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) </Li> <Li> United States House of Representatives ( 1789 -- 1797 ) </Li> <Li> Congress of the Confederation ( 1781 -- 1783 ) </Li> <Li> Virginia House of Delegates ( 1776 -- 1779 , 1784 -- 1786 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Father of the Constitution '' </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Co-wrote , 1776 Virginia Constitution </Li> <Li> 1786 Annapolis Convention </Li> <Li> 1787 Constitutional Convention <Ul> <Li> Virginia Plan </Li> <Li> Constitution of the United States </Li> <Li> Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Federalist Papers <Ul> <Li> written by Madison </Li> <Li> No. 10 </Li> <Li> No. 51 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Virginia Ratifying Convention </Li> <Li> United States Bill of Rights <Ul> <Li> 27th amendment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Constitution drafting and ratification timeline </Li> <Li> Founding Fathers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidency </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First inauguration </Li> <Li> Second inauguration </Li> <Li> Tecumseh 's War <Ul> <Li> Battle of Tippecanoe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> War of 1812 <Ul> <Li> origins </Li> <Li> Burning of Washington </Li> <Li> The Octagon House </Li> <Li> Treaty of Ghent </Li> <Li> Seven Buildings residence </Li> <Li> results </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Second Barbary War </Li> <Li> Era of Good Feelings </Li> <Li> Second Bank of the United States </Li> <Li> State of the Union Address ( 1810 </Li> <Li> 1814 </Li> <Li> 1815 </Li> <Li> 1816 ) </Li> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Federal judiciary appointments </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other noted accomplisments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Co-founder , American Whig Society </Li> <Li> Supervised the Louisiana Purchase </Li> <Li> Anti-Administration party </Li> <Li> Residence Act <Ul> <Li> Compromise of 1790 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Democratic - Republican Party <Ul> <Li> First Party System </Li> <Li> republicanism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Library of Congress </Li> <Li> Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions </Li> <Li> Report of 1800 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other writings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Papers of James Madison </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Life </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Early life and career </Li> <Li> Belle Grove Plantation , birthplace </Li> <Li> Montpelier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U.S. House of Representatives election , 1789 </Li> <Li> 1790 </Li> <Li> 1792 </Li> <Li> 1794 </Li> <Li> U.S. presidential election , 1808 </Li> <Li> 1812 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legacy and popular culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> James Madison Memorial Building </Li> <Li> James Madison University </Li> <Li> James Madison College </Li> <Li> Madison , Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Madison Square </Li> <Li> Madison River </Li> <Li> Madison Street </Li> <Li> U.S. postage stamps </Li> <Li> James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation </Li> <Li> James Madison Freedom of Information Award </Li> <Li> James Madison Award </Li> <Li> James Madison Institute </Li> <Li> A More Perfect Union ( 1989 film ) </Li> <Li> Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 series ) </Li> <Li> Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age of Enlightenment </Li> <Li> American Enlightenment </Li> <Li> Marbury v. Madison </Li> <Li> National Gazette </Li> <Li> Paul Jennings </Li> <Li> Madisonian Model </Li> <Li> American Philosophical Society </Li> <Li> The American Museum magazine </Li> <Li> Virginia dynasty </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dolley Madison ( wife ) </Li> <Li> John Payne Todd ( stepson ) </Li> <Li> James Madison , Sr. ( father ) </Li> <Li> Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) </Li> <Li> William Madison ( brother ) </Li> <Li> Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) </Li> <Li> James Madison ( cousin ) </Li> <Li> George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) </Li> <Li> Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) </Li> <Li> John Madison ( great - grandfather ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ← Thomas Jefferson </Li> <Li> James Monroe → </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marbury_v._Madison&oldid=854695561 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1803 in United States case law </Li> <Li> 6th United States Congress </Li> <Li> History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) </Li> <Li> Legal history of the District of Columbia </Li> <Li> Legal history of the United States </Li> <Li> Presidency of Thomas Jefferson </Li> <Li> United States Constitution Article Three case law </Li> <Li> United States constitutional case law </Li> <Li> United States political question doctrine case law </Li> <Li> United States Supreme Court cases </Li> <Li> United States Supreme Court original jurisdiction cases </Li> <Li> United States Supreme Court cases of the Marshall Court </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Articles with short description </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 4 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 04 : 28 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Bigg Boss Telugu 2 - wikipedia <H1> Bigg Boss Telugu 2 </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Bigg Boss Telugu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> ◄ Season 2 ( 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> show Housemates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Name </Td> <Td> Entered </Td> <Td> Exited </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaushal </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 112 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Geetha </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 112 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tanish </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 112 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deepti </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 112 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samrat </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 112 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roll </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 105 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amit </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 98 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Syamala </Td> <Td> Day 0 Day 53 </Td> <Td> Day 28 Day 91 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nutan </Td> <Td> Day 0 Day 53 Day 75 </Td> <Td> Day 14 Day 68 Day 84 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ganesh </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 83 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pooja </Td> <Td> Day 43 </Td> <Td> Day 77 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deepthi </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 70 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Babu </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 63 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nandini </Td> <Td> Day 8 </Td> <Td> Day 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tejaswi </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 42 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhanu </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 35 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kireeti </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sanjana </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> 2nd Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Bigg Boss Telugu 2 is the second season of the Telugu - language version of the reality TV show Bigg Boss broadcast in India . 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Nani hosts the show and it is the second longest season for 112 days in Indian versions of Bigg Boss . </P> <P> Unlike the first season , this season featured general public along with celebrities as housemates . </P> <P> For this season of Bigg Boss , a lavish house set has been constructed in Backlots of Annapurna Studios 7 Acres , Jubilee Hills , Hyderabad . </P> <P> The season was extended by one week ( 112 days ) instead of the actual 105 days format of the show . </P> <P> Among the five finalists , Kaushal Manda emerged as the winner with highest number of public votes , followed by Geetha Madhuri as runner - up , Tanish Alladi , Deepti Nallamothu and Samrat Reddy as third , fourth and fifth respectively . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Housemates <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Original entrants <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Celebrities </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Commoners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Wild - Card entrants </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Controversies </Li> <Li> 3 Guests </Li> <Li> 4 Nominations table <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Vote Count </Li> <Li> 6 Weekly summary </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Housemates </H2> Left host Nani , Middle winner Kaushal Manda , right guest Venkatesh <H3> Original entrants </H3> <P> The participants in the order they entered the house are : </P> Celebrities <Ol> <Li> Geetha Madhuri - Singer </Li> <Li> Amit Tiwari - Actor </Li> <Li> Deepti Nallamothu - TV9 Anchor </Li> <Li> Tanish Alladi - Actor </Li> <Li> Babu Gogineni - Indian humanist , rationalist and human rights activist </Li> <Li> Bhanu Sree - Actress </Li> <Li> Roll Rida - Rapper </Li> <Li> Syamala - Anchor and actress </Li> <Li> Kireeti Damaraju - Actor </Li> <Li> Deepthi Sunaina - Social media star and actress </Li> <Li> Kaushal Manda - Actor and model </Li> <Li> Tejaswi Madivada - Actress </Li> <Li> Samrat Reddy - Actor and cricketer </Li> </Ol> Commoners <Ol> <Li> Ganesh - Radio Jockey , Vijayawada . </Li> <Li> Sanjana Anne - Model , Miss Hyderabad , Miss India Participant , Vijayawada . </Li> <Li> Nutan Naidu - Social Activist , Visakhapatnam . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Wild - Card entrants </H3> <Ol> <Li> Nandini Rai - Model , Winner of Miss Andhrapradesh title of 2010 and Actress </Li> <Li> Pooja Ramachandran - Model and Actress </Li> </Ol> <H2> Controversies </H2> <Ul> <Li> Host Nani has been targeted for biased hosting . Later , host Nani responded to accusations of bias and replied that he is not biased and he treats every housemate equally . </Li> <Li> The audience expressed their annoyance with host Nani , Star Maa and producer Endemol Shine India about voting and evictions of the show . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Guests </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Week ( s ) </Th> <Th> Guest ( s ) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Week 2 </Td> <Td> Srinivas Reddy and Vennela Kishore </Td> <Td> To promote the film Jamba Lakidi Pamba . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Week 4 </Td> <Td> Sai Dharam Tej and Anupama Parameswaran </Td> <Td> To promote the film Tej I Love You </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Week 6 </Td> <Td> Pradeep Machiraju </Td> <Td> To inform about his new show - Pradeep 's Pelli Choopulu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lakshmi Manchu </Td> <Td> To promote the film W / O Ram </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Week 8 </Td> <Td> Kamal Haasan , Pooja Kumar , Ghibran , and Shamdat Sainudeen </Td> <Td> To promote the film Vishwaroopam II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Week 11 </Td> <Td> Anasuya Bharadwaj </Td> <Td> As a guest to Mehendi Task </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taapsee Pannu , Aadhi Pinisetty and Ritika Singh </Td> <Td> To promote the film Neevevaro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Host Nani </Td> <Td> On the occasion of Raksha Bandhan festival . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Week 13 </Td> <Td> Goutham & Chandini </Td> <Td> To Promote the film Manu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sunil Varma & Allari Naresh </Td> <Td> To Promote the film Silly Fellows </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Week 14 </Td> <Td> All Housemates family members </Td> <Td> As a part of weeks luxury budget task </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> One Joker and six unknown people </Td> <Td> To irritate housemates and stolen food from the house , While housemates are in freeze command by Bigg Boss </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Week 16 </Td> <Td> Sudheer Babu and Nabha Natesh </Td> <Td> To promote the film Nannu Dochukunduvate . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vangaveeti Santhosh ( Common Audience ) </Td> <Td> Winner of amazon wild card entry contest entered the house to meet and present some gifts to all housemates . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All Evicted contestants except Nutan Naidu on day 110 </Td> <Td> As a guests to family party of Bigg Boss 2 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beauticians on day 111 </Td> <Td> To give contestants a makeovers for the grand finale . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Nominations table </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Week 1 </Th> <Th> Week 2 </Th> <Th> Week 3 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Week 4 </Th> <Th> Week 5 </Th> <Th> Week 6 </Th> <Th> Week 7 </Th> <Th> Week 8 </Th> <Th> Week 9 </Th> <Th> Week 10 </Th> <Th> Week 11 </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Week 12 </Th> <Th> Week 13 </Th> <Th> Week 14 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Week 15 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Week 16 Final </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Day 22 </Th> <Th> Day 28 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Day 78 </Th> <Th> Day 81 </Th> <Th> Day 99 </Th> <Th> Day 102 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House Captain </Th> <Td> No Captain </Td> <Td> Samrat </Td> <Td> Amit </Td> <Td> Roll </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Kaushal </Td> <Td> Geetha </Td> <Td> Tanish </Td> <Td> Geetha </Td> <Td> Pooja </Td> <Td> Tanish </Td> <Td> Roll </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Deepti </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> No Captain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain 's Nomination </Th> <Td> Deepthi ( to evict ) </Td> <Td> Ganesh Geetha </Td> <Td> Ganesh </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Refused to save Deepti </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Kaushal Amit </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Kaushal ( to save ) Syamala ( to evict ) </Td> <Td> Kaushal Deepti </Td> <Td> Amit Samrat ( to evict ) </Td> <Td> Roll ( to save ) </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="22"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vote to : </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Evict </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Save </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Evict </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> none </Th> <Th> Save </Th> <Th> Evict </Th> <Th> Evict </Th> <Th> Save </Th> <Th> Eternally Nominate </Th> <Th> Save </Th> <Th> Evict </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> none </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="22"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kaushal </Th> <Td> Kireeti Deepthi </Td> <Td> Ganesh </Td> <Td> Kireeti Bhanu </Td> <Td> Ganesh </Td> <Td> Nandini </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Samrat </Td> <Td> Babu Nandini </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Kaushal </Td> <Td> Tanish Samrat </Td> <Td> Ganesh Samrat </Td> <Td> Amit </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Samrat </Td> <Td> Tanish Geetha </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geetha </Th> <Td> Tejaswi Ganesh </Td> <Td> Ganesh </Td> <Td> Ganesh Tanish </Td> <Td> Tejaswi </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Babu </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Ganesh Babu </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Geetha </Td> <Td> Kaushal Tanish </Td> <Td> Nutan Kaushal </Td> <Td> Amit </Td> <Td> Kaushal </Td> <Td> Deepti </Td> <Td> Amit Roll </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tanish </Th> <Td> Kaushal Ganesh </Td> <Td> Nutan </Td> <Td> Ganesh Geetha </Td> <Td> Geetha </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Samrat </Td> <Td> Tanish </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Pooja Deepti </Td> <Td> Kaushal Nutan </Td> <Td> Roll </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Samrat </Td> <Td> Deepti Amit </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Third Place ( Day 112 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deepti </Th> <Td> Deepthi Kaushal </Td> <Td> Babu </Td> <Td> Tejaswi Bhanu </Td> <Td> Babu </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Deepthi </Td> <Td> Deepti </Td> <Td> Babu Ganesh </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Deepti </Td> <Td> Amit Samrat </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> House Captain </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Amit Roll </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Fourth Place ( Day 112 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Samrat </Th> <Td> Deepthi Ganesh </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Ganesh Kireeti </Td> <Td> Kaushal </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Tejaswi </Td> <Td> Samrat </Td> <Td> Deepthi Kaushal </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Samrat </Td> <Td> Pooja Kaushal </Td> <Td> Kaushal Nutan </Td> <Td> Syamala </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Amit Deepti </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Immune </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Fifth Place ( Day 112 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roll </Th> <Td> Sanjana Nutan </Td> <Td> Nutan </Td> <Td> Ganesh Kireeti </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Amit </Td> <Td> Roll </Td> <Td> Deepthi Kaushal </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Ganesh </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Nutan Kaushal </Td> <Td> Ganesh </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Amit </Td> <Td> Deepti Geetha </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Evicted ( Day 105 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amit </Th> <Td> Deepthi Ganesh </Td> <Td> Kaushal </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Kaushal </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Refused to save Bhanu </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Kaushal Babu </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Immune </Td> <Td> Samrat Syamala Deepti </Td> <Td> Deepti Tanish </Td> <Td> Nutan Ganesh </Td> <Td> Kaushal </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Deepti Geetha </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted ( Day 98 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Syamala </Th> <Td> Kireeti Tanish </Td> <Td> Tejaswi </Td> <Td> Kireeti Ganesh </Td> <Td> Tejaswi </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Evicted ( Day 28 ) </Td> <Td> Exempt </Td> <Td> Not Eligible </Td> <Td> Syamala </Td> <Td> Amit Pooja </Td> <Td> Ganesh Nutan </Td> <Td> Tanish </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Evicted ( Day 91 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nutan </Th> <Td> Sanjana Kireeti </Td> <Td> Amit </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted ( Day 14 ) </Td> <Td> Exempt </Td> <Td> Not Eligible </Td> <Td> Deepti </Td> <Td> Hospitalized ( Day 68 ) </Td> <Td> Amit Samrat </Td> <Td> Kaushal </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted ( Day 84 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ganesh </Th> <Td> Deepthi Kaushal </Td> <Td> Kaushal </Td> <Td> Tejaswi Kireeti </Td> <Td> Kaushal </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Roll </Td> <Td> Deepti </Td> <Td> Nandini Kaushal </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Ganesh </Td> <Td> Kaushal Pooja </Td> <Td> Amit Kaushal </Td> <Td> Geetha </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted ( Day 83 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pooja </Th> <Td_colspan="7"> Not in House </Td> <Td> Exempt </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Pooja </Td> <Td> Ganesh Syamala </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Evicted ( Day 77 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deepthi </Th> <Td> Amit Geetha </Td> <Td> Kaushal </Td> <Td> Ganesh Kireeti </Td> <Td> Syamala </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Tanish </Td> <Td> Tanish </Td> <Td> Amit Roll </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Deepthi </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Evicted ( Day 70 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Babu </Th> <Td> Sanjana Nutan </Td> <Td> Ganesh </Td> <Td> Deepthi Ganesh </Td> <Td> Deepti </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Ganesh </Td> <Td> Roll </Td> <Td> Amit Kaushal </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Evicted ( Day 63 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nandini </Th> <Td> Not in House </Td> <Td> Exempt </Td> <Td> Kireeti Bhanu </Td> <Td> Tejaswi </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Tried to save Deepti </Td> <Td> Tejaswi </Td> <Td> Kaushal Ganesh </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> Evicted ( Day 56 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tejaswi </Th> <Td> Deepthi Ganesh </Td> <Td> Nutan </Td> <Td> Ganesh Deepti </Td> <Td> Kaushal </Td> <Td> Deepti </Td> <Td> Geetha </Td> <Td> Tejaswi </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> Evicted ( Day 42 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bhanu </Th> <Td> Kireeti Tanish </Td> <Td> Babu </Td> <Td> Kaushal Kireeti </Td> <Td> Nandini </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Nandini </Td> <Td_colspan="15"> Evicted ( Day 35 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kireeti </Th> <Td> Deepthi Nutan </Td> <Td> Geetha </Td> <Td> Ganesh Geetha </Td> <Td_colspan="18"> Evicted ( Day 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sanjana </Th> <Td> Roll Tejaswi </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> Evicted ( Day 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="22"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notes </Th> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 </Td> <Td> 4 , 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 , 8 , 9 </Td> <Td> 10 , 11 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> 15 , 16 </Td> <Td> 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> 20 , 21 , 22 </Td> <Td> 22 , 23 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nominated </Th> <Td> Deepthi Ganesh Kireeti Kaushal Nutan Sanjana </Td> <Td> Deepthi Ganesh Nutan Kaushal Babu </Td> <Td> Ganesh Kireeti Bhanu Geetha Tejaswi </Td> <Td> Tejaswi Kaushal Ganesh Syamala Nandini Deepti Babu Geetha </Td> <Td> Syamala Nandini Deepti </Td> <Td> Deepti Ganesh Bhanu </Td> <Td> Deepti Roll Samrat Tejaswi Tanish </Td> <Td> Kaushal Babu Ganesh Amit Deepthi Nandini </Td> <Td> Babu Ganesh Nandini Kaushal Deepti </Td> <Td> Babu Ganesh Geetha Syamala Deepti Tanish </Td> <Td> Pooja Geetha Roll Deepthi Nutan Syamala </Td> <Td> Pooja Tanish Deepti Kaushal </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Kaushal Nutan Ganesh Samrat Amit </Td> <Td> Kaushal Syamala Deepti Amit </Td> <Td> Kaushal Amit Deepti Roll Geetha </Td> <Td> All Housemates </Td> <Td> Deepti Geetha Roll Kaushal Tanish </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Samrat Kaushal Geetha Deepti Tanish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Walked </Th> <Td_colspan="10"> none </Td> <Td> Nutan </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> none </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Evicted </Th> <Td> Sanjana </Td> <Td> Nutan </Td> <Td> Kireeti </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Syamala </Td> <Td> Bhanu </Td> <Td> Tejaswi </Td> <Td> No Eviction </Td> <Td> Nandini </Td> <Td> Babu </Td> <Td> Deepthi </Td> <Td> Pooja </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Ganesh </Td> <Td> Syamala </Td> <Td> Amit </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Roll </Td> <Td> Kaushal </Td> <Td> Geetha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Syamala & Nutan </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Nutan </Td> <Td> Tanish </Td> <Td> Deepti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Samrat </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Notes </H3> <P> </P> <Dl> <Dd> indicates the House Captain . </Dd> <Dd> indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process . </Dd> <Dd> indicates that the Housemate was granted immunity from nominations . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> indicates that the Nominated housemate was saved from eviction by housemates or tasks . </Dd> <Dd> indicates that the Evicted housemate re-entered the house by winning a special voting system . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> ^ Note 1 : Nominations were done in pairs . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 2 : Deepthi has been nominated directly for eviction prior to the regular nominations process by House Captain Samrat . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 3 : Nandini entered the house after nominations . Therefore , she was exempted from nominations . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 4 : Nandini granted immunity from nominations by Bigg Boss . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 5 : Face - to - face nominations . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 6 : The three housemates with the fewest votes were in the danger zone . As the winners of Luxury Budget Task of Week 3 , Kaushal & Tejaswi got the Voting Power to save one of the three nominated housemates . The housemate not saved was evicted . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 7 : All Housemates are nominated but to get saved from nominations housemates have to complete the task given by Bigg Boss . Housemates who succeeded in given tasks will be saved while those who fail will be directly nominated to face the public vote . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 8 : Bigg Boss gave a task to Deepti to get saved from nominations that she has to convince Nandini to try to convince Kaushal to nominate himself until the end of the season . Kaushal refused to do that to save Deepti . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 9 : As a part of the task , Ganesh had to nominate himself in order to save Roll . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 10 : Housemates were told to pair up , then the paired housemates had to mutually decide to save one of them from eviction and nominate the other . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 11 : Amit was chosen by the housemates as the least talked housemate . As a result , he was directly nominated . But later got a secret task to save himself from eviction . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 12 : This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemates . Even though housemates were nominated there was no eviction . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 13 : Syamala & Nutan re-entered the house by gaining the most public votes among all evicted contestants . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 14 : Housemates had to rate themselves from number 1 being the best & number 12 being the worst . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 15 : The Guest Kamal Hassan gave Amit special immunity for 2 weeks . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 16 : Bigg Boss played a song , where housemates had to enter the tent house arranged in the garden area . The last person to enters the tent was nominated . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 17 : Housemates had to pair up and mutually decide whether to save or nominate themselves . If paired housemates were unable to decide , then Captain Tanish and Amit decide which contestant to save . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 18 : Bigg Boss gave special power to nominate one saved housemate . Captain Tanish nominated Syamala . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 19 : Bigg Boss informed Nutan Naidu about his exit due to his critical shoulder injury requiring immediate medical attention during Captaincy task . Nutan Naidu entered the house after the treatment on Day 75 . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 20 : Bigg Boss suspended Deepti from Captaincy for not following house rules on Day 75 . On the request of the host , Nani , Bigg Boss re-appointed Deepti as Captain on Day 77 . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 21 : Housemates had to nominate 2 housemates and save 1 housemate . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 22 : By completing all five tasks as a killer in Week 12 luxury budget task Geetha Madhuri won special power to nominate one housemate throughout the season ( Kaushal ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 23 : Bigg Boss asked Kaushal , Geetha , Tanish and Roll to quietly save one of the directly nominated housemates . The housemate who got most save votes was saved from Week 13 nominations . Samrat was saved from nominations with 2 votes . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 24 : All housemates are nominated by Bigg Boss for not understanding the values of the ticket to finale task and captaincy tasks . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 25 : Samrat won the Race to Finale task and won immunity from this week 's Eviction . </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Vote Count </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Housemates </Th> <Th> Week 1 </Th> <Th> Week 2 </Th> <Th> Week 3 </Th> <Th> Week 4 </Th> <Th> Week 5 </Th> <Th> Week 6 </Th> <Th> Week 7 </Th> <Th> Week 8 </Th> <Th> Week 9 </Th> <Th> Week 10 </Th> <Th> Week 11 </Th> <Th> Week 12 </Th> <Th> Week 13 </Th> <Th> Week 14 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Week 15 </Th> <Th> Week 16 </Th> <Th> Nominations Received to Evict </Th> <Th> Nominations Received to Save </Th> <Th> Eviction Faced </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kaushal </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> - </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geetha Madhuri </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> - </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tanish </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> - </Td> <Td> Third Place </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deepti Nallamothu </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> - </Td> <Td> Fourth Place </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Samrat </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> Fifth Place </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roll Rida </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> - </Td> <Td> Evicted </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amit Tiwari </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Evicted </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Syamala </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Evicted </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nutan Naidu </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Evicted </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Evicted </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ganesh </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Evicted </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pooja Ramachandran </Th> <Td_colspan="6"> Not in House </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deepthi Sunaina </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Evicted </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Babu Gogineni </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Evicted </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nandini </Th> <Td> Not in House </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Evicted </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tejaswi Madiwada </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Evicted </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bhanu Sree </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> Evicted </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kireeti Damaraju </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> Evicted </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sanjana Ane </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="16"> Evicted </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Weekly summary </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Week ( s ) </Th> <Th> Day ( s ) </Th> <Th> context </Th> <Th> Description </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week </Th> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Entrances </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari , Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , Babu Gogineni , Bhanu Sree , Roll Rida , Syamala , Kireeti Damaraju , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Tejaswi Madivada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne and Nutan Naidu entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 0 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 0 to Day 5 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> No Captain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 2 , 3 , 4 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> Cheppandi Prabhu All 16 contestants are divided into two groups . Sanjana was the head of the first team and members of the other team were given a task to play servants to her team . The ratings of the first team will play a pivotal role in the captaincy task . Housemates won 3200 points but housemates lost 600 points for not using whistle while in the task , - 200 points for sleeping daytime , and - 200 points due to Tejaswi failed her secret task given by Bigg Boss . After all deductions , housemates won 2200 points to buy luxury items . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 5 </Td> <Td> Captaincy Task </Td> <Td> BIGG BOSS MELA → Contenders : - Samrat Reddy , Bhanu Sree , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne . In this task , contenders have used some items from the stall provided in the garden area and have to advertise in a creative manner by using items from the stall . 100 tokens are given to remaining housemates to elect their captain by their performance . → Total tokens won by contenders : Ganesh 175 , Sanjana Anne 130 , Bhanu Sree 380 , and Samrat Reddy won week 2 captaincy with 395 tokens . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sanjana Anne ( For 2 Days ) </Li> <Li> Nutan Naidu ( For 15 Hours ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deepthi Sunaina </Li> <Li> Ganesh </Li> <Li> Kireeti Damaraju </Li> <Li> Kaushal </Li> <Li> Nutan Naidu </Li> <Li> Sanjana Anne </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 7 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sanjana Anne . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week </Th> <Td> Day 8 </Td> <Td> Entrances </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nandini Rai entered the Bigg Boss house as a wild card contestant . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 5 to Day 12 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Samrat Reddy , 1st captain of the House . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 9 , 10 , 11 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> Evadura Rajyani Gelichedhi In this luxury budget task Nutan became the king , Deepti Nallamothu became the queen and Nandini was announced as the princess . They were assisted by Geetha ( chancellor ) and they chose a team that would work for the princess . The other housemates became villagers and were asked to stay in huts set up in the garden area of the house . <Ul> <Li> Round One </Li> </Ul> <P> Then two contestants entered the activity room to compete in a task to join the King 's Team . → Winners of Mud Pit tasks given by BIGG BOSS joined King 's Team and remaining housemates became villagers who work for the princess . → King 's Team members are Amit , Samrat , Babu Gogineni , Ganesh , Bhanu , and Kireeti . → Princess Team members are Deepthi Sunaina , Tejaswi , Roll Rida , Syamala , Tanish , and Kaushal . </P> <Ul> <Li> Round Two </Li> </Ul> <P> BIGG BOSS placed one diamond in the living area which gives housemates more points to win Round two . → The losing team 's leader will be locked in jail by the winning team 's leader . Raju Gari Malla is a task which hosted by Geetha . In this task , two teams have to get as many flowers from the pool in the garden area to make a garland . Princess Team won the task with 96 flowers . Raja Simhasanam is a task which hosted by Geetha . Nandhini ( Princess ) sits on a chair and two teams have to pull the chair to win . King 's Team won by pulling the chair to their side . BIGG BOSS announced Princess Team as the winner of round two and ordered Nandhini ( Princess ) to lock Nutan Naidu ( King ) , and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) in jail . </P> <Ul> <Li> Round Three </Li> </Ul> Princess Team had to protect the jail key , which was placed in gym area , for eight hours to win the luxury budget task . King 's team had to steal the key and rescue Nutan Naidu ( King ) and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) to win the luxury budget task . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 11 </Td> <Td> Result </Td> <Td> Won - Princess Team </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 12 </Td> <Td> Captaincy Task </Td> <Td> Oopiri Unnantha Varaku Contenders are Tanish , Kaushal , and Amit . The task is for the three contestants to hold on to a rope on a T stand arranged in the garden area . While the other housemates do everything and anything they can to get them to release their hold on the rope and get off the podium . From tickling , shaving beards , dumping toothpaste to using lemon -- housemates tried everything . None of them gave up . Housemates decided Amit as the right person and convinced Kaushal & Tanish to leave the rope . <P> Amit Tiwari won week 3 Captaincy </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 11 </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nutan Naidu for 20 hours </Li> <Li> Deepti Nallamothu for 20 hours </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 8 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deepthi Sunaina </Li> <Li> Ganesh </Li> <Li> Nutan Naidu </Li> <Li> Kaushal </Li> <Li> Babu Gogineni </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 14 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nutan Naidu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week </Th> <Td> Day 12 to Day 19 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amit Tiwari </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 16 , 17 , 18 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> BIGG BOSS Sugar Cane Factory <P> Bigg Boss house became a sugar cane factory . In this task , there are two teams and one quality - check manager . Yellow team owner is Kaushal , Green team owner is Kireeti Damaraju and the quality - check manager and chancellor of the task is Bhanu Sree . Two teams have to complete the sugar cane juice bottles order given by Bigg Boss by using sugar cane juice machines placed in the garden area and save Bigg Boss money to win . The Quality - check manager should check the quality and accept or reject the bottles . </P> <Ul> <Li> Level One </Li> </Ul> <P> → Order One given by Bigg Boss 25 juice bottles for both teams . Green team won with 25 bottles . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 50 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Three given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Bigg Boss canceled the order because the green team cheated by mixing water with sugar cane juice in bottles . </P> <Ul> <Li> Level Two → Order One given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 75 bottles . Both teams completed . But the yellow team won with 77 bottles . </Li> </Ul> <P> Yellow team are with 73,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Tejaswi ) and 15,000 with owner after giving wages to workers while the green team lost with 53,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Ganesh ) and 0 money with owner after giving wages to workers . And 31,000 Bigg boss money with quality - check manager ( Bhanu Sree ) . Kaushal and Tejaswi awarded with special vote power by Bigg Boss for winning luxury budget task . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 18 </Td> <Td> Result </Td> <Td> Won - Yellow Team </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 19 </Td> <Td> Captaincy Task </Td> <Td> BiryaniVindhu <P> Contenders : - Ganesh , Kireeti Damaraju , Roll Rida . </P> <P> In this task , contenders had to eat as much biryani as they could before the buzzer sounded . Roll Rida won week 4 captaincy by eating 13 servings of biryani . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 19 </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tanish Alladi </Li> <Li> Babu Gogineni </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 15 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ganesh </Li> <Li> Kireeti Damaraju </Li> <Li> Geetha Madhuri </Li> <Li> Bhanu Sree </Li> <Li> Tejaswi Madivada </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 21 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kireeti Damaraju . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week </Th> <Td> Day 19 to Day 26 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Roll Rida </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 23 , 24 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> BIGGBOSS HOSTEL Bigg Boss house became a hostel . In this hostel , there are two teams . Lovers ' team and hostel - staff team . Wardens and security guards had to prevent lovers ' secret rendezvous , gift exchanges and entering the activity room . If boy met a girl and exchanged their gifts , the hostel staff lost points . <Ul> <Li> Hostel wardens : : Babu Gogineni and Geetha Madhuri </Li> <Li> Security guards : : Shyamala and Ganesh . </Li> <Li> Love Pairs : : Samrat and Tejeswi , Amit and Bhanu Sree , Kaushal and Deepti Nallamothu , Roll Rida and Deepthi Sunaina , Tanish and Nandhini Rai . Lovers team won the task . They lost luxury budget points because of sleeping while task going on and taking breaks for lunch , rest . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 26 </Td> <Td> Captaincy Task </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> TBA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 22 </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geetha Madhuri Bigg Boss ordered Roll Rida to lock her in jail because she was talking about nominations with housemates and given punishment as she has to write Sorry Bigg Boss 100 times on the wall by wearing boxing gloves . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 22 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <P> Babu Gogineni Tejaswi Madivada Geetha Madhuri Kaushal Deepti Nallamothu Ganesh Nandhini Rai Syamala </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 28 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Syamala </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 5 </Th> <Td> Day 26 to Day 33 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kaushal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 30 , 31 , 32 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> Manchi Chedu <P> In this luxury budget task there are two teams Manchivallu Team and Cheddavallu Team . </P> <Ul> <Li> Manchi Team : : Babu Gogineni , Roll Rida , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Nandini Rai , Deepti Nallamothu and Tanish . </Li> <Li> Chedu Team : : Tejeswi Madiwada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Bhanu Sree , Amit Tiwari and Geetha Madhuri . </Li> </Ul> <P> Manchi team had to clean things in the house and they had to cook for all housemates . Chedu team tried to make the house dirty . Manchi team had to protect three lotus flowers and red apples to not lose points and chedu team had to destroy those flowers and protect black apples to gain points . The apple tree was in garden area it contains red and black apples . While chedu team won the task Bigg Boss gave 2600 amazon.in luxury budget points for good performances by both the teams and 200 points were deducted due to tejaswi destroyed the cleaning mop therefore housemates won 2400 amazon.in luxury budget points to buy luxury items . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 32 </Td> <Td> Result </Td> <Td> Won - Chedu Team </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 33 </Td> <Td> Captaincy Task </Td> <Td> BIGGBOSS inti Samskarthallu <P> Contenders are : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Sunaina </P> <P> Two contenders had to prepare their own campaigns on what reforms they are making and propagate to each housemate and they should clarify housemates ' doubts . After propagations , Bigg Boss conducted an election and all housemates had to drop their votes in ballot box arranged in the garden area . Geetha Madhuri won Week 6 captaincy with 11 votes . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 32 </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bhanu Sree </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 29 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deepti Nallamothu </Li> <Li> Ganesh </Li> <Li> Bhanu Sree </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 35 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bhanu Sree </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 6 </Th> <Td> Day 33 to Day 40 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geetha Madhuri </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Days 37 , 38 , 39 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> BIGG BOSS BLOCKBUSTER <P> In this luxury budget task , housemates have to shoot a film . Amit as Director , Deepti nallamothu as Assistant director ( A.D ) , Roll Rida as Director of photography ( DOP ) , Tejaswi madivada as choreographer , makeup man and Stylist . Level one : - Director , Assistant Director and DOP have to prepare a story and its characters . The film should be in the order like Beginning , Romance , Action , and climax . Level Two : - Auditions has to be conducted by Amit ( Director ) , Deepti Nallamothu ( A.D ) , and Roll Rida ( DOP ) in the Activity Room . The remaining housemates had to audition to be selected to be a character for the film . Rejected housemates became helping crew in the film and were not eligible for the next captaincy task . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 40 </Td> <Td> Captaincy Task </Td> <Td> Tomato Juice <Ul> <Li> Contestants : : Amit , Babu Gogineni , Tanish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 36 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amit ( 11 ) </Li> <Li> Deepti </Li> <Li> Roll </Li> <Li> Samrat </Li> <Li> Tejaswi </Li> <Li> Tanish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 42 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tejaswi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 7 </Th> <Td> Day 43 </Td> <Td> Entrances </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pooja Ramachandran entered the Bigg Boss house as a wild card contestant . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 40 to Day 46 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tanish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 46 </Td> <Td> Captaincy Task </Td> <Td> Move the Statue <Ul> <Li> Contenders : : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Nallamotu , Amit Tiwar , Samrat </Li> <Li> Geetha Madhuri won the Task and became House Captain for Week 8. This is second time for Geetha Madhuri to be as House Captain. , </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 47 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> Nadusthundu Nadusthundu Nadusthuneundu In this luxury budget task , housemates had to divide into three teams . Each team had three members . One should swim to bring body spray bottle in the pool , one should walk from the pool to the standing person , and one should stand at the table . Swimming member have to bring only one fog body spray bottle at a time and had to give it to their walking team member and the walking member will give it to their standing member and he / she will place the bottle on the table . Geetha Madhuri was chancellor for this task . Team one : - Kaushal , Deepti Nallamothu and Nandhini . Team Two : - Samrat Reddy , Tanish Alladi , Deepthi Sunaina . Team Three : - Pooja Ramachandran , Amit Tiwari , Roll Rida . Swimmers : - Kaushal , Samrat Reddy , and Pooja Ramachandran . Walkers : - Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , and Amit Tiwari . <P> Team one won this task and they awarded with luxury items available under the cap of the body spray bottle collected by them . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 43 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kaushal </Li> <Li> Amit Tiwari </Li> <Li> Deepthi Sunaina </Li> <Li> Ganesh </Li> <Li> Nandini </Li> <Li> Babu Gogineni </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemates . Even though housemates were nominated , there is no eviction . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 8 </Th> <Td> Day 53 </Td> <Td> Entrances </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Syamala and Nutan Naidu re-entered the Bigg Boss house . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 46 to Day 54 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geetha Madhuri </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 51 , 52 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> Pirates VS Survivors In this task , housemates are divided into two teams . Team One : - Deepthi Sunaina , Deepti Nallamothu , Geetha Madhuri , Pooja Ramachandran , Samrat Reddy and Roll Rida . Team Two : - Amit Tiwari , Ganesh , Babu Gogineni , Tanish , Nandini and Kaushal . Day 1 : Team One were survivors and Team Two were pirates . Roles are reversed on Day 2 . Pirates have to attempt to drag survivors out off the plank while Survivors were supposed to hang on a plank and should n't touch the ground after stepping onto a plank . <P> Team one won this luxury budget task by surviving three hours on planks as survivors . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 54 </Td> <Td> Captaincy Task </Td> <Td> Dance with DJ <Ul> <Li> Contenders : : Pooja Ramachandran , Roll Rida , Samrat </Li> </Ul> <P> In this Captaincy Task , housemates are asked to dance for the song , only one housemate to contend for each song , total of five songs . And the DJ with the most housemates dancing to their song is a New Captain . </P> <Ul> <Li> Pooja Ramachandran won the task and became House Captain of Week 9 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 52 </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geetha Madhuri </Li> <Li> Ganesh ( Kaushal used his jail card and rescued Ganesh from jail ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 50 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kaushal </Li> <Li> Babu </Li> <Li> Nandini </Li> <Li> Ganesh </Li> <Li> Deepti Nallamothu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 56 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nandini Rai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 9 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 54 to Day 61 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pooja Ramachandran </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 58 , 59 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> Purushulaki mahilalaki Madhya Anthima Yuddham In this task , housemates are divided into two teams : - Boys Team and Girls Team . Every team controls any 2 places in the house . Teammates have to spend gold coins to use the area of other team . The bedroom and kitchen were controlled by the girls team , while living room and bathroom were controlled by the boys team . To get more gold coins , team mates have to finish some tasks given by bigg boss . The team with the most coins wins the task . Some Intermediate tasks : - Sharira Drudatvamtho Kudukunnadi : In this task , four girls and four boys have to participate . There are two tires in the gym area . One should sit on the tire and the other pull them from the yellow mark ( Starting point ) to the red mark ( End point ) . Boys team won this task and was awarded with one gold coin packet . Samayaspurthitho Kudukunnadi : There are two lines and one center point in the garden area . Both teams have to decide there numbers from 1 to 4 chancellor will say one number they should try to get gold coin packet from the center point . Boys team won 3 gold coin packets . Kabaddi : Kabaddi sport between the boys and girls teams . There are five round the one with most points win the task . Boys team won this task with 4 points . Box opening : There are some locked boxes in the garden area and keys in the pool . Both the teams have to get the keys from the pool and open the boxes . All boxes contain one gold coin . Boys team won . Quiz to Girls : In this task the quiz master is Tanish and the score marker is Ganesh . Three girls from mahilalu team has to answer 20 out of 30 general knowledge ( GK ) questions to win gold coins . Girls lost this task by answering 16 out of 30 questions . Purushulu vantacheyaleru : In this task boys team have to cook some food ordered by bigg boss in 45 minutes to win gold coin packet . Purushulu team won this task . <P> Mahilalu team has 325 coins . Purushulu team won this luxury budget task with 330 gold coins . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 61 </Td> <Td> Captaincy Task </Td> <Td> Raangu Rabba Rabba Contenders : - Tanish and Deepti Nallamothu There are two paint buckets and one white board in garden area . Contenders have to select one color and start painting the white board . Whoever 's paint color is most visible on the board will become the next captain of the house . Tanish won the task and became the House Captain of Week 10 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 57 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Babu Gogineni </Li> <Li> Geetha Madhuri </Li> <Li> Syamala </Li> <Li> Deepti Nallamothu </Li> <Li> Tanish </Li> <Li> Ganesh </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 63 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Babu Gogineni </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 10 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 61 to Day 68 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tanish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 65 , 66 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> Bigg Boss Call Center <Ul> <Li> Housemates are divided into two teams - Call Center Executives and Customers </Li> </Ul> <P> Team Kaushal : Samrat , Syamala , Kaushal , Deepti Nallamothu , Nuthan Naidu , Amit Tiwari Team Tanish : Roll Rida , Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Sunaina , Tanish , Pooja Ramachandran , Ganesh Call center executives have to patiently listen to their customers ' complaints and should respond politely and make them disconnect the call to gain one point . Customers have to irritate the executives and make them disconnect the call to gain one point . Team One members are call center executives and Team Two members are customers on Day 1 . Roles are reversed on Day 2 . Kaushal team won the task with 10 points and they were awarded with 2400 Luxury Budget points to buy luxury items . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 68 </Td> <Td> Captaincy Task </Td> <Td> Padagottu Nillabettu Contenders : Kaushal and Roll Rida . There are two types of blocks placed in the garden area . Contenders have to construct a pyramid using the blocks and have protect it until the buzzer sounds . The remaining housemates have to throw balls to destroy the pyramids . Roll Rida won this task and became Week 11 captain . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 64 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pooja Ramachandran </Li> <Li> Geetha Madhuri </Li> <Li> Roll Rida </Li> <Li> Nutan </Li> <Li> Syamala </Li> <Li> Deepthi Sunaina </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 70 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deepthi Sunaina </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 11 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 68 to Day 75 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Roll Rida </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 75 </Td> <Td> Captaincy Task </Td> <Td> Mee Captaincy Merey Konukondi Contenders : Deepti Nallamothu and Kaushal . Two weighing machines were placed for the contenders ( one each ) in the garden area . Every housemate had to weigh belongings and drop in the basket of the contender they support , giving their reasons for their support . The contender with the maximum weight emerges the winner . Syamala was the chancellor of the task . She had to announce the winner and put the winner 's weighed belongings in the storeroom . Deepti Nallamothu won the task and became a new captain of the house . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> Bigg Boss Inti Pelli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 71 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pooja </Li> <Li> Tanish </Li> <Li> Deepti </Li> <Li> Kaushal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 77 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pooja Ramachandran </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 12 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 76 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No Captain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 75 Day 77 to Day 81 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deepti Nallamothu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 79 , 80 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> Murder Mystery This is a luxury budget game . In this game , Bigg Boss asked to pick one box in the confession room by housemates secretly . Randomly it consists of a white pearl , a red pearl and a black pearl . The housemate who got a white pearl will become a public team people , the red pearl person becomes a killer , the black pearl persons become police and a detective man . Killer : Geetha Madhuri has to do some tasks given by Bigg Boss to kill a public member to win the task and to gain immunity for Week 13 . Public Team : Kaushal , Amit Tiwari , Nutan Naidu , Samrat , Syamala , Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish . Public team have to protect their lives from the killer to win the task , If any housemate is murdered by the killer he / she should enter the graveyard arranged in the garden area . Police and Detective : Roll Rida is the police and Ganesh is the detective . Both have to find the killer to win the task . Housemates do n't know who is the killer and who are public members and everyone knows who is the police and the detective . Following tasks done by Geetha Madhuri to kill Public team members : - Geetha Madhuri should complete all five tasks to win immunity and a special power . Task 1 : She has to irritate one housemate and anger him . Geetha Madhuri successfully made Kaushal angry and killed him . Task 2 : She has to feed food to one housemate . Geetha Madhuri successfully made Samrat to eat bread by his hands and killed him . Task 3 : She has to write one housemate 's name on the mirror in the bathroom area . Geetha Madhuri successfully wrote Amit 's name and killed him . Task 4 : She has to dance with one housemate . Geetha Madhuri danced with Syamala and killed her . Task 5 : She has to spoil one housemate 's bed by using any food products . Geetha Madhuri successfully spoiled Deepti 's bed and killed her . As per Bigg Boss ' instructions , the police ( Roll Rida ) and Detective ( Ganesh ) had to name , investigate their 3 suspects in a witness box and then announce their final conclusion along with evidence . Roll Rida and Ganesh reported to Bigg Boss that Tanish is the killer and lost the task . All tasks were done secretly by Geetha Madhuri and she won immunity for Week 13 and special power to nominate one housemate throughout the season and they awarded with 2000 luxury budget points to buy luxury items . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 81 </Td> <Td> Captaincy Task </Td> <Td> Aalasipothe Anthame Contenders : Nutan Naidu , Tanish and Roll Rida . In this task there are three cycles placed in the garden area . Contenders have to cycle until the buzzer sounds . The remaining housemates have to support one and try to stop the remaining contenders cycling without touching the cycle. Tanish gave up after 8 hours of cycling . After the buzzer sounded , Bigg Boss announced that there are two contenders still cycling therefore there are no winner and no captain for Week 13 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 78 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kaushal </Li> <Li> Samrat </Li> <Li> Nutan Naidu </Li> <Li> Amit Tiwari </Li> <Li> Ganesh </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 83 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ganesh </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 84 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nutan Naidu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 13 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 81 to Day 89 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No Captain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 86 , 87 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> Tollywood Marathon This is a 24 / 7 luxury budget task.In this task there are 8 solo songs and one boys group song and one girls group song and one house group song . Bigg Boss given some different solo song to each housemate . Bigg Boss plays a song any time , housemates have to remember their song whenever song plays housemate have to dance on the dance floor arranged in living area . If any housemate goes late on to the dance floor or if the housemate dances to the wrong song , they 'll lose luxury budget points . Continually Bigg Boss sends cakes on the occasion of Bigg Boss 's birthday . Housemates have to wish happy birthday to Bigg Boss and they have to eat cake every time he sends throughout the day 87 by continuing Tollywood Marathon task . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 88 to Day 89 </Td> <Td> Special Task </Td> <Td> Ticket to Grand Finale This is a task which grants immunity for a housemate to become a finalist for the season . There is a car in the garden area and this task lasts for exactly 24 hours . Housemates have to enter the car when the start buzzer rings . The first 5 members who sit in the car will be contenders of this task . Housemates should not step out of the car until the buzzer sounds . There should be only 1 housemate in the car at the time of the end buzzer , if there more than 1 housemate in the car , will result in total lose of task no one will get immunity . Contenders : - Geetha Madhuri , Tanish , Deepti Nallamothu , Samrat and Syamala . At the end of the day there were 3 housemates in the car , therefore no one was eligible to get immunity and become a finalist . Bigg Boss announced that there will be no captaincy task and no captain for Week 14 for losing the Ticket to Finale task </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 81 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kaushal </Li> <Li> Deepti Nallamothu </Li> <Li> Amit Tiwari </Li> <Li> Samrat </Li> <Li> Syamala </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 91 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Syamala </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 14 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 89 to Day 95 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No Captain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 92 </Td> <Td> Tasks </Td> <Td> Oppo F9 Pro Fully Charged In this task housemates are divided into two teams . Twilight Blue : Kaushal , Tanish , Roll Rida , and Samrat . Sun Rise Red : Geetha , Deepti , and Amit . There are two mobile phones on stands and two sets of boxes ( Each set consist of 100 boxes ) in the garden area . Both the teams have to find the charger from the boxes in the garden area after the buzzer sounded , and they can stop other teams effort in searching , and they have to charge only for 5 minutes in the gym area . Bigg Boss sounds a start buzzer to take selfies with using the features in the mobile phone , while others can spoil their selfies . Twilight Blue Team won the task with clear selfies and got a phone call from the public . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 93 , 94 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> Bigg Boss Remote Control This is an individual luxury budget task . All housemates have follow the orders passed by BIGG BOSS . <P> List of orders given by Bigg Boss : </P> <Ul> <Li> Freeze - Housemate ( s ) have to freeze immediately . </Li> <Li> Rewind - Housemate ( s ) have to rewind immediately . </Li> <Li> Fast Forward - Housemate ( s ) have to do their work in fast motion . </Li> <Li> Release - Housemate ( s ) are released from all orders temporary . </Li> <Li> Housemate ( s ) have to dance to the Bigg Boss Telugu 2 theme music in the garden area . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Housemates won 800 luxury budget points to buy luxury items . </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 95 </Td> <Td> Captaincy Task </Td> <Td> Thudhivaraku Contender : Deepti Nallamothu , Samrat , Amit , Roll Rida , Geetha Madhuri , and Tanish . Kaushal was a chancellor for this task . There were 6 glasses placed in the garden area with coloured water in each of it . Each housemate had to pick the glass and must not put the glass down until 5 buzzers . Upon each buzzer , one glass should be emptied . The housemates can either negotiate or use any other method to convince other housemate put the glass down . The housemates can hide any where in the house except washrooms . Bigg Boss announced that no one followed the given rules and making their own rules to play the task . There were no housemate with full or more than half the glass with coloured water , therefore there is no captain for week 15 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 95 </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deepti Nallamothu ( Bigg Boss sent Deepti to jail for breaking house property ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 92 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kaushal </Li> <Li> Amit Tiwari </Li> <Li> Geetha Madhuri </Li> <Li> Roll Rida </Li> <Li> Deepti Nallamothu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 98 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amit Tiwari </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 15 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 95 to Day 103 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No Captain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 100,101 , 102 </Td> <Td> Tasks </Td> <Td> Race To Finale This is the task which gives another opportunity to get immunity from eviction and to become a first finalist for the housemates . In this task there are two levels . The winners of level one will be qualified for level two . <Ul> <Li> Level 1 : - Mee Esuka Jaagratha </Li> </Ul> <P> There are three sand containers in the garden area . Roll Rida , Geetha Madhuri , and Kaushal have to protect their respective sand container , while Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish , and Samrat have to empty or destroy their sand containers after start buzzer sounded . At the end buzzer the contestant with more amount of sand becomes eligible for the level two . The roles get reversed subsequently to decide the second qualifier for the level two . Roll Rida and Samrat qualified for level two . </P> <Ul> <Li> Level 2 : - Kodi Gudllu Jaagratha </Li> </Ul> <P> There are two egg bowls for one each . Samrat and Roll Rida have to protect their respective egg bowls to win the task . Remaining housemates can try to brake their eggs . Contenders can hide anywhere in house except washrooms . Samrat won the task and gained immunity from week 's eviction and became a first finalist of the season . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 103 </Td> <Td> Luxury Budget Task </Td> <Td> Baanthi Jaagratha There were two tables in the garden area . one table consists of a tray of smiley ball on which luxury items names were written and on the other table had an empty tray . The housemates had to stand in a line adjacent to each other between the tables , pick the smiley balls with their mouth , pass on the ball mouth - to - mouth and drop them into the empty tray . Housemates collected 10 balls and they awarded with 10 luxury items . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 99 </Td> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deepti Nallamothu </Li> <Li> Tanish </Li> <Li> Kaushal </Li> <Li> Geetha Madhuri </Li> <Li> Roll Rida </Li> <Li> Samrat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 105 </Td> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Roll Rida </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 16 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 103 to Day 112 </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No Captain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 107 </Td> <Td> Tasks </Td> <Td> Characters Swap Housemates got letters from the post box , which it contains one of the finalist name and they should behave like that housemate until . Bigg Boss will give some situations which occurred in past in the house for respective housemate to act like them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 106 </Td> <Td> Finalists </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> During the final week the public vote for who they wanted to win Bigg Boss 2 . The finalists for the title were as following : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Samrat Reddy </Dd> <Dd> Kaushal Manda </Dd> <Dd> Geetha Madhuri </Dd> <Dd> Deepti Nallamothu </Dd> <Dd> Tanish Alladi </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finale Day 112 </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kaushal Manda </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Runner - Up </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geetha Madhuri </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Third Place </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tanish Alladi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fourth Place </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deepti Nallamothu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fifth Place </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Samrat Reddy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ' marks TV debut of Nani as host , show goes on air from June 10 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 first promo is out ; Auditions open for commoners '' . Times Of India . 2018 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Biggboss house had been constructed in Hyderabad '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Nani targeted for biased hosting '' . IB Times . 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Nani breaks silence on ' biased ' hosting comments '' . IB Times . 4 September 2018 . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 eviction : Kaushal Army upset with Nani , Star Maa for eliminating Nuthan Naidu '' . IB Times3 September . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 12th week eviction : Is this reason for Nuthan Naidu 's elimination ? '' . IB Times . 3 September 2018 . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Sai Dharam Tej , Anupama to appear as celebrity guests to promote Tej I Love You '' . IB Times . 2018 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 19 , 2018 : Pradeep reveals his reasons to enter the house '' . Times Of India . 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 next special guest : Lakshmi Manchu promotes Wife of Ram on Nani 's show '' . IB Times . 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan promotes Vishwaroopam 2 on Nani 's Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Anasuya Bharadwaj makes surprise entry in Nani hosted show '' . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aadhi Pinisetty , Taapsee Pannu , Ritika Singh promote Neevevaro on Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , actors Sunil and Allari Naresh graced the show to promote their film silly fellows '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 12 , 2018 : Housemates share emotional moments with families '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 13 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 24 , 2018 : Sudheer Babu , and his co-star Nabha Natesh entered into the house '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 25 , 2018 : Tanish flawlessly imitates Geetha '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 Day 110 Highlights : Finalists set for a reunion '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 finale live updates : Finalists Geetha , Kaushal , Deepthi , Tanish , Samrat treated with beauty regimes '' . IB Times . Retrieved 29 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 30 , 2018 : Deepthi drags Kaushal into the elimination race '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 3 , 2018 : Kamal Haasan gifts Amit a two - week extension card '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 updates : Nutan Naidu sudden exit from the show due to a shoulder dislocation '' . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 contestants upset over Nutan Naidu 's comeback after shoulder injury '' . IB Times . 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , August 30 , 2018 : Geetha slaps Kaushal with a nomination for the rest of the season '' . Times Of India . 2018 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 launch highlights : Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari and Tejaswi Madivada among others enter Bigg Boss house '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu season 2 written update , June 15 , 2018 : Samrat becomes the first captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 7 : Sanjana Anne Evicted from Bigg Boss house , and Nandini Rai entered the Bigg Boss house as a Wild Card Contestant '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 22 , 2018 : House witnesses some ugly fights , Amit emerges as the new captain '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 14 : Nutan Naidu Evicted from Nani'sBigg Boss '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 27 , 2018 : Kaushal and Tejaswi win a special voting power '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 29 , 2018 : Roll Rida is the new captain , Babu and Tanish jailed '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Episode 22 : Kireeti Damaraju Evicted from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , 4th elimination live updates : Nandini , Deepti saved , Syamala evicted '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 13 , 2018 : Geetha Madhuri wins a majority in captaincy race '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Bhanu Sree evicted , Nani asks her to pack bag '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 week 6 elimination : Tejaswi Madivada shown doors , Samrat Reddy is safe from eviction '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Wildcard entry of Pooja Ramachandran old fixture in house '' . IB Times . 2018 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss 2 Telugu , episode 47 : Geetha Madhuri Became captain for the second time '' . Hindustan Times . 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ex-contestant's wildcard entry : Who should be brought back ? ( Poll ) '' . IB Times . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : No elimination from Nani 's show Nuthan Naidu , Syamala re-enter the house '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 2 , 2018 : Pooja is the new captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 3 August 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 eliminations Live updates : Nandini Rai is evicted , she drops Bigg bomb on Roll Rida '' . IB Times . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 10 , 2018 : Tanish is the new captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 11 August 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Babu Gogineni evicted ; Tanish , Ganesh , Deepthi are safe '' . IB Times . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Deepthi Sunaina drops the Bigg Bomb on Tanish '' . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Pooja Ramachandran drops bigg bomb on Geetha Madhuri '' . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Geetha Madhuri wins ' murder ' task , gains immunity from elimination , but nominates Kaushal again '' . IB Times . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , August 31 , 2018 : Nutan Naidu misses the opportunity to be a captain '' . Times Of India . 1 September 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Ganesh eliminated from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , Kaushal gets saved '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Nani asks Nuthan Naidu to pack his bags , drops bomb on deepthi '' . IB Times . Retrieved 3 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 7 , 2018 : None wins the ' Ticket to finale ' ; Kaushal irks every housemate '' . Times Of India . 8 September 2018 . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live update : Shyamala evicted from Nani 's show , drops big bomb on Roll Rida '' . IB Times . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 13 , 2018 : Bigg Boss punishes Deepti '' . Times Of India . 14 September 2018 . Retrieved 15 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Amit Tiwari drops big bomb on Deepthi after eviction '' . IB Times . Retrieved 16 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 18 , 2018 : Roll Rida advances into level 2 of ' Race to Finale ' '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Next task in ' Race to Finale ' level 2 announced '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 20 , 2018 : Samrat Reddy becomes the first finalist of the season '' . Times of India . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Roll Rida gets eliminated from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . IB Times . Retrieved 23 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 finale LIVE UPDATES : Kaushal Manda wins the show '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 30 September 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official Website at Hotstar </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Big Brother </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Africa </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Location of different versions of Big Brother . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Canada <Ul> <Li> Québec </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Pacific </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> United States <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> <Li> Digital </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia - Pacific </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arab States </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> India <Ul> <Li> Hindi </Li> <Li> Kannada </Li> <Li> Bangla </Li> <Li> Tamil </Li> <Li> Telugu </Li> <Li> Marathi </Li> <Li> Malayalam </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Israel <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bulgaria <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France <Ul> <Li> Loft Story </Li> <Li> Secret Story </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Germany <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary <Ul> <Li> TV2 </Li> <Li> RTL II </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Italy <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Sweden and Norway </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> United Kingdom <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Virtual </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Second Life </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bigg Boss Telugu </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Siva Balaji </Li> <Li> Kaushal Manda </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runner - up </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aadarsh </Li> <Li> Geetha Madhuri </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_Telugu_2&oldid=866133563 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2018 Indian television seasons </Li> <Li> Bigg Boss seasons </Li> <Li> Bigg Boss Telugu </Li> <Li> Big Brother ( TV series ) seasons </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia semi-protected pages </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 13 : 47 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Tourism in Nepal - wikipedia <H1> Tourism in Nepal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Hotel Shanker , Kathmandu <P> Tourism is the largest industry in Nepal and its largest source of foreign exchange and revenue . Possessing eight of the ten highest mountains in the world , Nepal is a hotspot destination for mountaineers , rock climbers and people seeking adventure . The Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Nepal and its cool weather are also strong attractions . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 Statistics <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Arrivals </Li> <Li> 2.2 Arrivals by country </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Wilderness tourism </Li> <Li> 4 Religious sites </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space . Nepal has 8 of the 10 highest mountains in the world . <P> Mount Everest , the highest mountain peak in the world , is located in Nepal . Mountaineering and other types of adventure tourism and ecotourism are important attractions for visitors . The world heritage site Lumbini , birthplace of Gautama Buddha , is located in the south of the West region of Nepal ( which despite the name is located in the centre of the country ) and there are other important religious pilgrimage sites throughout the country . The tourist industry is seen as a way to alleviate poverty and achieve greater social equity in the country . Tourism brings $471 ma year to Nepal . </P> Namche Bazaar , gateway to Mount Everest , under snow <P> According to statistics of 2012 , there was a slow growth rate of 9.8 % . According to statistics from Nepal Tourism Board ( NTB ) , a total of 598,204 foreign tourists entered the country via aerial route in 2012 . The government of Nepal declared 2011 to be Nepal Tourism Year , and hoped to attract one million foreign tourists to the country during that year . The government of Nepal has also declared Lumbini Tourism Year 2012 to promote Lumbini . </P> <P> Tourism in Nepal was badly affected , at least temporarily , by the series of earthquakes in 2015 . </P> Lumbini <H2> Statistics ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2007 - , the number of international tourists visiting Nepal was 526,705 , which was an increase of 37.2 % compared to the previous year . In 2008 , the number of tourists decreased by 5 % to 500,277 . </P> <P> In 2008 , 55.9 % of the foreign visitors came from Asia ( 18.2 % from India ) , while Western Europeans accounted for 27.5 % , 7.6 % were from North America , 3.2 % from Australia and the Pacific Region , 2.6 % from Eastern Europe , 1.5 % from Central and South America , 0.3 % from Africa and 1.4 % from other countries . </P> <P> Foreign tourists visiting Nepal in 2008 stayed in the country for an average of 11.78 days . </P> <H3> Arrivals ( edit ) </H3> <P> This statistic shows the number of international tourist arrivals by year , 1993 -- 2016 : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Number of international tourists arriving in Nepal </Th> <Th> % change from previous year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 293,567 </Td> <Td> - 12.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 326,531 </Td> <Td> + 11.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 363,395 </Td> <Td> + 11.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 393,613 </Td> <Td> + 8.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 421,857 </Td> <Td> + 7.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 463,684 </Td> <Td> + 9.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 491,504 </Td> <Td> + 6.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 463,646 </Td> <Td> - 5.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 361,237 </Td> <Td> - 22.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 275,468 </Td> <Td> - 23.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 338,132 </Td> <Td> + 22.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 385,297 </Td> <Td> + 13.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 375,398 </Td> <Td> - 2.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 383,926 </Td> <Td> + 2.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 526,705 </Td> <Td> + 37.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 500,277 </Td> <Td> - 5.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 509,956 </Td> <Td> + 1.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 602,867 </Td> <Td> + 18.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 736,215 </Td> <Td> + 22.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 803,092 </Td> <Td> + 9.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 797,616 </Td> <Td> - 0.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 790,118 </Td> <Td> - 0.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 538,970 </Td> <Td> - 31 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 753,002 </Td> <Td> + 40 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 940,218 </Td> <Td> + 24.8 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Arrivals by country ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most tourists arriving to Nepal on short term basis were from the following countries of nationality : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> 2017 </Th> <Th> 2016 </Th> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Th> 2013 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 160,832 </Td> <Td> 118,249 </Td> <Td> 75,124 </Td> <Td> 135,343 </Td> <Td> 180,974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 104,664 </Td> <Td> 104,005 </Td> <Td> 66,984 </Td> <Td> 123,805 </Td> <Td> 113,173 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 79,146 </Td> <Td> 53,645 </Td> <Td> 42,687 </Td> <Td> 498 , 30 </Td> <Td> 47,355 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 51,058 </Td> <Td> 46,295 </Td> <Td> 29,730 </Td> <Td> 36,759 </Td> <Td> 35,688 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 45,361 </Td> <Td> 57,521 </Td> <Td> 44,367 </Td> <Td> 37,546 </Td> <Td> 32,736 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> 39,154 </Td> <Td> 26,722 </Td> <Td> 32,338 </Td> <Td> 33,422 </Td> <Td> 40,969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 34,301 </Td> <Td> 25,171 </Td> <Td> 18,112 </Td> <Td> 23,205 </Td> <Td> 19,714 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 33,371 </Td> <Td> 25,507 </Td> <Td> 16,619 </Td> <Td> 24,516 </Td> <Td> 20,469 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> 30,852 </Td> <Td> 25,769 </Td> <Td> 21,631 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 29,918 </Td> <Td> 23,812 </Td> <Td> 16,405 </Td> <Td> 18,028 </Td> <Td> 22,263 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 29,060 </Td> <Td> 23,440 </Td> <Td> 14,831 </Td> <Td> 21,851 </Td> <Td> 22,410 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 27,326 </Td> <Td> 22,979 </Td> <Td> 17,613 </Td> <Td> 25,892 </Td> <Td> 26,694 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 26,140 </Td> <Td> 20,863 </Td> <Td> 16,405 </Td> <Td> 24,097 </Td> <Td> 21,842 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> 18,284 </Td> <Td> 13,669 </Td> <Td> 9,855 </Td> <Td> 18,915 </Td> <Td> 18,842 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 15,953 </Td> <Td> 12,255 </Td> <Td> 6,741 </Td> <Td> 13,110 </Td> <Td> 10,412 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 15,105 </Td> <Td> 12,491 </Td> <Td> 8,398 </Td> <Td> 11,610 </Td> <Td> 12,132 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 13,393 </Td> <Td> 11,453 </Td> <Td> 7,515 </Td> <Td> 12,320 </Td> <Td> 10,516 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Total Foreigner </Td> <Td> 940,218 </Td> <Td> 753,002 </Td> <Td> 538,970 </Td> <Td> 790,118 </Td> <Td> 797,616 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Wilderness Tourism ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chitwan National Park </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> IUCN category II ( national park ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Elephant safari with rhinos </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> According to Nepal 's Ministry of Tourism , major tourist activities include wilderness and adventure activities such as mountain biking , bungee jumping , rock climbing and mountain climbing , trekking , hiking , bird watching , flights , paragliding and hot air ballooning over the mountains of Himalaya , exploring the waterways by raft , kayak or canoe and jungle safaris especially in the Terai region . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Ilam , tea capital of Nepal and one of the tourism hotpots in eastern Nepal </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The only international elephant polo in Chitwan National Park </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Religious sites ( edit ) </H2> Janaki Mandir , the temple where Nepalese goddess Sita married Lord Rama in Nepal . World famous Pashupatinath Temple in Nepal . <P> The major religion in Nepal is Hinduism , and the Pashupatinath Temple , the world 's largest temple of Shiva , located in Kathmandu , attracts many pilgrims and tourists . Other Hindu pilgrimage sites include the temple complex in Swargadwari in the Pyuthan district ; Janaki Mandir in Janakpurdham in Mithila region ; Lake Gosainkunda near Dhunche ; the temples at Devghat ; Manakamana temple in the Gorkha District ; Pathibhara near Phungling ; and Mahamrityunjaya Shivasan Nepal in Palpa District where the biggest metallic idol of Lord Shiva is located . </P> <P> Buddhism is the largest minority religion . The World Heritage site at Lumbini , which is traditionally considered to be the birthplace of Gautama Buddha , is an important pilgrimage site . Another prominent Buddhist site is Swayambhunath , the Monkey Temple , in Kathmandu . </P> <P> Dang valley is a sacred place for Hindus as well as other religions . Kalika and Malika Devi in Chhillikot hill , Ambekeshawori temple , Krishna temple , Dharapani temple are among the sacred places in Dang district . Chillikot hill is also a good place for sightseeing and also an ancient palace of a king . </P> <P> Muktinath is a sacred place for Hindus as well as Buddhists . The site is located in Muktinath Valley , Mustang district . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Visa policy of Nepal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner , Rochelle . `` Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2015 Nepal '' . World Travel & Tourism Council . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why Mount Everest is so dangerous '' . Discover Economist. 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nepal aims to attract 1 million foreign tourists next year Archived 2010 - 10 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Xinhua News Agency , accessed 21 November 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Survey report Archived 2011 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Government of Nepal , Ministry of Finance , accessed 21 November 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nepal Tourism Statistics 2010 Report Archived 2012 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Government of Nepal , Ministry of Tourism , and Civil Aviation , accessed April 3rd , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Government of Nepal , Ministry of Culture , Tourism & Civil Aviation ( May 2016 ) . `` Nepal Tourism Statistics 2016 '' ( PDF ) ( Visitor Arrivals ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Countrywise Tourist Arrival Statistics ( 2013 - 2016 ) '' . Nepal Tourism Board . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arrival Departure Final Summary 2017 '' ( XLSX ) . Nepal Tourism Board . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Popular Hiking Routes in Nepal '' . Everest Uncensored . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Major Tourism Activities Archived 2015 - 07 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Nepal Ministry of Culture , Tourism and Civil Aviation , retrieved 21 October 2014 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Nepal travel guide from Wikivoyage </Li> <Li> Official tourism website </Li> <Li> Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation </Li> <Li> List of Nepal Hotels </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tourism in Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Bahrain </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> Brunei </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Jordan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Kuwait </Li> <Li> Kyrgyzstan </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Maldives </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Oman </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Qatar </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> Tajikistan </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Turkmenistan </Li> <Li> United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> <Li> Yemen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States with limited recognition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abkhazia </Li> <Li> Artsakh </Li> <Li> Northern Cyprus </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> South Ossetia </Li> <Li> Taiwan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British Indian Ocean Territory </Li> <Li> Christmas Island </Li> <Li> Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Macau </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Nepal&oldid=837287598 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> IUCN Category II </Li> <Li> Economy of Nepal </Li> <Li> Tourism in Nepal </Li> <Li> Tourism in Asia </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from November 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 21 : 57 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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42 ( number ) - wikipedia <H1> 42 ( number ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← 41 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 43 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 → List of numbers -- Integers ← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 → </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cardinal </Th> <Td> forty - two </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ordinal </Th> <Td> 42nd ( forty - second ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Factorization </Th> <Td> 2 × 3 × 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divisors </Th> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 14 , 21 , 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greek numeral </Th> <Td> ΜΒ _́ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roman numeral </Th> <Td> XLII </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unicode symbol ( s ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greek prefix </Th> <Td> μβ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Binary </Th> <Td> 101010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ternary </Th> <Td> 1120 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quaternary </Th> <Td> 222 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quinary </Th> <Td> 132 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senary </Th> <Td> 110 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Octal </Th> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duodecimal </Th> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hexadecimal </Th> <Td> 2A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vigesimal </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Base 36 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> 42 ( forty - two ) is the natural number that succeeds 41 and precedes 43 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Mathematics </Li> <Li> 2 Science </Li> <Li> 3 Technology </Li> <Li> 4 Astronomy </Li> <Li> 5 Religion </Li> <Li> 6 Popular culture <Ul> <Li> 6.1 The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy </Li> <Li> 6.2 Works of Lewis Carroll </Li> <Li> 6.3 Music </Li> <Li> 6.4 Television and film </Li> <Li> 6.5 Video games </Li> <Li> 6.6 Sports </Li> <Li> 6.7 Gaming </Li> <Li> 6.8 Architecture </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Other fields </Li> <Li> 8 Other languages </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Mathematics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Forty - two ( 42 ) is a pronic number and an abundant number ; its prime factorization 2 3 7 makes it the second sphenic number and also the second of the form ( 2 3 r ) . </P> <P> Additional properties of the number 42 include : </P> <Ul> <Li> It is the third primary pseudoperfect number . </Li> <Li> It is a Catalan number . Consequently , 42 is the number of noncrossing partitions of a set of five elements , the number of triangulations of a heptagon , the number of rooted ordered binary trees with six leaves , the number of ways in which five pairs of nested parentheses can be arranged , etc . </Li> <Li> It is an alternating sign matrix number , that is , the number of 4 - by - 4 alternating sign matrices . </Li> <Li> It is the number of partitions of 10 -- the number of ways of expressing 10 as a sum of positive integers ( note a different sense of partition from that above ) . </Li> </Ul> The 3 × 3 × 3 magic cube with rows summing to 42 . <Ul> <Li> Given 27 same - size cubes whose nominal values progress from 1 to 27 , a 3 × 3 × 3 magic cube can be constructed such that every row , column , and corridor , and every diagonal passing through the center , is composed of 3 numbers whose sum of values is 42 . </Li> <Li> It is the third pentadecagonal number . It is a meandric number and an open meandric number . </Li> <Li> 42 is the only known value that is the number of sets of four distinct positive integers a , b , c , d , each less than the value itself , such that ab − cd , ac − bd , and ad − bc are each multiples of the value . Whether there are other values remains an open question . </Li> <Li> 42 is a ( 2 , 6 ) - perfect number ( super-multiperfect ) , as σ ( n ) = σ ( σ ( n ) ) = 6n . </Li> <Li> 42 is the resulting number of the original Smith number ( 4937775 = 3 × 5 × 5 × 65837 ) : Both the sum of its digits ( 4 + 9 + 3 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 5 ) and the sum of the digits in its prime factorization ( 3 + 5 + 5 + ( 6 + 5 + 8 + 3 + 7 ) ) result in 42 . </Li> <Li> The dimension of the Borel subalgebra in the exceptional Lie algebra e is 42 . </Li> <Li> 42 is the largest number n such that there exist positive integers p , q , r with 1 = 1 / n + 1 / p + 1 / q + 1 / r </Li> <Li> 42 is the smallest number k such that for every Riemann surface C , # Aut ( C ) ≤ k deg ( K ) = k ( 2g − 2 ) ( Hurwitz 's automorphisms theorem ) </Li> <Li> 42 is a perfect score on the USA Math Olympiad ( USAMO ) and International Mathematical Olympiad ( IMO ) . </Li> <Li> 42 is the maximum of core points awarded in International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme . </Li> <Li> 42 is the sum of the first 6 positive even numbers . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Science ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 42 is the atomic number of molybdenum . </Li> <Li> 42 is the atomic mass of one of the naturally occurring stable isotopes of calcium . </Li> <Li> The angle rounded to whole degrees for which a rainbow appears ( the critical angle ) . </Li> <Li> In 1966 , mathematician Paul Cooper theorized that the fastest , most efficient way to travel across continents would be to bore a straight hollow tube directly through the Earth , connecting a set of antipodes , remove the air from the tube and fall through . The first half of the journey consists of free - fall acceleration , while the second half consists of an exactly equal deceleration . The time for such a journey works out to be 42 minutes . Even if the tube does not pass through the exact center of the Earth , the time for a journey powered entirely by gravity ( known as a gravity train ) always works out to be 42 minutes , so long as the tube remains friction - free , as while the force of gravity would be lessened , the distance traveled is reduced at an equal rate . ( The same idea was proposed , without calculation by Lewis Carroll in 1893 in Sylvie and Bruno Concluded . ) Now we know that is not true , and it only would take about 38 minutes . </Li> <Li> As determined by the Babylonians , in 79 years Mars orbits the Sun almost exactly 42 times . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Technology ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Magic numbers used by programmers : <Ul> <Li> In TIFF ( Tagged Image File Format ) , the second 16 - bit word of every file is 42 , `` an arbitrary but carefully chosen number that further identifies the file as a TIFF file '' . </Li> <Li> In the reiser4 file system , 42 is the inode number of the root directory . </Li> <Li> In the military IRIG 106 Chapter 10 data recording standard , the hex value 0x464F52545974776F ( ASCII `` FORTYtwo '' ) is used as a magic number to identify directory blocks . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The GNU C Library , a set of standard routines available for use in computer programming , contains a function -- memfrob ( ) -- which performs an XOR combination of a given variable and the binary pattern 00101010 ( 42 ) as an XOR cipher . </Li> <Li> Tiling a plane using regular hexagons , which is honeycomb in appearance , is approximated in a topological sense to an accuracy of better than 1 % using a stretcher bond brick pattern with bricks of 42 squares ( 6 by 7 ) . </Li> <Li> The password expiration policy for a Microsoft Windows domain defaults to 42 days . </Li> <Li> The ASCII code 42 is for the asterisk symbol , being a wildcard for everything . </Li> <Li> 4.2 V is the maximum safe voltage for most lithium ( Li - ion and Li - pol ) battery cells . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Astronomy ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Messier object M42 , a magnitude 5.0 diffuse nebula in the constellation Orion , also known as the Orion Nebula . </Li> <Li> The New General Catalogue object NGC 42 , a spiral galaxy in the constellation Pegasus . </Li> <Li> In January 2004 , asteroid 2001 DA was given the permanent name 25924 Douglasadams , for the author Douglas Adams who popularized the number 42 and died in 2001 . Brian G. Marsden , the director of the Minor Planet Center and the secretary for the naming committee , remarked that , with even his initials in the provisional designation , `` This was sort of made for him , was n't it ? '' . </Li> <Li> Kepler - 42 , a red dwarf in the constellation Cygnus around which orbits the three smallest exoplanets found to date . </Li> <Li> 42 Isis , a large main - belt asteroid measuring about 100 km in diameter . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Religion ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In Japanese culture , the number 42 is considered unlucky because the numerals when pronounced separately -- shi ni ( four two ) -- sound like the word `` death '' . </Li> <Li> There are 42 questions asked of persons making their journey through Death . Ma'at , a female personification , considered to be both maternal and a delivering force , is an Ancient Egyptian personification of physical and moral law , order , and truth . In the judgment scene described in the Egyptian and the Book of Pass ( the Book of the Dead , which evolved from the Coffin Texts and the Pyramid Texts ) , there are 42 questions personifying the analysis of Ma'at . If the departed reasonably can give answers to the 42 questions , they have the potential to either be reincarnate , or if completely successful , reach the ultimate goal of becoming a Star , whereon , they can continue to give Light , and fuel Universal growth . </Li> <Li> 42 is the number with which God creates the Universe in Kabbalistic tradition . In Kabbalah , the most significant name is that of the En Sof ( also known as `` Ein Sof '' , `` Infinite '' or `` Endless '' ) , who is above the Sefirot ( sometimes spelled `` Sephirot '' ) . The Forty - Two - Lettered Name contains four combined names which are spelled in Hebrew letters ( spelled in letters = 42 letters ) , which is the name of Azilut ( or `` Atziluth '' `` Emanation '' ) . While there are obvious links between the Forty - Two Lettered Name of the Babylonian Talmud and the Kabbalah 's Forty - Two Lettered Name , they are probably not identical because of the Kabbalah 's emphasis on numbers . The Kabbalah also contains a Forty - Five Lettered Name and a Seventy - Two Lettered Name . </Li> <Li> The number 42 appears in various contexts in Christianity . There are 42 generations ( names ) in the Gospel of Matthew 's version of the Genealogy of Jesus ; it is prophesied that for 42 months the Beast will hold dominion over the Earth ( Revelation 13 : 5 ) ; 42 men of Beth - azmaveth were counted in the census of men of Israel upon return from exile ( Ezra 2 : 24 ) ; God sent bears to maul 42 of the teenage boys who mocked Elisha for his baldness ( 2 Kings 2 : 23 ) , etc . </Li> <Li> In Judaism , the number ( in the Babylonian Talmud , compiled 375 AD to 499 AD ) of the `` Forty - Two Lettered Name '' ascribed to God . Rab ( or Rabhs ) , a 3rd - century source in the Talmud stated `` The Forty - Two Lettered Name is entrusted only to him who is pious , meek , middle - aged , free from bad temper , sober , and not insistent on his rights '' . ( Source : Talmud Kidduschin 71a , Translated by Rabbi Dr. I. Epstein ) . Maimonides felt that the original Talmudic Forty - Two Lettered Name was perhaps composed of several combined divine names ( Maimonides `` Moreh '' ) . The apparently unpronouncable Tetragrammaton provides the backdrop from the Twelve - Lettered Name and the Forty - Two Lettered Name of the Talmud . </Li> <Li> The Gutenberg Bible is also known as the `` 42 - line Bible '' , as the book contained 42 lines per page . </Li> <Li> The Forty - Two Articles ( 1552 ) , largely the work of Thomas Cranmer , were intended to summarize Anglican doctrine , as it now existed under the reign of Edward VI . </Li> <Li> The Sutra of 42 Sections is a Buddhist scripture . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( edit ) </H3> The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life , The Universe , and Everything . <P> The number 42 is , in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams , the `` Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life , the Universe , and Everything '' , calculated by an enormous supercomputer named Deep Thought over a period of 7.5 million years . Unfortunately , no one knows what the question is . Thus , to calculate the Ultimate Question , a special computer the size of a small planet was built from organic components and named `` Earth '' . The Ultimate Question `` What do you get when you multiply six by nine '' was found by Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect in the second book of the series , The Restaurant at the End of the Universe . This appeared first in the radio play and later in the novelization of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . The fact that Adams named the episodes of the radio play `` fits '' , the same archaic title for a chapter or section used by Lewis Carroll in The Hunting of the Snark , suggests that Adams was influenced by Carroll 's fascination with and frequent use of the number . The fourth book in the series , the novel So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish , contains 42 chapters . According to the novel Mostly Harmless , 42 is the street address of Stavromula Beta . In 1994 Adams created the 42 Puzzle , a game based on the number 42 . </P> <P> The 2011 book 42 : Douglas Adams ' Amazingly Accurate Answer to Life , the Universe and Everything examines Adams ' choice of the number 42 and also contains a compendium of some instances of the number in science , popular culture , and humour . </P> <H3> Works of Lewis Carroll ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lewis Carroll , who was a mathematician , made repeated use of this number in his writings . </P> <P> Examples of Carroll 's use of 42 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland has 42 illustrations . </Li> <Li> Alice 's attempts at multiplication ( chapter two of Alice in Wonderland ) work if one uses base 18 to write the first answer , and increases the base by threes to 21 , 24 , etc. ( the answers working up to 4 × 12 = `` 19 '' in base 39 ) , but `` breaks '' precisely when one attempts the answer to 4 × 13 in base 42 , leading Alice to declare `` oh dear ! I shall never get to twenty at that rate ! '' </Li> <Li> Rule Forty - two in Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( `` All persons more than a mile high to leave the court '' ) . </Li> <Li> Rule 42 of the Code in the preface to The Hunting of the Snark ( `` No one shall speak to the Man at the Helm '' ) . </Li> <Li> In `` fit the first '' of The Hunting of the Snark the Baker had `` forty - two boxes , all carefully packed , With his name painted clearly on each . '' </Li> <Li> The White Queen announces her age as `` one hundred and one , five months and a day '' , which -- if the best possible date is assumed for the action of Through the Looking - Glass ( e.g. , a date is chosen such that the rollover from February to March is excluded from what would otherwise be an imprecise measurement of `` five months and a day '' ) -- gives a total of 37,044 days . If the Red Queen , as part of the same chess set , is regarded as the same age , their combined age is 74,088 days , or 42 × 42 × 42 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Level 42 is an English pop / rock music band . </Li> <Li> `` 42 '' is one of the tracks on Coldplay 's 2008 album Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends . </Li> <Li> `` Channel 42 '' is an electronic music song by deadmau5 featuring Wolfgang Gartner ; it appears on the 2012 deadmau5 album Album Title Goes Here . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Television and film ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Kumars at No. 42 television series </Li> <Li> `` 42 '' is an episode of Doctor Who , set in real time lasting approximately 42 minutes . </Li> <Li> On the game show Jeopardy ! , `` Watson '' the IBM supercomputer , has 42 `` threads '' in its avatar . </Li> <Li> 42 is a film on the life of American baseball player Jackie Robinson . </Li> <Li> In the TV show the X-Files , Fox Mulder 's apartment number is 42 . </Li> <Li> In Supernatural ( U.S. TV series ) ( Season 10 , Episode 17 ) , Bobby Singer opens Heaven 's gate by opening doorway number 42 . </Li> <Li> In the TV show Lost the number 42 is the last number in the series ( 4 , 8 , 15 , 16 , 23 , and 42 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 42 Entertainment is the company responsible for several alternate reality games , including I Love Bees , Year Zero , and Why So Serious . </Li> <Li> Tokyo 42 is a videogame released in 2017 . </Li> <Li> Squadron 42 is a videogame set in the Star Citizen Universe with an unspecified release date . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Sports ( edit ) </H3> Jackie Robinson in his now - retired number 42 jersey . <Ul> <Li> The jersey number of Jackie Robinson , which is the only number retired by all Major League Baseball teams . Although the number was retired in 1997 , Mariano Rivera of the New York Yankees , the last professional baseball player to wear number 42 , continued to wear it until he retired at the end of the 2013 season . As of the 2014 season , no player will ever again wear the number 42 in Major League Baseball except on Jackie Robinson Day ( April 15 ) , when all uniformed personnel ( players , managers , coaches , and umpires ) wear the number . </Li> <Li> The number of laws of cricket </Li> <Li> Rule 42 is the historic name of a Gaelic Athletic Association rule ( now codified in Rule 5.1 and Rule 44 ) that in practice prohibits the playing of `` foreign sports '' ( generally association football and the rugby codes ) at GAA grounds . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Gaming ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The name of a Texan trick - taking game played with dominoes ( see 42 ( dominoes ) ) . </Li> <Li> The number of spots ( or pips , circular patches or pits ) on a pair of standard six - sided dice . </Li> <Li> The board game Risk has forty - two territories </Li> </Ul> <H3> Architecture ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The architects of the Rockefeller Center in New York City worked daily in the Graybar Building where on `` the twenty - fifth floor , one enormous drafting room contained forty - two identical drawing boards , each the size of a six - seat dining room table ; another room harboured twelve more , and an additional fourteen stood just outside the principals ' offices at the top of the circular iron staircase connecting 25 to 26 '' . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> In the Rockefeller Center ( New York City ) there are a total of `` forty - two elevators in five separate banks '' which carry tenants and visitors to the sixty - six floors . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Other fields ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> + 42 is the historic country calling code for the former country of Czechoslovakia . </Li> <Li> There are 42 US gallons in a barrel of oil . </Li> <Li> 42 is the number of the French department of Loire . The number is also reflected in the postal code for that area . </Li> <Li> Tower 42 is a skyscraper in the City of London , formerly known as the NatWest Tower . </Li> <Li> In New York City , 42nd Street is a main and very popular two - way thoroughfare . Landmarks on it include the Chrysler Building , Grand Central Terminal , the main branch of the New York Public Library , and Times Square . The Headquarters of the United Nations is at the east end of the street . The New York City street is also the setting for a movie by the same name ( which also gave fame to its eponymous title song ) , and which later inspired a musical adaptation , 42nd Street . </Li> <Li> 42 is the inspiration for the name of the 42 Center of Excellence for Artificial Intelligence , based in Vienna , Austria . </Li> <Li> 42 is the name of the private computer science school located in Paris , France and Fremont , California . </Li> <Li> If one were to fold a piece of paper 42 times , it would reach beyond the orbit of the moon . </Li> <Li> 42 is the number of seats in Social Democratic Youth of Denmark 's major council Hovedbestyrelsen . At the 2016 national convention , lowering the number of seats to 32 was discussed , but eventually the convention decided to stick with 42 members . </Li> <Li> 42 in Chinese reads sì èr which is very close to shì a ( 是 啊 ) and that means ' yes ' . It was once popular among young Chinese to send 42 in short message which stands for ' yes ' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Other languages ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Language </Th> <Th> Translation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Afrikaans </Td> <Td> twee - en - veertig </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albanian </Td> <Td> dyzetedy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arabic </Td> <Td> إثنان و أربعون ( ʾithnān wa ʾarbaʿūn ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basque </Td> <Td> berrogeita bi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarusian </Td> <Td> сорак два ( sorak dva ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosnian </Td> <Td> četrdeset dva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgarian </Td> <Td> четиридесет и две ( četirideset i dve ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Catalan </Td> <Td> quaranta - dos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chinese </Td> <Td> 四 十 二 ( 肆 拾 贰 ) ( sìshí'èr ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chuvash </Td> <Td> хĕрĕх иккĕ ( xĕrĕx ikkĕ , IIXXXX ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatian </Td> <Td> četrdesetdva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech </Td> <Td> čtyřicet dva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danish </Td> <Td> toogfyrre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dhivehi </Td> <Td> Saalhees Dheyh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch </Td> <Td> tweeënveertig </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Esperanto </Td> <Td> kvardek du </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonian </Td> <Td> nelikümmend kaks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finnish </Td> <Td> neljäkymmentäkaksi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Filipino </Td> <Td> apatnapu 't dalawa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French </Td> <Td> quarante - deux </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Frisian </Td> <Td> twaenfjirtich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgian </Td> <Td> ორმოცდაორი ( ormocdaori ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> German </Td> <Td> zweiundvierzig </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> σαράντα δύο ( saránta dýo ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gujarati </Td> <Td> betalis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hebrew </Td> <Td> ארבעים ושתיים ( arbayim u-shtayim ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hindi </Td> <Td> बयालीस , ४२ ( bayālīs ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungarian </Td> <Td> negyvenkettő </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Icelandic </Td> <Td> fjörutíu og tveir </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesian </Td> <Td> empat puluh dua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irish </Td> <Td> daichead a dó </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italian </Td> <Td> quarantadue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japanese </Td> <Td> 四 十 二 ( よん じゅう に ) ( yonjūni ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakh </Td> <Td> қырық екі ( qırıq eki ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Korean </Td> <Td> 사십 이 / 마흔 둘 ( sasibi / maheundul ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kannada </Td> <Td> ನಲವತ್ತು ಎರಡು ( nalavatthu eradu ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvian </Td> <Td> četrdesmit divi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Livonian </Td> <Td> nēļakimdõ kakš </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuanian </Td> <Td> keturiasdešimt du </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lojban </Td> <Td> vore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourgish </Td> <Td> zweeavéierzeg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonian </Td> <Td> четириесет и два ( četirieset i dva ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malayalam </Td> <Td> നാല്പത്തിരണ്ടു </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maltese </Td> <Td> tnejn u erbgħin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Māori </Td> <Td> whā tekau ma rua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marathi </Td> <Td> bechalis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mongolian </Td> <Td> дөчин хоёр ( döchin khoyor ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norwegian </Td> <Td> førtito </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Persian </Td> <Td> چهل و دو ( chehel o du ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Polish </Td> <Td> czterdzieści dwa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portuguese </Td> <Td> quarenta e dois </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romanian </Td> <Td> patruzeci și doi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russian </Td> <Td> сорок два ( sorok dva ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbian </Td> <Td> четрдесет два ( četrdeset dva ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shona </Td> <Td> Makumi mana nemaviri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sinhala </Td> <Td> හතලිස් දෙක ( hathalis deka ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovene </Td> <Td> dvainštirideset </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovak </Td> <Td> štyridsaťdva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somali </Td> <Td> laba iyo afartan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> cuarenta y dos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swedish </Td> <Td> fyrtiotvå </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tagalog </Td> <Td> apatnapu 't dalawa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tamil </Td> <Td> நாற்பத்திரண்டு ( narpatti errundu ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Telugu </Td> <Td> నలభై రెండు ( nalabai rendu ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thai </Td> <Td> สี่ สิบ สอง </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkish </Td> <Td> kırk iki </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukrainian </Td> <Td> сорок два ( sorok dva ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Urdu </Td> <Td> بیالیس ( bayālīs ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnamese </Td> <Td> bốn mươi hai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Welsh </Td> <Td> pedwar deg dau / dau - ar - ddeugain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yoruba </Td> <Td> mokanlelogoji </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Sloane , N.J.A. ( ed . ) . `` Sequence A002378 ( Oblong ( or promic , pronic , or heteromecic ) numbers ) '' . The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sloane , N.J.A. ( ed . ) . `` Sequence A054377 ( Primary pseudoperfect numbers ) '' . The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sloane , N.J.A. ( ed . ) . `` Sequence A000108 ( Catalan numbers ) '' . The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sloane , N.J.A. ( ed . ) . `` Sequence A051867 ( 15 - gonal ( or pentadecagonal ) numbers ) '' . The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Differently Perfect '' . www.mathpages.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sloane , N.J.A. ( ed . ) . `` Sequence A019283 ( Let sigma_m ( n ) be result of applying sum - of - divisors function m times to n ; ... ( m , k ) - perfect if ... ; sequence gives the ( 2 , 6 ) - perfect numbers . ) '' . The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alex Zhai ties for second - highest score in 2007 USA Mathematical Olympiad -- By Andrew Lovdahl Gargoyle staff reporter Posted Monday , May 7 , 2007 , The OG , news & student awards -- Online Gargoyle </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CBC News staff , `` Canadian math champ 's skills add up to a perfect score '' CBC News July 20 , 2004 . `` A 16 - year - old Canadian was one of four students who achieved a perfect score at an international mathematics competition . Jacob Tsimerman of Toronto scored 42 out of 42 , making him one of 45 individual gold medallists at the 45th International Mathematical Olympiad in Athens . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooper , Paul W. ( 1966 ) . `` Through the Earth in Forty Minutes '' . American Journal of Physics. 34 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 69 . Bibcode : 1966AmJPh ... 34 ... 68C . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1972773 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` To Everywhere in 42 Minutes '' . Time . February 11 , 1966 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jumping into a 7,965 mile deep hole '' . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carroll , Lewis ( 29 December 1893 ) . `` Chapter 7 '' . Sylvie and Bruno Concluded. 2 . illustrated by Harry Furniss . United Kingdom : Macmillan and Co . Each railway is in a long tunnel , perfectly straight : so of course the middle of it is nearer the centre of the globe than the two ends : so every train runs half - way down - hill , and that gives it force enough to run the other half up - hill . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powell , Martin J. `` Ancient astronomy and the naked - eye planets '' . Eternal Gadgetry . MS . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee Middleton ; Jayanthi Sivaswamy ( 2002 ) . `` Framework for practical hexagonal - image processing '' . Journal of Electronic Imaging. 11 ( 104 ) . Bibcode : 2002JEI ... 11 ... 104M . doi : 10.1117 / 1.1426078 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maximum password age '' . Microsoft TechNet . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Niiya , Brian . Japanese American history : an A-to - Z reference from 1868 to the present . Facts on File , Inc. , 1993 , p. 352 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joel Primack ; Nancy E. Abrams . `` In A Beginning ... Quantum Cosmology and Kabbalah '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mathematical Fiction : Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 1979 ) '' . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . See this website for possible explanations of this seeming error . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gill , Peter ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` 42 : Douglas Adams ' Amazingly Accurate Answer to Life the Universe and Everything '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lewis Carroll and Douglas Adams - Word Ways - Find Articles '' . 29 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Mystery of Lewis Carroll , Jenny Woolf </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Lewis . `` The Hunting of the Snark '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ What Lewis Carroll Taught Us : Alice 's creator knew all about role - playing . by Seth Lerer , March 4 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watson Jeopardy ! computer : Ken Jennings describes what it 's like to play against a machine '' . Slate . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Cricket '' . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Okrent , Daniel . Great Fortune : the Epic of the Rockefeller Centre . Viking Penguin , 2003 , p. 147 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Okrent , Daniel . Great Fortune : the Epic of the Rockefeller Centre . Viking Penguin , 2003 , p. 162 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 42 : Neues KI - Start - up von Jajah - Gründer Daniel Mattes '' . Futurezone . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Paper Folding to the Moon -- Starts With A Bang '' . scienceblogs.com . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : 42 ( number ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up forty - two in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Media related to 42 ( number ) at Wikimedia Commons </P> <Ul> <Li> Grime , James ; Gerardo Adesso ; Phil Moriarty . `` 42 and Douglas Adams '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . </Li> <Li> My latest favorite Number : 42 , John C. Baez </Li> <Li> The number Forty - two in real life </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Integers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) 0s </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 0 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 15 </Li> <Li> 16 </Li> <Li> 17 </Li> <Li> 18 </Li> <Li> 19 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 20 </Li> <Li> 21 </Li> <Li> 22 </Li> <Li> 23 </Li> <Li> 24 </Li> <Li> 25 </Li> <Li> 26 </Li> <Li> 27 </Li> <Li> 28 </Li> <Li> 29 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 30 </Li> <Li> 31 </Li> <Li> 32 </Li> <Li> 33 </Li> <Li> 34 </Li> <Li> 35 </Li> <Li> 36 </Li> <Li> 37 </Li> <Li> 38 </Li> <Li> 39 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 40 </Li> <Li> 41 </Li> <Li> 42 </Li> <Li> 43 </Li> <Li> 44 </Li> <Li> 45 </Li> <Li> 46 </Li> <Li> 47 </Li> <Li> 48 </Li> <Li> 49 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 50 </Li> <Li> 51 </Li> <Li> 52 </Li> <Li> 53 </Li> <Li> 54 </Li> <Li> 55 </Li> <Li> 56 </Li> <Li> 57 </Li> <Li> 58 </Li> <Li> 59 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 60 </Li> <Li> 61 </Li> <Li> 62 </Li> <Li> 63 </Li> <Li> 64 </Li> <Li> 65 </Li> <Li> 66 </Li> <Li> 67 </Li> <Li> 68 </Li> <Li> 69 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 70 </Li> <Li> 71 </Li> <Li> 72 </Li> <Li> 73 </Li> <Li> 74 </Li> <Li> 75 </Li> <Li> 76 </Li> <Li> 77 </Li> <Li> 78 </Li> <Li> 79 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 80 </Li> <Li> 81 </Li> <Li> 82 </Li> <Li> 83 </Li> <Li> 84 </Li> <Li> 85 </Li> <Li> 86 </Li> <Li> 87 </Li> <Li> 88 </Li> <Li> 89 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 90 </Li> <Li> 91 </Li> <Li> 92 </Li> <Li> 93 </Li> <Li> 94 </Li> <Li> 95 </Li> <Li> 96 </Li> <Li> 97 </Li> <Li> 98 </Li> <Li> 99 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 100s </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 100 </Li> <Li> 101 </Li> <Li> 102 </Li> <Li> 103 </Li> <Li> 104 </Li> <Li> 105 </Li> <Li> 106 </Li> <Li> 107 </Li> <Li> 108 </Li> <Li> 109 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 110 </Li> <Li> 111 </Li> <Li> 112 </Li> <Li> 113 </Li> <Li> 114 </Li> <Li> 115 </Li> <Li> 116 </Li> <Li> 117 </Li> <Li> 118 </Li> <Li> 119 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 120 </Li> <Li> 121 </Li> <Li> 122 </Li> <Li> 123 </Li> <Li> 124 </Li> <Li> 125 </Li> <Li> 126 </Li> <Li> 127 </Li> <Li> 128 </Li> <Li> 129 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 130 </Li> <Li> 131 </Li> <Li> 132 </Li> <Li> 133 </Li> <Li> 134 </Li> <Li> 135 </Li> <Li> 136 </Li> <Li> 137 </Li> <Li> 138 </Li> <Li> 139 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 140 </Li> <Li> 141 </Li> <Li> 142 </Li> <Li> 143 </Li> <Li> 144 </Li> <Li> 145 </Li> <Li> 146 </Li> <Li> 147 </Li> <Li> 148 </Li> <Li> 149 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 150 </Li> <Li> 151 </Li> <Li> 152 </Li> <Li> 153 </Li> <Li> 154 </Li> <Li> 155 </Li> <Li> 156 </Li> <Li> 157 </Li> <Li> 158 </Li> <Li> 159 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 160 </Li> <Li> 161 </Li> <Li> 162 </Li> <Li> 163 </Li> <Li> 164 </Li> <Li> 165 </Li> <Li> 166 </Li> <Li> 167 </Li> <Li> 168 </Li> <Li> 169 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 170 </Li> <Li> 171 </Li> <Li> 172 </Li> <Li> 173 </Li> <Li> 174 </Li> <Li> 175 </Li> <Li> 176 </Li> <Li> 177 </Li> <Li> 178 </Li> <Li> 179 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 180 </Li> <Li> 181 </Li> <Li> 182 </Li> <Li> 183 </Li> <Li> 184 </Li> <Li> 185 </Li> <Li> 186 </Li> <Li> 187 </Li> <Li> 188 </Li> <Li> 189 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 190 </Li> <Li> 191 </Li> <Li> 192 </Li> <Li> 193 </Li> <Li> 194 </Li> <Li> 195 </Li> <Li> 196 </Li> <Li> 197 </Li> <Li> 198 </Li> <Li> 199 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 200s </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 200 </Li> <Li> 201 </Li> <Li> 202 </Li> <Li> 203 </Li> <Li> 204 </Li> <Li> 205 </Li> <Li> 206 </Li> <Li> 207 </Li> <Li> 208 </Li> <Li> 209 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 210 </Li> <Li> 211 </Li> <Li> 212 </Li> <Li> 213 </Li> <Li> 214 </Li> <Li> 215 </Li> <Li> 216 </Li> <Li> 217 </Li> <Li> 218 </Li> <Li> 219 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 220 </Li> <Li> 221 </Li> <Li> 222 </Li> <Li> 223 </Li> <Li> 224 </Li> <Li> 225 </Li> <Li> 226 </Li> <Li> 227 </Li> <Li> 228 </Li> <Li> 229 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 230 </Li> <Li> 231 </Li> <Li> 232 </Li> <Li> 233 </Li> <Li> 234 </Li> <Li> 235 </Li> <Li> 236 </Li> <Li> 237 </Li> <Li> 238 </Li> <Li> 239 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 240 </Li> <Li> 241 </Li> <Li> 242 </Li> <Li> 243 </Li> <Li> 244 </Li> <Li> 245 </Li> <Li> 246 </Li> <Li> 247 </Li> <Li> 248 </Li> <Li> 249 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 250 </Li> <Li> 251 </Li> <Li> 252 </Li> <Li> 253 </Li> <Li> 254 </Li> <Li> 255 </Li> <Li> 256 </Li> <Li> 257 </Li> <Li> 258 </Li> <Li> 259 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 260 </Li> <Li> 261 </Li> <Li> 262 </Li> <Li> 263 </Li> <Li> 264 </Li> <Li> 265 </Li> <Li> 266 </Li> <Li> 267 </Li> <Li> 268 </Li> <Li> 269 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 270 </Li> <Li> 271 </Li> <Li> 272 </Li> <Li> 273 </Li> <Li> 274 </Li> <Li> 275 </Li> <Li> 276 </Li> <Li> 277 </Li> <Li> 278 </Li> <Li> 279 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 280 </Li> <Li> 281 </Li> <Li> 282 </Li> <Li> 283 </Li> <Li> 284 </Li> <Li> 285 </Li> <Li> 286 </Li> <Li> 287 </Li> <Li> 288 </Li> <Li> 289 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 290 </Li> <Li> 291 </Li> <Li> 292 </Li> <Li> 293 </Li> <Li> 294 </Li> <Li> 295 </Li> <Li> 296 </Li> <Li> 297 </Li> <Li> 298 </Li> <Li> 299 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 300s </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 300 </Li> <Li> 301 </Li> <Li> 302 </Li> <Li> 303 </Li> <Li> 304 </Li> <Li> 305 </Li> <Li> 306 </Li> <Li> 307 </Li> <Li> 308 </Li> <Li> 309 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 310 </Li> <Li> 311 </Li> <Li> 312 </Li> <Li> 313 </Li> <Li> 314 </Li> <Li> 315 </Li> <Li> 316 </Li> <Li> 317 </Li> <Li> 318 </Li> <Li> 319 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 320 </Li> <Li> 321 </Li> <Li> 322 </Li> <Li> 323 </Li> <Li> 324 </Li> <Li> 325 </Li> <Li> 326 </Li> <Li> 327 </Li> <Li> 328 </Li> <Li> 329 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 330 </Li> <Li> 331 </Li> <Li> 332 </Li> <Li> 333 </Li> <Li> 334 </Li> <Li> 335 </Li> <Li> 336 </Li> <Li> 337 </Li> <Li> 338 </Li> <Li> 339 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 340 </Li> <Li> 341 </Li> <Li> 342 </Li> <Li> 343 </Li> <Li> 344 </Li> <Li> 345 </Li> <Li> 346 </Li> <Li> 347 </Li> <Li> 348 </Li> <Li> 349 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 350 </Li> <Li> 351 </Li> <Li> 352 </Li> <Li> 353 </Li> <Li> 354 </Li> <Li> 355 </Li> <Li> 356 </Li> <Li> 357 </Li> <Li> 358 </Li> <Li> 359 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 360 </Li> <Li> 361 </Li> <Li> 362 </Li> <Li> 363 </Li> <Li> 364 </Li> <Li> 365 </Li> <Li> 366 </Li> <Li> 367 </Li> <Li> 368 </Li> <Li> 369 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 370 </Li> <Li> 371 </Li> <Li> 372 </Li> <Li> 373 </Li> <Li> 374 </Li> <Li> 375 </Li> <Li> 376 </Li> <Li> 377 </Li> <Li> 378 </Li> <Li> 379 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 380 </Li> <Li> 381 </Li> <Li> 382 </Li> <Li> 383 </Li> <Li> 384 </Li> <Li> 385 </Li> <Li> 386 </Li> <Li> 387 </Li> <Li> 388 </Li> <Li> 389 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 390 </Li> <Li> 391 </Li> <Li> 392 </Li> <Li> 393 </Li> <Li> 394 </Li> <Li> 395 </Li> <Li> 396 </Li> <Li> 397 </Li> <Li> 398 </Li> <Li> 399 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 400s </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 400 </Li> <Li> 401 </Li> <Li> 402 </Li> <Li> 403 </Li> <Li> 404 </Li> <Li> 405 </Li> <Li> 406 </Li> <Li> 407 </Li> <Li> 408 </Li> <Li> 409 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 410 </Li> <Li> 411 </Li> <Li> 412 </Li> <Li> 413 </Li> <Li> 414 </Li> <Li> 415 </Li> <Li> 416 </Li> <Li> 417 </Li> <Li> 418 </Li> <Li> 419 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 420 </Li> <Li> 421 </Li> <Li> 422 </Li> <Li> 423 </Li> <Li> 424 </Li> <Li> 425 </Li> <Li> 426 </Li> <Li> 427 </Li> <Li> 428 </Li> <Li> 429 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 430 </Li> <Li> 431 </Li> <Li> 432 </Li> <Li> 433 </Li> <Li> 434 </Li> <Li> 435 </Li> <Li> 436 </Li> <Li> 437 </Li> <Li> 438 </Li> <Li> 439 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 440 </Li> <Li> 441 </Li> <Li> 442 </Li> <Li> 443 </Li> <Li> 444 </Li> <Li> 445 </Li> <Li> 446 </Li> <Li> 447 </Li> <Li> 448 </Li> <Li> 449 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 450 </Li> <Li> 451 </Li> <Li> 452 </Li> <Li> 453 </Li> <Li> 454 </Li> <Li> 455 </Li> <Li> 456 </Li> <Li> 457 </Li> <Li> 458 </Li> <Li> 459 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 460 </Li> <Li> 461 </Li> <Li> 462 </Li> <Li> 463 </Li> <Li> 464 </Li> <Li> 465 </Li> <Li> 466 </Li> <Li> 467 </Li> <Li> 468 </Li> <Li> 469 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 470 </Li> <Li> 471 </Li> <Li> 472 </Li> <Li> 473 </Li> <Li> 474 </Li> <Li> 475 </Li> <Li> 476 </Li> <Li> 477 </Li> <Li> 478 </Li> <Li> 479 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 480 </Li> <Li> 481 </Li> <Li> 482 </Li> <Li> 483 </Li> <Li> 484 </Li> <Li> 485 </Li> <Li> 486 </Li> <Li> 487 </Li> <Li> 488 </Li> <Li> 489 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 490 </Li> <Li> 491 </Li> <Li> 492 </Li> <Li> 493 </Li> <Li> 494 </Li> <Li> 495 </Li> <Li> 496 </Li> <Li> 497 </Li> <Li> 498 </Li> <Li> 499 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 500s </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 500 </Li> <Li> 501 </Li> <Li> 502 </Li> <Li> 503 </Li> <Li> 504 </Li> <Li> 505 </Li> <Li> 506 </Li> <Li> 507 </Li> <Li> 508 </Li> <Li> 509 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 510 </Li> <Li> 511 </Li> <Li> 512 </Li> <Li> 513 </Li> <Li> 514 </Li> <Li> 515 </Li> <Li> 516 </Li> <Li> 517 </Li> <Li> 518 </Li> <Li> 519 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 520 </Li> <Li> 521 </Li> <Li> 522 </Li> <Li> 523 </Li> <Li> 524 </Li> <Li> 525 </Li> <Li> 526 </Li> <Li> 527 </Li> <Li> 528 </Li> <Li> 529 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 530 </Li> <Li> 531 </Li> <Li> 532 </Li> <Li> 533 </Li> <Li> 534 </Li> <Li> 535 </Li> <Li> 536 </Li> <Li> 537 </Li> <Li> 538 </Li> <Li> 539 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 540 </Li> <Li> 541 </Li> <Li> 542 </Li> <Li> 543 </Li> <Li> 544 </Li> <Li> 545 </Li> <Li> 546 </Li> <Li> 547 </Li> <Li> 548 </Li> <Li> 549 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 550 </Li> <Li> 551 </Li> <Li> 552 </Li> <Li> 553 </Li> <Li> 554 </Li> <Li> 555 </Li> <Li> 556 </Li> <Li> 557 </Li> <Li> 558 </Li> <Li> 559 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 560 </Li> <Li> 561 </Li> <Li> 562 </Li> <Li> 563 </Li> <Li> 564 </Li> <Li> 565 </Li> <Li> 566 </Li> <Li> 567 </Li> <Li> 568 </Li> <Li> 569 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 570 </Li> <Li> 571 </Li> <Li> 572 </Li> <Li> 573 </Li> <Li> 574 </Li> <Li> 575 </Li> <Li> 576 </Li> <Li> 577 </Li> <Li> 578 </Li> <Li> 579 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 580 </Li> <Li> 581 </Li> <Li> 582 </Li> <Li> 583 </Li> <Li> 584 </Li> <Li> 585 </Li> <Li> 586 </Li> <Li> 587 </Li> <Li> 588 </Li> <Li> 589 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 590 </Li> <Li> 591 </Li> <Li> 592 </Li> <Li> 593 </Li> <Li> 594 </Li> <Li> 595 </Li> <Li> 596 </Li> <Li> 597 </Li> <Li> 598 </Li> <Li> 599 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 600s </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 600 </Li> <Li> 601 </Li> <Li> 602 </Li> <Li> 603 </Li> <Li> 604 </Li> <Li> 605 </Li> <Li> 606 </Li> <Li> 607 </Li> <Li> 608 </Li> <Li> 609 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 610 </Li> <Li> 611 </Li> <Li> 612 </Li> <Li> 613 </Li> <Li> 614 </Li> <Li> 615 </Li> <Li> 616 </Li> <Li> 617 </Li> <Li> 618 </Li> <Li> 619 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 620 </Li> <Li> 621 </Li> <Li> 622 </Li> <Li> 623 </Li> <Li> 624 </Li> <Li> 625 </Li> <Li> 626 </Li> <Li> 627 </Li> <Li> 628 </Li> <Li> 629 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 630 </Li> <Li> 631 </Li> <Li> 632 </Li> <Li> 633 </Li> <Li> 634 </Li> <Li> 635 </Li> <Li> 636 </Li> <Li> 637 </Li> <Li> 638 </Li> <Li> 639 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 640 </Li> <Li> 641 </Li> <Li> 642 </Li> <Li> 643 </Li> <Li> 644 </Li> <Li> 645 </Li> <Li> 646 </Li> <Li> 647 </Li> <Li> 648 </Li> <Li> 649 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 650 </Li> <Li> 651 </Li> <Li> 652 </Li> <Li> 653 </Li> <Li> 654 </Li> <Li> 655 </Li> <Li> 656 </Li> <Li> 657 </Li> <Li> 658 </Li> <Li> 659 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 660 </Li> <Li> 661 </Li> <Li> 662 </Li> <Li> 663 </Li> <Li> 664 </Li> <Li> 665 </Li> <Li> 666 </Li> <Li> 667 </Li> <Li> 668 </Li> <Li> 669 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 670 </Li> <Li> 671 </Li> <Li> 672 </Li> <Li> 673 </Li> <Li> 674 </Li> <Li> 675 </Li> <Li> 676 </Li> <Li> 677 </Li> <Li> 678 </Li> <Li> 679 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 680 </Li> <Li> 681 </Li> <Li> 682 </Li> <Li> 683 </Li> <Li> 684 </Li> <Li> 685 </Li> <Li> 686 </Li> <Li> 687 </Li> <Li> 688 </Li> <Li> 689 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 690 </Li> <Li> 691 </Li> <Li> 692 </Li> <Li> 693 </Li> <Li> 694 </Li> <Li> 695 </Li> <Li> 696 </Li> <Li> 697 </Li> <Li> 698 </Li> <Li> 699 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 700s </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 700 </Li> <Li> 701 </Li> <Li> 702 </Li> <Li> 703 </Li> <Li> 704 </Li> <Li> 705 </Li> <Li> 706 </Li> <Li> 707 </Li> <Li> 708 </Li> <Li> 709 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 710 </Li> <Li> 711 </Li> <Li> 712 </Li> <Li> 713 </Li> <Li> 714 </Li> <Li> 715 </Li> <Li> 716 </Li> <Li> 717 </Li> <Li> 718 </Li> <Li> 719 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 720 </Li> <Li> 721 </Li> <Li> 722 </Li> <Li> 723 </Li> <Li> 724 </Li> <Li> 725 </Li> <Li> 726 </Li> <Li> 727 </Li> <Li> 728 </Li> <Li> 729 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 730 </Li> <Li> 731 </Li> <Li> 732 </Li> <Li> 733 </Li> <Li> 734 </Li> <Li> 735 </Li> <Li> 736 </Li> <Li> 737 </Li> <Li> 738 </Li> <Li> 739 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 740 </Li> <Li> 741 </Li> <Li> 742 </Li> <Li> 743 </Li> <Li> 744 </Li> <Li> 745 </Li> <Li> 746 </Li> <Li> 747 </Li> <Li> 748 </Li> <Li> 749 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 750 </Li> <Li> 751 </Li> <Li> 752 </Li> <Li> 753 </Li> <Li> 754 </Li> <Li> 755 </Li> <Li> 756 </Li> <Li> 757 </Li> <Li> 758 </Li> <Li> 759 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 760 </Li> <Li> 761 </Li> <Li> 762 </Li> <Li> 763 </Li> <Li> 764 </Li> <Li> 765 </Li> <Li> 766 </Li> <Li> 767 </Li> <Li> 768 </Li> <Li> 769 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 770 </Li> <Li> 771 </Li> <Li> 772 </Li> <Li> 773 </Li> <Li> 774 </Li> <Li> 775 </Li> <Li> 776 </Li> <Li> 777 </Li> <Li> 778 </Li> <Li> 779 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 780 </Li> <Li> 781 </Li> <Li> 782 </Li> <Li> 783 </Li> <Li> 784 </Li> <Li> 785 </Li> <Li> 786 </Li> <Li> 787 </Li> <Li> 788 </Li> <Li> 789 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 790 </Li> <Li> 791 </Li> <Li> 792 </Li> <Li> 793 </Li> <Li> 794 </Li> <Li> 795 </Li> <Li> 796 </Li> <Li> 797 </Li> <Li> 798 </Li> <Li> 799 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 800s </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 800 </Li> <Li> 801 </Li> <Li> 802 </Li> <Li> 803 </Li> <Li> 804 </Li> <Li> 805 </Li> <Li> 806 </Li> <Li> 807 </Li> <Li> 808 </Li> <Li> 809 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 810 </Li> <Li> 811 </Li> <Li> 812 </Li> <Li> 813 </Li> <Li> 814 </Li> <Li> 815 </Li> <Li> 816 </Li> <Li> 817 </Li> <Li> 818 </Li> <Li> 819 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 820 </Li> <Li> 821 </Li> <Li> 822 </Li> <Li> 823 </Li> <Li> 824 </Li> <Li> 825 </Li> <Li> 826 </Li> 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List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) - wikipedia <H1> List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For countries by purchasing power parity GDP , see List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Largest economies by nominal GDP in 2017 , counting the economies of the European Union as one , according to International Monetary Fund estimates . </Td> </Tr> </Table> The United States , the world 's largest economy , accounts for approximately 25 percent of Nominal world GDP , and the seven largest economies , amalgamating the European Union economies as one , account for 75 percent of the total . <P> Gross domestic product ( GDP ) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year . Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions , which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates . Nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries , and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country 's currency . Such fluctuations may change a country 's ranking from one year to the next , even though they often make little or no difference in the standard of living of its population . </P> <P> Comparisons of national wealth are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries . PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem , but has its own drawbacks ; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade , and it also requires more estimation than nominal GDP . On the whole , PPP per capita figures are less spread than nominal GDP per capita figures . </P> <P> The United States is the world 's largest economy with a GDP of approximately $18.56 trillion , notably due to high average incomes , a large population , capital investment , moderate unemployment , high consumer spending , a relatively young population , and technological innovation . Tuvalu is the world 's smallest national economy with a GDP of about $32 million because of its very small population , a lack of natural resources , reliance on foreign aid , negligible capital investment , demographic problems , and low average incomes . </P> <P> Although the rankings of national economies have changed considerably over time , the United States has maintained its top position since the Gilded Age , a time period in which its economy saw rapid expansion , surpassing the British Empire and Qing dynasty in aggregate output . Since China 's transition to a market - based economy through privatisation and deregulation , the country has seen its ranking increase from ninth in 1978 to second to only the United States in 2016 as economic growth accelerated and its share of global nominal GDP surged from 2 % in 1980 to 15 % in 2016 . India has also experienced a similar economic boom since the implementation of economic liberalisation in the early 1990s . When supranational entities are included , the European Union is the second largest economy in the world . It was the largest from 2004 , when ten countries joined the union , to 2014 , after which it was surpassed by the United States . </P> <P> The first list includes estimates compiled by the International Monetary Fund 's World Economic Outlook , the second list shows the World Bank 's data , and the third list includes data compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division . The IMF definitive data for the past year and estimates for the current year are published twice a year in April and October . Several economies which are not considered to be countries ( the world , the European Union , and some dependent territories ) are included in the lists because they appear in the sources as distinct economies . These economies are italicized and not ranked in the charts , but are listed where applicable . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Lists </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Lists </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Per the International Monetary Fund ( Estimates 2017 ) </Td> <Td> Per the World Bank ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> Per the United Nations ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> GDP ( US $ MM ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> World </Td> <Td> 75,278,049 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 19,362,129 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> European Union </Td> <Td> 17,112,922 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 11,937,562 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 4,884,489 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 3,651,871 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 2,574,807 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 2,565,051 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 2,439,008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 2,080,916 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 1,921,139 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 1,640,385 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 1,529,743 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 1,469,341 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 1,390,150 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 1,307,170 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 1,142,453 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 1,010,937 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 841,206 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 824,480 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 680,645 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> 678,541 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 619,872 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> 571,453 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 541,889 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 509,955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 491,672 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> 437,807 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> 427,666 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 409,316 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> 408,045 / Na </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 394,818 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> 392,052 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> 378,656 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 348,006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 344,064 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> 334,104 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 325,649 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 324,146 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> 321,189 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> 309,858 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> 307,475 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> 305,757 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 304,400 / Na </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 263,206 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> 251,381 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 250,023 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 215,963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> 215,307 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> 211,696 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> 210,013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 209,652 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> 204,943 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 204,299 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 200,837 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> 192,660 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> 175,493 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> 166,346 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> 156,189 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> 132,034 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> 124,034 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Sudan </Td> <Td> 118,979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> 118,271 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> 110,708 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 104,062 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> 103,243 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> 98,576 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 94,997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 83,567 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> 79,735 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> 78,397 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> 77,460 / Na </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> 74,837 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> Oman </Td> <Td> 71,931 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> 70,806 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> 67,505 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> 66,966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> 63,517 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 60,266 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> 59,051 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 58,909 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 55,954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 53,481 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> 52,783 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> 52,698 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> Tanzania </Td> <Td> 51,614 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> Macau </Td> <Td> 51,160 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 48,078 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> 46,666 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> 45,464 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> Turkmenistan </Td> <Td> 41,670 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> Jordan </Td> <Td> 40,487 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> 40,415 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> Côte d'Ivoire </Td> <Td> 39,906 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> 39,883 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 39,366 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> 39,207 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> 37,776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> Bahrain </Td> <Td> 33,873 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> 33,314 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> 30,652 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> 30,176 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> Paraguay </Td> <Td> 28,780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> 27,407 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> 26,391 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> 25,683 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> Yemen </Td> <Td> 25,663 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> 25,576 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> 24,848 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> 24,065 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 22,675 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> 22,252 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> 21,811 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> 21,109 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> 21,056 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> 20,300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> 17,457 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> Laos </Td> <Td> 17,152 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> 17,105 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 118 </Td> <Td> Botswana </Td> <Td> 16,725 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> 16,057 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 15,230 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> Mali </Td> <Td> 14,998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> 14,467 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> 14,290 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 13,692 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> 13,187 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> 13,001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> 12,558 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> Mozambique </Td> <Td> 12,345 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> Mauritius </Td> <Td> 12,273 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> 12,011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 131 </Td> <Td> Brunei </Td> <Td> 11,963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> 11,416 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> 11,037 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 134 </Td> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> 10,869 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> 10,557 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> Equatorial Guinea </Td> <Td> 10,069 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> Chad </Td> <Td> 9,740 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> Benin </Td> <Td> 9,410 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 139 </Td> <Td> Guinea </Td> <Td> 9,183 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> Bahamas </Td> <Td> 9,127 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> 8,918 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 142 </Td> <Td> Kosovo </Td> <Td> 8,883 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> Haiti </Td> <Td> 8,360 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 144 </Td> <Td> Moldova </Td> <Td> 7,945 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> Niger </Td> <Td> 7,892 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 146 </Td> <Td> Republic of Congo </Td> <Td> 7,799 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 147 </Td> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> 7,234 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> 7,061 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> 6,261 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> Eritrea </Td> <Td> 6,050 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 151 </Td> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> 5,054 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> Mauritania </Td> <Td> 4,985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 153 </Td> <Td> Barbados </Td> <Td> 4,821 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 154 </Td> <Td> Togo </Td> <Td> 4,797 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> Maldives </Td> <Td> 4,520 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> 4,405 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> Swaziland </Td> <Td> 4,030 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 158 </Td> <Td> Sierra Leone </Td> <Td> 3,897 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 159 </Td> <Td> Suriname </Td> <Td> 3,665 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> Guyana </Td> <Td> 3,591 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> Burundi </Td> <Td> 3,393 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> South Sudan </Td> <Td> 2,915 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> Lesotho </Td> <Td> 2,721 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> Timor - Leste </Td> <Td> 2,716 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 165 </Td> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> 2,321 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> 2,140 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> Djibouti </Td> <Td> 2,082 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> Central African Republic </Td> <Td> 1,992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> 1,819 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> <Td> 1,728 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> St. Lucia </Td> <Td> 1,717 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> San Marino </Td> <Td> 1,592 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 173 </Td> <Td> Antigua and Barbuda </Td> <Td> 1,535 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 174 </Td> <Td> Seychelles </Td> <Td> 1,479 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 175 </Td> <Td> Guinea - Bissau </Td> <Td> 1,295 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> 1,273 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 177 </Td> <Td> Grenada </Td> <Td> 1,111 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 178 </Td> <Td> The Gambia </Td> <Td> 1,038 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 179 </Td> <Td> St. Kitts and Nevis </Td> <Td> 939 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 180 </Td> <Td> Samoa </Td> <Td> 844 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 181 </Td> <Td> Vanuatu </Td> <Td> 837 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> St. Vincent and the Grenadines </Td> <Td> 815 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 183 </Td> <Td> Comoros </Td> <Td> 659 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 184 </Td> <Td> Dominica </Td> <Td> 608 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 185 </Td> <Td> Tonga </Td> <Td> 437 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 186 </Td> <Td> São Tomé and Príncipe </Td> <Td> 372 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 187 </Td> <Td> Federated States of Micronesia </Td> <Td> 329 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 188 </Td> <Td> Palau </Td> <Td> 321 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 189 </Td> <Td> Marshall Islands </Td> <Td> 199 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> Kiribati </Td> <Td> 186 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 191 </Td> <Td> Tuvalu </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> GDP ( US $ MM ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> World </Td> <Td> 7007755435430000000 ♠ 75,543,543 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 7007186244750000000 ♠ 18,624,475 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> European Union </Td> <Td> 7007163979800000000 ♠ 16,397,980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 7007111991450000000 ♠ 11,199,145 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 7006494015800000000 ♠ 4,940,158 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 7006347779600000000 ♠ 3,477,796 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 7006264789800000000 ♠ 2,647,898 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 7006246545300000000 ♠ 2,465,453 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 7006226379200000000 ♠ 2,263,792 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 7006185891300000000 ♠ 1,858,913 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 7006179618600000000 ♠ 1,796,186 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 7006152976000000000 ♠ 1,529,760 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 7006141124600000000 ♠ 1,411,246 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 7006128316200000000 ♠ 1,283,162 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 7006123725500000000 ♠ 1,237,255 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 7006120461600000000 ♠ 1,204,616 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 7006104692200000000 ♠ 1,046,922 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 7005932259000000000 ♠ 932,259 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 7005863711000000000 ♠ 863,711 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 7005777227000000000 ♠ 777,227 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 7005668851000000000 ♠ 668,851 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> 7005646438000000000 ♠ 646,438 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 7005545866000000000 ♠ 545,866 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 7005511000000000000 ♠ 511,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 7005469509000000000 ♠ 469,509 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 7005466366000000000 ♠ 466,366 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> 7005425326000000000 ♠ 425,326 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> 7005406840000000000 ♠ 406,840 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 7005405083000000000 ♠ 405,083 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 7005386428000000000 ♠ 386,428 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> 7005371337000000000 ♠ 371,337 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> 7005370557000000000 ♠ 370,557 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> 7005348743000000000 ♠ 348,743 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> 7005336297000000000 ♠ 336,297 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> 7005320912000000000 ♠ 320,912 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 7005318744000000000 ♠ 318,744 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 7005306143000000000 ♠ 306,143 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> 7005304905000000000 ♠ 304,905 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> 7005296966000000000 ♠ 296,966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> 7005296359000000000 ♠ 296,359 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 7005294841000000000 ♠ 294,841 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 7005294054000000000 ♠ 294,054 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 7005283660000000000 ♠ 283,660 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> 7005282463000000000 ♠ 282,463 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 7005247028000000000 ♠ 247,028 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> 7005236785000000000 ♠ 236,785 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 7005221415000000000 ♠ 221,415 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> 7005204565000000000 ♠ 204,565 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 7005202616000000000 ♠ 202,616 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 7005194559000000000 ♠ 194,559 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 7005192925000000000 ♠ 192,925 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> 7005192094000000000 ♠ 192,094 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> 7005186691000000000 ♠ 186,691 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 7005185017000000000 ♠ 185,017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> 7005171489000000000 ♠ 171,489 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> 7005156080000000000 ♠ 156,080 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> 7005152469000000000 ♠ 152,469 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> 7005133657000000000 ♠ 133,657 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> 7005124343000000000 ♠ 124,343 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> 7005112812000000000 ♠ 112,812 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> 7005103135000000000 ♠ 103,135 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> 7005101445000000000 ♠ 101,445 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> 7004978020000000000 ♠ 97,802 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Sudan </Td> <Td> 7004955840000000000 ♠ 95,584 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 7004932700000000000 ♠ 93,270 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> 7004896330000000000 ♠ 89,633 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 7004895520000000000 ♠ 89,552 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 7004813220000000000 ♠ 81,322 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> 7004723740000000000 ♠ 72,374 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> 7004715840000000000 ♠ 71,584 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> 7004705290000000000 ♠ 70,529 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> 7004687630000000000 ♠ 68,763 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> 7004674300000000000 ♠ 67,430 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> 7004672200000000000 ♠ 67,220 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Oman </Td> <Td> 7004662930000000000 ♠ 66,293 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> 7004599480000000000 ♠ 59,948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 7004574360000000000 ♠ 57,436 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> 7004551880000000000 ♠ 55,188 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 7004524200000000000 ♠ 52,420 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 7004523950000000000 ♠ 52,395 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 7004504250000000000 ♠ 50,425 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> 7004475370000000000 ♠ 47,537 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> 7004474330000000000 ♠ 47,433 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Tanzania </Td> <Td> 7004474310000000000 ♠ 47,431 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> Macau </Td> <Td> 7004448030000000000 ♠ 44,803 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 7004439910000000000 ♠ 43,991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> 7004427390000000000 ♠ 42,739 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> 7004426900000000000 ♠ 42,690 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> 7004420630000000000 ♠ 42,063 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> Jordan </Td> <Td> 7004386550000000000 ♠ 38,655 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> 7004378480000000000 ♠ 37,848 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 7004377450000000000 ♠ 37,745 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> Turkmenistan </Td> <Td> 7004361800000000000 ♠ 36,180 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire </Td> <Td> 7004361650000000000 ♠ 36,165 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> 7004349990000000000 ♠ 34,999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> 7004338060000000000 ♠ 33,806 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> Bahrain </Td> <Td> 7004318590000000000 ♠ 31,859 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> 7004291530000000000 ♠ 29,153 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> 7004276770000000000 ♠ 27,677 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> Paraguay </Td> <Td> 7004274410000000000 ♠ 27,441 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> Yemen </Td> <Td> 7004273180000000000 ♠ 27,318 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> 7004267970000000000 ♠ 26,797 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> 7004255280000000000 ♠ 25,528 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> 7004242040000000000 ♠ 24,204 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> 7004231370000000000 ♠ 23,137 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 7004215170000000000 ♠ 21,517 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> 7004211440000000000 ♠ 21,144 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> 7004209890000000000 ♠ 20,989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> 7004200470000000000 ♠ 20,047 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> 7004200170000000000 ♠ 20,017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> 7004198020000000000 ♠ 19,802 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> 7004195510000000000 ♠ 19,551 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> 7004194690000000000 ♠ 19,469 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> 7004169290000000000 ♠ 16,929 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> 7004165600000000000 ♠ 16,560 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> 7004162890000000000 ♠ 16,289 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> Laos </Td> <Td> 7004159030000000000 ♠ 15,903 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> Botswana </Td> <Td> 7004152750000000000 ♠ 15,275 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> 7004147650000000000 ♠ 14,765 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 118 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 7004143330000000000 ♠ 14,333 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> 7004142140000000000 ♠ 14,214 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> Mali </Td> <Td> 7004140450000000000 ♠ 14,045 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> 7004140270000000000 ♠ 14,027 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> South Sudan </Td> <Td> 7004132820000000000 ♠ 13,282 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 7004132310000000000 ♠ 13,231 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> Mauritius </Td> <Td> 7004121640000000000 ♠ 12,164 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> 7004121150000000000 ♠ 12,115 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> 7004119270000000000 ♠ 11,927 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> Brunei </Td> <Td> 7004114000000000000 ♠ 11,400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> 7004111600000000000 ♠ 11,160 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> Mozambique </Td> <Td> 7004110150000000000 ♠ 11,015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> 7004109490000000000 ♠ 10,949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 131 </Td> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> 7004109000000000000 ♠ 10,900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> 7004105470000000000 ♠ 10,547 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> 7004102670000000000 ♠ 10,267 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 134 </Td> <Td> Equatorial Guinea </Td> <Td> 7004101790000000000 ♠ 10,179 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> 7003999100000000000 ♠ 9,991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> Chad </Td> <Td> 7003960100000000000 ♠ 9,601 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> The Bahamas </Td> <Td> 7003904700000000000 ♠ 9,047 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> Benin </Td> <Td> 7003858300000000000 ♠ 8,583 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 139 </Td> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> 7003837600000000000 ♠ 8,376 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> Haiti </Td> <Td> 7003802300000000000 ♠ 8,023 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> 7003783400000000000 ♠ 7,834 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 142 </Td> <Td> Niger </Td> <Td> 7003750900000000000 ♠ 7,509 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> Kosovo </Td> <Td> 7003704700000000000 ♠ 7,047 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 144 </Td> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> 7003695200000000000 ♠ 6,952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> Moldova </Td> <Td> 7003675000000000000 ♠ 6,750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 146 </Td> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> 7003655100000000000 ♠ 6,551 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 147 </Td> <Td> Guinea </Td> <Td> 7003629900000000000 ♠ 6,299 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> 7003621700000000000 ♠ 6,217 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> Bermuda </Td> <Td> 7003557400000000000 ♠ 5,574 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> 7003548800000000000 ♠ 5,488 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 151 </Td> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> 7003544200000000000 ♠ 5,442 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> Mauritania </Td> <Td> 7003463500000000000 ♠ 4,635 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 153 </Td> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> 7003463200000000000 ♠ 4,632 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 154 </Td> <Td> Barbados </Td> <Td> 7003458800000000000 ♠ 4,588 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> Togo </Td> <Td> 7003440000000000000 ♠ 4,400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> 7003417300000000000 ♠ 4,173 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> Swaziland </Td> <Td> 7003372700000000000 ♠ 3,727 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 158 </Td> <Td> Sierra Leone </Td> <Td> 7003366900000000000 ♠ 3,669 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 159 </Td> <Td> Suriname </Td> <Td> 7003362100000000000 ♠ 3,621 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> Maldives </Td> <Td> 7003359100000000000 ♠ 3,591 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> Guyana </Td> <Td> 7003344600000000000 ♠ 3,446 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> Andorra </Td> <Td> 7003324900000000000 ♠ 3,249 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> Burundi </Td> <Td> 7003300700000000000 ♠ 3,007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> Faroe Islands </Td> <Td> 7003261300000000000 ♠ 2,613 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 165 </Td> <Td> Greenland </Td> <Td> 7003244100000000000 ♠ 2,441 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> 7003223700000000000 ♠ 2,237 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> Lesotho </Td> <Td> 7003220000000000000 ♠ 2,200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> 7003210100000000000 ♠ 2,101 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> 7003176500000000000 ♠ 1,765 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> Central African Republic </Td> <Td> 7003175600000000000 ♠ 1,756 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> <Td> 7003161700000000000 ♠ 1,617 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> Djibouti </Td> <Td> 7003158900000000000 ♠ 1,589 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 173 </Td> <Td> Antigua and Barbuda </Td> <Td> 7003144900000000000 ♠ 1,449 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 174 </Td> <Td> Seychelles </Td> <Td> 7003142700000000000 ♠ 1,427 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 175 </Td> <Td> Timor - Leste </Td> <Td> 7003141700000000000 ♠ 1,417 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> Saint Lucia </Td> <Td> 7003137900000000000 ♠ 1,379 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 177 </Td> <Td> Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> 7003120200000000000 ♠ 1,202 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 178 </Td> <Td> Guinea - Bissau </Td> <Td> 7003112600000000000 ♠ 1,126 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 179 </Td> <Td> Grenada </Td> <Td> 7003101600000000000 ♠ 1,016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 180 </Td> <Td> The Gambia </Td> <Td> 7002965000000000000 ♠ 965 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 181 </Td> <Td> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Td> <Td> 7002917000000000000 ♠ 917 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> Samoa </Td> <Td> 7002786000000000000 ♠ 786 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 183 </Td> <Td> Vanuatu </Td> <Td> 7002774000000000000 ♠ 774 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 184 </Td> <Td> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Td> <Td> 7002771000000000000 ♠ 771 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 185 </Td> <Td> Comoros </Td> <Td> 7002617000000000000 ♠ 617 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 186 </Td> <Td> Dominica </Td> <Td> 7002525000000000000 ♠ 525 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 187 </Td> <Td> Tonga </Td> <Td> 7002395000000000000 ♠ 395 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 188 </Td> <Td> Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé and Príncipe </Td> <Td> 7002351000000000000 ♠ 351 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 189 </Td> <Td> Federated States of Micronesia </Td> <Td> 7002322000000000000 ♠ 322 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> Palau </Td> <Td> 7002293000000000000 ♠ 293 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 191 </Td> <Td> Marshall Islands </Td> <Td> 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 192 </Td> <Td> Kiribati </Td> <Td> 7002166000000000000 ♠ 166 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 193 </Td> <Td> Nauru </Td> <Td> 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194 </Td> <Td> Tuvalu </Td> <Td> 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> GDP ( US $ MM ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> World </Td> <Td> 7007756484480000000 ♠ 75,648,448 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 7007186244750000000 ♠ 18,624,475 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> European Union </Td> <Td> 7007163326310000000 ♠ 16,332,631 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 7007112182810000000 ♠ 11,218,281 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 7006493621100000000 ♠ 4,936,211 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 7006347779600000000 ♠ 3,477,796 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 7006264789800000000 ♠ 2,647,898 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 7006246545300000000 ♠ 2,465,453 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 7006225964200000000 ♠ 2,259,642 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 7006185891300000000 ♠ 1,858,913 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 7006179592500000000 ♠ 1,795,925 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 7006152976000000000 ♠ 1,529,760 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 7006141124500000000 ♠ 1,411,245 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 7006130446300000000 ♠ 1,304,463 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 7006124601500000000 ♠ 1,246,015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 7006123725500000000 ♠ 1,237,255 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 7006107691400000000 ♠ 1,076,914 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 7005932259000000000 ♠ 932,259 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 7005863711000000000 ♠ 863,711 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 7005777227000000000 ♠ 777,227 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 7005668851000000000 ♠ 668,851 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> 7005639617000000000 ♠ 639,617 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 7005545866000000000 ♠ 545,866 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 7005514475000000000 ♠ 514,475 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 7005471402000000000 ♠ 471,402 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 7005467955000000000 ♠ 467,955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> 7005425402000000000 ♠ 425,402 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> 7005407026000000000 ♠ 407,026 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 7005404649000000000 ♠ 404,649 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 7005390799000000000 ♠ 390,799 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> 7005371068000000000 ♠ 371,068 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> 7005399451000000000 ♠ 399,451 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> 7005377740000000000 ♠ 377,740 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 7005349819000000000 ♠ 349,819 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 7005346119000000000 ♠ 346,119 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> 7005326933000000000 ♠ 326,933 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> 7005307872000000000 ♠ 307,872 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 7005305673000000000 ♠ 305,673 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> 7005291376000000000 ♠ 291,376 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> 7005290896000000000 ♠ 290,896 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> 7005282242000000000 ♠ 282,242 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Hong Kong * </Td> <Td> 7005274027000000000 ♠ 274,027 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> 7005272217000000000 ♠ 272,217 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 7005258062000000000 ♠ 258,062 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 7005251255000000000 ♠ 251,255 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 7005250814000000000 ♠ 250,814 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 7005235574000000000 ♠ 235,574 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> 7005230117000000000 ♠ 230,117 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> 7005225422000000000 ♠ 225,422 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> 7005216036000000000 ♠ 216,036 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> 7005213518000000000 ♠ 213,518 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> 7005211817000000000 ♠ 211,817 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 7005205270000000000 ♠ 205,270 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> 7005201809000000000 ♠ 201,809 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> 7005199045000000000 ♠ 199,045 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 7005198652000000000 ♠ 198,652 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 7005186205000000000 ♠ 186,205 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 7005173062000000000 ♠ 173,062 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> 7005163637000000000 ♠ 163,637 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> 7005146676000000000 ♠ 146,676 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> 7005138347000000000 ♠ 138,347 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 7005131806000000000 ♠ 131,806 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> 7005110009000000000 ♠ 110,009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> 7005103676000000000 ♠ 103,676 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> 7005100917000000000 ♠ 100,917 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 7005100249000000000 ♠ 100,249 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> 7004896890000000000 ♠ 89,689 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> Sudan </Td> <Td> 7004818940000000000 ♠ 81,894 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Oman </Td> <Td> 7004817970000000000 ♠ 81,797 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> 7004761390000000000 ♠ 76,139 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> 7004751930000000000 ♠ 75,193 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 7004749410000000000 ♠ 74,941 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> 7004664780000000000 ♠ 66,478 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> 7004648740000000000 ♠ 64,874 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> 7004639690000000000 ♠ 63,969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> 7004630300000000000 ♠ 63,030 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> 7004609360000000000 ♠ 60,936 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> 7004588270000000000 ♠ 58,827 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 7004574710000000000 ♠ 57,471 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 7004571370000000000 ♠ 57,137 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 7004567180000000000 ♠ 56,718 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Macau * </Td> <Td> 7004555020000000000 ♠ 55,502 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> 7004536380000000000 ♠ 53,638 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> 7004496310000000000 ♠ 49,631 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 7004495530000000000 ♠ 49,553 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 7004494910000000000 ♠ 49,491 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> 7004491660000000000 ♠ 49,166 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> 7004483920000000000 ♠ 48,392 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> Tanzania </Td> <Td> 7004480300000000000 ♠ 48,030 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> Turkmenistan </Td> <Td> 7004479320000000000 ♠ 47,932 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> 7004474230000000000 ♠ 47,423 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 7004438660000000000 ♠ 43,866 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> 7004413190000000000 ♠ 41,319 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> 7004371770000000000 ♠ 37,177 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> Yemen </Td> <Td> 7004371310000000000 ♠ 37,131 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> 7004359090000000000 ♠ 35,909 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> Jordan </Td> <Td> 7004358270000000000 ♠ 35,827 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire </Td> <Td> 7004342540000000000 ♠ 34,254 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> Bahrain </Td> <Td> 7004338500000000000 ♠ 33,850 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> 7004329960000000000 ♠ 32,996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> 7004320510000000000 ♠ 32,051 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> 7004312860000000000 ♠ 31,286 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> Paraguay </Td> <Td> 7004309850000000000 ♠ 30,985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> 7004280690000000000 ♠ 28,069 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> 7004274650000000000 ♠ 27,465 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> 7004269630000000000 ♠ 26,963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> 7004264850000000000 ♠ 26,485 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> 7004251640000000000 ♠ 25,164 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> 7004230770000000000 ♠ 23,077 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> 7004211220000000000 ♠ 21,122 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 7004194970000000000 ♠ 19,497 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> 7004194890000000000 ♠ 19,489 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> 7004184910000000000 ♠ 18,491 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> 7004174120000000000 ♠ 17,412 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> North Korea </Td> <Td> 7004173960000000000 ♠ 17,396 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> Brunei </Td> <Td> 7004171040000000000 ♠ 17,104 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> Mozambique </Td> <Td> 7004170810000000000 ♠ 17,081 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> 7004170360000000000 ♠ 17,036 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> 7004167780000000000 ♠ 16,778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 118 </Td> <Td> Equatorial Guinea </Td> <Td> 7004167310000000000 ♠ 16,731 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> 7004165760000000000 ♠ 16,576 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 7004165300000000000 ♠ 16,530 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> Botswana </Td> <Td> 7004158130000000000 ♠ 15,813 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> 7004156580000000000 ♠ 15,658 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> 7004147190000000000 ♠ 14,719 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> Congo , Republic of the </Td> <Td> 7004140770000000000 ♠ 14,077 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> 7004139270000000000 ♠ 13,927 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> 7004134290000000000 ♠ 13,429 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> 7004134130000000000 ♠ 13,413 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> Chad </Td> <Td> 7004127910000000000 ♠ 12,791 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> Arab Palestinian areas </Td> <Td> 7004127660000000000 ♠ 12,766 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> 7004127560000000000 ♠ 12,756 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 131 </Td> <Td> Mauritius </Td> <Td> 7004126160000000000 ♠ 12,616 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> 7004120670000000000 ♠ 12,067 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> Mali </Td> <Td> 7004119790000000000 ♠ 11,979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 134 </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 7004118060000000000 ♠ 11,806 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> Laos </Td> <Td> 7004117490000000000 ♠ 11,749 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> 7004113190000000000 ♠ 11,319 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> South Sudan </Td> <Td> 7004110070000000000 ♠ 11,007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> 7004108890000000000 ♠ 10,889 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 139 </Td> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> 7004106740000000000 ♠ 10,674 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> 7004105360000000000 ♠ 10,536 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> New Caledonia </Td> <Td> 7004102340000000000 ♠ 10,234 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 142 </Td> <Td> Benin </Td> <Td> 7003957500000000000 ♠ 9,575 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> 7003924200000000000 ♠ 9,242 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 144 </Td> <Td> Haiti </Td> <Td> 7003859900000000000 ♠ 8,599 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> The Bahamas </Td> <Td> 7003851000000000000 ♠ 8,510 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 146 </Td> <Td> Niger </Td> <Td> 7003816900000000000 ♠ 8,169 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 147 </Td> <Td> Moldova </Td> <Td> 7003794400000000000 ♠ 7,944 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> 7003790300000000000 ♠ 7,903 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> 7003740400000000000 ♠ 7,404 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> Kosovo </Td> <Td> 7003738700000000000 ♠ 7,387 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 151 </Td> <Td> Monaco </Td> <Td> 7003706000000000000 ♠ 7,060 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> Guinea </Td> <Td> 7003657900000000000 ♠ 6,579 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 153 </Td> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> 7003585500000000000 ♠ 5,855 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 154 </Td> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> 7003572000000000000 ♠ 5,720 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> French Polynesia </Td> <Td> 7003562300000000000 ♠ 5,623 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> Bermuda </Td> <Td> 7003560100000000000 ♠ 5,601 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> Suriname </Td> <Td> 7003521000000000000 ♠ 5,210 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 158 </Td> <Td> Mauritania </Td> <Td> 7003509200000000000 ♠ 5,092 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 159 </Td> <Td> Timor - Leste </Td> <Td> 7003497000000000000 ♠ 4,970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> Sierra Leone </Td> <Td> 7003489300000000000 ♠ 4,893 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> 7003458800000000000 ♠ 4,588 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> Togo </Td> <Td> 7003457600000000000 ♠ 4,576 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> 7003453200000000000 ♠ 4,532 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> Swaziland </Td> <Td> 7003448200000000000 ♠ 4,482 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 165 </Td> <Td> Barbados </Td> <Td> 7003435300000000000 ♠ 4,353 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> Eritrea </Td> <Td> 7003385800000000000 ♠ 3,858 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> Cayman Islands </Td> <Td> 7003348000000000000 ♠ 3,480 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> Andorra </Td> <Td> 7003327800000000000 ♠ 3,278 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> Curaçao </Td> <Td> 7003315900000000000 ♠ 3,159 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> Guyana </Td> <Td> 7003308600000000000 ♠ 3,086 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> Maldives </Td> <Td> 7003303200000000000 ♠ 3,032 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> Burundi </Td> <Td> 7003286900000000000 ♠ 2,869 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 173 </Td> <Td> Aruba </Td> <Td> 7003266400000000000 ♠ 2,664 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 174 </Td> <Td> Greenland </Td> <Td> 7003244100000000000 ♠ 2,441 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 175 </Td> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> 7003212200000000000 ♠ 2,122 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> Lesotho </Td> <Td> 7003208100000000000 ♠ 2,081 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 177 </Td> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> 7003196500000000000 ♠ 1,965 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 178 </Td> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> <Td> 7003185500000000000 ♠ 1,855 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 179 </Td> <Td> San Marino </Td> <Td> 7003184500000000000 ♠ 1,845 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 180 </Td> <Td> Central African Republic </Td> <Td> 7003183800000000000 ♠ 1,838 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 181 </Td> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> 7003169900000000000 ♠ 1,699 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> Djibouti </Td> <Td> 7003158900000000000 ♠ 1,589 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 183 </Td> <Td> Seychelles </Td> <Td> 7003151100000000000 ♠ 1,511 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 184 </Td> <Td> Saint Lucia </Td> <Td> 7003140600000000000 ♠ 1,406 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 185 </Td> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> 7003137500000000000 ♠ 1,375 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 186 </Td> <Td> Zanzibar </Td> <Td> 7003128900000000000 ♠ 1,289 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 187 </Td> <Td> Antigua and Barbuda </Td> <Td> 7003124800000000000 ♠ 1,248 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 188 </Td> <Td> Guinea - Bissau </Td> <Td> 7003120900000000000 ♠ 1,209 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 189 </Td> <Td> Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> 7003110300000000000 ♠ 1,103 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> Sint Maarten </Td> <Td> 7003105900000000000 ♠ 1,059 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 191 </Td> <Td> British Virgin Islands </Td> <Td> 7002902000000000000 ♠ 902 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 192 </Td> <Td> Grenada </Td> <Td> 7002884000000000000 ♠ 884 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 193 </Td> <Td> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Td> <Td> 7002852000000000000 ♠ 852 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194 </Td> <Td> The Gambia </Td> <Td> 7002851000000000000 ♠ 851 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 195 </Td> <Td> Samoa </Td> <Td> 7002824000000000000 ♠ 824 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 196 </Td> <Td> Vanuatu </Td> <Td> 7002812000000000000 ♠ 812 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 197 </Td> <Td> Turks and Caicos Islands </Td> <Td> 7002797000000000000 ♠ 797 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 198 </Td> <Td> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Td> <Td> 7002729000000000000 ♠ 729 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 199 </Td> <Td> Comoros </Td> <Td> 7002648000000000000 ♠ 648 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> Dominica </Td> <Td> 7002533000000000000 ♠ 533 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 201 </Td> <Td> Tonga </Td> <Td> 7002435000000000000 ♠ 435 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 202 </Td> <Td> Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé and Príncipe </Td> <Td> 7002337000000000000 ♠ 337 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 203 </Td> <Td> Federated States of Micronesia </Td> <Td> 7002308000000000000 ♠ 308 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 204 </Td> <Td> Cook Islands </Td> <Td> 7002311000000000000 ♠ 311 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 205 </Td> <Td> Anguilla </Td> <Td> 7002311000000000000 ♠ 311 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 206 </Td> <Td> Palau </Td> <Td> 7002234000000000000 ♠ 234 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 207 </Td> <Td> Marshall Islands </Td> <Td> 7002209000000000000 ♠ 209 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 208 </Td> <Td> Nauru </Td> <Td> 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 209 </Td> <Td> Kiribati </Td> <Td> 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 210 </Td> <Td> Montserrat </Td> <Td> 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 211 </Td> <Td> Tuvalu </Td> <Td> 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Special administrative regions of China . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Business and economics portal </Li> <Li> Contents / Lists portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) </Li> <Li> List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) per capita </Li> <Li> List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) per capita </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The European Union ( EU ) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Figures exclude Taiwan , and special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Figures exclude Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Data for Syria 's 2014 GDP is from the September 2011 WEO Database , the latest available from the IMF . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Figures exclude special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes Western Sahara . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Covers mainland Tanzania only . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Data are for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Excludes data for Transnistria . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook Database '' . International Monetary Fund . 24 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is GDP and why is it so important ? '' . Investopedia . IAC / InterActiveCorp. 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moffatt , Mike . `` A Beginner 's Guide to Purchasing Power Parity Theory '' . About.com . IAC / InterActiveCorp . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ito , Takatoshi ; Isard , Peter ; Symansky , Steven ( January 1999 ) . `` Economic Growth and Real Exchange Rate : An Overview of the Balassa - Samuelson Hypothesis in Asia '' ( PDF ) . Changes in Exchange Rates in Rapidly Development Countries : Theory , Practice , and Policy Issues . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Callen , Tim ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Purchasing Power Parity : Weights Matter '' . Finance & Development . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Callen , Tim ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Gross Domestic Product : An Economy 's All '' . Finance & Development . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vo , Lam Thuy ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` The World 's Richest Countries and Biggest Economies , In 2 Graphics '' . Planet Money . National Public Radio . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burgen , Emily et . al. ( 5 April 2012 ) . `` An Elusive Relation Between Unemployment and GDP Growth : Okun 's Law '' . Economic Trends . Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vitez , Osmond . `` The Importance of Consumer Spending '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Koesterich , Russ ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` America The Youthful ? Yes , On a Relative Basis '' . BlackRock . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Landefeld , J. Steven ( 11 February 2008 ) . `` The Multi-Factor Productivity Residual '' ( PDF ) . Measuring Innovation 's Role in GDP & Productivity Growth . Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuvalu '' . Europa . European Commission . 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matthews , Chris ( 5 October 2014 ) . `` 5 Most Powerful Economic Empires of All Time '' . Fortune . Time , Inc . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kroeber , Arthur R. ( 2016 ) . China 's Economy : What Everyone Needs to Know . New York , United States : Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kau , Michael Ying - mao ( 30 September 1993 ) . `` China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping : A Decade of Reform '' . Studies on Contemporary China . Taylor & Francis . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hu , Zuliu ; Khan , Mohsin S. ( April 1997 ) . `` Why Is China Growing So Fast ? '' ( PDF ) . Economic Issues . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodrik , Dani ; et al. ( March 2004 ) . `` From `` Hindu Growth '' to Productivity Surge : The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The economics of enlargement '' . Europa . European Commission . 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GDP ( current US $ ) '' . World Development Indicators . World Bank . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GDP and its breakdown at current prices in US Dollars '' . United Nations Statistics Division . December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Nations Statistics Division - National Accounts '' . unstats.un.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EU GDP ( current US $ ) '' . World Development Indicators . World Bank . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All countries and regions / subregions ( totals ) for all years - sorted by region / subregion '' . United Nations . United Nations . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All countries for all years - sorted alphabetically '' . United Nations . United Nations . 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Federal government of the United States - Wikipedia <H1> Federal government of the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` American Government '' redirects here . For the textbook by James Q. Wilson and John J. DiIulio , Jr. , see American Government ( textbook ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> U.S. Federal Government <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Great Seal of the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founding document </Th> <Td> United States Constitution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jurisdiction </Th> <Td> United States of America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.usa.gov </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Legislative branch </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislature </Th> <Td> Congress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Meeting place </Th> <Td> Capitol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Executive branch </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leader </Th> <Td> President of the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appointer </Th> <Td> Electoral College </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> The White House </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main organ </Th> <Td> Cabinet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Departments </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Judicial branch </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Court </Th> <Td> Supreme Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seat </Th> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Constitution of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> United States Congress </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> House of Representatives </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Congressional districts </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> United States Senate </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Executive ( show ) <Ul> <Li> President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Donald Trump ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Vice President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Federal agencies </Li> <Li> Executive Office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chief Justice John Roberts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kennedy </Li> <Li> Thomas </Li> <Li> Ginsburg </Li> <Li> Breyer </Li> <Li> Alito </Li> <Li> Sotomayor </Li> <Li> Kagan </Li> <Li> Gorsuch </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Courts of Appeals </Li> <Li> District Courts ( list ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Other tribunals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Presidential elections </Li> <Li> Midterm elections </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Off - year elections </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Political parties ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Democratic </Li> <Li> Republican </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Third parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federalism ( show ) <Ul> <Li> State Government </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Governors </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Legislatures ( List ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> State courts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Local government </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Federal Government of the United States ( U.S. Federal Government ) is the national government of the United States , a republic in North America , composed of 50 states , one district , Washington , D.C. ( the nation 's capital ) , and several territories . The federal government is composed of three distinct branches : legislative , executive , and judicial , whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress , the president , and the federal courts , respectively . The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress , including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Naming </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Legislative branch <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Makeup of Congress <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 House of Representatives </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Senate </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Different powers </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Impeachment of federal officers </Li> <Li> 3.1. 5 Congressional procedures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Powers of Congress <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Congressional oversight </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Executive branch <Ul> <Li> 4.1 President </Li> <Li> 4.2 Vice president </Li> <Li> 4.3 Cabinet , executive departments , and agencies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Judicial branch <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Overview of the federal judiciary </Li> <Li> 5.2 Relationships between state and federal courts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Elections and voting </Li> <Li> 7 State , tribal , and local governments </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Naming </H2> Political system of the United States <P> The full name of the republic is `` United States of America '' . No other name appears in the Constitution , and this is the name that appears on money , in treaties , and in legal cases to which it is a party ( Charles T. Schenck v. United States ) . The terms `` Government of the United States of America '' or `` United States Government '' are often used in official documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively . In casual conversation or writing , the term `` Federal Government '' is often used , and the term `` National Government '' is sometimes used . The terms `` Federal '' and `` National '' in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government ( Federal Bureau of Investigation , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , National Park Service ) . Because the seat of government is in Washington , D.C. , `` Washington '' is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government . </P> <H2> History </H2> <P> The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution . The government was formed in 1789 , when the Constitution went into effect , making the United States one of the world 's first , if not the first , modern national constitutional republics . </P> <P> The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism , in which power is shared between the federal government and state governments . The interpretation and execution of these principles , including what powers the federal government should have and how those powers can be exercised , have been debated ever since the adoption of the Constitution . Some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals , the states , or other recognized entities . </P> <P> Since the American Civil War , the powers of the federal government have generally expanded greatly , although there have been periods since that time of legislative branch dominance ( e.g. , the decades immediately following the Civil War ) or when states ' rights proponents have succeeded in limiting federal power through legislative action , executive prerogative or by constitutional interpretation by the courts . </P> <P> One of the theoretical pillars of the U.S. Constitution is the idea of `` checks and balances '' among the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of American government : the executive , the legislative , and the judiciary . For example , while the legislative branch ( Congress ) has the power to create law , the executive branch under the president can veto any legislation -- an act which , in turn , can be overridden by Congress . The president nominates judges to the nation 's highest judiciary authority , the Supreme Court , but those nominees must be approved by Congress . The Supreme Court , in turn , can invalidate unconstitutional laws passed by the Congress . These and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below . </P> <H2> Legislative branch </H2> Main article : United States Congress Seal of the U.S. Congress <P> The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government . It is bicameral , comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate . </P> <H3> Makeup of Congress </H3> House of Representatives The 435 seats of the House grouped by state <P> The House currently consists of 435 voting members , each of whom represents a congressional district . The number of representatives each state has in the House is based on each state 's population as determined in the most recent United States Census . All 435 representatives serve a two - year term . Each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House . In order to be elected as a representative , an individual must be at least 25 years of age , must have been a U.S. citizen for at least seven years , and must live in the state that he or she represents . There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve . In addition to the 435 voting members , there are 6 non-voting members , consisting of 5 delegates and one resident commissioner . There is one delegate each from the District of Columbia , Guam , the Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , and the resident commissioner from Puerto Rico . </P> Senate <P> In contrast , the Senate is made up of two senators from each state , regardless of population . There are currently 100 senators ( 2 from each of the 50 states ) , who each serve six - year terms . Approximately one - third of the Senate stands for election every two years . </P> Different powers <P> The House and Senate each have particular exclusive powers . For example , the Senate must approve ( give `` advice and consent '' to ) many important presidential appointments , including cabinet officers , federal judges ( including nominees to the Supreme Court ) , department secretaries ( heads of federal executive branch departments ) , U.S. military and naval officers , and ambassadors to foreign countries . All legislative bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Representatives . The approval of both chambers is required to pass all legislation , which then may only become law by being signed by the president ( or , if the president vetoes the bill , both houses of Congress then re-pass the bill , but by a two - thirds majority of each chamber , in which case the bill becomes law without the president 's signature ) . The powers of Congress are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution ; all other powers are reserved to the states and the people . The Constitution also includes the `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' , which grants Congress the power to `` make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers '' . Members of the House and Senate are elected by first - past - the - post voting in every state except Louisiana and Georgia , which have runoffs . </P> Impeachment of federal officers Main article : Impeachment in the United States <P> Congress has the power to remove the president , federal judges , and other federal officers from office . The House of Representatives and Senate have separate roles in this process . The House must first vote to `` impeach '' the official . Then , a trial is held in the Senate to decide whether the official should be removed from office . Although two presidents have been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton ) , neither of them was removed following trial in the Senate . </P> Congressional procedures <P> Article I , Section 2 , paragraph 2 of the U.S. Constitution gives each chamber the power to `` determine the rules of its proceedings '' . From this provision were created congressional committees , which do the work of drafting legislation and conducting congressional investigations into national matters . The 108th Congress ( 2003 -- 2005 ) had 19 standing committees in the House and 17 in the Senate , plus 4 joint permanent committees with members from both houses overseeing the Library of Congress , printing , taxation , and the economy . In addition , each house may name special , or select , committees to study specific problems . Today , much of the congressional workload is borne by the subcommittees , of which there are around 150 . </P> <H3> Powers of Congress </H3> Main article : Article One of the United States Constitution The United States Capitol is the seat of government for Congress . <P> The Constitution grants numerous powers to Congress . Enumerated in Article I , Section 8 , these include the powers to levy and collect taxes ; to coin money and regulate its value ; provide for punishment for counterfeiting ; establish post offices and roads , issue patents , create federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court , combat piracies and felonies , declare war , raise and support armies , provide and maintain a navy , make rules for the regulation of land and naval forces , provide for , arm and discipline the militia , exercise exclusive legislation in the District of Columbia , and to make laws necessary to properly execute powers . Over the two centuries since the United States was formed , many disputes have arisen over the limits on the powers of the federal government . These disputes have often been the subject of lawsuits that have ultimately been decided by the United States Supreme Court . </P> Congressional oversight Main article : Congressional oversight <P> Congressional oversight is intended to prevent waste and fraud , protect civil liberties and individual rights , ensure executive compliance with the law , gather information for making laws and educating the public , and evaluate executive performance . </P> <P> It applies to cabinet departments , executive agencies , regulatory commissions , and the presidency . </P> <P> Congress 's oversight function takes many forms : </P> <Ul> <Li> Committee inquiries and hearings </Li> <Li> Formal consultations with and reports from the president </Li> <Li> Senate advice and consent for presidential nominations and for treaties </Li> <Li> House impeachment proceedings and subsequent Senate trials </Li> <Li> House and Senate proceedings under the 25th Amendment in the event that the president becomes disabled or the office of the vice president falls vacant </Li> <Li> Informal meetings between legislators and executive officials </Li> <Li> Congressional membership : each state is allocated a number of seats based on its representation ( or ostensible representation , in the case of D.C. ) in the House of Representatives . Each state is allocated two senators regardless of its population . As of January 2010 , the District of Columbia elects a non-voting representative to the House of Representatives along with American Samoa , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Northern Mariana Islands . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Executive branch </H2> See also : Article Two of the United States Constitution and List of United States federal executive orders <P> The executive power in the federal government is vested in the President of the United States , although power is often delegated to the Cabinet members and other officials . The president and vice president are elected as running mates by the Electoral College , for which each state , as well as the District of Columbia , is allocated a number of seats based on its representation ( or ostensible representation , in the case of D.C. ) in both houses of Congress . The president is limited to a maximum of two four - year terms . If the president has already served two years or more of a term to which some other person was elected , he or she may only serve one more additional four - year term . </P> <H3> President </H3> Main article : President of the United States Seal of the President of the United States <P> The executive branch consists of the president and those to whom the president 's powers are delegated . The president is both the head of state and government , as well as the military commander - in - chief and chief diplomat . The president , according to the Constitution , must `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' , and `` preserve , protect and defend the Constitution '' . The president presides over the executive branch of the federal government , an organization numbering about 5 million people , including 1 million active - duty military personnel and 600,000 postal service employees . </P> <P> The president may sign legislation passed by Congress into law or may veto it , preventing it from becoming law unless two - thirds of both houses of Congress vote to override the veto . The president may unilaterally sign treaties with foreign nations . However , ratification of international treaties requires a two - thirds majority vote in the Senate . The president may be impeached by a majority in the House and removed from office by a two - thirds majority in the Senate for `` treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors '' . The president may not dissolve Congress or call special elections but does have the power to pardon or release criminals convicted of offenses against the federal government ( except in cases of impeachment ) , enact executive orders , and ( with the consent of the Senate ) appoint Supreme Court justices and federal judges . </P> <H3> Vice president </H3> Main article : Vice President of the United States Seal of the Vice President of the United States <P> The vice president is the second - highest official in rank of the federal government . The office of the vice president 's duties and powers are established in the legislative branch of the federal government under Article 1 , Section 3 , Clauses 4 and 5 as the President of the Senate ; this means that he or she is the head of the Senate . In that capacity , the vice president is allowed to vote in the Senate , but only when necessary to break a tie vote . Pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment , the vice president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College . As first in the U.S. presidential line of succession , the vice president 's duties and powers move to the executive branch when becoming president upon the death , resignation , or removal of the president , which has happened nine times in U.S. history . Lastly , in the case of a Twenty - fifth Amendment succession event , the vice president would become acting president , assuming all of the powers and duties of president , except being designated as president . Accordingly , by circumstances , the Constitution designates the vice president as routinely in the legislative branch , or succeeding to the executive branch as president , or possibly being in both as acting president pursuant to the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Because of circumstances , the overlapping nature of the duties and powers attributed to the office , the title of the office and other matters , such has generated a spirited scholarly dispute regarding attaching an exclusive branch designation to the office of vice president . </P> <H3> Cabinet , executive departments , and agencies </H3> Main articles : Cabinet of the United States , United States federal executive departments , and List of federal agencies in the United States <P> The day - to - day enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands of the various federal executive departments , created by Congress to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs . The heads of the 15 departments , chosen by the president and approved with the `` advice and consent '' of the U.S. Senate , form a council of advisers generally known as the president 's `` Cabinet '' . Once confirmed , these `` cabinet officers '' serve at the pleasure of the president . In addition to departments , a number of staff organizations are grouped into the Executive Office of the President . These include the White House staff , the National Security Council , the Office of Management and Budget , the Council of Economic Advisers , the Council on Environmental Quality , the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative , the Office of National Drug Control Policy , and the Office of Science and Technology Policy . The employees in these United States government agencies are called federal civil servants . </P> <P> There are also independent agencies such as the United States Postal Service ( USPS ) , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , and the United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) . In addition , there are government - owned corporations such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the National Railroad Passenger Corporation . </P> <H2> Judicial branch </H2> Main articles : Federal judiciary of the United States and United States federal courts See also : Article Three of the United States Constitution <P> The Judiciary explains and applies the laws . This branch does this by hearing and eventually making decisions on various legal cases . </P> <H3> Overview of the federal judiciary </H3> Seal of the U.S. Supreme Court <P> Article III section I of the Constitution establishes the Supreme Court of the United States and authorizes the United States Congress to establish inferior courts as their need shall arise . Section I also establishes a lifetime tenure for all federal judges and states that their compensation may not be diminished during their time in office . Article II section II establishes that all federal judges are to be appointed by the president and confirmed by the United States Senate . </P> <P> The Judiciary Act of 1789 subdivided the nation jurisdictionally into judicial districts and created federal courts for each district . The three tiered structure of this act established the basic structure of the national judiciary : the Supreme Court , 13 courts of appeals , 94 district courts , and two courts of special jurisdiction . Congress retains the power to re-organize or even abolish federal courts lower than the Supreme Court . </P> <P> The U.S. Supreme Court adjudicates `` cases and controversies '' -- matters pertaining to the federal government , disputes between states , and interpretation of the United States Constitution , and , in general , can declare legislation or executive action made at any level of the government as unconstitutional , nullifying the law and creating precedent for future law and decisions . The United States Constitution does not specifically mention the power of judicial review ( the power to declare a law unconstitutional ) . The power of judicial review was asserted by Chief Justice Marshall in the landmark Supreme Court Case Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) . There have been instances in the past where such declarations have been ignored by the other two branches . Below the U.S. Supreme Court are the United States Courts of Appeals , and below them in turn are the United States District Courts , which are the general trial courts for federal law , and for certain controversies between litigants who are not deemed citizens of the same state ( `` diversity jurisdiction '' ) . </P> <P> There are three levels of federal courts with general jurisdiction , meaning that these courts handle criminal cases and civil lawsuits between individuals . Other courts , such as the bankruptcy courts and the Tax Court , are specialized courts handling only certain kinds of cases ( `` subject matter jurisdiction '' ) . The Bankruptcy Courts are `` under '' the supervision of the district courts , and , as such , are not considered part of the `` Article III '' judiciary and also as such their judges do not have lifetime tenure , nor are they Constitutionally exempt from diminution of their remuneration . Also the Tax Court is not an Article III court ( but is , instead an `` Article I Court '' ) . </P> <P> The district courts are the trial courts wherein cases that are considered under the Judicial Code ( Title 28 , United States Code ) consistent with the jurisdictional precepts of `` federal question jurisdiction '' and `` diversity jurisdiction '' and `` pendent jurisdiction '' can be filed and decided . The district courts can also hear cases under `` removal jurisdiction '' , wherein a case brought in State court meets the requirements for diversity jurisdiction , and one party litigant chooses to `` remove '' the case from state court to federal court . </P> <P> The United States Courts of Appeals are appellate courts that hear appeals of cases decided by the district courts , and some direct appeals from administrative agencies , and some interlocutory appeals . The U.S. Supreme Court hears appeals from the decisions of the courts of appeals or state supreme courts , and in addition has original jurisdiction over a few cases . </P> <P> The judicial power extends to cases arising under the Constitution , an Act of Congress ; a U.S. treaty ; cases affecting ambassadors , ministers and consuls of foreign countries in the U.S. ; cases and controversies to which the federal government is a party ; controversies between states ( or their citizens ) and foreign nations ( or their citizens or subjects ) ; and bankruptcy cases ( collectively `` federal - question jurisdiction '' ) . The Eleventh Amendment removed from federal jurisdiction cases in which citizens of one state were the plaintiffs and the government of another state was the defendant . It did not disturb federal jurisdiction in cases in which a state government is a plaintiff and a citizen of another state the defendant . </P> <P> The power of the federal courts extends both to civil actions for damages and other redress , and to criminal cases arising under federal law . The interplay of the Supremacy Clause and Article III has resulted in a complex set of relationships between state and federal courts . Federal courts can sometimes hear cases arising under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction , state courts can decide certain matters involving federal law , and a handful of federal claims are primarily reserved by federal statute to the state courts ( for example , those arising from the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 ) . Both court systems thus can be said to have exclusive jurisdiction in some areas and concurrent jurisdiction in others . </P> <P> The U.S. Constitution safeguards judicial independence by providing that federal judges shall hold office `` during good behavior '' ; in practice , this usually means they serve until they die , retire , or resign . A judge who commits an offense while in office may be impeached in the same way as the president or other officials of the federal government . U.S. judges are appointed by the president , subject to confirmation by the Senate . Another Constitutional provision prohibits Congress from reducing the pay of any Article III judge ( Congress is able to set a lower salary for all future judges that take office after the reduction , but may not decrease the rate of pay for judges already in office ) . </P> <H3> Relationships between state and federal courts </H3> <P> Separate from , but not entirely independent of , this federal court system are the court systems of each state , each dealing with , in addition to federal law when not deemed preempted , a state 's own laws , and having its own court rules and procedures . Although state governments and the federal government are legally dual sovereigns , the Supreme Court of the United States is in many cases the appellate court from the State Supreme Courts ( e.g. , absent the Court countenancing the applicability of the doctrine of adequate and independent State grounds ) . The Supreme Courts of each state are by this doctrine the final authority on the interpretation of the applicable state 's laws and Constitution . Many state constitution provisions are equal in breadth to those of the U.S. Constitution , but are considered `` parallel '' ( thus , where , for example , the right to privacy pursuant to a state constitution is broader than the federal right to privacy , and the asserted ground is explicitly held to be `` independent '' , the question can be finally decided in a State Supreme Court -- the U.S. Supreme Court will decline to take jurisdiction ) . </P> <P> A State Supreme Court , other than of its own accord , is bound only by the U.S. Supreme Court 's interpretation of federal law , but is not bound by interpretation of federal law by the federal court of appeals for the federal circuit in which the state is included , or even the federal district courts located in the state , a result of the dual sovereigns concept . Conversely , a federal district court hearing a matter involving only a question of state law ( usually through diversity jurisdiction ) must apply the substantive law of the state in which the court sits , a result of the application of the Erie Doctrine ; however , at the same time , the case is heard under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and the Federal Rules of Evidence instead of state procedural rules ( that is , the application of the Erie Doctrine only extends to a requirement that a federal court asserting diversity jurisdiction apply substantive state law , but not procedural state law , which may be different ) . Together , the laws of the federal and state governments form U.S. law . </P> <H2> Elections and voting </H2> Main article : Elections in the United States Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union , 1862 . <P> Suffrage , commonly known as the ability to vote , has changed significantly over time . In the early years of the United States , voting was considered a matter for state governments , and was commonly restricted to white men who owned land . Direct elections were mostly held only for the U.S. House of Representatives and state legislatures , although what specific bodies were elected by the electorate varied from state to state . Under this original system , both senators representing each state in the U.S. Senate were chosen by a majority vote of the state legislature . Since the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , members of both houses of Congress have been directly elected . Today , U.S. citizens have almost universal suffrage under equal protection of the laws from the age of 18 , regardless of race , gender , or wealth . The only significant exception to this is the disenfranchisement of convicted felons , and in some states former felons as well . </P> <P> Under the U.S. Constitution , the national representation of U.S. territories and the federal district of Washington , D.C. in Congress is limited : while residents of the District of Columbia are subject to federal laws and federal taxes , their only congressional representative is a non-voting delegate ; however , they have been allowed to participate in presidential elections since March 29 , 1961 . Residents of U.S. territories have varying rights ; for example , only some residents of Puerto Rico pay federal income taxes ( though all residents must pay all other federal taxes , including import / export taxes , federal commodity taxes and federal payroll taxes , including Social Security and Medicare ) . All federal laws that are `` not locally inapplicable '' are automatically the law of the land in Puerto Rico but their current representation in the U.S. Congress is in the form of a Resident Commissioner , a nonvoting delegate . </P> <H2> State , tribal , and local governments </H2> Main articles : State governments of the United States , Tribal sovereignty in the United States , and Local government in the United States The states of the United States as divided into counties ( or , in Louisiana and Alaska , parishes and boroughs , respectively ) . Alaska and Hawaii are not to scale and the Aleutian and uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands have been omitted . <P> The state governments tend to have the greatest influence over most Americans ' daily lives . The Tenth Amendment prohibits the federal government from exercising any power not delegated to it by the States in the Constitution ; as a result , states handle the majority of issues most relevant to individuals within their jurisdiction . Because state governments are not authorized to print currency , they generally have to raise revenue through either taxes or bonds . As a result , state governments tend to impose severe budget cuts or raise taxes any time the economy is faltering . </P> <P> Each state has its own written constitution , government and code of laws . The Constitution stipulates only that each state must have , `` a Republican Government '' . Therefore , there are often great differences in law and procedure between individual states , concerning issues such as property , crime , health and education , amongst others . The highest elected official of each state is the Governor . Each state also has an elected state legislature ( bicameralism is a feature of every state except Nebraska ) , whose members represent the voters of the state . Each state maintains its own state court system . In some states , supreme and lower court justices are elected by the people ; in others , they are appointed , as they are in the federal system . </P> <P> As a result of the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia , American Indian tribes are considered `` domestic dependent nations '' that operate as sovereign governments subject to federal authority but , in some cases , outside of the jurisdiction of state governments . Hundreds of laws , executive orders and court cases have modified the governmental status of tribes vis - à - vis individual states , but the two have continued to be recognized as separate bodies . Tribal governments vary in robustness , from a simple council used to manage all aspects of tribal affairs , to large and complex bureaucracies with several branches of government . Tribes are currently encouraged to form their own governments , with power resting in elected tribal councils , elected tribal chairpersons , or religiously appointed leaders ( as is the case with pueblos ) . Tribal citizenship and voting rights are typically restricted to individuals of native descent , but tribes are free to set whatever citizenship requirements they wish . </P> <P> The institutions that are responsible for local government within states are typically town , city , or county boards , water management districts , fire management districts , library districts and other similar governmental units which make laws that affect their particular area . These laws concern issues such as traffic , the sale of alcohol and the keeping of animals . The highest elected official of a town or city is usually the mayor . In New England , towns operate in a direct democratic fashion , and in some states , such as Rhode Island , Connecticut , and some parts of Massachusetts , counties have little or no power , existing only as geographic distinctions . In other areas , county governments have more power , such as to collect taxes and maintain law enforcement agencies . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Government of the United States portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> President </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Executive order </Li> <Li> Federal executive departments </Li> <Li> President 's Executive Office </Li> <Li> Line - item veto </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Courts </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Bankruptcy courts </Li> <Li> Courts of appeals </Li> <Li> District courts </Li> <Li> Federal courts </Li> <Li> Federal judicial circuit </Li> <Li> Federal judicial district </Li> <Li> Supreme Court </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Law </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Governmental designations for places </Li> <Li> U.S. Code </Li> <Li> U.S. Law </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Agencies </Dt> <Dd> Note : Most agencies are executive , but a few are legislative or judicial . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Federal agencies </Li> <Li> Independent agencies </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> States and territories </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Political divisions </Li> <Li> U.S. states </Li> <Li> U.S. territory </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Works and websites </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Copyright status of work by the U.S. government </Li> <Li> U.S. Government Web Portal for Businesses </Li> <Li> U.S. Government Web Portal for Citizens </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Wood , 1998 p. 208 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power , ' Henry Jones Ford , ' Proceedings of the American Political Science Association , Vol. 5 , Fifth Annual Meeting ( 1908 ) ' Jstor.org Retrieved on March 17 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judge Rules Favorably in Pennsylvania BRAC Suit ( Associated Press , 26 August ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' The Legislative Branch ' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved on January 20 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. House Official Website House.gov Archived August 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaiser , Frederick M. ( January 3 , 2006 ) . `` Congressional Oversight '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Article II , Constitution of the United States of America </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § § 301 -- 303 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barack , Obama ( April 27 , 2009 ) . `` Delegation of Certain Authority Under the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 '' . United States . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amendment XXIII to the United States Constitution </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amendment XXII to the United States Constitution </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldstein , Joel K. ( 1995 ) . `` The New Constitutional Vice Presidency '' . Wake Forest Law Review . Winston Salem , NC : Wake Forest Law Review Association , Inc. 30 ( 505 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , Glenn Harlan ( 2007 ) . `` Is Dick Cheney Unconstitutional ? '' . Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy . Chicago : Northwestern University School of Law . 102 ( 110 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Federal tribunals in the United States </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States Tax Court </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Twenty - fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Contrary to common misconception , residents of Puerto Rico do pay U.S. federal taxes : customs taxes ( which are subsequently returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury ) ( See Department of the Interior , Office of Insular Affairs . ) Archived June 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , import / export taxes ( See Stanford.wellsphere.com ) Archived April 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , federal commodity taxes ( See Stanford.wellsphere.com ) , social security taxes ( See IRS.gov ) , etc . Residents pay federal payroll taxes , such as Social Security ( See IRS.gov ) and Medicare ( See Reuters.com ) , as well as Commonwealth of Puerto Rico income taxes ( See Puertorico-herald.com and HTRCPA.com ) . Archived April 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . All federal employees ( See Heritage.org ) Archived February 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , those who do business with the federal government ( See MCVPR.com ) Archived January 16 , 2010 , at WebCite , Puerto Rico - based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. ( See Page 9 , line 1 . ) , and some others ( For example , Puerto Rican residents that are members of the U.S. military , See Heritage.org and Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico , See pp 14 -- 15 . ) also pay federal income taxes . In addition , because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the U.S. IRS code , and because the per - capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per - capita income on the mainland , more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island . This occurs because `` the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments '' ( See GAO.gov ) . As residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security , Puerto Ricans are eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement , but are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) ( Commonwealth of Puerto Rico residents , unlike residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and residents of the 50 States , do not receive the SSI . See Socialsecurity.gov ) , and the island actually receives less than 15 % of the Medicaid funding it would normally receive if it were a U.S. state . However , Medicare providers receive less - than - full state - like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico , even though the latter paid fully into the system ( See p. 252 ) . Archived May 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . It has also been estimated ( See Eagleforum.org that , because the population of the island is greater than that of 50 % of the states , if it were a state , Puerto Rico would have six to eight seats in the House , in addition to the two seats in the Senate. ( See Eagleforum.org , CRF-USA.org Archived June 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . and Thomas.gov ( Note that for the later , the official US Congress database website , you will need to resubmit a query . The document in question is called `` House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' . These are the steps to follow : Thomas.gov > Committee Reports > 110 > drop down `` Word / Phrase '' and pick `` Report Number '' > type `` 597 '' next to Report Number . This will provide the document `` House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' , then from the Table of Contents choose `` Background and need for legislation '' . ) ) . Another misconception is that the import / export taxes collected by the U.S. on products manufactured in Puerto Rico are all returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury . This is not the case . Such import / export taxes are returned only for rum products , and even then the US Treasury keeps a portion of those taxes ( See the `` House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' mentioned above . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A brief overview of state fiscal conditions and the effects of federal policies on state budgets '' ( PDF ) . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . May 12 , 2004 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography </H2> <Ul> <Li> Wood , Gordon S. ( 1998 ) . The creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . Gordon S. Wood , Institute of Early American History and Culture ( Williamsburg , Va . ) . p. 653 . 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Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry - wikipedia <H1> Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Dallas Cowboys -- Washington Redskins <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First meeting </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> October 2 , 1960 </Li> <Li> Washington Redskins 26 , Dallas Cowboys 14 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latest meeting </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> November 30 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Dallas Cowboys 38 , Washington Redskins 14 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Next meeting </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sometime in 2018 </Li> <Li> Unknown </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Meetings total </Th> <Td> 116 meetings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - time series </Th> <Td> Dallas Cowboys lead 70 -- 44 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Postseason results </Th> <Td> Washington Redskins lead 2 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest victory </Th> <Td> Dallas Cowboys 38 , Washington Redskins 3 ( 1993 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Longest win streak </Th> <Td> <P> Dallas Cowboys : 10 ( November 16 , 1997 -- November 28 , 2002 ) </P> Washington Redskins : 4 ( November 23 , 1986 -- October 9 , 1988 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current win streak </Th> <Td> Dallas Cowboys , 4 wins ( 2016 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Championship Success During Rivalry ( 1960 -- present ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> Super Bowl titles ( 8 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Dallas Cowboys ( 5 ) -- 1971 , 1977 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 </Li> <Li> Washington Redskins ( 3 ) -- 1982 , 1987 , 1991 </Li> </Ul> <P> Super Bowl appearances ( 13 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Dallas Cowboys ( 8 ) -- 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 </Li> <Li> Washington Redskins ( 5 ) -- 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 </Li> </Ul> <P> Division Championships ( 32 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Dallas Cowboys ( 23 ) -- 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Washington Redskins ( 9 ) -- 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1991 , 1999 , 2012 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry is a rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins in the National Football League 's NFC East division . In 2005 , Sports Illustrated called it the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' ESPN ranked it the best rivalry in the NFL . The Sportster has ranked it the 17th biggest rivalry in the world . During the tenure of this rivalry , the two franchises have won 31 combined division titles and eight combined Super Bowls . They are the two wealthiest franchises in the NFL . The rivalry started in 1960 when the Cowboys joined the league as an expansion team . During that year they were in separate conferences , but played once during the season . In 1961 , Dallas was placed in the same division as the Redskins , and from that point on , they have played each other twice in every regular season . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Beginning </Li> <Li> 2 First Few Games </Li> <Li> 3 Cowboy Chicken Club </Li> <Li> 4 1965 -- 1967 </Li> <Li> 5 1970s <Ul> <Li> 5.1 1972 </Li> <Li> 5.2 1973 Redskins 14 , Cowboys 7 </Li> <Li> 5.3 1974 Thanksgiving Day Game </Li> <Li> 5.4 1979 season - ending game </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 1980s </Li> <Li> 7 1990s </Li> <Li> 8 2000s </Li> <Li> 9 2010s </Li> <Li> 10 Rivalry off the field </Li> <Li> 11 Rivalry statistics </Li> <Li> 12 Rivalry statistics by decade </Li> <Li> 13 Game results <Ul> <Li> 13.1 1960s ( Cowboys 10 -- 7 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> 13.2 1970s ( Cowboys 12 -- 9 ) </Li> <Li> 13.3 1980s ( Cowboys 11 -- 9 ) </Li> <Li> 13.4 1990s ( Cowboys 12 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> 13.5 2000s ( Cowboys 14 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> 13.6 2010s ( Cowboys 11 -- 5 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 Monday Night Football <Ul> <Li> 14.1 MNF ( Cowboys lead 9 -- 8 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 References </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Beginning ( edit ) </H2> <P> Texas oil tycoon Clint Murchison , Jr. was having a hard time bringing a National Football League team to Dallas , Texas . He tried buying two teams , but the negotiations fell through . In 1958 , Murchison heard that George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , was eager to sell the team . Just as the sale was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . Murchison was outraged and canceled the whole deal . </P> <P> Around this time , Marshall had a falling out with the Redskin band director , Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song , now a staple at the stadium ; additionally , Marshall 's wife penned the lyrics to the song . Breeskin wanted revenge after the failed negotiations with Marshall . He approached Tom Webb , Murchison 's lawyer , and sold the rights for $2,500 . </P> <P> Murchison then decided to create his own team , with the support of NFL expansion committee chairman , George Halas . Halas decided to put the proposition of a Dallas franchise before the NFL owners , which needed to have unanimous approval in order to pass . The only owner against the proposal was George Preston Marshall . However , Marshall found out that Murchison owned the rights to Washington 's fight song , so a deal was finally struck . If Marshall showed his approval of the Dallas franchise , Murchison would return the song . The Cowboys were then founded and began playing in 1960 . </P> <P> To build the roster of an expansion team , Dallas was allowed to pick certain players from certain teams per League rules . In addition to selecting 3 players from the Redskins roster , the Cowboys traded their first round ( # 2 - Norm Snead ) and sixth round ( # 72 - Joe Krakoski ) draft choices in the 1961 NFL Draft to the Redskins in exchange for Pro Bowl quarterback Eddie LeBaron , convincing him to come out of retirement to become the franchise 's first starting quarterback . </P> <H2> First few games ( edit ) </H2> <P> Though both teams would become juggernauts in the National Football League , the beginning of the rivalry was not all that exciting . The first game took place in Griffith Stadium on October 9 , 1960 and was won by the Redskins . It was the only game they would win that year . The Cowboys would go winless that season . The Redskins would win two of the first four and tied the two others . </P> <H2> Cowboy chicken Club ( edit ) </H2> <P> In December 1961 , an unknown number of Cowboys fans snuck into D.C. Stadium , armed with bags of chicken feed . When Alaskan snow dogs were to drag Santa Claus onto the field during the halftime show , the pranksters would unleash dozens of hungry chickens onto the field -- 75 white , one black . The significance of the black chicken was to symbolize how Marshall was the only owner in the league who would not recruit an African - American football player ; Marshall stating , `` We 'll start signing Negroes when the Harlem Globetrotters start signing whites . '' </P> <P> The chickens fit into two large crates , which were smuggled into the stadium the morning of the game . The chickens and the smugglers went unspotted until halftime , when a stadium usher noticed a man guarding the crates and heard the chickens . Though the guard tried to bribe the official with $100 , he was quickly reported and arrested , and the chickens confiscated . As it turned out , the `` official '' was actually Redskins general manager Dick McCann . </P> <P> The following year and the night before the third Redskins - Cowboys match - up in less than a year , pranksters sneaked into Marshall 's hotel suite and dropped off a large turkey in the bathroom . When Marshall went into the bathroom , the turkey puffed up and gobbled at him , causing Marshall to flee his room . `` Chickens are nice '' , Marshall said , `` but a man should n't fool with a mad turkey . '' </P> <P> Just minutes before kickoff , while `` Hail to the Redskins '' blared throughout the stadiums , four banners reading `` CHICKENS '' -- one at each 50 - yard line and one in each end zone center -- were unfurled in the stadium 's upper decks . Two acrobats , hired by Cowboys fans and Chicken Club founders Bob Thompson and Irv Davidson ( along with the University of Maryland students with the banners ) rushed onto the field dressed in chicken costumes and began to throw colored eggs . One was apprehended by a guard , but the other proved to be too elusive . By this time , the band was playing the National Anthem , therefore unable to move . The lone chicken - acrobat reached into this bag and released a chicken , then returned to his egg - throwing . Running to a sideline , he then attempted to leave the stadium by jumping over a bench , but slipped . </P> <P> A group of security guards then apprehended him , but he was able to break free . He made it back to the 50 - yard line , turned a cartwheel , then ran and flopped onto the 30 - yard line . By this time , only aware that the National Anthem was over , the two teams rushed onto the field in the middle of the chaos . In the midst of the ruckus , the man made it off the field and into the stands . Although the real chicken was caught , the acrobat - chicken was never apprehended . </P> <P> The next day , while reporting the 38 - 10 Cowboys victory , the Dallas News scoring summary ended with , Attendance - 49,888 ( and one chicken ) . </P> <H2> 1965 -- 1967 ( edit ) </H2> <P> From 1965 through 1967 , the Redskins and Cowboys , led by Sonny Jurgensen and Don Meredith respectively , played four games against each other that produced a combined total of 222 points with only ten points of overall difference between the two teams . </P> <P> November 28 , 1965 , DC Stadium : The Cowboys quickly took a 21 - 0 lead on a pass play , a running play and a 60 - yard fumble recovery . Despite Jurgensen 's 26 - yard touchdown pass to Charley Taylor , the fans in the stands called for him to be benched in favor of second - string quarterback Dick Shiner . However , Jurgensen then drove the Redskins down field for a second touchdown to cut the Cowboys lead to 24 - 13 . They then scored a rushing touchdown to make it 24 - 20 . But just when the Redskins were gaining momentum , Meredith tossed a 53 - yard scoring touch to Frank Clarke . Jurgensen was then able to throw another touchdown pass to Bobby Mitchell to make it 31 - 27 . The Redskins got the ball back on their 20 - yard line with less than two minutes to go . After working his way down the field , Jurgensen passed to tight end Angelo Coia to give the Redskins their first lead , 34 - 31 , with about one minute to play . But Meredith was not done either . He drove the Cowboys to the Redskins 37 - yard line with seven seconds to go . Danny Villanueva was then brought in and attempted a tying field goal , but it was blocked by Redskins defensive back Lonnie Sanders . Final : Redskins , 34 -- Cowboys , 31 </P> <P> November 13 , 1966 , DC Stadium : In the second quarter with the score 7 - 6 Dallas , Meredith threw a 52 - yard touchdown to Bob Hayes , followed in the third quarter with a 95 - yard repeat , making the score 21 - 7 . Then Washington scored three consecutive times with Jurgensen 's 4 - yard pass to Jerry Smith and 78 - yard pass to Charley Taylor , followed by a Charlie Gogolak field goal , giving them the lead , 23 - 21 . Meredith then drove the Cowboys down field to set up a one - yard touchdown run by Dan Reeves . But the Redskins matched their score on a drive ending with Jurgensen 's 18 - yard scoring pass to Taylor , making it 30 - 28 . Meredith got the ball back with no timeouts and the Redskins playing deep prevent . Somehow , he was able to drive them to the Redskins 33 . The Redskins mounted a strong pass rush to push the Cowboys out of field goal range . But apparently it was too strong . Meredith was hit just as he scrambled out of bounds . The penalty put the Cowboys on the Redskins 12 for an easy Villanueva field goal . Final : Cowboys , 31 -- Redskins , 30 </P> <P> December 11 , 1966 , The Cotton Bowl : The Redskins took a 10 - 7 lead at the half after linebacker John Reger recovered a block punt and ran it in for a score . But Danny Villanueva then kicked a tying 26 - yard field goal for the Cowboys and Bob Hays caught a 23 - yard pass for the 17 - 10 lead . The Redskins tied it up on Bobby Mitchell 's 11 - yard reception from Jurgensen . The Cowboys regained the lead when Dan Reeves broke for a 67 - yard touchdown run , making it 24 - 17 . But the Redskins then drove the field and scored on Jurgensen 's 11 - yard pass to Jerry Smith , only to have the Cowboys regain the lead with a six - yard touchdown run by Don Perkins , making it 31 - 24 . Jurgensen was then able to hit Charlie Taylor with a 65 - yard touchdown pass that Taylor caught between two defenders , tying the game . After good defense , the Redskins got the ball back with two minutes to go . Starting at their 46 - yard line , Redskins running back A.D. Whitfield ran right for a 30 - yard gain that set up Charlie Gogolak 's winning field goal . Final : Redskins , 34 -- Cowboys , 31 </P> <P> October 8 , 1967 , DC Stadium : The Redskins led 14 - 10 with 70 seconds to go in the fourth quarter . The Cowboys took possession on their 29 - yard line . On fourth down with 23 seconds remaining , Meredith hit an open Dan Reeves who beat out linebacker Chris Hanburger to score , making it 17 - 14 . After the kick - off with seven seconds to go , Jurgensen pitched a long pass to Charley Taylor , but he was tackled at the Cowboys 20 - yard line as time ran out . Final : Cowboys , 17 -- Redskins , 14 </P> <P> Washington would win the rematch in Dallas that season , 27 - 20 , but the Cowboys closed out the decade with four straight wins over the Redskins . In the late 60 's the Redskins hired Vince Lombardi to try to stop ex-Giants coordinator Tom Landry . Lombardi 's 7 - 5 - 2 record with the Redskins was the team 's first winning season in 14 years , but he was still swept by the Cowboys . Lombardi 's untimely death in 1970 froze Redskins development for two seasons . </P> <H2> 1970s ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1972 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The rivalry was in full - swing by 1971 , when Washington hired George Allen as head coach . During the 1972 season , Allen 's Redskins met Dallas three times en route to a date with the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VII . This is how the season progressed . </P> <P> After a losing season in 1970 , the Redskins ' hired George Allen from the Los Angeles Rams . As the 1972 football season approached , preseason predictors were touting the Cowboys , who had defeated the Dolphins , 24 - 3 in the previous Super Bowl , to again win the NFC East . </P> <P> The sixth game of the season brought the Cowboys to Washington , D.C. Both teams came into the game with a 4 - 1 - 0 record . Sonny Jurgensen was Washington 's starting quarterback , with Billy Kilmer benched after a previous loss . Craig Morton was the Cowboys ' quarterback while the injured Roger Staubach watched from the sideline . Despite Washington 's home - field advantage , the Cowboys were favored by a touchdown . </P> <P> A field goal and a Morton touchdown pass gave Dallas a 10 - 0 lead at the end of the first quarter , which was extended to 13 - 0 in the second period . Jurgensen led a Washington drive that climaxed with a pass to Larry Brown for a touchdown , but at the half the Redskins trailed by six points . Another seven points were added to the lead in the third quarter when Walt Garrison scored a touchdown . But then , Larry Brown broke a run for 34 yards and a touchdown to bring the score to 20 - 14 . Curt Knight kicked a 42 - yard field goal to make it 20 - 17 . Charley Harraway ran for 13 yards to make the score 24 - 20 , Redskins on top . During this offensive scoring period , the Over-the - Hill Gang defense shut down the Cowboys . At the end , Washington had defeated the Cowboys and was in possession of first place in the NFC East . </P> <P> Now with two games remaining , Washington was 11 - 1 and had clinched the NFC East title . An ensuing loss to the Cowboys ( 34 - 24 ) was meaningless . It was the first time since the NFL went to a divisional format in 1967 that the Cowboys had not won their division . </P> <P> The playoffs in 1972 pitted Washington against the Green Bay Packers . The final score was Washington 16 , Green Bay 3 . The victory sent the Redskins to the NFC Championship Game against the Cowboys who entered the playoffs as a wild - card entry . The Cowboys , who had been runner - up to the Redskins in the regular season defeated the NFC West champions , the San Francisco 49ers , 30 - 28 . </P> <P> The game was played in Washington . Staubach was back for the Cowboys , and Dallas fans were thrilled to have him . But Billy Kilmer for the Redskins was the better quarterback that day . After a field goal got the scoring started , Kilmer connected with Charley Taylor on a 15 - yard touchdown pass and Washington had a 10 - 3 lead at halftime . In the fourth quarter , Kilmer again went to Taylor , this time for a 45 - yard touchdown . Knight added three more field goals that period and the Over-the - Hill Gang defense allowed only a second - quarter field goal . The final score was Washington 26 , Dallas 3 . </P> <H3> 1973 Redskins 14 , Cowboys 7 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Roger Staubach had won back the quarterback job after missing most of the 1972 season with a shoulder injury , but Tom Landry pulled him in the third quarter when he missed an important signal and was sacked by the Redskins defense . Dallas led 7 - 0 when Staubach was replaced by Craig Morton . Late in the fourth quarter , the game was tied 7 - 7 when Redskins defender Brig Owens picked off Morton 's errant pass and raced 26 yards to score a touchdown . The Cowboys threatened in the last seconds to tie the game , but Ken Houston tackled Walt Garrison on the one - yard line as time ran out , preserving the Redskins win . </P> <H3> 1974 Thanksgiving day game ( edit ) </H3> <P> On November 28 , 1974 , the Redskins were 8 - 3 and ready to secure a playoff berth with a win against the Cowboys ( 6 - 5 ) in a nationally televised game in Dallas . With less than ten minutes to go in the third quarter , Washington was leading 16 - 3 , when Redskins linebacker Dave Robinson knocked Roger Staubach out of the game . Rookie Clint Longley led the Cowboys to a last - minute come - from - behind victory , throwing a 50 - yard touchdown pass to Drew Pearson with 28 seconds left . The final score was Cowboys 24 , Redskins 23 . </P> <P> The Redskins were stunned . `` I do n't have very much to say '' , coach George Allen said when it was over . `` It was probably the toughest loss we ever had . '' </P> <H3> 1979 season - ending game ( edit ) </H3> <P> December 16 , 1979 : The NFC East Division Championship and home field advantage on the line for both teams . This set the stage for the regular season finale against Washington ; the winner would capture the NFC East title while the loser missed the playoffs . In the game , Texas Stadium fans were treated to one of Staubach 's greatest comebacks . The Cowboys trailed 17 - 0 , but then scored three touchdowns to take the lead . Led by running back John Riggins , the Redskins came back to build a 34 - 21 lead , but the Cowboys scored 2 touchdowns in the final five minutes -- including a Staubach touchdown pass to Tony Hill with less than a minute remaining -- for an amazing 35 - 34 victory . In the week leading up to the game , Cowboys ' defensive end Harvey Martin received a funeral wreath , supposedly sent by the Redskins . He kept it in his locker all week for motivation and after the win , he raced into Washington 's locker room , opened the door and heaved it into the room , breaking up a team prayer . Adding insult to injury , the Chicago Bears defeated the St Louis Cardinals 42 - 6 , the Redskins lost the tie breaker to the Bears for the last Wild Card spot . </P> <H2> 1980s ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jan. 22 , 1983 , NFC Championship Game at RFK Stadium , the Redskins defeated the Cowboys to earn a trip to Super Bowl XVII . Prior to the game the stadium physically shook as a capacity crowd of 54,000 chanted `` We Want Dallas ! '' The game is best remembered for the quarterback hit by Redskins defensive end Dexter Manley that sent Cowboys ' quarterback Danny White into the locker room shortly before halftime knocking him out for the rest of the game , and defensive tackle Darryl Grant 's interception return for a 10 - yard touchdown of a Gary Hogeboom pass tipped by Manley to score the decisive points . John Riggins rushed for 140 yards and two touchdowns on 36 carries as the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 31 - 17 . The Redskins went on to defeat Miami for their first Super Bowl championship . </Li> <Li> Before a sold - out 1983 season opener on Monday Night Football , the Redskins were leading the visiting Cowboys 23 -- 3 going into halftime . Danny White 's second half comeback erased the lead and the Cowboys took an improbable 31 -- 30 victory . </Li> <Li> The second 1983 regular season meeting between the Redskins and Cowboys at Texas Stadium was more remembered for an infamous play by the Cowboys than it was for the game 's outcome . On a 4th down and 1 play , Danny White was attempting to draw the Redskins offside by using hard counts , thereby giving the Cowboys a first down and keeping their drive going . But the Redskins ' defense never moved and Danny White ran a play that resulted in a loss of yards , turning the ball over to the Redskins on downs . During the replay , coach Tom Landry was simultaneously shown yelling , `` No , Danny , no ! '' from the sidelines ( undoubtedly wanting White to call a time out to punt the ball ) . After the play , Landry was shown shaking his head in disgust . The Redskins went on to win , 31 - 10 . </Li> <Li> On December 9 , 1984 , down 21 - 6 at halftime , the Redskins scored 17 unanswered points on turnovers to take a 23 - 21 lead going into the fourth quarter . They came back to defeat the Cowboys , 30 - 28 . Coupled with the 34 - 14 win earlier in the year , the Redskins enjoyed their first season sweep of the Cowboys in series history . </Li> <Li> On September 9 , 1985 , the season opener of Monday Night Football was played at Texas Stadium . The Cowboys secondary , nicknamed `` Thurman 's Thieves '' , intercepted Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann five times . Redskins coach Joe Gibbs would pull Theismann from the game in the 4th Quarter due to his poor performance . To rub salt in the wound , fans at Texas Stadium began singing `` Happy Birthday '' to Theismann as he sat on the bench staring straight ahead ( the game took place on Theismann 's birthday ) . The Cowboys went on to win in a blowout , 44 - 14 . </Li> <Li> 1987 - Scab Game : No team in the NFL had more players cross the picket line during the 1987 strike than the Cowboys , who were 2 -- 0 with their `` scab '' players entering a game with the Redskins on Monday Night Football . Washington had also won their two games during the strike , but without any veterans . For this game the Cowboys had Danny White , Randy White , Tony Dorsett , Ed Jones among other veterans , but were upset by the replacement Redskins players , 13 - 7 , in a game former Washington head coach Joe Gibbs called `` one of my greatest experiences and wins . '' The Redskins finished 3 -- 0 with the replacements , the strike ending the following week . The Redskins would go on to win Super Bowl XXII later that season . In 2000 Warner Bros. made a movie loosely based on the 1987 Redskins , The Replacements . </Li> <Li> On December 11 , 1988 , the Cowboys upset the reigning Super Bowl champion Redskins at RFK stadium , 24 - 17 , ending any shot the Redskins had of making the playoffs . Rookie and eventual hall of fame wide receiver , Michael Irvin was the big star of the game with three touchdown catches . This game would prove to be the final victory for legendary Dallas Cowboys head coach Tom Landry . </Li> <Li> The Cowboys lone victory of their woeful 1 - 15 season in 1989 would come on November 5 against the Redskins at RFK Stadium , 13 -- 3 . Ultimately this loss coupled with a last second loss to the Philadelphia Eagles where Gerald Riggs fumbled the football at the Eagles ' goal line with less than a minute remaining in the game prevented the 10 -- 6 Redskins from making the playoffs for the second straight year . The Redskins led the Eagles 37 - 35 at the time when Riggs was stripped and the football was returned 96 yards to the Redskins ' 4 - yard line . The Eagles scored a touchdown and won the football game 42 - 37 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> 1990s ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> On November 24 , 1991 , the 6 -- 5 Cowboys handed the then unbeaten 11 -- 0 Redskins their first defeat and their only defeat at home that season , 24 -- 21 . Despite the loss the Redskins would finish 14 -- 2 and go on to win the Super Bowl XXVI . The Cowboys , motivated by the victory , would reel off a 6 - game win streak , finishing 11 -- 5 ; Cowboys owner Jerry Jones would later tell The Washington Post that he believed this victory was a key turning point in the Cowboys ' transformation into the dominant team they would become for much of the decade . </Li> <Li> On September 7 , 1992 , in front a nationally televised Monday night audience , the Cowboys , led by Emmitt Smith 's 140 yards rushing , handed the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins an embarrassing 23 -- 10 loss at Texas Stadium in their first game of the season . </Li> <Li> On December 13 , 1992 , the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins stunned the eventual Super Bowl champion Cowboys 20 -- 17 in Washington thanks to Safety Danny Copeland 's fourth quarter recovery of a Troy Aikman / Emmitt Smith fumble in the end zone . This game would prove to be Hall of Fame Head Coach Joe Gibbs ' final victory at RFK Stadium . </Li> <Li> On September 6 , 1993 , in front of a nationally televised Monday night audience , the Redskins gained revenge for their opening week Monday night loss of a year before by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Cowboys 35 -- 16 at RFK to earn Richie Petitbon his first victory in his first game as a head coach . </Li> <Li> On the day after Christmas , 1993 , the Cowboys would gain revenge for their opening week loss by defeating the Redskins 38 -- 3 at Texas Stadium . The Cowboys ' 35 point margin of victory is the largest margin of victory by either team in the rivalry 's history . The Cowboys would eventually close out the season with their second straight Super Bowl championship while the Redskins would finish 4 -- 12 , their worst regular season record since 1963 , the Bill McPeak era . </Li> <Li> On December 22 , 1996 , the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 37 -- 10 in the final game played at RFK Stadium , the Redskins home for the last 36 years . The Cowboys rested their starters during this game . </Li> <Li> In the first game of the 1999 season , the Redskins opened a 35 -- 14 lead . Then Dallas scored three touchdowns during the final 11 minutes of regulation time . The Redskins botched a last - second field goal attempt and the game went to overtime . A play - action pass four minutes into overtime to Raghib Ismail fooled Redskins safety Matt Stevens , and won the game for the visiting Cowboys . This game took place during the middle of a 10 - game win streak in the series by the Cowboys , the longest by either team during the tenure of this rivalry . </Li> </Ul> <H2> 2000s ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In Week 6 of the 2001 season , the two teams met in a Monday Night Football matchup . What made that particular game unique was that both teams entered the game 0 - 4 , a MNF first . Dallas won 9 - 7 , and won the rematch as well . </Li> <Li> In the 2002 regular season finale , Washington finally ended an 11 - game losing streak to the Cowboys , defeating them 20 - 14 . The win allowed Washington to finish 7 - 9 , while Dallas finished 5 - 11 for the third straight year . Cowboys coach Dave Campo was fired following the 2002 season . </Li> <Li> Week 2 of the 2005 season , the Redskins were at Dallas where Emmitt Smith , Troy Aikman , and Michael Irvin were inducted into the Cowboys ' `` Ring of Honor '' with a pre-game and halftime ceremony . Throughout a poorly played game , Dallas kept the Redskins out of the endzone , and led 13 -- 0 with less than 4 minutes left . It was at that point that the Redskins , led by quarterback Mark Brunell , took the lead thanks to two long touchdown passes to Santana Moss to win the game . </Li> <Li> Week 15 of the 2005 season saw the Redskins ' largest margin of victory against the Cowboys in a 35 - 7 blowout . The Cowboys lone touchdown came in the fourth quarter after Washington was already ahead 35 - 0 . The victory gave Washington its first sweep against Dallas since the 1995 season . Dallas eventually finished 9 - 7 , while Washington won its last two games to secure the final NFC wildcard playoff berth . </Li> <Li> In Week 9 of the 2006 season , during the fourth quarter , the game was tied 19 -- 19 ( due in part to a missed two - point conversion by the Cowboys ) . With 31 seconds to go , the Redskins ' recently acquired kicker , Nick Novak , missed a 49 - yard field goal wide right . The Cowboys then worked their way up the field to set up Mike Vanderjagt , the most accurate kicker in NFL history , for a 35 - yard field goal with only seconds left . However , the kick was blocked by Troy Vincent , a safety who had been picked up by the Redskins off waivers earlier that week . The ball was scooped up by the Redskins ' free safety , Sean Taylor , who ran it back to the Cowboys ' 44 - yard line , where the Cowboys ' offensive lineman Kyle Kosier grabbed him by his facemask in an attempt to tackle him . The game would have gone into overtime had it not been for Kosier 's defensive penalty , which added fifteen yards to the end of the return ( by rule an NFL game can not end on a defensive penalty ) . Novak set up for a 47 - yard field goal with no time left on the clock . Despite the recent missed field goal , Novak was able to make this field goal to give the Redskins a victory . </Li> <Li> On November 18 , 2007 , the Cowboys beat the Redskins 28 -- 23 with Terrell Owens gaining 173 yards on eight catches and four touchdowns . In the final game of that same season with the Cowboys already owning the NFC # 1 seed , rested several key players due to injury including Owens , and limited Tony Romo to only one series into the second half in order to prevent possible injury before the playoffs . The Redskins defeated the Cowboys 27 -- 6 at FedExField , earning Washington the NFC 's final playoff spot . </Li> <Li> On September 28 , 2008 , the Redskins beat the Cowboys 26 -- 24 in the final Redskins / Cowboys game at Texas Stadium . </Li> <Li> On November 16 , 2008 , the Cowboys returned the favor of the 2005 Week 2 game defeat . Darrell Green and Art Monk were honored before the game for their recent induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . In a game that was highly touted for the return of Tony Romo , the Cowboys defense held the Redskins to ten points while the Cowboys scored 14 . </Li> <Li> December 27 , 2009 , the Cowboys shutout the Redskins 17 - 0 . This marked the third time the Cowboys have blanked the Redskins . Washington has never shutout Dallas . </Li> </Ul> <H2> 2010s ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> September 12 , 2010 , the Redskins beat the Cowboys . One of the game 's highlights was a Fumble return for a TD for the Redskins as time expired in the first half . Late in the fourth quarter , Tony Romo led the team down the field . With three seconds on the clock and the score 13 - 7 , Romo made a touchdown pass to wide receiver Roy Williams that would 've at least tied the game , depending on the PAT . However , the touchdown was negated due to a holding call against Alex Barron as time expired , and Washington held on to win . </Li> <Li> December 19 , 2010 , marked the 100th meeting between the two clubs . The Cowboys built a 20 - 7 lead by halftime . By the end of the third quarter the Cowboys led 30 - 14 . The Redskins started quarterback Rex Grossman who filled in for the recently benched Donovan McNabb and he brought the Redskins back to an even 30 - 30 with minutes left to play . Cowboys kicker David Buehler kicked a 39 - yard field goal to put Dallas up 33 - 30 with 50 seconds to play . Rex Grossman then drove the Redskins down the field only to be intercepted by cornerback Terrence Newman to end the game . Dallas ' Jason Witten caught 10 passes for 140 yards and a touchdown , and became only the fourth tight end in NFL history with 600 career catches . He did it the fastest , needing only 125 games . </Li> <Li> September 26 , 2011 , prior to the game , the Redskins gathered in the middle of the field at Cowboys Stadium where several players were seen to be `` stomping on the Star . '' London Fletcher was also overheard proclaiming to his team , `` Why are we standing on this star ? Cuz this is our house . '' Tony Romo overcame 4 botched snaps and several receivers running wrong routes to put the Cowboys within scoring position for the final field goal to ultimately win the game . </Li> <Li> November 22 , 2012 , In quarterback Robert Griffin III 's first start against the Cowboys , the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 38 - 31 at Cowboys Stadium . After the Redskins built a 28 - 3 lead , Dallas quarterback Tony Romo led the Cowboys to within seven but it proved too little too late as the Redskins held on to win . This marked the first time the Redskins had won at Cowboys Stadium as well as the first time Washington had defeated the Cowboys on Thanksgiving , previously 0 - 5 to their archrival on Thanksgiving Day . Robert Griffin III completed 19 of 27 passes for 304 yards and had 4 touchdown passes and 1 interception on his way to winning the Galloping Gobbler Award issued to the player deemed to have had the best performance in the game . Alfred Morris also had 113 yards rushing on 24 carries and 1 touchdown while the Redskins defense intercepted two passes from Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo and sacked him a total of three times . </Li> <Li> December 30 , 2012 -- In the last game of the 2012 NFL season the Redskins met the Cowboys in a prime time game on NBC Sunday Night Football at Fed Ex Field to decide the winner of the NFC East division . Three interceptions by Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo doomed the Cowboys . The Redskins defense , led by London Fletcher 's eleven total tackles , two sacks , and one pass defensed , confused and rattled Romo all game long . The Redskins defense had two sacks and three interceptions in the game with the final one being the most costly , with Dallas trailing 21 - 18 late in the fourth quarter from the Cowboys own 29 - yard line . Romo threw a pass to the flat intended for Cowboys running back DeMarco Murray which was intercepted by Redskins outside linebacker Rob Jackson . The Redskins offensive line only gave up one sack and held Cowboys defensive stalwart DeMarcus Ware , who was playing with a hurt shoulder and elbow , to zero sacks and just one assisted tackle . Redskins rookie running back Alfred Morris rushed for 200 yards and three touchdowns on 33 carries , the last coming with one minute left , effectively putting the game out of reach ( the referee initially called a fumble and Cowboys recovery , but reversed his ruling once convinced by the side judge that , as replays would clearly show , Morris had crossed the goal line before losing the ball ) . The 28 - 18 win gave the Redskins their first playoff appearance since 2007 and their first NFC East title since 1999 while also preventing the Cowboys from making the playoffs . </Li> <Li> December 22 , 2013 -- The Cowboys were up 14 - 6 at halftime but fumble recovery by the Redskins and a 3rd quarter interception by Romo along with a field goal led to the Redskins being up 23 - 14 at the start of the 4th quarter . The Cowboys converted on a 4th and 6 Romo pass to Cole Beasley to eventually give them a field goal by Dan Bailey . With Dallas trailing 23 - 17 and Tony Romo hobbling from a severe back injury that would ultimately end his season , the Cowboys would have one last drive to win this game . With 3 : 39 left , Romo connected with rookie Terrance Williams for a 51 - yard pass to deep into Redskins territory . Another pass from Romo to Dez Bryant got them into the Red Zone . With less than 90 seconds remaining in regulation and on a 4th and goal play from the 12 yard line , Romo threw a 10 - yard pass to DeMarco Murray to score a touchdown and make the game 24 - 23 . Kirk Cousins , starting for a shutdown Robert Griffin III , got the ball back with 1 : 04 left to go but could n't get a first down after 4 attempts which clinched the game for the Cowboys . </Li> <Li> October 27 , 2014 -- The Cowboys came into the Monday Night Football showdown with the Redskins on a six - game winning streak . Both teams had a shaky first half , with both teams combining for 3 turnovers in the half . Despite 2 fumbles , the Cowboys took a 7 - 3 lead into halftime . After halftime , the Redskins drove down the field and scored on a 5 - yd run by Alfred Morris to make it 10 - 7 . When Tony Romo left the game in the third quarter with a back injury , Brandon Weeden came in to lead the Cowboys to a field goal by Dan Bailey . The Redskins then scored on a Colt McCoy touchdown run with 13 : 38 left in the 4th to retake the lead 17 - 10 . Dallas would score on the next possession in the game as Weeden threw a 25 - yard touchdown pass to Jason Witten to make the score 17 - 17 with 9 : 27 left in the game . Romo would then make his return to the game in the last possession in the 4th but both teams failed to score again in regulation . The Redskins would score first in overtime with a Kai Forbath 41 - yd field goal to make it 20 - 17 . The Cowboys would be stopped on four down in their overtime drive to secure a Redskins victory . </Li> <Li> December 28 , 2014 -- The Cowboys , now the NFC East champions , ran over the Redskins in the last game of the season 44 - 17 . The Redskins only lead of the game came after a DeSean Jackson 69 - yard touchdown catch from Robert Griffin III to make it 7 - 3 . Tony Romo would then throw 2 touchdown passes to Dez Bryant to make it 17 - 7 . The Redskins would cut a 27 - 7 lead down to 27 - 17 but the Cowboys would score 17 straight points in the last 3 : 31 to conclude a 12 - 4 season and split the season series with the Redskins . </Li> <Li> December 7 , 2015 -- In their 17th meeting all - time on Monday Night Football , the Redskins and Cowboys both entered with losing records , but were still very much alive in the weak NFC East . Both teams traded field goals throughout the majority of the game with it being tied 9 - 9 with 1 : 30 left . On a punt return , Redskins wide receiver DeSean Jackson fumbled the ball , which was recovered by Dallas . This led to the Cowboys only touchdown when Darren McFadden ran it in from six yards to make it 16 - 9 with 1 : 14 left . The Redskins quickly recovered as Jackson would catch a 28 - yard TD pass from QB Kirk Cousins with 44 seconds left to tie it at 16 - 16 . Dallas would drive down the field however , and Dan Bailey would hit a 54 - yard FG to win the game 19 - 16 for Dallas . </Li> <Li> September 18 , 2016 -- Both teams came into their week 2 match - up having lost their season openers ( the Cowboys losing by 1 to the Giants and the Redskins blown out by the Steelers ) . Dallas started hot , getting a field goal and a TD run by rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott on their first two possessions to take a 10 - 0 lead into the 2nd quarter . The Redskins responded with a Matt Jones touchdown to make it 10 - 7 , and both teams traded field goals to make it 13 - 10 at halftime . The Redskins came out hot in the third quarter , with Kirk Cousins throwing an 11 - yard touchdown to Jamison Crowder . Dallas rookie QB Dak Prescott , who like Elliott was playing in his first game in the rivalry , responded with a 6 - yard touchdown run to help Dallas retake the lead at 20 - 17 . The Redskins got two field goals to make it 23 - 20 and were about to make it a potential two - score game in the fourth quarter , but Cousins threw a crucial interception in the endzone . That proved costly as Alfred Morris , the former Redskin , scored a 4 - yard touchdown to make the score 27 - 23 Dallas , and the Redskins failed to score on their final two possessions . </Li> <Li> November 24 , 2016 -- This would be the 8th time the Cowboys and Redskins have faced off for the annual Thanksgiving Day event hosted in Dallas . The Redskins offense led by Kirk Cousins with 449 yards ( 8 yards shy of a career best ) would light up the air attack against a porous Dallas secondary . However , failing to convert key drives into touchdowns , missing two field goals , a questionable onside kick attempt , and the inability to stop the Dallas Cowboys 4th ranked offense in the 4th quarter would be too much for the Redskins to overcome . The Cowboys rolled to a then franchise best 10th win in a row with an easy 31 - 26 victory . The Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry was rekindled between Josh Norman and Dez Bryant as both clashed several times during the game and both coaches were warned by referees about their antics . Immediately after the game , both players would go to helmet to helmet while exchanging shoves and taunts . During an interview Dez Bryant added fuel to fire by saying , `` Washington needs to get their money back ... I honestly feel like the guy is extremely soft . '' 2016 would also be the 18th time the Cowboys have swept the two - game regular season series . Washington has swept the Cowboys only 6 times . </Li> <Li> October 29 , 2017 -- The Redskins and Cowboys entered their first matchup in 2017 both at 3 - 3 and behind the Eagles by 3.5 games in the division . In a rainy , washout game , the Cowboys would win 33 - 19 for their third straight win of the season . Ezekiel Elliot fumbled on the first play of the game , which led to a Redskins field goal and 3 - 0 lead . The Cowboys answered with an Elliot touchdown to take a 7 - 3 lead . The Redskins came back with 10 unanswered points to take a 13 - 7 lead , but momentum shifted when the Cowboys blocked a Nick Rose FG attempt and returned it inside the Redskins 10 yard line . The Cowboys then scored 19 unanswered points to take a 26 - 13 lead late in the fourth , with Elliot 's second TD coming right after the blocked FG . The Redskins would score a touchdown yet miss an extra point to make the score to 26 - 19 and give them a chance , but Kirk Cousins had yet another untimely turnover as he threw an Interception that was returned for a touchdown with 21 seconds left to seal the Cowboys victory . With the win , the Cowboys secured their 10th victory against the Redskins this decade , and have now won at least 10 games against the Redskins in every decade of this rivalry </Li> <Li> November 30 , 2017 - Former Redskin running back , Alfred Morris , rumbled for 127 yards while subbing for the suspended 2016 rushing champion Ezekiel Elliot . Redskin hopes were all but doomed after Kirk Cousins ' pension for turnovers continued with two interceptions and a lost fumble on the day . This win for the Cowboys marked the 19th time the Cowboys have swept the two - game regular season series , compared to only six by the Washington franchise . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Rivalry off the field ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> On December 19 , 2005 , Dallas Mavericks guard Darrell Armstrong was fined $1,000 for grabbing a microphone before a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves at the American Airlines Center and yelling `` How ' bout those Redskins ! '' Only a few hours prior , the Cowboys had been routed by the Redskins 35 - 7 , in the most lopsided loss of Bill Parcells 's coaching career . Armstrong was raised in North Carolina as a Redskins fan . </Li> <Li> Dallas coach Tom Landry appeared in a 1980s American Express TV commercial in which he visits an Old West - style saloon and makes the statement , `` You never know when you 'll be surrounded by Redskins '' . Several large men dressed in Redskins uniforms encircled Landry , who addressed them with , `` Howdy ! '' After the credit card sales pitch was read , the ad returned to the scene where Landry , as he recites the company 's slogan , `` Do n't leave home without it '' , leaves the saloon and the Redskins follow him out . The saloon doors knock the Redskins backwards as they swing shut . </Li> <Li> After Tom Landry was fired as Cowboys coach by new Cowboys owner Jerry Jones in 1989 , Landry appeared in another TV commercial for Choice Hotels , in which he states that he feels so great being out of football that he might take up a new career . Landry then pulls out a guitar and sings the Waylon Jennings / Willie Nelson classic , `` Mamas , do n't let your babies grow up to be '' , and after a pause , sings , `` Redskins ! '' In the commercial 's closing tag , Landry quips , `` You did n't think I would say ' Cowboys ' , did ya ? '' </Li> <Li> In 2017 , the animosity between Cowboys wide receiver Dez Bryant and Redskins cornerback Josh Norman was made into series of commercials for the Samsung Galaxy Note 8 . In the first commercial , Norman is asked by reporters about a picture he posts on Twitter that shows Bryant 's hands replaced with sticks of butter and a picture in which he says `` I 'm Better Than Dez Bryant . '' Dez Bryant responded with his own commercial , where he says he 's taking the high road when talking about Norman but draws Norman on a snail , indicating he 's slow , and another drawing of the Redskins cornerback as a blanket , meaning Norman ca n't cover him . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Rivalry statistics ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Cowboys wins </Th> <Th> Redskins wins </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Cowboys points </Th> <Th> Redskins points </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Regular season </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2,594 </Td> <Td> 2,162 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postseason </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Totals </Th> <Th> 70 </Th> <Th> 44 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2,614 </Th> <Th> 2,219 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Rivalry statistics by decade ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Cowboys wins </Th> <Th> Redskins wins </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Cowboys points </Th> <Th> Redskins points </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 's </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 522 </Td> <Td> 448 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 's </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 478 </Td> <Td> 371 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 's </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 394 </Td> <Td> 389 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 's </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 483 </Td> <Td> 387 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 's </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 373 </Td> <Td> 310 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 's </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 383 </Td> <Td> 343 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Totals </Th> <Th> 70 </Th> <Th> 44 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2,647 </Th> <Th> 2,238 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Game results ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following is a list of results from all of the meetings between the Cowboys and Redskins from their first meeting on October 9 , 1960 , to the most recent game on December 1 , 2016 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Cowboys victory </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Redskins victory </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tied game </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Post season meeting </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Overtime result </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 1960s ( Cowboys 10 -- 7 -- 2 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Loser </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> October 9 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 26 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Griffith Stadium </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 -- 0 WSH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> November 19 </Td> <Td> Tie </Td> <Td> 28 -- 28 </Td> <Td> Tie </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 -- 1 WSH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 17 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 34 -- 24 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> D.C. Stadium </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 -- 1 WSH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> September 16 </Td> <Td> Tie </Td> <Td> 35 -- 35 </Td> <Td> Tie </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 -- 2 WSH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 10 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 38 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> D.C. Stadium </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 -- 2 WSH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> September 29 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 21 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> D.C. Stadium </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 -- 2 WSH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 3 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 35 -- 20 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 -- 2 WSH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> September 20 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 24 -- 18 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl </Td> <Td> 3 -- 3 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 22 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 28 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> D.C. Stadium </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 -- 2 WSH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> September 26 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 27 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl </Td> <Td> 4 -- 4 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 28 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 34 - 31 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> D.C. Stadium </Td> <Td> 5 -- 4 -- 2 WSH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> November 13 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 31 -- 30 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> D.C. Stadium </Td> <Td> 5 -- 5 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 11 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 34 -- 31 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl </Td> <Td> 6 -- 5 -- 2 WSH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> October 8 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 17 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> D.C. Stadium </Td> <Td> 6 -- 6 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 19 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 27 -- 20 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 -- 2 WSH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> November 17 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 44 -- 24 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> D.C. Stadium </Td> <Td> 7 -- 7 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 28 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 29 -- 20 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl </Td> <Td> 8 -- 7 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> November 16 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 41 -- 28 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 9 -- 7 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 21 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 20 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl </Td> <Td> 10 -- 7 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 1970s ( Cowboys 12 -- 9 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Loser </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> November 22 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 45 -- 21 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 11 -- 7 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 6 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 34 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl </Td> <Td> 12 -- 7 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> October 3 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 20 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl </Td> <Td> 12 -- 8 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 21 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 13 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 13 -- 8 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> October 22 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 24 -- 20 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 13 -- 9 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 9 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 34 -- 24 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 14 -- 9 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 26 - 3 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 14 -- 10 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> October 8 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 14 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 14 -- 11 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 9 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 27 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 15 -- 11 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> November 17 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 28 -- 21 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 15 -- 12 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 28 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 24 -- 23 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 16 -- 12 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> November 2 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 30 -- 24 ( OT ) </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 16 -- 13 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 13 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 31 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 17 -- 13 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> October 31 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 20 - 7 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 18 -- 13 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 12 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 27 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 18 -- 14 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> October 16 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 34 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 19 -- 14 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 27 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 14 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 20 -- 14 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> October 2 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 9 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 20 -- 15 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 23 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 37 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 21 -- 15 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> November 18 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 34 -- 20 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 21 -- 16 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 16 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 35 -- 34 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 22 -- 16 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 1980s ( Cowboys 11 -- 9 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Loser </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> September 8 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 17 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 23 -- 16 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 27 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 14 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 24 -- 16 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> September 6 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 26 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 25 -- 16 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 22 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 24 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 26 -- 16 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> December 5 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 24 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 27 -- 16 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> January 22 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 31 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 27 -- 17 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 5 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 31 -- 30 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 28 -- 17 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 11 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 31 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 28 -- 18 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> October 14 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 34 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 28 -- 19 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 9 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 30 -- 28 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 28 -- 20 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> September 9 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 44 - 14 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 29 -- 20 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 10 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 13 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 30 -- 20 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> October 12 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 30 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 31 -- 20 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 23 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 41 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 31 -- 21 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> October 19 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 13 - 7 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 31 -- 22 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 13 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 24 -- 20 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 31 -- 23 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> October 9 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 35 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 31 -- 24 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 11 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 24 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 32 -- 24 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> September 24 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 30 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 32 -- 25 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 5 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 13 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 33 -- 25 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 1990s ( Cowboys 12 -- 8 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Loser </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> September 23 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 19 -- 15 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 33 -- 26 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 22 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 27 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 34 -- 26 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> September 9 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 33 -- 31 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 34 -- 27 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 24 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 24 -- 21 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 35 -- 27 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> September 7 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 23 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 36 -- 27 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 13 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 20 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 36 -- 28 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> September 6 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 35 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 36 -- 29 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 26 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 38 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 37 -- 29 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> October 2 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 34 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 38 -- 29 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 20 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 31 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 39 -- 29 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> October 1 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 27 -- 23 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 39 -- 30 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 3 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 24 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 39 -- 31 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> November 28 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 21 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 40 -- 31 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 22 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 37 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> RFK Stadium </Td> <Td> 40 -- 32 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> October 13 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 21 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Jack Kent Cooke Stadium </Td> <Td> 40 -- 33 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 16 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 17 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 41 -- 33 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> October 4 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 31 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Jack Kent Cooke Stadium </Td> <Td> 42 -- 33 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 27 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 23 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 43 -- 33 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> September 12 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 41 -- 35 ( OT ) </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Jack Kent Cooke Stadium </Td> <Td> 44 -- 33 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 24 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 38 -- 20 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 45 -- 33 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2000s ( Cowboys 14 -- 6 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Loser </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> September 18 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 27 -- 21 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 46 -- 33 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 10 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 32 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 47 -- 33 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> October 15 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 9 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 48 -- 33 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 2 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 20 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 49 -- 33 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> November 28 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 27 -- 20 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 50 -- 33 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 20 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 50 -- 34 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> November 2 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 21 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 51 -- 34 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 14 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 27 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 52 -- 34 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> September 27 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 21 -- 18 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 53 -- 34 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 26 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 13 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 54 -- 34 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> September 19 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 14 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 54 -- 35 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 18 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 35 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 54 -- 36 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> September 17 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 27 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 55 -- 36 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 5 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 22 -- 19 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 55 -- 37 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> November 18 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 28 -- 23 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 56 -- 37 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 30 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 27 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 56 -- 38 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> September 28 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 26 -- 24 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium </Td> <Td> 56 -- 39 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 16 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 14 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 57 -- 39 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> November 22 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Cowboys Stadium </Td> <Td> 58 -- 39 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 27 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 17 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 59 -- 39 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2010s ( Cowboys 11 -- 5 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Loser </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> September 12 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 13 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 59 -- 40 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 19 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 33 -- 30 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Cowboys Stadium </Td> <Td> 60 -- 40 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> September 26 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 18 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Cowboys Stadium </Td> <Td> 61 -- 40 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 20 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 27 -- 24 ( OT ) </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 62 -- 40 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> November 22 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 38 -- 31 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Cowboys Stadium </Td> <Td> 62 -- 41 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 30 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 28 -- 18 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 62 -- 42 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> October 13 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 31 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> AT&T Stadium </Td> <Td> 63 -- 42 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 22 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 24 -- 23 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 64 -- 42 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> October 27 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 20 -- 17 ( OT ) </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> AT&T Stadium </Td> <Td> 64 -- 43 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 28 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 44 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 65 -- 43 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> December 7 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 19 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> FedExField </Td> <Td> 66 -- 43 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 3 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 34 -- 23 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> AT&T Stadium </Td> <Td> 66 -- 44 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> September 18 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 27 - 23 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> FedEx Field </Td> <Td> 67 -- 44 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 24 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 31 - 26 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> AT&T Stadium </Td> <Td> 68 -- 44 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> October 29 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 33 - 19 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> FedEx Field </Td> <Td> 69 -- 44 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 30 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 38 - 14 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> AT&T Stadium </Td> <Td> 70 -- 44 -- 2 DAL </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Monday Night Football ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Cowboys and Redskins met for the 17th time on Monday Night Football in 2015 , tied with the Denver Broncos and Oakland Raiders for the most frequent pairing in Monday Night Football history . The series has been played nine times at Washington 's home field ( five times at RFK Stadium and four times at FedExField ) and eight times at Dallas ' home field ( six at Texas Stadium and twice at AT&T Stadium ) . </P> <H3> MNF ( Cowboys lead 9 -- 8 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 14 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 9 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 17 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 31 -- 30 </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 44 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Irving , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 13 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Irving , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 33 -- 31 </Td> <Td> Irving , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 23 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Irving , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 35 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 21 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Landover , Maryland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 27 -- 21 </Td> <Td> Landover , Maryland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 9 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Irving , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 21 -- 18 </Td> <Td> Landover , Maryland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 14 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Irving , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 18 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Arlington , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 20 -- 17 ( OT ) </Td> <Td> Arlington , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 19 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Landover , Maryland </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins vs. Dallas Cowboys Regular Season / Postseason Results '' . The Football Database . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( 2007 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nilsson , Jeff ( 14 December 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Biggest Sports Team Rivalries In The World '' . Entertainment . The Sportster . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Cowboys - Redskins rivalry redefines the term ' fight song ' '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Team Valuations '' . Forbes . September 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 - 1960 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A rivalry for a song ... and chicken feed '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Redskins Trade LeBaron To Dallas '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cowboys own the Redskins '' . CowboyCards.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minority Players and the American Football League '' . Conigliofamily.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cowboy Bomb Shocks Redskins , 24 - 23 '' . Washington Post . July 23 , 1998 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harvey Martin 1950 -- 2001 '' . Cyberclopedia . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/redskins-1991-characters-with-character/2012/01/25/gIQAzpYKRQ_story.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Redskins PARTY ! ( Morris TD # 3 + band playing Hail to the Redskins ) on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mavs guard Armstrong fined $1,000 for cheering Redskins '' . USAToday . December 19 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOCdACvfls8&feature=related </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` washingtonpost.com -- Redskins History -- The Rivalry '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . </Li> <Li> `` Redskins - Cowboys : What 's Your Favorite Memory ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . </Li> <Li> `` A rivalry for a song ... and chicken feed '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . </Li> <Li> `` NFL Playoffs - Cowboys Postseason History '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dallas Cowboys </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Founded in 1960 </Li> <Li> Based in Arlington , Texas </Li> <Li> Headquartered in Frisco , Texas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Franchise </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Coaches </Li> <Li> Players </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Expansion draft </Li> <Li> Draft history </Li> <Li> Starting quarterbacks </Li> <Li> First - round draft picks </Li> <Li> The Ford Center at The Star </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadiums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cotton Bowl </Li> <Li> Texas Stadium </Li> <Li> AT&T Stadium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NFL on Thanksgiving Day </Li> <Li> America 's Team </Li> <Li> Cheerleaders </Li> <Li> Doomsday Defense </Li> <Li> Crazy Ray </Li> <Li> Rowdy </Li> <Li> Jerry Jones </Li> <Li> Black Sunday ( film ) </Li> <Li> King of the Hill </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom Landry </Li> <Li> Tex Schramm </Li> <Li> Captain Comeback </Li> <Li> Ice Bowl </Li> <Li> Hail Mary </Li> <Li> The Catch </Li> <Li> Herschel Walker trade </Li> <Li> Dirty Dozen </Li> <Li> Ring of Honor </Li> <Li> Bounty Bowl series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New York Giants </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Eagles </Li> <Li> Washington Redskins </Li> <Li> Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> San Francisco 49ers </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Steelers </Li> <Li> Houston Oilers / Texans </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division championships ( 23 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference championships ( 10 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League Championships ( 5 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1971 ( VI ) </Li> <Li> 1977 ( XII ) </Li> <Li> 1992 ( XXVII ) </Li> <Li> 1993 ( XXVIII ) </Li> <Li> 1995 ( XXX ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ring of Honor </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bob Lilly </Li> <Li> Don Meredith </Li> <Li> Don Perkins </Li> <Li> Chuck Howley </Li> <Li> Mel Renfro </Li> <Li> Roger Staubach </Li> <Li> Lee Roy Jordan </Li> <Li> Tom Landry </Li> <Li> Tony Dorsett </Li> <Li> Randy White </Li> <Li> Bob Hayes </Li> <Li> Tex Schramm </Li> <Li> Cliff Harris </Li> <Li> Rayfield Wright </Li> <Li> Troy Aikman </Li> <Li> Michael Irvin </Li> <Li> Emmitt Smith </Li> <Li> Drew Pearson </Li> <Li> Charles Haley </Li> <Li> Larry Allen </Li> <Li> Darren Woodson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Radio network </Li> <Li> KRLD - FM </Li> <Li> Brad Sham </Li> <Li> Babe Laufenberg </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current league affiliations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> League : National Football League </Li> <Li> Conference : National Football Conference </Li> <Li> Division : East Division </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons ( 58 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Washington Redskins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Founded in 1932 </Li> <Li> Formerly the Boston Braves ( 1932 ) and Boston Redskins ( 1933 -- 36 ) </Li> <Li> Based in Landover , Maryland </Li> <Li> Headquartered in Ashburn , Virginia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Franchise </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Players </Li> <Li> Coaches </Li> <Li> First - round draft picks </Li> <Li> Draft </Li> <Li> Starting quarterbacks </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadiums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Braves Field </Li> <Li> Fenway Park </Li> <Li> Griffith Stadium </Li> <Li> RFK Stadium </Li> <Li> FedExField </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Redskins Band </Li> <Li> `` Hail to the Redskins '' </Li> <Li> Hogettes </Li> <Li> Cheerleaders </Li> <Li> Chief Zee </Li> <Li> Joe Gibbs </Li> <Li> Team name controversy <Ul> <Li> Name change advocates </Li> <Li> Trademark dispute </Li> <Li> Opinion polls </Li> <Li> Original Americans Foundation </Li> <Li> `` Go Fund Yourself '' ( South Park episode ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Redskins 0 , Bears 73 </Li> <Li> The Hogs </Li> <Li> The Fun Bunch </Li> <Li> The Over-the - Hill Gang </Li> <Li> The Body Bag Game </Li> <Li> Redskins Rule </Li> <Li> Ricky Williams trade </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dallas Cowboys </Li> <Li> New York Giants </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Eagles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division championships ( 14 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference championships ( 5 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League championships ( 5 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1982 ( XVII ) </Li> <Li> 1987 ( XXII ) </Li> <Li> 1991 ( XXVI ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hall of Fame players </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battles </Li> <Li> Baugh </Li> <Li> Dudley </Li> <Li> Edwards </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> Grimm </Li> <Li> Hanburger </Li> <Li> Houston </Li> <Li> Huff </Li> <Li> D. Jones </Li> <Li> S. Jones </Li> <Li> Jurgensen </Li> <Li> Krause </Li> <Li> Millner </Li> <Li> Mitchell </Li> <Li> Monk </Li> <Li> Riggins </Li> <Li> Smith </Li> <Li> Taylor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - time leaders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Passing </Li> <Li> Receiving </Li> <Li> Rushing </Li> <Li> Kick and punt returning </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current league affiliations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> League : National Football League </Li> <Li> Conference : National Football Conference </Li> <Li> Division : East Division </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons ( 86 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National Football League rivalries </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American Football Conference </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> AFC East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bills -- Dolphins </Li> <Li> Bills -- Jets </Li> <Li> Bills -- Patriots </Li> <Li> Dolphins -- Jets </Li> <Li> Dolphins -- Patriots </Li> <Li> Jets -- Patriots </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AFC North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bengals -- Browns </Li> <Li> Bengals -- Steelers </Li> <Li> Browns -- Steelers </Li> <Li> Ravens -- Steelers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AFC South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jaguars -- Titans </Li> <Li> Texans -- Titans </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AFC West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Broncos -- Chargers </Li> <Li> Broncos -- Chiefs </Li> <Li> Broncos -- Raiders </Li> <Li> Chargers -- Chiefs </Li> <Li> Chargers -- Raiders </Li> <Li> Chiefs -- Raiders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intraconference </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Broncos -- Patriots </Li> <Li> Colts -- Patriots </Li> <Li> Raiders -- Steelers </Li> <Li> Ravens -- Patriots </Li> <Li> Steelers -- Titans </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Football Conference </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> NFC East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cowboys -- Eagles </Li> <Li> Cowboys -- Giants </Li> <Li> Cowboys -- Redskins </Li> <Li> Eagles -- Giants </Li> <Li> Eagles -- Redskins </Li> <Li> Giants -- Redskins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NFC North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bears -- Lions </Li> <Li> Bears -- Packers </Li> <Li> Bears -- Vikings </Li> <Li> Lions -- Vikings </Li> <Li> Lions -- Packers </Li> <Li> Packers -- Vikings </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NFC South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buccaneers -- Panthers </Li> <Li> Buccaneers -- Saints </Li> <Li> Falcons -- Panthers </Li> <Li> Falcons -- Saints </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NFC West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 49ers -- Rams </Li> <Li> 49ers -- Seahawks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intraconference </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 49ers -- Cowboys </Li> <Li> 49ers -- Giants </Li> <Li> Cowboys -- Packers </Li> <Li> Panthers -- Seahawks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Interconference </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buccaneers -- Dolphins </Li> <Li> Cowboys -- Steelers </Li> <Li> Eagles -- Steelers </Li> <Li> Giants -- Jets </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Governor 's Cup </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Players </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowboys -- Redskins_rivalry&oldid = 815791532 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> National Football League rivalries </Li> <Li> Dallas Cowboys </Li> <Li> Washington Redskins </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead 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Samjhauta Express - Wikipedia <H1> Samjhauta Express </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Samjhauta Express </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Pakistani Rakes of Samjhauta Express </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Termini </Th> <Td> Delhi Lahore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stations </Th> <Td> Amritsar , Lahore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Operation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operator ( s ) </Th> <Td> Indian Railways Pakistan Railways </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Technical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Track gauge </Th> <Td> 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> hide Route map </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> hide Samjhauta Express route map </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legend </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> km </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Lahore Junction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Mughalpura Railway Station </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Jallo Railway Station </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Wagah Railway Station </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Pakistan - India border </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Train change </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Attari Railway Station </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Khasa Railway Station </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Chheharta Railway Station </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Amritsar Junction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> To Delhi </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Lahore Central Station , the Pakistani terminus of the train Amritsar Railway Station , one of the stations of the train in India Delhi Jn station , the terminus in India <P> The Samjhauta Express ( Hindi : समझौता एक्सप्रेस , Punjabi language : ਸਮਝੌਤਾ ਐਕਸਪ੍ਰੈਸ , Urdu : سمجھوتا اکسپريس ) commonly called the Friend Express , is a bi-weekly train -- Wednesday and Sunday runs between Delhi and Attari in India and Lahore in Pakistan . The word Samjhauta means `` agreement '' , `` accord '' and `` compromise '' in both Hindi and Urdu . </P> <P> Until the reopening of the Thar Express , this was the only rail connection between the two countries . The train was started on 22 July 1976 following the Shimla Agreement and ran between Amritsar and Lahore , a distance of about 42 km . Following disturbances in Punjab in the late eighties , due to security reasons Indian Railways decided to terminate the service at Attari , where customs and immigration clearances take place . On 14 April 2000 , in an agreement between Indian Railways and Pakistan Railways ( PR ) , the distance was revised to cover just under three km . </P> <P> It was a daily train when the service started , and changed to a bi-weekly schedule in 1994 . Earlier the rakes were returned to the home country the same day but later in 2000 the rake remained overnight at that location . </P> <P> Its termini are Lahore in Pakistan and Delhi in India . The border crossing takes place between Wagah in Pakistan and Attari in India . Originally , this was a through service with the same rake going all the way between the termini ; later the Pakistani rake stopped at Attari at which point passengers had to change trains . </P> <P> Now there is a train from Delhi to Attari where all passengers alight for customs and immigration . This train does not have any commercial stops between Delhi and Attari . It is incorrectly referred to as the Samjhauta Express and it is officially known as the Delhi - Attari or Attari - Delhi Express . The actual Samjhauta Express runs from Attari to Lahore , although the passengers are checked at Wagah , the first station on the Pakistani side . The train service was set up with an agreement between Indian Railways ( IR ) and Pakistan Railways ( PR ) to alternately use an Indian and a Pakistani rake and locomotive for the train , six months at a time . </P> <P> The train usually has between four and eight coaches . The rake supplied by Pakistan is usually hauled by an Alco DL - 543 class ALU20 diesel loco ( Lahore shed ) , with the entire train in the standard dark green livery of PR . </P> <P> The train 's first break of service was when it was discontinued on 1 January 2002 in the wake of the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament on 13 December 2001 . Service resumed on 15 January 2004 . Service was also suspended following the 27 December 2007 , assassination of Benazir Bhutto as a preventive measure to deny militants a `` high - value target '' that was of great symbolic importance to both India and Pakistan . </P> <P> On 8 October 2012 , police recovered about 100 kg of contraband heroin and more than 500 rounds of bullet ammunition at Wagah border on the train heading for Delhi . </P> <H2> 2007 bombing ( edit ) </H2> Main article : 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings <P> In the early hours of 19 February 2007 , sixty - eight people ( mostly Pakistani civilians and a few Indian military guarding the train ) were killed and scores more injured in a terrorist attack on the Delhi - Attari Express . The attack occurred at Diwana station near the Indian city of Panipat , Haryana . Officials found evidence of improvised explosive devices ( IEDs ) and flammable material , including three unexploded IEDs . The National Investigation Agency doubted that the blasts were masterminded by Swami Aseemanand , which was dismissed later for lack of evidence . Swami Aseemanand born as Jatin Chatterjee in West Bengal , joined the Vanvasi Kalyan Ashram , inspired by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in 1978 . </P> <P> On 1 July 2009 , the US Department of Treasury designated Arif Qasmani of the Lashkar - e Tayyiba as a person involved in terrorism , citing among other things his involvement in the Samjhauta Express bombing . </P> <P> On 30 December 2010 , India 's National Investigation Agency claimed that they had solid evidence that Swami Aseemanand was the mastermind behind the blasts . He had roped in Sandeep Dange , an engineering graduate , and Ramji Kalsangra , an electrician , to build the improvised explosive devices used in the blasts . On 8 January 2011 , Aseemanand allegedly confessed the bombing of Samjhauta express , a statement later found to be obtained under duress . Later the Hindu nationalist group RSS ( Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ) sent a legal notice to CBI ( Central Bureau of Investigation ) accusing it of deliberately leaking Swami Aseemanand 's confession in the media . RSS spokesman Ram Madhav called the investigation maligning of organizations and individuals . </P> <P> According to various local newspapers , NIA arrested Kamal Chauhan , who is deemed by the NIA as the main operative , in February 2012 . </P> <H2> External links and references ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Telegraph - Calcutta ( Kolkata ) Frontpage India waits , steps up Pak vigil </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rs. 505 crore drug bust from India - bound Samjhauta Express Vikas Kahol , Mail Today , Chandigarh , 8 October 2012 , indiatoday.intoday.in </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heroine worth R 505 crore , ammunition seized from Samjhauta Express , Chandigarh , 8 October 2012 , Dailybhaskar.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zee News - Passengers recount horror on blast - hit train </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Direct hand of Aseemanand in Samjhauta blasts : NIA '' . Hindustan Times . 30 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Treasury Targets Al Qaida and Lashkar - E Tayyiba Networks in Pakistan '' . Treasury.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vishwa Mohan ; Abantika Ghosh ( 8 January 2011 ) . `` Aseemanand owns up to strike on Mecca Masjid '' . Times of India . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swami Aseemanand ' confessed ' under duress Times of India - 10 January 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iyer , Shekhar ( 8 January 2011 ) . `` Indresh lawyers issue notice to CBI for statement ' leak ' '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <P> . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> India -- Pakistan relations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diplomacy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> High Commission of India to Pakistan <Ul> <Li> High Commissioner of India to Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> High Commission of Pakistan to India <Ul> <Li> High Commissioner of Pakistan to India </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Treaties and summits </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jinnah -- Mountbatten Talks ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Karachi Agreement ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Liaquat - Nehru Treaty ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Indus Waters Treaty ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Tashkent Declaration ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Simla Agreement ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Delhi Agreement ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Islamabad Agreement ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Lahore summit ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Agra Summit ( 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events and conflicts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Partition of India </Li> <Li> Kashmir conflict </Li> <Li> 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relations of Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> List of named passenger trains of Pakistan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Akbar Bugti Express </Li> <Li> Allama Iqbal Express </Li> <Li> Awam Express </Li> <Li> Attock Passenger </Li> <Li> Babu Passenger </Li> <Li> Badar Express </Li> <Li> Badin Express </Li> <Li> Bahauddin Zakaria Express </Li> <Li> Bahawalpur Express </Li> <Li> Bolan Mail </Li> <Li> Buraq Express </Li> <Li> Chaman Mixed </Li> <Li> Chenab Express </Li> <Li> Faiz Ahmed Faiz Express </Li> <Li> Fareed Express </Li> <Li> Ghouri Express </Li> <Li> Green Line Express </Li> <Li> Hazara Express </Li> <Li> Islamabad Express </Li> <Li> Jaffar Express </Li> <Li> Jand Passenger </Li> <Li> Karachi Express </Li> <Li> Karakoram Express </Li> <Li> Khushhal Khan Khattak Express </Li> <Li> Khyber Mail </Li> <Li> Khyber Train Safari </Li> <Li> Margalla Express </Li> <Li> Multan Express </Li> <Li> 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Samjhauta_Express&oldid=854020820 | -5,330,015,018,336,573,000 |
Chevrolet HHR - wikipedia <H1> Chevrolet HHR </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chevrolet HHR </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manufacturer </Th> <Td> General Motors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> 2005 -- May 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Model years </Th> <Td> 2006 -- 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Assembly </Th> <Td> Ramos Arizpe , Coahuila , Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer </Th> <Td> Bryan Nesbitt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Class </Th> <Td> Compact ( HHR ) Sedan delivery ( HHR Panel ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Body style </Th> <Td> 5 - door wagon 5 - door panel van </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Layout </Th> <Td> FF layout </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Td> GM Delta platform / GMT001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> Chevrolet Cobalt Pontiac G5 Saturn ION Saturn Astra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engine </Th> <Td> 2.2 L ( 130 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 2.4 L ( 150 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 2.0 L ( 120 cu in ) I4 turbocharged Ecotec LNF </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transmission </Th> <Td> 5 - speed F35 ( MU3 ) manual 5 - speed Getrag F23 manual 4 - speed 4T45 automatic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wheelbase </Th> <Td> 2,630 mm ( 104 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4,475 mm ( 176.2 in ) SS : 4,480 mm ( 176 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> 1,755 mm ( 69.1 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td> 1,605 mm ( 63.2 in ) SS : 1,590 mm ( 63 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Successor </Th> <Td> Chevrolet Captiva Sport Buick Envision Chevrolet Trax Chevrolet Orlando ( Canada ) Chevrolet City Express ( HHR Panel version ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Chevrolet HHR is a retro - styled , high - roofed , five - door , five - passenger , front - wheel drive station wagon launched by the American automaker Chevrolet at the 2005 Los Angeles Auto Show as a 2006 model -- and designed by Bryan Nesbitt . </P> <P> The HHR shares the GM Delta platform with the Chevrolet Cobalt , Pontiac G5 , and Saturn Ion . In Mexico , it was marketed with its predecessor , the Opel - sourced Chevrolet Zafira compact MPV . </P> <P> Chevrolet marketed a panel van variant of the HHR beginning in 2007 . Assembled in Ramos Arizpe , Mexico and marketed throughout North America , production of the HHR ended in May 2011 . </P> <P> The name HHR is an initialism for Heritage High Roof . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Design </Li> <Li> 2 Assembly and sales </Li> <Li> 3 SS Turbocharged </Li> <Li> 4 Engines </Li> <Li> 5 Safety </Li> <Li> 6 Sales </Li> <Li> 7 Gallery </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Design ( edit ) </H2> <P> The vehicle 's design was inspired by the mid-1940s Chevrolet cars and trucks , specifically the 1947 Chevrolet Suburban and Advance Design pickups , with large , square fender flares and a hemispherical grille . The design of the HHR has been credited to Bryan Nesbitt who was a former designer at Chrysler where he was the lead designer of the Chrysler PT Cruiser . Nesbitt was recruited by GM to join its design staff and served for a time as the chief designer of the Chevrolet brand . The HHR had a cargo - carrying capacity of 62.7 cubic feet ( 1.78 m ) . All models had a flat - load floor ( passenger models have 60 / 40 split bench ) and fold - flat front passenger seat . For the 2007 model year , it was available in five trim levels ; LS , LT , 2LT , and Special Edition . A panel van variant was also made available in 2007 for only the LT trim and became available on all trim levels in 2008 . </P> <H2> Assembly and sales ( edit ) </H2> Chevrolet HHR ( Japanese version ) <P> The HHR was assembled in Ramos Arizpe , Mexico , and was available for sale throughout North America . The HHR was also exported to Japan by way of the motor vehicles business unit of Mitsui . Japanese consumers were liable for yearly annual taxes due to the engine displacement and width dimensions not complying for `` compact class '' dimension regulations imposed by the Japanese Government . First year sales exceeded 93,000 through June 2006. . The HHR was partially available in Europe and is replaced now by the Chevrolet Orlando . In early 2009 , the Chevrolet HHR was discontinued from the Mexican lineup due to poor sales . </P> <H2> SS turbocharged ( edit ) </H2> 2008 Chevrolet HHR SS Turbocharged <P> In October 2006 , Cheryl Catton , director of car marketing and retail integration for Chevy , confirmed that a high performance variant of the HHR would be built . The vehicle was expected to be released with SS moniker for the 2008 model year and use the Ecotec LNF turbocharged engine found in the Pontiac Solstice GXP and Saturn Sky Red Line . </P> <P> On 16 August 2007 , Chevrolet officially revealed the 2008 Chevrolet HHR SS Turbocharged at the Woodward Dream Cruise in Birmingham , Michigan . It was introduced as a 2008 model in fall 2007 . The SS Turbocharged features a 2.0 L ( 120 cu in ) turbocharged Ecotec LNF I4 engine and intercooler that produces 260 bhp ( 190 kW ) ( 235 bhp ( 175 kW ) with the optional 4 - speed automatic ) , race - tuned high - performance suspension , five - speed manual transmission with short - throw shifter , standard four - wheel antilock disc brakes , ground effects with unique front and rear fascias , aggressive black cross-mesh grille , liftgate - mounted aero spoiler , an analog A-pillar - mounted titanium boost gauge , leather - wrapped steering wheel with mounted audio controls , and unique 18 in ( 460 mm ) high - polished aluminum wheels . </P> <P> Chevrolet also introduced the HHR SS Panel Concept on 30 October 2007 at the 2007 SEMA Show . This was made into a production model for the 2009 model year . </P> <P> The SS model was removed from the market after the 2010 model year due to GM shuttering its HPVO Group . In addition , GM phased out all GM badges from the front doors for the 2010.5 model year , including the Chevrolet HHR . </P> <P> In the fourth quarter of 2010 , Chevrolet announced that the HHR would be discontinued after the 2011 model year , with the last HHR 's available in dealerships starting in late January to early February . HHRs were also available for fleet order until May 2011 . </P> <H2> Engines ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Trim </Th> <Th> Engine </Th> <Th> Power </Th> <Th> Torque </Th> <Th> EPA ( 2008 ) City </Th> <Th> EPA ( 2008 ) HW </Th> <Th> EPA ( 2008 ) Comb . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> LS / LT </Td> <Td> 2.2 L ( 134 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 </Td> <Td> 143 bhp ( 107 kW ) </Td> <Td> 150 lb ⋅ ft ( 200 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 21 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 25 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LT / 2LT </Td> <Td> 2.4 L ( 145 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 </Td> <Td> 172 bhp ( 128 kW ) </Td> <Td> 162 lb ⋅ ft ( 220 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 20 mpg ( 12 L / 100 km ; 24 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> LS / LT </Td> <Td> 2.2 L ( 134 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 </Td> <Td> 149 hp ( 111 kW ) </Td> <Td> 152 lb ⋅ ft ( 206 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 20 mpg ( 12 L / 100 km ; 24 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LS / 2LT </Td> <Td> 2.4 L ( 145 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 </Td> <Td> 175 bhp ( 130 kW ) </Td> <Td> 165 lb ⋅ ft ( 224 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 21 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 25 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> LS / LT </Td> <Td> 2.2 L ( 134 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 </Td> <Td> 149 hp ( 111 kW ) </Td> <Td> 152 lb ⋅ ft ( 206 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 30 mpg ( 7.8 L / 100 km ; 36 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LT / 2LT </Td> <Td> 2.4 L ( 145 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 </Td> <Td> 172 hp ( 128 kW ) </Td> <Td> 167 lb ⋅ ft ( 226 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SS </Td> <Td> 2.0 L ( 122 cu in ) turbo Ecotec LNF I4 </Td> <Td> 260 bhp ( 190 kW ) </Td> <Td> 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 353 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 21 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 25 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 29 mpg ( 8.1 L / 100 km ; 35 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> LS / LT </Td> <Td> 2.2 L ( 134 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 </Td> <Td> 149 hp ( 111 kW ) </Td> <Td> 152 lb ⋅ ft ( 206 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 30 mpg ( 7.8 L / 100 km ; 36 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LT / 2LT </Td> <Td> 2.4 L ( 145 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 </Td> <Td> 172 hp ( 128 kW ) </Td> <Td> 167 lb ⋅ ft ( 226 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SS </Td> <Td> 2.0 L ( 122 cu in ) turbo Ecotec LNF I4 </Td> <Td> 260 bhp ( 190 kW ) </Td> <Td> 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 353 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 21 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 25 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 29 mpg ( 8.1 L / 100 km ; 35 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> LS / LT </Td> <Td> 2.2 L ( 134 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 </Td> <Td> 149 hp ( 111 kW ) </Td> <Td> 152 lb ⋅ ft ( 206 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 30 mpg ( 7.8 L / 100 km ; 36 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LT / 2LT </Td> <Td> 2.4 L ( 145 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 </Td> <Td> 172 hp ( 128 kW ) </Td> <Td> 167 lb ⋅ ft ( 226 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SS </Td> <Td> 2.0 L ( 122 cu in ) turbo Ecotec LNF I4 </Td> <Td> 260 bhp ( 190 kW ) </Td> <Td> 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 353 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 21 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 25 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 29 mpg ( 8.1 L / 100 km ; 35 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> LS / LT </Td> <Td> 2.2 L ( 134 cu in ) Ecotec L61 I4 </Td> <Td> 149 hp ( 111 kW ) </Td> <Td> 152 lb ⋅ ft ( 206 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 30 mpg ( 7.8 L / 100 km ; 36 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LT / 2LT </Td> <Td> 2.4 L ( 145 cu in ) Ecotec LE5 I4 </Td> <Td> 172 hp ( 128 kW ) </Td> <Td> 167 lb ⋅ ft ( 226 N ⋅ m ) </Td> <Td> 22 mpg ( 11 L / 100 km ; 26 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) </Td> <Td> 24 mpg ( 9.8 L / 100 km ; 29 mpg ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Safety ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) tests the HHR received a `` Good '' overall score in the frontal offset crash test , and an `` Acceptable '' score in side impacts on models equipped with side curtain airbags . Side curtain airbags became standard for 2008 models . However , side torso airbags were never made available . </P> <H2> Sales ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Calendar Year </Th> <Th> U.S. sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 41,011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 101,298 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 105,175 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 96,053 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 70,842 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 75,401 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 37,012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 526,813 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> Panel Van <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chevrolet SSR </Li> <Li> Chevrolet Advance Design , the 1947 - 55 Chevrolet pickup </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet HHR Compare Competitive Models '' . Edmunds . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 22 . 4dr Wagon </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Research Station Wagons '' . MSN Autos . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 22 . Station Wagons ... Chevrolet HHR </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` GM to produce retro cross-over '' . CNN Money . August 8 , 2003 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2006 Chevorlet HHR LT ( YouTube ) . Regular Car Reviews . Event occurs at 5 : 44 to 6 : 36 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HHR on Mitsui automotive site '' . Automotive.mitsui.co.jp . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lavrinc , Damon ( 2006 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Chevy HHR SS acknowledged '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( 2007 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Woodward : Live Reveal of the 2008 Chevy HHR SS '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wert , Ray ( 2007 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Live From The Woodward Dream Cruise , It 's The Chevy HHR SS Reveal ! '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2009 Chevy HHR SS Panel SEMA Concept '' . Jaloponik . General Motors . 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Filipponio , Frank ( 2007 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Chevy HHR Panel SS delivers smiles at SEMA '' . Autoblog . General Motors . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 GM Order Guide : Changes for Chevrolet Camaro , Corvette , HHR , Malibu ; Cadillac STS - Car and Driver Blog '' . Blog.caranddriver.com. 2010 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Good Chevrolet . `` Chevrolet Discontinues the HHR '' . PRLog . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Issue 101 - January 17 , 2011 '' Purchasing News '' Publications '' ARI - Automotive Fleet Management `` . Arifleet.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Chevrolet HHR '' . Iihs.org . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GM Reports 392,041 Deliveries In December '' . Media.gm.com. 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GM Reports 341,327 Deliveries In December '' . Media.gm.com. 2007 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GM Reports 323,453 December Deliveries ; 3.87 Million Vehicles Sold In 2007 '' . Media.gm.com. 2007 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GM Reports 221,983 Deliveries in December ; 2,980,688 Vehicles Sold in 2008 '' . Media.gm.com. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Jan/0105_Dec_Sales/_jcr_content/iconrow/textfile/file.res/Deliveries%20December%2009.xls </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GM U.S. Deliveries for December 2010 by Model '' ( PDF ) . Media.gm.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GM U.S. Deliveries for December 2011 by Model '' ( PDF ) . Media.gm.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GM U.S. Deliveries for December 2012 by Model '' ( PDF ) . Media.gm.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chevrolet HHR . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Chevrolet HHR at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) </Li> <Li> Technical Information Chevrolet HHR </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="41"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> `` previous -- Chevrolet , a marque of General Motors , road car timeline , United States market , 1980s -- present </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Type </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 2010s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subcompact </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Sprint </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Geo </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Metro </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Spark </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Spark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Chevette </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Aveo </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Sonic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Spectrum </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Monza </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Nova </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Compact </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Prizm </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Volt </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Volt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Cavalier </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Cavalier </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Cavalier </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> HHR </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Citation </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Corsica / Beretta </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Cobalt </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Cruze </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Cruze </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mid-size </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Malibu </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Malibu </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Malibu </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Malibu </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Malibu </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Malibu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Celebrity </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Lumina </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Lumina </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - size </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Impala </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Impala SS </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Impala </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Impala </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Impala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> SS </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="11"> Caprice </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Caprice </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Caprice </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Personal </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Monte Carlo </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Monte Carlo </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Monte Carlo </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Monte Carlo </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sports car </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Camaro </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Camaro </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Camaro </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Camaro </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Camaro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Corvette </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> Corvette </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Corvette </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Corvette </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Corvette </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="41"> Blue denotes vehicles which are available exclusively to police departments . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Chevrolet vehicles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A marque of General Motors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cars </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aveo / Sonic </Li> <Li> Bolt </Li> <Li> Camaro </Li> <Li> Cavalier </Li> <Li> Cobalt </Li> <Li> Corvette </Li> <Li> Cruze </Li> <Li> Impala </Li> <Li> Malibu </Li> <Li> Matiz </Li> <Li> Onix / Prisma </Li> <Li> Sail </Li> <Li> Spark </Li> <Li> Volt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pickup trucks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CMP </Li> <Li> Colorado / S - 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Max </Li> <Li> Epica </Li> <Li> Estate </Li> <Li> Evanda </Li> <Li> Forester </Li> <Li> Grand Vitara </Li> <Li> Jimny </Li> <Li> Kalos </Li> <Li> Lacetti </Li> <Li> Lova </Li> <Li> Lumina Coupe </Li> <Li> Lanos </Li> <Li> Matiz Eco Logic </Li> <Li> Meriva </Li> <Li> Nubira </Li> <Li> Optra </Li> <Li> Rezzo </Li> <Li> Sonora </Li> <Li> SSR </Li> <Li> T - Series </Li> <Li> Tacuma </Li> <Li> Tosca </Li> <Li> Uplander </Li> <Li> Vitara XL7 </Li> <Li> W - Series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agile </Li> <Li> Avalanche </Li> <Li> Caprice </Li> <Li> Celta </Li> <Li> Cobalt </Li> <Li> Epica </Li> <Li> HHR </Li> <Li> Lumina </Li> <Li> Lumina Ute </Li> <Li> Nexia </Li> <Li> Optra </Li> <Li> Vivant </Li> <Li> Omega </Li> <Li> SS </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concept cars </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aerovette </Li> <Li> Astro I </Li> <Li> Bel Air ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> CERV </Li> <Li> Cheyenne ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Corvair Monza GT </Li> <Li> Corvette concepts </Li> <Li> Express ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Groove </Li> <Li> Miray </Li> <Li> Sequel </Li> <Li> SS ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Trax ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Triax </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chevrolet_HHR&oldid=849177385 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Chevrolet vehicles </Li> <Li> Compact cars </Li> <Li> Station wagons </Li> <Li> Vans </Li> <Li> Front - 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The vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia <H1> The vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Season 2 DVD Cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nina Dobrev </Li> <Li> Paul Wesley </Li> <Li> Ian Somerhalder </Li> <Li> Steven R. McQueen </Li> <Li> Sara Canning </Li> <Li> Katerina Graham </Li> <Li> Candice Accola </Li> <Li> Zach Roerig </Li> <Li> Michael Trevino </Li> <Li> Matt Davis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> The CW </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 9 , 2010 -- May 12 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of The Vampire Diaries episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Vampire Diaries , a 40 minute American supernatural drama , was officially renewed by The CW for a full 22 - episode season on February 16 , 2010 . The first episode premiered on September 9 , 2010 , at 8 p.m. ET . The season picks up immediately after the events of the season one finale . All the series regulars returned . Season two focuses on the return of Elena Gilbert 's ( Nina Dobrev ) doppelgänger , Katherine Pierce , the introduction of werewolves , the sun and moon curse , and the arrival of the original vampires. Tyler Lockwood 's ( Michael Trevino ) uncle , Mason Lockwood ( Taylor Kinney ) , arrives in town searching for the moonstone , a family heirloom. Tyler later learns of his family 's werewolf curse . Meanwhile , Caroline Forbes ( Candice Accola ) is killed by Katherine while having Damon Salvatore 's ( Ian Somerhalder ) blood in her system , turning her into a vampire . The arrival of the original vampires , Elijah ( Daniel Gillies ) and Klaus Mikaelson ( Joseph Morgan ) , also bring about complications . Klaus is a vampire - werewolf hybrid , but his werewolf side had been forced into dormancy by witches , as nature would not stand for such an imbalance in power . Therefore , Klaus arrives in town with plans to break the curse and unleash his werewolf side by channelling the power of the full moon into the moonstone , sacrificing a vampire and a werewolf , and drinking the blood of the doppelgänger . The season is currently on air in Urdu on filmax channel in Pakistan . It became available on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 , 2011 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main </Li> <Li> 1.2 Recurring </Li> <Li> 1.3 Guest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Cast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Storylines </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Ratings </Li> <Li> 5.2 DVR viewers </Li> <Li> 5.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Home media </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of The Vampire Diaries characters <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert ( 22 episodes ) / Katherine Pierce ( 18 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore ( 22 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore ( 22 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert ( 17 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers ( 15 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett ( 17 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes ( 20 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan ( 15 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood ( 15 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman ( 17 episodes ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Susan Walters as Carol Lockwood ( 13 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson ( Elijah Smith ) ( 12 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Marguerite MacIntyre as Sheriff Elizabeth `` Liz '' Forbes ( 8 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Taylor Kinney as Mason Lockwood ( 8 episodes ) </Li> <Li> David Anders as John Gilbert ( 7 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Bryton James as Luka Martin ( 7 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Randy J. Goodwin as Dr. Jonas Martin ( 6 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Michaela McManus as Jules ( 6 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Lauren Cohan as Rosemary `` Rose '' ( 5 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Dawn Olivieri as Andie Starr ( 4 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Joseph Morgan as Klaus Mikaelson ( 4 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Gino Anthony Pesi as Maddox ( 4 episodes ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Tiya Sircar as Aimee Bradley ( 3 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Lisa Tucker as Greta Martin ( 3 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Trent Ford as Trevor ( 3 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Maiara Walsh as Sarah ( 2 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Stephen Amell as Brady ( 2 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Mia Kirshner as Isobel Flemming ( 2 episodes ) </Li> <Li> Trevor Peterson as Slater ( 1 episodes ) </Li> <Li> B.J. Britt as Carter ( 1 episode ) </Li> <Li> Courtney Ford as Vanessa Monroe ( 1 episode ) </Li> <Li> Simon Miller as George Lockwood ( 1 episode ) </Li> <Li> Natashia Williams as Lucy Bennett ( 1 episode ) </Li> <Li> Bree Condon as Alice ( 1 episode ) </Li> <Li> James Harvey Ward as Cody Webber ( 1 episode ) </Li> <Li> Ahna O'Reilly as Jessica Cohen ( 1 episode ) </Li> <Li> Arielle Kebbel as Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson ( 1 episode ) </Li> <Li> Bianca Lawson as Emily Bennett ( voice only ) ( 1 episode ) </Li> <Li> Malese Jow as Annabelle `` Anna '' ( 1 episode ) </Li> <Li> Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan ( uncredited ) ( 1 episode ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Return '' </Td> <Td> J. Miller Tobin </Td> <Td> Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec </Td> <Td> September 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5251 </Td> <Td> 3.28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Picking up where the first season left off , Elena arrives home to discover the fates of Uncle John and Jeremy . Jeremy has not transitioned into a vampire , because he did not take enough drugs to die and Anna 's blood overcame the overdose . Damon , Bonnie , and Elena agree that Caroline needs Damon 's blood to survive . Damon realizes that Katherine has returned and is impersonating Elena. Tyler is surprised when his uncle , Mason Lockwood , arrives in town to console him . Katherine and Damon nearly sleep together , but Katherine tells Damon , `` it will always be Stefan '' . Distraught , Damon goes to see Elena , who resists his attempt to kiss her . Angry that Elena also loves Stefan , Damon snaps Jeremy 's neck . Jeremy survives because he is wearing a Gilbert ring , which protects the wearer from death from supernatural causes . Katherine goes to the hospital and smothers Caroline with a pillow . Before Caroline dies , Katherine gives her a message for the Salvatore brothers : `` Game on . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Brave New World '' </Td> <Td> John Dahl </Td> <Td> Brian Young </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5252 </Td> <Td> 3.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Caroline has become a vampire and awakens in the hospital craving blood . Tyler catches Mason searching for a moonstone , which is a family heirloom . At the carnival , Damon compels a boy named Carter to pick a fight with Tyler to provoke one of Tyler 's bursts of anger . Mason breaks up the fight using his supernatural abilities , proving that he is a werewolf . Caroline confronts Damon about his abusive treatment , and he realizes that she is a vampire . He alerts Elena and Stefan , while a ravenous Caroline drains Carter . Stefan promises Caroline he will guide her journey as a vampire. Tyler retrieves the moonstone Mason has been seeking . Matt notices Caroline 's erratic behavior but admits that he loves her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Bad Moon Rising '' </Td> <Td> Patrick Norris </Td> <Td> Andrew Chambliss </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5253 </Td> <Td> 3.57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Elena , Damon , and Alaric head to Isobel 's old office at Duke University , where it is revealed that vampires and werewolves used to roam freely until a shaman uttered a curse to limit their powers , after which the werewolves were servants of the moon and vampires became the slaves of the sun . Stefan teaches Caroline how to control herself and hunt animals . Bonnie makes Caroline a daylight ring so that she will not be burned by the sun . In werewolf form , Mason encounters Stefan and Caroline. Tyler saves them by shouting at the werewolf ; he later finds Mason in the woods and realises what has happened . Unable to control herself , Caroline feeds on Matt . She compels him to forget it , but ends their relationship to keep him safe from her . Damon tells Elena Katherine 's real name , Katerina Petrova , to aid Elena with her research . Alaric reaffirms his romantic interest in Jenna , and Caroline finds Katherine in her bedroom . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Memory Lane '' </Td> <Td> Rob Hardy </Td> <Td> Caroline Dries </Td> <Td> September 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5254 </Td> <Td> 3.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Katherine tells Stefan that she will kill Elena unless he ends his relationship with her , and as a result , Elena realizes that Caroline is working for Katherine . Elena and Katherine finally meet , but Katherine ignores Elena 's questions . Damon stabs Mason with a silver knife , but Mason says it is only a myth that silver hurts werewolves . They are now enemies . Katherine remembers how in 1864 , after Stefan and Damon were shot in an attempt to save her , she had kissed Stefan , declaring her love and saying they would be together again one day . Stefan and Elena stage a fake break - up to prevent Katherine from hurting anybody . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Kill or Be Killed '' </Td> <Td> Jeff Woolnough </Td> <Td> Mike Daniels </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5255 </Td> <Td> 3.47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> At the Mystic Falls picnic , Mason Lockwood tells Sheriff Liz Forbes that Stefan and Damon are vampires . Liz and her fellow police officers shoot Stefan and Damon . Caroline and Elena reach the Salvatore 's before Liz can kill them , but Caroline 's identity as a vampire is exposed to her mother . Liz rejects Caroline as her daughter , and Stefan drinks Elena 's blood to gain strength . Caroline confesses to Elena that Katherine had threatened to kill Matt if Caroline did n't spy on Elena and Stefan for her ; Elena forgives Caroline . Jeremy and Tyler start to bond when Tyler learns that Jeremy knows about the curse . Tyler almost kills a girl , feeling for a second that he wants her to die . He then tells Mason that he wants nothing to do with the curse , and gives him the moonstone . It is revealed that Mason is working for Katherine , who wants the moonstone , and that they are lovers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Plan B '' </Td> <Td> John Behring </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5256 </Td> <Td> 3.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Liz accepts Caroline , and Caroline compels her mother to forget that she is a vampire . Bonnie incapacitates Mason by giving him an aneurysm . Damon then questions and tortures Mason who , believing that Katherine loves him , refuses to talk . Telling Mason that Katherine is using him , Damon eventually kills him . Bonnie has a vision of the moonstone 's location in a well . Stefan discovers that the well is full of vervain , which burns him . Caroline and Bonnie help Elena rescue Stefan and retrieve the moonstone . Katherine compels Jenna to stab herself . Fearful of what else Katherine might do , Elena breaks up with Stefan for good . Needing another werewolf , Katherine compels Matt to attack Tyler , so that Tyler will kill Matt and become a werewolf . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Masquerade '' </Td> <Td> Charles Beeson </Td> <Td> Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5257 </Td> <Td> 3.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Stefan , Damon , Bonnie , Jeremy , Alaric , and Caroline plan to kill Katherine at the Lockwoods ' masquerade ball . Katherine is visited by Lucy , a witch who is to help her retrieve the moonstone . Under Katherine 's compulsion , Matt fights Tyler . Caroline breaks up the fight , but Sarah , who is also compelled , stabs Tyler , and he accidentally breaks her neck . Tyler 's eyes turn yellow , showing that the curse has been triggered . Stefan and Damon try to kill Katherine , but they stop when Jeremy tells them that every time they stake her , Elena is wounded . Katherine reveals that she had Lucy put a spell on Elena and herself , which linked them . Lucy , who is Bonnie 's cousin , lifts the spell and incapacitates Katherine , who collapses . Damon traps Katherine in the underground tomb . As Elena heads home she is intercepted by a masked stranger . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Rose '' </Td> <Td> Liz Friedlander </Td> <Td> Brian Young </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5258 </Td> <Td> 3.63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> A vampire named Trevor takes Elena to an abandoned house , where she meets Rose , another vampire . When Tyler witnesses Caroline 's abilities , she reveals that she is a vampire . Elena overhears Rose and Trevor arguing about a vampire named Elijah . Using a spell , Bonnie locates Elena . Elena tries to extract information from Rose , who tells her that Elijah is one of the `` original '' vampires . Rose and Trevor are using Elena , the Petrova doppelgänger who is the key to breaking the curse , as a bargaining chip . Elijah arrives , and Rose offers him Elena in exchange for their pardon . Elijah agrees but kills Trevor . Elena tries to stall Elijah by saying that she knows where the moonstone is , but he compels her to tell him its location . Stefan and Damon arrive to fight with Elijah and stake him . Elena 's vervain necklace remains at the house . Later that night , Damon is in Elena 's bedroom with her vervain necklace in his hand . He tells her that he loves her but does n't deserve her , and that Stefan does . Then he compels her to forget what he said . In the abandoned house , Elijah pulls the wooden stake out of his chest . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Katerina '' </Td> <Td> J. Miller Tobin </Td> <Td> Andrew Chambliss </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5259 </Td> <Td> 3.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The episode begins in Bulgaria in 1490 and shows Katherine giving birth to a baby girl . Her father says that she has shamed their family and takes the baby away . In the present , Elena goes to the tomb , where she offers Katherine blood in exchange for the truth - that a doppelgänger from the Petrova line can be used to break the curse . As Katherine 's descendant , Elena is the current Petrova doppelgänger . Katherine reveals that she was expelled from Bulgaria and fled to England , where Elijah and Trevor found her . They recognized her as the Petrova doppelgänger and Elijah tried to kill her , but Trevor helped her to escape . She became a vampire so that she could not be used to break the curse . Katherine came to Mystic Falls to offer Klaus what he needed to lift the curse : the current doppelgänger , a witch , a werewolf , a vampire , and the moonstone . She hoped that Klaus would spare her life in exchange for this . Bonnie meets a warlock named Luka and his father . Jeremy is jealous of Bonnie 's attraction to Luka . Damon and Rose seek information about Klaus from Rose 's vampire friend , Slater , but a healed Elijah overhears them . Damon and Rose sleep together , and Elijah compels Slater to stake himself . It is revealed that Luka and his father are working for Elijah . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The Sacrifice '' </Td> <Td> Ralph Hemecker </Td> <Td> Caroline Dries </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5260 </Td> <Td> 3.46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Elena and Rose go to ask Slater about Klaus , but they find his staked corpse . Elena uses information from Slater 's computer to get Klaus 's attention , saying she wants to surrender . Caroline and Tyler discover Mason 's journal and the video diary that he used to document his transformations . Bonnie plans to lift the spell from the tomb and incapacitate Katherine so that Stefan can grab the moonstone , but Jeremy goes ahead with the plan alone and is captured by Katherine , who feeds on him . Stefan saves Jeremy but is trapped himself . Three vampires confront Damon , Rose , and Elena . Elijah kills the three vampires and then departs . Back home , a trapped Stefan makes Damon promise to protect Elena . Elijah informs Luka 's father that Damon and Stefan will protect Elena , which is Elijah 's goal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` By the Light of the Moon '' </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Allen </Td> <Td> Mike Daniels </Td> <Td> December 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5261 </Td> <Td> 3.16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> As the full moon approaches , Caroline helps Tyler prepare for his transformation . Stefan asks Katherine to prove that there is good in her , and she advises him to ask Isobel for help in finding Klaus . Bonnie seeks Luka 's help to destroy the moonstone ; they cast a spell , but Luka gives the moonstone to his father . Jules , a friend of Mason , arrives in Mystic Falls looking for him . Damon and Alaric try to trick her into having a drink mixed with wolfsbane . She reveals that she is a werewolf and tells Damon that he has been marked . Elijah makes a deal with Elena : she has to keep herself safe from Klaus ( so that Elijah can use her as bait to kill Klaus ) and in return , Elijah will protect her friends and family and free Stefan from the tomb . Caroline reunites with Tyler . At the Salvatore mansion , Jules , in wolf form , tries to attack Damon but instead bites Rose 's shoulder , which becomes infected . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` The Descent '' </Td> <Td> Marcos Siega </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain </Td> <Td> January 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5262 </Td> <Td> 3.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Stefan tries to contact Isobel and gets in touch with John Gilbert , who comes home . While Damon tries to get Jules to tell him how to cure the werewolf bite , he asks Elena to keep an eye on Rose , who becomes delirious and mistakes her for Katherine . Caroline and Matt confess their love for each other . Tyler 's reaction to Caroline 's generosity surprises her . Rose escapes from the Salvatore house and goes on a killing spree . Damon finds her and brought her back to the Salvatore 's house , he then stakes her , while giving her a peaceful death by giving her a dream about her old home . He confesses to a stranger that he misses being human . He lets her go , but bites her soon after . Jules informs Tyler that she knows that he and Mason are werewolves . She tells him that more werewolves are coming . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Daddy Issues '' </Td> <Td> Joshua Butler </Td> <Td> Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5263 </Td> <Td> 3.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Tyler is furious that Caroline has kept Mason 's death secret from him . Jenna becomes upset over the revelation that John is Elena 's biological father . Jules meets her wolf - lover Brady and tells him she wants to leave town and take Tyler with them . Caroline asks Stefan to reason with Tyler , while Jules takes Caroline hostage . Jules tells Stefan to bring Tyler to her in exchange for Caroline . Stefan tries to make peace , but he fails , and Damon offers his `` bloodier '' method . Jules then calls on her wolf friends , and although Damon and Stefan are outnumbered , they kill most of the wolves. Tyler releases Caroline from the cage , but watches as Jules has Caroline at gunpoint . As Stefan and Damon are about to get staked , Jonas , on Elijah 's behalf , incapacitates the remaining wolves. Tyler tries to apologize to Caroline , but she tells him they are no longer friends . Tyler tells Jules and Brady that Mason was probably killed because he found the moonstone . John says that he returned to protect Elena , and that the only way to kill an Original is with a dagger dipped in ash from a white oak as old as the Originals . John is shown to be still working with Katherine and trying to get her out of the tomb . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Crying Wolf '' </Td> <Td> David Von Ancken </Td> <Td> Brian Young </Td> <Td> February 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5264 </Td> <Td> 2.78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Stefan and Elena spend a weekend at the Gilbert lakehouse , unaware that they 've been followed by Tyler and Brady . Jenna worries that Alaric is n't being honest about his past . Jules and Brady explain the sun and moon curse to Tyler and lure him into helping them . Bonnie performs a hypnosis spell on Luka in order to get information . Luka reveals that Elijah plans to kill Klaus by making him vulnerable after he sacrifices Elena . He also reveals that Klaus has his sister , so he and his father are working for Elijah to help him kill Klaus . Jules and her friends torture Damon for information about the moonstone , but Elijah intervenes , kills most of the wolves , and saves Damon . Brady finds Stefan and shoots him with a wooden bullet , leaving Tyler to guard him . When Tyler learns that Elena has to die for the curse to be broken , he lets Stefan go . Stefan kills Brady to save Elena . Meanwhile , Jeremy and Bonnie confess their feelings for each other and kiss . Realising that Elena knew about Elijah 's real plan for her , Stefan tells her that she is behaving like a martyr. Tyler tells Matt that he has feelings for Caroline but knows that Caroline loves Matt . The episode ends with Jules and Tyler leaving town . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` The Dinner Party '' </Td> <Td> Marcos Siega </Td> <Td> Andrew Chambliss </Td> <Td> February 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5265 </Td> <Td> 3.07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Elena reads one of Jonathan Gilbert 's journals about a night when Stefan attacked him and killed two of the Fells . Stefan admits that he had been brutal and inhuman until Lexi showed him the path of love and humanity . Damon invites Elijah to the boarding house for a dinner party , intending to kill him . Jonathan Gilbert 's journal reveals that if a vampire uses the dagger to kill an Original , both will die . After Stefan sends a warning , Alaric stabs and kills Elijah , but the body later disappears . Elena reads in the journal that if the dagger is removed , the Original will come back to life . John blackmails Alaric into returning his ring . Elijah shows up at the lake house telling Elena that the deal is off , but Elena threatens to kill herself and become a vampire so that she will no longer be useful to him . Elijah calls her out on a bluff , but Elena stabs herself . Elijah begs Elena to let him heal her , and she agrees , but then stabs him with the dagger , killing him again . Damon returns home to find Katherine there . Elijah 's compulsion on her has worn off with his death , and she says she intends to help them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` The House Guest '' </Td> <Td> Michael Katleman </Td> <Td> Caroline Dries </Td> <Td> February 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5266 </Td> <Td> 2.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Discovering that Katherine is free , Elena is upset . Stefan and Bonnie try to persuade Jonas and Luka to work with them , but Jonas wants Elijah alive again . He performs a ritual that puts Luka in the boarding house in invisible form . Luka tries to remove the dagger from Elijah 's body , but Katherine stops him . Luka then stakes Katherine , but Damon uses a flamethrower to prevent the removal of the dagger . Luka is fatally burned , and Jonas vows to avenge him by killing Elena . Bonnie tells Elena about her relationship with Jeremy and is surprised by Elena 's positive response . Jonas appears at the Grill , looking for Elena . Bonnie tries to stop him , but he disables her ; Matt intervenes , but Jonas stabs him . Caroline sees Matt dying and forces him to drink her blood to save his life . Jonas attacks Elena , but she proves to be Katherine , and she bites him . Alaric tells Jenna that he loves her . Bonnie reveals that Jonas has restored her powers and told her how to kill Klaus . Caroline tells Matt that she is a vampire , but he takes the news badly . Isobel shows up at Elena 's house and tells Jenna that she is Elena 's mother . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Know Thy Enemy '' </Td> <Td> Wendey Stanzler </Td> <Td> Mike Daniels </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5267 </Td> <Td> 2.73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Elena and Alaric become angry with John when Isobel 's arrival devastates Jenna . Alaric is abducted by Maddox , a warlock from Klaus 's inner circle . Meanwhile , Bonnie works with Jeremy and Damon to find the spell they need to gather the power of the witches killed in the massacre . Damon takes them to the site where the witches were burned . Matt demands to know what happened to Vicki . After Caroline tells him and then compels him to forget , it is revealed that Matt 's involvement was a setup by Sheriff Forbes to find out everything about the vampires . Matt has drunk vervain , so the compulsion does not work . Isobel kidnaps Elena and then receives a phone call from Maddox , who tells her that she has finished what Klaus compelled her to do and is free to let Elena go . Isobel apologizes to Elena for being a disappointment as a mother , removes her necklace , and burns to death in the sun . Stefan and Damon realize that Bonnie is their new secret weapon since she now has tremendous power . Jeremy is upset because , if Bonnie uses too much power , she will die . Katherine , who had been set up by Isobel and taken by Maddox , wakes up to see Klaus take control of Alaric 's body . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The Last Dance '' </Td> <Td> John Behring </Td> <Td> Michael Narducci </Td> <Td> April 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5268 </Td> <Td> 2.81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Klaus ( in Alaric 's body ) compels Katherine to tell him how the others plan to kill him . He then finds out that Bonnie has obtained power that could threaten his life . At the school dance , Jeremy confronts Bonnie about why she wants to kill herself for Elena , and Damon overhears . Jeremy goes to Stefan for help , and Stefan tells Elena about Bonnie 's plans . Elena finally guesses who `` Alaric '' really is . Bonnie fights Klaus with her powers and appears to die . As Elena grieves , Damon tells her that Klaus must believe Bonnie is dead , but her death was faked . Realizing that Bonnie intends to endanger herself to defeat Klaus , Elena pulls the dagger out of Elijah 's heart . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Klaus '' </Td> <Td> Joshua Butler </Td> <Td> Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5269 </Td> <Td> 2.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After Elena removed the dagger , Elijah wakes , and Elena makes another deal with him . In a flashback to 1492 England , Katherine meets Elijah and Klaus for the first time . Elijah and Klaus were raised as brothers , but Klaus was the result of their mother 's affair with a man from a werewolf bloodline . Elijah 's father hunted down the man and had him and his family killed , beginning the schism between werewolves and vampires . As a vampire / werewolf hybrid , Klaus can only be killed by a witch . The sun and moon curse was fake -- the real curse is that Klaus 's werewolf side had been forced into dormancy by witches . Jenna finally finds out about the vampires from Stefan and Klaus / Alaric . Elsewhere , Katherine is being held captive by Klaus . Damon finds her and gives her a vial of vervain to protect her from further compulsion . At the end of the episode , Maddox and Greta ( Luka 's sister ) perform a ritual to release Klaus 's spirit from Alaric 's body and put it back into his own . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` The Last Day '' </Td> <Td> J. Miller Tobin </Td> <Td> Andrew Chambliss & Brian Young </Td> <Td> April 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5270 </Td> <Td> 2.68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Elijah tells Elena that the way to break the curse involves sacrifice a vampire and a werewolf . Maddox injures Carol Lockwood to make Tyler return to town , after which he and Greta kidnap Caroline and Tyler . Damon forces Elana to drink his blood so she will `` survive '' the sacrifice . Alaric returns as himself and gives the message from Klaus that the ritual will happen that night . Jenna forgives him . Damon realizes that if Klaus does n't have a werewolf , he will be unable to complete the ritual , and Elena will have another month . He rescues Caroline and Tyler from the tomb and kills Maddox . Klaus takes Elena from the boarding house to begin the ritual . Damon informs Klaus that he has rescued the vampire and werewolf he needs for the ritual , but Klaus says he has backups . At the site of the ritual , Elena realizes that Klaus has turned Jenna and is using her as the vampire . Katherine makes Damon aware of a wolf bite he got from Tyler during his transformation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` The Sun Also Rises '' </Td> <Td> Paul M. Sommers </Td> <Td> Caroline Dries & Mike Daniels </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5271 </Td> <Td> 2.84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Matt and Caroline are in the Lockwood cellar while Tyler , in wolf form , attacks them , and they hide . Meanwhile , Greta the witch feeds Jenna her blood , completing Jenna 's transformation into a vampire . Elijah is revealed to be seeking revenge on Klaus for killing his family and burying their bodies at sea . Klaus begins the ritual and kills Jules , the werewolf . Stefan offers to switch places with Jenna , but Klaus refuses and kills her . Bonnie performs a spell that can bring someone back to life by joining two people 's souls , binding John and Elena . At the ritual grounds , Klaus drains Elena 's blood and begins to transform . However , Bonnie uses her powers to weaken him while Damon kills Greta . Before Elijah can rip out his heart , Klaus says he did n't bury the bodies at sea and if he is killed , Elijah will never find them . Elijah listens to him and flees with Klaus . When Elena comes back to life , John dies . At Jenna 's and John 's funeral , Damon reveals to Stefan that he was bitten by Tyler and asks him to not tell Elena . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` As I Lay Dying '' </Td> <Td> John Behring </Td> <Td> Turi Meyer & Al Septien & Michael Narducci </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 2J5272 </Td> <Td> 2.86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Damon apologizes to Elena for feeding her his blood . At home , he tries to kill himself by taking off his ring and walking into sunlight but is stopped by Stefan and locked in a cell . Klaus has completed the transformation into a wolf and awakens to find Elijah waiting for him . He makes Klaus remember his deal : he must reunite Elijah with their family , and Klaus does so by staking Elijah . Stefan seeks Klaus for a cure for Damon . Klaus then bites Katherine and feeds her his blood , revealing the cure for a werewolf bite . In exchange for a vial of his blood , Klaus wants Stefan to become a ripper again and leave Mystic Falls with him . Stefan drinks human blood to prove himself . Klaus gives Katherine the cure for Damon and allows her to leave . Sheriff Forbes , who wants to kill Damon , accidentally frees him from his cell . She later tracks him down and shoots at him but strikes and kills Jeremy instead . Bonnie begs the witches to bring Jeremy back to life saying that she loves him , and they do , warning of `` consequences . '' Elena finds a delirious Damon , brings him home , and kisses him after he confesses his love . Katherine interrupts with Klaus 's cure for the werewolf bite . Klaus tests Stefan , asking him to kill someone . Once Stefan does , Klaus says that they can leave Mystic Falls . At the Gilbert house , Jeremy finds his deceased vampire ex-girlfriends Anna and Vicki . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> On February 16 , 2010 , The CW officially renewed The Vampire Diaries for a full 22 - episode second season . It premiered on Thursday September 9 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . The season finale aired on May 12 , 2011 . </P> <H3> Cast ( edit ) </H3> <P> On July 9 , 2010 , Entertainment Weekly announced Taylor Kinney would join the cast in a recurring role as Tyler 's uncle Mason , a werewolf who comes to town after his brother dies . Katherine sends Mason to Mystic Falls to get the moonstone for her . He succeeds , but Damon and Stefan find out that he works with Katherine , and Damon kills him . Mason has been described as a `` cool '' uncle , sexy and athletic . Lauren Cohan joined the cast as Rose , a 500 - year - old vampire and possible love interest for Damon . She kidnaps Elena to hand her over to Elijah , but Elena is saved by Stefan and Damon . She then becomes their ally and even starts a small romantic relationship with Damon . She dies after being bitten by werewolf Jules . </P> <P> Michaela McManus joined the cast in a guest role as a werewolf who comes to town looking for answers about Mason 's death . She helps Tyler deal with the discovery that he is a werewolf , but is later killed during the sacrifice . Bryton James portrays warlock Luka Martin in season two . He befriends Bonnie , but it is later revealed that he and his father work for Elijah . When he tries to save Elijah invisibly , Damon burns him to death . His father Jonas Martin , played by Randy J. Goodwin in season two , is introduced as a friend of Elijah . He is a warlock who , in order to save his daughter Greta , is willing and able to help defeat Klaus . He is later killed by Katherine , who is protecting the Salvatore brothers . </P> <P> Gino Anthony Pesi portrays Maddox at the end of season two , a warlock who works for Klaus . Matt shoots him to death when he tries to overcome Damon . On February 18 , 2011 , it was announced that British actor Joseph Morgan had signed on to play original vampire Klaus . </P> <H2> Storylines ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The second season focuses mainly on the arrival of Elena 's doppelgänger Katherine Pierce and on her reasons for returning to Mystic Falls . It also introduces werewolves. Tyler 's werewolf uncle , Mason Lockwood , arrives after the death of Tyler 's father and tells Tyler about the so - called `` Lockwood curse '' in their family . To activate the werewolf gene , the person must kill someone . Katherine turns Caroline into a vampire , so as to have a spy against Stefan and Elena . Katherine 's main reason for returning to Mystic Falls is to find the moonstone , with the help of Mason , who is killed by Damon . Katherine calls in a favor from a witch named Lucy to get the stone . Lucy casts a spell so that when Katherine is hurt , it also affects Elena . </P> <P> When Lucy finds out that another Bennett is at the party and that Katherine had deceived her , she puts a spell on the moonstone , injuring Katherine . Damon then leaves her in the original tomb where she is trapped until the spell has been removed from the tomb . She tells him that her reason for not killing Elena is that she is in danger . Elena is later kidnapped by a masked individual and held hostage by vampires Rose and Trevor , who have been on the run from the Originals ( the first generation of vampires ) . Rose reveals to Elena that she is the Petrova doppelgänger and needs to be sacrificed to break the sun and moon curse . Katherine was also a Petrova doppelgänger , who used Trevor to help her escape from the Originals and Rose to turn her into a vampire to save herself . Elena is rescued by Stefan and Damon by stabbing Elijah with a sharp wooden pole and they escape . </P> <P> Klaus , one of the original vampires , arrives and is now hunting Elena . His brother Elijah has made a deal with Elena to protect her loved ones , because he wants to use her as bait to lure Klaus and kill him . Jules , a friend of Mason , tells the Lockwoods that Mason never came back to Florida and is missing . Alaric is suspicious of Jules and calls Damon to the Grill ( local town hangout ) . Jules reveals that she is a werewolf . Damon tells Jules she wo n't find Mason and to leave town . Jules breaks into the Salvatore mansion in wolf form and attacks Damon , but Rose pushes him out of the way , getting bitten on the shoulder instead ( werewolf bites are lethal to vampires ) . As Rose succumbs to the effects of the bite , Damon stakes her in a glorious dream they share , giving her a peaceful death . </P> <P> Uncle John returns to Mystic Falls and comes as an unpleasant surprise to Elena , Damon , Jenna , and Alaric . John reveals to Damon that the only way to kill an Original is with a dagger dipped in white ash wood . A boy named Luka settle in the town with his father ( they are both warlocks ) and reveals that they are working for Elijah because Klaus has his sister Greta and they want him ( Luka ) dead as well . Luka becomes friends with Bonnie and tells her that Klaus will be weakened by the sacrificial ritual , meaning that Elena has to die so that Elijah can kill him and free his sister . John gives Damon the special dagger to kill Elijah . </P> <P> Elena finds out that if a vampire uses the dagger , that vampire will die . Stefan warns Damon and Alaric stabs Elijah , but he pulls the dagger out and tells Elena their deal is off . Elena stabs herself in the stomach , and Elijah begs her to let him heal her . She stabs him with the dagger and leaves it in him . Elijah 's death means that Katherine is no longer compelled to stay in the tomb . She helps kill the Martin witches . When Isobel returns to town , Katherine double - crosses the Salvatores by kidnapping Elena and stealing the moonstone for Klaus in exchange for her freedom . But it is revealed that Klaus wanted Katherine and compelled Isobel to get her and the moonstone . </P> <P> Klaus enters Alaric 's body and compels Katherine to stay in Alaric 's house . Bonnie and Jeremy find the site of the a witch massacre and Bonnie channels all the power . Alaric / Klaus blends with Stefan , Damon , and Elena and finds out that Bonnie has her powers . Damon tells Bonnie to put on a protection spell and make Alaric / Klaus believe that she is dead . Elena does not want Bonnie to die , so she pulls the dagger out of Elijah 's heart . After Elijah comes to life , Elena learns the full history of Klaus . The Aztec curse is fake and there is a curse on Klaus , as he is a vampire born in a werewolf bloodline . There is a ritual that involves killing a vampire and a werewolf and a Petrova doppelganger , that will unearth the werewolf side of Klaus making him a hybrid . </P> <P> Elena realizes that the real curse is on Klaus , who therefore wants to kill her . But Elijah says he has an elixir that can save Elena from dying . Elena believes Elijah , but Damon says that there is another way to save her life and feeds her his blood . Stefan tries to stop him , but he stabs in the chest with the wooden dagger . Elena then cries that she will be a vampire against her will . Maddox kidnaps Tyler and Caroline . Damon frees them and is bitten . Then he goes to Klaus to tell him that he does not have a werewolf and witch , as he killed Maddox . Klaus says that he has backups . Klaus takes Elena from Stefan . Elena sees Jenna , who thinks she is dead , but Greta tells her she is transitioning . Damon asks Katherine about the vampire , and she says that Jenna is the backup vampire . He then checks his arm and sees that Tyler has bitten him . </P> <P> In the season 's finale , Klaus is working on the ritual out in the woods and is near completion when he is about to kill Elena , but Stefan tries to work a deal with him . Klaus agrees to have Stefan work for him in exchange for Damon 's protection . Elena is `` killed '' in the ritual but is shown to have survived . Regardless , Klaus 's werewolf side is unleashed and he becomes the first hybrid , half vampire half werewolf . Bonnie arrives and subdues Klaus with her powers , giving Elijah the opportunity to strike , but Klaus talks him down offering to help find their siblings . Elena 's survival is revealed as John had Bonnie cast a spell that had him die in Elena 's place . The next morning John succumbs and dies . At his funeral , Elena reads a note from John saying he will always love her and she will always be his daughter , even if she becomes a vampire . Damon also shows where he was bitten and walks away . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` The throbbing red heart of The Vampire Diaries remains the tension between Damon and Paul Wesley 's Stefan , and their mutual attraction to whomever Dobrev is embodying at the time . '' Mark A. Perigard of the Boston Herald said , `` The triangle -- quadrangle ? -- becomes more twisted by episode 's end . It leads to shocking violence against outsiders that deepens the tragedy and the mythology at the core of the show . `` Game on '' just might be the two most chilling words uttered this season . '' Matt Roush of TV Guide commented , `` The Vampire Diaries is the sort of show where ' never say die ' is written into the mythology -- a good thing for several of the opening hour 's apparent victims . I do n't know how much longer The Vampire Diaries can keep churning stories at this feverish rate , but if this is your sort of guilty pleasure , you 'd be crazy not to bite . '' </P> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <H3> DVR viewers ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> 18 -- 49 rating ( Live + SD ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) increase </Th> <Th> Total 18 - 49 increase </Th> <Th> Total viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 02 </Td> <Td> `` Brave New World '' </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 0.91 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 3.96 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 03 </Td> <Td> `` Bad Moon Rising '' </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 0.92 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 4.49 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 04 </Td> <Td> `` Memory Lane '' </Td> <Td> September 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 1.2 </Td> <Td> 0.95 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 4.13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 06 </Td> <Td> `` Plan B '' </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 1.04 </Td> <Td> 2.2 </Td> <Td> 4.66 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 07 </Td> <Td> `` Masquerade '' </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> <Td> 2.2 </Td> <Td> 4.40 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 08 </Td> <Td> `` Rose '' </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 1.12 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 4.75 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 09 </Td> <Td> `` Katerina '' </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 1.01 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 4.51 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The Sacrifice '' </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 4.53 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` By the Light of the Moon '' </Td> <Td> December 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 0.97 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 4.13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` The Descent '' </Td> <Td> January 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 1.10 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 4.65 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` The House Guest '' </Td> <Td> February 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 1.13 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 4.11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Know Thy Enemy '' </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 1.2 </Td> <Td> 1.14 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 3.87 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The Last Dance '' </Td> <Td> April 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 3.87 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Klaus '' </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 1.2 </Td> <Td> 1.35 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 4.05 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` The Last Day '' </Td> <Td> April 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 1.2 </Td> <Td> 1.34 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 4.02 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` The Sun Also Rises '' </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 3.91 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` As I Lay Dying '' </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 1.02 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 3.88 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <P> For its second season The Vampire Diaries won five Teen Choice Awards , one People 's Choice Award , and a nomination in Saturn Awards . </P> <H2> Home Media ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Vampire Diaries Season 2 was made available on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 , 2011 . In region B , it was released on August 22 , 2011 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The CW renews Top Model , Vampire Diaries , Supernatural , Gossip Girl , 90210 Retrieved : August 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The C Retrieved : August 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The CW Announces 2010 - 11 Schedule - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings TVbytheNumbers.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Television Media To Go -- Beta - Warner Bros. Television '' . Warner Bros. Television Media To Go - Beta . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Updated TV Ratings : ' NFL Kickoff ' Soars ; ' Vampire Diaries ' Falls ; ' Nikita ' Equals ' Supernatural ' '' . TV By Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TV Ratings Thursday , September 23 , 2010 TV By The Numbers . Retrieved : April 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TV ratings Thursday September 30 , 2010 TV By the Numbers . Retrieved : April 5 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang Theory , $ # * ! My Dad Says , CSI Adjusted Up ; Vampire Diaries , Private Practice , Apprentice Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Bones , Community , Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang Theory , $ # * ! My Dad Says , The Office Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang , CSI , Vampire Diaries Adjusted Up ; Private Practice Down ; Plus NLCS Game 5 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang Theory , Shrekless , Office Adjusted Up ; Nikita Down ; Plus World Series Game 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Big Bang Theory , The Mentalist , Office , Vampire Diaries Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Fringe , Community , 30 Rock , Outsourced , The Office Adjusted Down ; Bones , $ # * ! My Dad Says Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Private Practice , Bones , Nikita Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones , ' ' Fringe , ' ' Community , ' ' 30 Rock , ' ' Office , ' ' Apprentice ' Adjusted Down ; ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Walters : Oprah ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hibbard , James ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Nikita ' return Strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice , ' ' Bones , ' ' Office , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Recreation , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Office , ' ' Outsourced , ' and ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Rules Of Engagement , ' ' CSI , ' ' Outsourced ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community ' Down + ' The Office , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' CSI , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Community , ' ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Community , ' ' Rules , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Office , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WHEN 'S THE SEASON FINALE OF YOUR FAVORITE SHOW ? '' . The CW ( official website ) . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' scoop : Former ' Trauma ' hottie Taylor Kinney cast as ( spoiler alert ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' newest vamp : ' Supernatural 's ' Lauren Cohan to play Rose '' . Zap 2 It . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Scoop : Meet the Newest Vampire Diaries Hottie ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Miller Tobin ( director ) Andrew Chambliss ( writer ) ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Katerina '' . The Vampire Diaries . Season 2 . Episode 09 . The CW . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Katleman ( director ) Caroline Dries ( writer ) ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) . `` The House Guest '' . The Vampire Diaries . Season 2 . Episode 16 . The CW . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Finds New Villain Klaus '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.metacritic.com/tv/the-vampire-diaries/season-2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` cw leads pre season week '' . TV by the Numbers . October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` hawii - five - 0 tops premiere week rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` hawaii - five - 0 - top - premiere - week - rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , Parenthood Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , The Event , Parenthood , Modern Family Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Modern Family , Grey 's Anatomy , Outlaw , Fringe , Hawaii Five - 0 Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , The Event , Fringe , Hawaii Five - 0 Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Good Guys ' Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' Fringe , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Fringe largest dvd increase '' . TV by the Numbers . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : big bang theory '' . TV by the Numbers . March 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : big bang theory '' . TV by the Numbers. April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LLive + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Yet Again , ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` dvr ratings fringe final nearly doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` dvr ratings modern family tops '' . TV by the Numbers . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Comic Con 2011 Announcement '' . TheWB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon UK Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Vampire Diaries </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` The Night of the Comet '' </Li> <Li> `` Friday Night Bites '' </Li> <Li> `` Family Ties '' </Li> <Li> `` You 're Undead to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Lost Girls '' </Li> <Li> `` Haunted '' </Li> <Li> `` 162 Candles '' </Li> <Li> `` History Repeating '' </Li> <Li> `` The Turning Point '' </Li> <Li> `` Bloodlines '' </Li> <Li> `` Unpleasantville '' </Li> <Li> `` Children of the Damned '' </Li> <Li> `` Fool Me Once '' </Li> <Li> `` A Few Good Men '' </Li> <Li> `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' </Li> <Li> `` Let the Right One In '' </Li> <Li> `` Under Control '' </Li> <Li> `` Miss Mystic Falls '' </Li> <Li> `` Blood Brothers '' </Li> <Li> `` Isobel '' </Li> <Li> `` Founder 's Day '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Return '' </Li> <Li> `` Brave New World '' </Li> <Li> `` Bad Moon Rising '' </Li> <Li> `` Memory Lane '' </Li> <Li> `` Kill or Be Killed '' </Li> <Li> `` Plan B '' </Li> <Li> `` Masquerade '' </Li> <Li> `` Rose '' </Li> <Li> `` Katerina '' </Li> <Li> `` The Sacrifice '' </Li> <Li> `` By the Light of the Moon '' </Li> <Li> `` The Descent '' </Li> <Li> `` Daddy Issues '' </Li> <Li> `` Crying Wolf '' </Li> <Li> `` The Dinner Party '' </Li> <Li> `` The House Guest '' </Li> <Li> `` Know Thy Enemy '' </Li> <Li> `` The Last Dance '' </Li> <Li> `` Klaus '' </Li> <Li> `` The Last Day '' </Li> <Li> `` The Sun Also Rises '' </Li> <Li> `` As I Lay Dying '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Birthday '' </Li> <Li> `` The Hybrid '' </Li> <Li> `` The End of the Affair '' </Li> <Li> `` Disturbing Behavior '' </Li> <Li> `` The Reckoning '' </Li> <Li> `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' </Li> <Li> `` Ghost World '' </Li> <Li> `` Ordinary People '' </Li> <Li> `` Homecoming '' </Li> <Li> `` The New Deal '' </Li> <Li> `` Our Town '' </Li> <Li> `` The Ties That Bind '' </Li> <Li> `` Bringing Out the Dead '' </Li> <Li> `` Dangerous Liaisons '' </Li> <Li> `` All My Children '' </Li> <Li> `` The Departed '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Growing Pains '' </Li> <Li> `` Memorial '' </Li> <Li> `` The Rager '' </Li> <Li> `` The Five '' </Li> <Li> `` The Killer '' </Li> <Li> `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' </Li> <Li> `` My Brother 's Keeper '' </Li> <Li> `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' </Li> <Li> `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' </Li> <Li> `` After School Special '' </Li> <Li> `` Catch Me If You Can '' </Li> <Li> `` A View to a Kill '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' </Li> <Li> `` True Lies '' </Li> <Li> `` Original Sin '' </Li> <Li> `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' </Li> <Li> `` Monster 's Ball '' </Li> <Li> `` Handle with Care '' </Li> <Li> `` Death and the Maiden '' </Li> <Li> `` Dead Man on Campus '' </Li> <Li> `` The Cell '' </Li> <Li> `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' </Li> <Li> `` 500 Years of Solitude '' </Li> <Li> `` The Devil Inside '' </Li> <Li> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` No Exit '' </Li> <Li> `` Gone Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` While You Were Sleeping '' </Li> <Li> `` Rescue Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Resident Evil '' </Li> <Li> `` Man on Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` What Lies Beneath '' </Li> <Li> `` Promised Land '' </Li> <Li> `` Home '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I 'll Remember '' </Li> <Li> `` Yellow Ledbetter '' </Li> <Li> `` Welcome to Paradise '' </Li> <Li> `` Black Hole Sun '' </Li> <Li> `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' </Li> <Li> `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' </Li> <Li> `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Fade Into You '' </Li> <Li> `` I Alone '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Gods and Monsters '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 8 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Was Feeling Epic '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elena Gilbert </Li> <Li> Katherine Pierce </Li> <Li> Stefan Salvatore </Li> <Li> Damon Salvatore </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Novel series </Li> <Li> L.J. Smith </Li> <Li> Original Vampires </Li> <Li> The Originals <Ul> <Li> episodes <Ul> <Li> season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> characters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Legacies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vampire_Diaries_(season_2)&oldid=840758996 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Vampire Diaries </Li> <Li> 2010 American television seasons </Li> <Li> 2011 American television seasons </Li> <Li> The Vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) episodes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use American English from November 2012 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in American English </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from October 2016 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2016 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 4 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 00 : 10 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Beowulf - wikipedia <H1> Beowulf </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the epic poem . For the character , see Beowulf ( hero ) . For other uses , see Beowulf ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Beowulf </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> First page of Beowulf in Cotton Vitellius A. xv </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author ( s ) </Th> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> West Saxon dialect of Old English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> c. 700 -- 1000 AD ( date of poem ) , c. 975 -- 1010 AD ( date of manuscript ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State of existence </Th> <Td> Manuscript suffered damage from fire in 1731 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manuscript ( s ) </Th> <Td> Cotton Vitellius A. xv </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First printed edition </Th> <Td> Thorkelin ( 1815 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Epic heroic poetry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Verse form </Th> <Td> Alliterative verse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> c. 3182 lines </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subject </Th> <Td> The battles of Beowulf , the Geatish hero , in youth and old age </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Personages </Th> <Td> Beowulf , Hygelac , Hrothgar , Wealhþeow , Hrothulf , Æschere , Unferth , Grendel , Grendel 's mother , Wiglaf , Hildeburh . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Beowulf ( / ˈbeɪoʊwʊlf / Old English : ( ˈbeːo̯ˌwulf ) ) is an Old English epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines . It may be the oldest surviving long poem in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English literature . A date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars ; the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript , which was produced between 975 and 1025 . The author was an anonymous Anglo - Saxon poet , referred to by scholars as the `` Beowulf poet '' . </P> <P> The poem is set in Scandinavia . Beowulf , a hero of the Geats , comes to the aid of Hrothgar , the king of the Danes , whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by a monster known as Grendel . After Beowulf slays him , Grendel 's mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated . Victorious , Beowulf goes home to Geatland ( Götaland in modern Sweden ) and later becomes king of the Geats . After a period of fifty years has passed , Beowulf defeats a dragon , but is mortally wounded in the battle . After his death , his attendants cremate his body and erect a tower on a headland in his memory . </P> <P> The full poem survives in the manuscript known as the Nowell Codex . It has no title in the original manuscript , but has become known by the name of the story 's protagonist . In 1731 , the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through Ashburnham House in London that had a collection of medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton . The Nowell Codex is currently housed in the British Library . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Historical background </Li> <Li> 2 Summary <Ul> <Li> 2.1 First battle : Grendel </Li> <Li> 2.2 Second battle : Grendel 's Mother </Li> <Li> 2.3 Third battle : The Dragon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Authorship and date </Li> <Li> 4 Manuscript <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Provenance </Li> <Li> 4.2 Writing </Li> <Li> 4.3 Transcriptions </Li> <Li> 4.4 Translations </Li> <Li> 4.5 Debate over oral tradition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Sources and analogues </Li> <Li> 6 Dialect </Li> <Li> 7 Form and metre </Li> <Li> 8 Interpretation and criticism </Li> <Li> 9 Artistic adaptations </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 11.2 Citations </Li> <Li> 11.3 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Historical background ( edit ) </H2> Approximate central regions of tribes mentioned in Beowulf , with the location of the Angles in Angeln . See Scandza for details of Scandinavia 's political fragmentation in the 6th century . <P> The events in the poem take place over most of the sixth century , after the Anglo - Saxons had started their journey to England and before the beginning of the seventh century , a time when the Anglo - Saxons were either newly arrived or were still in close contact with their Germanic kinsmen in Northern Germany . The poem may have been brought to England by people of Geatish origins . Many suggest that Beowulf was first composed in the 7th century at Rendlesham in East Anglia , that the Sutton Hoo ship - burial also shows close connections with Scandinavia , and that the East Anglian royal dynasty , the Wuffingas , may have been descendants of the Geatish Wulfings . Others have associated this poem with the court of King Alfred the Great or with the court of King Cnut the Great . </P> Ohthere 's mound <P> The poem deals with legends , was composed for entertainment , and does not separate between fictional elements and real historic events , such as the raid by King Hygelac into Frisia . Though Beowulf himself is not mentioned in any other Anglo - Saxon manuscript , scholars generally agree that many of the other personalities of Beowulf also appear in Scandinavian sources . ( Specific works are designated in the following section ) . This concerns not only individuals ( e.g. , Healfdene , Hroðgar , Halga , Hroðulf , Eadgils and Ohthere ) , but also clans ( e.g. , Scyldings , Scylfings and Wulfings ) and certain events ( e.g. , the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern ) . The dating of the events in the poem has been confirmed by archaeological excavations of the barrows indicated by Snorri Sturluson and by Swedish tradition as the graves of Ohthere ( dated to c. 530 ) and his son Eadgils ( dated to c. 575 ) in Uppland , Sweden . </P> <P> In Denmark , recent archaeological excavations at Lejre , where Scandinavian tradition located the seat of the Scyldings , i.e. , Heorot , have revealed that a hall was built in the mid-6th century , exactly the time period of Beowulf . Three halls , each about 50 metres ( 160 ft ) long , were found during the excavation . </P> Finds from Eadgils ' mound , left , excavated in 1874 at Gamla Uppsala , Sweden , support Beowulf and the sagas . Ongentheow 's barrow , right , has not been excavated . <P> The majority view appears to be that people such as King Hroðgar and the Scyldings in Beowulf are based on real historical people from 6th - century Scandinavia . Like the Finnesburg Fragment and several shorter surviving poems , Beowulf has consequently been used as a source of information about Scandinavian personalities such as Eadgils and Hygelac , and about continental Germanic personalities such as Offa , king of the continental Angles . </P> <P> 19th - century archaeological evidence may confirm elements of the Beowulf story . Eadgils was buried at Uppsala according to Snorri Sturluson . When Eadgils ' mound ( to the left in the photo ) was excavated in 1874 , the finds supported Beowulf and the sagas . They showed that a powerful man was buried in a large barrow , c. 575 , on a bear skin with two dogs and rich grave offerings . These remains include a Frankish sword adorned with gold and garnets and a tafl game with Roman pawns of ivory . He was dressed in a costly suit made of Frankish cloth with golden threads , and he wore a belt with a costly buckle . There were four cameos from the Middle East which were probably part of a casket . This would have been a burial fitting a king who was famous for his wealth in Old Norse sources . Ongentheow 's barrow has not been excavated . </P> <H2> Summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> The protagonist Beowulf , a hero of the Geats , comes to the aid of Hrothgar , king of the Danes , whose great hall , Heorot , is plagued by the monster Grendel . Beowulf kills Grendel with his bare hands and Grendel 's mother with a giant 's sword that he found in her lair . </P> <P> Later in his life , Beowulf becomes king of the Geats , and finds his realm terrorized by a dragon , some of whose treasure had been stolen from his hoard in a burial mound . He attacks the dragon with the help of his thegns or servants , but they do not succeed . Beowulf decides to follow the dragon to its lair at Earnanæs , but only his young Swedish relative Wiglaf , whose name means `` remnant of valour '' , dares to join him . Beowulf finally slays the dragon , but is mortally wounded in the struggle . He is cremated and a burial mound by the sea is erected in his honour . </P> <P> Beowulf is considered an epic poem in that the main character is a hero who travels great distances to prove his strength at impossible odds against supernatural demons and beasts . The poem also begins in medias res or simply , `` in the middle of things , '' which is a characteristic of the epics of antiquity . Although the poem begins with Beowulf 's arrival , Grendel 's attacks have been an ongoing event . An elaborate history of characters and their lineages is spoken of , as well as their interactions with each other , debts owed and repaid , and deeds of valour . The warriors form a kind of brotherhood linked by loyalty to their lord . What is unique about `` Beowulf '' is that the poem actual begins and ends with a funeral . At the beginning of the poem , the king , hero , Shield Shiefson dies ( 26 - 45 ) and there is a huge funeral for him . At the end of the poem when Beowulf dies , there is also a massive funeral for Beowulf. ( 3140 - 3170 ) </P> <H3> First battle : Grendel ( edit ) </H3> <P> Beowulf begins with the story of Hrothgar , who constructed the great hall Heorot for himself and his warriors . In it , he , his wife Wealhtheow , and his warriors spend their time singing and celebrating . Grendel , a troll - like monster said to be descended from the biblical Cain , is pained by the sounds of a joy . Grendel attacks the hall and kills and devours many of Hrothgar 's warriors while they sleep . Hrothgar and his people , helpless against Grendel , abandon Heorot . </P> <P> Beowulf , a young warrior from Geatland , hears of Hrothgar 's troubles and with his king 's permission leaves his homeland to assist Hrothgar . </P> <P> Beowulf and his men spend the night in Heorot . Beowulf refuses to use any weapon because he holds himself to be the equal of Grendel . When Grendel enters the hall , Beowulf , who has been feigning sleep , leaps up to clench Grendel 's hand . Grendel and Beowulf battle each other violently . Beowulf 's retainers draw their swords and rush to his aid , but their blades can not pierce Grendel 's skin . Finally , Beowulf tears Grendel 's arm from his body at the shoulder and Grendel runs to his home in the marshes where he dies . Beowulf displays `` the whole of Grendel 's shoulder and arm , his awesome grasp '' for all to see at Heorot . This display would fuel Grendel 's mother 's anger in revenge . </P> <H3> Second battle : Grendel 's mother ( edit ) </H3> <P> The next night , after celebrating Grendel 's defeat , Hrothgar and his men sleep in Heorot . Grendel 's mother , angry that her son has been killed , sets out to get revenge . `` Beowulf was elsewhere . Earlier , after the award of treasure , The Geat had been given another lodging '' his assistance would be absent in this battle . Grendel 's mother violently kills Æschere , who is Hrothgar 's most loyal fighter , and escapes . </P> <P> Hrothgar , Beowulf and their men track Grendel 's mother to her lair under a lake . Unferth , a warrior who had doubted him and wishes to make amends , presents Beowulf with his sword Hrunting . After stipulating a number of conditions to Hrothgar in case of his death ( including the taking in of his kinsmen and the inheritance by Unferth of Beowulf 's estate ) , Beowulf jumps into the lake , at the bottom of which he finds a cavern containing Grendel 's body and the remains of men that the two have killed . Grendel 's mother and Beowulf engage in fierce combat . </P> <P> At first , Grendel 's mother appears to prevail . Beowulf , finding that Hrunting can not harm his foe , puts it aside in fury . Beowulf is again saved from his opponent 's attack by his armour . Beowulf takes another sword from Grendel 's mother and slices her head off with it . Travelling further into Grendel 's mother 's lair , Beowulf discovers Grendel 's corpse and severs his head . The blade of Beowulf 's sword touches Grendel 's toxic blood , and instantly dissolves so that only the hilt remains . Beowulf swims back up to the rim of the pond where his men wait in growing despair . Carrying the hilt of the sword and Grendel 's head , he presents them to Hrothgar upon his return to Heorot . Hrothgar gives Beowulf many gifts , including the sword Nægling , his family 's heirloom . The events prompt a long reflection by the king , sometimes referred to as `` Hrothgar 's sermon '' , in which he urges Beowulf to be wary of pride and to reward his thegns . </P> <H3> Third battle : the dragon ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Dragon ( Beowulf ) <P> Beowulf returns home and eventually becomes king of his own people . One day , fifty years after Beowulf 's battle with Grendel 's mother , a slave steals a golden cup from the lair of a dragon at Earnanæs . When the dragon sees that the cup has been stolen , it leaves its cave in a rage , burning everything in sight . Beowulf and his warriors come to fight the dragon , but Beowulf tells his men that he will fight the dragon alone and that they should wait on the barrow . Beowulf descends to do battle with the dragon , but finds himself outmatched . His men , upon seeing this and fearing for their lives , retreat into the woods . One of his men , Wiglaf , however , in great distress at Beowulf 's plight , comes to his aid . The two slay the dragon , but Beowulf is mortally wounded . After Beowulf dies , Wiglaf remains by his side , grief - stricken . When the rest of the men finally return , Wiglaf bitterly admonishes them , blaming their cowardice for Beowulf 's death . Afterward , Beowulf is ritually burned on a great pyre in Geatland while his people wail and mourn him , fearing that without him , the Geats are defenceless against attacks from surrounding tribes . Afterwards , a barrow , visible from the sea , is built in his memory . ( Beowulf lines 2712 -- 3182 ) . </P> <H2> Authorship and date ( edit ) </H2> <P> Beowulf was written in England , but is set in Scandinavia ; its dating has attracted considerable scholarly attention . The poem has been dated to between the 8th and the early 11th centuries , with some recent scholarship offering what has been called `` a cohesive and compelling case for Beowulf 's early composition . '' However , opinion differs as to whether the composition of the poem is nearly contemporary with its transcription , whether it was first written in the 8th century , or if a proto - version of the poem was perhaps composed at an even earlier time ( possibly as one of the Bear 's Son Tales ) and orally transmitted for many years , then transcribed in its present form at a later date . Albert Lord felt strongly that the manuscript represents the transcription of a performance , though likely taken at more than one sitting . J.R.R. Tolkien believed that the poem retains too genuine a memory of Anglo - Saxon paganism to have been composed more than a few generations after the completion of the Christianisation of England around AD 700 , and Tolkien 's conviction that the poem dates to the 8th century has been defended by Tom Shippey , Leonard Neidorf , Rafael J. Pascual , and R.D. Fulk , among others . </P> <P> The claim to an early 11th - century date depends in part on scholars who argue that , rather than the transcription of a tale from the oral tradition by an earlier literate monk , Beowulf reflects an original interpretation of an earlier version of the story by the manuscript 's two scribes . On the other hand , some scholars argue that linguistic , palaeographical , metrical , and onomastic considerations align to support a date of composition in the first half of the eighth century ; in particular , the poem 's regular observation of etymological length distinctions ( Max Kaluza 's law ) has been thought to demonstrate a date of composition in the first half of the eighth century . However , scholars disagree about whether the metrical phenomena described by Kaluza 's Law prove an early date of composition or are evidence of a longer prehistory of the Beowulf meter ; B.R. Hutcheson , for instance , does not believe Kaluza 's Law can be used to date the poem , while claiming that `` the weight of all the evidence Fulk presents in his book tells strongly in favour of an eighth - century date . '' </P> <H2> Manuscript ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Nowell Codex Remounted page , British Library Cotton Vitellius A. XV <P> Beowulf survives in a single manuscript dated on palaeographical grounds to the late 10th or early 11th century . The manuscript measures 245 × 185 mm . </P> <H3> Provenance ( edit ) </H3> <P> The poem is known only from a single manuscript , which is estimated to date from close to AD 1000 , in which it appears with other works . The Beowulf manuscript is known as the Nowell Codex , gaining its name from 16th - century scholar Laurence Nowell . The official designation is `` British Library , Cotton Vitellius A. XV '' because it was one of Sir Robert Bruce Cotton 's holdings in the Cotton library in the middle of the 17th century . Many private antiquarians and book collectors , such as Sir Robert Cotton , used their own library classification systems . `` Cotton Vitellius A. XV '' translates as : the 15th book from the left on shelf A ( the top shelf ) of the bookcase with the bust of Roman Emperor Vitellius standing on top of it , in Cotton 's collection . Kevin Kiernan argues that Nowell most likely acquired it through William Cecil , 1st Baron Burghley , in 1563 , when Nowell entered Cecil 's household as a tutor to his ward , Edward de Vere , 17th Earl of Oxford . </P> <P> The earliest extant reference to the first foliation of the Nowell Codex was made sometime between 1628 and 1650 by Franciscus Junius ( the younger ) . The ownership of the codex before Nowell remains a mystery . </P> <P> The Reverend Thomas Smith ( 1638 -- 1710 ) and Humfrey Wanley ( 1672 -- 1726 ) both catalogued the Cotton library ( in which the Nowell Codex was held ) . Smith 's catalogue appeared in 1696 , and Wanley 's in 1705 . The Beowulf manuscript itself is identified by name for the first time in an exchange of letters in 1700 between George Hickes , Wanley 's assistant , and Wanley . In the letter to Wanley , Hickes responds to an apparent charge against Smith , made by Wanley , that Smith had failed to mention the Beowulf script when cataloguing Cotton MS . Vitellius A. XV . Hickes replies to Wanley `` I can find nothing yet of Beowulph . '' Kiernan theorised that Smith failed to mention the Beowulf manuscript because of his reliance on previous catalogues or because either he had no idea how to describe it or because it was temporarily out of the codex . </P> <P> It suffered damage in the Cotton Library fire at Ashburnham House in 1731 . Since then , parts of the manuscript have crumbled along with many of the letters . Rebinding efforts , though saving the manuscript from much degeneration , have nonetheless covered up other letters of the poem , causing further loss . Kevin Kiernan , in preparing his electronic edition of the manuscript , used fibre - optic backlighting and ultraviolet lighting to reveal letters in the manuscript lost from binding , erasure , or ink blotting . </P> <H3> Writing ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Beowulf manuscript was transcribed from an original by two scribes , one of whom wrote the prose at the beginning of the manuscript and the first 1939 lines before breaking off in mid sentence . The first scribe made a point of carefully regularizing the spelling of the original document by using the common West Saxon language and by avoiding any archaic or dialectical features . The second scribe , who wrote the remainder , with a difference in handwriting noticeable after line 1939 , seems to have written more vigorously and with less interest . As a result , the second scribe 's script retains more archaic dialectic features which allow modern scholars to ascribe the poem a cultural context . While both scribes appear to proofread their work , there are nevertheless many errors . The second scribe was ultimately the more conservative copyist of the two as he did not modify the spelling of the text as he wrote but rather copied what he saw in front of him . In the way that it is currently bound , the Beowulf manuscript is followed by the Old English poem Judith . Judith was written by same the scribe that completed Beowulf as evidenced through similar writing style . Worm - holes found in the last leaves of the Beowulf manuscript that are n't present in the Judith manuscript suggest that at one point Beowulf ended the volume . The rubbed appearance of some leaves also suggest that the manuscript stood on a shelf unbound , as is known to have been the case with other Old English manuscripts . From knowledge of books held in the library at Malmesbury Abbey and available as source works , and from the identification of certain words particular to the local dialect found in the text , the transcription may have taken place there . </P> <H3> Transcriptions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Icelandic scholar Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin made the first transcriptions of the manuscript in 1786 and published the results in 1815 , working as part of a Danish government historical research commission . He made one himself , and had another done by a professional copyist who knew no Anglo - Saxon . Since that time , however , the manuscript has crumbled further , making these transcripts a prized witness to the text . While the recovery of at least 2000 letters can be attributed to them , their accuracy has been called into question , and the extent to which the manuscript was actually more readable in Thorkelin 's time is uncertain . </P> <H3> Translations ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1805 , the historian Sharon Turner translated selected verses into modern English . This was followed in 1814 by John Josias Conybeare who published an edition `` in English paraphrase and Latin verse translation . '' In 1815 , Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin published the first complete edition in Latin . N.F.S. Grundtvig reviewed this edition in 1815 and created the first complete verse translation in Danish in 1820 . In 1837 , John Mitchell Kemble created an important literal translation in English . In 1895 , William Morris & A.J. Wyatt published the ninth English translation . Many retellings of Beowulf for children also appeared around the beginning of the 20th century . In 1909 , Francis Barton Gummere 's full translation in `` English imitative meter '' was published , and was used as the text of Gareth Hinds 's graphic novel based on Beowulf in 2007 . </P> <P> During the early 20th century , Frederick Klaeber 's Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg ( which included the poem in Old English , an extensive glossary of Old English terms , and general background information ) became the `` central source used by graduate students for the study of the poem and by scholars and teachers as the basis of their translations . '' </P> <P> A great number of translations are available , in poetry and prose . Andy Orchard , in A Critical Companion to Beowulf , lists 33 `` representative '' translations in his bibliography , and it has been translated into at least 23 other languages . </P> <P> Seamus Heaney 's 1999 translation of the poem ( referred to by Howell Chickering and many others as `` Heaneywulf '' ) was widely publicized . Translating Beowulf is one of the subjects of the 2012 publication Beowulf at Kalamazoo , containing a section with 10 essays on translation , and a section with 22 reviews of Heaney 's translation ( some of which compare Heaney 's work with that of Anglo - Saxon scholar Roy Liuzza ) . R.D. Fulk , of Indiana University , published the first facing - page edition and translation of the entire manuscript in the Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library series in 2010 . </P> <P> J.R.R. Tolkien 's long - awaited translation ( edited by his son , Christopher ) was published in 2014 as Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary . This also includes Tolkien 's own retelling of the story of Beowulf in his tale , Sellic Spell . </P> <H3> Debate over oral tradition ( edit ) </H3> <P> The question of whether Beowulf was passed down through oral tradition prior to its present manuscript form has been the subject of much debate , and involves more than simply the issue of its composition . Rather , given the implications of the theory of oral - formulaic composition and oral tradition , the question concerns how the poem is to be understood , and what sorts of interpretations are legitimate . </P> <P> Scholarly discussion about Beowulf in the context of the oral tradition was extremely active throughout the 1960s and 1970s . The debate might be framed starkly as follows : on the one hand , we can hypothesise a poem put together from various tales concerning the hero ( the Grendel episode , the Grendel 's mother story , and the fire drake narrative ) . These fragments would have been told for many years in tradition , and learned by apprenticeship from one generation of illiterate poets to the next . The poem is composed orally and extemporaneously , and the archive of tradition on which it draws is oral , pagan , Germanic , heroic , and tribal . On the other hand , one might posit a poem which is composed by a literate scribe , who acquired literacy by way of learning Latin ( and absorbing Latinate culture and ways of thinking ) , probably a monk and therefore profoundly Christian in outlook . On this view , the pagan references would be a sort of decorative archaising . There is a third view that sees merit in both arguments above and attempts to bridge them , and so can not be articulated as starkly as they can ; it sees more than one Christianity and more than one attitude towards paganism at work in the poem ; it sees the poem as initially the product of a literate Christian author with one foot in the pagan world and one in the Christian , himself perhaps a convert ( or one whose forebears had been pagan ) , a poet who was conversant in both oral and literary composition and was capable of a masterful `` repurposing '' of poetry from the oral tradition . </P> <P> However , scholars such as D.K. Crowne have proposed the idea that the poem was passed down from reciter to reciter under the theory of oral - formulaic composition , which hypothesises that epic poems were ( at least to some extent ) improvised by whoever was reciting them , and only much later written down . In his landmark work , The Singer of Tales , Albert Lord refers to the work of Francis Peabody Magoun and others , saying `` the documentation is complete , thorough , and accurate . This exhaustive analysis is in itself sufficient to prove that Beowulf was composed orally . '' </P> <P> Examination of Beowulf and other Old English literature for evidence of oral - formulaic composition has met with mixed response . While `` themes '' ( inherited narrative subunits for representing familiar classes of event , such as the `` arming the hero '' , or the particularly well - studied `` hero on the beach '' theme ) do exist across Anglo - Saxon and other Germanic works , some scholars conclude that Anglo - Saxon poetry is a mix of oral - formulaic and literate patterns , arguing that the poems both were composed on a word - by - word basis and followed larger formulae and patterns . </P> <P> Larry Benson argued that the interpretation of Beowulf as an entirely formulaic work diminishes the ability of the reader to analyse the poem in a unified manner , and with due attention to the poet 's creativity . Instead , he proposed that other pieces of Germanic literature contain `` kernels of tradition '' from which Beowulf borrows and expands upon . A few years later , Ann Watts argued against the imperfect application of one theory to two different traditions : traditional , Homeric , oral - formulaic poetry and Anglo - Saxon poetry . Thomas Gardner agreed with Watts , arguing that the Beowulf text is of too varied a nature to be completely constructed from set formulae and themes . </P> <P> John Miles Foley wrote , referring to the Beowulf debate , that while comparative work was both necessary and valid , it must be conducted with a view to the particularities of a given tradition ; Foley argued with a view to developments of oral traditional theory that do not assume , or depend upon , ultimately unverifiable assumptions about composition , and instead delineate a more fluid continuum of traditionality and textuality . </P> <P> Finally , in the view of Ursula Schaefer , the question of whether the poem was `` oral '' or `` literate '' becomes something of a red herring . In this model , the poem is created , and is interpretable , within both noetic horizons . Schaefer 's concept of `` vocality '' offers neither a compromise nor a synthesis of the views which see the poem as on the one hand Germanic , pagan , and oral and on the other Latin - derived , Christian , and literate , but , as stated by Monika Otter : `` ... a ' tertium quid ' , a modality that participates in both oral and literate culture yet also has a logic and aesthetic of its own . '' </P> <H2> Sources and analogues ( edit ) </H2> <P> Neither identified sources nor analogues for Beowulf can be definitively proven , but many conjectures have been made . These are important in helping historians understand the Beowulf manuscript , as possible source - texts or influences would suggest time - frames of composition , geographic boundaries within which it could be composed , or range ( both spatial and temporal ) of influence ( i.e. when it was `` popular '' and where its `` popularity '' took it ) . There are five main categories in which potential sources and / or analogues are included : Scandinavian parallels , early Irish literature sources and analogues , classical sources , ecclesiastical sources , and echoes in other Old English texts . </P> <P> Early studies into Scandinavian sources and analogues proposed that Beowulf was a translation of an original Scandinavian work , but this idea has been discarded . In 1878 , Guðbrandur Vigfússon made the connection between Beowulf and the Grettis saga . This is currently one of the few Scandinavian analogues to receive a general consensus of potential connection . Tales concerning the Skjöldungs , possibly originating as early as the 6th century were later used as a narrative basis in such texts as Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus and Hrólfs saga kraka . Some scholars see Beowulf as a product of these early tales along with Gesta Danorum and Hrólfs saga kraka , and some early scholars of the poem proposed that the latter saga and Beowulf share a common legendary ancestry , Beowulf 's Hrothulf being identified with Hrólf Kraki . Paul Beekman Taylor argued that the Ynglinga saga was proof that the Beowulf poet was likewise working from Germanic tradition . </P> <P> Friedrich Panze attempted to contextualise Beowulf and other Scandinavian works , including Grettis saga , under the international folktale type 301B , or `` The Bear 's Son '' tale . However , although this folkloristic approach was seen as a step in the right direction , `` The Bear 's Son '' tale was seen as too universal . Later , Peter Jørgensen , looking for a more concise frame of reference , coined a `` two - troll tradition '' that covers both Beowulf and Grettis saga : `` a Norse ' ecotype ' in which a hero enters a cave and kills two giants , usually of different sexes '' . </P> <P> Scholars who favoured Irish parallels directly spoke out against pro-Scandinavian theories , citing them as unjustified . Wilhelm Grimm is noted to be the first person to link Beowulf with Irish folklore ; however , Max Deutschbein is the first person to present the argument in academic form . He suggested the Irish Feast of Bricriu as a source for Beowulf -- a theory that was soon denied by Oscar Olson . Swedish folklorist Carl Wilhelm Von Sydow argued against both Scandinavian translation and source material due to his theory that Beowulf is fundamentally Christian and written at a time when any Norse tale would have most likely been pagan . </P> <P> In the late 1920s , Heinzer Dehmer suggested Beowulf as contextually based in the folktale type `` The Hand and the Child , '' due to the motif of the `` monstrous arm '' -- a motif that distances Grettis saga and Beowulf and further aligns Beowulf with Irish parallelism . James Carney and Martin Puhvel also agree with this `` Hand and the Child '' contextualisation . Carney also ties Beowulf to Irish literature through the Táin Bó Fráech story . Puhvel supported the `` Hand and the Child '' theory through such motifs as ( in Andersson 's words ) `` the more powerful giant mother , the mysterious light in the cave , the melting of the sword in blood , the phenomenon of battle rage , swimming prowess , combat with water monsters , underwater adventures , and the bear - hug style of wrestling . '' </P> <P> Attempts to find classical or Late Latin influence or analogue in Beowulf are almost exclusively linked with Homer 's Odyssey or Virgil 's Aeneid . In 1926 , Albert Stanburrough Cook suggested a Homeric connection due to equivalent formulas , metonymies , and analogous voyages . In 1930 , James A. Work also supported the Homeric influence , stating that encounter between Beowulf and Unferth was parallel to the encounter between Odysseus and Euryalus in Books 7 -- 8 of the Odyssey , even to the point of both characters giving the hero the same gift of a sword upon being proven wrong in their initial assessment of the hero 's prowess . This theory of Homer 's influence on Beowulf remained very prevalent in the 1920s , but started to die out in the following decade when a handful of critics stated that the two works were merely `` comparative literature '' , although Greek was known in late 7th century England : Bede states that Theodore of Tarsus , a Greek , was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 668 , and he taught Greek . Several English scholars and churchmen are described by Bede as being fluent in Greek due to being taught by him ; Bede claims to be fluent in Greek himself . </P> <P> Frederick Klaeber , among others , argued for a connection between Beowulf and Virgil near the start of the 20th century , claiming that the very act of writing a secular epic in a Germanic world represents Virgilian influence . Virgil was seen as the pinnacle of Latin literature , and Latin was the dominant literary language of England at the time , therefore making Virgilian influence highly likely . Similarly , in 1971 , Alistair Campbell stated that the apologue technique used in Beowulf is so rare in epic poetry aside from Virgil that the poet who composed Beowulf could not have written the poem in such a manner without first coming across Virgil 's writings . </P> <P> It can not be denied that Biblical parallels occur in the text , whether seen as a pagan work with `` Christian colouring '' added by scribes or as a `` Christian historical novel , with selected bits of paganism deliberately laid on as ' local colour ' , '' as Margaret E. Goldsmith did in `` The Christian Theme of Beowulf , '' . Beowulf channels the Book of Genesis , the Book of Exodus , and the Book of Daniel in its inclusion of references to the Genesis creation narrative , the story of Cain and Abel , Noah and the flood myth , the Devil , Hell , and the Last Judgment . </P> <H2> Dialect ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Old English </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dialects ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Kentish </Li> <Li> Mercian </Li> <Li> Northumbrian </Li> <Li> West Saxon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Use ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Orthography ( Runic alphabet , Latin alphabet ) </Li> <Li> Grammar </Li> <Li> Phonology </Li> <Li> Phonological history </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Literature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Beowulf </Li> <Li> Anglo - Saxon Chronicle </Li> <Li> Cædmon 's Hymn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Development of Old English </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Influences </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Proto - Germanic </Li> <Li> Latin </Li> <Li> Norse </Li> <Li> Brittonic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legacy ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Middle English </Li> <Li> Early Modern English </Li> <Li> Modern English </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The poem mixes the West Saxon and Anglian dialects of Old English , though it predominantly uses West Saxon , as do other Old English poems copied at the time . </P> <P> There is a wide array of linguistic forms in the Beowulf manuscript . It is this fact that leads some scholars to believe that Beowulf has endured a long and complicated transmission through all the main dialect areas . The poem retains a complicated mix of the following dialectical forms : Mercian , Northumbrian , Early West Saxon , Kentish and Late West Saxon . There are in Beowulf more than 3100 distinct words , and almost 1300 occur exclusively , or almost exclusively , in this poem and in the other poetical texts . Considerably more than one - third of the total vocabulary is alien from ordinary prose use . There are , in round numbers , three hundred and sixty uncompounded verbs in Beowulf , and forty of them are poetical words in the sense that they are unrecorded or rare in the existing prose writings . One hundred and fifty more occur with the prefix ge - ( reckoning a few found only in the past - participle ) , but of these one hundred occur also as simple verbs , and the prefix is employed to render a shade of meaning which was perfectly known and thoroughly familiar except in the latest Anglo - Saxon period . The nouns number sixteen hundred . Seven hundred of them , including those formed with prefixes , of which fifty ( or considerably more than half ) have ge - , are simple nouns , at the highest reckoning not more than one - fourth is absent in prose . That this is due in some degree to accident is clear from the character of the words , and from the fact that several reappear and are common after the Norman Conquest . </P> <H2> Form and metre ( edit ) </H2> <P> An Old English poem such as Beowulf is very different from modern poetry . Anglo - Saxon poets typically used alliterative verse , a form of verse in which the first half of the line ( the a-verse ) is linked to the second half ( the b - verse ) through similarity in initial sound . In addition , the two halves are divided by a caesura : `` Oft Scyld Scefing \ \ sceaþena þreatum '' ( l . 4 ) . This verse form maps stressed and unstressed syllables onto abstract entities known as metrical positions . There is no fixed number of beats per line : the first one cited has three ( Oft SCYLD SCEFING , with ictus on the suffix - ING ) whereas the second has two ( SCEAþena ÞREATum ) . </P> <P> The poet has a choice of epithets or formulae to use in order to fulfil the alliteration . When speaking or reading Old English poetry , it is important to remember for alliterative purposes that many of the letters are not pronounced in the same way as in modern English . The letter ⟨ h ⟩ , for example , is always pronounced ( Hroðgar : ( ˈhroðgar ) ) , and the digraph ⟨ cg ⟩ is pronounced ( dʒ ) , as in the word edge . Both ⟨ f ⟩ and ⟨ s ⟩ vary in pronunciation depending on their phonetic environment . Between vowels or voiced consonants , they are voiced , sounding like modern ⟨ v ⟩ and ⟨ z ⟩ , respectively . Otherwise they are unvoiced , like modern ⟨ f ⟩ in fat and ⟨ s ⟩ in sat . Some letters which are no longer found in modern English , such as thorn , ⟨ þ ⟩ , and eth , ⟨ ð ⟩ -- representing both pronunciations of modern English ⟨ th ⟩ , as / θ / in thing and / ð / this -- are used extensively both in the original manuscript and in modern English editions . The voicing of these characters echoes that of ⟨ f ⟩ and ⟨ s ⟩ . Both are voiced ( as in this ) between other voiced sounds : oðer , laþleas , suþern . Otherwise they are unvoiced ( as in thing ) : þunor , suð , soþfæst . </P> <P> Kennings are also a significant technique in Beowulf . They are evocative poetic descriptions of everyday things , often created to fill the alliterative requirements of the metre . For example , a poet might call the sea the `` swan - road '' or the `` whale - road '' ; a king might be called a `` ring - giver . '' There are many kennings in Beowulf , and the device is typical of much of classic poetry in Old English , which is heavily formulaic . The poem also makes extensive use of elided metaphors . </P> <P> J.R.R. Tolkien argued in Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics that the poem is not an epic , and while no conventional term exactly fits , the nearest would be elegy . </P> <H2> Interpretation and criticism ( edit ) </H2> <P> The history of modern Beowulf criticism is often said to begin with J.R.R. Tolkien , author and Merton professor of Anglo - Saxon at University of Oxford , who in his 1936 lecture to the British Academy criticised his contemporaries ' excessive interest in its historical implications . He noted in Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics that as a result the poem 's literary value had been largely overlooked and argued that the poem `` is in fact so interesting as poetry , in places poetry so powerful , that this quite overshadows the historical content ... '' </P> <P> In historical terms , the poem 's characters would have been Norse pagans ( the historical events of the poem took place before the Christianisation of Scandinavia ) , yet the poem was recorded by Christian Anglo - Saxons who had mostly converted from their native Anglo - Saxon paganism around the 7th century -- both Anglo - Saxon paganism and Norse paganism share a common origin as both are forms of Germanic paganism . Beowulf thus depicts a Germanic warrior society , in which the relationship between the lord of the region and those who served under him was of paramount importance . </P> <P> In terms of the relationship between characters in Beowulf to God , one might recall the substantial amount of paganism that is present throughout the work . Literary critics such as Fred C. Robinson argue that the Beowulf poet arguably tries to send a message to readers during the Anglo - Saxon time period regarding the state of Christianity in their own time . Robinson argues that the intensified religious aspects of the Anglo - Saxon period inherently shape the way in which the Poet alludes to paganism as presented in Beowulf . The Poet arguably calls on Anglo - Saxon readers to recognize the imperfect aspects of their supposed Christian lifestyles . In other words , the Poet is referencing their `` Anglo - Saxon Heathenism . '' In terms of the characters of the epic itself , Robinson argues that readers are `` impressed '' by the courageous acts of Beowulf and the speeches of Hrothgar ( 181 ) . But , one is ultimately left to feel sorry for both men as they are fully detached from supposed `` Christian truth '' ( 181 ) . The relationship between the characters of Beowulf , and the otherall message of the Poet , regarding their relationship with God is largely debated among readers and literary critics alike . </P> <P> Stanley B. Greenfield has suggested that references to the human body throughout Beowulf emphasise the relative position of thanes to their lord . He argues that the term `` shoulder - companion '' could refer to both a physical arm as well as a thane ( Aeschere ) who was very valuable to his lord ( Hrothgar ) . With Aeschere 's death , Hrothgar turns to Beowulf as his new `` arm . '' Also , Greenfield argues the foot is used for the opposite effect , only appearing four times in the poem . It is used in conjunction with Unferð ( a man described by Beowulf as weak , traitorous , and cowardly ) . Greenfield notes that Unferð is described as `` at the king 's feet '' ( line 499 ) . Unferð is also a member of the foot troops , who , throughout the story , do nothing and `` generally serve as backdrops for more heroic action . '' </P> <P> At the same time , Richard North argues that the Beowulf poet interpreted `` Danish myths in Christian form '' ( as the poem would have served as a form of entertainment for a Christian audience ) , and states : `` As yet we are no closer to finding out why the first audience of Beowulf liked to hear stories about people routinely classified as damned . This question is pressing , given ... that Anglo - Saxons saw the Danes as ' heathens ' rather than as foreigners . '' Grendel 's mother and Grendel are described as descendants of Cain , a fact which some scholars link to the Cain tradition . </P> <P> Other scholars disagree , however , as to the meaning and nature of the poem : is it a Christian work set in a Germanic pagan context ? The question suggests that the conversion from the Germanic pagan beliefs to Christian ones was a prolonged and gradual process over several centuries , and it remains unclear the ultimate nature of the poem 's message in respect to religious belief at the time it was written . Robert F. Yeager notes the facts that form the basis for these questions : </P> <P> That the scribes of Cotton Vitellius A. XV were Christian beyond doubt , and it is equally sure that Beowulf was composed in a Christianised England since conversion took place in the sixth and seventh centuries . The only Biblical references in Beowulf are to the Old Testament , and Christ is never mentioned . The poem is set in pagan times , and none of the characters is demonstrably Christian . In fact , when we are told what anyone in the poem believes , we learn that they are pagans . Beowulf 's own beliefs are not expressed explicitly . He offers eloquent prayers to a higher power , addressing himself to the `` Father Almighty '' or the `` Wielder of All . '' Were those the prayers of a pagan who used phrases the Christians subsequently appropriated ? Or , did the poem 's author intend to see Beowulf as a Christian Ur - hero , symbolically refulgent with Christian virtues ? </P> <P> The location of the composition of the poem is also intensely disputed . In 1914 , F.W. Moorman , the first professor of English Language at University of Leeds , claimed that Beowulf was composed in Yorkshire , but E. Talbot Donaldson claims that it was probably composed more than twelve hundred years ago , during the first half of the eighth century , and that the writer was a native of what was then called West Mercia , located in the Western Midlands of England . However , the late tenth - century manuscript `` which alone preserves the poem '' originated in the kingdom of the West Saxons -- as it is more commonly known . Donaldson wrote that `` the poet who put the materials into their present form was a Christian and ... poem reflects a Christian tradition '' . </P> David Woodard appears as both Beowulf and Grendel in the stage production Exploding Beowulf ( Berlin , 2010 ) <H2> Artistic adaptations ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of artistic depictions of Beowulf <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anglo - Saxon England portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of Beowulf characters </Li> <Li> On Translating Beowulf </Li> <Li> Sutton Hoo helmet § Beowulf </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` wíg '' means `` fight , battle , war , conflict '' and `` láf '' means `` remnant , left - over '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ That is , R.D. Fulk 's 1992 A History of Old English Meter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For instance , by Chauncey Brewster Tinker in The Translations of Beowulf , a comprehensive survey of 19th - century translations and editions of Beowulf . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Citations ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Hanna , Ralph ( 2013 ) . Introducing English Medieval Book History : Manuscripts , their Producers and their Readers . Liverpool University Press . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chase , Colin. ( 1997 ) . The dating of Beowulf . pp. 9 -- 22 . University of Toronto Press </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson 2001 , ? : ' The name of the poet who assembled from tradition the materials of his story and put them in their final form is not known to us . ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson 2001 : ' Like most Old English poems , Beowulf has no title in the unique manuscript in which it survives ( British Library , Cotton Vitellius A. xv , which was copied round the year 1000 AD ) , but modern scholars agree in naming it after the hero whose life is its subject ' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitchell & Robinson 1998 , p. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Stephen ; Simpson , James ; David , Alfred , eds. ( 2012 ) . The Norton Anthology of English Literature ( Ninth ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 36 -- 39 . ISBN 9780393912494 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf ( dual - language ed . ) . New York : Doubleday. 1977 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newton , Sam ( 1993 ) . The Origins of Beowulf and the Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia . Woodbridge , Suffolk , ENG : Boydell & Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85991 - 361 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.jstor.org.mendel.csuniv.edu/stable/1771534 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noted , for example , by John Grigsby , Beowulf & Grendel 2005 : 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shippey , TA ( Summer 2001 ) . `` Wicked Queens and Cousin Strategies in Beowulf and Elsewhere , Notes and Bibliography '' . In the Heroic Age ( 5 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Klingmark , Elisabeth . Gamla Uppsala , Svenska kulturminnen 59 ( in Swedish ) . Riksantikvarieämbetet . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nerman , Birger ( 1925 ) . Det svenska rikets uppkomst . Stockholm . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ottar 's Mound '' . Swedish National Heritage Board . Archived from the original on 26 August 2007 . Retrieved 1 October 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Niles , John D. ( October 2006 ) . `` Beowulf 's Great Hall '' . History Today . 56 ( 10 ) : 40 -- 44 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Carl Edlund ( 1999 ) . `` Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia '' ( PDF ) ( Ph. D. thesis ) . University of Cambridge , Department of Anglo - Saxon , Norse & Celtic ( Faculty of English ) . p. 115 . Retrieved 1 October 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wíg '' . Bosworth - Toller Anglo - Saxon Dictionary . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Láf '' . Bosworth - Toller Anglo - Saxon Dictionary . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 87 - 98 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 199 - 203 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 675 -- 687 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 757 -- 765 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 766 -- 789 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 793 -- 804 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 808 -- 823 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simpson , James ( 2012 ) . The Norton Anthology of English Literature vol . A. New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 58 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simpson , James ( 2012 ) . The Norton Anthology of English Literature vol . A. New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 70 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen , E.T. ( 2008 ) . `` Hrothgar 's ' sermon ' in Beowulf as parental wisdom '' . Anglo - Saxon England . 10 . doi : 10.1017 / S0263675100003203 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf ( PDF ) , SA : MU . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S. Downey ( February 2015 ) , `` Review of The Dating of Beowulf : A Reassessment '' , Choice Reviews Online , 52 ( 6 ) , doi : 10.5860 / CHOICE. 187152 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Neidorf , Leonard , ed. ( 2014 ) , The Dating of Beowulf : A Reassessment , Cambridge : D.S. Brewer , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84384 - 387 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lord , Albert ( 2000 ) . The Singer of Tales , Volume 1 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . p. 200 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1997 ) . Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics . 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( 1998 ) , `` Sources and Analogues '' , in Bjork , Robert E. ; Niles , John D. , A Beowulf Handbook , Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , pp. 125 -- 48 , ISBN 9780803261501 </Li> <Li> Carruthers , Leo ( 2011 ) , `` Rewriting Genres : Beowulf as Epic Romance '' , in Carruthers , Leo ; Chai - Elsholz , Raeleen ; Silec , Tatjana , Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England , New York : Palgrave , pp. 139 -- 55 , ISBN 9780230100268 </Li> <Li> Chadwick , Nora K. ( 1959 ) , `` The Monsters and Beowulf '' , in Clemoes , Peter , The Anglo - Saxons : Studies in Some Aspects of Their History , London : Bowes & Bowes , pp. 171 -- 203 , OCLC 213750799 </Li> <Li> Chance , Jane ( 1990 ) , `` The Structural Unity of Beowulf : The Problem of Grendel 's Mother '' , in Damico , Helen ; Olsen , Alexandra Hennessey , New Readings on Women in Old English Literature , Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press , pp. 248 -- 61 . </Li> <Li> Chickering , Howell D. ( 2002 ) , `` Beowulf and ' Heaneywulf ' : review '' , The Kenyon Review , new , 24 ( 1 ) : 160 -- 78 . </Li> <Li> Cook , Albert Stanburrough ( 1926 ) , Beowulfian and Odyssean Voyages , New Haven : Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences </Li> <Li> Creed , Robert P ( 1990 ) , Reconstructing the Rhythm of Beowulf , University of Missouri , ISBN 9780826207227 . </Li> <Li> Damico , Helen ( 1984 ) , Beowulf 's Wealhtheow and the Valkyrie Tradition , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , ISBN 9780299095000 . </Li> <Li> Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 2002 ) , Drout , Michael D.C. , ed. , Beowulf and the Critics , Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies </Li> <Li> Greenfield , Stanley ( 1989 ) , Hero and Exile , London : Hambleton Press . </Li> <Li> Heaney , Seamus ( 2000 ) , Beowulf : A New Verse Translation , W.W. Norton & Company . </Li> <Li> Joy , Eileen A. ( 2005 ) , `` Thomas Smith , Humfrey Wanley , and the ' Little - Known Country ' of the Cotton Library '' ( PDF ) , Electronic British Library Journal , retrieved 19 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> `` Anthropological and Cultural Approaches to Beowulf '' , The Heroic Age ( 5 ) , Summer -- Autumn 2001 . </Li> <Li> Kiernan , Kevin ( 1996 ) , Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript , Ann Arbor , MI : University of Michigan , ISBN 0 - 472 - 08412 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jaillant , Lise . `` A Fine Old Tale of Adventure : Beowulf Told to the Children of the English Race , 1898 -- 1908 . '' Children 's Literature Association Quarterly 38.4 ( 2013 ) : 399 -- 419 </Li> <Li> Lerer , Seth ( Jan 2012 ) , `` Dragging the Monster from the Closet : Beowulf and the English Literary Tradition '' , Ragazine . </Li> <Li> Lord , Albert ( 1960 ) , The Singer of Tales , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . </Li> <Li> Mitchell , Bruce ; Robinson , Fred C ( 1998 ) , Beowulf : an edition with relevant shorter texts , Oxford , UK ; Malden , MA : Blackwell . </Li> <Li> Neidorf , Leonard , ed. ( 2014 ) , The Dating of Beowulf : A Reassessment , Cambridge : DS Brewer , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84384 - 387 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Nicholson , Lewis E , ed. ( 1963 ) , An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism , Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , ISBN 0 - 268 - 00006 - 9 . </Li> <Li> North , Richard ( 2006 ) , `` The King 's Soul : Danish Mythology in Beowulf '' , Origins of Beowulf : From Vergil to Wiglaf , Oxford : Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Orchard , Andy ( 2003a ) , A Critical Companion to Beowulf , Cambridge : DS Brewer </Li> <Li> -- -- -- ( 2003b ) , Pride and Prodigies : Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf - Manuscript , Toronto : University of Toronto Press </Li> <Li> Robinson , Fred C ( 2001 ) , The Cambridge Companion to Beowulf , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 143 </Li> <Li> Robinson , Fred C ( 2002 ) , The Tomb of Beowulf : A New Verse Translation , New York , New York : W.W. Norton & Company , pp. 181 -- 197 </Li> <Li> Schulman , Jana K ; Szarmach , Paul E ( 2012 ) , `` Introduction '' , in Schulman , Jana K ; Szarmach , Paul E , Beowulf and Kalamazoo , Kalamazoo : Medieval Institute , pp. 1 -- 11 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58044 - 152 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Tolkien , John Ronald Reuel ( 1997 ) ( 1958 ) . Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics and other essays . London : Harper Collins . </Li> <Li> Tolkien , John Ronald Reuel ( 1958 ) . Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics and other essays . London : Harper Collins . </Li> <Li> Trask , Richard M ( 1998 ) , `` Preface to the Poems : Beowulf and Judith : Epic Companions '' , Beowulf and Judith : Two Heroes , Lanham , MD : University Press of America , pp. 11 -- 14 . </Li> <Li> Zumthor , Paul ( 1984 ) , Englehardt , Marilyn C transl , `` The Text and the Voice '' , New Literary History , 16 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to Beowulf at Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Works related to Beowulf at Wikisource </Li> <Li> Quotations related to Beowulf at Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Full digital facsimile of the manuscript on the British Library 's Digitised Manuscripts website </Li> <Li> Beowulf ePub / Mobi version </Li> <Li> Electronic Beowulf , ed. by Kevin Kiernan , 4th online edn ( University of Kentucky / The British Library , 2015 ) , http://ebeowulf.uky.edu/ebeo4.0/start.html </Li> <Li> Beowulf manuscript in The British Library 's Online Gallery , with short summary and podcast </Li> <Li> Annotated List of Beowulf Translations : The List -- Arizonal Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies </Li> <Li> online text ( digitised from Elliott van Kirk Dobbie ( ed . ) , Beowulf and Judith , Anglo - Saxon Poetic Records , 4 ( New York , 1953 ) ) </Li> <Li> Beowulf introduction Article introducing various translations and adaptations of Beowulf </Li> <Li> Beowulf public domain audiobook at LibriVox </Li> <Li> The tale of Beowulf ( Sel. 3.231 ) ; a digital edition of the proof - sheets with manuscript notes and corrections by William Morris in Cambridge Digital Library </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Beowulf </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beowulf </Li> <Li> Grendel </Li> <Li> Grendel 's mother </Li> <Li> Hroðgar </Li> <Li> Ecgþeow </Li> <Li> Hygelac </Li> <Li> Heardred </Li> <Li> Æschere </Li> <Li> Onela </Li> <Li> Wealhþeow </Li> <Li> Wiglaf </Li> <Li> Unferð </Li> <Li> Hygd </Li> <Li> The Dragon </Li> <Li> List of Beowulf characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scholars and translators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael J. 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Star Wars : Battlefront - Wikipedia <H1> Star Wars : Battlefront </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Star Wars : Battlefront ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Star Wars : Battlefront </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Star Wars : Battlefront logo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> First - person shooter Third - person shooter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Pandemic Studios ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Free Radical Design ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Rebellion Developments ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Slant Six Games ( 2009 -- 2010 ) LucasArts ( 2008 -- 2013 ) EA DICE ( 2013 -- present ) Criterion Games ( 2016 -- present ) Motive Studios ( 2017 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Td> LucasArts ( 2004 -- 2013 ) Electronic Arts ( 2013 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platforms </Th> <Td> Windows PlayStation 2 PlayStation Portable PlayStation 4 Xbox Xbox One </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First release </Th> <Td> Star Wars : Battlefront September 21 , 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latest release </Th> <Td> Star Wars Battlefront II November 17 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Star Wars : Battlefront is a series of first - and third - person shooter video games based on the Star Wars films . Players take the role of soldiers in either of two opposing armies in different time periods of the Star Wars universe . </P> <P> The series was launched in 2004 by LucasArts with Star Wars : Battlefront , developed by Pandemic Studios for LucasArts . The game received positive reviews and sold well . In 2005 Pandemic developed a sequel , Star Wars : Battlefront II , which was also critically and commercially successful . The games were followed by Star Wars Battlefront : Renegade Squadron ( 2007 ) and Star Wars Battlefront : Elite Squadron ( 2009 ) for handheld consoles and Star Wars Battlefront : Mobile Squadrons for mobile devices . LucasArts made several attempts to get a third major Battlefront game off the ground but no projects were released before The Walt Disney Company 's acquisition of LucasArts . Subsequently , EA DICE acquired a license to develop a new game , titled Star Wars Battlefront which was released on November 17 , 2015 . A sequel , Star Wars Battlefront II , was released on November 17 , 2017 , and was developed by EA DICE , Criterion Games , and Motive Studios . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Gameplay </Li> <Li> 2 Development </Li> <Li> 3 Star Wars : Battlefront ( Pandemic Studios ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Star Wars : Battlefront </Li> <Li> 3.2 Star Wars : Battlefront II </Li> <Li> 3.3 Cancelled sequels <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Star Wars : Battlefront III </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 Star Wars : Battlefront Online </Li> <Li> 3.3. 3 Star Wars : First Assault and Version Two </Li> <Li> 3.3. 4 Star Wars Battlefront IV </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Handheld and mobile only games <Ul> <Li> 3.4. 1 Star Wars Battlefront : Renegade Squadron </Li> <Li> 3.4. 2 Star Wars Battlefront : Elite Squadron </Li> <Li> 3.4. 3 Star Wars Battlefront : Mobile Squadrons </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Star Wars Battlefront ( EA DICE ) <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Star Wars Battlefront ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 4.2 Star Wars Battlefront II ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Cultural Impact <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Fan - made sequel games <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Galaxy in Turmoil </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Gameplay ( edit ) </H2> Battlefront series logo until 2013 <P> Games in the Battlefront series normally revolve around two armies -- the Galactic Republic versus the Confederacy of Independent Systems or the Galactic Empire versus the Rebel Alliance or First Order versus the Resistance -- fighting each other on various maps . Maps take place in the Star Wars galaxy , with battlezones varying in theme and size . Across the battlefield are multiple `` command posts '' ( objectives ) that act as spawn points , and can be controlled by either the player or the computer . Units can spawn from any friendly command post , and vehicles regularly spawn at their respective command posts when destroyed . Units can capture neutral or hostile command posts by approaching them and standing within the immediate vicinity for about 30 seconds . The time to capture quickens with more friendly units within the capture zone . Some vehicles act as mobile command posts , and must be destroyed as they can not be captured . On some maps ( such as Hoth or Endor ) , certain structures also act as command posts that can not be captured . Command post capturing works differently on certain campaign missions as well . Playable heroes and villains play a significant role in changing the course of battles . </P> <P> The objective of most matches is to eliminate all of the opponents ' reinforcement tickets or to capture the command points , to slowly chip away at their tickets . Reinforcement tickets are used whenever a unit is killed , or when one faction controls a majority of the command posts on the map ( usually when the losing faction only has 2 - 3 ) . Only one objective needs to be completed . When all command posts are captured , the team with no command posts has twenty seconds to recapture or neutralize an enemy command post . If the team can not take over a post in this time , the match is over . Certain campaign levels and multiplayer have requirements that differ from the general game play , however the general structure remains the same . The game 's `` Conquest '' mode is vaguely based on the Battlefield game mode of the same name . </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first console games of the series were developed by Pandemic Studios , and since 2015 , a second series of console Battlefront games has been developed by EA DICE . The second game of the series developed by EA DICE , is canonical to the films ( albeit not the first one , due to not having an story mode ) , while the games developed by Pandemic Studios were relegated to Star Wars Legends non-canonical status , along all of the game released before April 2014 . </P> <H2> Star Wars : Battlefront ( Pandemic Studios ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Star Wars : Battlefront ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Star Wars : Battlefront ( 2004 video game ) <P> Star Wars : Battlefront is the first installment in the Battlefront series . It was released on September 21 , 2004 , with a Mac port by Aspyr released in July 2005 . The game is available on Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , Mac OS , and mobile phones . Jedi are not playable in this game without the help of modified files unsupported by LucasArts . Other NPCs made playable by similar files include , but are not limited to , Tusken Raiders in the Dune Sea of Tatooine , Ewoks of Endor and Gungans on the Naboo plains . </P> <H3> Star Wars : Battlefront II ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Star Wars : Battlefront II ( 2005 video game ) <P> Star Wars : Battlefront II is the second installment in the Battlefront series , released in Europe on October 31 , 2005 -- for the PlayStation 2 , PSP , Xbox , and Windows -- and in North America one day later . There are some significant differences between Battlefront and Battlefront II . Battlefront II includes playable Jedi characters , space battles , and story campaigns , as well as Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith - related content . The release date of Battlefront II coincided with the release of Revenge of the Sith on DVD . The game is now an Xbox Platinum Hits game , a Sony Greatest Hits game in North America , and an Xbox Classics and PlayStation Platinum game in Europe . </P> <P> Battlefront II expands upon the original game 's single - player experience with mission - based objectives drawn from all six Star Wars films . It is a story - based campaign which revolves around the 501st Legion ( AKA `` Vader 's Fist '' ) as the unit evolves from the Republic clone troopers to Imperial stormtroopers . Many maps from Star Wars Battlefront make a second appearance , and the game adds new locales such as Coruscant and Utapau . Also there are more game styles in this game like Conquest , Hunt ( fight as natives to planets against other natives or certain troopers in an army such as Wampas vs. Rebels on Hoth or Tusken Raiders vs. Jawas on Tatooine to earn 50 points first ) , Capture the flag ( both 1 and 2 flag ) , Assault ( Tatooine only , battle Heroes vs Villains in a race to rack up points ) and space battles . </P> <H3> Cancelled sequels ( edit ) </H3> Star Wars : Battlefront III ( edit ) <P> On September 29 , 2006 , Computer and Video Games made an unconfirmed claim that Free Radical Design was developing the third game in the Star Wars : Battlefront series , titled Star Wars : Battlefront III . In June 2008 , Kotaku allegedly received information from a former LucasArts employee that Star Wars : Battlefront III was in the creation process . On October 2 , Activision Blizzard filed a classification with the Australian Office of Film and Literature Classification listing Star Wars : Battlefront III for the Nintendo DS with a PG rating ( E10+ equivalent ) for mild animated violence . However , that same month , Free Radical Design announced that they lost the rights to develop Star Wars : Battlefront III ; the game at that point had been in development for two years . Several years later , Free Radical Design co-founder Steve Ellis said Battlefront III was `` pretty much done '' in 2008 , but that it was effectively canned when LucasArts could not commit to `` spend big '' on marketing it . However , GameSpot quoted an unnamed LucasArts employee involved with the project who said Free Radical could not devote sufficient resources to the game and regularly missed deadlines . A former Free Radical Design employee said some of the technology Free Radical developed for the game , specifically the contiguous game environment from planet surface into space , `` is dying with us '' . </P> <P> During and after the game 's development , screenshots and gameplay footage became accessible to the public . In December 2008 , Star Wars character renders bearing a Battlefront III watermark surfaced from a laid - off Free Radical employee . The following month , gameplay footage was leaked from a November 2008 Free Radical in - house showing of Battlefront III footage . The footage was pulled from IGN after LucasArts demanded its removal . On April 1 , 2012 , a user on the game journalist website Betagames discovered Star Wars models and textures buried in Resident Evil : Operation Raccoon City 's archives ; PC Gamer 's Tom Senior speculated that these could have been from Battlefront III . Also in April 2012 , Past to Present revealed pre-alpha footage of Free Radical Design 's Battlefront III . YouTube videos showing the game 's rough state received media attention from outlets such as Joystiq , Kotaku , and Shacknews . </P> <P> On January 20 , 2016 , a leaked build of the game surfaced on Reddit . It is currently playable using an Xbox 360 Development Kits and modified Xbox 360 consoles via a program called `` RGLoader '' . </P> Star Wars : Battlefront Online ( edit ) <P> Star Wars : Battlefront Online was rumored to be the next installment in the series . On January 28 , 2010 , Kotaku reported that SOCOM developer Slant Six Games was working with LucasArts to develop an online - only Battlefront title due in 2011 . The game was said to be released for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 . It was also stated that this game may have been the source of the Star Wars : Battlefront 3 concept art renders . However , it has been revealed that the game has been cancelled after the studio was unable to meet its 2010 release deadline . </P> Star Wars : first Assault and version two ( edit ) <P> Star Wars : First Assault was to be a downloadable multiplayer shooter for Xbox Live Arcade . Digital Trends speculated that Star Wars : First Assault might help LucasArts recover some of their previous investment in Battlefront III and other projects in the franchise . Speaking to Kotaku an anonymous insider noted that the game was to be `` step zero '' towards a third Battlefront game . When footage of the game was leaked onto YouTube Tech site TechnoBuffalo noted that the gameplay very closely resembled that of the Call of Duty franchise . Alongside First Assault Lucas Arts was also working on a separate game titled `` Version 2 '' which was reportedly a code name for Battlefront 3 . </P> Star Wars Battlefront IV ( edit ) <P> In 2018 , concept art of a cancelled Battlefront IV surfaced , rather than attempting to fit within the previous games and films continuity , concept art showed the game was meant to focus on an alternate reality where Obi - wan Kenobi and Luke Skywalker fell to the darkside , instead of Anakin Skywalker . </P> <H3> Handheld and mobile only games ( edit ) </H3> Star Wars Battlefront : Renegade Squadron ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars Battlefront : Renegade Squadron <P> Star Wars Battlefront : Renegade Squadron is a handheld game released in North America on October 9 , 2007 and in Europe three days later . The game was released only for the PlayStation Portable . Renegade Squadron is also available in a bundle pack with the new white PSP redesign featuring Darth Vader on the back . </P> <P> Aside from new heroes and vehicles , such as the Millennium Falcon , a notable new feature is the ability to create a character , allowing the player to adjust the character 's weapon , appearance , and speed , amongst other things , to their liking . However , the character will be vulnerable due to the lacking of certain aspects that will be replaced by others . For example , your character may be fast but weak or have good weapons but no stamina and speed . The discarded idea to allow players to increase the points to make their characters better caused frustration to many players . Before the game 's release , LucasArts had stated that over one million different customizable options would be present . Another new feature allows players to enter asteroid bases on some space maps . </P> <P> Commander Col Serra describes the forming of Renegade Squadron in the beginning cutscene of campaign . Then the player starts a series of missions ranging in objectives while including cut scenes between each mission . The final mission includes the Battle of Endor , in which the objectives are similar to the footage of Return of the Jedi . </P> Star Wars Battlefront : Elite Squadron ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars Battlefront : Elite Squadron <P> Star Wars Battlefront : Elite Squadron was released on November 3 , 2008 for the PlayStation Portable and the Nintendo DS . This marks the third Battlefront game on the PlayStation Portable and the first on a Nintendo console . The game was originally discovered through its ESRB rating on the official ESRB website which has since been taken down . It follows in the same vein as its predecessors with space , land and new air battles . Elite Squadron is most notable for featuring simultaneous space and ground battles in Instant Action , and is the only game in the series with this feature . Players usually play in a third person perspective , but in the PSP version , they can also switch to a strategy based mode where they may build troops and upgrade armies . </P> Star Wars Battlefront : mobile Squadrons ( edit ) <P> Star Wars Battlefront : Mobile Squadrons is a mobile game developed by THQ Wireless . It was released on April 2 , 2009 . The game features a persistent online community , and has three character classes . The gameplay is a first person perspective shooter that can use the touch features of a phone , although the player has no control over movement . </P> <H2> Star Wars Battlefront ( EA DICE ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Star Wars Battlefront ( 2015 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Star Wars Battlefront ( 2015 video game ) <P> At an Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) press conference on June 10 , 2013 , EA DICE ( whose parent company , Electronic Arts , had recently acquired a multi-year license to produce Star Wars video games ) , unveiled a teaser trailer for a new Star Wars : Battlefront game , built on the Frostbite 3 engine . The teaser showed a first - person view of the Battle of Hoth , including a crashing Snowspeeder and the foot of an AT - AT . DICE showed additional development footage at the 2014 E3 conference . The game 's title was eventually announced as Star Wars Battlefront . In April 2015 , EA announced a release date of November 17 , 2015 at Star Wars Celebration . The game is a reboot of the series , focusing on capturing the look of the films . At launch , four planets were confirmed - Hoth , Tatooine , Endor , and Sullust . Unlike its predecessors , Star Wars Battlefront does not feature the `` Clone Wars '' era found in the prequel films , nor does it feature content from The Force Awakens . Free downloadable content ( DLC ) for Battlefront was released in December 2015 , featuring the planet of Jakku with two new maps and a new multiplayer game mode . The game also features both first and third - person gameplay perspectives , similar to its predecessors . A gameplay trailer involving the Hoth battle debuted at E3 on June 15 , 2015 . The game will feature a pseudo-campaign -- a cooperative experience allowing player to experience game play with one or two players and computer controlled allies and opponents . </P> <P> Outer Rim is the second downloadable content for the game , released in March 22 , 2016 . It adds 4 maps set in Jabba the Hutt 's palace ( Palace garage and Jabba 's Palace ) in Tatooine and a factory area in Sullust ( Sorosuub refinery and Sorosuub pipelines ) and a new mode called extraction . The game is available free to players who have purchased the game 's Season Pass . Outer Rim is the first of the four DLC packs for Season Pass owners . The second expansion pack is titled Bespin and allows players to fight in the setting of Cloud City , released in September 2016 . The expansion added more maps along with an additional game mode titled sabatoge . The third expansion pack , titled Death Star , was released September 2016 as well and marked the debut of the Death Star in the game . The final DLC expansion pack was released on December 6 , 2016 . It is based on characters and locations from the Rogue One film , and it features playable characters Jyn Erso and Orson Krennic . Battles may now be waged on and above the planet of Scarif . </P> <H3> Star Wars Battlefront II ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Star Wars Battlefront II ( 2017 video game ) <P> Blake Jorgensen of Electronic Arts mentioned a sequel in November 2016 , and Star Wars Battlefront II was announced in March 2017 . The game was released on November 17 , 2017 . Since the restructuring of the Star Wars canon , Battlefront is the first game with a storyline that is considered canonical to the film series . </P> <H2> Cultural impact ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Fan - made sequel games ( edit ) </H3> Galaxy in Turmoil ( edit ) <P> On January 25 , 2016 , Frontwire Studios began an attempt to produce an unofficial Battlefront installment called Galaxy in Turmoil . The fan made game was in production using Unreal Engine 4 and was based off the cancelled Star Wars : Battlefront III by Free Radical Design . Although early versions of the game contained assets from Free Radical Design , they soon became `` place holders '' as the full game planned to be released using assets and music made from the ground up . On June 4 , 2016 , Galaxy in Turmoil gained a distribution deal through Valve and was planned to be released for free on Steam which generated a fair amount of attention . </P> <P> On June 22 , 2016 Lucasfilm requested the production of Galaxy in Turmoil be halted . On July 31 , 2016 , Frontwire Studios announced the cancellation of the game was due to the `` possibility of Galaxy in Turmoil taking away attention from Electronic Arts ' Battlefront franchise '' . Proposals of Galaxy in Turmoil falling under the paywall of Electronic Arts , and ideas of Lucasfilm giving Frontwire Studios a Star Wars IP licence were both rejected due to an agreement between Electronic Arts and Lucasfilm . Although Frontwire Studios may have fallen within Fair Use laws , legal conflict was avoided and the fan made Star Wars inspired project was canceled . There is a playable alpha that contains assets from Free Radical Design that was released to the public then removed early on within Galaxy in Turmoil 's lifetime . Galaxy in Turmoil is now planned to be released as a brand new `` cyber-punk '' themed IP without any Star Wars references , but still with Battlefront III - inspired mechanics including space - to - ground battles . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Star Wars video games </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Andy ( September 29 , 2006 ) . `` Free Radical scoops Battlefront '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved January 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thorson , Tor ( August 23 , 2006 ) . `` LucasArts , Free Radical going next - gen '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilcox , Skylar ( June 7 , 2008 ) . `` Former LucasArts Employee Outlines Company Projects '' . The Wire . Retrieved January 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Battlefront 3 '' . Australian Classification Board . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graft , Kris ( December 18 , 2008 ) . `` Source : Free Radical Locked Up '' . Edge Online . Retrieved January 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hinkle , David ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` This is what happened to Star Wars Battlefront 3 '' . Joystiq . AOL . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Former LucasArts employee on why Star Wars : Battlefront III failed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomsen , Michael ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` What Happened to Star Wars Battlefront III ? '' . IGN . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thorsen , Tor ( December 30 , 2008 ) . `` Star Wars : Battlefront III surfaces '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Leaked SWBF3 Gameplay Footage '' . Kotaku . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IGN Staff ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront III Footage Pulled '' . IGN . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Battlefront 3 files discovered on Resident Evil : Raccoon City disc '' . PC Gamer. April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Borman , Andrew . `` Star Wars Battlefront 3 Pre-Alpha '' . PtoPOnline . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mallory , Jordan ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Here 's an hour of Star Wars Battlefront 3 footage '' . Joystiq . AOL . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( July 4 , 2012 ) . `` Enjoy A Whole Hour 's Footage of Star Wars : Battlefront III '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Connor , Alice ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` An hour of Star Wars : Battlefront 3 reveals c - Video Game News , Videos and File Downloads for PC and Console Games at '' . Shacknews . Gamefly . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront III Build 70217 360 Release / r / StarWarsBattlefront '' . reddit . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Rumor : SOCOM Devs Working On `` Star Wars : Battlefront Online '' `` . Kotaku . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Luke Plunkett ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Star Wars : Battlefront Online Binned As Developers Laid Off '' . Kotaku . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Jason . `` Leaked Star Wars Game Is ' Predecessor ' To Battlefront III , Source Says '' . Kotaku . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Agnello , Anthony John ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Leaked images say Lucasarts ' next game is Xbox Live shooter Star Wars : First Assault '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duwell , Ron . `` Star Wars : First Assault -- Footage from a canceled game , very Call of Duty inspired '' . Technobuffalo . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schreir , Jason ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Last Months Of LucasArts ( And A Glimpse Of Battlefront III ) '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://nerdist.com/battlefront-4-concept-art-dark-side-luke-leia-obi-wan/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront : Elite Squadron Storms PSP ( PlayStation Portable ) System and Nintendo DS this Fall '' ( Press release ) . LucasArts . May 26 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` ESRB Reveals Details On New Star Wars Battlefront Games '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spencer , Spanner ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront : Mobile Squadrons coming to mobile '' . Pocket Gamer . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront : Mobile Squadrons Launches across north america '' ( Press release ) . THQ Wireless . April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront in development at Battlefield studio DICE '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TAKE TO THE SKIES , LET 'S PLAY STAR WARS '' . starwars.ea.com . Electronic Arts Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Five Minutes of Star Wars : Battlefront Gameplay Kotaku Jason Schreier ( June 15 , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars Battlefront ' players will be able to play on the Death Star , Bespin , and more this year '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront 's Last DLC Adds Rogue One - Inspired Content - CINEMABLEND '' . November 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EA Indicates Star Wars Battlefront Sequel Coming Next Fall '' . Game Informer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Your First Look at STAR WARS Battlefront II Is Coming at STAR WARS Celebration '' . March 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Star Wars ( April 15 , 2017 ) . Star Wars Celebration Orlando 2017 Live Stream -- Day 3 The Star Wars Show LIVE ! . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dwyer , Macklin ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Battlefront 3 Fan - Remake is Still Alive , in Pre-Alpha Phase '' . MXDWN . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` An Update on Star Wars Battlefront 3 Fan Remake and Some New Images '' . GameSpot . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Valve backs Star Wars Battlefront 3 fan remake for Steam release '' . Eurogamer.net . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Romanelli , Tony ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` The Future of Galaxy in Turmoil '' . frontwirestudios.com . Frontwire Studios . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frontwire Studios ' Galaxy in Turmoil home page '' . git.frontwirestudios.com . 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History of the west coast of North America - wikipedia <H1> History of the west coast of North America </H1> Jump to : navigation , search West coast of North America . <P> The human history of the west coast of North America is believed to stretch back to the arrival of the earliest people over the Bering Strait , or alternately along a now - submerged coastal plain , through the development of significant pre-Columbian cultures and population densities , to the arrival of the European explorers and colonizers . The west coast of North America today is home to some of the largest and most important companies in the world , as well as being a center of world culture . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Geography </Li> <Li> 2 First people </Li> <Li> 3 European arrival ( 1513 -- 1750 ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Spanish explorers and conquistadors </Li> <Li> 3.2 English interest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Settlements and conflicts ( 1750 -- 1846 ) <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Spanish settlements in coastal New Spain </Li> <Li> 4.2 Spanish missions </Li> <Li> 4.3 Russian settlements </Li> <Li> 4.4 Spanish exploration </Li> <Li> 4.5 British North America </Li> <Li> 4.6 Conflict between Spain and Great Britain </Li> <Li> 4.7 Mexican independence </Li> <Li> 4.8 Central American independence </Li> <Li> 4.9 French interest </Li> <Li> 4.10 U.S. expansion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Rapid growth ( 1846 -- 1945 ) <Ul> <Li> 5.1 United States </Li> <Li> 5.2 Canada </Li> <Li> 5.3 Mexico </Li> <Li> 5.4 Central America </Li> <Li> 5.5 Immigration </Li> <Li> 5.6 Increased trade and World War II </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Post-war period ( 1945 -- present ) </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> As used in this article , the term `` west coast of North America '' means a contiguous region of that continent bordering the Pacific Ocean : all or parts of the U.S. states of Alaska , Washington , Oregon , and California ; all or parts of British Columbia and the Yukon in Canada ; all or part of the Mexican states of Baja California , Baja California Sur , Sonora , Sinaloa , Nayarit , Jalisco , Colima , Michoacán , Guerrero , Oaxaca and Chiapas ; and the Central American countries of Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica and Panama . The eastern Islands of the Pacific Ocean off the west coast , such as the Coastal islands of the Californias , are also important . </P> <H2> First people ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Settlement of the Americas and Paleo - Indians <P> The west coast of North America likely saw the first sustained arrival of people to the continent . Although there are other theories , most scientists believe that the first significant groups of people came from Asia , through today 's Bering Strait area , then through modern Alaska , and from there spread throughout North America and to South America . </P> <P> Although the cultures on the west coast of today 's Canada and United States are not known to have developed substantial urban centers and sophisticated writing or scientific systems , it is likely that , before European contact , the population density was significantly higher than in the rest of the northern part of the continent . For example , it has been estimated that in 1492 , one - third of all Native Americans in the United States were living in California . </P> The cultural areas of Mesoamerica <P> In the western half of Mesoamerica ( that is , western portions of today 's Mexico and northern Central America ) , the oldest known settlements date to approximately 2000 BCE . A succession of cultures started with the very early Capacha culture , which appeared on the Pacific coast of modern Mexico about 1450 BC and spread into the interior . The following cultures developed into `` high civilizations '' in Mesoamerica , with extensive urban areas , writing , astronomy and fine arts : </P> <Ul> <Li> Olmec ( beginning about 1150 BC ) </Li> <Li> Mixtec ( beginning perhaps 1000 BC ) </Li> <Li> Maya ( settled villages along the Pacific coast appear from 1800 BC , and ceremonial architecture by approximately 1000 BC ) and </Li> <Li> Aztec ( from the 14th century AD ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Farther south , Panama was home to some of the earliest pottery - making , such as the Monagrillo culture dating to about 2500 -- 1700 BC ; this culture evolved into significant populations best known for spectacular burial sites ( dating to c. 500 -- 900 AD ) and polychrome pottery of the Coclé style . </P> <P> Each of these cultures rose , flourished , and was then conquered by a more militarily developed culture . While not all of these civilizations had large settlements along the coast of the Pacific Ocean , their influence extended to the Pacific coast . </P> <P> Regional communications in ancient Mesoamerica -- and especially along the west coast -- have been the subject of considerable research . There is evidence of trade routes starting as far north as the Mexico Central Plateau , and going down to the Pacific coast . These trade routes and cultural contacts then went on as far as Central America . These networks operated along the west coast with various interruptions from pre-Olmec times and up to the Late Classical Period ( 600 -- 900 CE ) . </P> Vasco Núñez de Balboa claiming possession of the Pacific Ocean and the lands that touch it . <H2> European arrival ( 1513 -- 1750 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1513 , Spanish explorers were the first Europeans to reach the west coast of North America , on the Pacific coast of the Panama isthmus . From the point of view of European powers in the age of sailing ships , the west coast of North America was among the most distant places in the world . The arduous journey around Cape Horn at the tip of South America and then north meant nine to twelve months of dangerous sailing . These practical difficulties discouraged all but the Spanish Empire from making regular visits and establishing settlements and ports until the second half of the 18th century -- some 200 years after Europeans first reached the east coast of North America . </P> <H3> Spanish explorers and conquistadors ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Spanish colonization of the Americas <P> Explorers flying the flag of Spain reached the New World beginning in 1492 with the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus . Spanish expeditions colonized and explored vast areas in North and South America following the grants of the Pope ( contained in the 1493 papal bull Inter caetera ) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza . These formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize the entire Western Hemisphere ( excluding eastern Brazil ) , including all of the west coast of North America . The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast was led by the Spaniard Vasco Núñez de Balboa , who reached the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513 . In an act of enduring historical importance , Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown , as well as all adjoining land and islands . This act gave Spain exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights over the entire west coast of North America . </P> Map of the New World published in 1540 , showing Japan and China very near North America , and Strait of Anián . <P> The commonly held belief at the time was that the west coast of North America was in modest sailing distance of Asia to the west , or the two might actually physically connect . To the north was imagined a narrow Northwest Passage , known as the Strait of Anián , which some believed reached the Pacific Ocean at 42 ° north latitude ( the latitude of today 's border between Oregon and California ) and connected to the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of St. Lawrence . Confirmation of the land connection , and discovery of this Strait of Anián , were key elements in Spain 's efforts to establish direct trade routes with China and other countries in Asia . See Early knowledge of the Pacific Northwest . </P> <P> The Pacific Coast of Mexico and Central America was not especially conducive to economic development during this era . The northern Mexican coast ( including the Baja California Peninsula ) was generally too dry for substantial agriculture or ranching that would support settlements . South of the deserts , the jungles of the Pacific Coast in Mexico and Central America , and the tropical diseases found there , were major obstacles to large - scale development . </P> <P> Notable exceptions were the development of important Spanish ports at Puerto de Navidad and Acapulco in today 's Mexico . While Navidad faded in importance , Acapulco became the primary port of the Spanish Empire on the west coast of North America , and was used as a base for exploratory expeditions north and trade routes with the Far East . </P> Sites mentioned as sites of likely visits by early European explorers to the west coast of North America . <P> From 1533 -- 1535 , Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés personally sponsored and financed exploratory sailing voyages north from Acapulco , in a search for legendary riches reported to be in the site of today 's California . In the third of these voyages , Cortés accompanied the voyage , and likely reached the site of today 's La Paz on the Baja California peninsula . </P> <P> In 1539 , another voyage financed and sponsored by Cortés , and led by Francisco de Ulloa , embarked on an expedition in three small vessels , sailing north from Acapulco to explore the Pacific Coast , and to seek the Strait of Anián . The expedition sailed northwards along the west coast of the Mexican mainland , and reached the Gulf of California six weeks later . Ulloa named the Gulf the `` Sea of Cortés '' in honor of his patron . When one of his ships was lost in a storm , Ulloa paused to repair the other two ships , and then resumed his voyage , eventually reaching the northern end of the Gulf . Unable to find the Strait of Anián , Ulloa turned south and sailed along the eastern coast of the Baja California peninsula , landing at the Bay of La Paz . After taking on supplies of wood and water , Ulloa rounded the tip of the peninsula with great difficulty and sailed northward along the western shore of the peninsula , in the Pacific Ocean . The progress of his small ships was hampered by the fierce winds and high seas he encountered , eventually forcing him to turn back to Acapulco . The voyage eventually reached 28 ° north latitude ( near the Isla de Cedros ) . </P> <P> Voyages in 1540 and 1541 to Baja California were sponsored by Cortés 's rival , the Viceroy of New Spain . These voyages were led by Hernando de Alarcón ( 1540 ) and by Francisco de Bolaños ( 1541 ) . The voyage by Alarcón was meant to be coordinated with Francisco Vásquez de Coronado 's overland expedition ; Alarcón penetrated the lower Colorado River , perhaps as far as the modern California - Arizona boundary ( but did not meet up with Coronado 's expedition ) . The voyage of Bolaños provided little new information not already known in New Spain . Application of the name California to this part of the west coast of North America is attributed by some to Bolaños , however other insist that the name first appears in work written by Alarcón . </P> <P> The governor of Guatemala also determined to build a Pacific fleet on the west coast of Guatemala , for use in an attempt to cross the Pacific to Asia . Ferdinand Magellan , the Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain , had shown in 1521 that the Pacific Ocean could be crossed from South America . Hence , beginning in 1536 , using hardware from Spain ( such as anchors ) hauled across the isthmus of Central America , and local hardwoods , a flotilla of some thirteen ships was built over the next four years . After much difficulty , the larger number of these ships ( under the command of Ruy López de Villalobos ) was ordered to make the first crossing of the Pacific Ocean from North America to the Philippines . A smaller number was placed under the command of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo , a Portuguese navigator sailing for the Spanish Crown . Cabrillo was ordered north along the west coast of North America to explore the expected coastal route to reach the Asian mainland , as well as attempt to find the Strait of Anián . </P> <P> In 1542 , Cabrillo became the first European to explore the west coast of today 's United States , leading the expedition that landed at San Diego Bay , and continued north along the coast up to Punta del Año Nuevo , 37 ° 10 ' north of Monterrey . But Cabrillo died on January 3 , 1543 , and the remainder of the exploration was led by Bartolomé Ferrer , who sailed perhaps as far north as the Rogue River in today 's western coast of Oregon . </P> <P> Importantly beginning in 1565 , Acapulco was a home of the vital Manila Galleons . The Manila Galleons crossed the Pacific Ocean to the Spanish possession of the Philippines , laden with silver and gemstones from Mexico . There , the wealth was used to purchase Asian trade goods such as spices , silk , and porcelain . These goods were then carried across the Pacific by the Manila Galleons to Acapulco ; from there , the goods were transshipped across Mexico , for delivery to the Spanish treasure fleet , for shipment to Spain . The income provided to Spain by the Manila Galleons was essential to the Spanish Crown and to the Spanish economy of the era . </P> <P> When Miguel López de Legazpi completed the conquest of the Philippines in 1565 , he sent his flagship , the San Pedro , back to New Spain , with orders to survey and chart a practicable route for ships returning from the Islands . The San Pedro sailed from Cebu , headed roughly northeast , followed the Kuroshio Current ( also known as the Japan Current ) , and made landfall on the coast of California about the latitude of Cape Mendocino . A sail of two thousand five hundred miles down the coasts of California and New Spain brought the voyagers to the port of Acapulco . This route was charted by the Basque navigator and friar Andrés de Urdaneta , on board the San Pedro , and for nearly three centuries was the one followed by the galleons of Spain sailing from Manila to Acapulco . This return voyage across the Pacific could take up to seven months . A harbor on the coast of California where ships could find shelter and repair damage was greatly desired . A survey of the unknown northern Pacific coast of North America was ordered , and it was also suggested that the explorations be extended north of 42 ° north latitude . </P> <P> In 1585 , Captain Francisco de Gali , on the return voyage from the Philippines , via Macao , was directed to sail as far north as the weather would permit , and then east , and upon reaching the coast of California to make maps on his journey south . However , Gali accomplished only limited chart - making . He reached the California coast at latitude 37 ° 30 ' ( Pillar Point -- just south of today 's San Francisco ) , and noted that the land was high and fair ; that the mountains were without snow , and that there were many indications of rivers , bays , and havens along the coast . </P> <P> In 1594 , Captain Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho , a Portuguese sailor in the service of Spain , sailed from the Philippines in the San Agustin with orders similar to those of Gali . In this attempt , he reached land between Point St. George and Trinidad Head on November 4 , 1595 . Following the line of the coast southwards , Cermeñon 's ship became wrecked and was beached in Drake 's Bay , north of San Francisco . Using salvaged and local materials , the crew constructed an open boat , and the ship 's company of more than seventy persons continued the homeward voyage . This open vessel reached Acapulco in early 1596 -- a remarkable voyage of nearly twenty - five hundred miles in an open boat . With the loss of the San Agustin , exploration of the California coast by ships loaded with cargo from the Philippines came to an end . </P> <P> In 1602 , the Basque captain Sebastián Vizcaíno , sailing for Spain , explored the coastline from Mexico as far north as Monterey Bay in today 's California , where he went ashore . He ventured inland south along the coast , and recorded a visit to what is likely Carmel Bay . His major contributions were the glowing reports of the Monterey area as an anchorage and as land suitable for settlement , as well as the detailed charts he made of the coastal waters ( which were used for nearly 200 years ) ; however no settlements in today 's California were established for the next 150 years . </P> <P> In the late 17th century , Spain sent the first missionaries into today 's Baja California , founding the first mission there in 1683 at San Bruno on the east coast of the Baja peninsula ( San Bruno was abandoned as unsuccessful after two years ) . In 1697 , the first `` permanent '' mission was established at Loreto , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) away from San Bruno , also on the east coast of the peninsula . During this period ( until 1750 ) , some 16 missions were established on the peninsula -- mostly on the east coast of the peninsula , with a handful on the Pacific coast , in the northwestern part of the peninsula . </P> <H3> English interest ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although it was n't until 1579 that the west coast of North America was visited by an English explorer , the privateer Sir Francis Drake who landed north of today 's San Francisco and claimed the area for England , calling it `` New Albion '' or New England , the English claim to this territory dates back to John Cabot 's landing on Americas . The officially - accepted location for Drake 's landing is at Drake 's Estero ( also known as `` Drakes Bay , '' just north of San Francisco , in Marin County ) . Despite the facts that no permanent settlements were ever established by Drake , and that the next official visit by the British would be some two hundred years later , Drake 's action and Cabot 's original claim in 1497 were the foundations of British claims to portions of the west coast of North America in the late 18th century . One of the most important consequences of these claims is that charters for the British colonies on the Atlantic coast went from sea to sea , and this was the foundation of the US claim to its current territory . </P> <H2> Settlements and conflicts ( 1750 -- 1846 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> While the Spanish had dominated development on the west coast of North America for over 200 years since the early 16th century , beginning in the mid-18th century , this period saw the advent of British and Russian rivals , and the establishment of the California missions , followed by the independence of Mexico and the Central American countries . Much later in this period , the United States started on its path to become the dominant power on the west coast of North America . </P> <H3> Spanish settlements in coastal New Spain ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the 1760s , a decision was made to create a harbor at San Blas ( in today 's Mexican state of Nayarit ) , for the purpose of building ships , supplying them , and being the expeditionary base for voyages north along the west coast of North America , from Baja California to Alaska . Today it remains unclear exactly why the Viceroy of New Spain decided to create an entirely new shipbuilding port along the west coast of Mexico , when the port at Acapulco already existed . It has been speculated that the reasons San Blas was chosen included that it was a week 's sailing closer than Acapulco to the intended destination sites in California , that it was not far from the capital of New Spain , and perhaps more importantly , it had ready access to tropical hardwoods that would be needed to build the ships for the strenuous voyages as far north as today 's Alaska . San Blas built the ships and was the home port for these exploration and supply voyages beginning in 1769 and continuing to 1820 . </P> <H3> Spanish missions ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Spanish missions in California <P> It was not until 1769 that the first missions were established in today 's California ( then called Las Californias ) , including the first mission , at San Diego in 1769 , the mission at Monterey in 1770 , and the mission at San Francisco in 1776 . These missions eventually stretched from the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula to Sonoma , California , north of San Francisco . The purpose of the missions , which typically had an accompanying pueblo ( town ) and presidio ( military outpost ) , was to solidify the 250 - year - old Spanish claim to the region . This need became more urgent as the Russians and British were encroaching on the far northern part of the west coast of North America . In addition , there continued the long - standing interest in creating a safe anchorage for seaworn Manila Galleons on their return to Acapulco . </P> <H3> Russian settlements ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Russian America and Russian Alaska <P> Explorers and fur trappers from the Russian Empire ( beginning with Semyon Dezhnev expedition of 1630 ) arrived on the Pacific coast of today 's Alaska , and after establishing settlements there ( beginning in 1784 ) , expanded hunting and trading down the west coast of North America . In the early 19th century , fur trappers of the Russian Empire explored the west coast of North America , hunting for sea otter pelts as far south as San Diego . In 1812 , the Russian - American Company set up a fortified trading post at Fort Ross , located north of present - day Bodega Bay some sixty miles north of San Francisco , with the never - materialized hope of using that area to develop a source of agricultural products needed for their settlements in Alaska . </P> <H3> Spanish exploration ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest <P> In the late 18th century , Spain reacted to the expanding Russian and British presence in the Pacific Northwest by sending exploratory expeditions along the coast as far north as Alaska . In 1774 Juan José Pérez Hernández was commissioned to explore the coast up to 60 ° N , but only made it as far as 55 ° 30 _́ N. Off Langara Island in Haida Gwaii he made contact with the Haida , and on the homeward journey , the Nuu - chah - nulth . In 1775 , a two - ship exploration expedition led by Spanish Captain Don Bruno de Heceta landed on the coast of today 's Washington -- the first European to have sailed this far north along the coast . The expedition re-asserted Spanish claims to all the coastal lands , including to the Russian settlements in the north . The two ships sailed together as far north as Point Grenville , named Punta de los Martires ( or `` Point of the Martyrs '' ) by Heceta in response to an attack by the local Quinault Indians . He was the first European to sight the mouth of the Columbia River . </P> <P> By design , the two vessels separated with one continuing to what is today the border between Washington state and Canada . The other ( now with second officer Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra at the helm ) moved up the coast according to its orders , ultimately reaching a position at 59 ° north latitude on August 15 , 1775 , entering Sitka Sound near the present - day town of Sitka , Alaska . It is there that the Spaniards performed numerous `` acts of sovereignty , '' naming and claiming Puerto de Bucareli ( Bucareli Sound ) , Puerto de los Remedios , and Mount San Jacinto ( renamed Mount Edgecumbe by British explorer James Cook three years later ) . </P> <P> In 1790 , Spanish explorer Salvador Fidalgo led an expedition that included visits to the sites of today 's Cordova , Alaska and Valdez , Alaska , where acts of sovereignty were performed . Fidalgo went as far as today 's Kodiak Island , visiting the small Russian settlement there . Fidalgo then went to the Russian settlement at Alexandrovsk ( today 's English Bay or Nanwalek , Alaska ) , southwest of today 's Anchorage on the Kenai Peninsula , where again , Fidalgo re-asserted the Spanish claim to the area by conducting a formal ceremony of sovereignty . </P> Spanish contact in British Columbia and Alaska . <P> In 1791 , the Malaspina Expedition undertook a search for the Northwest Passage , surveying the Alaska coast from Yakutat Bay to Prince William Sound . At Yakutat Bay , the expedition made contact with the Tlingit . The expedition 's scientists made a study of the tribe , recording information on social mores , language , economy , warfare methods , and burial practices . Artists with the expedition , Tomas de Suria and José Cardero , produced portraits of tribal members and scenes of Tlingit daily life . A glacier between Yakutat Bay and Icy Bay was subsequently named after Malaspina . The botanist Luis Née also accompanied the expedition , during which he collected and described numerous new plants . </P> <P> During the return to Mexico , Malaspina 's expedition spent a month at the Spanish outpost in Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island ( see below ) . The expedition made a study of the Nootka . The two ships then sailed south to Mexico , stopping at the Spanish settlement and mission at Monterey , California on the way . Simultaneously an expedition under Francisco de Eliza , exploring the Strait of Juan de Fuca , discovered an entrance to the Strait of Georgia , which prompted further investigation . In Acapulco , Malaspina took over two schooners , the Sutil and Mexicana , placed them under the command of one of his officers , Dionisio Alcalá Galiano , and had them sail north to explore the Strait of Georgia . Galiano 's expedition took place in 1792 at the same time as that of George Vancouver . The two expeditions met in the Strait of Georgia and worked together to map the waters and establish the insularity of Vancouver Island . </P> <P> Today , Spain 's legacy endures as dozens of Spanish place names . In Alaska these include the Malaspina Glacier and Cordova Glacier , the towns of Valdez , Cordova and Port Gravina , as well as Orca Bay , Cordova Peak , and Revillagigedo Island . In British Columbia some of the better - known Spanish names ( of many ) include Quadra Island , Galiano Island , Gabriola Island , and Haro Strait . </P> <H3> British North America ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1778 , the British seafaring Captain James Cook , midway through his third and final voyage of exploration , sailed along the west coast of North America , mapping the coast from California all the way to the Bering Strait . The northern stretch of the west coast of North America was claimed by the British , but the region was not occupied by any British subject until 1788 , when John Meares first small trading post in Nootka Sound in today 's British Columbia . His post was torn down at the end of 1788 although he claimed otherwise . </P> <H3> Conflict between Spain and great Britain ( edit ) </H3> <P> Spain established its own competing fortified trading post at Nootka Sound ( Santa Cruz de Nutka , maintained between 1789 and 1795 ) on Vancouver Island , in today 's British Columbia , and sought forcibly to remove British traders by seizing ships , triggering the Nootka Crisis . </P> <P> War between Spain and Great Britain over control of the Pacific Northwest was averted by the three Nootka Conventions , signed in 1790 , 1793 , and 1794 . Spain gave up its claim that it alone could establish settlements in the Pacific Northwest ( a claim that dated back to the 1493 papal bull and Balboa 's actions in 1513 ) , and conceded the British right to establish settlements in any area nominally claimed by Spain but never occupied . This agreement effectively allowed a greatly expanded British presence in the Pacific Northwest , including today 's British Columbia , Oregon , and Washington . </P> <P> The primary beneficiary of this agreement was the Hudson 's Bay Company , which , in 1825 , established a major trading post at Fort Vancouver across the Columbia River just north of today 's Portland , Oregon . From this headquarters , British - employed fur trappers spread throughout the Pacific Northwest , extending as far east as the Rocky Mountains and , by using the Siskiyou Trail , as far south as California 's Central Valley . </P> <H3> Mexican independence ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the Spanish possession now known as Mexico ( first known as `` América Septentrional '' or `` Northern America '' ) won its War of Independence from Spain in 1821 , Mexico initially retained Spain 's missions and settlements along the Pacific coast , and continued Spain 's claims to territory as far north as today 's border between California and Oregon . In the 1830s , Mexico ended Church control of the missions in California and opened the land to secular development , particularly ranching . By the 1840s , there were small Mexican settlements at San Diego , Los Angeles , San Francisco , and the territorial capital at Monterey . These settlements primarily traded cattle hides and tallow with American and European merchant vessels . This period is vividly portrayed in Bostonian Richard Henry Dana , Jr. 's famous seafaring memoir , Two Years Before the Mast and the culture of the great Mexican landowners of this period is often harked back to as exemplifying the height of California 's romantic pastoral era . Mexican control of the territory ended after only 25 years , when attempts by local Mexican officials to expropriate the property of American ranchers and drive them out of California in the winter lead to the successful uprising known as the Bear Flag Revolt . </P> <H3> Central American independence ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the 1820s , the Central American possessions of Spain gained their independence , and the boundaries of the young nations shifted in alliances and configurations . For example , what was to become the nation of Panama was simply a province of Colombia , and Guatemala was variously part of a confederation with Mexico , and part of the United Provinces of Central America , before becoming a separate nation in 1838 . Almost all of these Central American nations saw continuing political strife throughout this period ( and into the 20th century ) , as struggles continued between indigenous peoples and elites , and among factions of the elites . </P> <H3> French interest ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1786 , Jean - François de Galaup , comte de La Pérouse led a group of French scientists and artists on a voyage of exploration ordered by Louis XVI and were welcomed in Monterey , California . They compiled an account of the California mission system , the land and the people . </P> <P> The leader of a further French scientific expedition to California , Eugène Duflot de Mofras , wrote in 1840 `` ... it is evident that California will belong to whatever nation chooses to send there a man - of - war and two hundred men . '' In 1841 , the Mexican military commander in Northern California , General Mariano Vallejo , wrote `` there is no doubt that France is intriguing to become mistress of California . '' </P> <H3> US expansion ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1805 , the first official party of Americans to arrive on the west coast of North America , the fabled expedition of Lewis and Clark , came down the Columbia River to the river 's mouth on the border between today 's Oregon and Washington . In 1819 , the United States acquired the Spanish claims to the Pacific Northwest ( as negotiated in the Nootka Convention ) in the Adams - Onís Treaty . The United States argued that it acquired the Spanish rights to exclusive ownership of the Pacific Northwest as far north as Alaska , even though Spain had in fact relinquished any claim to exclusive rights as a result of the Nootka Conventions . This position led to a dispute with Britain known as the Oregon boundary dispute , remembered for the slogan `` 54 - 40 or fight ! '' The two countries agreed to defer resolution of the dispute , and to allow settlement by both British and American immigrants in what became known in the United States as the Oregon Country ( today 's Oregon , Washington , and Idaho ; much of today 's British Columbia ; and parts of Montana and Wyoming ) . </P> <P> In 1841 , the United States Exploring Expedition visited the west coast of North America by ship , and sent an overland party down the Siskiyou Trail , from the site of today 's Portland , Oregon , to San Francisco . </P> <P> Americans continued arriving on the west coast of North America in significant numbers in the mid-1830s . They first came overland along the Oregon Trail , settling primarily in the rich Willamette Valley south of today 's Portland . By 1841 , the first overland party of American settlers reached California along what became the California Trail , and by the mid-1840s significant numbers of Americans were arriving in California . </P> <P> In addition , the long - standing dispute between the United States and Great Britain over the Oregon Country was resolved in 1846 , with the signing of the Oregon Treaty ; the Oregon Treaty divided the disputed territory along what later became the current international boundary between Canada and the United States . </P> <H2> Rapid growth ( 1846 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> In this era , much of the west coast of North America transformed from an area still largely populated by indigenous peoples to widespread population of non-natives . In particular , the west coast of the United States showed the most dramatic change , beginning with the California Gold Rush and the subsequent opening of the transcontinental railroads , through the development of Hollywood in Southern California , and increased industry and agriculture in the U.S. Pacific Northwest . Canadian and Mexican development also proceeded during this time , but at a slower pace . </P> <H3> United States ( edit ) </H3> <P> Americans in California rebelled against Mexico , and in 1846 established the short - lived California Republic . However , the Mexican -- American War had already been declared , and the American military quickly took control of California . At the end of the war , Mexico ceded control of California to the United States . Things began to change dramatically in 1848 with the California Gold Rush which brought an influx of immigrants from around the world . While few found much gold , many stayed , founding communities and turning to farming and other practices . Despite these increases in population the west coast was still on the periphery . The American Civil War had little effect . This began to change as the first transcontinental railroads ( completed in 1869 ) stretched across the United States . For the first time , it was relatively cheap and easy to move to the west coast . </P> <P> In 1867 , the United States acquired Alaska from the Russian Empire , capping American westward expansion on the North American continent . </P> <P> The next 75 years saw monumental change on the west coast of the United States . Successive booms of agriculture , oil , entertainment , and industry greatly increased California 's population . Logging , fishing , and industry drove the economies of California north of the San Francisco Bay Area , and Oregon and Washington . </P> <H3> Canada ( edit ) </H3> <P> The gold rush fever spread progressively north ; in 1858 , the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush began in British Columbia , and at the end of the century , the Klondike Gold Rush saw the Yukon hit by masses of prospectors . </P> <P> The formal delineation of the international border had not completely allayed Britain 's fears of losing its Pacific territories , especially as it continued to lag behind the western United States in population and development . As a condition of British Columbia 's joining Canadian Confederation in 1871 , the Canadian government promised British Columbia a railway , though due to the Pacific Scandal and controversies over the location of the Pacific port and railhead and the use of importing Chinese rather than British labour , the Canadian Pacific Railway was not completed until 1885 . The new line became an important link in what was known as the All Red Route around the world , linking global travel through territories exclusively British . </P> <H3> Mexico ( edit ) </H3> <P> While the Pacific Coast of Mexico remained relatively undeveloped economically , exceptions were tobacco cultivation in the coastal territory of Nayarit , tourism at Acapulco , and local - scale fishing all along the coast . </P> <H3> Central America ( edit ) </H3> <P> The countries of Central America continued to struggle politically during this time ( with perhaps the notable exception of Costa Rica ) , and began to expand agriculture , particularly in coffee and bananas with investment and substantial control by the United States . The establishment in 1903 of the newly independent nation of Panama ( under pressure from the United States ) led to the creation of the Canal Zone and opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 . The opening of the Canal benefited the region economically as trade with the Eastern United States and Europe became far easier . </P> <H3> Immigration ( edit ) </H3> <P> Both the gold rushes and the building of the railroads required vast amounts of labor . One available source that was used on both sides of the border were immigrants from East Asia , largely from China and Japan . These immigrants were willing to work for very little and played a crucial role in building the infrastructure of the west coast . However , they faced constant discrimination . Asians were deprived of their civil rights in both the United States and Canada . There was also pressure to restrict Asian immigration , opinions that were acted on with quotas , head taxes , and finally a complete ban in both nations in the 1920s . Because of discrimination , and also a desire to remain a community , Chinatowns developed in all the major cities along the west coast . </P> <H3> Increased trade and world War II ( edit ) </H3> <P> The rise of the Japanese economy also benefited the region as the ability to trade across the Pacific continued to show its great potential . </P> <P> However , only a few decades later , Japan would become a major threat . During World War II , there were few attacks against North America , but the occasional Japanese submarine lurked off the shores . Japan tried to damage the region by sending over hundreds of balloon bombs in an attempt to light forest fires . These were generally ineffective ; a few landed in either Canada or the United States but they caused no great destruction . More destructive was the internment of ethnic Japanese , who were expropriated and sent into internal exile merely for their descent . </P> <H2> Post-war period ( 1945 -- present ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The post-war years would be ones of great prosperity and growth on the west coast of North America . The quick reemergence of Japan and its stunning growth over the next decades meant great wealth for the west coast ports . Japan became the second largest trading partner of both Canada and the United States , and this trade was almost entirely based in the west coast ( the US and Canada are each other 's largest trading partners ) . Later the other Asian economies would add to this trade . Throughout the northwest the primary extractive activities of logging , mining , and fishing remained the central industries . California became a centre of entertainment , aerospace engineering , and electronics . </P> <P> Unlike other areas of the United States , the western economies were not based upon manufacturing and the great deindustrialization of the 1970s and 1980s did little to hurt the region -- creating an imbalance between rapid growth in the west and stagnation or decline in the east . </P> <P> During this period , the west coast departed from positions held in the FDR years and moved toward the direction of conservatism with the population favoring lower taxes . In the United States , this manifested itself in support for the Republican Party , especially for the two Republican California - based presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan . In British Columbia , the right wing Social Credit Party governed for over thirty years . Nonetheless , the great port cities of San Francisco and Vancouver both fostered alternative views , acting as centres for environmentalism , unions , feminism , and gay rights . </P> <P> The general economic revival of North America in the late 1990s brought growth in Northern California due to the high - tech industry . The region was hurt , however , by the decade - long economic slump of Japan beginning at the same time . This was made up for by the rapid growth of Southeast Asia , South Korea , and especially China . The entire region shifted quite dramatically politically , however . Westerners diverged from conservatism over social issues such as gay rights , abortion , and the legalization of soft drugs . In 1991 , British Columbia threw out Social Credit electing the social democratic British Columbia New Democratic Party . California , Washington , and Oregon were pivotal in Bill Clinton 's two victories and Al Gore and John Kerry 's near wins in 2000 and 2004 . This change was mainly in the urban coastal areas . Inland , rural regions of California remained staunchly Republican , and although once full of labour strongholds , the Interior of British Columbia has voted solidly for the Reform Party and its successors . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Indigenous peoples of the Americas </Li> <Li> Indigenous peoples of California </Li> <Li> Settlement of the Americas </Li> <Li> West Coast of the United States </Li> <Li> Native Americans in the United States </Li> <Li> Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas </Li> <Li> Paleo - Indians </Li> <Li> First Nations </Li> <Li> History of Alaska </Li> <Li> History of British Columbia </Li> <Li> History of California </Li> <Li> History of Oregon </Li> <Li> History of Washington </Li> <Li> History of Mexico </Li> <Li> History of Guatemala </Li> <Li> History of El Salvador </Li> <Li> History of Costa Rica </Li> <Li> History of Panama </Li> <Li> Origin of the name California </Li> <Li> Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest </Li> <Li> Yukon </Li> <Li> 1934 West Coast Longshore Strike </Li> <Li> Fort Stikine </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The term North America has a variety of meanings , including just the United States and Canada , those two countries plus Mexico , or all of the continent from Panama north ; this article uses this most expansive definition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ranked by 2007 market valuation , nearly 10 % of the 200 largest publicly traded companies in the world are based on the west coast of North America : Microsoft , Chevron , Cisco Systems , Intel , Wells Fargo , Google , Amgen , Hewlett - Packard , Qualcomm , Oracle , Apple Computer , eBay , Walt Disney , Yahoo , Washington Mutual , and Occidental Petroleum . ( See Top ranked publicly traded companies . Accessed 2008 - 02 - 01 . ) Of the 200 largest privately held companies in the United States ( ranked by 2006 revenue ) , over 20 % are based on the west coast of North America , including brand names Levi Strauss & Co. and E&J Gallo Winery , and global firms Bechtel and Parsons . ( See Top ranked privately held companies . Accessed 2007 - 01 - 02 . ) Finally , of the nearly 800 billionaires in the world ( as ranked by Forbes magazine in 2006 ) nearly 100 ( or over 10 % ) live on the west coast of North America , including Bill Gates , listed as the wealthiest individual in the world . ( See List of billionaires . Accessed 2007 - 01 - 02 . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin . California : a history , New York , Modern Library ( 2005 ) , p. 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Matanchén Complex : New Radiocarbon Dates on Early Coastal Adaptation in West Mexico . Joseph B. Mountjoy , R.E. Taylor , and Lawrence H. Feldman . Science 17 March 1972 : Vol. 175 . no . 4027 , pp. 1242 -- 1243 . Abstract : Samples of marine shell from archaeological context on the coast of Nayarit , Mexico , have given radiocarbon determinations of 1810 ± 80 B.C. , 2000 ± 100 B.C. , and 2100 ± 100 B.C. Even with maximum correction for upwelling these are the earliest dates for coastal occupation in West Mexico north of Acapulco , Guerrero . Analysis of the midden contents has provided new insights regarding early coastal adaptation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Discussion of the Chapaca culture </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Development of Spanish ports and fleets on west coast </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Text of Baja California history </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spate , O.H.K. , The Spanish Lake on - line text </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ History of Cerritos . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Descubrimientos y Exploraciones en las Costas de California ( `` Discoveries and Explorations on the Coasts of California 1532 -- 1650 , '' Madrid , 1947 ; 2a edición 1982 , pp. 113 -- 141 ) : relevant passage quoted and cited at ( etimologias.dechile.net/ ? California Etimología de California ) on ( etimologias.dechile.net etimologias.dechile.net ) . Accessed 1 April . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Information about Cabrillo 's voyages . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. National Park Service Juan Cabrillo website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. National Park Service Juan Cabrillo website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ It is estimated that one - third of the silver from Mexico was used to purchase trade goods in Manila . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Summary of Spanish North Pacific history </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Information about de Urdaneta </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Etext of Spanish exploration of west coast , including diaries </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ History of Spanish explorers of west coast , retrieved </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burney , James ( 2010 ) . A Chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Sea Or Pacific Ocean , Volume 2 . Cambridge Library Collection - Maritime Exploration 2010 , pages 59 , 60 , 61 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Information from Monterey County Museum about Vizcaino 's voyage and Monterey landing retrieved ; Summary of Vizcaino expedition diary retrieved </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Other explorers who visited Baja California include : Tomas Cardova , in 1610 ; Francisco de Ortega , in 1632 , and again in 1636 ; Luigi Cestin de Cañas in 1642 ; Porter y Casanate in 1644 ; Bernal de Pinadero in 1667 : Ysidro Otondo ( who founded at La Paz a colony that endured about two years , and was then abandoned ) in 1683 . See On - line text of Baja California history </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Drake 's Cove site began its review by the National Park Service ( NPS ) in 1994 ( 1 ) , thus starting an 18 - year study of the suggested Drake sites . The first formal Nomination to mark the Nova Albion site at Drake 's Cove as a National Historic Landmark was provided to NPS on January 1 , 1996 . As part of its review , NPS obtained independent , confidential comments from professional historians . The NPS staff concluded that the Drake 's Cove site is the `` most probable '' ( 2 ) and `` most likely '' ( 3 ) Drake landing site . The National Park System Advisory Board Landmarks Committee sought public comments on the Port of Nova Albion Historic and Archaeological District Nomination ( 4 ) and received more than two dozen letters of support and none in opposition . At the Committee 's meeting of November 9 , 2011 in Washington , DC , representatives of the government of Spain , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Congresswoman Lynn Wolsey all spoke in favor of the nomination : there was no opposition . Staff and the Drake Navigators Guild 's president , Edward Von der Porten , gave the presentation . The Nomination was strongly endorsed by Committee Member Dr. James M. Allan , Archeologist , and the Committee as a whole which approved the nomination unanimously . The National Park System Advisory Board sought further public comments on the Nomination ( 5 ) : no additional comments were received . At the Board 's meeting on December 1 , 2011 in Florida , the Nomination was further reviewed : the Board approved the nomination unanimously . On October 17 , 2012 Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar formally established the Drakes Bay Historic and Archaeological District as a National Historic Landmark. ( 6 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Drake Navigators Guild Press Release '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ History of creation of San Blas harbor </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook , Warren ( 1979 -- 2014 ) . `` PÉREZ HERNÁNDEZ , JUAN JOSEF '' . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alcalá - Galiano , Dionisio , Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collection and discussion of Spanish placenames in today 's Alaska . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ History of Nootka </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bancroft , Hubert Howe ( 1884 -- 1890 ) History of California , v. 4 , The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft , complete text online , p. 260 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sailing With the Winds of History : A Pacific Coast Chronicle . Jevne Haugan , Author ( Authorhouse ; 1999 ) </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America&oldid=807095952 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> History of the West Coast of the United States </Li> <Li> History of North America </Li> <Li> History of the Pacific Ocean </Li> <Li> History of Central America </Li> <Li> History of the Pacific Northwest </Li> <Li> History of indigenous peoples of North America </Li> <Li> Native American history </Li> <Li> Colonization history of the United States </Li> <Li> History of the American West </Li> <Li> Northwestern United States </Li> <Li> History of British Columbia </Li> <Li> History of Baja California </Li> <Li> History of Baja California Sur </Li> <Li> History of Mexico </Li> <Li> History of Guatemala </Li> <Li> History of El Salvador </Li> <Li> History of Costa Rica </Li> <Li> History of Panama </Li> <Li> Islands of the Pacific Ocean </Li> <Li> Pre-statehood history of Alaska </Li> <Li> Pre-statehood history of California </Li> <Li> Pre-statehood history of Oregon </Li> <Li> Pre-statehood history of Washington ( state ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 21 : 41 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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French and Indian War - wikipedia <H1> French and Indian War </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the conflict from 1754 to 1763 . For the series of conflicts between 1688 and 1763 , see French and Indian Wars . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> French and Indian War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Seven Years ' War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The war theater </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 1754 -- 1763 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> North America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> British victory </P> <Ul> <Li> Treaty of Paris </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Territorial changes </Th> <Td> France cedes New France east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain , retaining Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and transfers Louisiana to Spain </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Great Britain </P> <Ul> <Li> British America </Li> </Ul> <P> Iroquois Confederacy </P> Catawba Cherokee ( before 1758 ) </Td> <Td> <P> France </P> <Ul> <Li> New France </Li> </Ul> <P> Wabanaki Confederacy </P> <Ul> <Li> Abenaki </Li> <Li> Mi'kmaq militia </Li> </Ul> Algonquin Lenape Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Wyandot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeffery Amherst Edward Braddock † James Wolfe † Earl of Loudoun James Abercrombie Edward Boscawen George Washington John Forbes George Monro </Td> <Td> Louis - Joseph de Montcalm † Marquis de Vaudreuil Baron Dieskau ( POW ) François - Marie de Lignery † Chevalier de Lévis ( POW ) Joseph de Jumonville † Marquis Duquesne Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu † </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42,000 regulars and militia ( peak strength , 1758 ) </Td> <Td> 10,000 regulars ( troupes de la terre and troupes de la marine , peak strength , 1757 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , St. Lawrence and Mohawk theater </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Lake George </Li> <Li> Fort Bull </Li> <Li> Fort Oswego </Li> <Li> 1st Snowshoes </Li> <Li> Sabbath Day Point </Li> <Li> Fort William Henry </Li> <Li> German Flatts </Li> <Li> 2nd Snowshoes </Li> <Li> Fort Carillon </Li> <Li> Fort Frontenac </Li> <Li> La Belle - Famille </Li> <Li> Fort Niagara </Li> <Li> Fort Ticonderoga </Li> <Li> Beauport </Li> <Li> Quebec </Li> <Li> St. Francis </Li> <Li> Sainte - Foy </Li> <Li> Neuville </Li> <Li> Thousand Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Ohio Valley Theater </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Jumonville Glen </Li> <Li> Fort Necessity </Li> <Li> Braddock Expedition </Li> <Li> Monongahela </Li> <Li> The Trough </Li> <Li> Sideling Hill </Li> <Li> Great Cacapon </Li> <Li> Kittanning </Li> <Li> Forbes Expedition </Li> <Li> Fort Duquesne </Li> <Li> Fort Ligonier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Atlantic theater </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1st Northeast Coast </Li> <Li> Cape Race </Li> <Li> Chignecto </Li> <Li> Bay of Fundy </Li> <Li> Petitcodiac </Li> <Li> 2nd Northeast Coast </Li> <Li> 1st Lunenburg </Li> <Li> 1st Louisbourg </Li> <Li> Bloody Creek </Li> <Li> 2nd Lunenburg </Li> <Li> 2nd Louisbourg </Li> <Li> Petitcodiac River </Li> <Li> Ile Saint - Jean </Li> <Li> Gulf of St. Lawrence </Li> <Li> Cape Sable </Li> <Li> St. John River </Li> <Li> Restigouche </Li> <Li> St. John 's </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Theatres of the Seven Years ' War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Silesia </Li> <Li> Pomerania </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> North America </Li> <Li> West Indies </Li> <Li> West Africa </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Anglo - Spanish </Li> <Li> Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years ' War of 1756 -- 63 . It pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France . Both sides were supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France , as well as by American Indian allies . At the start of the war , the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers , compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies . The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians . The European nations declared war on one another in 1756 following months of localized conflict , escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict . </P> <P> The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States . It refers to the two main enemies of the British colonists : the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them . The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois , Catawba , and Cherokee , and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq , and Algonquin , Lenape , Ojibwa , Ottawa , Shawnee , and Wyandot . </P> <P> British and other European historians use the term the Seven Years ' War , as do English - speaking Canadians . French Canadians call it La guerre de la Conquête ( the War of the Conquest ) or ( rarely ) the Fourth Intercolonial War . </P> <P> Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies , from Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north . It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers called the Forks of the Ohio , and the site of the French Fort Duquesne within present - day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754 , during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22 - year - old George Washington ambushed a French patrol . </P> <P> In 1755 , six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock , the newly arrived British Army commander , and planned a four - way attack on the French . None succeeded , and the main effort by Braddock proved a disaster ; he lost the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . British operations failed in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York during 1755 - 57 due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , effective Canadian scouts , French regular forces , and Indian warrior allies . In 1755 , the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia , and they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians ( 1755 -- 64 ) soon afterwards . Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley , Commander - in - Chief , North America , without direction from Great Britain . The Acadians were expelled , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty . Indians likewise were driven off the land to make way for settlers from New England . </P> <P> The British colonial government fell in the region of modern Nova Scotia after several disastrous campaigns in 1757 , including a failed expedition against Louisbourg and the Siege of Fort William Henry ; this last was followed by Indians torturing and massacring their British victims . William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces that they had in New France , preferring to concentrate their forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theater of the war . Between 1758 and 1760 , the British military launched a campaign to capture the Colony of Canada ( part of New France ) . They succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately the city of Quebec ( 1759 ) . The British later lost the Battle of Sainte - Foy west of Quebec ( 1760 ) , but the French ceded Canada in accordance with the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) . </P> <P> The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo - French conflict . France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi . It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River ( including New Orleans ) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain 's loss to Britain of Florida . ( Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana , Cuba . ) France 's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , confirming Great Britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 The origin of the name </Li> <Li> 2 North America in the 1750s </Li> <Li> 3 Events leading to war <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Céloron 's expedition </Li> <Li> 3.2 Negotiations </Li> <Li> 3.3 Attack on Pickawillany </Li> <Li> 3.4 French fort construction </Li> <Li> 3.5 Virginia 's response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Course of the war <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Battle of Jumonville Glen </Li> <Li> 4.2 Albany Congress </Li> <Li> 4.3 British campaigns , 1755 </Li> <Li> 4.4 French victories , 1756 -- 1757 </Li> <Li> 4.5 British conquest , 1758 -- 1760 <Ul> <Li> 4.5. 1 1758 </Li> <Li> 4.5. 2 1759 -- 1760 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.6 End of the war </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Consequences </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> The origin of the name </H2> <P> The conflict is known by multiple names . In British America , wars were often named after the sitting British monarch , such as King William 's War or Queen Anne 's War . There had already been a King George 's War in the 1740s during the reign of King George II , so British colonists named this conflict after their opponents , and it became known as the French and Indian War . This traditional name continues as the standard in the United States , but it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict and that this was part of the Seven Years ' War , a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain . American historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the Seven Years ' War . Less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire . </P> <P> In Europe , the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War usually is not given a separate name . The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years ' War . `` Seven Years '' refers to events in Europe , from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 . These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America , which was largely concluded in six years , from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760 . </P> <P> Canadians refer to both the European and North American conflicts as the Seven Years ' War ( Guerre de Sept Ans ) . French Canadians also use the term `` War of Conquest '' ( Guerre de la Conquête ) , since it is the war in which Canada was conquered by the British and became part of the British Empire . </P> <H2> North America in the 1750s </H2> Map showing the 1750 possessions of Britain ( pink ) , France ( blue ) , and Spain ( green ) in North America <P> At this time , North America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France . Large areas had no colonial settlements . The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley , with some also in Acadia ( present - day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia ) , including Île Royale ( present - day Cape Breton Island ) . Fewer lived in New Orleans , Biloxi , Mississippi , Mobile , Alabama , and small settlements in the Illinois Country , hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries . French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds , did business with local Indian tribes , and often married Indian women . Traders married daughters of chiefs , creating high - ranking unions . </P> <P> British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north to Georgia in the south . Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west , as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time when their provincial charters were granted . Their population centers were along the coast , yet the settlements were growing into the interior . Nova Scotia had been captured from France in 1713 , and it still had a significant French - speaking population . Britain also claimed Rupert 's Land where the Hudson 's Bay Company traded for furs with local Indian tribes . </P> Iroquois engaging in trade with colonists , 1722 <P> In between the French and British colonists , large areas were dominated by Indian tribes . To the north , the Mi'kmaqs and the Abenakis were engaged in Father Le Loutre 's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia , Acadia , and the eastern portions of the province of Canada , as well as much of Maine . The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of Upstate New York and the Ohio Country , although Ohio also included Algonquian - speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee , as well as Iroquoian - speaking Mingos . These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule and were limited by them in their authority to make agreements . </P> <P> The Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan - speaking Catawbas , Muskogee - speaking Creeks and Choctaw , and the Iroquoian - speaking Cherokee tribes . When war broke out , the French colonists used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region , which was not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British ; these included the Hurons , Mississaugs , Ojibwas , Winnebagos , and Potawatomi . The British colonists were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations and also by the Cherokees , until differences sparked the Anglo - Cherokee War in 1758 . In 1758 , the Pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations . Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French , their primary trading partner and supplier of arms . The Creeks and Cherokees were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict . </P> New York and Pennsylvania theaters of the war , image from 1905 <P> By this time , Spain claimed only the province of Florida in eastern North America ; it controlled Cuba and other territories in the West Indies that became military objectives in the Seven Years ' War . Florida 's European population was a few hundred , concentrated in St. Augustine and Pensacola . </P> <P> At the start of the war , no French regular army troops were stationed in North America , and few British troops . New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine , companies of colonial regulars ( some of whom had significant woodland combat experience ) . The colonial government recruited militia support when needed . Most British colonies mustered local militia companies to deal with Indian threats , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , but they did not have any standing forces . Virginia , by contrast , had a large frontier with several companies of British regulars . </P> <P> The colonial governments were used to operating independently of one another and of the government in London , a situation that complicated negotiations with Indian tribes , whose territories often encompassed land claimed by multiple colonies . After the war began , the leaders of the British Army establishment tried to impose constraints and demands on the colonial administrations . </P> <H2> Events leading to War </H2> <H3> Céloron 's expedition </H3> <P> New France 's Governor - General Roland - Michel Barrin de La Galissonière was concerned about the incursion and expanding influence in the Ohio Country of British colonial traders such as George Croghan . In June 1747 , he ordered Pierre - Joseph Céloron to lead a military expedition through the area . Its objectives were : </P> <Ul> <Li> to reaffirm to New France 's Indian allies that their trading arrangements with colonists were exclusive to those authorized by New France </Li> <Li> to confirm Indian assistance in asserting and maintaining the French claim to the territories which French explorers had claimed </Li> <Li> to discourage any alliances between Britain and local Indian tribes </Li> <Li> to impress the Indians with a French show of force against British colonial settler incursion , unauthorized trading expeditions , and general trespass against French claims </Li> </Ul> <P> Céloron 's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians , and they covered about 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) between June and November 1749 . They went up the St. Lawrence , continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario , crossed the portage at Niagara , and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie . At the Chautauqua Portage near Barcelona , New York , the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River , which it followed to the site of Pittsburgh . There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country . Whenever he encountered British colonial merchants or fur - traders , he informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave . </P> <P> Céloron 's expedition arrived at Logstown where the Indians in the area informed him that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British colonists regardless of the French . He continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers , which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany , the home of the Miami chief known as `` Old Briton '' . Céloron threatened Old Briton with severe consequences if he continued to trade with British colonists , but Old Briton ignored the warning . Céloron returned disappointedly to Montreal in November 1749 . </P> <P> Céloron wrote an extensively detailed report . `` All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French , '' he wrote , `` and are entirely devoted to the English . I do n't know in what way they could be brought back . '' Even before his return to Montreal , reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris , each side proposing that action be taken . Massachusetts governor William Shirley was particularly forceful , stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present . </P> <H3> Negotiations </H3> <P> In 1749 , the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country . The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory and construct a fort for their protection . But the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania , and both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims . In 1750 , Christopher Gist explored the Ohio territory , acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company , and he opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown . He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians agreed to terms through their `` Half - King '' Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative . These terms included permission to build a strong house at the mouth of the Monongahela River on the modern site of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . By the late 17th century , the Iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the Ohio Valley , and they laid claim to it as their hunting ground by right of conquest . </P> <P> The War of the Austrian Succession ( better known as King George 's War ) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle , which was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe . The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies were turned over to a commission , but it reached no decision . Frontier areas were claimed by both sides , from Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north to the Ohio Country in the south . The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean , where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland . </P> <H3> Attack on Pickawillany </H3> Main article : Raid on Pickawillany <P> Governor - General of New France Marquis de la Jonquière died on March 17 , 1752 , and he was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil . His permanent replacement was to be the Marquis Duquesne , but he did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post . The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of Charles Michel de Langlade , an officer in the Troupes de la Marine . Langlade was given 300 men , including French - Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa tribe . His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron 's orders to cease trading with the British . On June 21 , the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany , capturing three traders and killing 14 Miami Indians , including Old Briton . He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some Indians in the expedition party . </P> <H3> French Fort construction </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the spring of 1753 , Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000 - man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians . His orders were to protect the King 's land in the Ohio Valley from the British . Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier . Céloron , however , had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates , whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts . He first constructed Fort Presque Isle on Lake Erie 's south shore near Erie , Pennsylvania , and he had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . He then constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf in Waterford , Pennsylvania , designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . As he moved south , he drove off or captured British traders , alarming both the British and the Iroquois . Tanaghrisson was a chief of the Mingo Indians , who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion . He intensely disliked the French whom he accused of killing and eating his father . He traveled to Fort Le Boeuf and threatened the French with military action , which Marin contemptuously dismissed . </P> <P> The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York , who was the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond . Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey , meaning `` he who does great things . '' He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area , and he was made a colonel of the Iroquois in 1746 ; he was later commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia . </P> <P> The Indian representatives and Johnson met with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies at Albany , New York . Mohawk Chief Hendrick was the speaker of their tribal council , and he insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion . Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction , and Hendrick said that the `` Covenant Chain '' was broken , a long - standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown . </P> <H3> Virginia 's response </H3> Robert Dinwiddie , British lieutenant governor of Virginia <P> Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company , which stood to lose money if the French held their claim . He ordered 21 year - old Major George Washington ( whose brother was another Ohio Company investor ) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory in October 1753 . Washington left with a small party , picking up Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter , Christopher Gist ( a company surveyor working in the area ) , and a few Mingos led by Tanaghrisson . On December 12 , Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf . </P> <P> Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after Marin died on October 29 , and he invited Washington to dine with him . Over dinner , Washington presented Saint - Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country . Saint - Pierre said , `` As to the Summons you send me to retire , I do not think myself obliged to obey it . '' He told Washington that France 's claim to the region was superior to that of the British , since René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier . </P> <P> Washington 's party left Fort Le Boeuf early on December 16 and arrived in Williamsburg on January 16 , 1754 . He stated in his report , `` The French had swept south '' , detailing the steps which they had taken to fortify the area , and their intention to fortify the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers . </P> <H2> Course of the War </H2> Washington 's map of the Ohio River and surrounding region containing notes on French intentions , 1753 or 1754 <P> Even before Washington returned , Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point where they began construction of a small stockaded fort in the early months of 1754 . Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude - Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint - Pierre during the same period , and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5 , 1754 . These forces arrived at the fort on April 16 , but Contrecœur generously allowed Trent 's small company to withdraw . He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne . </P> <H3> Battle of Jumonville Glen </H3> <P> Dinwiddie had ordered Washington to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work , and Washington learned of Trent 's retreat while he was en route . Mingo sachem Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British , so Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with him . He then learned of a French scouting party in the area , so he combined Tanaghrisson 's force with his own and surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen . They killed many of the Canadians , including their commanding officer Joseph Coulon de Jumonville , whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk . Historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and to regain authority over his own people . They had been inclined to support the French , with whom they had long trading relationships . One of Tanaghrisson 's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire . </P> <P> Historians generally consider the Battle of Jumonville Glen as the opening battle of the French and Indian War in North America , and the start of hostilities in the Ohio valley . </P> An engraving depicting the evening council of George Washington at Fort Necessity . <P> Following the battle , Washington pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity , which the Canadians attacked under the command of Jummonville 's brother at the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3 . Washington surrendered and negotiated a withdrawal under arms . One of his men reported that the Canadian force was accompanied by Shawnee , Delaware , and Mingo warriors -- just those whom Tanaghrisson was seeking to influence . </P> The earliest authenticated portrait of George Washington shows him wearing his colonel 's uniform of the Virginia Regiment . This portrait was painted in 1772 by Charles Willson Peale . <P> News of the two battles reached England in August . After several months of negotiations , the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French . They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition . Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock 's departure for North America . In response , King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755 . The British sent out their fleet in February 1755 , intending to blockade French ports , but the French fleet had already sailed . Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept them . </P> <P> In a second British action , Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on June 8 , 1755 , capturing her and two troop ships . The British harassed French shipping throughout 1755 , seizing ships and capturing seamen . These actions contributed to the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756 . </P> <H3> Albany congress </H3> <P> An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July , 1754 . The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the war that was unfolding . The plan that the delegates agreed to was neither ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown . Nevertheless , the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence . </P> <H3> British campaigns , 1755 </H3> Locations of British campaigns , 1755 ( and other sites ) <P> The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755 . General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne , while Massachusetts governor William Shirley was given the task of fortifying Fort Oswego and attacking Fort Niagara . Sir William Johnson was to capture Fort St. Frédéric at present - day Crown Point , New York , and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was to capture Fort Beauséjour to the east , on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia . </P> <P> Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne , with George Washington as one of his aides . The expedition was a disaster . It was attacked by French soldiers and Indian warriors ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs , and Braddock called for a retreat . He was killed and approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured . The remaining 500 British troops retreated to Virginia , led by Washington . Two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War played key roles in organizing the retreat : Washington and Thomas Gage . </P> <P> The French acquired a copy of the British war plans , including the activities of Shirley and Johnson . Shirley 's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by his inexperience in managing large expeditions . In conjunction , Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara . As a response , he left garrisons at Oswego , Fort Bull , and Fort Williams , the last two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present - day Rome , New York . Supplies were cached at Fort Bull for use in the projected attack on Niagara . </P> William Johnson saving Baron Deskiau <P> Johnson 's expedition was better organized than Shirley 's , which was noticed by New France 's governor the Marquis de Vaudreuil . He had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio , and he had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley 's expected attack . Vaudreuil saw Johnson as the larger threat and sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat . Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River , but Johnson had strongly fortified it , and Dieskau 's Indian support was reluctant to attack . The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry . The battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . Johnson 's advance stopped at Fort William Henry , and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point , where they began the construction of Fort Carillon ( later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759 ) . </P> <P> Colonel Monckton captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 in the sole British success that year , cutting off the French fortress at Louisbourg from land - based reinforcements . To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg , Nova Scotia 's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French - speaking Acadian population from the area . Monckton 's forces , including companies of Rogers ' Rangers , forcibly removed thousands of Acadians , chasing down many who resisted and sometimes committing atrocities . More than any other factor , cutting off supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise . The Acadian resistance was sometimes quite stiff , in concert with Indian allies including the Mi'kmaq , with ongoing frontier raids against Dartmouth and Lunenburg , among others . The only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757 , other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians ranging around the Bay of Fundy , on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers , and Île Saint - Jean . </P> <H3> French victories , 1756 -- 1757 </H3> See also : Franco - Indian alliance Conference between the French and Indian leaders around a ceremonial fire , by Émile Louis Vernier <P> Following the death of Braddock , William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America , and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755 . He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara , Crown Point , and Duquesne , with attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec . His plan , however , got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others , including William Johnson and New York 's Governor Sir Charles Hardy , and consequently gained little support . </P> <P> Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun , with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command . Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America . French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756 , led by Major General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François - Charles de Bourlamaque , all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession . On May 18 , 1756 , England formally declared war on France , which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years ' War . </P> General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm <P> Governor Vaudreuil had ambitions to become the French commander in chief , in addition to his role as governor , and he acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived . Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain , so he ordered an attack against the forts which Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry . In the Battle of Fort Bull , French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies , including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder . They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario and endangered the Oswego garrison , already short on supplies . French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area , encouraging them to raid frontier settlements . This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers , with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action . </P> <P> The new British command was not in place until July . Abercrombie arrived in Albany but refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them , and Montcalm took bold action against his inertia . He built on Vaudreuil 's work harassing the Oswego garrison and executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga , as if to presage another attack along Lake George . With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany , Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August . In the aftermath , Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners ' personal effects . The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables , which angered the Indians . </P> Montcalm trying to stop allied Indians from the massacre of colonial soldiers and civilians as they leave after the Battle of Fort William Henry . <P> Loudoun was a capable administrator but a cautious field commander , and he planned one major operation for 1757 : an attack on New France 's capital of Quebec . He left a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm and began organizing for the expedition to Quebec . He was then ordered to attack Louisbourg first by William Pitt , the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies . The expedition was beset by delays of all kinds but was finally ready to sail from Halifax , Nova Scotia in early August . In the meantime , French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast , and a fleet awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg which outnumbered the British fleet . Faced with this strength , Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry . </P> <P> French irregular forces ( Canadian scouts and Indians ) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757 . In January , they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga . In February , they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George , destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification . In early August , Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort , which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole . When the withdrawal began , some of Montcalm 's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves . The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations , as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward . Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers , although no proof exists . </P> <H3> British Conquest , 1758 -- 1760 </H3> See also : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War § Conquest of Canada ( 1758 -- 60 ) The Victory of Montcalm 's Troops at Carillon by Henry Alexander Ogden . <P> Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758 , as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping . The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757 , a difficult winter , and the allegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigot , the intendant of the territory . His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates . A massive outbreak of smallpox among western Indian tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758 . The disease probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle ; yet the Indians blamed the French for bringing `` bad medicine '' as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry . </P> <P> Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence , with primary defenses at Carillon , Quebec , and Louisbourg , while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years . The British failures in North America combined with other failures in the European theater and led to Newcastle 's fall from power along with the Duke of Cumberland , his principal military advisor . </P> <P> Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning . He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun . He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757 . Pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops supported by the provincial militias , aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France . Two of the expeditions were successful , with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces . </P> 1758 Indians ambush British soldiers <P> The Forbes Expedition was a British campaign in September -- October 1758 , with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes sent to drive out the French from the contested Ohio Country . The French withdrew from Fort Duquesne and left the British in control of the Ohio River Valley . The great French fortress at Louisbourg in Nova Scotia was captured after a siege . </P> <P> The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon , in which 3,600 Frenchmen defeated Abercrombie 's force of 18,000 regulars , militia , and Indian allies outside the fort which the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga . Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac , including caches of supplies destined for New France 's western forts and furs destined for Europe . Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst , victor at Louisbourg . </P> Battle of Quebec , 13 September 1759 , painted by Captain Hervey Smyth <P> The French had generally poor results in 1758 in most theaters of the war . The new foreign minister was the duc de Choiseul , and he decided to focus on an invasion of Britain to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland . The invasion failed both militarily and politically , as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France and sent funds to Britain 's mainland ally of Prussia , while the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay . In one piece of good fortune , some French supply ships did manage to depart France and elude the British blockade of the French coast . </P> 1759 -- 1760 See also : Conquest of 1760 British General Jeffery Amherst <P> British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759 : the British captured Ticonderoga , James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders , and a British victory at Fort Niagara cut off the French frontier forts to the west and south . The victory was made complete in 1760 ; the British did suffer a defeat outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte - Foy , but they prevented the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides . </P> <P> Governor Vaudreuil in Montreal negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst in September 1760 . Amherst granted his requests that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition , to own property , and to remain undisturbed in their homes . The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers , and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war . </P> <H3> End of the War </H3> The descent of the French on St. John 's , Newfoundland , 1762 <P> Most of the fighting ended in continental North America in 1760 , although it continued in Europe between France and Britain . The notable exception was the French seizure of St. John 's , Newfoundland . General Amherst heard of this surprise action and immediately dispatched troops under his nephew William Amherst , who regained control of Newfoundland after the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762 . Many troops from North America were reassigned to participate in further British actions in the West Indies , including the capture of Spanish Havana when Spain belatedly entered the conflict on the side of France , and a British expedition against French Martinique in 1762 led by Major General Robert Monckton . </P> <P> General Amherst also oversaw the transition of French forts to British control in the western lands . The policies which he introduced in those lands disturbed large numbers of Indians and contributed to Pontiac 's Rebellion in 1763 . This series of attacks on frontier forts and settlements required the continued deployment of British troops , and it was not resolved until 1766 . </P> Distribution of British military forces in 1766 <P> The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763 , and war in the European theater was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763 . The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique , which had been occupied by the British . France chose to cede the former but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , along with fishing rights in the area . They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent . French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow . The British , however , were happy to take New France , as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue ; they also had ample places from which to obtain sugar . Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba , but they also gained Louisiana from France , including New Orleans , in compensation for their losses . Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations . </P> <H2> Consequences </H2> <P> The war changed economic , political , governmental , and social relations among the three European powers , their colonies , and the people who inhabited those territories . France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war , with significant long - term consequences . </P> Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink , and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow <P> Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia , colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French - speaking Roman Catholic residents . The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 made land available to immigrants from Europe and migrants from the colonies to the south . The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces , but many went to France , and some went to New Orleans , which they had expected to remain French . Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands , but these efforts were unsuccessful . Others migrated to places such as Saint - Domingue or fled to New Orleans after the Haitian Revolution . The Louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern Cajun population . ( The French word `` Acadien '' changed to `` Cadien '' then to `` Cajun '' . ) </P> <P> Following the treaty , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7 , 1763 which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory , and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations . Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population , a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward - bound settlers . The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians . The Quebec Act addressed this and other issues in 1774 , raising concerns in the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of `` popery . '' The Act maintained French Civil law , including the seigneurial system , a medieval code removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution . </P> The deportation order is read to a group of Acadians in 1755 <P> The Seven Years ' War nearly doubled Great Britain 's national debt . The Crown sought sources of revenue to pay it off and attempted to impose new taxes on its colonies . These attempts were met with increasingly stiff resistance , until troops were called in to enforce the Crown 's authority . These acts ultimately led to the start of the American Revolutionary War . </P> <P> France attached comparatively little value to its North American possessions , apart from the highly profitable sugar - producing Antilles islands which it retained . Minister Choiseul considered that he had made a good deal at the Treaty of Paris , and Voltaire wrote that Louis XV had lost `` a few acres of snow '' . For France , however , the military defeat and the financial burden of the war weakened the monarchy and contributed to the advent of the French Revolution in 1789 . </P> <P> For some of the Indian tribes , the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally , although other tribes were not so affected . The Ohio Country was now more available to colonial settlement , due to the construction of military roads by Braddock and Forbes . The Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory was not completed until 1769 , and it had modest repercussions . The British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of Indian tribes who did not want to do business with them . This migration also caused a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek , historic enemies who were now competing for land . The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave . Most went to Cuba , including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine , although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico . </P> <P> France returned to North America in 1778 with the establishment of a Franco - American alliance against Great Britain in the American War of Independence . This time , France succeeded in prevailing over Great Britain in what historian Alfred A. Cave describes as `` French ... revenge for Montcalm 's death '' . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> History of Canada portal </Li> <Li> New France portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> French and Indian Wars ( article includes King William 's War , Queen Anne 's War , King George 's War , and this war . ) </Li> <Li> Military history of Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> Northwest Indian War </Li> <Li> Franco - Indian alliance </Li> <Li> Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War </Li> <Li> New Hampshire Provincial Regiment </Li> <Li> American Indian Wars </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 26 -- 31 , documents the starting sizes of the expeditions against Louisbourg , Carillon , Duquesne , and West Indies . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 24 -- 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gary Walton ; History of the American Economy ; page 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Brook Taylor , Canadian History : a Reader 's Guide : Volume 1 : Beginnings to Confederation ( 1994 ) pp 39 -- 48 , 72 -- 74 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Siege of Quebec : An episode of the Seven Years ' War '' , Canadian National Battlefields Commission , Plains of Abraham website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lacoursière , Jacques ; Provencher , Jean ; Vaugeois , Denis ( 2001 ) . Canada - Québec 1534 - 2000 ( reprint ed . ) . Les éditions du Septentrion . p. 92 . ISBN 9782894481868 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eccles , France in America , p. 185 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 747 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jennings , p. xv . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia : Seven Years ' War Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( in French ) L'Encyclopédie canadienne : Guerre de Sept Ans . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of North American immigration . New York : Facts on File . p. 204 . ISBN 0816046581 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Wade , `` British History Chronologically Arranged , 2 : Comprehending a Chamfied Analysis of Events and Occurencis in Church and State ... from the First Invasions by the Romans to A.d. 1847 '' , p. 46 ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History . London : Routledge . p. 32 . ISBN 9780415964869 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jennings , pp. 9 , 176 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 8 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 26 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Park Spotlight : Lake Loramie '' , Ohio State Parks Magazine , Spring 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alfred P. James , The Ohio Company : Its Inner History ( 1959 ) pp. 26 -- 40 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 28 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 48 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 63 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ellis , His Excellency George Washington , p. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 36 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 37 -- 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 41 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 43 -- 45 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 65 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 51 -- 59 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 59 -- 65 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 52 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lengel p. 52 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 113 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fowler , pp. 74 -- 75 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 98 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Battle of the Monongahela '' . World Digital Library . 1755 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 110 -- 111 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 163 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patterson , Stephen E. ( 1994 ) . `` 1744 -- 1763 : Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples '' . In Buckner , Phillip ; Reid , John . The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 152 . ISBN 0802005535 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nester , pp. 53 -- 61 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 138 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 139 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 267 -- 285 . ISBN 0375406425 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William , Wood , The Great Fortress : A Chronicle of Louisbourg 1720 -- 1760 ( ( http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6026 online from Project Gutenberg ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Paris February 10 , 1763 '' . FrenchandIndianWar.info . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 498 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cave , p. 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 439 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 617 -- 632 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 505 -- 506 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 161 -- 164 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 565 -- 566 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 636 -- 637 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 568 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred . `` The Real First World War and the Making of America Archived 2010 - 01 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . '' American Heritage , November / December 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cave , p. 52 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cave , p. xii </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 525 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 133 -- 138 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 152 -- 156 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cave , p. 82 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Library resources about French and Indian War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Online books </Li> <Li> Resources in your library </Li> <Li> Resources in other libraries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40642 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Anderson , Fred ( 2005 ) . The War that Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03454 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 06 . - Released in conjunction with the 2006 PBS miniseries The War that Made America . </Li> <Li> Brumwell , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Redcoats : The British Soldier and War in the Americas , 1755 - 1763 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67538 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Calloway , Colin G ( 2006 ) . The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530071 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Cave , Alfred A. ( 2004 ) . The French and Indian War . Westport , Connecticut - London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32168 - X . </Li> <Li> Eckert , Allan W. Wilderness Empire . Bantam Books , 1994 , originally published 1969 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 26488 - 5 . Second volume in a series of historical narratives , with emphasis on Sir William Johnson . Academic historians often regard Eckert 's books , which are written in the style of novels , to be unreliable , as they contain things like dialogue that is clearly fictional . </Li> <Li> Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2004 ) . His Excellency George Washington . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3253 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Fowler , William M. ( 2005 ) . Empires at War : The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America , 1754 - 1763 . New York : Walker . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1411 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Gipson , Lawrence H. The Great War for the Empire : The Years of Defeat , 1754 -- 1757 ( 1948 ) ; The Great War for the Empire : The Victorious Years , 1758 -- 1760 ( 1950 ) highly detailed narrative of the British war in North America and Europe . </Li> <Li> Jennings , Francis ( 1988 ) . Empire of Fortune : Crowns , Colonies , and Tribes in the Seven Years ' War in America . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30640 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Murrin , John M. `` The French and Indian War , the American Revolution , and the Counterfactual Hypothesis : Reflections on Lawrence Henry Gipson and John Shy . '' Reviews in American History 1 # 3 ( 1973 ) : 307 -- 318 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Nester , William R ( 2000 ) . The first global war : Britain , France , and the fate of North America , 1756 -- 1775 . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96771 - 0 . OCLC 41468552 . </Li> <Li> Nester , William R . The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France ( 2015 ) . excerpt </Li> <Li> O'Meara , Walter ( 1965 ) . Guns at the Forks . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 5309 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Parkman , Francis . Montcalm and Wolfe : The French and Indian War . Originally published 1884 . New York : Da Capo , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81077 - 8 . </Li> <Li> West , Doug ( 2016 ) French and Indian War -- A Short History 30 Minute Book Series </Li> <Li> `` Virtual Vault '' . Library and Archives Canada . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to French and Indian War . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The French and Indian War Website </Li> <Li> Map of French and Indian War . French and British forts and settlements , Indian tribes . </Li> <Li> French and Indian War Profile and Videos -- Chickasaw.TV </Li> <Li> The War That Made America from PBS </Li> <Li> FORGOTTEN WAR : Struggle for North America from PBS </Li> <Li> Seven Years ' War timeline </Li> <Li> Montcalm and Wolfe , by Francis Parkman online ebook </Li> <Li> Animated Map of the French and Indian War developed by HistoryAnimated.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> History of North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anguilla </Li> <Li> Aruba </Li> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Bonaire </Li> <Li> British Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> Curaçao </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Guadeloupe </Li> <Li> Martinique </Li> <Li> Montserrat </Li> <Li> Navassa Island </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Saint Barthélemy </Li> <Li> Saint Martin </Li> <Li> Saint Pierre and Miquelon </Li> <Li> Saba </Li> <Li> Sint Eustatius </Li> <Li> Sint Maarten </Li> <Li> Turks and Caicos Islands </Li> <Li> United States Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Military history of Canada </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of ... </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Colonial militia - 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Let You Down ( NF song ) - wikipedia <H1> Let You Down ( NF song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Let You Down '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by NF </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Perception </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Hip hop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Capitol </Li> <Li> Caroline </Li> <Li> NF Real Music LLC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Nathan Feuerstein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Garcia </Li> <Li> Tommee Profitt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> NF singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Green Lights '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Let You Down '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` No Name '' ( 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Green Lights '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Let You Down '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` No Name '' ( 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` Let You Down '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Let You Down '' is a song by American Christian hip hop artist and songwriter NF . It serves as the third single from his third studio album , Perception , and was released on September 14 , 2017 , for digital download and streaming , including an audio video . It is his first No. 1 single on the Hot Christian Songs chart . It is his first song to be certified Gold by the RIAA . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Music video </Li> <Li> 3 Track listing </Li> <Li> 4 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 5 Charts <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 5.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Certifications </Li> <Li> 7 Release history </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Let You Down '' was produced by David Garcia and Tommee Profitt . NF wrote the song about his relationship with his father and how he did not want to disappoint him . This is the first time he has publicly spoken about his relationship with his dad , who raised him as a child . His parents went through a divorce , and his mother overdosed years later . The track is similar to some of his songs like `` Got You On My Mind '' and `` Wish You Would n't '' . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The official music video was released on November 9 , 2017 on NF 's Vevo channel . </P> <P> The music video was directed and produced by Nathan Feuerstein and Patrick Tohill . Given the song 's lyrical content , the visual focus is on the relationship between a father and his son . The clip shows an older man , presumably his father , standing on a dock looking at a lake , while a fully clothed NF drowns right in front of him . As he flails and tries to keep from going under , the man just looks at him , and does n't help . Then , we see the same man , staring at NF who is trapped in a burning car . As it 's engulfed in flames , the man again makes no move to help . Then we see the older man in a field , staring into a freshly dug grave . Inside the grave is a coffin , and NF is inside , dead . The older man seems upset by this , and falls to his knees . In the final shot , the older man is back on the dock , looking at NF drowning once again . But then a woman approaches him on the dock and says , `` Nathan ? '' </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Let You Down '' </Td> <Td> Nathan Feuerstein </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Garcia </Li> <Li> Tommee Profitt </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 : 32 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Let You Down '' reached No. 1 on the Hot Christian Songs chart , as well as No. 1 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart . It has also reached No. 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , NF 's first entry on the chart . The song has achieved international success , charting in the UK , Australia , Belgium , Canada , Norway , the Netherlands , Sweden , Switzerland , New Zealand and Ireland . </P> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Malaysia ( RIM ) </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal ( AFP ) </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2017 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 3 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 210,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( BEA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> 3 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 240,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 45,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 75,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( BVMI ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 50,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal ( AFP ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( GLF ) </Th> <Td> 4 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 160,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 400,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Format </Th> <Th> Label </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> September 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Digital download </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Capitol CMG </Li> <Li> NF Real Music LLC </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Rhythmic contemporary radio </Td> <Td> Caroline </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Contemporary hit radio </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NF -- Let You Down ( Audio ) '' . NFVEVO . September 14 , 2017 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs '' . Billboard . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sarachik , Justin . `` NF 's ' Let You Down ' Earns Rapper His First Gold Song '' . Rapzilla.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hudelson , Molly ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` NF 's `` Let You Down '' has been certified Gold by the RIAA `` . Substream Magazine . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Let You Down NF '' . Genius . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NF -- Let You Down '' . NFVEVO . November 9 , 2017 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NF Drops The Emotional Video For Rising Hit `` Let You Down '' . Idolator . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watch now : NF lets himself drown and burn in new video for `` Let You Down '' . ABC News . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Billboard Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201821 into search . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20182 into search . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 47 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NF : Let You Down '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- NF -- Let You Down '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 50 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 44 ( 27 / 10 / 2017 -- 2 / 11 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . VG - lista . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201744 into search . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NF Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazilian single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Music Canada . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NF `` Let You Down '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( NF ; ' Let You Down ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Type NF in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Let You Down and see certification . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Enter Let You Down in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- NF -- Let You Down '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Perception '' . Apple Music . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / R Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . October 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . October 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_You_Down_(NF_song)&oldid=843348487 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 singles </Li> <Li> 2017 songs </Li> <Li> Billboard Christian Songs number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) </Li> <Li> CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) </Li> <Li> CS1 German - language sources ( de ) </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Austria </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Wallonia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without artist </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Czechdigital </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Finland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Hungarystream </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Norway </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Poland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Portugal </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Scotland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Sweden </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Switzerland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UK </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for France </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Germany </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Italy </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Italiano </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 15 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Tower blocks in great Britain - wikipedia <H1> Tower blocks in great Britain </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The three tower blocks of the Crossways Estate in Bow , London , United Kingdom , before their refurbishment <P> Tower blocks began to be built in Great Britain after the Second World War . The first residential tower block , `` The Lawn '' was constructed in Harlow , Essex in 1951 ; it is now a Grade II listed building . In many cases tower blocks were seen as a `` quick - fix '' to cure problems caused by crumbling and unsanitary 19th - century dwellings or to replace buildings destroyed by German aerial bombing . It was argued that towers surrounded by public open space could provide the same population density as the terraced housing and small private gardens they replaced , offering larger rooms and improved views whilst being cheaper to build . </P> <P> Initially , tower blocks were welcomed , and their excellent views made them popular living places . Later , as the buildings themselves deteriorated , they grew a reputation for being undesirable low cost housing , and many tower blocks saw rising crime levels , increasing their unpopularity . One response to this was the great increase in the number of housing estates built , which in turn brings its own problems . In the UK , tower blocks particularly lost popularity after the partial collapse of Ronan Point in east London in 1968 . They are still present in many British cities . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Design </Li> <Li> 2 Social issues </Li> <Li> 3 Fire safety </Li> <Li> 4 Current use </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Design ( edit ) </H2> <P> Post-war Britain was the stage for a tower block `` building boom '' ; from the 1950s to the late 1970s there was a dramatic increase in tower block construction . During this time , local authorities desired to impress their voters by building futuristic and imposing tower blocks , which would signify post-war progress . Both Patrick Dunleavy and Lynsey Hanley agree that architects and planners were influenced by Le Corbusier 's promotion of high - rise architecture . The modern tower blocks were to include features that would foster desired forms of resident interaction , an example being the inclusion of Le Corbusier 's streets in the sky in some estates . </P> <P> As well as inspiring residents , local authority planners believed that the way tower blocks were constructed would save money . Generally , the tower blocks were built on cheap greenfield land skirting established cities . Although the property prices for these periphery sites were markedly cheaper than their inner city counterparts , they often had little access to public amenities , such as public transport . It was thought that the implementation of industrialised building techniques would lower costs too , as similar tower blocks would be replicated over many sites . Uniform and standardised parts , such as toilet fittings and door handles , would be fitted throughout many tower blocks ; planners deemed that buying in bulk would reduce overall costs . </P> <P> Another key aspect of the tower block vision was the Brutalist architectural method , popular with architects and planners at the time . The Brutalist emphasis led to the construction of stark and striking tower blocks with large sections of exposed concrete . Concrete was to be an integral part of the tower block designs ; it could be poured on site , offering boundless flexibility to the building designers . To the planners , concrete was a silver bullet for the construction process -- it was economical , and `` was vaunted as being long - lasting , if not indestructible '' . </P> <H2> Social issues ( edit ) </H2> Elmet Towers in Swarcliffe , Leeds , showing the dereliction that led to its demolition <P> Coleman 's 1985 work argues that in trying to emulate Le Corbusier 's ideas , the tower block planners only succeeded in encouraging social problems . Although architects and local authorities intended the opposite , tower blocks quickly became , as Hanley sharply stated , ' slums in the sky ' . Due to demanding deadlines , complicated construction practices were rushed and many tower blocks experienced structural decay as a result -- roofs leaked , concrete suffered spalling , steel corroded , and damp penetrated the buildings . Unfortunately , by replicating tower blocks across the nation , planners ' disastrously ' replicated design faults . In many tower blocks , concrete quickly exhibited signs of decay ; cracks soon formed and destabilised the buildings . The partial collapse of the Ronan Point tower block is an infamous example of the hasty and substandard construction that occurred in a number of the towers . The tower blocks quickly lost their `` futuristic '' look ; concrete turned from the crisp white the designers had imagined to a dull grey , stained by pollution . </P> <P> Tower blocks were unsuitable for families with children , as parents could not supervise them playing outside from a flat in the sky . Poor design decisions ruined the anticipated benefits of the buildings . Open spaces , which were supposed to benefit the residents , were instead unattractive , unused and inadequately supervised ; often the spaces were simply left as undeveloped wasteland . Residents felt it was difficult to maintain the large open spaces around the blocks because they realistically belonged to no one . Social problems increased as the tower blocks quickly degraded because of poor maintenance and an insecure communal environment , leading to an increase in crime in the common areas . Apart from frequent break - downs , communal lifts were a source of fear for people travelling alone . It was a rarity to `` enter a clean - smelling , undefaced lift '' . The tower blocks , many of which were on the periphery of the city , made residents feel isolated and cut off from society . Outsiders and newcomers were also affected ; they felt the overbearing design of the tower blocks made them fearsome and unsociable . </P> <P> Power argues that as a direct consequence of their design and construction , security problems were prevalent in many of the tower blocks . Break - ins , vandalism and muggings were common , which were aided by the buildings ' concealed areas , the mazes of internal corridors , and dark corners . Police were often required in the tower blocks , but their infrequent presence did little to pacify towers rife with delinquency . To contain disruptive behaviour , local authorities began to place `` problem families '' in the same blocks ; Hanley argues that this policy only led to `` further alienation ... nihilism and a creeping sense of lawlessness '' . Dunleavy seconds this , suggesting that the mental health of long - term tower block residents may have been detrimentally affected . </P> <P> While local authorities and their architects intended to create tower blocks that encouraged harmonious and vibrant communities , often the results were far from ideal . Post-war tower blocks were compromised from the outset by a combination of faults : local authorities advocated impractical architectural methods ; design and construction faults were frequently reproduced ; and there appeared to be a lack of understanding about the social consequences of certain design features . Collectively , these oversights transformed many tower blocks into undesirable places to live . By 1985 , 45 % of people living in tower blocks were in the ten poorest local authorities in the country . </P> <H2> Fire safety ( edit ) </H2> Grenfell Tower in Kensington , London , had inadequate fire protection and safety procedures , which proved fatal when the block was consumed by fire in June 2017 . <P> Compliant protections for residents in tower blocks can be very expensive to retrofit , and lessors ( such as local authorities ) have been sued for lack of a current fire safety inspection , or implementation of its recommendations . Member of Parliament for Kingston and Surbiton , Ed Davey , commented regarding a life - claiming 2009 fire that many blocks in the UK remained inadequate . North Ayrshire Council has decided to remove plastic cladding from its buildings following a fatal fire in a tower block . Poor maintenance of electrical equipment , fire doors and other features has caused widespread fire hazards and residents are asked to pay part of the cost of putting this right even though the problem is due to poor maintenance and errors in design . </P> <P> Tower blocks may be inherently more prone to casualties from a fire because people living on higher floors can not escape fires easily and the fire brigade can not reach the higher floors quickly . In buildings with more than a hundred residents , ensuring that every single resident acts responsibly to minimize fire risk is difficult ; poorer residents in tower blocks may be tempted to use cheaper flammable fuels rather than electricity , they are also more likely to be smokers ( carelessness with cigarettes is a major cause of home fires ) , and they are more likely to have old furniture , not made to modern fire safety standards . Fire safety legislation introduced in 2006 requires new high rise buildings to be built to higher safety standards with sprinkler systems ; the same standards do not apply to pre-2006 tower blocks , which contain a greater proportion of poor people . Recent studies have investigated the combined use of egress components ( e.g. , stairs and elevators ) to enhance the effectiveness of evacuation strategies in case of fire . </P> <P> The 24 - storey Grenfell Tower in Kensington , London was destroyed by fire in June 2017 . The rapid spread of the fire was believed to have been caused by recent remedial work , which added flammable exterior cladding . The safety instructions advised residents to stay indoors in the event of the fire , which proved fatal as they assumed a fire could not spread via the block 's exterior . A local residents organisation , Grenfell Action Group warned that fire safety was inadequate and had expressed concerns about a fatal incident before the fire occurred . The Grenfell Tower fire was one of many similar fires world wide where unsatisfactory cladding was a factor . Cladding can worsen a fire and enable a fire to spread fast if it is not done to satisfactory standards . The cladding can act as a chimney enabling the fire to spread upwards rapidly . Temperatures in a fire can be high enough to cause plastic cladding to melt , then molten plastic drips downwards burning as it falls and spreads the fire rapidly downwards . These fires happen in the cavity so it is frequently impossible to see from the outside or the inside how serious the fire is . Sprinklers and smoke detectors sometimes do not detect the fires . The Lakanal House fire where six people died was exacerbated by fibre composite cladding called trespa which resisted the fire less well than asbestos panels that the trespa replaced . An unnamed surveyor told , The Guardian , `` We do a lot of investigations of defective buildings , and we regularly see deficiencies in the workmanship . Gaps are left where there should n't be gaps , or a form of less fire - resistant insulation is used instead of a proper fire break . These things are done to cut costs and save time , but we must get tougher on inspection and ensure the people fitting these facades are properly trained . Otherwise there are thousands more people who could be at risk . '' </P> <P> Fire risk assessment ( FRA ) is considered inadequate because too few factors are taken into account . Grenfell Tower in London was considered a medium fire risk but in spite of this at least 79 people died in the Grenfell Tower fire , FRA also failed with the Lakanal House fire . Prof Arnold Dix described the FRA system as only a , `` box - ticking exercise '' . Dix maintains cladding is not taken into account , how hard it is to evacuate a burning tower block is not taken into account , fire risks inside flats such as old electrical equipment that is t greater risk of catching fire and combustible bedding are not taken into account . </P> <H2> Current use ( edit ) </H2> The 31 - story Red Road estate in Glasgow , the tallest public housing towers in Europe at the time of their construction . Like many 1960s British high - rises , they were condemned and have now been demolished . <P> In recent years , some council or ex-council high - rises in the United Kingdom , including Trellick Tower , Keeling House , Sivill House and The Barbican Estate , have become popular with young professionals due to their excellent views , desirable locations and architectural pedigrees , and now command high prices . There are plans to redevelop the Little London and Lovell Park areas on the fringes of Leeds city centre into luxury flats for ' Young Urban Professionals ' . The plans entail demolishing all of the council housing and refurbishing the highrise flats . This demand has led to many councils rethinking plans regarding their demolition . </P> <P> In Glasgow , similar initiatives have taken place -- in 2011 , the Glasgow Housing Association saved one of a cluster of three condemned tower blocks in the Ibrox area with the help of government grants to transform it into desirable rented housing for young professionals . Glasgow itself has taken a more measured approach to its high - rise housing stock , eschewing the mass demolition programmes being practiced in other British cities -- favouring selective refurbishment of estates with secure futures and on buildings in good structural condition , only razing towers where absolutely necessary . </P> <P> After a gap of around 30 years , new high - rise flats are once again being built in Belfast , Birmingham ( some are for wealthy people , e.g. The Mailbox , others are student accommodation ) , Cardiff , Aberdeen , Glasgow , Leeds , Liverpool , London , Manchester , and Newcastle upon Tyne ; but this time sometimes for wealthy professionals , rather than the `` lower classes . '' Their developers market these properties by using the American term ' apartment buildings ' , perhaps in an effort to distance these newer buildings from the older tower blocks from the 1950s and 1960s . These are usually taller than their older counterparts and generally built in and around these provincial city centres . They are often glass and aluminium clad . Tonight with Trevor McDonald highlighted that in Leeds and Manchester ( perhaps the cities that had seen most development ) only approximately half were occupied and with owner occupation often being as low as 10 % . In Southend there are controversial plans to build new tower blocks for social housing , a supporter claims this will be cheaper than paying to house poor people with private landlords while opponents fear the creation of Ghettos . As of 2017 , around 8 % of Londoners live in a tower block , though there is still a mix of desirable property against lower - class social housing . A penthouse suite at 3 Merchant Square , Paddington , sold for £ 7.5 m . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Citations </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ronan Point '' . The Open University . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hanley 2007 , p. 104 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hanley 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 , p. 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 , p. 84 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Power 1997 , p. 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 , p. 58 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Power 1997 , p. 59 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Power 1997 , p. 58 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lund , B. ( 1996 ) Housing problems and housing policy , New York , Longman , p. 127 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Power 1997 , p. 93 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hanley 2007 , p. 119 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 , p. 98 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rosen 2003 , p. 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Power 1997 , p. 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Power 1997 , p. 111 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Power 1987 , p. 143 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Power 1987 , p. 144 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Power 1997 , p. 95 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Power 1997 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 , p. 97 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hanley 2007 , p. 124 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dunleavy 1981 , p. 99 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen 2003 , pp. 129 - 131 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davey , Ed ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` Tower blocks ' potential disaster ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tower block fire safety fears '' . BBC News . 16 June 1999 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker , Peter ( 3 January 2010 ) . `` Huge fire safety bills for tower block residents '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davey , Ed ( 8 July 2009 ) . `` Are tower blocks a fire hazard ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ronchi , E. ; Nilsson , D. ( 2013 ) . `` Fire evacuation in high - rise buildings : a review of human behaviour and modelling research '' . Fire Science Reviews . 2 : 7 . doi : 10.1186 / 2193 - 0414 - 2 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ronchi , E. ; Nilsson , D. ( 2014 ) . `` Modelling total evacuation strategies for high - rise buildings '' . Building Simulation. 7 : 73 -- 87 . doi : 10.1007 / s12273 - 013 - 0132 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pasha - Robinson , Lucy ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Residents inside 24 - storey London flats on fire were told to stay inside in case of blaze '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wahlquist , Calla ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Fire safety concerns raised by Grenfell Tower residents in 2012 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ High - rise towers are safe but tougher inspections needed , say experts The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ London fire : Fire safety risk inspections pointless , says expert BBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GHA 's £ 7m transformation of multi-story to offer rental homes for city 's key workers '' . GHA -- Press Release . Glasgow Housing Association . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glendinning , Miles . `` Feature -- Red Road '' . Scottish Architecture.com . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anna Waite : We need more apartment blocks in Southend '' . Echo-news.co.uk . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , Bethan ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` London fire : A tale of two tower blocks '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <P> Sources </P> <Ul> <Li> Dunleavy , Patrick ( 1981 ) . The politics of mass housing in Britain , 1945 -- 1975 . Oxford , U.K : Clarendon Press . </Li> <Li> Hanley , Lynsey ( 2007 ) . Estates : an intimate history . London : Granta Books . </Li> <Li> Power , A. ( 1987 ) . Property before people . London : Allen & Unwin . </Li> <Li> Power , A. ( 1997 ) . Estates on the edge . Great Britain : MacMillan . </Li> <Li> Rosen , Andrew ( 2003 ) . The Transformation of British Life 1950 - 2000 : A Social History . ISBN 978 - 0 - 719 - 06612 - 2 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tower Block - Modern Public Housing in England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland By Miles Glendinning and Stefan Muthesius </Li> <Li> The design of high - rise flats : 1958 housing guide -- Design of Homes blog </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_blocks_in_Great_Britain&oldid=787915713 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Apartment types </Li> <Li> House styles </Li> <Li> House types in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Urban studies and planning terminology </Li> <Li> British architecture </Li> <Li> Housing in the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 June 2017 , at 10 : 12 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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10 -- 20 system ( EEG ) - wikipedia <H1> 10 -- 20 system ( EEG ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 10 -- 20 system or International 10 -- 20 system is an internationally recognized method to describe and apply the location of scalp electrodes in the context of an EEG exam , polysomnograph sleep study , or voluntary lab research . This method was developed to maintain standardized testing methods ensuring that a subject 's study outcomes ( clinical or research ) could be compiled , reproduced , and effectively analyzed and compared using the scientific method . The system is based on the relationship between the location of an electrode and the underlying area of the brain , specifically the cerebral cortex . </P> <P> During sleep and wake cycles , the brain produces different , objectively recognized and distinguishable electrical patterns , which can be detected by electrodes on the skin . ( These patterns might vary , and can be affected by multiple extrinsic factors , i.e. age , prescription drugs , somatic diagnoses , hx of neurologic insults / injury / trauma , and substance abuse ) </P> <P> The `` 10 '' and `` 20 '' refer to the fact that the actual distances between adjacent electrodes are either 10 % or 20 % of the total front -- back or right -- left distance of the skull . For example , a measurement is taken across the top of the head , from the nasion to inion . Similar measurements are done from right to left ( tragus to tragus ) , and around the skull circumference ( measured just above the top of the earlobes , front to front ) . This approach utilizes the metric system , and is measured in centimeters , specifically . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Electrode labeling </Li> <Li> 2 Measurement </Li> <Li> 3 Higher - resolution systems </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Electrode labeling ( edit ) </H2> <P> Each electrode placement site has a letter to identify the lobe , or area of the brain it is reading from : Pre-frontal ( Pf ) , Frontal ( F ) , Temporal ( T ) , Parietal ( P ) , Occipital ( O ) , and Central ( C ) . Note that there is no `` central lobe '' ; due to their placement , and depending on the individual , the `` C '' electrodes can exhibit / represent EEG activity more typical of Frontal , Temporal , and some Parietal - Occipital activity , and are always utilized in polysomnography sleep studies for the purpose of determining stages of sleep . </P> <P> There are also ( Z ) sites : A `` Z '' ( zero ) refers to an electrode placed on the midline saggital plane of the skull , ( FpZ , Fz , Cz , Oz ) and is present mostly for reference / measurement points . These electrodes will not necessarily reflect or amplify lateral hemispheric cortical activity as they are placed over the corpus callosum , and do not represent either hemisphere adequately hemispheric laterality . `` Z '' electrodes are often utilized as ' grounds ' or ' references , ' especially in Polysomnography sleep studies , and diagnostic / clinical EEG montages meant to represent / diagnose epileptiform seizure activity , or possible clinical brain death . Note that the required number of EEG electrodes , and their careful , measured placement , increases with each clinical requirement and modality . </P> <P> Even numbered electrodes ( 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 ) refer to electrode placement on the right side of the head , whereas odd numbers ( 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 ) refer to those on the left ; this applies to both EEG and EOG ( electrooculogram measurements of eyes ) electrodes , as well as ECG ( electrocardiography measurements of the heart ) electrode placement . Chin , or EMG ( electromyelogram ) electrodes are more commonly just referred to with `` right , '' `` left , '' and `` reference , '' or `` common , '' as there are usually only three placed , and they can be differentially referenced from the EEG and EOG reference sites . </P> <P> The `` A '' ( sometimes referred to as `` M '' for mastoid process ) refers to the prominent bone process usually found just behind the outer ear ( less prominent in children and some adults ) . In basic Polysomnography , F3 , F4 , Fz , Cz , C3 , C4 , O1 , O2 , A1 , A2 ( M1 , M2 ) , are used . Cz and Fz are ' ground ' or ' common ' reference points for all EEG and EOG electrodes , and A1 - A2 are used for contralateral referencing of all EEG electrodes . This EEG montage may be extended to utilize T3 - T4 , P3 - P4 , as well as others , if an extended or `` seizure montage '' is called for . </P> <H2> Measurement ( edit ) </H2> <P> Specific anatomical landmarks are used for the essential measuring and positioning of the EEG electrodes . These are found with a tape measure , and often marked with a grease pencil , or `` China marker . '' </P> <Ul> <Li> Nasion to Inion : the nasion is the distinctly depressed area between the eyes , just above the bridge of the nose , and the inion , is the crest point of back of the skull , often indicated by a bump ( the prominent occipital ridge , can usually be located with mild palpation ) . Marks for the Z electrodes are made between these points along the midline , at intervals of 10 % , 20 % , 20 % , 20 % , 20 % and 10 % . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Preauricular to preauricular ( or tragus to tragus : the tragus refers to the small portion of cartilage projecting anteriorly to the pinna ) . The preauricural point is in front of each ear , and can be more easily located with mild palpation , and if necessary , requesting patient to open mouth slightly . The T3 , C3 , Cz , C4 , and T4 electrodes are placed at marks made at intervals of 10 % , 20 % , 20 % , 20 % , 20 % and 10 % , respectively , measured across the top of the head . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Skull circumference is measured just above the ears ( T3 and T4 ) , just above the bridge of the nose ( at Fpz ) , and just above the occipital point ( at Oz ) . The Fp2 , f8 , T4 , T6 , and O2 electrodes are placed at intervals of 10 % , 20 % , 20 % , 20 % , 20 % and 10 % , respectively , measured above the right ear , from front ( Fpz ) to back ( Oz ) . The same is done for the odd - numbered electrodes on the left side , to complete the full circumference . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Measurement methods for placement of the F3 , F4 , P3 , and P4 points differ . If measured front - to - back ( Fp1 - F3 - C3 - P3 - O1 and Fp2 - F4 - C4 - P4 - O2 montages ) , they can be 25 % `` up '' from the front and back points ( Fp1 , Fp2 , O1 , and O2 ) . If measured side - to - side ( F7 - F3 - Fz - F4 - F8 and T5 - P3 - Pz - P4 - T6 montages ) , they can be 25 % `` up '' from the side points ( F7 , F8 , T5 , and T6 ) . If measured diagonally , from Nasion to Inion through the C3 and C4 points , they will be 20 % in front of and behind the C3 and C4 points . Each of these measurement methods results in different nominal electrode placements . </Li> </Ul> <P> When placing the A ( or M ) electrodes , palpation is often necessary to determine the most pronounced point of the mastoid process behind either ear ; failure to do so , and to place the reference electrodes too low ( posterior to the ear pinna , proximal to the throat ) may result in `` EKG artifact '' in the EEGs and EOGs , due to artifact from the carotid arteries . It should be noted that EKG artifact can be reduced with post-filtering of signals , or by `` jumping '' ( co-referencing ) of A / M reference electrodes , if replacement of reference electrodes is not possible , ameliorative , or if other clinical considerations prevent otherwise good placement ( such as congenital malformation , or post-surgical considerations such as Cochlear Implants ) . </P> <H2> Higher - resolution systems ( edit ) </H2> International 10 - 20 EEG placement system showing Modified Combinatorial Nomenclature . <P> When recording a more detailed EEG with more electrodes , extra electrodes are added using the 10 % division , which fills in intermediate sites halfway between those of the existing 10 -- 20 system . This new electrode - naming - system is more complicated giving rise to the Modified Combinatorial Nomenclature ( MCN ) . This MCN system uses 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 for the left hemisphere which represents 10 % , 20 % , 30 % , 40 % , 50 % of the inion - to - nasion distance respectively . The introduction of extra letter codes allows the naming of intermediate electrode sites . Note that these new letter codes do not necessarily refer to an area on the underlying cerebral cortex . </P> <P> The new letter codes of the MCN for intermediate electrode places are : </P> <Ul> <Li> AF -- between Fp and F </Li> <Li> FC -- between F and C </Li> <Li> FT -- between F and T </Li> <Li> CP -- between C and P </Li> <Li> TP -- between T and P </Li> <Li> PO -- between P and O </Li> </Ul> <P> Also , the MCN system renames four electrodes of the 10 -- 20 system : </P> <Ul> <Li> T3 is now T7 </Li> <Li> T4 is now T8 </Li> <Li> T5 is now P7 </Li> <Li> T6 is now P8 </Li> </Ul> <P> A higher - resolution nomenclature has been suggested and called the `` 5 % system '' or the `` 10 -- 5 system '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Oostenveld , Robert ; Praamstra , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` The five percent electrode system for high - resolution EEG and ERP measurements '' . Clinical Neurophysiology. 112 : 713 -- 719 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.116. 7379 . doi : 10.1016 / S1388 - 2457 ( 00 ) 00527 - 7 . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Bibliography </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Jasper , Herbert H. ( May 1958 ) . `` Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography '' . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 10 ( 2 ) : 370 -- 375 . doi : 10.1016 / 0013 - 4694 ( 58 ) 90053 - 1 . </Li> <Li> G.E. Chatrian , E. Lettich , and P.L. Nelson . Ten percent electrode system for topographic studies of spontaneous and evoked EEG activity . Am J EEG Technol , 25 : 83 - 92 , 1985 . </Li> <Li> &NA ; ( April 1991 ) . `` American Electroencephalographic Society Guidelines for Standard Electrode Position Nomenclature '' . Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 8 ( 2 ) : 200 -- 202 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004691 - 199104000 - 00007 . PMID 2050819 . </Li> <Li> &NA ; ( January 1994 ) . `` Guideline Thirteen '' . Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 11 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 113 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004691 - 199401000 - 00014 . PMID 8195414 . </Li> <Li> Nuwer , Marc R. ; Comi , Giancarlo ; Emerson , Ronald ; Fuglsang - Frederiksen , Anders ; Guérit , Jean - Michel ; Hinrichs , Hermann ; Ikeda , Akio ; Jose C. Luccas , Fransisco ; Rappelsburger , Peter ( March 1998 ) . `` IFCN standards for digital recording of clinical EEG '' . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 106 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 261 . doi : 10.1016 / S0013 - 4694 ( 97 ) 00106 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Klem , GH ; Lüders , HO ; Jasper , HH ; Elger , C ( 1999 ) . `` The ten - twenty electrode system of the International Federation . The International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology '' . Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology . Supplement. 52 : 3 -- 6 . PMID 10590970 . </Li> <Li> Ernst Niedermeyer , Fernando Lopes da Silva , Electroencephalography : Basic Principles , Clinical Applications , and Related Fields - Page 140 , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 2004 ISBN 0 - 7817 - 5126 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 5126 - 1 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> SVG drawing of the 10 - 20 system ( numbering seen as a subset of the 10 % division ) ( PDF ) </Li> <Li> 10 - 20 System ( numbering seen as a subset of the 10 % division ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Electroencephalography ( EEG ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related tests </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amplitude integrated electroencephalography ( aEEG ) </Li> <Li> Event - related potential </Li> <Li> Electrocorticography ( ECoG ) </Li> <Li> Magnetoencephalography ( MEG ) </Li> <Li> Somatosensory evoked potential </Li> <Li> Brainstem auditory evoked potential </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Evoked potentials </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Negativity </Dt> <Dd> Bereitschaftspotential </Dd> <Dd> ELAN </Dd> <Dd> N100 </Dd> <Dd> Visual N1 </Dd> <Dd> N170 </Dd> <Dd> N200 </Dd> <Dd> N2pc </Dd> <Dd> N400 </Dd> <Dd> Contingent negative variation ( CNV ) </Dd> <Dd> Mismatch negativity </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Positivity </Dt> <Dd> C1 & P1 </Dd> <Dd> P50 </Dd> <Dd> P200 </Dd> <Dd> P300 </Dd> <Dd> P3a </Dd> <Dd> P3b </Dd> <Dd> P600 ( late positivity ) </Dd> <Dd> Late positive component </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Neural oscillations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alpha wave </Li> <Li> Beta wave </Li> <Li> Gamma wave </Li> <Li> Delta wave </Li> <Li> Theta rhythm </Li> <Li> K - complex </Li> <Li> Sleep spindle </Li> <Li> Sensorimotor rhythm </Li> <Li> Mu wave </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 10 - 20 system </Li> <Li> Difference due to memory ( Dm ) </Li> <Li> Oddball paradigm </Li> <Li> EEGLAB </Li> <Li> Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox ( NBT ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10 -- 20_system_ ( EEG ) &oldid = 854226048 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Electroencephalography </Li> <Li> Electrophysiology </Li> <Li> Neurophysiology </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking in - text citations </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 20 : 17 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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United States Bicentennial - wikipedia <H1> United States Bicentennial </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Bicentennial logo commissioned by the American Revolution Bicentennial Commission . <P> The United States Bicentennial was a series of celebrations and observances during the mid-1970s that paid tribute to historical events leading up to the creation of the United States of America as an independent republic . It was a central event in the memory of the American Revolution . The Bicentennial culminated on Sunday , July 4 , 1976 , with the 200th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Ceremonial coinage </Li> <Li> 3 Logo </Li> <Li> 4 1975 events </Li> <Li> 5 Events </Li> <Li> 6 The Bicentennial on screen <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Television </Li> <Li> 6.2 Films </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Gifts </Li> <Li> 8 Gallery </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> The nation had always commemorated the Founding , as a gesture of patriotism and sometimes as an argument in political battles . Historian Jonathan Crider points out that in the 1850s , editors and orators both North and South claimed their region was the true custodian of the legacy of 1776 , as they used the Revolution symbolically in their rhetoric . Ryan , noting that the Bicentennial was celebrated a year after the United States ' humiliating 1975 withdrawal from Vietnam , says the Ford administration stressed the themes of renewal and rebirth based on a restoration of traditional values , and presented a nostalgic approach to 1776 that made it seem eternally young and fresh . </P> <P> The plans for the Bicentennial began when Congress created the American Revolution Bicentennial Commission on July 4 , 1966 . Initially , the Bicentennial celebration was planned as a single city exposition ( titled Expo ' 76 ) that would be staged in either Philadelphia or Boston . After 61⁄2 years of tumultuous debate , the Commission recommended that there should not be a single event , and Congress dissolved it on December 11 , 1973 , and created the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration ( ARBA ) , which was charged with encouraging and coordinating locally sponsored events . David Ryan , a professor at University College Cork , notes that the Bicentennial was celebrated only a year after the humiliating withdrawal from Vietnam in 1975 and that the Ford administration stressed the themes of renewal and rebirth based on a restoration of traditional values , giving a nostalgic and exclusive reading of the American past . </P> <H2> Ceremonial coinage ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Reverse of the Bicentennial quarter , minted 1976 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Reverse of the Bicentennial half dollar , minted 1975 -- 1976 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Reverse of the Bicentennial dollar ( Type 1 ) , minted 1975 -- 1976 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Reverse of the Bicentennial dollar ( Type 2 ) , minted 1975 -- 1976 . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Logo ( edit ) </H2> NASA 's Vehicle Assembly Building in 1977 <P> ARBA selected a logo via contest in 1974 . Bruce N. Blackburn , co-designer of the modernized NASA insignia used from 1975 to 1992 , submitted the winning design . The logo consisted of a white five - point star inside a stylized star of red , white and blue . It was encircled by the inscription American Revolution Bicentennial 1776 -- 1976 in Helvetica Regular . The logo became a flag that flew at many government facilities throughout the United States and appeared on many other souvenirs and postage stamps issued by the Postal Service . NASA painted the logo on the Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center in 1976 where it remained until 1998 when the agency replaced it with its own emblem as part of 40th anniversary celebrations . </P> <H2> 1975 events ( edit ) </H2> <P> The official Bicentennial events began April 1 , 1975 , when the American Freedom Train launched in Wilmington , Delaware to start its 21 - month , 25,388 - mile ( 40,858 km ) tour of the 48 contiguous states . On April 18 , 1975 , President Gerald Ford traveled to Boston to light a third lantern at the historic Old North Church , symbolizing America 's third century . The next day Ford delivered a major address commemorating the 200th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts , which began the military aspect of the American Revolution against British colonial rule . </P> <H2> Events ( edit ) </H2> <P> Festivities included elaborate fireworks in the skies above major American cities . President Ford presided over the display in Washington , D.C. which was televised nationally . A large international fleet of tall - masted sailing ships gathered first in New York City on Independence Day and then in Boston about one week later . These nautical parades were named Operation Sail ( Op Sail ) and witnessed by several million observers . The gathering was the second of six such Op Sail events to date ( 1964 , 1976 , 1986 , 1992 , 2000 , and 2012 ) . The vessels docked and allowed the general public to tour the ships in both cities , while their crews were entertained on shore at various ethnic celebrations and parties . </P> <P> In addition to the presence of the ' tall ships ' , navies of many nations sent warships to New York harbor for an International Naval Review held the morning of July 4 . President Ford sailed down the Hudson River into New York harbor aboard the guided missile cruiser USS Wainwright to review the international fleet and receive salutes from each visiting ship , ending with a salute from the British guided missile destroyer HMS London . The review ended just above Liberty Island around 10 : 30 am . </P> <P> Several people threw packages labeled `` Gulf Oil '' and `` Exxon '' into Boston Harbor in symbolic opposition to corporate power , in the style of the Boston Tea party . </P> <P> Johnny Cash was the Grand Marshall of the U.S. Bicentennial parade . </P> First Lady Betty Ford , with President Ford , Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip in the President 's Dining Room in conjunction with a 1976 state visit during the U.S. Bicentennial . <P> Britain 's Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip made a state visit to the United States to tour the country and attend Bicentennial festivities with President and Mrs. Ford . Their visit aboard the Royal Yacht Britannia included stops in Philadelphia , Washington , D.C. , Virginia , New York , Connecticut , and Massachusetts . </P> <P> While in Philadelphia on July 6 , 1976 , Queen Elizabeth presented the Bicentennial Bell on behalf of the British people . The bell is a replica of the Liberty Bell , cast at the same foundry -- Whitechapel Bell Foundry -- and bearing the inscription `` For the People of the United States of America from the People of Britain 4 July 1976 LET FREEDOM RING . '' </P> <P> Local observances included painting mailboxes and fire hydrants red , white , and blue . A wave of patriotism and nostalgia swept the nation and there was a general feeling that the irate era of the Vietnam War and the Watergate constitutional crisis of 1974 had finally come to an end . </P> <P> In Washington , D.C. , the Smithsonian Institution opened a long - term exhibition in its Arts and Industries Building that replicated the look and feel of the 1876 Centennial Exposition . Many of the Smithsonian 's museum artifacts dated from the 1876 World 's Fair in Philadelphia that commemorated the 100th anniversary of the independence of the United States . The Smithsonian also opened the new home of the National Air and Space Museum July 1 , 1976 . </P> <P> NASA commemorated the Bicentennial by staging a science and technology exhibit housed in a series of geodesic domes in the parking lot of the Vehicle Assembly Building ( VAB ) called Third Century America . An American flag and the Bicentennial emblem were also painted on the side of the VAB ; the emblem remained until 1998 , when it was painted over with the NASA insignia . NASA originally planned for Viking 1 to land on Mars on July 4 , but the landing was delayed to July 20 , the anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar landing . On the anniversary of the signing of the Constitution , NASA held the rollout ceremony of the first space shuttle ( which NASA had planned to name Constitution but was , instead , named `` Enterprise '' in honor of its fictional namesake on the television series Star Trek ) . </P> Douglas DC - 8 of Overseas National Airways in U.S. Bicentennial special livery . <P> Many commercial products appeared in red , white , and blue packages in an attempt to tie them to the Bicentennial . Liberty , a brand of Spanish olives , sold their product in glass jars replicating the Liberty Bell during that time . Products were only permitted to display the trademarked Bicentennial logo by paying a license fee to ARBA . </P> <P> Many national railroads and shortlines painted locomotives or rolling stock in patriotic color schemes , typically numbered 1776 or 1976 , and many military units marked aircraft with special designs in honor of the Bicentennial . </P> <P> Disneyland and The Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World presented America on Parade , an elaborate parade celebrating American history and culture , and featured the Sherman Brothers ' song `` The Glorious Fourth '' . The parade featured nightly fireworks and ran twice daily from June 1975 to September 1976 . </P> <P> John Warner , later U.S. Senator from Virginia , served as ARBA director . </P> <P> The New Jersey Lottery operated a special `` Bicentennial Lottery '' in which the winner received $1,776 per week ( before taxes ) for 20 years ( a total of $1,847,040 ) . </P> <P> The overall theme of the entertainment of Super Bowl X , held January 18 , was to celebrate the Bicentennial . Players on both teams , the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Dallas Cowboys , wore a special patch with the Bicentennial Logo on their jerseys ; the Cowboys also added red , white and blue striping to their helmets throughout their bicentennial season . The halftime show , featuring the performance group Up with People , was entitled `` 200 Years and Just a Baby : A Tribute to America 's Bicentennial '' . </P> <P> The United States Olympic Committee initiated bids to host both the 1976 Summer and Winter Olympic Games in celebration of the Bicentennial . Los Angeles bid for the 1976 Olympics but lost to Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Denver was awarded the 1976 Olympic Winter Games in 1970 , but concern over costs led Colorado voters to reject a referendum to fund the games and the International Olympic Committee awarded the games to Innsbruck , Austria , the 1964 host . As a result , there was no Olympics in the United States in 1976 despite a last minute offer from Salt Lake City to host . However , Lake Placid would host the 1980 Winter Olympics , Los Angeles would eventually be awarded the 1984 summer games , and Salt Lake City would also eventually be awarded the 2002 Winter Olympics . </P> <P> As site of the Continental Congress and signing of the Declaration of Independence , Philadelphia served as host for the 1976 NBA All - Star Game , the 1976 National Hockey League All - Star Game , the 1976 NCAA Final Four , and the 1976 Major League Baseball All - Star Game at which President Ford threw out the first pitch . The 1976 Pro Bowl was an exception and was played in New Orleans , likely due to weather concerns . </P> <P> George Washington was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94 - 479 passed January 19 , 1976 , with an effective appointment date of July 4 , 1976 . This restored Washington 's position as the highest - ranking military officer in U.S. history . </P> <P> The Bicentennial Wagon Train Pilgrimage began a journey from Blaine , Washington on June 8 , 1975 concluding at Valley Forge , Pennsylvania on July 4 , 1976 . The wagon train pilgrimage traced the original covered wagon trade and transportation routes across the United States encompassing the Bozeman Trail , California Trail , Gila Trail , Great Wagon Road , Mormon Trail , Natchez Trace Trail , Old Post Road , Old Spanish Trail , Oregon Trail , Santa Fe Trail , and Wilderness Road . </P> <H2> The Bicentennial on screen ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <P> Related network television programs aired July 3 -- 4 , 1976 </P> <Ul> <Li> The Great American Celebration , 12 - hour syndicated entertainment program hosted by Ed McMahon and airing the night of July 3 </Li> <Li> The Inventing of America ( NBC ) , two - hour BBC co-production reviewing 200 years of American technological innovations and their impact on the world , co-hosted by James Burke and Raymond Burr </Li> <Li> In Celebration of US ( CBS ) , 16 - hour coverage hosted by Walter Cronkite </Li> <Li> The Glorious Fourth ( NBC ) , 10 - hour coverage hosted by John Chancellor and David Brinkley </Li> <Li> The Great American Birthday Party ( ABC ) , hosted by Harry Reasoner </Li> <Li> Happy Birthday , America ( NBC ) , hosted by Paul Anka </Li> <Li> Bob Hope 's Bicentennial Star - Spangled Spectacular ( NBC ) </Li> <Li> Best of the Fourth ( NBC ) , recap with John Chancellor and David Brinkley </Li> <Li> July 4 satellite broadcast of the University of North Texas One O'Clock Lab Band live performance in Moscow ( NBC ) , sponsored by the US Department of State </Li> <Li> Days of Liberty ( WABC -- New York ) , animated holiday special </Li> <Li> Goodbye America ( PBS ) , mock `` newscast '' re-enacting a 1776 debate in the House of Commons concerning the future of the American colonies </Li> </Ul> <P> The Bicentennial Minutes were short vignettes aired on CBS from 1974 through the end of 1976 to mark the occasion . </P> <P> Saturday morning Bicentennial programs In the months approaching the Bicentennial , Schoolhouse Rock ! , a series of educational cartoon shorts running on ABC between programs on Saturday mornings , created a sub-series called `` History Rock , '' although the official name was `` America Rock . '' The ten segments covered various aspects of American history and government . Several of the segments , most notably `` I 'm Just a Bill '' ( discussing the legislative process ) and `` The Preamble '' ( which features a variant of the preamble of the Constitution put to music ) , have become some of Schoolhouse Rock 's most popular segments . </P> <P> In 1975 , CBS aired a new animated Archie series on Saturday mornings called The U.S. of Archie ; unfortunately the program was unsuccessful , and was off the air by September 1976 . </P> <H3> Films ( edit ) </H3> <P> For the Bicentennial celebration , Hollywood filmmaker John Huston directed a short movie -- Independence ( 1976 ) -- for the U.S. National Park Service which continues to screen at Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia to the present day ( 2014 ) . </P> <P> The movie Rocky cited the Bicentennial in several scenes , mostly during Apollo Creed 's entering ; Carl Weathers dressed first as George Washington then as Uncle Sam . </P> <H2> Gifts ( edit ) </H2> <P> A number of nations gave gifts to the US as a token of friendship . Among them were : </P> Magna Carta Replica and display case <P> Canada through the National Film Board of Canada produced the book Between Friends / Entre Amis which was a photographic essay of life along the US - Canada border . The book was given to libraries across the US and special editions were presented to President Gerald Ford and other officials . </P> <P> The government of France and Musée du Louvre assembled an exhibit of paintings in cooperation with the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Metropolitan Museum of Art that traveled to Detroit and New York City after being shown in Paris . The exhibit , entitled French Painting 1774 -- 1830 : The Age of Revolution , included the work of 94 French artists from that period . Many of the 149 works in the exhibit had never been seen outside France and included Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix , Jupiter and Thetis by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres and a portrait of Maximilien Robespierre by Adélaïde Labille - Guiard . </P> <P> Japan 's government constructed and furnished the 513 - seat Terrace Theatre of Kennedy Center in Washington . Fifty - three bonsai trees from the Nippon Bonsai Association were donated to the U.S. National Arboretum . </P> <P> King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain presented sculptures of Bernardo de Gálvez , a hero of the American Revolutionary War period and later Viceroy of New Spain ; and Don Quixote , Cervantes ' fictional hero , on June 3 , 1976 , on behalf of their nation . </P> <P> The United Kingdom loaned one of the four existing copies of the Magna Carta for display in the US Capitol . The document was displayed in a case designed by artist Louis Osman consisting of gold , stainless steel , rubies , pearls , saphires , diamonds and white enamel . This was on a base of pegmatite and Yorkshire sandstone . The document was displayed atop a gold replica from June 3 , 1976 until June 13 , 1977 , when it was returned . The case and gold replica remain on display in the Capitol . </P> <P> King of Norway Olav V , Prime Minister of Norway Odvar Nordli , and Norwegian Government established the Vinland National Health Sports Center in Loretto , Minnesota . </P> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Celebrating the United States Bicentennial </Li> <Li> <P> Italian tall ship Amerigo Vespucci in New York Harbor during the celebration . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Norwegian rigged ship Christian Radich at Operation Sail on July 4 , 1976 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Polish three mast ship Dar Pomorza during the Parade of Sail on July 4 , 1976 </P> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> United States Bicentennial Era Postage Stamps </Li> <Li> <P> John Trumbull oil painting depicting the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Archibald Willard oil painting The Spirit of ' 76 depicting a fife player and two drummers leading the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Patriots utilizing a printing press while examining a colonial pamphlet </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 1773 depiction of colonists dumping chests of tea into Boston Harbor on a late night opposing the Tea Act enacted by Great Britain </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Haym Salomon was a colonial paymaster who raised money to help finance the American Revolution </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Peter Francisco participated at the Battle of Camden where he physically seized a 1000 - pound cannon while departing the battleground occupied by the British Redcoats </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Salem Poor participated at the Battle of Bunker Hill and credited with wounding British Army officer James Abercrombie </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Sybil Ludington rode through the night to advise minutemen that British Redcoats were planning to seize Danbury , Connecticut </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Patriots acknowledging the spirit of independence by honoring the drummer who marched into battle or the drum as an instrument to alert neighbors of British Redcoats </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Patriots acknowledging the spirit of independence by honoring the post riders who delivered mail on horseback </P> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Other Commemorative Items </Li> <Li> <P> Six different Bicentennial buttons designed and sent by two art teachers to President Gerald R. Ford . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A box of 15 billiard balls specifically designed to commemorate the Bicentennial . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Commemorative pewter Bicentennial thermometer depicts an eagle above a laurel wreath with the `` 1776 '' and `` 1976 '' written inside . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Bicentennial . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 1970s portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bicentennial Minutes </Li> <Li> Bicentennial Series </Li> <Li> Bikecentennial </Li> <Li> Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Operation Entebbe </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ In Bell ( 2005 ) , William Gardner Bell states that when Washington was recalled back into military service from his retirement in 1798 , `` Congress passed legislation that would have made him General of the Armies of the United States , but his services were not required in the field and the appointment was not made until the Bicentennial in 1976 , when it was bestowed posthumously as a commemorative honor . '' How many U.S. Army five - star generals have there been and who were they ? states that with Public Law 94 - 479 , President Ford specified that Washington would `` rank first among all officers of the Army , past and present . `` General of the Armies of the United States '' is only associated with two people ... one being Washington and the other being John J. Pershing . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonathan B. Crider , `` De Bow 's Revolution : The Memory of the American Revolution in the Politics of the Sectional Crisis , 1850 - 1861 , '' American Nineteenth Century History ( 2009 ) 10 # 3 pp 317 -- 332 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Ryan , `` Re-enacting Independence through Nostalgia - The 1976 US Bicentennial after the Vietnam War , '' Forum for Inter-American Research ( 2012 ) 5 # 3 pp 26 -- 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Resolution Establishing the American Revolution Bicentennial Commission - P.L. 89 - 491 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . 80 Stat. 259 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Lyndon B. Johnson : `` Statement by the President Announcing the Signing of a Resolution Establishing the American Revolution Bicentennial Commission , '' July 8 , 1966 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California , Santa Barbara . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Records of the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration ( ARBA ) '' . archives.gov. 1995 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who 's Having the ' 76 Birthday Party ? '' . Associated Press . September 25 , 1999 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H.R. 7446 ~ American Revolution Bicentennial Administration Establishment of 1973 '' . P.L. 93 - 179 ~ 87 Stat. 697 . Congress.gov . May 3 , 1973 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Revolution Bicentennial Administration Establishment - P.L. 93 - 179 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . 87 Stat. 697 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Richard Nixon : `` Remarks on Signing a Bill Establishing the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration. , '' December 11 , 1973 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California , Santa Barbara . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bicentennial : The U.S. Begins Its Birthday Bash '' . Time . 21 April 1975 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan , David ( 9 December 2012 ) . `` Re-enacting Independence through Nostalgia -- The 1976 US Bicentennial after the Vietnam War '' . FIAR : Forum for Inter-American Research . International Association of Inter-American Studies . 5 ( 3 ) : 26 -- 48 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Record Unit 337 : Assistant Secretary for History and Art , American Revolution Bicentennial Records , 1962 -- 1982 '' . Smithsonian Institution Archives . 24 September 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Symbols of Sig Ep '' . CSUfresno.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Restoring Old Glory and a Massive Meatball '' . nasa.gov. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Remarks of the President at the Old North Church '' ( PDF ) . fordlibrarymuseum.gov. April 18 , 1975 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 4 February 2003 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics . p. 562 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 052837 - 0 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halloran , R. July 4 , 1976 . `` 500,000 View Capital 's Bicentennial Parade '' New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bicentennial Bell '' . Independence National Historical Park . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rioux , Terry Lee ( 2005 ) . From Sawdust to Stardust : The Biography of DeForest Kelley , Star Trek 's Dr. McCoy . Pocket Books . p. 221 . ISBN 0743457625 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Revolution Bicentennial Administration -- Licensing / Use of Symbol and Flag '' ( PDF ) . John Marsh files . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library . p. 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanko , John ( 12 October 1999 ) . `` Colorado only state ever to turn down Olympics '' . Rocky Mountain News . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lyon , Bill ( 17 March 2009 ) . `` Sports helped Philly celebrate Bicentennial '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Larry and Pauline Asmus Papers , 1975 - 77 : Bicentennial Wagon Train Participants '' . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1976 Bicentennial Wagon Train to Valley Forge , PA '' . Facebook.com. Old Images of Montgomery County PA . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bicentennial Wagon Train Pilgrimage to Pennsylvania '' ( PDF ) . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum . University of Texas . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Impact of Science on Society '' ( PDF ) . NASA . 1985 . p. 2 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Inventing of America ' poses , answers queries '' . Eugene Register - Guard . June 27 , 1976 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lorraine Monk Books '' . LorraineMonk.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsha Miro ( 2 March 1975 ) . `` At the Institute of Arts , A Heroic Show from France '' . Detroit Free Press . p . D - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Terrace Theatre Seating Chart '' . The Kennedy Center . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Museum History National Bonsai Foundation '' . www.bonsai-nbf.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta Replica and Display '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Gerald R. Ford : `` Remarks Upon Accepting Norway 's Bicentennial Gift to the United States. , '' July 2 , 1976 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Capozzola , Christopher . `` ' It Makes You Want to Believe in the Country ' : Celebrating the Bicentennial in the Age of Limits '' in Beth Bailey & David Farber , eds. , America in the 70s ( 2004 ) pp 29 - 45 . </Li> <Li> Gordon , Tammy S . The Spirit of 1976 : Commerce , Community , and the Politics of Commemoration . Amherst , MA : University of Massachusetts Press , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Hall , Simon . `` ' Guerrilla Theater ... in the Guise of Red , White , and Blue Bunting ' : The People 's Bicentennial Commission and the Politics of ( Un - ) Americanism . '' Journal of American Studies ( 2016 ) : 1 - 23 . online </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Story of America 's Freedom Trains </Li> <Li> A film clip Tobacco and the Bicentennial is available at the Internet Archive </Li> <Li> A film clip 200 is available at the Internet Archive </Li> <Li> The short film The American Bicentennial ( 1976 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive </Li> <Li> `` Celebration of the Bicentennial of the American Revolution '' . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum . </Li> <Li> Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Gerald R. Ford : `` Remarks in Valley Forge , Pennsylvania , '' July 4 , 1976 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Bicentennial&oldid=818859913 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> United States historical anniversaries </Li> <Li> 1976 in the United States </Li> <Li> Holidays related to the American Revolution </Li> <Li> Bicentennial anniversaries </Li> <Li> United States Bicentennial </Li> <Li> July 1976 events </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from May 2013 </Li> <Li> All accuracy disputes </Li> <Li> Articles with disputed statements from July 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with Internet Archive links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 00 : 58 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Lake Isle of Innisfree - wikipedia <H1> Lake Isle of Innisfree </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the poem by William Butler Yeats . For the song by Dick Farrelly , see Isle of Innisfree . The Lake Isle of Innisfree <P> I will arise and go now , and go to Innisfree , And a small cabin build there , of clay and wattles made ; Nine bean rows will I have there , a hive for the honey bee , And live alone in the bee - loud glade . And I shall have some peace there , for peace comes dropping slow , Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings ; There midnight 's all a glimmer , and noon a purple glow , And evening full of the linnet 's wings . I will arise and go now , for always night and day I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore ; While I stand on the roadway , or on the pavements grey , I hear it in the deep heart 's core . -- W.B. Yeats </P> <P> `` The Lake Isle of Innisfree '' is a twelve - line poem composed of three quatrains written by William Butler Yeats in 1888 and first published in the National Observer in 1890 . It was reprinted in The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics in 1892 and as an illustrated Cuala Press Broadside in 1932 . </P> <P> `` The Lake Isle of Innisfree '' exemplifies the style of the Celtic Revival : it is an attempt to create a form of poetry that was Irish in origin rather than one that adhered to the standards set by English poets and critics . It received critical acclaim in the United Kingdom and France . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Lake Isle of Innisfree </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Analysis </Li> <Li> 3 Musical settings </Li> <Li> 4 In other media </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> Photograph of William Butler Yeats taken in 1890 <P> The Isle of Innisfree is an uninhabited island within Lough Gill , in County Sligo , Ireland , where Yeats spent his summers as a child . Yeats describes the inspiration for the poem coming from a `` sudden '' memory of his childhood while walking down Fleet Street in London in 1888 . He writes , `` I had still the ambition , formed in Sligo in my teens , of living in imitation of Thoreau on Innisfree , a little island in Lough Gill , and when walking through Fleet Street very homesick I heard a little tinkle of water and saw a fountain in a shop - window which balanced a little ball upon its jet , and began to remember lake water . From the sudden remembrance came my poem `` Innisfree , '' my first lyric with anything in its rhythm of my own music . I had begun to loosen rhythm as an escape from rhetoric and from that emotion of the crowd that rhetoric brings , but I only understood vaguely and occasionally that I must for my special purpose use nothing but the common syntax . A couple of years later I could not have written that first line with its conventional archaism -- `` Arise and go '' -- nor the inversion of the last stanza . '' </P> <H2> Analysis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The twelve - line poem is divided into three quatrains and is an example of Yeats 's earlier lyric poems . Throughout the three short quatrains the poem explores the speaker 's longing for the peace and tranquility of Innisfree while residing in an urban setting . The speaker in this poem yearns to return to the island of Innisfree because of the peace and quiet it affords . He can escape the noise of the city and be lulled by the `` lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore . '' On this small island , he can return to nature by growing beans and having bee hives , by enjoying the `` purple glow '' of noon , the sounds of birds ' wings , and , of course , the bees . He can even build a cabin and stay on the island much as Thoreau , the American Transcendentalist , who lived in this manner on Walden Pond . During Yeats 's lifetime it was -- to his annoyance -- one of his most popular poems and on one occasion was recited ( or sung ) in his honor by two ( or ten -- accounts vary ) thousand boy scouts . The first quatrain speaks to the needs of the body ( food & shelter ) ; the second to the needs of the spirit ( peace ) ; the final quatrain is the meeting of the inner life ( memory ) with the physical world ( pavement grey ) . </P> <H2> Musical settings ( edit ) </H2> <P> A musical setting of this poem is featured in DUBLIN 1916 , An Irish Oratorio and YEATS SONGS , a song cycle , both composed by Richard B. Evans . ( published by Seacastle Music Company , 1995 ) . Muriel Herbert set the poem in 1928 . Seattle , WA band Fleet Foxes mentions the Isles of Innisfree in many other songs including ' The Shrine / An Argument ' , ' Isles ' and ' Bedouin Dress ' . American composer Ben Moore has also composed a setting of the poem . Another musical setting is featured in Branduardi canta Yeats ( published by Edizioni Musicali Musiza , 1986 ) , composed and played by Angelo Branduardi on translation of Luisa Zappa . Michael McGlynn of the Irish group Anúna arranged this as a choral piece : a `` recording '' of it is featured on Anúna 's album Invocation . Composer and pianist Ola Gjeilo set this text to music in a piece called `` The Lake Isle . '' Popular settings of the poem have been done by Judy Collins and the Dream Brothers . Australian musician Paul Kelly performs a version on his 2013 album `` Conversations with Ghosts '' . Shusha Guppy recorded an unaccompanied version on her album ' This is the Day ' ( United Artist Records , 1974 ) . ' The Lake Isle of Innisfree ' is part of the Songcylcle ' 5 Songs on Poems by W.B. Yeats ' composed by the Dutch composer Carolien Devilee . </P> <H2> In other media ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Television </Dt> </Dl> <P> In the finale episode of the fourth season of the Fox science - fiction drama television series Fringe entitled Brave New World ( Part 2 ) , Dr. William Bell ( Leonard Nimoy ) narrates the first stanza of the poem , alluding to his plans of collapsing the two universes into a new world where he plays God . </P> <P> Cinema </P> <P> In the film Million Dollar Baby , directed by Clint Eastwood , Frankie Dunn ( portrayed by Eastwood ) reads the first two quatrains to Margaret Fitzgerald ( Hilary Swank ) at the hospital after a fight where her neck has broken . </P> <P> In the climactic scene from the film Three And Out , Tommy recites the poem just before he gets hit by the train . </P> <P> John Ford 's Academy Award winning film The Quiet Man ( 1952 ) is set in Innisfree and clearly takes Yeat 's poem as one of its principal subtexts . </P> <P> Music </P> <P> In the song The Shrine / An Argument by Seattle indie folk band Fleet Foxes Innisfree is mentioned in the song 's final lyric : `` Carry me to Innisfree like pollen on the breeze '' . The band also mentions Innisfree in their song Bedouin Dress on the same album , saying frequently : `` One day at Innisfree , one day that 's mine there '' and `` Just to be at Innisfree again '' . </P> <P> In his LP Branduardi canta Yeats ( 1986 ) , Angelo Branduardi sings an italian version of this poem . </P> <P> The poem inspired Philip Gates 's The Lake Isle for oboe and piano . </P> <P> The Folk singer songwriter and actor Hamid Hamilton Camp Released a beautiful version called Innisfree on his 1964 album Paths of Victory on Electra records . </P> <P> Literature </P> <P> In his debut novel Ghostwritten the British author David Mitchell quotes the first two quatrains in the chapter `` London '' and the last in the chapter `` Clear Island . '' </P> <P> Essays Referred to in the final line of J.B. Priestley 's essay `` At Thurston 's '' , 1932 ; writing that watching a billiards match at Thurston 's Hall is `` as near to the Isle of Innisfree as we can get within a hundred miles of Leicester Square '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenner , Hugh . `` The Conquest of English '' . A Colder Eye. Johns Hopkins University Press 1983 p. 51 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jochum , Klaus Peter . `` The Reception of W.B. Yeats in France '' . The Reception of W.B. Yeats in Europe . Continuum 2006 p. 33 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yeats , William Butler . Autobiographies . London : Macmillan 1955 , p. 153 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R. F Foster : W.B. Yeats , A Life . Vol. 1 . The apprentice Mage </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1893 in poetry </Li> <Li> List of works by William Butler Yeats </Li> </Ul> <P> Coordinates : 54 ° 14 ′ 47 '' N 8 ° 21 ′ 28 '' W / 54.2465 ° N 8.3579 ° W / 54.2465 ; - 8.3579 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> W.B. Yeats </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poetry </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Volumes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems ( 1889 ) </Li> <Li> The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics ( 1892 ) </Li> <Li> In the Seven Woods ( 1903 ) </Li> <Li> Responsibilities and Other Poems ( 1916 ) </Li> <Li> The Wild Swans at Coole ( 1919 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Robartes and the Dancer ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> The Tower ( 1928 ) </Li> <Li> The Winding Stair and Other Poems ( 1933 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poems </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Aedh Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven '' </Li> <Li> `` An Irish Airman Foresees His Death '' </Li> <Li> `` Adam 's Curse '' </Li> <Li> `` Blood and the Moon '' </Li> <Li> `` The Circus Animals ' Desertion '' </Li> <Li> `` Down by the Salley Gardens '' </Li> <Li> `` A Drunken Man 's Praise of Sobriety '' </Li> <Li> `` Easter , 1916 '' </Li> <Li> `` Ego Dominus Tuus '' </Li> <Li> `` In Memory of Eva Gore - Booth and Con Markiewicz '' </Li> <Li> `` Lake Isle of Innisfree '' </Li> <Li> `` On being asked for a War Poem '' </Li> <Li> `` Politics '' </Li> <Li> `` A Prayer for My Daughter '' </Li> <Li> `` Remorse for Intemperate Speech '' </Li> <Li> `` The Rose of Battle '' </Li> <Li> `` The Rose - Tree '' </Li> <Li> `` Sailing to Byzantium '' </Li> <Li> `` September 1913 '' </Li> <Li> `` Song of the Old Mother '' </Li> <Li> `` The Fiddler of Dooney '' </Li> <Li> `` The Scholars '' </Li> <Li> `` The Second Coming '' </Li> <Li> `` The Song of the Happy Shepherd '' </Li> <Li> `` The Stolen Child '' </Li> <Li> `` Swift 's Epitaph '' </Li> <Li> `` To the Rose upon the Rood of Time '' </Li> <Li> `` The Tower '' </Li> <Li> `` Under Ben Bulben </Li> <Li> `` The Wanderings of Oisin '' </Li> <Li> `` The Wild Swans at Coole '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mosada ( 1886 ) </Li> <Li> The Land of Heart 's Desire ( 1894 ) </Li> <Li> Diarmuid and Grania ( 1901 ) </Li> <Li> Cathleen ni Houlihan ( 1902 ) </Li> <Li> On Baile 's Strand ( 1903 ) </Li> <Li> The Countess Cathleen ( 1911 ) </Li> <Li> At the Hawk 's Well ( 1916 ) </Li> <Li> The Resurrection ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> Purgatory ( 1938 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Vision ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Curse of the Fires and of the Shadows '' </Li> <Li> Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892 -- 1935 ( editor ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Butler Yeats ( father ) </Li> <Li> Susan Pollexfen ( mother ) </Li> <Li> Jack Butler Yeats ( brother ) </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Yeats ( sister ) </Li> <Li> Lily Yeats ( sister ) </Li> <Li> Maud Gonne ( lover ) </Li> <Li> Georgie Hyde - Lees ( wife ) </Li> <Li> Anne Yeats ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Michael Yeats ( son ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> W.B. Yeats bibliography </Li> <Li> Rhymers ' Club </Li> <Li> Dun Emer Press <Ul> <Li> Cuala Press </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> An Appointment with Mr Yeats </Li> <Li> `` Troy '' </Li> <Li> Thoor Ballylee </Li> <Li> Samhain magazine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Isle_of_Innisfree&oldid=804806659 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Uninhabited islands of Ireland </Li> <Li> Poetry by W.B. Yeats </Li> <Li> 1890 poems </Li> <Li> Works originally published in British newspapers </Li> <Li> Lake islands of Ireland </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 08 : 08 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia <H1> List of Dragon Ball Super episodes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork <P> Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterwards , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and a new threat to his Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later , the Z Fighters participate in a universal tournament held by Zeno - sama to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament , then their entire universe will be erased . </P> <P> The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu ☆ Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . The second opening theme song from episode 77 onwards is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Yukinojo Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' and Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme from episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme from episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme from episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The tenth ending theme from episodes 109 onwards is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by RottenGraffty . </P> <P> The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . </P> <P> Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia and India in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super started airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting January 7 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 2 Episode list <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Season 1 : Battle of Gods </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 2 : Resurrection ' F ' </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 </Li> <Li> 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks </Li> <Li> 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Blu - ray and DVD release <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Volumes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th> Saga </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> Battle of Gods </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 14 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> July 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> Resurrection ' F ' </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> Universe 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 19 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> `` Future '' Trunks </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 30 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td> Universe Survival </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> TBA </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> February 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episode list ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 : battle of Gods ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Overall No . </Th> <Th> Saga No . </Th> <Th> English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title </Th> <Th> Original airdate </Th> <Th> American airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Peace Reward - Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū - ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) </Td> <Td> July 5 , 2015 </Td> <Td> January 7 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> July 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) </Td> <Td> July 19 , 2015 </Td> <Td> January 21 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) </Td> <Td> August 2 , 2015 </Td> <Td> January 28 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2015 </Td> <Td> February 4 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) </Td> <Td> August 16 , 2015 </Td> <Td> February 11 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2015 </Td> <Td> February 18 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2015 </Td> <Td> February 25 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) </Td> <Td> September 6 , 2015 </Td> <Td> March 4 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2015 </Td> <Td> March 11 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2015 </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2015 </Td> <Td> March 25 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2015 </Td> <Td> April 8 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <P> The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . </P> Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2015 </Td> <Td> April 15 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 : Resurrection ' F ' ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Overall No . </Th> <Th> Saga No . </Th> <Th> English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title </Th> <Th> Original airdate </Th> <Th> American airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 18 , 2015 </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) </Td> <Td> October 25 , 2015 </Td> <Td> April 29 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) </Td> <Td> November 1 , 2015 </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2015 </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2015 </Td> <Td> June 3 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) </Td> <Td> November 29 , 2015 </Td> <Td> June 10 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2015 </Td> <Td> June 17 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> December 13 , 2015 </Td> <Td> June 24 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) </Td> <Td> December 20 , 2015 </Td> <Td> July 8 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) </Td> <Td> December 27 , 2015 </Td> <Td> July 15 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into Golden Frieza . Both are impressed by the other 's progress . They engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes . On their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger . They also notice that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2016 </Td> <Td> July 22 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku . While no match for Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping . Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku knows that he only needs to continue for a while longer before Frieza 's weakness appears again . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath . His attacks no longer hurt Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness . Goku explains that Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza mouths a few inaudible words to his subordinate , Sorbet , and agonizes over his failed chance at revenge . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth , while he still can . To everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Frieza steps on Goku 's chest wound and gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down . As Goku screams in pain , Frieza mocks him for being overconfident . According to Frieza , Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him . Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , which kills him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his new ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta , but he fails to do so . Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat . While Vegeta powers up his final attack , Frieza instead blows up the Earth . Whis protects Goku and the others . As Goku laments his missed opportunity to defeat Frieza , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes , which will allow Goku to have another chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle . This allows Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation . Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones . Piccolo is delighted to hear this . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 3 : Universe 6 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Overall No . </Th> <Th> Saga No . </Th> <Th> English translation Dub title Original Japanese title </Th> <Th> Original airdate </Th> <Th> American airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 - His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin - Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) </Td> <Td> January 24 , 2016 </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2016 </Td> <Td> August 12 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' - Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai - Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) </Td> <Td> February 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> August 19 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) </Td> <Td> February 14 , 2016 </Td> <Td> August 26 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Zunō - sama ( ズノー 様 ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Zunō - sama 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Zunō - sama 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Zunō - sama 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the Planet with No Name ! '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> September 9 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) </Td> <Td> February 28 , 2016 </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs Frost ! Stake it All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto - Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle ! '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2016 </Td> <Td> September 30 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) </Td> <Td> March 27 , 2016 </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off of the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2016 </Td> <Td> October 14 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> April 10 , 2016 </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was a just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is , yet again , able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly after , both start preparing for their next fight . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed Time Skip Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) </Td> <Td> April 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) </Td> <Td> April 24 , 2016 </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the arena , forfeiting the match as a result . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit , who throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team comes out as the winners of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the arena . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Come , God of Dragons - And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Ide deyo kami no ryū - soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) </Td> <Td> May 1 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Zenō , much to Zenō 's amusement and everyone else 's discomfort . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Champa and his team leave shortly afterwards . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenlong . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home , much to Goku 's delight . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) </Td> <Td> May 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka who she considers to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguises himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their match shortly after . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) </Td> <Td> May 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf and his companions plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Seal of Planet Potofu - Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta - `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Potofu . A group of space bandits , headed by a teal humanoid Grill ( グリル , Guriru ) , attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potaji ( ポタジ ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) </Td> <Td> May 29 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Komeson ( コメソン ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . Learning that the original will disappear once cloned , Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) </Td> <Td> June 5 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potaji tells Vegeta to use Komeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potaji suggests that the Komeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potaji , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Komeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Komeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potaji notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out and Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates and Potaji reseals Komeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Potofu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Overall No . </Th> <Th> Saga No . </Th> <Th> English translation Original Japanese title </Th> <Th> Original airdate </Th> <Th> American airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) </Td> <Td> June 12 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past and save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Zenō , who is the `` King of Universes '' . Beerus says that Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there has originally been more than there are at present . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi - Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother Bulma . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Message from the Future - Goku Black Strikes ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji - Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) </Td> <Td> June 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . He tells him he looks just like an enemy he was after . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks practice , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) </Td> <Td> July 3 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Mai regains consciousness . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time - Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi - Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) </Td> <Td> July 10 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to rid the world of humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Teacher and Student Reunited - Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' `` Shitei saikai - Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) </Td> <Td> July 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at the latter 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly after , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to an alternate universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 53 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) </Td> <Td> July 31 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive to Universe Ten . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals , specifically humans . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by his master . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . Meanwhile on Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 54 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood - Trunk 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono - Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) </Td> <Td> August 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 55 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` I Want to See Son Goku - Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne - Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) </Td> <Td> August 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Whis and Beerus are worried over Zenō - sama 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Zenō - sama out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Zenō - sama 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku and the others arrive to Zenō - sama 's sanctuary . Zenō - sama says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find more friends for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Zenō - sama gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku and the others leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 56 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> August 28 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rose ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 57 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` The God With the Immortal Body - Zamasu Descends '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami - Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) </Td> <Td> September 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves the two . Vegeta himself gets badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 58 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Zamasu and Black - The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku - Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) </Td> <Td> September 11 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Zunō - sama 's planet . Under duress , Zunō - sama explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis posits a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . He believes that , after losing to Goku , Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive to the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 59 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu - Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore - Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . They leave shortly after . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to kill Goku . Beerus saves Goku and kills Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu killed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Back to the Future - Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' `` Futatabi mirai e - Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . The two groups meet shortly after . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully killed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers ; he had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of his timeline 's Goku with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 61 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' `` Zamasu no yabō - Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 62 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 63 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leave for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 64 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 65 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 66 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly breaks . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts - Farewell , Trunks '' `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni - saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Zenō - sama gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Zenō - sama appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Zenō - sama decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Zenō - sama erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Zenō - sama and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Zenō - sama to meet the present Zenō - sama , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Zenō - sama with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Great Priest ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 68 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Come Forth , Shenlong ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' `` Ideyo Shenron ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) </Td> <Td> November 27 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 69 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70 </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> December 11 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 71 </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 72 </Th> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> December 25 , 2016 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 73 </Th> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> January 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 74 </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) </Td> <Td> January 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 75 </Th> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' `` Gokū to Kuririn - Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) </Td> <Td> January 22 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 76 </Th> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) </Td> <Td> January 29 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 5 : Universe Survival ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Overall No . </Th> <Th> Saga No . </Th> <Th> English translation Original Japanese title </Th> <Th> Original airdate </Th> <Th> American airdate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 77 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> February 5 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The Present Zenō - sama and Future Zenō - sama are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Zenō - sama 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Zenō - sama 's button to head to his realm and convince both Zenō - samas to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Zenō - sama 's naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Great Priest arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 78 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) </Td> <Td> February 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The Great Priest explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Zenō - sama to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Zenō - sama has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Zenō - sama to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Great Priest also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Zenō - sama 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Zenō - sama 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Great Priest explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Zenō - sama erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 79 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai - 9 uchū keri no Bajiru VS Dai - 7 uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> February 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Zenō - sama is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Zenō - sama is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Great Priest announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 80 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Great Priest announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Zeno - sama had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 81 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) </Td> <Td> March 5 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Zenō - sama to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Zenō - sama agrees on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Great Priest states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Zenō - sama will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 82 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> After obtaining Zenō - sama 's blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Great Priest puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Great Priest begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 83 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 84 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū - Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 85 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū - sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 - それぞれ の 思惑 ) </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Zenō - sama cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 86 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> April 16 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 87 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 88 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 89 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> May 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 90 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 91 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The Zenō - samas are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 92 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) </Td> <Td> May 28 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 93 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> June 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Uncontrollable Super Saiyan ( スーパー サイヤ 人 ( 暴走 ) , Sūpā Saiya - jin ( Bōsō ) ) . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 94 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) </Td> <Td> June 11 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 95 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> June 18 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 96 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) </Td> <Td> June 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Great Priest forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Great Priest introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Zenō - samas , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 97 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> July 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The Great Priest reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 98 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> July 9 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , the Zenō - samas erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 99 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> July 16 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 100 </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> July 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into the Uncontrollable Super Saiyan . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 101 </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) </Td> <Td> July 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Uncontrollable Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 102 </Th> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> August 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 103 </Th> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> August 13 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 104 </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> August 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle the score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 105 </Th> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) </Td> <Td> August 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when both Zenō - samas rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 106 </Th> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> September 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 107 </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> September 17 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 108 </Th> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) </Td> <Td> September 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Zenō - sama erases him . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 109 </Th> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction Belmod telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110 </Th> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Goku rallies himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black ball , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Great Priest rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for murder . As the Zenō - samas prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes Goku must have absorbed the Spirit Bomb and unlocked an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 , Migatte no Goku'i ' ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aim an attack at him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 111 </Th> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) </H3> Volumes ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part One </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 01 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part Two </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 -- 26 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 1 </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 2 </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 -- 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 3 </Td> <Td> July 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 -- 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 4 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 37 -- 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 5 </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 49 -- 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 6 </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 61 -- 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 7 </Td> <Td> August 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 73 -- 84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 8 </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 85 -- 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 9 </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 97 - 108 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 10 </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 109 - 120 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 11 </Td> <Td> July 3 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 121 - 133 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . </Li> </Ol> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super - Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series. `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' . Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , retrieved April 3 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . 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Gun laws in Texas - wikipedia <H1> Gun laws in Texas </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Location of Texas in the United States <P> Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Summary table </Li> <Li> 2 Firearms possession </Li> <Li> 3 Firearms carry <Ul> <Li> 3.1 License to Carry </Li> <Li> 3.2 College Carry Laws </Li> <Li> 3.3 Restrictions on licensed carry <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 30.06 signage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Open Carry <Ul> <Li> 3.4. 1 30.07 signage </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Castle Doctrine <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Stand Your Ground </Li> <Li> 4.2 Civil Immunity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Motorists Protection Act </Li> <Li> 6 National Firearms Act </Li> <Li> 7 State preemption of local laws </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Summary table ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Subject / Law </Th> <Th> Long guns </Th> <Th> Handguns </Th> <Th> Relevant Statutes </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State permit to purchase ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Firearm registration ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Owner license required ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Assault weapon law ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Magazine capacity restriction ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carry license required ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> GC Ch . 411.172 </Td> <Td> Licensed carry of a handgun requires a `` shall - issue '' license , and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed . People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21 , felons , fugitives , people who are `` chemically dependent '' or `` incapable of exercising sound judgment '' , and those in arrears for taxes or child support . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Open carry ? </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> PC 46.02 </Td> <Td> Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Concealed carry on college campus ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> May carry in parking lots , parking garages , outdoor walkways on campus . <P> Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State preemption of local restrictions ? </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> LGC § 229.001 . </Td> <Td> State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NFA weapons restricted ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 </Td> <Td> Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peaceable journey laws ? </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 </Td> <Td> A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> PC 9.32 </Td> <Td> A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Background checks required for private sales ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin , Texas prohibits concealed handguns . This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required , and is no longer enforceable under current law . <H2> Firearms possession ( edit ) </H2> <P> Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age , without felony convictions ; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law . A person of any age , except certain Felons , can possess a firearm such as at a firing range . Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older , and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers . However , a private citizen may sell , gift , lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon . NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions ; no State regulations exist . Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden ( preempted ) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution , which gives the Texas Legislature ( and it alone ) the power to `` regulate the wearing of arms , with a view to prevent crime '' . Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute . Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof , but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force . </P> <P> In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole , whichever is later . Under Texas Penal Code § § 12.33 , 46.04 , the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001 . </P> <H2> Firearms carry ( edit ) </H2> <P> There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun ( pre-1899 black powder weapons , and replicas of such , are not legally firearms in Texas ) . However , if the firearm is displayed in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm , '' then it is `` disorderly conduct '' . Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas , except when the carrier was on property he / she owned or had lawful control over , was legally hunting , or was participating in some gun - related public event such as a gun show . However , the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly . The bill was signed into law on June 13 , 2015 , and took effect on January 1 , 2016 . A License to Carry ( LTC ) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public . </P> <H3> License to carry ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a `` Concealed Handgun License '' or CHL . This has changed on Jan 1 . 2016 to LTC `` License To Carry '' and at the same time the laws changed to include `` Open Carry '' . Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ( `` shall - issue '' ) basis to all eligible , qualified applicants . Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states , not including Vermont ( which is an `` unrestricted '' state and neither issues nor requires permits ) , most of these having some residency restrictions ( the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state ) . Texas recognizes an additional 11 states ' concealed - carry permits unilaterally ; those states do not recognize Texas ' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction , usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own . </P> <P> The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met . For example , an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws ( including an age restriction of 21 ) , however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over . Additionally , a number of factors may make a person ineligible ( temporarily or permanently ) to obtain a license , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> felony convictions ( permanent ) and Class A or B misdemeanors ( 5 years , permanent in cases of domestic violence ) , including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication ; </Li> <Li> pending criminal charges ( indefinite until resolved ) ; </Li> <Li> chemical or alcohol dependency ( defined as 2 convictions for substance - related offenses in a 10 - year period ; 10 - year ban from the date of the first conviction ) ; </Li> <Li> certain types of psychological diagnoses ( indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission ) ; </Li> <Li> protective or restraining orders ( indefinite until rescinded ) ; or </Li> <Li> defaults on taxes , student loans , child support and / or other governmental fees ( indefinite until resolved ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> This last category , though having little to do with a person 's ability to own a firearm , is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing ; those who are delinquent or in default on State - regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State - issued license ( including driver licenses ) , as an incentive to settle those debts . </P> <P> `` Information regarding any psychiatric , drug , alcohol , or criminal history '' is required only from new users . Renewals are required every five years , but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information . </P> <P> An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC ( formerly CHL ) must take a State - set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours , covering topics such as applicable laws , conflict resolution , criminal / civil liability , and handgun safety , and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun . The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1 , 2017 . Such courses vary in cost , but are typically around $100 -- $125 for new applicants ( usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies ; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition ) . They may then apply , providing a picture , fingerprints , other documentation , and a $40 application fee ( as of September 1 , 2017 ; previously $140 and $70 for renewals ) , -- active and discharged military are eligible for discounts -- to the DPS , which processes the application , runs a federal background check , and if all is well , issues the permit . Permits are valid for five years , and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states ( nonresidents may carry in all but four of those ) , due to reciprocity agreements . Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military ( through one year after discharge ) , to $25 for military veterans . </P> <H3> College carry laws ( edit ) </H3> <P> Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . </P> <H3> Restrictions on licensed carry ( edit ) </H3> <P> While a permitted resident of Texas ( or a nonresident holding a recognized permit ) is generally authorized to carry in most public places , there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations . These include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law . It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location , and possession of a State - issued concealed firearms permit is no defense . Such places commonly encountered include post offices , Federal courts , and offices of the IRS , FBI , Justice Department , Department of Energy , USDA , FDA , etc . A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management ; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas . However , Army Corps of Engineers properties ( including all reservoir lakes and included park areas ) are still off - limits . </Li> <Li> Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03 : `` A person commits an offense if the person intentionally , knowingly , or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm , illegal knife , club , or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05 ( a ) : ... on the physical premises of a school or educational institution , any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted , or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution , whether the school or educational institution is public or private , unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution ( emphasis added ) . '' The age / grade level , funding type or for - profit status of the school does not matter . Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted ; as defined by TPC 46.035 ( f ) ( 3 ) , `` premises '' refers only to a building or part of a building , and does not refer to driveways , streets , sidewalks , parking lots , parking garages , or privately owned vehicles . Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event , unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm ( i.e. a target shooting competition ) . </Li> <Li> Businesses posting a compliant `` 51 % sign '' - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51 % of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on - premises consumption ( colloquially `` bars '' , `` nightclubs '' , `` taverns '' , `` saloons '' , etc . ) . A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage , as required by the Government Code section 411.204 . The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders , but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry , and a background containing a red `` 51 % '' to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders . </Li> <Li> Correctional facilities - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building generally termed a `` jail '' or `` prison '' . </Li> <Li> Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19 , Code of Criminal Procedure , on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that : ( A ) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited ; or ( B ) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited . </Li> <Li> Courts or court offices - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal , state or federal court for official business . Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices , such as judges , attorneys , baliffs , and law enforcement officials . </Li> <Li> Election polling places - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal , state and / or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway . This is significant , as a local business or other generally public building , which would normally not prohibit concealed carry , may offer their facilities for use as a polling place . A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs , even if the polls are not open at the time , and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote . </Li> <Li> Racetracks - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack ( horse or dog ) . </Li> <Li> While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated ( Penal Code 46.035 . ) , defined as : ( a ) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol , a controlled substance , a drug , a dangerous drug , a combination of two or more of those substances , or any other substance into the body ; or ( B ) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more ( Penal Code 49.01 . ) </Li> </Ul> 30.06 signage ( edit ) <P> TPC section 30.06 covers `` Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun '' . It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed . It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage . As of January 1 , 2016 , the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor , unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor . This is a significant difference , in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years , this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor . </P> <P> Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called `` 30.06 signs '' or `` 30.06 signage '' . </P> <Ul> <Li> The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06 , but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec . 30.06 ( c ) ( 3 ) ( B ) is not binding . The law states a compliant sign must be : <Ul> <Li> In contrasting colors ; </Li> <Li> With block letters ; </Li> <Li> Having text 1 '' or greater in height ; </Li> <Li> Containing `` identical '' text to the following : <Ul> <Li> <P> `` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun '' </P> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> In both English and Spanish ; </Li> <Li> Posted conspicuously and `` clearly visible to the public '' . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility : <Ul> <Li> License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization , under TPS 46.035 ( b ) ( 4 ) . </Li> <Li> An amendment in 2007 added paragraph ( i ) to the same section , stating that ( b ) ( 4 ) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice ( oral or written communication , including posting of a sign , under TPC 30.06 ) of the prohibition . </Li> <Li> But , a hospital may be a `` teaching hospital '' and considered a school , where firearms carry is prohibited , under TPC 46.03 ( a ) ( 1 ) . </Li> <Li> It may also be a VA or military hospital , and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry . </Li> <Li> All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204 ( b ) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony . It is unknown , given the amendments to 46.035 , whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying , as it would not constitute `` effective notice under section 30.06 '' and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing , inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Open carry ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of January 1 , 2016 , holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions . Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster . </P> <P> Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license . New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns . </P> <P> Exceptions to Open Carry </P> <Ul> <Li> Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education </Li> <Li> Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway , street , sidewalk or walkway , parking lot , parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education </Li> <Li> Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform </Li> </Ul> 30.07 signage ( edit ) <P> This law took effect January 1 , 2016 , and covers the new Open Carry law . Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry . </P> <P> TPC section 30.07 covers `` Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun '' This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun . An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor , unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor . The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property . ( In both cases the sign must be `` clearly visible to the public '' . ) </P> <P> The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property , or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner , or by written communication . </P> <P> Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below , or a sign posted on the property . </P> <P> Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following ( 30.07 notice ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Pursuant to section 30.07 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly '' </Li> <Li> Additionally , signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations : <Ul> <Li> Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish </Li> <Li> Must appear in contrasting colors </Li> <Li> Must be in block letters at least one inch in height </Li> <Li> Must be `` displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Castle Doctrine ( edit ) </H2> <P> On March 27 , 2007 , Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law , making Texas a `` Castle Doctrine '' state which came into effect September 1 , 2007 . Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who `` unlawfully , and with force , enters or attempts to enter the dwelling '' , or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling , or who commits or attempts to commit a `` qualifying '' felony such as `` aggravated kidnapping , murder , sexual assault , aggravated sexual assault , robbery , or aggravated robbery '' ( TPC 9.32 ( b ) ) . </P> <H3> Stand your Ground ( edit ) </H3> <P> Senate Bill 378 also contains a `` Stand Your Ground '' clause ; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he / she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no `` duty to retreat '' before being justified in shooting . The `` trier of fact '' ( the jury in a jury trial , otherwise the judge ) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting ( TPC 9.32 ( c , d ) ) . </P> <H3> Civil immunity ( edit ) </H3> <P> In addition , two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force . Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person , including the firing of a weapon . Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used . This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified , such as a bystander hit by an errant shot . </P> <P> This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force . The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code . </P> <H2> Motorists protection act ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature , a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident 's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit . The bill revised Chapter 46 , Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not `` Unlawful Carry of a Weapon '' , as defined by the statute , for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control , or to carry while heading directly from the person 's home to that car . However , lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers : ( 1 ) the weapon must not be in plain sight ( in Texas law , `` plain sight '' and `` concealed '' are mutually exclusive opposing terms ) ; ( 2 ) the carrier can not be involved in criminal activities , other than Class C traffic misdemeanors ; ( 3 ) the carrier can not be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm ; and ( 4 ) the carrier can not be a member of a criminal gang . </P> <P> Previous legislation ( H.B. 823 ) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ( `` Non-Applicability '' ) to include the `` traveller assumption '' ; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was `` travelling '' under a pre-existing provision of 46.15 , and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply , absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity , a member of a gang , or prohibited from possessing a firearm . However , attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption , leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815 . </P> <H2> National firearms act ( edit ) </H2> <P> Possession of destructive devices , automatic firearms ( machine guns ) , short - barrel shotguns ( SBS ) , short - barrel rifles ( SBR ) , suppressors , smoothbore pistols and other such NFA - restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item ( s ) into the NFA registry . This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms , processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE . </P> <H2> State preemption of local laws ( edit ) </H2> <P> Certain local preemptions exist within the state of Texas which prohibit city or county governments from passing ordinances further restricting the lawful carrying of handguns in certain instances beyond that of state law . </P> <P> In 2015 , the legislature passed penal code 411.209 which prohibited an agency or political subdivision from excluding from government property any concealed handgun license holder from carrying a gun unless firearms are prohibited on the premises by state law . </P> <P> Furthermore , Texas penal code 235.023 states the commissioners court of a county ( i.e. county legislative body ) is not authorized to regulate the transfer , ownership , possession , or transportation of firearms or require the registration of firearms </P> <P> More general prohibitions on restrictions on the sale , transfer , ownership , possession , etc. of firearms and knives under local law are listed under Local Government Code Title 7 , Subtitle A , Chapter 229 , Subchapter A </P> <P> Further Attorney General decisions also exist . For example , in August 1995 under DM - 0364 , Attorney General Dan Morales passed an opinion that municipalities are prohibited from regulating the carrying of concealed handguns in city parks by persons licensed to carry a handgun : `` ... we believe that a municipality does not have the power to prohibit licensees from carrying handguns in city parks but that a county does have such power over county parks '' </P> <P> Dan Morales also held that municipal housing authorities are subject to the preemption statute and this precludes authorities from adopting a regulation to evict a tenant for the otherwise legal possession of a firearm . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gun violence and gun control in Texas </Li> <Li> Law of Texas </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas Government Code - Section 411.172 '' . Texas Constitution and Statutes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas '' . ammoland.com. 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NRA / ILA Firearms Laws for Texas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws '' ( PDF ) . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23. ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome License To Carry A Handgun Texas.gov '' . Txapps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Texas : Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16 , Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas CCW information '' ( PDF ) . Handgunlaw.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TxDPS -- Agreements with other states '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TEX PE . CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06 : TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing '' . www.dps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30 . BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas Legislature Online -- History of Senate Bill 378 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86 . LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83 . USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas H.B. 1815 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on '' . Usacarry.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DA warns handgun law wo n't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2005 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas '' . Texasgunlaws.org. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/GV/htm/GV.411.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.235.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.229.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1995/pdf/dm0364.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1991/pdf/dm0071.pdf </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Gun laws in the United States by state </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Iowa </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> South Dakota </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Utah </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> District of Columbia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> American Samoa </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Texas&oldid=843400054 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Texas law </Li> <Li> United States gun laws by state </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> Pages with citations having bare URLs </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 22 : 24 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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William Kemmler - wikipedia <H1> William Kemmler </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> William Kemmler </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> William Francis Kemmler ( 1860 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1860 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> August 6 , 1890 ( 1890 - 08 - 06 ) ( aged 30 ) Auburn Prison in Auburn , New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Produce merchant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Criminal status </Th> <Td> Executed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Tillie Ziegler ( common law wife ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conviction ( s ) </Th> <Td> Murder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Criminal penalty </Th> <Td> Death by electrocution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> William Francis Kemmler ( May 9 , 1860 -- August 6 , 1890 ) of Buffalo , New York , was a convicted murderer and the first person in the world to be legally executed using an electric chair . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Biography <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early life </Li> <Li> 1.2 Murder , trial , and appeals </Li> <Li> 1.3 Execution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References <Ul> <Li> 3.1 General references </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Biography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early life ( edit ) </H3> <P> William Kemmler was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Both of his parents were immigrants from Germany and both of them were alcoholics . After dropping out of school at age 10 , having learned neither how to read nor write , Kemmler worked in his father 's butcher shop . His father died from an infection that he received after a drunken brawl and his mother died from complications of alcoholism . After his parents died , he went into the peddling business and earned enough money to buy a horse and cart , although at this point he was becoming a heavy drinker . In one episode involving him and his friends after a series of drunken binges , he said he could jump his horse and cart over an eight - foot fence with the cart attached to the horse . The attempt was a failure , and his cart and goods destroyed in the incident . He was known to friends as `` Philadelphia Billy '' due to his drinking binges that were very well known around the saloons in his Buffalo neighborhood . Kemmler was reportedly slender , with dark brown hair . He spoke both English and German . </P> <H3> Murder , trial , and appeals ( edit ) </H3> Further information : War of Currents <P> Kemmler was accused of the March 29 , 1889 murder of Matilda `` Tillie '' Ziegler , his common - law wife , who had been killed with a hatchet . He was tried and convicted of murder on May 10 , 1889 . On May 13 he was sentenced to death . As of January 1 of that year New York had instituted death by electrocution , the first such law ever . Kemmler 's sentence was to be carried out at New York 's Auburn Prison via the new electric chair , a device invented in 1881 by Buffalo , New York dentist Alfred Southwick which , after nine years of development and legislation , was ready for use . Kemmler 's lawyers appealed , arguing that electrocution was cruel and unusual punishment . </P> <P> The attempt to carry out Kemmler 's execution was pulled into the AC / DC war of currents between George Westinghouse , the largest supplier of alternating current equipment , and Thomas Edison , whose company ran their equipment on direct current . The alternating current that powered the electric chair ( a current standard adopted by a committee after a demonstration performed at Edison 's laboratory by anti-AC activist Harold P. Brown showing AC 's lethality ) was supplied by a Westinghouse generator surreptitiously acquired by Brown . This led to Westinghouse trying to stop what seemed to be Brown and Edison 's attempt to try to portray the AC used in Westinghouse electrical system as the deadly `` executioners current '' , actively supporting Kemmler 's appeal by hiring lawyer W. Bourke Cockran to represent him . However , the appeal failed on October 9 , 1889 and the U.S. Supreme Court turned down the case on the grounds that there was no cruel and unusual punishment in death by electrocution . </P> <H3> Execution ( edit ) </H3> <P> On the morning of his execution , August 6 , 1890 , Kemmler was awakened at 5 : 00 a.m. He dressed quickly and put on a suit , necktie , and white shirt . After breakfast and some prayer , the top of his head was shaved . At 6 : 38 a.m. , Kemmler entered the execution room and Warden Charles Durston presented Kemmler to the 17 witnesses in attendance . Kemmler looked at the chair and said : `` Gentlemen , I wish you all good luck . I believe I am going to a good place , and I am ready to go . '' </P> <P> Witnesses remarked that Kemmler was composed at his execution ; he did not scream , cry , or resist in any way . He sat down on the chair , but was ordered to get up by the warden so a hole could be cut in his suit through which a second electrical lead could be attached . This was done and Kemmler sat down again . He was strapped to the chair , his face was covered and the metal restraint put on his bare head . He said , `` Take it easy and do it properly , I 'm in no hurry . '' Durston replied , `` Goodbye , William '' and ordered the switch thrown . </P> Sketch of the execution of William Kemmler , August 6 , 1890 <P> The generator was charged with the 1,000 volts , which was assumed to be adequate to induce quick unconsciousness and cardiac arrest . The chair had already been thoroughly tested ; a horse had been successfully electrocuted the day before . </P> <P> Current was passed through Kemmler for 17 seconds . The power was turned off and Kemmler was declared dead by Edward Charles Spitzka . </P> <P> However , witnesses noticed Kemmler was still breathing . The attending physicians , Spitzka and Carlos Frederick MacDonald , came forward to examine Kemmler . After confirming Kemmler was still alive , Spitzka reportedly called out , `` Have the current turned on again , quick -- no delay . '' </P> <P> In the second attempt , Kemmler was shocked with 2,000 volts . Blood vessels under the skin ruptured and bled and some witnesses erroneously claimed his body caught fire . The New York Times reported instead that `` an awful odor began to permeate the death chamber , and then , as though to cap the climax of this fearful sight , it was seen that the hair under and around the electrode on the head and the flesh under and around the electrode at the base of the spine was singeing . The stench was unbearable . '' Witnesses reported the smell of burning flesh and several nauseated spectators unsuccessfully tried to leave the room . </P> <P> In all , the entire execution took approximately eight minutes . The competitive newspaper reporters covering the Kemmler execution jumped on the abnormalities as each newspaper source tried to outdo each other with sensational headlines and reports . A reporter who witnessed it also said it was `` an awful spectacle , far worse than hanging . '' Westinghouse later commented : `` They would have done better using an axe . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Capital punishment in the United States </Li> <Li> List of people executed in New York </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` William Kemmler '' . NNDB : Tracking the Entire World . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruddick , N. ( 1998 ) . Life and death by electricity in 1890 : the transfiguration of William Kemmler . Journal of American Culture ( 01911813 ) , 21 ( 4 ) , 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Essig , Mark ( 2004 ) . Edison & the Electric Chair : A Story of Light and Death . New York : Walker Books . pp. 150 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0802714060 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom McNichol , AC / DC : The Savage Tale of the First Standards War , John Wiley & Sons - 2011 , page 120 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Far Worse Than Hanging '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . August 7 , 1890 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gill , A.A. ( 2012 ) . The Golden Door : Letters to America . United Kingdom : Hachette Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0297854500 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> General references ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> La première exécution d'un condamné à mort par l'éléctricité in La Nature , No 901 , 6 septembre 1890 , pp. 209 -- 211 ( in French ) </Li> <Li> John L. Caroll , Death Row . Hope for the future , Challenging Capital Punishment , London , 1988 , pp. 269 -- 288 </Li> <Li> Jean - Claude Beaune , Les spectres mécaniques . essai sur les relations entre la mort et les techniques , Seyssel , Champ Vallon , 1988 ( in French ) </Li> <Li> Marc Vanden Berghe , De l'utopie de la `` mort propre '' à la chaise électrique : l'affaire Kemmler in La Revue Générale , Brussels , août / septembre 1996 , pp. 31 -- 42 ( in French ) </Li> <Li> Craig Brandon , The Electric Chair . An American Unnatural History , McFarland & Company , 1999 </Li> <Li> Moran , Richard ( 2002 ) . Executioner 's current : Thomas Edison , George Westinghouse and the Invention of the Electric Chair . New York : Random House . </Li> <Li> Babyak , Richard . `` Current '' . p. 5 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Newspaper coverage of Kemmler 's execution </Li> <Li> John N. Miskell 's Executions in Auburn </Li> <Li> Prison , Auburn , New York </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> WorldCat Identities </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2009195170 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 103544373 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Kemmler&oldid=865735538 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1860 births </Li> <Li> 1890 deaths </Li> <Li> American people of German descent </Li> <Li> American people convicted of murder </Li> <Li> People executed for murder </Li> <Li> People from Philadelphia </Li> <Li> 19th - century executions by the United States </Li> <Li> People executed by New York ( state ) by electric chair </Li> <Li> Executed people from Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> People convicted of murder by New York ( state ) </Li> <Li> 19th - century executions of American people </Li> <Li> Prisoners who died in New York ( state ) detention </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Articles with French - language external links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 12 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 20 : 17 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Monopoly ( game ) - Wikipedia <H1> Monopoly ( game ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Go to Jail '' redirects here . For the 1983 video game , see Automonopoli . <Table> Monopoly <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Fast - Dealing Property Trading Game </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Monopoly logo ( 2008 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Elizabeth Magie Charles Darrow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hasbro </Li> <Li> Parker Brothers </Li> <Li> Waddingtons </Li> <Li> Winning Moves </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> February 6 , 1935 ; 82 years ago ( 1935 - 02 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre ( s ) </Th> <Td> Board game </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Players </Th> <Td> Some versions 2 -- 6 Other versions 2 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Setup time </Th> <Td> 5 -- 10 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Playing time </Th> <Td> 60 -- 240 minutes ( 1 -- 4 hours ) ( average ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Random chance </Th> <Td> High ( dice rolling , card drawing ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Skill ( s ) required </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Negotiation </Li> <Li> Resource management </Li> <Li> Strategy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Monopoly is a board game where players roll two six - sided dice to move around the game - board buying and trading properties , and develop them with houses and hotels . Players collect rent from their opponents , with the goal being to drive them into bankruptcy . Money can also be gained or lost through Chance and Community Chest cards , and tax squares ; players can end up in jail , which they can not move from until they have met one of several conditions . The game has numerous house rules and hundreds of different editions exist , in addition to many spin - offs and related media ; Monopoly has become a part of international popular culture , having been locally licensed in more than 103 countries and printed in more than thirty - seven languages . </P> <P> Monopoly is derived from The Landlord 's Game , which was created by Elizabeth Magie in the United States in 1903 as a way to demonstrate that an economy which rewards wealth creation is better than one in which monopolists work under few constraints and to promote the economic theories of Henry George and in particular his ideas about taxation . It was first published by Parker Brothers in 1935 . The game is named after the economic concept of monopoly -- the domination of a market by a single entity . It is owned and produced by the American game and toy company Hasbro . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early history </Li> <Li> 1.2 Origin </Li> <Li> 1.3 1936 -- 1970 </Li> <Li> 1.4 1970s -- 80s </Li> <Li> 1.5 Hasbro ownership </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Board <Ul> <Li> 2.1 U.S. versions </Li> <Li> 2.2 UK version </Li> <Li> 2.3 Post-2005 variations <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Monopoly Here and Now </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 Monopoly Empire </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Equipment <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Cards </Li> <Li> 3.2 Deeds </Li> <Li> 3.3 Dice </Li> <Li> 3.4 Houses and hotels </Li> <Li> 3.5 Money <Ul> <Li> 3.5. 1 International currencies </Li> <Li> 3.5. 2 Extra currency </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.6 Tokens </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Rules <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Official rules <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Chance / Community Chest </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Jail </Li> <Li> 4.1. 3 Properties </Li> <Li> 4.1. 4 Mortgaging </Li> <Li> 4.1. 5 Bankruptcy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Rule modifications </Li> <Li> 4.3 House rules </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Strategy <Ul> <Li> 5.1 End game </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Related games <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Add - ons <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Stock Exchange </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 Playmaster </Li> <Li> 6.1. 3 Get Out of Jail and Free Parking Minigames </Li> <Li> 6.1. 4 Speed Die </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.2 Spin - offs </Li> <Li> 6.3 Video games </Li> <Li> 6.4 Gambling games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Media <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Commercial promotions </Li> <Li> 7.2 Comic books </Li> <Li> 7.3 Television game show </Li> <Li> 7.4 Films </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Tournaments <Ul> <Li> 8.1 U.S. National Championship </Li> <Li> 8.2 World Championship </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Variants <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Games by locale or theme </Li> <Li> 9.2 Unauthorized and parody games </Li> <Li> 9.3 World editions </Li> <Li> 9.4 Deluxe editions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Reception </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Further information : History of the board game Monopoly <H3> Early history ( edit ) </H3> <P> The history of Monopoly can be traced back to 1903 , when American anti-monopolist Elizabeth Magie created a game through which she hoped to be able to explain the single tax theory of Henry George . It was intended as an educational tool to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies . Magie took out a patent in 1904 . Her game , The Landlord 's Game , was self - published , beginning in 1906 . </P> <P> A series of variant board games based on her concept was developed from 1906 through the 1930s that involved both the process of buying land for its development , and also the sale of any undeveloped property . Cardboard houses were added and rents were increased as they were added . Magie again patented the game in 1923 . </P> <P> According to an advertisement placed in The Christian Science Monitor , Charles Todd of Philadelphia recalled the day in 1932 when his childhood friend , Esther Jones , and her husband Charles Darrow came to their house for dinner . After the meal , the Todds introduced Darrow to The Landlord 's Game , which they then played several times together . At that point the game was entirely new to Darrow , and he asked the Todds for a written set of the rules . After that night , Darrow went on to utilize this by distributing the game himself as Monopoly -- an act for which the Todds refused to speak to Darrow ever again . </P> <P> After Darrow had excellent sales during the Christmas season of 1934 , the Parker Brothers bought the game 's copyrights from Darrow . After finding Darrow was not the sole inventor of the game , Parker bought the rights to Magie 's patent . </P> <H3> Origin ( edit ) </H3> <P> By 1933 , a variation on The Landlord 's Game called Monopoly was the basis of the board game sold by Parker Brothers , beginning on February 6 , 1935 . Several people , mostly in the midwestern United States and near the East Coast , contributed to the game 's design and evolution , and this is when the game 's design took on the 4 × 10 space - to - a-side layout and familiar cards were produced . The original version of the game in this format was based on the streets of Atlantic City , New Jersey . By the 1970s , the false notion that the game had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore : it was printed in the game 's instructions . </P> <H3> 1936 -- 1970 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1936 , Parker Brothers began licensing the game for sale outside the United States . In 1941 , the British Secret Intelligence Service had John Waddington Ltd. , the licensed manufacturer of the game in the United Kingdom , create a special edition for World War II prisoners of war held by the Nazis . Hidden inside these games were maps , compasses , real money , and other objects useful for escaping . They were distributed to prisoners by British secret service - created fake charity groups . </P> <H3> 1970s -- 80s ( edit ) </H3> <P> Economics professor Ralph Anspach published a game Anti-Monopoly in 1973 , and was sued for trademark infringement by Parker Brothers in 1974 . The case went to trial in 1976 . Anspach won on appeals in 1979 , as the 9th Circuit Court determined that the trademark Monopoly was generic , and therefore unenforceable . The United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case , allowing the appellate court ruling to stand . This decision was overturned by the passage of Public Law 98 - 620 in 1984 . With that law in place , Parker Brothers and its parent company , Hasbro , continue to hold valid trademarks for the game Monopoly . However , Anti-Monopoly was exempted from the law and Anspach later reached a settlement with Hasbro and markets his game under license from them . </P> <P> The research that Anspach conducted during the course of the litigation was what helped to bring the game 's history before Charles Darrow into the spotlight . </P> <H3> Hasbro ownership ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1991 , Hasbro acquired Parker Bros. and thus Monopoly . Prior to the Hasbro acquisition , Parker Bros. only acted as a publisher only issuing two versions at a time , a regular and deluxe . Thus Hasbro move to create and license other versions and involve the public in varying the game . A new wave of licensed products began in 1994 , when Hasbro granted a license to USAopoly to begin publishing a San Diego Edition of Monopoly , which has since been followed by over 100 more Other licensees include Winning Moves Games ( since 1995 ) and Winning Solutions , Inc. ( since 2000 ) in the United States . </P> <P> In 2003 , the company held a national tournament on a chartered train going from Chicago to Atlantic City ( see § U.S. _National_Championship ) . Also in 2003 , Hasbro sued the maker of Ghetto - opoly and won . In 2005 , the company sued RADGames over their Super Add - On accessory board game that fit in the center of the board . In January 2017 , Hasbro invited Internet users to vote on a new set of game pieces , with this new regular edition to be issued in March 2017 . </P> <H2> Board ( edit ) </H2> The original Monopoly board patent <P> The Monopoly game - board consists of forty spaces containing twenty - eight properties : ( twenty - two streets ( grouped into eight color groups ) , four railroads , and two utilities ) , three Chance spaces , three Community Chest spaces , a Luxury Tax space , an Income Tax space , and the four corner squares : GO , ( In ) Jail / Just Visiting , Free Parking , and Go to Jail . </P> <H3> U.S. versions ( edit ) </H3> <P> There have been some changes to the board since the original . Not all of the Chance and Community Chest cards as printed in the 1935 patent were used in editions from 1936 / 1937 onwards , and graphics with the Mr. Monopoly character ( then known as `` Rich Uncle Pennybags '' ) were added in that same time - frame . A graphic of a chest containing coins was added to the Community Chest spaces , as were the flat purchase prices of all of the properties . Traditionally , the Community Chest cards were yellow ( although they sometimes were printed on blue stock ) with no decoration or text on the back , and the Chance cards were orange , likewise with no text or decoration on the back . </P> <P> Hasbro commissioned a major graphic redesign to the U.S. Standard Edition of the game in 2008 , with some minor revisions . Among the changes : the colors of Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues ( which changed from purple to brown ) , the colors of the GO square ( which changed from red to black ) , the adoption of a flat $200 Income Tax ( formerly the player 's choice of $200 or 10 % of their total holdings , which they may not calculate until after making their final decision ) ; originally the amount was $300 but changed a year after the game 's debut , and increased $100 Luxury Tax amount ( upped from $75 ) . There were also changes to the Chance and Community Chest cards ; for example , the `` poor tax '' and `` grand opera opening '' cards became `` speeding fine '' and `` it is your birthday '' , respectively ; though their effects remained the same , and the player must pay only $50 instead of $150 for the school tax . In addition , a player now gets $50 instead of $45 for sale of stock , and the Advance to Illinois Avenue card now has the added text regarding a player collecting $200 if they pass Go on the way there . </P> 2014 U.S. MONOPOLY Box <P> All of the Chance and Community Chest cards received a graphic upgrade in 2008 as part of the graphic refresh of the game . Mr. Monopoly 's classic line illustration was also now usually replaced by renderings of a 3D Mr. Monopoly model . The backs of the cards have their respective symbols , with Community Chest cards in blue , and Chance cards in orange . </P> <P> In the U.S. versions shown below , the properties are named after locations in ( or near ) Atlantic City , New Jersey . Atlantic City 's Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King Jr . Blvd. in the 1980s . St. Charles Place no longer exists , as the now - defunct Showboat Casino Hotel was developed where it once ran . </P> <P> There are different versions that have since been then created based on various current consumer interests such as : Dogopoly , Catopoly , Bugopoly , and various TV / movie versions among others . </P> Standard ( American Edition ) Monopoly board layout as of September 2008 ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Free Parking </Td> <Td> Kentucky Avenue $220 </Td> <Td> Chance ? </Td> <Td> Indiana Avenue $220 </Td> <Td> Illinois Avenue $240 </Td> <Td> B&O Railroad $200 </Td> <Td> Atlantic Avenue $260 </Td> <Td> Ventnor Avenue $260 </Td> <Td> Water Works $150 </Td> <Td> Marvin Gardens $280 </Td> <Td> Go To Jail </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York Avenue $200 </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> MONOPOLY </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> Pacific Avenue $300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee Avenue $180 </Td> <Td> North Carolina Avenue $300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Community Chest </Td> <Td> Community Chest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. James Place $180 </Td> <Td> Pennsylvania Avenue $320 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pennsylvania Railroad $200 </Td> <Td> Short Line $200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia Avenue $160 </Td> <Td> Chance ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> States Avenue $140 </Td> <Td> Park Place $350 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electric Company $150 </Td> <Td> Luxury Tax ( pay $100 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. Charles Place $140 </Td> <Td> Boardwalk $400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail / Just Visiting </Td> <Td> Connecticut Avenue $120 </Td> <Td> Vermont Avenue $100 </Td> <Td> Chance ? </Td> <Td> Oriental Avenue $100 </Td> <Td> Reading Railroad $200 </Td> <Td> Income Tax ( pay $200 ) </Td> <Td> Baltic Avenue $60 </Td> <Td> Community Chest </Td> <Td> Mediter - ranean Avenue $60 </Td> <Td> Collect $200 salary as you pass GO </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Marvin Gardens , the farthest yellow property , is a misspelling of its actual name , Marven Gardens . The misspelling was introduced by Charles and Olive Todd , who taught the game to Charles Darrow , and passed on when their homemade Monopoly board was copied by Darrow and thence to Parker Brothers . The Todds also changed the Atlantic City Quakers ' Arctic Avenue to Mediterranean , and shortened the Shore Fast Line to the Short Line . It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged the misspelling of Marvin Gardens , formally apologizing to the residents of Marven Gardens . </P> <P> Short Line refers to the Shore Fast Line , a streetcar line that served Atlantic City . The B&O Railroad did not serve Atlantic City . A booklet included with the reprinted 1935 edition states that the four railroads that served Atlantic City in the mid-1930s were the Jersey Central , the Seashore Lines , the Reading Railroad , and the Pennsylvania Railroad . </P> <P> The Baltimore & Ohio ( now part of CSX ) was the parent of the Reading . There is a tunnel in Philadelphia where track to the south was B. & O. and track to the north is Reading . The Central of N.J. did not have track to Atlantic City but was the daughter of the Reading ( and granddaughter of the B. & O . ) Their track ran from the New York City area to Delaware Bay and some trains ran on the Reading - controlled track to Atlantic City . </P> <P> The actual `` Electric Company '' and `` Water Works '' serving the city are respectively Atlantic City Electric Company ( a subsidiary of Pepco Holdings ) and the Atlantic City Municipal Utilities Authority . </P> <H3> U.K. version ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> See also : List of London Monopoly places The board cover of the standard British version , with the 2008 -- 13 artwork For other localized versions , see List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly : Europe § United Kingdom . <P> In the 1930s , John Waddington Ltd . ( Waddingtons ) was a firm of printers from Leeds that had begun to branch out into packaging and the production of playing cards . Waddingtons had sent the card game Lexicon to Parker Brothers hoping to interest them in publishing the game in the United States . In a similar fashion , Parker Brothers sent over a copy of Monopoly to Waddingtons early in 1935 before the game had been put into production in the United States . </P> <P> The managing director of Waddingtons , Victor Watson , gave the game to his son Norman ( who was head of the card games division ) to test over the weekend . Norman was impressed by the game and persuaded his father to call Parker Brothers on Monday morning -- transatlantic calls then being almost unheard of . This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside of the United States . Watson felt that for the game to be a success in the United Kingdom , the American locations would have to be replaced , so Victor and his secretary , Marjory Phillips , went to London to scout out locations . The Angel , Islington is not a street in London but a building ( and the name of the road intersection where it is located ) . It had been a coaching inn that stood on the Great North Road . By the 1930s , the inn had become a J. Lyons and Co. tea room ( today The Co-operative Bank ) . Some accounts say that Marjory and Victor met at the Angel to discuss the selection and celebrated the fact by including it on the Monopoly board . In 2003 , a plaque commemorating the naming was unveiled at the site by Victor Watson 's grandson , who is also named Victor . </P> <P> During World War II , the British Secret Service contacted Waddington ( who could also print on silk ) to make Monopoly sets that included escape maps , money , a compass and file , all hidden in copies of the game sent by fake POW relief charities to prisoners of war . </P> <P> The standard British board , produced by Waddingtons , was for many years the version most familiar to people in countries in the Commonwealth ( except Canada , where the U.S. edition with Atlantic City - area names was reprinted ) , although local variants of the board are now also found in several of these countries . </P> <P> In 1998 , Winning Moves procured the Monopoly license from Hasbro and created new UK city and regional editions with sponsored squares . Initially , in December 1998 , the game was sold in just a few WH Smith stores , but demand was high , with almost fifty thousand games shipped in the four weeks leading to Christmas . Winning Moves still produces new city and regional editions annually . </P> <P> The original income tax choice from the 1930s U.S. board is replaced by a flat rate on the UK board , and the $75 Luxury Tax space is replaced with the £ 100 Super Tax space , the same as the current German board . In 2008 , the U.S. Edition was changed to match the UK and various European editions , including a flat $200 Income Tax value and an increased $100 Luxury Tax amount . </P> <P> In cases wherein the game was produced under license by a national company , the £ ( pound ) was replaced by a $ ( dollar ) sign , but the place names were unchanged . </P> UK edition Monopoly board layout ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Free Parking </Td> <Td> Strand £ 220 </Td> <Td> Chance ? </Td> <Td> Fleet Street £ 220 </Td> <Td> Trafalgar Square £ 240 </Td> <Td> Fenchurch Street station £ 200 </Td> <Td> Leicester Square £ 260 </Td> <Td> Coventry Street £ 260 </Td> <Td> Water Works £ 150 </Td> <Td> Piccadilly £ 280 </Td> <Td> Go To Jail </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vine Street £ 200 </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> MONOPOLY </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> Regent Street £ 300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marlborough Street £ 180 </Td> <Td> Oxford Street £ 300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Community Chest </Td> <Td> Community Chest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bow Street £ 180 </Td> <Td> Bond Street £ 320 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marylebone station £ 200 </Td> <Td> Liverpool Street station £ 200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northumberland Avenue £ 160 </Td> <Td> Chance ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Whitehall £ 140 </Td> <Td> Park Lane £ 350 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electric Company £ 150 </Td> <Td> Super Tax ( pay £ 100 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pall Mall £ 140 </Td> <Td> Mayfair £ 400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail / Just Visiting </Td> <Td> Pentonville Road £ 120 </Td> <Td> Euston Road £ 100 </Td> <Td> Chance ? </Td> <Td> The Angel Islington £ 100 </Td> <Td> King 's Cross station £ 200 </Td> <Td> Income Tax ( pay £ 200 ) </Td> <Td> Whitechapel Road £ 60 </Td> <Td> Community Chest </Td> <Td> Old Kent Road £ 60 </Td> <Td> Collect £ 200 salary as you pass GO </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Post-2005 variations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Starting in the U.K. in 2005 , a revised version of the game , titled Monopoly Here and Now , was produced , replacing game scenarios , properties , and tokens with newer equivalents . Similar boards were produced for Germany and France . Variants of these first editions appeared with Visa - branded debit cards taking the place of cash -- the later U.S. `` Electronic Banking '' edition has unbranded debit cards . </P> <P> The success of the first Here and Now editions caused Hasbro U.S. to allow on - line voting for twenty - six landmark properties across the United States to take their places along the game - board . The popularity of this voting , in turn , caused the creation of similar web - sites , and secondary game - boards per popular vote to be created in the U.K. , Canada , France , Germany , Australia , New Zealand , Ireland , and other nations . </P> <P> In 2006 , Winning Moves Games released the Mega Edition , with a 30 % larger game - board and revised game play . Other streets from Atlantic City ( eight , one per color group ) were included , along with a third `` utility '' , the Gas Company . In addition , $1,000 denomination notes ( first seen in Winning Moves ' Monopoly : The Card Game ) are included . Game play is further changed with bus tickets ( allowing non-dice - roll movement along one side of the board ) , a speed die ( itself adopted into variants of the Atlantic City standard edition ; see below ) , skyscrapers ( after houses and hotels ) , and train depots that can be placed on the Railroad spaces . </P> <P> This edition was adapted for the U.K. market in 2007 , and is sold by Winning Moves U.K. After the initial U.S. release , critiques of some of the rules caused the company to issue revisions and clarifications on their website . </P> Monopoly Here and now ( edit ) <P> In September 2006 , the U.S. edition of Monopoly Here and Now was released . This edition features top landmarks across the U.S. The properties were decided by votes over the Internet in the spring of 2006 . </P> <P> Monetary values are multiplied by 10,000 ( e.g. , one collects $2,000,000 instead of $200 for passing GO and pays that much for Income Tax ( or 10 % of their total , as this edition was launched prior to 2008 ) , each player starts with $15,000,000 instead of $1,500 , etc . ) . Also , the Chance and Community Chest cards are updated , the Railroads are replaced by Airports ( Chicago O'Hare , Los Angeles International , New York City 's JFK , and Atlanta 's Hartsfield - Jackson ) , and the Utilities ( Electric Company and Water Works ) are replaced by Service Providers ( Internet Service Provider and Cell Phone Service Provider ) . The houses and hotels are blue and silver , not green and red as in most editions of Monopoly . The board uses the traditional U.S. layout ; the cheapest properties are purple , not brown , and `` Interest on Credit Card Debt '' replaces `` Luxury Tax '' . Despite the updated Luxury Tax space , and the Income Tax space no longer using the 10 % option , this edition uses paper Monopoly money , and not an electronic banking unit like the Here and Now World Edition . However , a similar edition of Monopoly , the Electronic Banking edition , does feature an electronic banking unit and bank cards , as well as a different set of tokens . Both Here and Now and Electronic Banking feature an updated set of tokens from the Atlantic City edition . </P> <P> It is also notable that three states ( California , Florida and Texas ) are represented by two cities each ( Los Angeles and San Francisco , Miami and Orlando , and Dallas and Houston respectively ) . No other state is represented by more than one city ( not including the airports ) . One landmark , Texas Stadium , has been demolished and no longer exists . Another landmark , Jacobs Field , still exists , but was renamed Progressive Field in 2008 . </P> Monopoly Here and Now : The U.S. Edition ( 2006 ) ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Free Parking </Td> <Td> Camelback Mountains , Phoenix $2.2M </Td> <Td> Chance ? </Td> <Td> Waikiki Beach , Honolulu $2.2M </Td> <Td> Walt Disney World , Orlando $2.4M </Td> <Td> JFK Airport , New York City $2M </Td> <Td> French Quarter , New Orleans $2.6M </Td> <Td> Hollywood , Los Angeles $2.6M </Td> <Td> Internet Service $1.5M </Td> <Td> Golden Gate Bridge , San Francisco $2.8M </Td> <Td> Go To Jail </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pioneer Square , Seattle $2M </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> MONOPOLY Here and Now : The U.S. Edition </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> Las Vegas Blvd , Las Vegas $3M </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson Space Center , Houston $1.8M </Td> <Td> Wrigley Field , Chicago $3M </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Community Chest </Td> <Td> Community Chest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Beach , Miami $1.8M </Td> <Td> White House , Washington $3.2M </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles International Airport $2M </Td> <Td> Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport $2M </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liberty Bell , Philadelphia $1.6M </Td> <Td> Chance ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Red Rocks Amphitheatre , Denver $1.4M </Td> <Td> Fenway Park , Boston $3.5M </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cell Phone Service $1.5M </Td> <Td> Interest On Credit Card Debt pay $750K </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Centennial Olympic Park , Atlanta $1.4M </Td> <Td> Times Square , New York City $4M </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail / Just Visiting </Td> <Td> Mall of America , Minneapolis $1.2M </Td> <Td> Gateway Arch , St. Louis $1M </Td> <Td> Chance ? </Td> <Td> Grand Ole Opry , Nashville $1M </Td> <Td> O'Hare Airport , Chicago $2M </Td> <Td> Income Tax pay $2M or 10 % </Td> <Td> Texas Stadium , Dallas $600K </Td> <Td> Community Chest </Td> <Td> Jacobs Field , Cleveland $600K </Td> <Td> Collect $2M salary as you pass GO </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 2015 , in honor of the game 's 80th birthday , Hasbro held an online vote in order to determine which cities would make it into an updated version of the Here and Now edition of the game . This second edition is more a spin - off as the winning condition has changed to completing your passport instead of bankrupting your opponents . Community Chest is replaced with Here and Now cards while the Here and Now space replaced the railroads . Houses and hotels have been removed . </P> <P> Hasbro released a World edition with the top voted cities from all around the world , as well as at least a Here & Now edition with the voted - on U.S. cities . </P> Monopoly Empire ( edit ) <P> Monopoly Empire has uniquely branded tokens and places based on popular brands . Instead of buying properties , players buy popular brands one by one and slide their billboards onto their Empire towers . Instead of building houses and hotels , players collect rent from their rivals based on their tower height . A player wins by being the first player to fill his or her tower with billboards . Every space on the board is a brand name , including Xbox , Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Samsung . </P> <H2> Equipment ( edit ) </H2> During World War II , the dice in the United Kingdom were replaced with a spinner because of a lack of materials . <P> All property deeds , houses , and hotels are held by the bank until bought by the players . A standard set of Monopoly pieces includes : </P> <H3> Cards ( edit ) </H3> <P> A deck of thirty - two Chance and Community Chest cards ( sixteen Chance and sixteen Community Chest ) which players draw when they land on the corresponding squares of the track , and follow the instructions printed on them . </P> <H3> Deeds ( edit ) </H3> <P> A title deed for each property is given to a player to signify ownership , and specifies purchase price , mortgage value , the cost of building houses and hotels on that property , and the various rent prices depending on how developed the property is . Properties include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Twenty - two streets , divided into eight color groups of two or three streets ; a player must own all of a color group in order to build houses or hotels . Once achieved , color group properties must be improved or `` broken down '' evenly . See the section on Rules . </Li> <Li> Four railroads , players collect $25 rent if they own one station ; $50 for two ; $100 for three ; $200 for all four . These are usually replaced by railroad stations in non-U.S. editions of Monopoly . </Li> <Li> Two utilities , rent is four times the dice value if one utility is owned , but ten times if both are owned . Hotels and houses can not be built on utilities or stations . Some country editions have a fixed rent for utilities ; for example , the Italian editions has a L. 2,000 ( $20 ) rent if one utility is owned , or L. 10,000 ( $100 ) if both are owned . </Li> </Ul> <P> The purchase prices for the various properties vary from $60 to $400 on a U.S. Standard Edition set . </P> <H3> Dice ( edit ) </H3> <P> A pair of six - sided dice , with a `` Speed Die '' added for variation in 2007 . The 1999 Millennium Edition featured two jewel - like dice which were the subject of a lawsuit from Michael Bowling , owner of dice maker Crystal Caste . Hasbro lost the suit in 2008 and had to pay $446,182 in royalties . Subsequent printings of the game reverted to normal six - sided dice . </P> <H3> Houses and hotels ( edit ) </H3> <P> 32 houses and 12 hotels made of wood or plastic ( the original and current Deluxe Edition have wooden houses and hotels ; the current `` base set '' uses plastic buildings ) . Unlike money , houses and hotels have a finite supply . If no more are available , no substitute is allowed . In most editions , houses are green and hotels red . </P> <H3> Money ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Monopoly money <P> Older U.S. standard editions of the game included a total of $15,140 in the following denominations : </P> <Ul> <Li> 20 $500 bills ( orange ) </Li> <Li> 20 $100 bills ( beige ) </Li> <Li> 30 $50 bills ( blue ) </Li> <Li> 50 $20 bills ( green ) </Li> <Li> 40 $10 bills ( yellow ) </Li> <Li> 40 $5 bills ( pink ) </Li> <Li> 40 $1 bills ( white ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Newer ( September 2008 and later ) U.S. editions instead provide a total of $20,580 -- 30 of each denomination . The colors of some of the bills are also changed : $10 s are now colored blue instead of yellow , $20 s are a brighter color green than before , and $50 s are now colored purple instead of blue . Each player begins the game with his or her token on the Go square , and $1,500 ( or 1,500 of a localized currency ) in play money ( 2,500 with the Speed Die ) . Prior to September 2008 , the money was divided with greater numbers of 20 and 10 dollar bills . Since then , the U.S. version has taken on the British version 's initial cash distributions . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> U.S. editions prior to 2008 </Th> <Th> U.S. editions since 2008 / British editions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 × $500 </Td> <Td> 2 × $ / £ 500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 × $100 </Td> <Td> 4 × $ / £ 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 × $50 </Td> <Td> 1 × $ / £ 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 × $20 </Td> <Td> 1 × $ / £ 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 × $10 </Td> <Td> 2 × $ / £ 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 × $5 </Td> <Td> 1 × $ / £ 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 × $1 </Td> <Td> 5 × $ / £ 1 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Although the U.S. version is indicated as allowing eight players , the above cash distribution is not possible with all eight players since it requires 32 $100 bills and 40 $1 bills . However , the amount of cash contained in the game is enough for eight players with a slight alteration of bill distribution . </P> International currencies ( edit ) <P> Pre-Euro German editions of the game started with 30,000 `` Spielmark '' in eight denominations ( abbreviated as `` M . '' ) , and later used seven denominations of the `` Deutsche Mark '' ( `` DM . '' ) . In the classic Italian game , each player received L. 350,000 ( $3500 ) in a two - player game , but L. 50,000 ( $500 ) less for each player more than two . Only in a six - player game does a player receive the equivalent of $1,500 . The classic Italian games were played with only four denominations of currency . Both Spanish editions ( the Barcelona and Madrid editions ) started the game with 150,000 in play money , with a breakdown identical to that of the American version . </P> Extra currency ( edit ) <P> Monopoly money is theoretically unlimited ; if the bank runs out of money the players must make do with other markers , or calculate on paper . Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations , notably game and hobby stores , or downloaded from various websites and printed and cut by hand . One such site has created a $1,000 bill ; while a $1,000 bill can be found in Monopoly : The Mega Edition and Monopoly : The Card Game , both published by Winning Moves Games , this note is not a standard denomination for `` classic '' versions of Monopoly . </P> <H3> Tokens ( edit ) </H3> <P> Each player is represented by a small metal or plastic token that is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two six - sided dice . The number of tokens ( and the tokens themselves ) have changed over the history of the game , with many appearing in special editions only , and some available with non-game purchases . After prints with wood tokens in 1937 , a set of eight tokens was introduced : Two more were added in late 1937 , tokens changed again in 1942 . During World War II , the game tokens were switched back to wood . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Token </Th> <Th> Usage </Th> <Th> Retired </Th> <Th> Replaced By </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battleship </Td> <Td> 1937 -- Present </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boot </Td> <Td> 1937 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Penguin , Rubber Duck , T - Rex </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cannon </Td> <Td> 1937 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cat </Td> <Td> 2013 -- Present </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scottie Dog </Td> <Td> 1942 -- Present </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horse and rider </Td> <Td> 1942 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iron </Td> <Td> 1937 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Cat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lantern </Td> <Td> 1937 -- 1942 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Dog , Horse and rider , Wheelbarrow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Purse </Td> <Td> 1937 -- 1942 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Dog , Horse and rider , Wheelbarrow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Penguin </Td> <Td> 2017 -- Present </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Racecar </Td> <Td> 1937 -- Present </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rocking horse </Td> <Td> 1937 -- 1942 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Dog , Horse and rider , Wheelbarrow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rubber duck </Td> <Td> 2017 -- Present </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sack of money </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thimble </Td> <Td> 1937 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Penguin , Rubber Duck , T - Rex </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top hat </Td> <Td> 1937 -- Present </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T - rex </Td> <Td> 2017 -- Present </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wheelbarrow </Td> <Td> 1942 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Penguin , Rubber Duck , T - Rex </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Special Tokens : </P> <Ul> <Li> Steam Locomotive ( Only in Deluxe Editions ) </Li> <Li> Golden Token Edition <Ul> <Li> Robot ( Lost to the Cat in the 2013 vote to replace the iron ) </Li> <Li> Guitar </Li> <Li> Helicopter </Li> <Li> Ring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Director 's Chair ( In limited edition copies of Under the Boardwalk : The MONOPOLY Story ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Many of the early tokens were created by companies such as Dowst Miniature Toy Company , which made metal charms and tokens designed to be used on charm bracelets . The battleship and cannon were also used briefly in the Parker Brothers war game Conflict ( released in 1940 ) , but after the game failed on the market , the premade pieces were recycled into Monopoly usage . Hasbro recently adopted the battleship and cannon for Diplomacy . </P> <P> Early localized editions of the standard edition ( including some Canadian editions , which used the U.S. board layout ) did not include pewter tokens but instead had generic wooden pawns identical to those in Sorry ! . Parker Brothers also acquired Sorry ! in the 1930s . </P> <P> In 1998 , a Hasbro advertising campaign asked the public to vote on a new playing piece to be added to the set , resulting in a `` bag of money '' token being added to the U.S. edition in 1999 . The bag won ( 51 percent ) over bi-plane ( 29 % ) and a piggy bank ( 20 % ) . This piece was retired in 2007 . A campaign poll to the 1998 new token vote was for people 's favorite token . The most popular was the Race Car at 18 % followed by the Dog ( 16 % ) , Cannon ( 14 % ) and Top Hat ( 10 % ) . The least favorite in the poll was the Wheelbarrow at 3 % followed by Thimble ( 7 % ) and the Iron ( 7 % ) . </P> <P> In 2013 , a similar promotional campaign was launched encouraging the public to vote on one of several possible new tokens to replace an existing one . The choices were a guitar , a diamond ring , a helicopter , a robot , and a cat . Unlike in 1998 , this Save Your Token Campaign had one piece being retired , in this case the iron , and replaced by a new token , the cat . Both were chosen by a vote that ran on Facebook from January 8 to February 5 , 2013 in which the cat received the top spot with 31 % of the vote . Shortly after the Facebook voting campaign , a limited - edition Golden Token set was released exclusively at various national retailers , such as Target in the U.S. and Tesco in the U.K. This set contained the 2008 -- 2013 tokens as listed above , and also contained all five of the iron 's potential replacements : the cat , the guitar , the diamond ring , the helicopter , and the robot . </P> <P> In January 2017 , Hasbro placed the line of tokens in the regular edition up for a vote . The eight current tokens are options among the 64 total options . All 64 options were available in the Monopoly Signature Token Collection limited edition released in the first quarter 2017 . The new regular edition is to be issued later in 2017 with the top eight tokens . By February 2017 , Hasbro confirmed that the thimble will be retired , and on March 17 , 2017 , Hasbro unveiled that the wheelbarrow and shoe were also being retired , and the three tokens would be replaced by a penguin , a Tyrannosaurus and a rubber duck . </P> <H2> Rules ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Official rules ( edit ) </H3> <P> Players take turns in order , with the initial player determined by chance before the game . A typical turn begins with the rolling of the dice and advancing a piece clockwise around the board the corresponding number of squares . If a player rolls doubles , he rolls again after completing his turn . A player who rolls three consecutive sets of doubles on one turn has been `` caught speeding '' and is immediately sent to jail instead of moving the amount shown on the dice for the third roll . </P> <P> A player who lands on or passes the Go space collects $200 from the bank . Players who land on either Income Tax or Luxury Tax pay the indicated amount to the bank . In older editions of the game , two options were given for Income Tax : either pay a flat fee of $200 or 10 % of total net worth ( including the current values of all the properties and buildings owned ) , but no calculation could be made before the choice , and no latitude was given for reversing an unwise calculation . In 2008 , the calculation option was removed from the official rules , and simultaneously Luxury Tax was increased to $100 from its original $75 . No reward or penalty is given for landing on Free Parking . </P> <P> Properties can only be developed once a player owns all the properties in that color group , and then must be developed equally . A house must be built on each property of that color before a second can be built . Each property within a group must be within one house level of all of the others within that group . </P> Chance / Community Chest ( edit ) Main article : Chance and Community Chest cards <P> If a player lands on a Chance or Community Chest space , they draw the top card from the respective deck and follow its instructions . This may include collecting or paying money to the bank or another player , or moving to a different space on the board . Two types of cards that involve jail , `` Go to Jail '' and `` Get Out of Jail Free '' , are explained below . </P> Jail ( edit ) <P> A player is sent to jail for doing any of the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Landing directly on `` Go to Jail '' </Li> <Li> Throwing three consecutive doubles in one turn </Li> <Li> Drawing a `` Go to Jail '' card from Chance or Community Chest </Li> </Ul> <P> When a player is sent to jail , they move directly to the Jail space and their turn ends ( `` Do not pass Go . Do not collect $200 . '' ) . If an ordinary dice roll ( not one of the above events ) ends with the player 's token on the Jail corner , they are `` Just Visiting '' and can move ahead on their next turn without incurring any penalty . </P> <P> If a player is in jail , they do not take a normal turn and must either pay a fine of $50 to be released , use a Chance or Community Chest Get Out of Jail Free card , or attempt to roll doubles on the dice . If a player fails to roll doubles , they lose their turn . Failing to roll doubles in three consecutive turns requires the player to either pay the $50 fine or use a Get Out of Jail Free card , after which they move ahead according to the total rolled . Players in jail may not buy properties directly from the bank , due to being unable to move , but can engage all other transactions , such as mortgaging properties , selling / trading properties to other players , buying / selling houses and hotels , collecting rent , and bidding on property auctions . A player who rolls doubles to leave jail does not roll again ; however , if the player pays the fine or uses a card to get out and then rolls doubles , they do take another turn . </P> Properties ( edit ) <P> If the player lands on an unowned property , whether street , railroad , or utility , they can buy the property for its listed purchase price . If they decline this purchase , the property is auctioned off by the bank to the highest bidder , including the player who declined to buy . If the property landed on is already owned and unmortgaged , they must pay the owner a given rent , the price dependent on whether the property is part of a set or its level of development . </P> <P> When a player owns all of the properties in a color group and none of them are mortgaged , they may develop them during their turn or in between other player 's turns . Development involves buying miniature houses or hotels from the bank and placing them on the property spaces , and must be done uniformly across the group . That is , a second house can not be built on any property within a group until all of them have one house . Once the player owns an entire group , they can collect double rent for any undeveloped properties within it . Although houses and hotels can not be built on railroads or utilities , the given rent also increases if a player owns more than one of either type . If there is more demand for houses to be built than what remains in the bank , then a housing auction is conducted to determine who will get to purchase each house . </P> Mortgaging ( edit ) <P> Properties can also be mortgaged , although all developments on a monopoly must be sold before any property of that color can be mortgaged or traded . The player receives money from the bank for each mortgaged property ( half of the purchase price ) , which must be repaid with 10 % interest to unmortgage . Houses and hotels can be sold back to the bank for half their purchase price . Players can not collect rent on mortgaged properties and may not give improved property away to others ; however , trading mortgaged properties is allowed . The player receiving the mortgaged property must immediately unmortgage it for the mortgage price plus 10 % , or pay the bank just the 10 % amount and keep the property mortgaged ; if the player chooses the latter , they must still pay the 10 % again if the property is later unmortgaged . </P> Bankruptcy ( edit ) <P> A player who can not pay what they owe is bankrupt and eliminated from the game . If the bankrupt player owes the bank , they must turn all of their assets over to the bank , who then auctions off their properties ( if they have any ) , except buildings . If the debt is instead to another player , all the assets are instead given to that opponent , but the new owner must still pay the bank to un-mortgage any such properties received . The winner is the remaining player left after all the others have gone bankrupt . </P> <P> If a player runs out of money but still has assets that can be converted to cash , they can do so by selling buildings , mortgaging properties , or trading with other players . To avoid bankruptcy the player must be able to raise enough cash in order to pay the full amount owed . </P> <P> A player can not choose to go bankrupt ; if there is any way to pay what they owe , even in returning all their buildings at a loss , mortgaging all their real estate and giving up all their cash and certainly going bankrupt the next time they have to pay something , they must do so . ( They can , however , arguably refuse an overly generous trade offer from the other players with the sole purpose of keeping them in the game . ) </P> <H3> Rule modifications ( edit ) </H3> <P> From 1936 , the rules booklet included with each Monopoly set contained a short section at the end providing rules for making the game shorter , including dealing out all the property cards before starting the game , or by setting a time limit , or by ending the game after the second player goes bankrupt . A later version of the rules included this variant , along with the time limit game , in the main rules booklet , omitting the second bankruptcy method as a third short game . </P> <H3> House rules ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many house rules have emerged for the game since its creation . Well - known is the `` Free Parking jackpot rule '' , where all the money collected from Income Tax , Luxury Tax , Chance and Community Chest goes to the center of the board instead of the bank . Many people add $500 to start each pile of Free Parking money , guaranteeing a much better and more average ( all closer to the average amount ) pay - out . When a player lands on Free Parking , they may take the money . Another rule is that if a player lands directly on Go , they collect double the amount , or $400 , instead of $200 . House rules that slow or prevent money being returned to the bank in this way may have a side effect of increasing the time it takes for players to become bankrupt , lengthening the game considerably , as well as decreasing the effects of strategy and prudent investment . </P> <P> Video game and computer game versions of Monopoly have options where popular house rules can be used . In 2014 , Hasbro determined five popular house rules by public Facebook vote , and released a `` House Rules edition '' of the board game . Rules selected include a `` Free Parking '' house rule without additional money and forcing players to traverse the board once before buying properties . </P> <H2> Strategy ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to Jim Slater in The Mayfair Set , the Orange property group is the best to own because players land on them more often , as a result of the Chance cards Go to Jail , Advance to St. Charles Place ( Pall Mall ) , Advance to Reading Railroad ( Kings Cross Station ) and Go Back Three Spaces . </P> <P> In all , during game play , Illinois Avenue ( Trafalgar Square ) , New York Avenue ( Vine Street ) , B&O Railroad ( Fenchurch Street Station ) , and Reading Railroad ( Kings Cross Station ) are the most frequently landed - upon properties . Mediterranean Avenue ( Old Kent Road ) , Baltic Avenue ( Whitechapel Road ) , Park Place ( Park Lane ) , and Oriental Avenue ( The Angel Islington ) are the least - landed - upon properties . Among the property groups , the Railroads are most frequently landed upon , as no other group has four properties ; Orange has the next highest frequency , followed by Red . </P> <H3> End game ( edit ) </H3> <P> One common criticism of Monopoly is that although it has carefully defined termination conditions , it may take an unlimited amount of time to reach them . Edward P. Parker , a former president of Parker Brothers , is quoted as saying , `` We always felt that forty - five minutes was about the right length for a game , but Monopoly could go on for hours . Also , a game was supposed to have a definite end somewhere . In Monopoly you kept going around and around . '' </P> <P> Hasbro states that the longest game of Monopoly ever played lasted 1,680 hours ( 70 days or 10 weeks or 2.3 months ) . </P> <H2> Related games ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Add - ons ( edit ) </H3> <P> Numerous add - ons have been made for Monopoly , sold independently from the game both before its commercialization and after , with three official ones discussed below : </P> Stock Exchange ( edit ) <P> The original Stock Exchange add - on was published by Capitol Novelty Co. of Rensselaer , New York in early 1936 . It was marketed as an add - on for Monopoly , Finance , or Easy Money games . Shortly after Capitol Novelty introduced Stock Exchange , Parker Brothers bought it from them then marketed their own , slightly redesigned , version as an add - on specifically for their `` new '' Monopoly game ; the Parker Brothers version was available in June 1936 . The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add - on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to `` Advance to Stock Exchange '' . The Stock Exchange add - on was later redesigned and rereleased in 1992 under license by Chessex , this time including a larger number of new Chance and Community Chest cards . This version included ten new Chance cards ( five `` Advance to Stock Exchange '' and five other related cards ) and eleven new Community Chest cards ( five `` Advance to Stock Exchange '' and six other related cards ; the regular Community Chest card `` From sale of stock you get $45 '' is removed from play when using these cards ) . Many of the original rules applied to this new version ( in fact , one optional play choice allows for playing in the original form by only adding the `` Advance to Stock Exchange '' cards to each deck ) . </P> <P> A Monopoly Stock Exchange Edition was released in 2001 ( although not in the U.S. ) , this time adding an electronic calculator - like device to keep track of the complex stock figures . This was a full edition , not just an add - on , that came with its own board , money and playing pieces . Properties on the board were replaced by companies on which shares could be floated , and offices and home offices ( instead of houses and hotels ) could be built . </P> Playmaster ( edit ) <P> Playmaster , another official add - on , released in 1982 , is an electronic device that keeps track of all player movement and dice rolls as well as what properties are still available . It then uses this information to call random auctions and mortgages making it easier to free up cards of a color group . It also plays eight short tunes when key game functions occur ; for example when a player lands on a railroad it plays `` I 've Been Working on the Railroad '' , and a police car 's siren sounds when a player goes to Jail . </P> Get out of Jail and Free Parking minigames ( edit ) <P> In 2009 , Hasbro released two minigames that can be played as stand - alone games or combined with the Monopoly game . In Get Out of Jail , the goal is to manipulate a spade under a jail cell in an attempt to flick out various colored prisoners . The game can be used as an alternative to rolling doubles to get out of jail . In Free Parking , players attempt to balance taxis on a wobbly board . The Free Parking add - on can also be used with the Monopoly game . When a player lands on the Free Parking , the player can take the Taxi Challenge , and if successful , can move to any space on the board . </P> Speed Die ( edit ) The Speed Die <P> First included in Winning Moves ' Monopoly : The Mega Edition variant , this third , six - sided die is rolled with the other two , and accelerates game - play when in use . In 2007 , Parker Brothers began releasing its standard version ( also called the Speed Die Edition ) of Monopoly with the same die ( originally in blue , later in red ) . Its faces are : 1 , 2 , 3 , two `` Mr. Monopoly '' sides , and a bus . The numbers behave as normal , adding to the other two dice , unless a `` triple '' is rolled , in which case the player can move to any space on the board . If `` Mr. Monopoly '' is rolled while there are unowned properties , the player advances forward to the nearest one . Otherwise , the player advances to the nearest property on which rent is owed . In the Mega Edition , rolling the bus allows you take the regular dice move then either take a bus ticket or move to the nearest draw card space . Mega rules specifies that triples do not count as doubles for going to jail as you do not roll again . Used in a regular edition , the bus ( properly `` get off the bus '' ) allows the player to use only one of the two numbered dice or the sum of both , thus a roll of 1 , 5 , and bus would let the player choose between moving 1 , 5 , or 6 spaces . The Speed Die is used throughout the game in the `` Mega Edition '' , while in the `` Regular Edition '' it is used by any player who has passed GO at least once . In these editions it remains optional , although use of the Speed Die was made mandatory for use in the 2009 U.S. & World Monopoly Championship , as well as the 2015 World Championship . </P> <H3> Spin - offs ( edit ) </H3> <P> Parker Brothers and its licensees have also sold several spin - offs of Monopoly . These are not add - ons , as they do not function as an addition to the Monopoly game , but are simply additional games in the flavor of Monopoly : </P> <Ul> <Li> Advance to Boardwalk board game ( 1985 ) : Focusing mainly on building the most hotels along the Boardwalk . </Li> <Li> Do n't Go to Jail : Dice game originally released by Parker Brothers ; roll combinations of dice to create color groups for points before rolling the words `` GO '' `` TO '' and `` JAIL '' ( which forfeits all earned points for the turn ) . </Li> <Li> Monopoly Express : A deluxe , travel edition re-release of Do n't Go To Jail , replacing the word dice with `` Officer Jones '' dice and adding an eleventh die , Houses & Hotels , and a self - contained game container / dice roller & keeper . </Li> <Li> Express Monopoly card game ( 1994 U.S. , 1995 U.K. ) : Released by Hasbro / Parker Brothers and Waddingtons in the U.K. , now out of print . Basically a rummy - style card game based on scoring points by completing color group sections of the game - board . </Li> <Li> Free Parking card game ( 1988 ) A more complex card game released by Parker Brothers , with several similarities to the card game Mille Bornes . Uses cards to either add time to parking meters , or spend the time doing activities to earn points . Includes a deck of Second Chance cards that further alter game - play . Two editions were made ; minor differences in card art and Second Chance cards in each edition . </Li> <Li> Monopoly : The Card Game ( 2000 ) an updated card game released by Winning Moves Games under license from Hasbro . Similar , but decidedly more complex , game - play to the Express Monopoly card game . </Li> <Li> Monopoly City : Game - play retains similar flavor but has been made significantly more complex in this version . The traditional properties are replaced by `` districts '' mapped to the previously underutilized real estate in the centre of the board . </Li> <Li> Monopoly Deal : The most recent card game version of Monopoly . Players attempt to complete three property groups by playing property , cash & event cards . </Li> <Li> Monopoly Junior board game ( first published 1990 , multiple variations since ) : A simplified version of the original game for young children . </Li> <Li> Monopoly Town by Parker Brothers / Hasbro ( 2008 ) a young children 's game of racing designed to help them learn to count . </Li> <Li> The Mad Magazine Game ( 1979 ) : Gameplay is similar , but the goals and directions often opposite to those of Monopoly ; the object is for players to lose all of their money . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Monopoly video games <P> Besides the many variants of the actual game ( and the Monopoly Junior spin - off ) released in either video game or computer game formats ( e.g. , Commodore 64 , Macintosh , Windows - based PC , Game Boy , Game Boy Advance , Nintendo Entertainment System , iPad , Genesis , Super NES , etc . ) , two spin - off computer games have been created . An electronic hand - held version was marketed from 1997 to 2001 . </P> <Ul> <Li> Monopoly : The iPhone game designed by Electronic Arts . </Li> <Li> Monopoly City Streets : An online version , using Google Maps and OpenStreetMap . </Li> <Li> Monopoly Millionaires : The Facebook game designed by Playfish . </Li> <Li> Monopoly Streets : A video game played for the Xbox 360 , Wii , and PlayStation 3 . The video game includes properties now played on a street . </Li> <Li> Monopoly Tycoon : A game where you build businesses on the properties you own . </Li> <Li> Monopoly Plus : A game for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 with high definition graphics . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Gambling games ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Many Monopoly - themed slot machines and lotteries have been produced by WMS Gaming in conjunction with International Game Technology for land - based casinos . WagerWorks , who have the online rights to Monopoly , have created online Monopoly themed games . </P> <P> London 's Gamesys Group have also developed Monopoly - themed gambling games . </P> <P> The British quiz machine brand itbox also supports a Monopoly trivia and chance game , which , like most other itbox games , costs 50p ( £ 0.50 ) to play and has a £ 20 jackpot . </P> <P> There was also a live , online version of Monopoly . Six painted taxis drive around London picking up passengers . When the taxis reach their final destination , the region of London that they are in is displayed on the online board . This version takes far longer to play than board - game Monopoly , with one game lasting 24 hours . Results and position are sent to players via e-mail at the conclusion of the game . </P> <H2> Media ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Commercial promotions ( edit ) </H3> Main article : McDonald 's Monopoly <P> The McDonald 's Monopoly game is a sweepstakes advertising promotion of McDonald 's and Hasbro that has been offered in Argentina , Australia , Austria , Brazil , Canada , France , Germany , Hong Kong , Ireland , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Russia , Singapore , South Africa , Spain , Switzerland , Taiwan , United Kingdom and United States . </P> <H3> Comic Books ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Howard the Duck <P> In the 1979 Issue 7 of Howard the Duck magazine , the story `` Of Dice and Ducks ! '' placed Howard the Duck and Man - Thing in a small town based on the Monopoly game , including the properties , Chance cards , and Rich Uncle Pennybags ( now Mr. Monopoly ) . </P> <H3> Television game show ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Monopoly ( game show ) <P> A short - lived Monopoly game show aired on Saturday evenings from June 16 to September 1 , 1990 on ABC . The show was produced by Merv Griffin and hosted by Mike Reilly . The show was paired with a summer - long Super Jeopardy ! tournament , which also aired during this period on ABC . </P> <P> From 2010 to 2014 , The Hub aired the game show Family Game Night with Todd Newton . For the first two seasons , teams earn cash in the form of `` Monopoly Crazy Cash Cards '' from the `` Monopoly Crazy Cash Corner '' , which is then inserted to the `` Monopoly Crazy Cash Machine '' at the end of the show . In addition , starting with Season 2 , teams win `` Monopoly Party Packages '' for winning the individual games . For Season 3 , there is a Community Chest . Each card on Mr. Monopoly has a combination of three colors . Then teams will use the combination card to unlock the chest . If it 's the right combination , then they will advance to the Crazy Cash Machine for a brand - new car . For the show 's fourth season , a new game is added called Monopoly Remix , featuring Park Place and Boardwalk , as well as Income Tax and Luxury Tax . </P> <P> To honor the game 's 80th anniversary , a game show in syndication on March 28 , 2015 called Monopoly Millionaires ' Club launched , connected with a multi-state lottery game of the same name and hosted by comedian Billy Gardell from Mike & Molly . The game show was filmed at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino and at Bally 's Las Vegas in Las Vegas , with players having a chance to win up to $1,000,000 . However , the lottery game connected with the game show ( which provided the contestants ) went through multiple complications and variations , and the game show last aired at the end of April 2016 . </P> <H3> Films ( edit ) </H3> <P> In November 2008 , Ridley Scott was announced to direct Universal Pictures ' film version of the game , based on a script written by Pamela Pettler . The film was co-produced by Hasbro 's Brian Goldner , as part of a deal with Hasbro to develop movies based on the company 's line of toys and games . The story was being developed by author Frank Beddor . However , Universal eventually halted development in February 2012 then opted out of the agreement and rights reverted to Hasbro . </P> <P> In October 2012 , Hasbro announced a new partnership with production company Emmett / Furla Films , and they said they will develop a live - action version of Monopoly , along with Action Man and Hungry Hungry Hippos . Emmett / Furla / Oasis dropped out of the production of this satire version that was to be directed by Ridley Scott . </P> <P> In July 2015 , Hasbro announced that Lionsgate will distribute a Monopoly film with Andrew Niccol writing the film as a family - friendly action adventure film co-financed and produced by Lionsgate and Hasbro 's Allspark Pictures . </P> <P> The documentary Under the Boardwalk : The MONOPOLY Story , covering the history and players of the game , won an Audience Award for Best Documentary at the 2010 Anaheim International Film Festival . The film played theatrically in the U.S. beginning in March 2011 and was released on Amazon and iTunes on February 14 , 2012 . The television version of the film won four regional Emmy Awards from the Pacific Southwest Chapter of NATAS . The film is directed by Kevin Tostado and narrated by Zachary Levi . </P> <H2> Tournaments ( edit ) </H2> <H3> U.S. national Championship ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although in the past , U.S. entrants had to successfully compete in regional competitions before the national championship , qualifying for the National Championship has been online since 2003 . For the 2003 Championship , qualification was limited to the first fifty people who correctly completed an online quiz . Out of concerns that such methods of qualifying might not always ensure a competition of the best players , the 2009 Championship qualifying was expanded to include an online multiple - choice quiz ( a score of 80 % or better was required to advance ) ; followed by an online five - question essay test ; followed by a two - game online tournament at Pogo.com . The process was to have produced a field of 23 plus one : Matt McNally , the 2003 national champion , who received a bye and was not required to qualify . However , at the end of the online tournament , there was an eleven - way tie for the last six spots . The decision was made to invite all of those who had tied for said spots . In fact , two of those who had tied and would have otherwise been eliminated , Dale Crabtree of Indianapolis , Indiana , and Brandon Baker , of Tuscaloosa , Alabama , played in the final game and finished third and fourth respectively . </P> <P> The 2009 Monopoly U.S. National Championship was held on April 14 -- 15 in Washington , D.C. In his first tournament ever , Richard Marinaccio , an attorney from Sloan , New York ( a suburb of Buffalo ) , prevailed over a field that included two previous champions to be crowned the 2009 U.S. National Champion . In addition to the title , Marinaccio took home $20,580 -- the amount of money in the bank of the board game -- and competed in the 2009 World Championship in Las Vegas , Nevada on October 21 -- 22 , where he finished in third place . </P> <P> In 2015 , Hasbro used a competition that was held solely online to determine who would be the U.S. representative to compete at the 2015 Monopoly World Championship . Interested players took a twenty - question quiz on Monopoly strategy and rules , and submitted a hundred - word essay on how to win a Monopoly tournament . Hasbro then selected Brian Valentine of Washington , D.C. to be the U.S. representative . </P> <H3> World Championship ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hasbro conducts a worldwide Monopoly tournament . The first Monopoly World Championships took place in Grossinger 's Resort in New York , in November 1973 , but it was n't until 1975 that they included competitors from outside the United States . It has been aired in the United States by ESPN In 2009 , forty - one players competed for the title of Monopoly World Champion and a cash prize of $20,580 ( USD ) , which is the total amount of ' Monopoly money ' in the current Monopoly set used in the tournament . The most recent World Championship took place September 2015 in Macau . Italian Nicolò Falcone defeated the defending world champion and players from twenty - six other countries . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Nationality </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Liberty , New York </Td> <Td> Lee Bayrd </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> Alvin Aldridge </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> <Td> John Mair </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Monte Carlo </Td> <Td> Cheng Seng Kwa </Td> <Td> Singapore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Bermuda </Td> <Td> Cesare Bernabei </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Palm Beach </Td> <Td> Greg Jacobs </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Atlantic City </Td> <Td> Jason Bunn </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> Ikuo Hyakuta </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Berlin </Td> <Td> Joost van Orten </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Monte Carlo </Td> <Td> Christopher Woo </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Toronto </Td> <Td> Yutaka Okada </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tokyo </Td> <Td> Antonio Zafra Fernández </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas </Td> <Td> Bjørn Halvard Knappskog </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Macau </Td> <Td> Nicolò Falcone </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Variants ( edit ) </H2> <P> Because Monopoly evolved in the public domain before its commercialization , Monopoly has seen many variant games . The game is licensed in 103 countries and printed in thirty - seven languages . Most of the variants are exact copies of the Monopoly games with the street names replaced with locales from a particular town , university , or fictional place . National boards have been released as well . Over the years , many specialty Monopoly editions , licensed by Parker Brothers / Hasbro , and produced by them , or their licensees ( including USAopoly and Winning Moves Games ) have been sold to local and national markets worldwide . Two well known `` families '' of - opoly like games , without licenses from Parker Brothers / Hasbro , have also been produced . </P> <P> Several published games similar to Monopoly include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Anti-Monopoly , one of several games that are a sort of monopoly backwards . The name of this game led to legal action between Anti-Monopoly 's creator , Ralph Anspach , and the owners of Monopoly . </Li> <Li> Business , a Monopoly - like game not associated with Hasbro . In this version the `` properties '' to be bought are cities of India ; Chance and Community Chest reference lists of results printed in the center of the board , keyed to the dice roll ; and money is represented by counters , not paper . </Li> <Li> Dostihy a sázky , a variant sold in Czechoslovakia . This game comes from the totalitarian communist era ( 1948 -- 1989 ) , when private businesses were forbidden and mortgages did n't exist , so the monopoly theme was changed to a horse racing theme . </Li> <Li> Ghettopoly , released in 2003 , was the subject of considerable outrage upon its release . The game , intended to be a humorous rendering of ghetto life , was decried as racist for its unflinching use of racial stereotypes . Hasbro sought and received an injunction against Ghettopoly 's designer . </Li> <Li> Make Your Own - OPOLY : This game allows players considerable freedom in customizing the board , money , and rules . </Li> <Li> Matador : The unlicensed Danish version from BRIO with a round board instead of the square one , cars instead of tokens and includes breweries and ferries to buy . The game also has candy and a popular TV series Matador named after it . </Li> <Li> Turism , a variant sold in Romania . </Li> <Li> Kleptopoly , released in 2017 where users can be like Jho Low . Inspired by the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Games by locale or theme ( edit ) </H3> <P> There have been a large number of localized editions , broken down here by region : </P> <Ul> <Li> List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly : Africa and Asia ( including the Middle East and South - East Asia but excluding Russia and Turkey ) </Li> <Li> List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly : Europe ( including Russia and Turkey ) </Li> <Li> List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly : North America ( including Central America but excluding the United States of America ) </Li> <Li> List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly : Oceania ( Australia and New Zealand ) </Li> <Li> List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly : South America </Li> <Li> List of licensed and localized editions of Monopoly : USA ( including the United States of America and all editions based on commercial brands ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Unauthorized and parody games ( edit ) </H3> <P> This list is of unauthorized , unlicensed games based on Monopoly : </P> <P> Anti-Monopoly -- Technically , the game is sold under license from Hasbro . According to the History of the board game Monopoly , shortly after Public Law 98 - 620 was signed into law by President Reagan late in 1984 , Dr. Anspach , developer of Anti-Monopoly , reached an agreement with Parker Brothers ( now owned by Hasbro ) ; assigning them the Anti-Monopoly trademark while retaining its use under license . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Gay Monopoly </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Copyright date : 1983 </Td> <Td> Released by : Fire Island Games , Inc . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Game description : Gay Monopoly -- A celebration of gay life . Tokens : Jeep , teddy bear , blow drier , leather cap , handcuffs , stiletto heel . Other features : Board layout is circular rather than square . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Ghettopoly </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Micropoly -- The Microsoft Monopoly Game </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Copyright date : Open source </Td> <Td> Released by : The Micropoly Project </Td> <Td> Issued through : Download </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Free Software </Td> <Td> XEROX $220 </Td> <Td> Download </Td> <Td> SGI $220 </Td> <Td> APPLE $240 </Td> <Td> Internet Service Provider AOL $200 </Td> <Td> REAL NETWORKS $260 </Td> <Td> AMAZON $260 </Td> <Td> Television Network MSNBC $150 </Td> <Td> YAHOO $280 </Td> <Td> Corrupted Registry : Goto Reinstall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3COM $200 </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Micropoly -- The Microsoft Monopoly Game </Td> <Td> HP $300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CISCO $180 </Td> <Td> IBM $300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Open Sources </Td> <Td> Open Sources </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NOVELL $180 </Td> <Td> SUN $320 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Internet Service Provider UUNET $200 </Td> <Td> Internet Service Provider MSN $200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ADOBE $160 </Td> <Td> Download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ORACLE $140 </Td> <Td> INTEL $350 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Computer Network NETWORK SOLUTIONS $150 </Td> <Td> Antitrust Ruling ( pay $75 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NETSCAPE $140 </Td> <Td> MICROSOFT $400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reinstall Windows / Just Rebooting </Td> <Td> DELL $120 </Td> <Td> COMPAQ $100 </Td> <Td> Download </Td> <Td> MOTOROLA $100 </Td> <Td> Internet Service Provider MINDSPRING $200 </Td> <Td> Deposition ( pay 10 % or $200 ) </Td> <Td> LUSH CREATIONS $60 </Td> <Td> Open Sources </Td> <Td> AETHER - SPHERE $60 </Td> <Td> Start Collect $200 salary as you pass </Td> </Tr> </Table> Game description : A parody game based on Anti-Monopoly . Other features : Chance is Download , Community Chest is Open Sources and the Railroads are Internet Service Provider ( s ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Middopoly Memeopolis ( Android app ) </P> <H3> World editions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Monopoly Here and Now : The World Edition <Tr> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Td> Parker Brothers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Players </Th> <Td> 2 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Setup time </Th> <Td> 5 -- 15 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Playing time </Th> <Td> About 1.5 hours </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Random chance </Th> <Td> High ( dice rolling , card drawing ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Skill ( s ) required </Th> <Td> Negotiation , basic resource management </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 2008 , Hasbro released Monopoly Here and Now : The World Edition . This world edition features top locations of the world . The locations were decided by votes over the Internet . The result of the voting was announced on August 20 , 2008 . </P> <P> Out of these , Gdynia is especially notable , as it is by far the smallest city of those featured and won the vote thanks to a spontaneous , large - scale mobilization of support started by its citizens . The new game uses its own currency unit , the Monopolonian ( a game - based take on the Euro ; designated by M ) . The game uses said unit in millions and thousands . As seen above , there is no dark purple color - group , as that is replaced by brown , as in the European version of the game . </P> <P> It is also notable that three cities ( Montreal , Toronto , and Vancouver ) are from Canada and three other cities ( Beijing , Hong Kong , and Shanghai ) are from the People 's Republic of China . No other countries are represented by more than one city . </P> <P> Of the 68 cities listed on Hasbro Inc. 's website for the vote , Jerusalem , was chosen as one of the 20 cities to be featured in the newest Monopoly World Edition . Before the vote took place , a Hasbro employee in the London office eliminated the country signifier `` Israel '' after the city , in response to pressure from pro-Palestinian advocacy groups . After the Israeli government protested , Hasbro Inc. issued a statement that read : `` It was a bad decision , one that we rectified relatively quickly . This is a game . We never wanted to enter into any political debate . We apologize to our Monopoly fans . '' </P> Monopoly Here and Now : The World Edition ( 2008 ) ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Free Parking </Td> <Td> Sydney M2. 2M </Td> <Td> Chance ? </Td> <Td> New York City M2. 2M </Td> <Td> London M2. 4M </Td> <Td> Monopoly Cruise </Td> <Td> Beijing M2. 6M </Td> <Td> Hong Kong M2. 6M </Td> <Td> Wind Energy M1. 5M </Td> <Td> Jerusalem M2. 8M </Td> <Td> Go To Jail </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vancouver </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> MONOPOLY Here and Now : The World Edition </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> Paris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shanghai M1. 8M </Td> <Td> Belgrade </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Community Chest </Td> <Td> Community Chest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rome M1. 8M </Td> <Td> Cape Town M3. 2M </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monopoly Air </Td> <Td> Monopoly Space </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toronto M1. 6M </Td> <Td> Chance ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyiv M1. 4M </Td> <Td> Riga M3. 5M </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Solar Energy M1. 5M </Td> <Td> Super Tax pay M1M </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Istanbul M1. 4M </Td> <Td> Montreal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail / Just Visiting </Td> <Td> Athens M1. 2M </Td> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> Chance ? </Td> <Td> Tokyo </Td> <Td> Monopoly Rail </Td> <Td> Income Tax pay M2M </Td> <Td> Taipei M600K </Td> <Td> Community Chest </Td> <Td> Gdynia M600K </Td> <Td> Collect M2M salary as you pass GO </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A similar online vote was held in early 2015 for an updated version of the game . The resulting board should be released worldwide in late 2015 . Lima , Peru won the vote and will hold the Boardwalk space . </P> <H3> Deluxe editions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hasbro sells a Deluxe Edition , which is mostly identical to the classic edition but has wooden houses and hotels and gold - toned tokens , including one token in addition to the standard eleven , a railroad locomotive . Other additions to the Deluxe Edition include a card carousel , which holds the title deed cards , and money printed with two colors of ink . </P> <P> In 1978 , retailer Neiman Marcus manufactured and sold an all - chocolate edition of Monopoly through its `` Christmas Wish Book '' for that year . The entire set was edible , including the money , dice , hotels , properties , tokens and playing board . The set retailed for $600 . </P> <P> In 2000 , the FAO Schwarz store in New York City sold a custom version called One - Of - A-Kind Monopoly for $100,000 . This special edition comes in a locking attaché case made with Napolino leather and lined in suede , and features include : </P> <Ul> <Li> 18 - carat ( 75 % ) gold tokens , houses , and hotels </Li> <Li> Rosewood board </Li> <Li> Street names written in gold leaf </Li> <Li> Emeralds around the Chance icon </Li> <Li> Sapphires around the Community Chest </Li> <Li> Rubies in the brake lights of the car on the Free Parking Space </Li> <Li> The money is real , negotiable United States currency </Li> </Ul> <P> The Guinness Book of World Records states that a set worth $2,000,000 and made of 23 - carat gold , with rubies and sapphires atop the chimneys of the houses and hotels , is the most expensive Monopoly set ever produced . This set was designed by artist Sidney Mobell to honor the game 's 50th anniversary in 1985 , and is now in the Smithsonian Institution . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Wired magazine believes Monopoly is a poorly designed game . Former Wall Streeter Derk Solko explains , `` Monopoly has you grinding your opponents into dust . It 's a very negative experience . It 's all about cackling when your opponent lands on your space and you get to take all their money . '' </P> <P> Most of the three to four - hour average playing time is spent waiting for other players to play their turn . `` Board game enthusiasts disparagingly call this a ' roll your dice , move your mice ' format '' . </P> <P> The hobby - gaming community BoardGameGeek is especially critical . User reviews of Monopoly rank the game among the 20 worst games out of nearly 10,000 ranked in the database with an average rating of 4.422 out of 10 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of world championships in mind sports </Li> <Li> Rich Uncle Pennybags , also known as `` Mr. Monopoly '' , the game 's mascot character </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pilon , Mary ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monopoly 's Inventor : The Progressive Who Did n't Pass ' Go ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burton H. Wolfe ( 1976 ) . `` The Monopolization of Monopoly : Louis & Fred Thun '' . The San Francisco Bay Guardian . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagner , Erica ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` Do not pass go : the tangled roots of Monopoly '' . New Statesman . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US patent 00748626 , L.J. Mag - ie , `` Game - board '' , published Jan 5 , 1904 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orbanes , Philip E. ( 2006 ) . Monopoly : The World 's Most Famous Game & How it Got that Way . Da Capo Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81489 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pilon , Mary ( 2015 ) . The Monopolists : Obsession , Fury , and the Scandal Behind the World 's Favorite Board Game . New York , London : Bloomsbury Publishing Plc . pp. 30 -- 41 , 67 -- 79 , 84 -- 89 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 963 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pilon 2015 , pp. 90 -- 92 , 132 -- 133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brady . The Monopoly Book . Page 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anspach , The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle , pages 100 -- 101 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monopoly board game goes on sale for ... February 6 in History '' . BrainyHistory . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brian McMahon ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` How board game helped free POWs '' . Mental floss magazine . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ki Mae Heussner ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` Get Out of Jail Free : Monopoly 's Hidden Maps '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` How a Fight Over a Board Game Monopolized an Economist 's Life '' . Wall Street Journal . October 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Trademark Clarification Act of 1984 '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pilon 2015 , p. 241 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pilon , Mary ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` How a Fight Over a Board Game Monopolized an Economist 's Life '' . The Wall Street Journal . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seay , Elizabeth ( September 28 , 1998 ) . `` Get on Board '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rivenburg , Roy ( June 6 , 2005 ) . `` Still passing ' Go ' '' . The Vindicator . Los Angeles Times . p . B5 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mannes , Tanya ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Board game inventors spill secrets '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Community Chest '' of variations `` . The Vindicator . Los Angeles Times . June 6 , 2005 . p . B5 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kavilanz , Parija ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Monopoly wants the internet to pick its next eight figurines '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horton , J. Matthew . `` The Monopoly Board '' . Extras . worldofmonopoly.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Early Chance and Community Chance cards Archived March 6 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . on Adena.com </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blue Community Chest Cards , an illustration from sundown-farm-and-ranch.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Original 1935 Edition Board Game Rules from Winning-Moves.com '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Orbanes , Philip E. ( 2013 ) . Monopoly , Money , and You : How to Profit from the Game 's Secrets of Success ( Nook E-Book ed . ) . McGraw Hill Education . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 180844 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horton , J. Matthew . `` Monopoly History -- How old is my Monopoly game ? '' . Monopoly History . worldofmonopoly.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Rod ; Jim Waltzer ( 2004 ) . ' Monopoly : the story behind the world 's best - selling game . Salt Lake City , Utah : Gibbs Smith . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orbanes , Philip E. ( 2006 ) . ' Monopoly : the world 's most famous game & how it got that way ' . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press . p. 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monopoly , Present at the Creation '' . NPR . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baer , Christopher ( 1994 ) . The Route of the Blue Comet . West Jersey Chapter of the National Railroad Historical Society . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garber , Megan . `` How Monopoly Games Helped Allied POWs Escape During World War II Even trivial '' . Atlantic.com . Atlatic Monthly . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Calgary vies for Monopoly real estate '' . CBC News . January 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horton , J. Matthew . `` Notable Editions '' . Monopoly History . worldofmonopoly.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2012 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Horton , J. Matthew . `` 1999 -- 2008 '' . Monopoly History . worldofmonopoly.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Monopoly : Here and Now ( US ) on About.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Announcement of the renaming of Jacobs Field to Progressive Field on January 11 , 2008 ( via cleveland.com ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Don . `` MONOPOLY HERE AND NOW U.S. Edition Game '' . Parents ' Choice Foundation . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MONOPOLY Here & Now '' . BuzzFeed . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monopoly Empire '' . BoardGameGeek . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hasbro . `` Monopoly Empire -- Monopoly '' . www.hasbro.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MICHAEL BOWLING V. HASBRO '' ( PDF ) . uscourst.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fancy - dice maker sees patent case roll his way '' . tucson.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` i801.photobucket.com '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Arneson , Erik . `` New Monopoly Piece '' . About.com Home . About , Inc . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hasbro aims to jazz up Monopoly with new token '' . CBS News.com . CBS News . AP . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Meow ! Hasbro unveils new token for Monopoly '' . CBS News . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kavilanz , Parija ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Monopoly kicks out three classic game tokens '' . CNN . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Token change for ' Monopoly ' to replace an iconic piece '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitten , Sarah ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Monopoly says goodbye to iconic thimble token '' . CNBC . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin , Clarence B. Passing Go : Early Monopoly 1933 -- 1937 ( 1 , revised ed . ) . River Forest , Illinois : Folkopoly Press . pp. 207 -- 208 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin , Clarence B. Passing Go : Early Monopoly 1933 -- 1937 ( 1 , revised ed . ) . River Forest , Illinois : Folkopoly Press . p. 206 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monopoly board game token to be axed , replaced by new piece '' . digital spy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Golden Token Edition Archived January 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . product page at tesco.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brady , Maxine ( 1974 ) . The Monopoly Book . David McKay Company . pp. 143 -- 144 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 20292 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dove , Laurie L. `` 5 Monopoly House Rules You Should Ditch '' . Howstuffworks.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hasbro Unveils World 's Favorite `` House Rules '' to Be Included in Future Monopoly Games `` . MarketWatch . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Mayfair Set -- Episode 4 ( Adam Curtis , BBC on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collins , Truman ( 1997 ) . `` Monopoly Square Probabilities '' . Retrieved May 28 , 2006 . ; the page includes detailed analyses of expected income from each property and discussion of the strategic implications . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brandreth , Gyles ( 1985 ) . The Monopoly Omnibus ( First hardcover ed . ) . Willow Books . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218166 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hasbro . `` Monopoly Game Official Website -- Monopoly Board Game -- Hasbro '' . hasbro.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1936 Stock Exchange Game '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BoardGameGeek.com page for the original Monopoly Stock Exchange add - on . Retrieved January 1 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BoardGameGeek.com page for the Monopoly Stock Exchange edition that came with a specialized calculator . Retrieved January 1 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BoardGameGeek.com page for the Monopoly Playmaster electronic accessory '' . boardgamegeek.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BoardGameGeek.com page for the Monopoly Get Out of Jail Mini Game '' . boardgamegeek.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hasbro.com page for the Monopoly Get Out of Jail Mini Game '' . hasbro.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BoardGameGeek.com page for the Monopoly Free Parking Mini Game '' . boardgamegeek.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hasbro.com page for the Monopoly Free Parking Mini Game '' . hasbro.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calligeros , Marissa ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Old favourite still streets ahead '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monopoly -- Speed Die Edition '' . About.com Home . About , Inc . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monopoly : Mega Edition Rules '' ( PDF ) . winning-moves.com . Winning Moves , Inc. 2006 . pp. 2 -- 3 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monopoly Rules '' ( PDF ) . Hasbro.com . Hasbro . 2007 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tostado , Kevin . Under the Boardwalk : The MONOPOLY Story . Tostie Productions , 2010 , film . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arneson , Erik . `` Monopoly Express '' . About.com Home . About , Inc . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hasbro.com entry on MONOPOLY EXPRESS Archived October 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arneson , Erik . `` Free Parking '' . About.com Home . About , Inc . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arneson , Erik . `` Monopoly Town '' . About.com Home . About , Inc . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monopoly for GEN '' . GameSpot. 2006 . Retrieved December 23 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monopoly Electronic Handheld Electronic Game instructions '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monopoly Casino '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monopoly Live '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( Nov 12 , 2008 ) . `` Ridley Scott to direct ' Monopoly ' '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Monopoly ' has electric company '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nov 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bedder Reveals Monopoly Story Details '' . Comingsoon.net . November 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Universal - Hasbro deal fizzles with departure of ' Stretch Armstrong ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Paid Millions To Not Make Hasbro 's Board Game Movies '' . Cinema Blend.com . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hungry Hungry Hippos , Action Man , Monopoly headed to big screen '' . Los Angeles Times . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schaefer , Sandy ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Monopoly ' Gets A Synopsis ; Andrew Niccol Writing The Script '' . Screen Rant . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Callan , Patrick ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Monopoly movie passes go '' . Kidscreen . Brunico Communications Ltd . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ iTunes Store listing -- Under the Boardwalk UTB on iTunes </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nataspsw.org '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Under the Boardwalk -- The MONOPOLY Story Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monopoly on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home -- 2015 U.S. Monopoly Game Quiz '' . monopolychamps.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` USA Representative Chosen ! -- 2015 U.S. Monopoly Game Quiz '' . monopolychamps.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Under the Boardwalk , LLC . `` Under the Boardwalk : The MONOPOLY Story -- 2015 MONOPOLY Championship Info '' . monopolydocumentary.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Nicoló Falcone of Italy Defeats Defending Champion Bjørn Halvard Knappskog of Norway to Win 2015 Monopoly World Championship ! -- Business Wire '' . businesswire.com . September 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HONG KONG WINS WORLD MONOPOLY GAME CHAMPIONSHIP '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monopoly Game World Champions '' . monopolycity.com . Advanced Systems . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegian teen wins Monopoly world championship '' . AFP . October 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about MONOPOLY '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hasbro : Do not pass go , Ghettopoly '' . USA Tdoay . AP . October 23 , 2003 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anti-Monopoly '' . BoardGameGeek , LLC . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . The `` Bust ~ the ~ Trust ! '' Game . The basic idea of the game is to end the monopolistic practices of the 3 - company - combinations of the gameboard . The players are Trust - Busting lawyers going about the board slapping lawsuits on the monopolies . The winning trust buster is the one who ends with the largest number of social - credit points when one of the players runs out of money . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Business Delux '' on the India page of a `` Monopoly Lexicon '' . Archived January 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Recenze : Dostihy a sázky -- koně , hazard , peníze '' Retrieved October 6 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Decision from Archived September 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island , dated May 18 , 2006 . PDF file . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Make Your Own - OPOLY : The first do - it - yourself board game '' . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Perioada comunista : Turism -- Prezentare si poze componente '' . Board Games BLOG -- jocuri de societate , jocuri pe tabla , review - uri , prezentari , intalniri , sesiuni . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kleptopoly '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BoardGameGeek -- Gay Monopoly '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Micropoly -- The Microsoft Monopoly Game '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Montreal top property in new Monopoly game -- CTV.ca . Retrieved 2008 / 08 / 20 01 : 14 pm UTC '' . Ctv.ca . August 20 , 2008 . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Monopoly Contest Stirs Up Jerusalem Conflict , Associated Press , published February 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` From Hasbro , regarding removal of Israel from World Monopoly vote '' . February 20 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MONOPOLY Here & Now '' . BuzzFeed . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MONOPOLY -- Deluxe Edition '' . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orbanes , Philip ( 1988 ) . The Monopoly Companion ( First ed . ) . Bob Adams , Inc. p. 20 . ISBN 1 - 55850 - 950 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Archived article Archived January 15 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . from Business Wire , stored at Findarticles.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Most Expensive Monopoly Set world record . Archived February 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Curry , Andrew ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` Monopoly Killer : Perfect German Board Game Redefines Genre '' . Wired . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why Hobby Gamers Do n't Like Monopoly -- Monopoly -- BoardGameGeek '' . boardgamegeek.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monopoly Board Game '' . BoardGameGeek . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further Reading ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bibliography </P> <Ul> <Li> Doll , Jen . `` An Anti-Capitalist Woman Invented Monopoly and a Man Got All the Credit '' , The New Republic Feb. 5 , 2015 online </Li> <Li> Pilon , Mary , The Monopolists : Obsession , Fury , and the Scandal Behind the World 's Favorite Board Game ( Bloomsbury , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Monopoly as a Markov Process , by R. Ash and R. Bishop , Mathematics Magazine , vol. 45 ( 1972 ) pp. 26 -- 29 . </Li> <Li> Take a Walk on the Boardwalk , by S. Abbott and M. Richey , College Mathematics Journal , vol. 10 , no . 3 ( May , 1997 ) pp. 162 -- 171 . </Li> <Li> Anspach , Ralph ( 2000 ) . The Billion Dollar MONOPOLY Swindle ( Second ed . ) . Xlibris Corporation . ISBN 0 - 7388 - 3139 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Brady , Maxine ( 1974 ) . The Monopoly Book : Strategy and Tactics of the World 's Most Popular Game ( First hardcover ed . ) . D. McKay Co . ISBN 0 - 679 - 20292 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Darzinskis , Kaz ( 1987 ) . Winning Monopoly : A Complete Guide to Property Accumulation , Cash - Flow Strategy , and Negotiating Techniques When Playing the Best - Selling Board Game ( First ed . ) . Harper & Row , New York . ISBN 0 - 06 - 096127 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Moore , Tim ( 2004 ) . Do Not Pass Go . Vintage Books . ISBN 0 - 09 - 943386 - 9 . </Li> <Li> `` Monopoly launches UK - wide edition '' . BBC . September 24 , 2007 . Retrieved February 8 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> `` Monopoly World Champion '' . BBC . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Reader 's Digest : The truth about history ( 2003 ) article `` Monopoly on ideas '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Wikibook Monopoly has a page on the topic of : Strategy </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Wikibook Monopoly has a page on the topic of : Official Rules </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monopoly ( game ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The official US Monopoly web site </Li> <Li> Hasbro 's Fun Facts page </Li> <Li> worldofmonopoly.com Monopoly history , properties around the world and various editions . </Li> <Li> Monopoly Tournaments.com </Li> <Li> U.S. Patent 2,026,082 Patent awarded to C.B. Darrow for Monopoly on December 31 , 1935 </Li> <Li> Atlantic City 150th Anniversary series of articles from the newspaper Courier Post , which describe the streets of Atlantic City that appear on Monopoly </Li> <Li> History of Monopoly </Li> <Li> Online Monopoly Simulator interactive , customizable real - world Monopoly simulator and estimated win percentage generator . </Li> <Li> Monopoly Nerd Blog The strategies , tactics , and math behind Monopoly . </Li> <Li> Over 1700 Monopoly versions , updated continuously ( some unofficial ) </Li> <Li> Database of street names in local editions </Li> <Li> Monopoly games and places from around the world </Li> <Li> What The Monopoly Properties Look Like In Real Life `` Scouting NY ( September 23 , 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Monopoly </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History of Monopoly </Li> <Li> Chance and Community Chest cards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Game designers and early publishers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Magie </Li> <Li> Scott Nearing </Li> <Li> Charles Darrow </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anti-Monopoly </Li> <Li> The Landlord 's Game </Li> <Li> Easy Money </Li> <Li> Finance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hasbro Monopoly and licensees </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monopoly </Li> <Li> Parker Brothers </Li> <Li> Milton Bradley </Li> <Li> Hasbro </Li> <Li> Waddingtons </Li> <Li> Winning Moves </Li> <Li> Get Out of Jail Free card </Li> <Li> Rich Uncle Pennybags </Li> <Li> Monopoly money </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern variants </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Licensed and localized editions </Li> <Li> My Monopoly </Li> <Li> Monopoly : The Mega Edition </Li> <Li> Monopoly City </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spin - off games </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Board / dice games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monopoly Junior </Li> <Li> Advance to Boardwalk </Li> <Li> Do n't Go to Jail ( Monopoly Express ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Card games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Free Parking </Li> <Li> Waterworks </Li> <Li> Monopoly : The Card Game </Li> <Li> Express Monopoly </Li> <Li> Monopoly Deal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monopoly on television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1990 game show </Li> <Li> Monopoly Millionaires ' Club </Li> <Li> Family Game Night </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monopoly metaphors and idioms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Do not pass Go . Do not collect $200 . '' </Li> <Li> `` Get Out of Jail Free card '' </Li> <Li> `` Monopoly money '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ralph Anspach </Li> <Li> McDonald 's Monopoly </Li> <Li> Late for the Sky </Li> <Li> Pinball game </Li> <Li> Monopoly Tycoon </Li> <Li> Monopoly Party </Li> <Li> Video games </Li> <Li> London Monopoly locations </Li> <Li> Monopoly City Streets </Li> <Li> The Mad Magazine Game </Li> <Li> Monopoly Millionaires ' Club </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Hasbro </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intellectual properties currently managed by Hasbro </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Toys </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Action Man </Li> <Li> Baby Alive </Li> <Li> Blythe </Li> <Li> Easy - Bake Oven </Li> <Li> Furby </Li> <Li> G.I. 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</Li> <Li> Buccaneer </Li> <Li> Campaign </Li> <Li> Camelot </Li> <Li> Careers </Li> <Li> Cluedo </Li> <Li> Escape from Atlantis </Li> <Li> Equals </Li> <Li> Formula 1 </Li> <Li> Game of Nations </Li> <Li> Golfwinks </Li> <Li> Key to the Kingdom </Li> <Li> Kimbo </Li> <Li> Lexicon </Li> <Li> Lose Your Shirt </Li> <Li> Lost Valley of the Dinosaurs </Li> <Li> Milestones </Li> <Li> Monopoly </Li> <Li> Mine a Million </Li> <Li> Purple People Eater </Li> <Li> Railroader </Li> <Li> Ratrace </Li> <Li> Risk </Li> <Li> Safari Round Up </Li> <Li> Scoop ! </Li> <Li> Sorry ! </Li> <Li> Speculate ( game ) </Li> <Li> Spy Ring </Li> <Li> Subbuteo </Li> <Li> The Vampire Game </Li> <Li> Totopoly </Li> <Li> Travel Go </Li> <Li> Ulcers </Li> <Li> Whot ! </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4723246 - 8 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monopoly_(game)&oldid=806926163 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Monopoly ( game ) </Li> <Li> American inventions </Li> <Li> Atlantic City , New Jersey </Li> <Li> Board games introduced in 1935 </Li> <Li> Economic simulation board games </Li> <Li> Hasbro products </Li> <Li> Game.com games </Li> <Li> Multiplayer games </Li> <Li> Roll - and - move board games </Li> <Li> Tabletop games </Li> <Li> Virtual economies </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from October 2012 </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from February 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox game with unknown parameters </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles in need of updating </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from May 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Variants </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikibooks </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Arpetan </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Interlingua </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> La . lojban . </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Sicilianu </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> <Li> ייִדיש </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 00 : 00 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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List of regions of the United States - wikipedia <H1> List of regions of the United States </H1> <P> This is a list of some of the regions in the United States . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Interstate regions <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Official regions of the United States <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Census Bureau - designated regions and divisions </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Standard federal regions </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Federal Reserve banks </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Time zones </Li> <Li> 1.1. 5 Courts of Appeals circuits </Li> <Li> 1.1. 6 Bureau of Economic Analysis regions </Li> <Li> 1.1. 7 Energy Information Administration </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Unofficial U.S. multi-state and multi-territory regions <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 The Belts </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Interstate metropolitan areas </Li> <Li> 1.2. 3 Interstate megalopolises </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Intrastate and intraterritory regions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Alabama </Li> <Li> 2.2 Alaska </Li> <Li> 2.3 American Samoa </Li> <Li> 2.4 Arizona </Li> <Li> 2.5 Arkansas </Li> <Li> 2.6 California </Li> <Li> 2.7 Colorado </Li> <Li> 2.8 Connecticut </Li> <Li> 2.9 Delaware </Li> <Li> 2.10 District of Columbia </Li> <Li> 2.11 Florida </Li> <Li> 2.12 Georgia <Ul> <Li> 2.12. 1 Physiographic regions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.13 Guam </Li> <Li> 2.14 Hawaii </Li> <Li> 2.15 Idaho </Li> <Li> 2.16 Illinois </Li> <Li> 2.17 Indiana </Li> <Li> 2.18 Iowa </Li> <Li> 2.19 Kansas </Li> <Li> 2.20 Kentucky </Li> <Li> 2.21 Louisiana </Li> <Li> 2.22 Maine </Li> <Li> 2.23 Maryland </Li> <Li> 2.24 Massachusetts </Li> <Li> 2.25 Michigan </Li> <Li> 2.26 Minnesota </Li> <Li> 2.27 Mississippi </Li> <Li> 2.28 Missouri </Li> <Li> 2.29 Montana </Li> <Li> 2.30 Nebraska </Li> <Li> 2.31 Nevada </Li> <Li> 2.32 New Hampshire </Li> <Li> 2.33 New Jersey </Li> <Li> 2.34 New Mexico </Li> <Li> 2.35 New York </Li> <Li> 2.36 North Carolina </Li> <Li> 2.37 North Dakota </Li> <Li> 2.38 Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> 2.39 Ohio </Li> <Li> 2.40 Oklahoma </Li> <Li> 2.41 Oregon </Li> <Li> 2.42 Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> 2.43 Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> 2.44 Rhode Island </Li> <Li> 2.45 South Carolina </Li> <Li> 2.46 South Dakota </Li> <Li> 2.47 Tennessee </Li> <Li> 2.48 Texas </Li> <Li> 2.49 U.S. Minor Outlying Islands </Li> <Li> 2.50 Utah </Li> <Li> 2.51 Vermont </Li> <Li> 2.52 Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> 2.53 Virginia </Li> <Li> 2.54 Washington </Li> <Li> 2.55 West Virginia </Li> <Li> 2.56 Wisconsin </Li> <Li> 2.57 Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Other regional listings </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Interstate regions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Official regions of the United States ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many regions in the United States are defined in law or regulations by the federal government . </P> Census Bureau - designated regions and Divisions ( edit ) U.S. Census Bureau Regions and Divisions . <P> The United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions , with nine divisions . The Census Bureau region definition is `` widely used ... for data collection and analysis , '' and is the most commonly used classification system . </P> <P> Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau : </P> <Ul> <Li> Region 1 : Northeast <Ul> <Li> Division 1 : New England ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont ) </Li> <Li> Division 2 : Mid-Atlantic ( New Jersey , New York , and Pennsylvania ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Region 2 : Midwest ( Prior to June 1984 , the Midwest Region was designated as the North Central Region . ) <Ul> <Li> Division 3 : East North Central ( Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin ) </Li> <Li> Division 4 : West North Central ( Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Region 3 : South <Ul> <Li> Division 5 : South Atlantic ( Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , District of Columbia , and West Virginia ) </Li> <Li> Division 6 : East South Central ( Alabama , Kentucky , Mississippi , and Tennessee ) </Li> <Li> Division 7 : West South Central ( Arkansas , Louisiana , Oklahoma , and Texas ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Region 4 : West <Ul> <Li> Division 8 : Mountain ( Arizona , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming ) </Li> <Li> Division 9 : Pacific ( Alaska , California , Hawaii , Oregon , and Washington ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Puerto Rico and other US territories are not part of any census region or census division . </P> Standard Federal regions ( edit ) Standard federal regions . <P> The ten standard federal regions were established by OMB ( Office of Management and Budget ) Circular A-105 , `` Standard Federal Regions , '' in April , 1974 , and required for all executive agencies . In recent years , some agencies have tailored their field structures to meet program needs and facilitate interaction with local , state , and regional counterparts . However , the OMB must still approve any departures . </P> <Ul> <Li> Region I : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Vermont </Li> <Li> Region II : New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico , US Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Region III : Delaware , District of Columbia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , Virginia , West Virginia </Li> <Li> Region IV : Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee </Li> <Li> Region V : Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Ohio , Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Region VI : Arkansas , Louisiana , New Mexico , Oklahoma , Texas </Li> <Li> Region VII : Iowa , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska </Li> <Li> Region VIII : Colorado , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Utah , Wyoming </Li> <Li> Region IX : Arizona , California , Hawaii , Nevada , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands </Li> <Li> Region X : Alaska , Idaho , Oregon , Washington </Li> </Ul> Federal Reserve Banks ( edit ) Federal Reserve districts . <P> The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 divided the country into twelve districts with a central Federal Reserve Bank in each district . These twelve Federal Reserve Banks together form a major part of the Federal Reserve System , the central banking system of the United States . Missouri is the only U.S. state to have two Federal Reserve locations within its borders . </P> <Ol> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> Philadelphia </Li> <Li> Cleveland </Li> <Li> Richmond </Li> <Li> Atlanta </Li> <Li> Chicago </Li> <Li> St. Louis </Li> <Li> Minneapolis </Li> <Li> Kansas City </Li> <Li> Dallas </Li> <Li> San Francisco </Li> </Ol> Time zones ( edit ) Main article : Time in the United States U.S. time zones . <Ul> <Li> UTC − 12 : 00 ( Baker Island , Howland Island ) </Li> <Li> Samoa Time Zone ( American Samoa , Jarvis Island , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll ) </Li> <Li> Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone ( Hawaii , Aleutian Islands ( Alaska ) , Johnston Atoll ) </Li> <Li> Alaska Time Zone ( Alaska , excluding Aleutian Islands ) </Li> <Li> Pacific Time Zone </Li> <Li> Mountain Time Zone </Li> <Li> Central Time Zone </Li> <Li> Eastern Time Zone </Li> <Li> Atlantic Time Zone ( Puerto Rico , U.S. Virgin Islands ) </Li> <Li> Chamorro Time Zone ( Guam , Northern Mariana Islands ) </Li> <Li> Wake Island Time Zone ( Wake Island ) </Li> </Ul> Courts of appeals circuits ( edit ) Main article : United States courts of appeals U.S. Courts of Appeals circuits . <Ul> <Li> First Circuit </Li> <Li> Second Circuit </Li> <Li> Third Circuit </Li> <Li> Fourth Circuit </Li> <Li> Fifth Circuit </Li> <Li> Sixth Circuit </Li> <Li> Seventh Circuit </Li> <Li> Eighth Circuit </Li> <Li> Ninth Circuit </Li> <Li> Tenth Circuit </Li> <Li> Eleventh Circuit </Li> <Li> DC Circuit </Li> </Ul> <P> The Federal Circuit is not a regional circuit . Its jurisdiction is nationwide , but based on subject matter . </P> Bureau of Economic Analysis regions ( edit ) Bureau of Economic Analysis regions . <P> The Bureau of Economic Analysis defines regions for comparison of economic data . </P> <Ul> <Li> New England : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island and Vermont </Li> <Li> Mideast : Delaware , District of Columbia , Maryland , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Great Lakes : Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Plains : Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota </Li> <Li> Southeast : Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , and West Virginia </Li> <Li> Southwest : Arizona , New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountain : Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Utah , and Wyoming </Li> <Li> Far West : Alaska , California , Hawaii , Nevada , Oregon , and Washington </Li> </Ul> Energy Information Administration ( edit ) <P> The Energy Information Administration currently uses the PADD system established by Petroleum Administration for War in World War II . It is used for data collection on refining petroleum and its products . Each PADD is subdivided into refining districts . </P> <Ul> <Li> PADD I : East Coast <Ul> <Li> East Coast : Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Florida ; along with counties in New York east of , north of and including Cayuga , Tompkins , and Chemung ; and counties in Pennsylvania east of and including Bradford , Sullivan , Columbia , Montour , Northumberland , Dauphin and York . </Li> <Li> Appalachian No. 1 : West Virginia along with counties of Pennsylvania and New York State not mentioned above . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> PADD II : Midwest <Ul> <Li> Indiana - Illinois - Kentucky : Indiana , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Michigan , Ohio </Li> <Li> Minnesota - Wisconsin - North and South Dakota : Minnesota , Wisconsin , North Dakota , South Dakota </Li> <Li> Oklahoma - Kansas - Missouri : Oklahoma , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , Iowa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> PADD III : Gulf Coast <Ul> <Li> Texas Gulf Coast : The Texan counties of Newton , Orange , Jefferson , Jasper , Tyler , Hardin , Liberty , Chambers , Polk , San Jacinto , Montgomery , Harris , Galveston , Waller , Fort Bend , Brazoria , Wharton , Matagorda , Jackson , Victoria , Calhoun , Refugio , Aransas , San Patricio , Nueces , Kleberg , Kenedy , Willacy and Cameron </Li> <Li> Texas Inland : Texan counties not mentioned above . </Li> <Li> Louisiana Gulf Coast : Parishes of Louisiana south of , and including Vernon , Rapides , Avoyelles , Pointe Coupee , West Feliciana , East Feliciana , Saint Helena , Tangipahoa and Washington ; along with Pearl River , Stone , George , Hancock , Harrison , and Jackson County of Mississippi ; and Alabama 's Mobile and Baldwin County . </Li> <Li> North Louisiana - Arkansas : Arkansas and parts of Louisiana , Mississippi and Alabama not mentioned above . </Li> <Li> New Mexico : New Mexico </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> PADD IV : Rocky Mountain : Colorado , Montana , Idaho , Wyoming , Utah </Li> <Li> PADD V : West Coast : Washington , Oregon , California , Nevada , Arizona , Alaska , Hawaii </Li> </Ul> <P> PADD I can also be subdivided into 3 Subdistricts : </P> <Ul> <Li> Sub-PAD 1A : New England ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Vermont ) </Li> <Li> Sub-PAD 1B : Central Atlantic ( Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , District of Columbia ) </Li> <Li> Sub-PAD 1C : Lower Atlantic ( Florida , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , West Virginia ) </Li> </Ul> <P> PADD system was established in World War II and therefore do n't accurately reflect current trends . The EIA has updated the PADD system with a complimentary set of regions to reflect this and will change it to suite current needs . ( Note : Region 9 includes countries not part of the USA but is included for the sake of completion since it contains Puerto Rico ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Region 1 : PADD I </Li> <Li> Region 2 : PADD II `` Inland '' ( States of North Dakota , South Dakota , Nebraska , Kansas , Oklahoma , Missouri , Iowa , Tennessee and Kentucky ) </Li> <Li> Region 3 : PADD II `` Lakes '' ( States of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Illinois , Michigan , Indiana and Ohio ) </Li> <Li> Region 4 : PADD III `` Gulf '' ( Refining districts of Texas Gulf Coast and Louisiana Gulf Coast ) </Li> <Li> Region 5 : PADD III `` Inland '' ( Refining districts of Texas Inland , New Mexico and North Louisiana - Arkansas ) </Li> <Li> Region 6 : PADD IV </Li> <Li> Region 7 : PADD V `` California '' ( State of California ) </Li> <Li> Region 8 : PADD V `` Other '' ( States of Alaska , Arizona , Hawaii , Nevada , Oregon and Washington ) </Li> <Li> Region 9 : `` International '' <Ul> <Li> Maritime Canada ( Newfoundland , Nova Scotia , New Brunswick ) </Li> <Li> Caribbean ( Puerto Rico , Trinidad & Tobago ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Unofficial U.S. multi-state and multi-territory regions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Appalachia </Li> <Li> Ark - La - Tex </Li> <Li> Black Dirt Region </Li> <Li> Blackstone Valley </Li> <Li> Border states : <Ul> <Li> Civil War border states </Li> <Li> International border states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Calumet Region </Li> <Li> The Carolinas </Li> <Li> Central United States </Li> <Li> Champlain Valley </Li> <Li> Coastal states </Li> <Li> Colorado Plateau </Li> <Li> Columbia Basin </Li> <Li> Contiguous United States </Li> <Li> The Dakotas </Li> <Li> Deep South </Li> <Li> Delaware Valley </Li> <Li> Delmarva Peninsula </Li> <Li> Dixie </Li> <Li> Driftless Area </Li> <Li> East Coast </Li> <Li> Eastern United States </Li> <Li> Four Corners </Li> <Li> Great American Desert </Li> <Li> Great Appalachian Valley </Li> <Li> Great Basin </Li> <Li> Great Lakes Region </Li> <Li> Great North Woods </Li> <Li> Great Plains </Li> <Li> Gulf Coast </Li> <Li> Gulf South </Li> <Li> High Plains </Li> <Li> Inland Northwest </Li> <Li> Interior Plains </Li> <Li> Intermountain States </Li> <Li> Jefferson ( proposed Pacific state ) </Li> <Li> Lake Tahoe </Li> <Li> Lehigh Valley </Li> <Li> Llano Estacado </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic states </Li> <Li> Mississippi Delta </Li> <Li> Mojave Desert </Li> <Li> Mormon Corridor </Li> <Li> Northern New England </Li> <Li> Ohio Valley </Li> <Li> Ozarks </Li> <Li> Pacific Northwest </Li> <Li> Pacific States </Li> <Li> Palouse </Li> <Li> Piedmont </Li> <Li> Piney Woods </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountains </Li> <Li> Shawnee Hills </Li> <Li> Shenandoah Valley </Li> <Li> Siouxland </Li> <Li> South Shore </Li> <Li> Southeastern United States </Li> <Li> Southern New England </Li> <Li> Southern Rocky Mountains </Li> <Li> Southern United States </Li> <Li> Southwestern United States </Li> <Li> Old Southwest </Li> <Li> Susquehanna River </Li> <Li> Tennessee Valley </Li> <Li> Tornado Alley </Li> <Li> Trans - Mississippi </Li> <Li> Twin Tiers </Li> <Li> Upland South </Li> <Li> Upper Midwest </Li> <Li> Virginias </Li> <Li> Waxhaws </Li> <Li> West Coast </Li> <Li> American Frontier </Li> <Li> Oregon Trail </Li> <Li> Appalachian Trail </Li> </Ul> <P> There are also multi-territory regions : </P> <Ul> <Li> Mariana Islands ( Guam and Northern Mariana Islands ) </Li> <Li> Samoan Islands ( American Samoa and independent Samoa ) </Li> <Li> Virgin Islands ( U.S. Virgin Islands , eastern Puerto Rico , and British Virgin Islands ) </Li> </Ul> The belts ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of belt regions of the United States . <Ul> <Li> Bible Belt </Li> <Li> Black Belt </Li> <Li> Corn Belt </Li> <Li> Cotton Belt </Li> <Li> Frost Belt </Li> <Li> Pine Belt </Li> <Li> Rice Belt </Li> <Li> Rust Belt </Li> <Li> Snowbelt </Li> <Li> Sun Belt </Li> </Ul> Interstate metropolitan areas ( edit ) See also : Tri-state area <Ul> <Li> Central Savannah River Area ( part of Georgia and South Carolina ) </Li> <Li> Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area ( District of Columbia and parts of Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia , and Pennsylvania ) <Ul> <Li> Washington metropolitan area ( District of Columbia and parts of Maryland , Virginia , and West Virginia ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Greater Boston ( parts of Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and New Hampshire ) </Li> <Li> Charlotte metropolitan area ( parts of North Carolina and South Carolina ) </Li> <Li> Chattanooga Metropolitan Area </Li> <Li> Chicago metropolitan area ( parts of Illinois , Indiana , and Wisconsin ) </Li> <Li> Cincinnati metropolitan area ( parts of Ohio , Indiana , and Kentucky ) </Li> <Li> Columbus - Auburn - Opelika ( GA - AL ) Combined Statistical Area ( parts of Georgia and Alabama ) </Li> <Li> Delaware Valley ( Philadelphia metropolitan area ) ( parts of Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Delaware , and Maryland ) </Li> <Li> Evansville , IN -- KY Metropolitan Statistical Area ( parts of Indiana and Kentucky ) </Li> <Li> Fargo -- Moorhead ( parts of North Dakota and Minnesota ) </Li> <Li> Fort Smith metropolitan area ( parts of Arkansas and Oklahoma ) </Li> <Li> Front Range Urban Corridor ( parts of Colorado and Wyoming ) </Li> <Li> Greater Grand Forks ( part of Minnesota and North Dakota ) </Li> <Li> Kansas City metropolitan area ( parts of Missouri and Kansas ) </Li> <Li> Louisville metropolitan area ( Kentuckiana ) ( parts of Kentucky and Indiana ) </Li> <Li> Memphis metropolitan area ( parts of Tennessee , Arkansas , and Mississippi ) </Li> <Li> Michiana ( parts of Michigan and Indiana ) </Li> <Li> Minneapolis -- Saint Paul ( the Twin Cities ) ( parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin ) </Li> <Li> New York metropolitan area ( parts of New York , New Jersey , Connecticut , and Pennsylvania ) </Li> <Li> Omaha -- Council Bluffs metropolitan area ( parts of Nebraska and Iowa ) </Li> <Li> Portland metropolitan area ( parts of Oregon and Washington ) </Li> <Li> Quad Cities ( parts of Iowa and Illinois ) </Li> <Li> Sacramento metropolitan area ( parts of California and Nevada ) </Li> <Li> Greater St. Louis ( parts of Missouri and Illinois ) </Li> <Li> Texarkana metropolitan area ( parts of Texas and Arkansas ) </Li> <Li> Tri-Cities ( parts of Tennessee and Virginia ) </Li> <Li> Twin Ports ( Duluth , Minnesota and Superior , Wisconsin ) </Li> <Li> Hampton Roads region ( parts of Virginia and North Carolina ) </Li> <Li> Youngstown -- Warren -- Boardman metropolitan statistical area ( parts of Ohio and Pennsylvania ) </Li> </Ul> Interstate megalopolises ( edit ) See also : Megaregions of the United States and Megalopolis ( city type ) <Ul> <Li> Arizona Sun Corridor </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Cascadia </Li> <Li> Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Northeast megalopolis </Li> <Li> Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion ( PAM ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Intrastate and intraterritory regions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Alabama ( edit ) </H3> A map of Alabama regions . <Ul> <Li> Alabama Gulf Coast </Li> <Li> Greater Birmingham </Li> <Li> Black Belt </Li> <Li> Central Alabama </Li> <Li> Lower Alabama </Li> <Li> Mobile Bay </Li> <Li> North Alabama </Li> <Li> Northeast Alabama </Li> <Li> Northwest Alabama </Li> <Li> South Alabama </Li> </Ul> <H3> Alaska ( edit ) </H3> The Alaska Panhandle . <Ul> <Li> Alaska Interior </Li> <Li> Alaska North Slope </Li> <Li> Alaska Panhandle </Li> <Li> Aleutian Islands </Li> <Li> Arctic Alaska </Li> <Li> The Bush </Li> <Li> Kenai Peninsula </Li> <Li> Matanuska - Susitna Valley </Li> <Li> Seward Peninsula </Li> <Li> Southcentral Alaska </Li> <Li> Southwest Alaska </Li> <Li> Tanana Valley </Li> <Li> Yukon - Kuskokwim Delta </Li> </Ul> <H3> American Samoa ( edit ) </H3> American Samoa <Ul> <Li> Ofu - Olosega </Li> <Li> Rose Atoll </Li> <Li> Swains Island ( claimed by Tokelau ) </Li> <Li> Ta'ū </Li> <Li> Tutuila & Aunu'u </Li> </Ul> <H3> Arizona ( edit ) </H3> The Arizona Strip . For a more comprehensive list , see List of regions of Arizona . <Ul> <Li> Arizona Strip </Li> <Li> Grand Canyon </Li> <Li> North Central Arizona </Li> <Li> Northeast Arizona </Li> <Li> Northern Arizona </Li> <Li> Phoenix metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Southern Arizona </Li> </Ul> <H3> Arkansas ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Arkansas Delta </Li> <Li> Arkansas River Valley </Li> <Li> Arkansas Timberlands </Li> <Li> Central Arkansas </Li> <Li> Crowley 's Ridge </Li> <Li> Northwest Arkansas </Li> <Li> South Arkansas </Li> </Ul> <H3> California ( edit ) </H3> For a more comprehensive list , see List of regions of California . <H3> Colorado ( edit ) </H3> An enlargeable map of the Front Range Urban Corridor of Colorado and Wyoming <Ul> <Li> Central Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) </Li> <Li> Colorado Eastern Plains ( part of High Plains and Great Plains ) </Li> <Li> Colorado Front Range ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) </Li> <Li> Colorado Mineral Belt ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) </Li> <Li> Colorado Piedmont ( contains parts of the Front Range Urban Corridor and High Plains ) </Li> <Li> Colorado Western Slope ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau ) </Li> <Li> Denver - Aurora Metropolitan Area ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) </Li> <Li> High Rockies ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) </Li> <Li> Northwestern Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains ) </Li> <Li> San Luis Valley </Li> <Li> South - Central Colorado ( part of Front Range Urban Corridor ) </Li> <Li> Southwestern Colorado ( part of Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Connecticut ( edit ) </H3> The Greater Bridgeport Region in location to other officially recognized Connecticut regions with regional governments . The Connecticut Panhandle and `` The Oblong '' . <P> In Connecticut , there are 14 official regions , each with a regional government that serves for the absence of county government in Connecticut . There are also a fair number of unofficial regions in Connecticut with no regional government . </P> <Ul> <Li> Central Naugatuck Valley </Li> <Li> Coastal Connecticut </Li> <Li> Connecticut panhandle </Li> <Li> Greater Bridgeport </Li> <Li> Greater New Haven </Li> <Li> Greater Hartford </Li> <Li> Housatonic Valley ( shared with Massachusetts ) </Li> <Li> Litchfield Hills </Li> <Li> Lower Connecticut River Valley </Li> <Li> Naugatuck River Valley </Li> <Li> New York Metropolitan Area / Gold Coast </Li> <Li> Southeastern Connecticut </Li> <Li> Western Connecticut </Li> </Ul> <H3> Delaware ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` Upstate '' or `` Up North '' </P> <Ul> <Li> Delaware Valley also known as `` Above the Canal '' ( referring to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal ) </Li> </Ul> <P> `` Slower Lower '' </P> <Ul> <Li> Cape Region </Li> <Li> Central Kent </Li> <Li> Delaware coast </Li> </Ul> <H3> District of Columbia ( edit ) </H3> <P> See Neighborhoods in the District of Columbia </P> <H3> Florida ( edit ) </H3> The First Coast . The Florida Panhandle . <Dl> <Dt> Directional regions </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Central Florida </Li> <Li> North Florida </Li> <Li> Northwest Florida </Li> <Li> North Central Florida </Li> <Li> Northeast Florida </Li> <Li> South Florida </Li> <Li> Southwest Florida </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Local vernacular regions </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Big Bend </Li> <Li> Emerald Coast </Li> <Li> First Coast </Li> <Li> Florida Heartland </Li> <Li> Florida Keys </Li> <Li> Florida Panhandle </Li> <Li> Forgotten Coast </Li> <Li> Glades </Li> <Li> Gold Coast </Li> <Li> Halifax area ( also Surf Coast and Fun Coast ) </Li> <Li> Red Hills </Li> <Li> Nature Coast </Li> <Li> Space Coast </Li> <Li> Suncoast </Li> <Li> Tampa Bay Area </Li> <Li> Treasure Coast </Li> </Ul> <H3> Georgia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Central Georgia </Li> <Li> Central Savannah River Area </Li> <Li> Colonial Coast </Li> <Li> Golden Isles of Georgia </Li> <Li> Historic South </Li> <Li> North Georgia </Li> <Li> North Georgia mountains ( Northeast Georgia ) </Li> <Li> Southern Rivers </Li> <Li> Southeast Georgia </Li> <Li> Wiregrass Region </Li> </Ul> Physiographic regions ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Appalachian Plateau </Li> <Li> Blue Ridge Mountains </Li> <Li> Coastal Plain </Li> <Li> Piedmont </Li> <Li> Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guam ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Guam ( main island ) <Ul> <Li> Tumon </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Hawaii ( edit ) </H3> Hawaiian archipelago Main Hawaiian Islands <Ul> <Li> Hawaiʻi / Big Island <Ul> <Li> Hamakua Coast </Li> <Li> Kaʻū Desert </Li> <Li> Kohala Coast </Li> <Li> Kona Coast </Li> <Li> Mauna Kea </Li> <Li> Puna District </Li> <Li> Waiākea - Uka </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kahoʻolawe </Li> <Li> Kauaʻi <Ul> <Li> Nā Pali Coast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kaʻula </Li> <Li> Lānai </Li> <Li> Maui <Ul> <Li> Haleakalā </Li> <Li> Molokini </Li> <Li> West Maui Mountains <Ul> <Li> Iao Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Molokaʻi <Ul> <Li> Kalaupapa Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Niʻihau <Ul> <Li> Lehua </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Northwestern Hawaiian Islands <Ul> <Li> Nihoa ( Moku Manu ) </Li> <Li> Necker Island ( Mokumanamana ) </Li> <Li> French Frigate Shoals ( Kānemiloha ) </Li> <Li> Gardner Pinnacles ( Pūhāhonu ) </Li> <Li> Maro Reef ( Nalukākala ) </Li> <Li> Laysan ( Kauō ) </Li> <Li> Lisianski ( Papaāpoho ) </Li> <Li> Pearl and Hermes ( Holoikauaua ) </Li> <Li> Kure Atoll ( Mokupāpapa ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oʻahu <Ul> <Li> Kaʻena Point </Li> <Li> Makapuʻu </Li> <Li> North Shore </Li> <Li> Waikīkī </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Idaho ( edit ) </H3> The Idaho Panhandle . <Ul> <Li> Central Idaho </Li> <Li> Eastern Idaho </Li> <Li> Idaho Panhandle </Li> <Li> Magic Valley </Li> <Li> North Central Idaho </Li> <Li> Palouse Hills </Li> <Li> Southern Idaho </Li> <Li> Southwestern Idaho </Li> <Li> Treasure Valley </Li> </Ul> <H3> Illinois ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Regions of Illinois Southern Illinois is also known as `` Little Egypt '' . <Ul> <Li> American Bottom </Li> <Li> Central Illinois </Li> <Li> Champaign -- Urbana metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Chicago metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Driftless Area </Li> <Li> Forgottonia </Li> <Li> Fox Valley </Li> <Li> Metro - East </Li> <Li> Metro Lakeland </Li> <Li> Military Tract of 1812 </Li> <Li> Mississippi Alluvial Plain </Li> <Li> North Shore </Li> <Li> Northern Illinois </Li> <Li> Northwestern Illinois </Li> <Li> Peoria , Illinois metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Quad Cities </Li> <Li> River Bend </Li> <Li> Rock River Valley </Li> <Li> Shawnee Hills </Li> <Li> Southern Illinois ( sometimes , Little Egypt ) </Li> <Li> Streatorland </Li> <Li> Tri-State Area </Li> <Li> Wabash Valley </Li> </Ul> <H3> Indiana ( edit ) </H3> Regions of Indiana . Main article : Geography of Indiana <Ul> <Li> East Central Indiana </Li> <Li> Indianapolis metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Michiana </Li> <Li> Northern Indiana </Li> <Li> Northwest Indiana </Li> <Li> Southern Indiana </Li> <Li> Southwestern Indiana </Li> <Li> Wabash Valley </Li> </Ul> <H3> Iowa ( edit ) </H3> Regions of Iowa . <Ul> <Li> Coteau des Prairies </Li> <Li> Des Moines metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Dissected Till Plains </Li> <Li> Driftless Area </Li> <Li> Great River Road </Li> <Li> Honey Lands </Li> <Li> Iowa Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Loess Hills </Li> <Li> Omaha -- Council Bluffs metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Quad Cities </Li> <Li> Siouxland </Li> </Ul> <H3> Kansas ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> East - Central Kansas </Li> <Li> Flint Hills </Li> <Li> High Plains </Li> <Li> Kansas City Metropolitan Area </Li> <Li> North Central Kansas </Li> <Li> Osage Plains </Li> <Li> Ozarks </Li> <Li> Red Hills </Li> <Li> Santa Fe Trail </Li> <Li> Smoky Hills </Li> <Li> Southeast Kansas </Li> </Ul> <H3> Kentucky ( edit ) </H3> Kentucky 's regions . <Ul> <Li> The Bluegrass </Li> <Li> Central Kentucky </Li> <Li> Cumberland Plateau </Li> <Li> Eastern Kentucky Coalfield </Li> <Li> Kentucky Bend </Li> <Li> The Knobs </Li> <Li> Northern Kentucky </Li> <Li> Pennyroyal Plateau </Li> <Li> South Central Kentucky </Li> <Li> The Purchase </Li> <Li> Western Coal Fields </Li> </Ul> <H3> Louisiana ( edit ) </H3> A map of Louisiana 's regions . <Ul> <Li> Acadiana </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Cajun Heartland </Li> <Li> River Parishes </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Central Louisiana ( Cen - La ) </Li> <Li> Florida Parishes </Li> <Li> `` French Louisiana '' ( Acadiana + Greater New Orleans ) </Li> <Li> Greater New Orleans </Li> <Li> North Louisiana </Li> </Ul> <H3> Maine ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Acadia </Li> <Li> Down East </Li> <Li> High Peaks / Maine Highlands </Li> <Li> Kennebec Valley </Li> <Li> Maine Highlands </Li> <Li> Maine Lake Country </Li> <Li> Maine North Woods </Li> <Li> Mid Coast </Li> <Li> Penobscot Bay </Li> <Li> Southern Maine Coast </Li> <Li> Western Maine Mountains </Li> </Ul> <H3> Maryland ( edit ) </H3> Maryland 's regions . <Ul> <Li> Baltimore - Washington Metropolitan Area </Li> <Li> Capital region </Li> <Li> Chesapeake Bay </Li> <Li> Eastern Shore of Maryland </Li> <Li> Patapsco Valley </Li> <Li> Southern Maryland </Li> <Li> Western Maryland </Li> <Li> Western Shore of Maryland </Li> </Ul> <P> Regions shared with other states : </P> <Ul> <Li> Allegheny Mountains </Li> <Li> Atlantic coastal plain </Li> <Li> Blue Ridge Mountains </Li> <Li> Cumberland Valley </Li> <Li> Delaware Valley </Li> <Li> Delmarva Peninsula consists of Maryland 's and Virginia 's Eastern Shore and all of Delaware </Li> <Li> Piedmont ( United States ) </Li> <Li> Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians </Li> </Ul> <H3> Massachusetts ( edit ) </H3> The Berkshire region of Massachusetts . <Ul> <Li> Western Massachusetts <Ul> <Li> The Berkshires ( map shown , right ) </Li> <Li> Housatonic Valley </Li> <Li> Pioneer Valley </Li> <Li> Quabbin - Swift River Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Central Massachusetts <Ul> <Li> MetroWest </Li> <Li> Montachusett - North County </Li> <Li> South County </Li> <Li> Blackstone River Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Northeastern Massachusetts <Ul> <Li> North Shore <Ul> <Li> Merrimack Valley </Li> <Li> Cape Ann </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Greater Boston </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Southeastern Massachusetts <Ul> <Li> Cape Cod and Islands </Li> <Li> South Coast </Li> <Li> South Shore </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Michigan ( edit ) </H3> Michigan 's regions . Main article : Geography of Michigan <Ul> <Li> Lower Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Northern Michigan <Ul> <Li> Leelanau Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Central / Mid-Michigan <Ul> <Li> The Thumb </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West Michigan <Ul> <Li> Michiana </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Southeast Michigan <Ul> <Li> Metro Detroit </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Upper Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Copper Country </Li> <Li> Keweenaw Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Minnesota ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Geography of Minnesota Regions of Minnesota . <Ul> <Li> Arrowhead Region </Li> <Li> Boundary Waters </Li> <Li> Buffalo Ridge </Li> <Li> Central Minnesota </Li> <Li> Coulee Region </Li> <Li> Iron Range </Li> <Li> Minnesota River Valley </Li> <Li> North Shore </Li> <Li> Northwest Angle </Li> <Li> Pipestone Region </Li> <Li> Red River Valley </Li> <Li> Southeast Minnesota </Li> <Li> Twin Cities Metro </Li> </Ul> <H3> Mississippi ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Black Belt </Li> <Li> Mississippi Alluvial Plain </Li> <Li> Mississippi East Gulf Coast Plain </Li> </Ul> <H3> Missouri ( edit ) </H3> The Missouri Bootheel . <Ul> <Li> Bootheel </Li> <Li> Dissected Till Plains </Li> <Li> Kansas City Metropolitan Area </Li> <Li> Lead Belt </Li> <Li> Little Dixie </Li> <Li> Natchez Trace </Li> <Li> Ozarks </Li> <Li> St. Louis Metropolitan Area </Li> </Ul> <H3> Montana ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Big Horn Mountains </Li> <Li> Eastern Montana </Li> <Li> The Flathead </Li> <Li> Glacier Country </Li> <Li> Glacier National Park </Li> <Li> Regional designations of Montana </Li> <Li> South Central Montana </Li> <Li> Southwestern Montana </Li> <Li> Two Medicine </Li> <Li> Western Montana </Li> <Li> Yellowstone National Park </Li> </Ul> <H3> Nebraska ( edit ) </H3> The Nebraska Panhandle . <Ul> <Li> Nebraska Panhandle </Li> <Li> Northwest Nebraska </Li> <Li> Pine Ridge </Li> <Li> Rainwater Basin </Li> <Li> Sand Hills </Li> <Li> Southeast Nebraska </Li> <Li> South Central Nebraska </Li> <Li> Wildcat Hills </Li> </Ul> <H3> Nevada ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Black Rock Desert </Li> <Li> Lake Tahoe </Li> <Li> Las Vegas Valley </Li> <Li> Mojave Desert </Li> <Li> Pahranagat Valley </Li> <Li> Sierra Nevada </Li> </Ul> <H3> New Hampshire ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Connecticut River Valley </Li> <Li> Dartmouth - Lake Sunapee Region ( overlaps with Connecticut River Valley ) </Li> <Li> Great North Woods Region </Li> <Li> Lakes Region </Li> <Li> Merrimack Valley <Ul> <Li> Golden Triangle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Monadnock Region ( overlaps with Connecticut River Valley ) </Li> <Li> Seacoast Region </Li> <Li> White Mountains </Li> </Ul> <H3> New Jersey ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> North Jersey <Ul> <Li> Skylands <Ul> <Li> Amwell Valley </Li> <Li> Black Dirt Region ( shared with New York ) </Li> <Li> Great Valley <Ul> <Li> Sussex County Snow Belt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hunterdon Plateau </Li> <Li> Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians </Li> <Li> Highlands </Li> <Li> Somerset Hills </Li> <Li> The Sourlands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gateway <Ul> <Li> Chemical Coast / Soundshore </Li> <Li> Hudson Waterfront <Ul> <Li> North Hudson </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Meadowlands </Li> <Li> Pascack Valley </Li> <Li> Raritan Bayshore </Li> <Li> West Hudson </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Central Jersey <Ul> <Li> Bayshore </Li> <Li> Jersey Shore </Li> <Li> Shore Region </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> South Jersey <Ul> <Li> Shore Region <Ul> <Li> Northern Headlands <Ul> <Li> Irish Riviera </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pine Barrens </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Delaware Valley <Ul> <Li> Pine Barrens </Li> <Li> The Sourlands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Southern Shore <Ul> <Li> Cape May </Li> <Li> The Glades </Li> <Li> Tri Cities ( Bridgeton , Millville , Vineland ) </Li> <Li> Tri-County Farm Belt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Greater Atlantic City <Ul> <Li> Pine Barrens </Li> <Li> Central Corridor Piedmont Region </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> New Mexico ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Central New Mexico </Li> <Li> Eastern New Mexico </Li> <Li> New Mexico Bootheel </Li> <Li> Northern New Mexico </Li> </Ul> <H3> New York ( edit ) </H3> Regions of New York as defined by the New York State Department of Economic Development . 1 . Western New York -- counties : Niagara , Erie , Chautauqua , Cattaraugus , Allegany 2 . Finger Lakes -- counties : Orleans , Genesee , Wyoming , Monroe , Livingston , Wayne , Ontario , Yates , Seneca 3 . Southern Tier -- counties : Steuben , Schuyler , Chemung , Tompkins , Tioga , Chenango , Broome , Delaware 4 . Central New York -- counties : Cortland , Cayuga , Onondaga , Oswego , Madison 5 . North Country -- counties : St. Lawrence , Lewis , Jefferson , Hamilton , Essex , Clinton , Franklin 6 . Mohawk Valley -- counties : Oneida , Herkimer , Fulton , Montgomery , Otsego , Schoharie 7 . Capital District -- counties : Albany , Columbia , Greene , Warren , Washington , Saratoga , Schenectady , Rensselaer 8 . Hudson Valley -- counties : Sullivan , Ulster , Dutchess , Orange , Putnam , Rockland , Westchester 9 . New York City -- counties ( boroughs ) : New York ( Manhattan ) , Bronx ( The Bronx ) , Queens ( Queens ) , Kings ( Brooklyn ) , Richmond ( Staten Island ) 10 . Long Island -- counties : Nassau , Suffolk <Ul> <Li> Downstate New York <Ul> <Li> New York metropolitan area </Li> <Li> The Five Boroughs ( New York City ) </Li> <Li> Long Island <Ul> <Li> Nassau County </Li> <Li> Suffolk County </Li> <Li> The Hamptons </Li> <Li> North Shore ( Gold Coast ) </Li> <Li> South Shore </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Westchester County </Li> <Li> Rockland County </Li> <Li> Putnam County </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Upstate New York <Ul> <Li> Erie Canal Corridor <Ul> <Li> New York State Canal System </Li> <Li> New York State Canalway Trail </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Western New York <Ul> <Li> Holland Purchase </Li> <Li> Burned - over district </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Finger Lakes </Li> <Li> former Leatherstocking Country ( now the Central New York Region ) </Li> <Li> Central New York <Ul> <Li> Central New York Military Tract </Li> <Li> Phelps and Gorham Purchase </Li> <Li> Syracuse metropolitan area </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mohawk Valley </Li> <Li> Southern Tier </Li> <Li> Capital District </Li> <Li> North Country <Ul> <Li> Adirondack Mountains <Ul> <Li> Adirondack Park </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ski country </Li> <Li> Thousand Islands </Li> <Li> Tug Hill </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Catskill Mountains <Ul> <Li> Borscht Belt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hudson Valley <Ul> <Li> Shawangunk Ridge </Li> <Li> Black Dirt Region ( shared with New Jersey ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> North Carolina ( edit ) </H3> Regions of North Carolina . <Ul> <Li> Western North Carolina <Ul> <Li> Foothills Region <Ul> <Li> South Mountains </Li> <Li> The Unifour ( Catawba Valley Area ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> High Country ( Boone Area ) </Li> <Li> Land of the Sky <Ul> <Li> Asheville Metropolitan Area <Ul> <Li> Great Craggy Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Blue Ridge Mountains <Ul> <Li> Black Mountains </Li> <Li> Brushy Mountains </Li> <Li> Great Balsam Mountains </Li> <Li> Unaka Mountains </Li> <Li> Unicoi Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Great Smoky Mountains <Ul> <Li> Tennessee Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Central North Carolina <Ul> <Li> Piedmont Crescent <Ul> <Li> Metropolitan Charlotte ( Metrolina ) <Ul> <Li> Lake Norman Area </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Metropolitan Piedmont Triad <Ul> <Li> Sauratown Mountains </Li> <Li> Uwharrie Mountains </Li> <Li> Yadkin Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Research Triangle <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> New Hope Valley </Li> <Li> Triangle East </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Eastern North Carolina <Ul> <Li> Fayetteville Metropolitan Area </Li> <Li> Inner Banks <Ul> <Li> Albemarle </Li> <Li> Global TransPark Economic Development Area </Li> <Li> Tidewater </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lower Cape Fear ( Wilmington Area ) </Li> <Li> Outer Banks <Ul> <Li> Crystal Coast <Ul> <Li> Bogue Banks </Li> <Li> Down East </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sandhills </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> North Dakota ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Badlands </Li> <Li> Missouri Escarpment </Li> <Li> Missouri River Corridor </Li> <Li> Red River Valley </Li> </Ul> <H3> Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) </H3> Northern Mariana Islands <Ul> <Li> Anatahan </Li> <Li> Agrihan </Li> <Li> Asuncion Island </Li> <Li> Farallon de Medinilla </Li> <Li> Farallon de Pajaros </Li> <Li> Guguan </Li> <Li> Maug Islands </Li> <Li> Pagan </Li> <Li> Rota </Li> <Li> Saipan </Li> <Li> Sarigan </Li> <Li> Tinian </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ohio ( edit ) </H3> The area roughly covered by the Great Black Swamp <Ul> <Li> Allegheny Plateau </Li> <Li> Appalachian Ohio </Li> <Li> Cincinnati - Northern Kentucky metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Columbus , Ohio metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Connecticut Western Reserve ( historic , now defunct ) </Li> <Li> Great Black Swamp ( shared with Indiana ) </Li> <Li> The Lake Erie Islands </Li> <Li> Miami Valley </Li> <Li> Northeast Ohio ( often used interchangeably with Greater Cleveland , but also includes the counties of Ashtabula , Portage , Summit , Trumbull , Mahoning and Columbiana . ) </Li> <Li> Northwest Ohio </Li> </Ul> <H3> Oklahoma ( edit ) </H3> The Oklahoma Panhandle . <Ul> <Li> Central Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Cherokee Outlet </Li> <Li> Green Country </Li> <Li> Kiamichi Country </Li> <Li> Little Dixie </Li> <Li> Northwestern Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Panhandle </Li> <Li> South Central Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Southwestern Oklahoma </Li> </Ul> <H3> Oregon ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of regions of Oregon Oregon 's topography . Oregon 's High Desert . <Ul> <Li> Cascade Range </Li> <Li> Central Oregon </Li> <Li> Columbia Plateau </Li> <Li> Columbia River </Li> <Li> Columbia River Gorge </Li> <Li> Eastern Oregon </Li> <Li> Goose Lake Valley </Li> <Li> Harney Basin </Li> <Li> High Desert </Li> <Li> Hood River Valley </Li> <Li> Mount Hood Corridor </Li> <Li> Northwest Oregon </Li> <Li> Oregon Coast </Li> <Li> Palouse </Li> <Li> Portland metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Rogue Valley </Li> <Li> Southern Oregon </Li> <Li> Treasure Valley </Li> <Li> Tualatin Valley </Li> <Li> Warner Valley </Li> <Li> Western Oregon </Li> <Li> Willamette Valley </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pennsylvania ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Allegheny National Forest </Li> <Li> Coal Region </Li> <Li> Cumberland Valley </Li> <Li> Delaware Valley </Li> <Li> Dutch Country </Li> <Li> Endless Mountains </Li> <Li> Highlands Region </Li> <Li> Laurel Highlands </Li> <Li> Lehigh Valley </Li> <Li> Main Line </Li> <Li> Northern Tier </Li> <Li> Northeastern Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Northwest Region </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh metropolitan area </Li> <Li> The Poconos </Li> <Li> South Central Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Susquehanna Valley </Li> <Li> Western Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Wyoming Valley ( Scranton / Wilkes - Barre Metropolitan Area ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Puerto Rico ( edit ) </H3> Puerto Rico <Ul> <Li> Caja de Muertos </Li> <Li> Culebra </Li> <Li> Desecheo Island </Li> <Li> Isla de Mona </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico ( main island ) </Li> <Li> Vieques </Li> </Ul> <H3> Rhode Island ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Blackstone Valley </Li> <Li> Block Island </Li> <Li> East Bay </Li> <Li> West Bay </Li> <Li> South County </Li> </Ul> <H3> South Carolina ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Lowcountry </Li> <Li> The Midlands </Li> <Li> The Upstate </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Travel / Tourism locations <Ul> <Li> Grand Strand </Li> <Li> Lake Murray Country </Li> <Li> The Lowcountry & Resort Islands </Li> <Li> Old 96 District </Li> <Li> Olde English District </Li> <Li> Pee Dee </Li> <Li> Santee Cooper Country </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> Other geographical distinctions <Ul> <Li> Blue Ridge Mountains </Li> <Li> Charleston metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Coastal South Carolina </Li> <Li> Columbia metropolitan area </Li> <Li> The Piedmont </Li> <Li> Rock Hill , South Carolina Area </Li> <Li> The Sandhills </Li> <Li> Sea Islands </Li> <Li> West Ashley </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <H3> South Dakota ( edit ) </H3> South Dakota East River West River <Ul> <Li> East River and West River , divided by the Missouri River </Li> <Li> Badlands </Li> <Li> Black Hills </Li> <Li> Coteau des Prairies </Li> </Ul> <H3> Tennessee ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Grand Divisions of Tennessee <Ul> <Li> East Tennessee </Li> <Li> Middle Tennessee </Li> <Li> West Tennessee </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Other geographical distinctions : <Ul> <Li> Highland Rim </Li> <Li> Nashville Basin </Li> <Li> Tennessee Valley </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Texas ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of geographical regions in Texas The Texas Panhandle . <Ul> <Li> Brazos Valley </Li> <Li> Central Texas <Ul> <Li> Texas blackland prairies </Li> <Li> The Hill Country </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gulf Coast <Ul> <Li> Galveston Bay </Li> <Li> Greater Houston </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> East Texas <Ul> <Li> Piney Woods and Northeast Texas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North Texas <Ul> <Li> Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex </Li> <Li> Texoma </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> South Texas <Ul> <Li> Mission Country </Li> <Li> Rio Grande Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Southeast Texas <Ul> <Li> Golden Triangle </Li> <Li> Greater Houston </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Texas Midwest / West - Central Texas ( includes Abilene , San Angelo , Brownwood , Texas ) </Li> <Li> Texas Urban Triangle ( Houston to San Antonio to Dallas - Fort Worth ) </Li> <Li> West Texas <Ul> <Li> Concho Valley </Li> <Li> Edwards Plateau </Li> <Li> Llano Estacado ( a portion of northwest Texas ) </Li> <Li> Permian Basin </Li> <Li> South Plains ( includes 24 counties south of the Texas Panhandle and north of the Permian Basin ) </Li> <Li> Texas Panhandle ( pictured ) </Li> <Li> Trans - Pecos </Li> <Li> Great Plains </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> U.S. Minor Outlying Islands ( edit ) </H3> The United States Minor Outlying Islands ( Navassa Island not on map ) <Ul> <Li> Baker Island </Li> <Li> Howland Island </Li> <Li> Jarvis Island </Li> <Li> Johnston Island </Li> <Li> Kingman Reef </Li> <Li> Midway Atoll </Li> <Li> Navassa Island ( claimed by Haiti ) </Li> <Li> Palmyra Atoll </Li> <Li> Wake Island </Li> </Ul> <H3> Utah ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cache Valley </Li> <Li> Colorado Plateau </Li> <Li> Dixie </Li> <Li> Great Salt Lake Desert </Li> <Li> Mojave Desert </Li> <Li> San Rafael Swell </Li> <Li> Southeastern Utah </Li> <Li> Southwestern Utah </Li> <Li> Uinta Mountains </Li> <Li> Wasatch Back </Li> <Li> Wasatch Front </Li> <Li> Wasatch Range </Li> </Ul> <H3> Vermont ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Burlington metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Champlain Valley </Li> <Li> Green Mountains </Li> <Li> Mount Mansfield </Li> <Li> Northeast Kingdom </Li> </Ul> <H3> Virgin Islands ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Minor islands of the U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Saint Croix </Li> <Li> Saint John </Li> <Li> Saint Thomas </Li> </Ul> <H3> Virginia ( edit ) </H3> A map of the Shenandoah Valley . <Ul> <Li> Eastern Shore </Li> <Li> Hampton Roads </Li> <Li> Historic Triangle </Li> <Li> Piedmont region of Virginia </Li> <Li> Northern Neck </Li> <Li> Northern Virginia </Li> <Li> Greater Richmond Region </Li> <Li> Shenandoah Valley </Li> <Li> South Hampton Roads </Li> <Li> Southside Virginia </Li> <Li> Southwest Virginia </Li> <Li> Tidewater </Li> <Li> Tri-Cities </Li> <Li> Virginia Peninsula </Li> </Ul> <H3> Washington ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Central Washington </Li> <Li> Columbia Plateau </Li> <Li> Eastern Washington </Li> <Li> Kitsap Peninsula </Li> <Li> Long Beach Peninsula </Li> <Li> Okanagan Country </Li> <Li> Olympic Mountains </Li> <Li> Olympic Peninsula </Li> <Li> Puget Sound </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountains </Li> <Li> San Juan Islands </Li> <Li> Skagit Valley </Li> <Li> Tri-Cities </Li> <Li> Walla Walla Valley </Li> <Li> Western Washington </Li> <Li> Yakima Valley </Li> </Ul> <H3> West Virginia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Eastern Panhandle </Li> <Li> North - Central West Virginia </Li> <Li> Northern Panhandle </Li> <Li> Potomac Highlands </Li> <Li> Southern West Virginia </Li> </Ul> <H3> Wisconsin ( edit ) </H3> Wisconsin 's Door Peninsula . <Ul> <Li> Apostle Islands </Li> <Li> Central Plain </Li> <Li> Chippewa Valley </Li> <Li> Door Peninsula </Li> <Li> Driftless Region </Li> <Li> Eastern Ridges and Lowlands </Li> <Li> Four Lakes Region </Li> <Li> Fox River Valley </Li> <Li> Kettle Moraine </Li> <Li> Lake Superior Lowland </Li> <Li> Menomonee Valley </Li> <Li> Northern Highland </Li> <Li> Southeastern Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Western Upland </Li> </Ul> <H3> Wyoming ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bighorn Basin </Li> <Li> Grand Teton </Li> <Li> Powder River Country </Li> <Li> Yellowstone National Park </Li> </Ul> <H2> Other regional listings ( edit ) </H2> Boy Scouts of America regions in 1992 <Dl> <Dd> Regions of the Boy Scouts of America </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Central Region </Li> <Li> Northeast Region </Li> <Li> Southern Region </Li> <Li> Western Region </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United States portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Geography of the United States </Li> <Li> Historic regions of the United States </Li> <Li> List of metropolitan areas of the United States </Li> <Li> Media market , e.g. , Nielsen Designated Market Area </Li> <Li> The Nine Nations of North America </Li> <Li> Political divisions of the United States </Li> <Li> United States territory </Li> <Li> Vernacular geography </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Midway Atoll , part of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands , is not politically part of Hawaii ; it is one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau , Geography Division . `` Census Regions and Divisions of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The National Energy Modeling System : An Overview 2003 '' ( Report # : DOE / EIA - 0581 , October 2009 ) . United States Department of Energy , Energy Information Administration . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The most widely used regional definitions follow those of the U.S. Bureau of the Census . '' Seymour Sudman and Norman M. Bradburn , Asking Questions : A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design ( 1982 ) . Jossey - Bass : p. 205 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Perhaps the most widely used regional classification system is one developed by the U.S. Census Bureau . '' Dale M. Lewison , Retailing , Prentice Hall ( 1997 ) : p. 384 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 461427 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( M ) ost demographic and food consumption data are presented in this four - region format . '' Pamela Goyan Kittler , Kathryn P. Sucher , Food and Culture , Cengage Learning ( 2008 ) : p. 475 . ISBN 9780495115410 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Census Bureau Regions and Divisions with State FIPS Codes '' ( PDF ) . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Geographic Terms and Concepts - Census Divisions and Census Regions '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BEA Regions '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . February 18 , 2004 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Records of Petroleum Administration for War '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Appedix A : District Description and Maps '' ( PDF ) . Energy Information Administration . October 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PADD Definitions '' . Energy Information Administration . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annual Energy Outlook 2012 '' . Energy Information Administration . June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> U.S. Library of Congress Map of the US Regions </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Administrative ( political ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Units </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U.S. state </Li> <Li> District of Columbia </Li> <Li> Insular area </Li> <Li> Minor Outlying Island </Li> <Li> Maritime territory </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zones </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hawaii -- Aleutian </Li> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> Pacific </Li> <Li> Mountain </Li> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> Eastern </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Census </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> West <Ul> <Li> Pacific </Li> <Li> Mountain </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Midwest <Ul> <Li> EN Central </Li> <Li> WN Central </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Northeast <Ul> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> Middle Atlantic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> South <Ul> <Li> S Atlantic </Li> <Li> ES Central </Li> <Li> WS Central </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Courts of appeals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> 5th </Li> <Li> 6th </Li> <Li> 7th </Li> <Li> 8th </Li> <Li> 9th </Li> <Li> 10th </Li> <Li> 11th </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Physical </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Physiographic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pacific Mountain </Li> <Li> Intermontane Plateaus </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountain </Li> <Li> Superior Upland </Li> <Li> Interior Plains </Li> <Li> Interior Highlands </Li> <Li> Appalachian </Li> <Li> Atlantic Plain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coastal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arctic </Li> <Li> West </Li> <Li> Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Gulf </Li> <Li> East </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Historical </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Acquisitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> Northwest Territory </Li> <Li> Southwest Territory </Li> <Li> Louisiana Purchase </Li> <Li> Gadsden Purchase </Li> <Li> Texas annexation </Li> <Li> Oregon Treaty </Li> <Li> Mexican Cession </Li> <Li> Alaska Purchase </Li> <Li> Newlands Resolution </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Civil War </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Union <Ul> <Li> Border states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Confederacy <Ul> <Li> Old South </Li> <Li> Dixie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Slave and free states </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Theaters </Dt> <Dd> Pacific </Dd> <Dd> Western </Dd> <Dd> Trans - 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American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 </Li> <Li> Spanish -- American War </Li> <Li> Imperialism </Li> <Li> World War I </Li> <Li> Roaring Twenties </Li> <Li> Great Depression </Li> <Li> World War II <Ul> <Li> home front </Li> <Li> Nazism in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Century </Li> <Li> Cold War </Li> <Li> Korean War </Li> <Li> Space Race </Li> <Li> Feminist Movement </Li> <Li> Vietnam War </Li> <Li> Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> War on Terror <Ul> <Li> War in Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Iraq War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By topic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Outline of U.S. history </Li> <Li> Demographic </Li> <Li> Discoveries </Li> <Li> Economic <Ul> <Li> debt ceiling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Inventions <Ul> <Li> before 1890 </Li> <Li> 1890 -- 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 91 </Li> <Li> after 1991 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Postal </Li> <Li> Technological and industrial </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Territory <Ul> <Li> counties </Li> <Li> federal district </Li> <Li> federal enclaves </Li> <Li> Indian reservations </Li> <Li> insular zones </Li> <Li> minor outlying islands </Li> <Li> populated places </Li> <Li> states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Earthquakes </Li> <Li> Extreme points </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Mountains <Ul> <Li> peaks </Li> <Li> ranges </Li> <Li> Appalachian </Li> <Li> Rocky </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> National Park Service <Ul> <Li> National Parks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Regions <Ul> <Li> East Coast </Li> <Li> West Coast </Li> <Li> Great Plains </Li> <Li> Gulf </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic </Li> <Li> Midwestern </Li> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> Pacific </Li> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> Eastern </Li> <Li> Northern </Li> <Li> Northeastern </Li> <Li> Northwestern </Li> <Li> Southern </Li> <Li> Southeastern </Li> <Li> Southwestern </Li> <Li> Western </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Longest rivers <Ul> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Red ( South ) </Li> <Li> Rio Grande </Li> <Li> Yukon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Time </Li> <Li> Water supply and sanitation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Federal </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Executive </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Civil service </Li> <Li> Executive departments </Li> <Li> Executive Office </Li> <Li> Independent agencies </Li> <Li> Law enforcement </Li> <Li> President of the United States </Li> <Li> Public policy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislative </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> House of Representatives <Ul> <Li> current members </Li> <Li> Speaker </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Senate <Ul> <Li> current members </Li> <Li> President pro tempore </Li> <Li> Vice President </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judicial </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Courts of appeals </Li> <Li> District courts </Li> <Li> Supreme Court </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Law </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill of Rights <Ul> <Li> civil liberties </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Code of Federal Regulations </Li> <Li> Constitution <Ul> <Li> federalism </Li> <Li> preemption </Li> <Li> separation of powers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Federal Reporter </Li> <Li> United States Code </Li> <Li> United States Reports </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intelligence </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Intelligence Agency </Li> <Li> Defense Intelligence Agency </Li> <Li> Federal Bureau of Investigation </Li> <Li> National Geospatial - 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Christianisation of Anglo - Saxon England - wikipedia <H1> Christianisation of Anglo - Saxon England </H1> <P> The Christianisation of Anglo - Saxon England was a process spanning the 7th century . It was essentially the result of the Gregorian mission of 597 , which was joined by the efforts of the Hiberno - Scottish mission from the 630s . From the 8th century , the Anglo - Saxon mission was in turn instrumental in the conversion of the population of the Frankish Empire . </P> <P> Æthelberht of Kent was the first king to accept baptism , circa 601 . He was followed by Saebert of Essex and Rædwald of East Anglia in 604 . However , when Æthelberht and Saebert died , in 616 , they were both succeeded by pagan sons who were hostile to Christianity and drove the missionaries out , encouraging their subjects to return to their native paganism . Christianity only hung on with Rædwald , who was still worshiping the pagan gods alongside Christ . </P> <P> The first Archbishops of Canterbury during the first half of the 7th century were members of the original Gregorian mission . The first native Saxon to be consecrated archbishop was Deusdedit of Canterbury , enthroned in 655 . The first native Anglo - Saxon bishop was Ithamar , enthroned as Bishop of Rochester in 644 . </P> <P> The decisive shift to Christianity occurred in 655 when King Penda was slain in the Battle of the Winwaed and Mercia became officially Christian for the first time . The death of Penda also allowed Cenwalh of Wessex to return from exile and return Wessex , another powerful kingdom , to Christianity . After 655 , only Sussex and the Isle of Wight remained openly pagan , although Wessex and Essex would later crown pagan kings . In 686 Arwald , the last openly pagan king was slain in battle and from this point on all Anglo - Saxon kings were at least nominally Christian ( although there is some confusion about the religion of Caedwalla who ruled Wessex until 688 ) . </P> <P> Lingering paganism among the common population gradually became English folklore . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Kent 588 - 640 <Ul> <Li> 1.1 588 : Æthelbert of Kent marries Bertha </Li> <Li> 1.2 597 : Gregorian mission arrives </Li> <Li> 1.3 616 : Eadbald 's Pagan backlash <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Bede 's account </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 Alternative chronology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 640 : Eorcenberht orders idols destroyed </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Essex 604 - 665 </Li> <Li> 3 East Anglia 604 - 630 <Ul> <Li> 3.1 604 : Rædwald is baptized </Li> <Li> 3.2 627 : Eorpwald is baptized </Li> <Li> 3.3 627 : Ricberht 's Pagan backlash </Li> <Li> 3.4 630 : Sigeberht of East Anglia returns from exile </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Northumbria 625 - 634 </Li> <Li> 5 Mercia 653 - 655 </Li> <Li> 6 Sussex 675 - 681 </Li> <Li> 7 Wessex 603 - 685 </Li> <Li> 8 Isle of Wight 661 - 686 </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Kent 588 - 640 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 588 : Æthelbert of Kent marries Bertha ( edit ) </H3> Gregory dictating , from a 10th - century manuscript <P> In 595 , when Pope Gregory I decided to send a mission to convert the Anglo - Saxons to Christianity , the Kingdom of Kent was ruled by Æthelberht . He had married a Christian princess named Bertha before 588 , and perhaps earlier than 560 . Bertha was the daughter of Charibert I , one of the Merovingian kings of the Franks . As one of the conditions of her marriage she had brought a bishop named Liudhard with her to Kent as her chaplain . They restored a church in Canterbury that dated to Roman times , possibly the present - day St Martin 's Church . Æthelberht was at that time a pagan , but he allowed his wife freedom of worship . Liudhard does not appear to have made many converts among the Anglo - Saxons , and if not for the discovery of a gold coin bearing the inscription Leudardus Eps ( Eps is an abbreviation of Episcopus , the Latin word for bishop ) his existence may have been doubted . One of Bertha 's biographers states that , influenced by his wife , Æthelberht requested Pope Gregory to send missionaries . The historian Ian Wood feels that the initiative came from the Kentish court as well as the queen . </P> <H3> 597 : Gregorian mission arrives ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 597 the mission landed in Kent , and it quickly achieved some initial success : Æthelberht permitted the missionaries to settle and preach in his capital of Canterbury , where they used the church of St. Martin 's for services , and this church became the seat of the bishopric . Neither Bede nor Gregory mentions the date of Æthelberht 's conversion , but it probably took place in 597 . </P> <P> In the early medieval period , large - scale conversions required the ruler 's conversion first , and large numbers of converts are recorded within a year of the mission 's arrival in Kent . By 601 , Gregory was writing to both Æthelberht and Bertha , calling the king his son and referring to his baptism . A late medieval tradition , recorded by the 15th - century chronicler Thomas Elmham , gives the date of the king 's conversion as Whit Sunday , or 2 June 597 ; there is no reason to doubt this date , but there is no other evidence for it . A letter of Gregory 's to Patriarch Eulogius of Alexandria in June 598 mentions the number of converts made , but does not mention any baptism of the king in 597 , although it is clear that by 601 he had been converted . The royal baptism probably took place at Canterbury , but Bede does not mention the location . </P> <P> Why Æthelberht chose to convert to Christianity is uncertain . Bede suggests that the king converted strictly for religious reasons , but most modern historians see other motives behind Æthelberht 's decision . Certainly , given Kent 's close contacts with Gaul , it is possible that Æthelberht sought baptism in order to smooth his relations with the Merovingian kingdoms , or to align himself with one of the factions then contending in Gaul . Another consideration may have been that new methods of administration often followed conversion , whether directly from the newly introduced church or indirectly from other Christian kingdoms . </P> <P> Evidence from Bede suggests that although Æthelberht encouraged conversion , he was unable to compel his subjects to become Christians . The historian R.A. Markus feels that this was due to a strong pagan presence in the kingdom , which forced the king to rely on indirect means including royal patronage and friendship to secure conversions . For Markus , this is demonstrated by the way in which Bede describes the king 's conversion efforts , which when a subject converted , were to `` rejoice at their conversion '' and to `` hold believers in greater affection '' . </P> <H3> 616 : Eadbald 's pagan backlash ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O : Bust of Eadbald right . AVDV ( ALD REGES ) </Td> <Td> R : Cross on globe within wreath . + + IÞNNBALLOIENVZI </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Gold thrymsa of Eadbald of Kent , London ( ? ) , 616 -- 40 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Eadbald came to the throne on the death of his father on 24 February 616 , or possibly 618 . Although Æthelberht had been Christian since about 600 and his wife Bertha was also Christian , Eadbald was a pagan . Bertha died some time before Eadbald 's accession , and Æthelberht remarried . The name of Æthelberht 's second wife is not recorded , but it seems likely that she was a pagan , since on his death she married Eadbald , her stepson : a marriage between a stepmother and stepson was forbidden by the church . </P> <P> Bede records that Eadbald 's repudiation of Christianity was a `` severe setback '' to the growth of the church . Sæberht , the king of Essex , had become a Christian under Æthelberht 's influence , but on Sæberht 's death , at about the same time , his sons expelled Mellitus , the bishop of London . According to Bede , Eadbald was punished for his faithlessness by `` frequent fits of insanity '' , and possession by an `` evil spirit '' ( perhaps referring to epileptic fits ) , but was eventually persuaded to give up his wife and adopt Christianity . Eadbald 's second wife , Ymme , was Frankish , and it may well be that Kent 's strong connections with Francia were a factor in Eadbald 's conversion . It is likely that the missionaries in Canterbury had Frankish support . In the 620s , Eadbald 's sister Æthelburg came to Kent , but sent her children to the court of King Dagobert I in Francia ; in addition to the diplomatic connections , trade with the Franks was important to Kent . It is thought likely that Frankish pressure had been influential in persuading Æthelberht to become Christian , and Eadbald 's conversion and marriage to Ymme are likely to have been closely connected diplomatic decisions . </P> <P> Two graves from a well - preserved sixth and seventh - century Anglo - Saxon cemetery at Finglesham have yielded a bronze pendant and a gilt buckle with designs that are related to each other and may be symbolic of religious activity involving the Germanic deity Woden . These objects probably date from the period of the pagan reaction . </P> Bede 's account ( edit ) <P> Bede 's account of Eadbald 's rejection of the church and subsequent conversion is quite detailed , but not without some internal inconsistencies . Bede 's version of events are laid out as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> 24 February 616 : Æthelberht dies and Eadbald succeeds . </Li> <Li> 616 : Eadbald leads a pagan reaction to Christianity . He marries his stepmother , contrary to church law , and he refuses baptism . At about this time Mellitus , bishop of London , is expelled by the sons of Sæberht in Essex , and goes to Kent . </Li> <Li> 616 : Mellitus and Justus , bishop of Rochester , leave Kent for Francia . </Li> <Li> 616 / 617 : Some time after Mellitus and Justus depart , Laurence , the archbishop of Canterbury , plans to leave for Francia , but has a vision in which St Peter scourges him . In the morning he shows the scars to Eadbald who is converted to Christianity as a result . </Li> <Li> 617 : Justus and Mellitus both return from Francia , `` the year after they left '' . Justus is restored to Rochester . </Li> <Li> c. 619 : Laurence dies , and Mellitus becomes archbishop of Canterbury . </Li> <Li> 619 -- 624 : Eadbald builds a church which is consecrated by Archbishop Mellitus . </Li> <Li> 24 April 624 : Mellitus dies and Justus succeeds him as archbishop of Canterbury . </Li> <Li> 624 : after Justus 's succession , Pope Boniface writes to him to say that he has heard in letters from King Aduluald ( possibly a scribal error for Eadbald ) of the king 's conversion to Christianity . Boniface sends the pallium with this letter , adding that it is only to be worn when celebrating `` the Holy Mysteries '' . </Li> <Li> By 625 Edwin of Deira , king of Northumbria , asks for the hand in marriage of Æthelburg , Eadbald 's sister . Edwin is told he must allow her to practice Christianity , and must consider baptism himself . </Li> <Li> 21 July 625 : Justus consecrates Paulinus bishop of York . </Li> <Li> July or later in 625 : Edwin agrees to the terms and Æthelburg travels to Northumbria , accompanied by Paulinus . </Li> <Li> Easter 626 : Æthelburg is delivered of a daughter , Eanflæd . </Li> <Li> 626 : Edwin completes a military campaign against the West Saxons . At `` about this time '' Boniface writes to both Edwin and Æthelburg . The letter to Edwin urges him to accept Christianity and refers to the conversion of Eadbald . The letter to Æthelburg mentions that the pope has recently heard the news of Eadbald 's conversion , and encourages her to work for the conversion of her husband , Edwin . </Li> </Ul> Alternative chronology ( edit ) <P> Although Bede 's narrative is widely accepted , an alternative chronology has been proposed by D.P. Kirby . Kirby points out that Boniface 's letter to Æthelburg makes it clear that the news of Eadbald 's conversion is recent , and that it is unthinkable that Boniface would not have been kept up to date on the status of Eadbald 's conversion . Hence Eadbald must have been converted by Justus , as is implied by Boniface 's letter to Justus . The pallium accompanying that letter indicates Justus was archbishop by that time , and the duration of Mellitus 's archiepiscopate means that even if Bede 's dates are somewhat wrong in other particulars , Eadbald was converted no earlier than 621 , and no later than April 624 , since Mellitus consecrated a church for Eadbald before his death in that month . The account of Laurence 's miraculous scourging by Peter can be disregarded as a later hagiographical invention of the monastery of St Augustine 's , Canterbury . </P> <P> As mentioned above , it has been suggested that King `` Aduluald '' in the letter to Justus is a real king Æthelwald , perhaps a junior king of west Kent . In that case it would appear that Laurence converted Eadbald , and Justus converted Æthelwald . It has also been suggested that the pallium did not indicate Justus was archbishop , since Justus is told the limited circumstances in which he may wear it ; however , the same phrasing occurs in the letter conveying the pallium to Archbishop Augustine , also quoted in Bede . Another possibility is that the letter was originally two letters . In this view , Bede has conflated the letter conveying the pallium with the letter congratulating Justus on the conversion , which according to Bede 's account was seven or so years earlier ; but the grammatical details on which this suggestion is based are not unique to this letter , and as a result it is usually considered to be a single composition . </P> <P> The letter to Æthelburg makes it clear that she was already married at the time the news of Eadbald 's conversion reached Rome . This is quite inconsistent with the earlier date Bede gives for Eadbald 's acceptance of Christianity , and it has been suggested in Bede 's defence that Æthelburg married Edwin substantially earlier and stayed in Kent until 625 before travelling to Rome , and that the letter was written while she was in Kent . However , it would appear from Boniface 's letter that Boniface thought of Æthelburg as being at her husband 's side . It also appears that the letter to Justus was written after the letters to Edwin and Æthelburg , rather than before , as Bede has it ; Boniface 's letter to Edwin and Æthelburg indicates he had the news from messengers , but when he wrote to Justus he had heard from the king himself . </P> <P> The story of Æthelburg 's marriage being dependent on Edwin allowing her to practice her faith has been questioned , since revising the chronology makes it likely , though not certain , that the marriage was arranged before Eadbald 's conversion . In this view , it would have been the church that objected to the marriage , and Æthelburg would have been Christian before Eadbald 's conversion . The story of Paulinus 's consecration is also problematic as he was not consecrated until at least 625 and possibly later , which is after the latest possible date for Æthelburg 's marriage . However , it may be that he traveled to Northumbria prior to his consecration and only later became bishop . </P> <P> A revised chronology of some of these events follows , taking the above considerations into account . </P> <Ul> <Li> 616 : Eadbald leads a pagan reaction to Christianity . </Li> <Li> 616 : Mellitus and Justus , bishop of Rochester , leave Kent for Francia . </Li> <Li> c. 619 : Laurence dies , and Mellitus becomes archbishop of Canterbury . </Li> <Li> Early 624 ? : Justus converts Eadbald . Messengers go to Rome . Also at about this time Æthelburg 's marriage to Edwin is arranged , perhaps before the conversion . Eadbald builds a church , and Mellitus consecrates it . </Li> <Li> 24 April 624 : Mellitus dies and Justus succeeds him as archbishop of Canterbury . </Li> <Li> Mid 624 : Edwin agrees to the marriage terms and Æthelburg travels to Northumbria , accompanied by Paulinus . </Li> <Li> Later 624 : the pope receives news of Eadbald 's conversion and writes to Æthelburg and Edwin . </Li> <Li> Still later 624 : the pope hears from Eadbald of his conversion , and also hears of Mellitus 's death . He writes to Justus to send him the pallium . </Li> <Li> 21 July 625 or 626 : Justus consecrates Paulinus bishop of York . </Li> </Ul> <P> This timeline extends the duration of the pagan reaction from less than a year , in Bede 's narrative , to about eight years . This represents a more serious setback for the church . </P> <H3> 640 : Eorcenberht orders idols destroyed ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to Bede ( HE III. 8 ) , Eorcenberht was the first king in Britain to command that pagan `` idols '' ( cult images ) be destroyed and that Lent be observed . It has been suggested that these orders may have been officially committed to writing , in the tradition of Kentish law - codes initiated by Æthelberht , but no such text survives . This indicates that while King Eadbald had converted at least 16 years previously , the general population were still openly pagan in 640 . </P> <H2> Essex 604 - 665 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 604 : Sæberht of Essex is baptised by Mellitus </Li> <Li> 616 : Sexred and Sæward of Essex are crowned : pagan resurgence </Li> <Li> 653 : Sigeberht the Good is baptized </Li> <Li> 660 : Swithhelm of Essex is crowned : pagan resurgence </Li> <Li> 662 : Swithhelm is baptized </Li> <Li> 665 : Sighere of Essex leads a pagan resurgence </Li> <Li> 665 : Jaruman is sent by Wulfhere of Mercia to reconvert the East Saxons . </Li> </Ul> <P> Sæbert of Essex was baptised by Mellitus in 604 , but following his death in 616 his sons Sexred and Sæward drove Melitus out and `` encouraged their people to return to the old gods '' . Mellitus returned to Essex when Eadbald of Kent converted , but pagans drove him out again . Essex remained officially pagan until 653 when Oswy of Northumbria persuaded Sigeberht the Good to convert and allow Cedd to preach there . In 660 Sigeberht was killed by his pagan brothers for being too accommodating to Christianity . Swithhelm took over , but Æthelwold of East Anglia persuaded him to convert in 662 . Swithhelm died in 664 and his two cousins Sighere and Sæbbi ruled Essex jointly . While there is no mention of Sighere accepting Christianity in the first place , when a plague broke out in 665 he `` abandoned the mysteries of the Christian faith and relapsed into paganism '' . The people in Sighere 's half of Essex became openly pagan once again , but Sæbbi 's ally Wulfhere of Merica sent the Jaruman to convert them and made Sighere marry his niece Osyth , who he later divorced . Sighere was the last pagan king of Essex . </P> <H2> East Anglia 604 - 630 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 604 : Rædwald is baptized ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rædwald of East Anglia received the Christian sacraments from Mellitus in Kent , presumably at the invitation of Æthelberht who may have been his baptismal sponsor . The date of this initiation is not exactly known , but since it is claimed that Augustine ( d. c 604 ) dedicated a church near Ely , it may have followed Saebert 's conversion fairly swiftly . In this way Rædwald became aligned with Æthelberht 's system of authority . Bede states that even during Æthelbert 's lifetime Rædwald was building up the leadership of the southern English for his own nation of East Angles . </P> <P> In East Anglia Rædwald 's conversion was not universally acceptable to his household , nor by his wife . She and her pagan teachers probably persuaded him to default in part from his commitment to it . In his temple , therefore , there were two altars , one dedicated to Christ , and one for dedications to the Anglo - Saxon gods . Raedwald is considered the most likely candidate for the Sutton Hoo ship burial , which displays both pagan and Christian iconography . </P> <P> In 616 the pagan backlash in Kent and Essex left Rædwald the only ( partially ) Christian king in the Anglo - Saxon kingdoms . Rædwald died in 624 and was succeeded by his son Eorpwald . </P> <H3> 627 : Eorpwald is baptized ( edit ) </H3> <P> Paulinus undertook the conversion of the Northumbrian people , and also those of the Kingdom of Lindsey ( Lincolnshire ) and East Anglia . This Christian patronage helped to affirm Edwin 's position as senior ruler of the English , and until his final confrontation with Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd in 632 - 3 he also held the British or Welsh powers under his dominion . </P> <P> It was at Edwin 's prompting that Eorpwald , together with his kingdom , received the Christian faith and sacraments . Eorpwald was therefore not yet a Christian during his father 's lifetime nor at his own accession . It is not known whether his baptism took place in East Anglia , Northumbria or Kent , but it is very likely that Edwin , now a senior ruler , was his sponsor at baptism . The conversion had the political benefit of bringing the entire eastern seaboard from Northumbria to Kent under the dominion of Christian rulers in alliance with Edwin , with the single exception of the Essex . </P> <H3> 627 : Ricberht 's pagan backlash ( edit ) </H3> <P> Not long after his conversion Eorpwald was slain ( occisus ) by a pagan ( viro gentili ) named Ricberht . The circumstances are not recorded , so that it is not known whether Ricberht represented an internal East Anglian opposition to Christian rule , or if he was an emissary from an external power wishing to diminish Edwin 's influence . </P> <P> Bede states that after the slaying of Eorpwald the kingdom reverted to heathen rule ( in errore versata est ) for three years . This does not necessarily mean an overt struggle between the worship of the Anglo - Saxon gods and the worship of Christ , but could equally express a conflict in the political allegiances which Edwin 's rise to power had prompted . The attribution of these three years to a supposed rule of Ricberht is a banner of convenience , though the fact that his name was remembered at all ( when East Anglian history of this period is dependent upon very fragmentary records ) indicates that he was a person of some importance . </P> <H3> 630 : Sigeberht of East Anglia returns from exile ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the interregnum prompted by Eorpwald 's assassination , Sigeberht was recalled from Gaul to become ruler of the East Angles . It is likely that he gained the kingdom by military means , because his prowess as a military commander was later remembered . During his reign part of the Kingdom was governed by his kinsman Ecgric , the relationship described by the Latin term cognatus . This may mean that Ecgric was a son of Rædwald . However some authorities consider Ecgric to be the same person as Æthilric , named in the East Anglian tally ( in the Anglian Collection ) as a son of Eni , Rædwald 's brother . Whoever Ecgric was , Sigeberht had equal or senior power while he ruled , because the influence of his religious patronage was felt both in eastern and western parts of the kingdom . </P> <P> Sigeberht 's Christian conversion may have been a decisive factor in his achieving royal power , since at that time Edwin of Northumbria ( 616 - 632 / 3 ) was the senior English king , and only he and Eadbald of Kent were Christian rulers . Eadbald certainly had contacts with the Frankish rulers . After Dagobert succeeded Clothar II in Francia in 628 , Sigeberht 's emergence helped to strengthen the English conversion upon which Edwin 's power rested . Sigeberht is likely to have encouraged the conversion of Ecgric , if he was not already Christian . Edwin 's encouragement took shape in the marriage of his grand - niece Hereswith , sister of Saint Hilda , to Æthilric , Rædwald 's nephew . Hereswith and Hild were under Edwin 's protection and were baptised with him in 626 . This marriage held the presumption that Æthilric was , or would become , Christian , and probably also that he should at some time become King of East Anglia . </P> <P> Bede relates that the East Anglian apostle Saint Felix came to England from Burgundy as a missionary bishop , and was sent by Honorius , the Archbishop of Canterbury to assist Sigeberht . William of Malmesbury has the later story that Felix accompanied Sigeberht to East Anglia . In either case , this dates Sigeberht 's accession to c629 - 630 , because Felix was Bishop for 17 years , his successor Thomas for five , and his successor Berhtgisl Boniface for 17 - and Berhtgisl died in around 669 . Sigeberht established the bishop 's seat of his kingdom for Felix at Dommoc , claimed variously for Dunwich or Walton , Felixstowe ( both coastal sites in Suffolk ) . If at Walton ( as Rochester claimed during the thirteenth century ) , the site of Dommoc may have been within the precinct of a Roman fort which formerly stood there . </P> <P> Sigeberht also established a school in his kingdom for boys to be taught reading and writing in Latin , on the model that he had witnessed in Gaul . Felix assisted him by obtaining teachers of the kind who taught in Kent . Paulinus of York was from 633 to 644 bishop of Rochester on the Medway , then the nearest bishopric in Kent to East Anglia . Paulinus had ( according to the Whitby Life of Gregory the Great ) been connected with the court of Rædwald during the exile of Edwin . </P> <P> The allegiance of Felix to Canterbury determined the Roman basis of the East Anglian Church , though his training in Burgundy may have been coloured by the teaching of the Irish missionary Columbanus in Luxeuil . In around 633 , perhaps shortly before Aidan was sent to Lindisfarne from Iona , the Irish royal hermit and missionary Fursey came from the Athlone area with his priests and brethren to East Anglia . Sigeberht granted him a monastery site in an old Roman fort called Cnobheresburg , usually identified as Burgh Castle near Yarmouth . Felix and Fursey both effected many conversions and established churches in Sigeberht 's kingdom . Bede records that Archbishop Honorius and Bishop Felix much admired the work of Aidan of Lindisfarne . Therefore , it is likely that they also appreciated of Fursey , whose community also lived according to the ascetic principles of Irish Christianity . </P> <H2> Northumbria 625 - 634 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 625 : Paulinus begins preaching </Li> <Li> 627 : Edwin is baptised </Li> <Li> 633 : Osric and Eanfrith of Bernicia are crowned : Heathen resurgence </Li> <Li> 634 : Oswald is crowned </Li> </Ul> <P> Paulinus arrived in Bernicia in 625 to convince Edwin to accept baptism . Edwin allowed his daughter Eanfled to be baptised , and vowed to accept baptism himself if his campaign against Cwichelm of Wessex was successful . Bede recounts that Edwin was finally baptised on 12 April 627 , but he does not appear to have made any effort to convert his subjects . He died in 633 and Osric and Eanfrith , his cousin and nephew respectively , took over Bernicia and Deira . Osric and Eanfrith had both accepted baptism while in exile with the Picts , but upon taking their thrones reverted their kingdoms to paganism . They were both killed by Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd in 634 , who was in turn killed by Eanfrith 's brother Oswald in the same year . Oswald had been baptised while in exile with the Scots , and had persuaded his council to accept baptism if they were victorious against Cadwallon . Oswald requested missionaries to convert the pagan Bernicians and Deirans . The first bishop to try eventually gave up and returned to Iona , reporting that the Northumbrians were ardently pagan and refusing to convert . Aidan arrived in 635 and spent the rest of his life converting the Northumbrians , dying in 651 . </P> <H2> Mercia 653 - 655 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 653 : Preaching Begins </Li> <Li> 655 : Peada is crowned </Li> </Ul> <P> The pagan King Penda allowed Christian missionaries to begin preaching in Mercia in 653 when his son Peada was baptised . Peada had accepted baptism in order to marry Alhflæd , the daughter of Oswiu of Bernicia . Penda was killed in battle against Oswiu on 15 November 655 , and Peada took the throne , becoming the first Christian king . Unusually Mercia had no official relapse into paganism . </P> <H2> Sussex 675 - 681 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 675 : Æthelwealh is baptised </Li> <Li> 681 : Wilfrid begins preaching </Li> </Ul> <P> Æthelwealh of Sussex was baptised in Mercia sometime during or just before 675 , probably as a condition of marrying the Christian Queen Eafa of the Hwicce . In 681 Wilfrid arrived in Sussex to begin converting the general population . Bede says Wulfhere had had him converted `` not long previously '' , but it could n't have been later than 675 because that is when Wulfhere died . Æthelwealh gave Wilfrid land in Selsey where he founded Selsey Abbey . While there Wilfrid met with Cædwalla of Wessex and guaranteed support for his invasion of Sussex ( despite Æthelwealh granting him land and allowing him to preach in his kingdom ) . In 685 Cædwalla , who was now King of Wessex , invaded Sussex and killed Æthelwealh . Two ealdormen of Æthelwealh , Berthun and Andhun , drove him out and administered the kingdom from then on . Their religious affiliation is not recorded . In 686 Wilfrid was recalled to York , Berthun and Andhun attacked Kent , Berthun was killed somewhere along the line and Sussex was conquered by Cædwalla . </P> <H2> Wessex 603 - 685 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 603 : Augustine of Canterbury begins preaching ( possibly apocryphal ) </Li> <Li> 635 : Cynegils of Wessex and Cwichelm of Wessex are baptised </Li> <Li> 643 : Cenwalh is crowned : Heathen resurgence </Li> <Li> 655 : Cenwalh returns from exile , now baptized </Li> <Li> 676 : Centwine is crowned , Heathen resurgence </Li> <Li> 685 : Cædwalla is crowned , unbaptized but pro-Christian </Li> </Ul> <P> The monk Goscelin recorded a short legend that after converting Æthelberht of Kent , Augustine traveled into Wessex to convert the population . In the village of Cernel the locals jeered at him and drove him out of town , pinning fish to him in mockery of his religion . According to this legend Augustine eventually returned and converted them by smashing their idol . Bede , however , says that the West Saxons were `` completely heathen '' until 635 when Birinus began preaching there . The joint Kings Cynigils and Cwichelm were baptised in 635 or 636 with King Oswin of Northumbria as their godfather , and Bede claims the common population were converted also . When Cynegils died in 643 his son Cenwalh ascended to the throne ; Bede said of Cenwalh , that he `` refused to embrace the mysteries of the faith , and of the heavenly kingdom ; and not long after also he lost the dominion of his earthly kingdom ; for he put away the sister of Penda , king of the Mercians , whom he had married , and took another wife ; whereupon a war ensuing , he was by him expelled his kingdom '' . The pagan King Penda took over Wessex and Cenwalh accepted baptism while under the protection of the Christian king Anna of East Anglia . Penda was killed in 655 allowing the now - Christian Cenwalh to return to Wessex . He was succeeded by his widow Seaxburh and then Æscwine ; their religion is unknown . In 676 Centwine took the throne . Centwine was a Heathen throughout his reign , but abdicated to become a Christian monk . Cædwalla became king of Wessex in 685 or 686 , and his religion is difficult to determine . He remained unbaptised throughout his entire reign , but supported Christianity . Before attacking the pagan Isle of Wight , be vowed to give 1 / 4 of the land and booty to the Church if he was successful , a vow he fulfilled by granting estates to Wilfrid . He also `` allowed '' the heirs of Arwald , the last pagan King of Wight , to be baptised before he executed them . He is recorded elsewhere granting land to the church . Before conquering Sussex he worked with the Bishops Wilfrid and Eorcenwald to establish an ecclesiastical structure there . He was seriously wounded while conquering the Isle of Wight in 686 . In 688 he abdicated and went on a pilgrimage to Rome and was baptised by Pope Sergius I on 10 April 689 , dying 10 days later from his wounds . </P> <P> His successor Ine issued a law code in 695 which reveal him to be a Christian . However , one of Ine 's laws proscribe a fine for failing to baptise one 's children , and another fine for failing to tithe , which indicates the common population were slow to adopt Christian habits voluntarily . </P> <H2> Isle of Wight 661 - 686 ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 661 : Wulfhere of Mercia invades , islanders forcibly baptized </Li> <Li> 661 : Wulfhere of Mercia leaves , islanders immediately return to Heathenism </Li> <Li> 686 : Cædwalla of Wessex invades , islanders ethnically cleansed and Kingdom annexed </Li> </Ul> <P> The Jutes of the Isle of Wight were forcibly baptised when Wulfhere invaded in 661 . When Wulfhere returned to Mercia he left the priest Eoppa in Wight , but he could not stop the islanders quickly reverting to open paganism . Wight remained pagan until 686 when it was invaded by the Christian sympathiser Cædwalla of Wessex . Their pagan King Arwald was killed in battle , and his heirs were baptised and executed . Most of the pagan population was purportedly exterminated and replaced with Christian West Saxons . Those who remained were forced to accept baptism and also the West Saxon dialect , and the Isle of Wight was incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex . King Arwald was the last English King to die a pagan . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Bede 's chronology may be a little awry , as he gives the king 's death as occurring in February 616 , and says the king died 21 years after his conversion , which would date the conversion to 595 . This would be before the mission and would mean that either the queen or Liudhard converted Æthelberht , which contradicts Bede 's own statement that the king 's conversion was due to the Gregorian mission . Since Gregory in his letter of 601 to the king and queen strongly implies that the queen was unable to effect the conversion of her husband , thus providing independent testimony to Æthelberht 's conversion by the mission , the problem of the dating is likely a chronological error on Bede 's part . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The letter , as translated in Brooks ' Early History of the Church of Canterbury , p. 8 , says `` preserve the grace he had received '' . Grace in this context meant the grace of baptism . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Attempts by Suso Brechter to argue that Æthelberht was not converted until after 601 have met with little agreement among medievalists . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Stenton Anglo - Saxon England pp. 104 -- 105 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stenton Anglo - Saxon England pp. 105 -- 106 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kirby Earliest English Kings pp. 24 -- 25 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nelson `` Bertha ( b.c. 565 , d. in or after 601 ) '' Oxford Dictionary of National Biography </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hindley Brief History of the Anglo - Saxons pp. 33 -- 36 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herrin Formation of Christendom p. 169 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Higham Convert Kings p. 73 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wood `` Mission of Augustine of Canterbury '' Speculum pp. 9 -- 10 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mayr - Harting `` Augustine ( St Augustine ) ( d . 604 ) '' Oxford Dictionary of National Biography </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fletcher The Barbarian Conversion pp. 116 -- 117 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brooks Early History of the Church of Canterbury pp. 8 -- 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wood `` Mission of Augustine of Canterbury '' Speculum p. 11 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 28 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Markus `` Chronology of the Gregorian Mission '' Journal of Ecclesiastical History p. 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Higham Convert Kings p. 56 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Higham Convert Kings p. 53 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Higham Convert Kings pp. 90 -- 102 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell `` Observations '' Essays in Anglo - Saxon History p. 76 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Markus Gregory the Great and His World pp. 182 -- 183 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quoted in Markus Gregory the Great and His World p. 183 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirby , Earliest English Kings , pp. 31 -- 33 , provides an extended discussion of the chronology of Æthelberht 's reign . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk. II , ch. 5 , p. 111 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yorke , Kings and Kingdoms , p. 175 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rollason , Mildrith Legend , p. 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kirby , Earliest English Kings , pp. 37 -- 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yorke , Kings and Kingdoms , p. 39 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Commentary , and images of both objects , can be found in S. Chadwick Hawkes , `` Finglesham . A Cemetery in East Kent '' and `` The Archaeology of Conversion : Cemeteries '' , both in Campbell , The Anglo - Saxons , pp. 24 -- 25 and 48 -- 49 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk. II , ch. 6 , p. 113 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk. II , ch. 7 , p. 114 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk. II , ch. 8 , p. 116 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk. II , ch. 9 , p. 117 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk. II , ch. 10 , p. 120 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yorke , Kings and Kingdoms , pp. 32 -- 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dorothy Whitelock , English Historical Documents . Vol. 1 . p. 361 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bede , Ecclesiastical History , bk . III , ch. 7 , p. 153 . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Primary sources </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Bede ( 1991 ) . D.H. Farmer , ed . Ecclesiastical History of the English People . Translated by Leo Sherley - Price . R.E. Latham . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044565 - X . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Secondary sources </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Bede Venerablis ; translated by Leo Sherley - Price ( 1988 ) . A History of the English Church and People . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044042 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Blair , John P. ( 2005 ) . The Church in Anglo - Saxon Society . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 921117 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Blair , Peter Hunter ; Blair , Peter D. ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to Anglo - Saxon England ( Third ed . ) . 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New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . pp. 67 -- 83 . </Li> <Li> Church , S.D. ( 2008 ) . `` Paganism in Conversion - age Anglo - Saxon England : The Evidence of Bede 's Ecclesiastical History Reconsidered '' . History . 93 ( 310 ) : 162 -- 180 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 229X. 2008.00420. x . </Li> <Li> Coates , Simon ( February 1998 ) . `` The Construction of Episcopal Sanctity in early Anglo - Saxon England : the Impact of Venantius Fortunatus '' . Historical Research . 71 ( 174 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 2281.00050 . </Li> <Li> Colgrave , Bertram ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Earliest Life of Gregory the Great ( Paperback reissue of 1968 ed . ) . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 31384 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Collins , Roger ( 1999 ) . Early Medieval Europe : 300 -- 1000 ( Second ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . 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New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06493 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Fletcher , R.A. ( 1998 ) . The Barbarian Conversion : From Paganism to Christianity . New York : H. Holt and Co . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 2763 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Foley , W. Trent ; Higham , Nicholas . J. ( 2009 ) . `` Bede on the Britons '' . Early Medieval Europe . 17 ( 2 ) : 154 -- 185 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0254.2009. 00258. x . </Li> <Li> Frend , William H.C. ( 2003 ) . Martin Carver , ed . Roman Britain , a Failed Promise . The Cross Goes North : Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe AD 300 -- 1300 . Woodbridge , UK : Boydell Press . pp. 79 -- 92 . ISBN 1 - 84383 - 125 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Fryde , E.B. ; Greenway , D.E. ; Porter , S. ; Roy , I. ( 1996 ) . Handbook of British Chronology ( Third revised ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56350 - X . </Li> <Li> Gameson , Richard & Gameson , Fiona ( 2006 ) . `` From Augustine to Parker : The Changing Face of the First Archbishop of Canterbury '' . In Smyth , Alfred P. & Keynes , Simon . Anglo - Saxons : Studies Presented to Cyril Roy Hart . Dublin : Four Courts Press . pp. 13 -- 38 . ISBN 1 - 85182 - 932 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Herrin , Judith ( 1989 ) . The Formation of Christendom . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00831 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Higham , N.J. ( 1997 ) . The Convert Kings : Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo - Saxon England . Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4827 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Hindley , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of the Anglo - Saxons : The Beginnings of the English Nation . New York : Carroll & Graf Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 1738 - 5 . </Li> <Li> John , Eric ( 1996 ) . Reassessing Anglo - Saxon England . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5053 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jones , Putnam Fennell ( July 1928 ) . `` The Gregorian Mission and English Education '' . Speculum. 3 ( 3 ) : 335 -- 348 . doi : 10.2307 / 2847433 . JSTOR 2847433 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Kirby , D.P. ( 1992 ) . The Earliest English Kings . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09086 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Kirby , D.P. ( 2000 ) . The Earliest English Kings . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 24211 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Kirby , D.P. ( 1967 ) . The Making of Early England ( Reprint ed . ) . New York : Schocken Books . </Li> <Li> Lapidge , Michael ( 2006 ) . The Anglo - Saxon Library . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926722 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Lapidge , Michael ( 1999 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo - Saxon England . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22492 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Lapidge , Michael ( 2001 ) . `` Laurentius '' . In Lapidge , Michael ; Blair , John ; Keynes , Simon ; Scragg , Donald . The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo - Saxon England . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . p. 279 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22492 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Lawrence , C.H. ( 2001 ) . Medieval Monasticism : Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 40427 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Markus , R.A. ( April 1963 ) . `` The Chronology of the Gregorian Mission to England : Bede 's Narrative and Gregory 's Correspondence '' . Journal of Ecclesiastical History . 14 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 30 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022046900064356 . </Li> <Li> Markus , R.A. ( 1970 ) . `` Gregory the Great and a Papal Missionary Strategy '' . Studies in Church History 6 : The Mission of the Church and the Propagation of the Faith . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 29 -- 38 . OCLC 94815 . </Li> <Li> Markus , R.A. ( 1997 ) . Gregory the Great and His World . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 58430 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Mayr - Harting , Henry ( 1991 ) . The Coming of Christianity to Anglo - Saxon England . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 00769 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Mayr - Harting , Henry ( 2004 ) . `` Augustine ( St Augustine ) ( d . 604 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> McGowan , Joseph P. ( 2008 ) . `` An Introduction to the Corpus of Anglo - Latin Literature '' . In Philip Pulsiano and Elaine Treharne . A Companion to Anglo - Saxon Literature ( Paperback ed . ) . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . pp. 11 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7609 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Meens , Rob ( 1994 ) . `` A Background to Augustine 's Mission to Anglo - Saxon England '' . In Lapidge , Michael . Anglo - Saxon England 23 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 5 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47200 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Nelson , Janet L. ( 2006 ) . `` Bertha ( b.c. 565 , d. in or after 601 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Ortenberg , Veronica ( 1965 ) . `` The Anglo - Saxon Church and the Papacy '' . In Lawrence , C.H. The English Church and the Papacy in the Middle Ages ( 1999 reprint ed . ) . Stroud : Sutton Publishing . pp. 29 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 1947 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Rollason , D.W. ( 1982 ) . The Mildrith Legend : A Study in Early Medieval Hagiography in England . Atlantic Highlands : Leicester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7185 - 1201 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Schapiro , Meyer ( 1980 ) . `` The Decoration of the Leningrad Manuscript of Bede '' . Selected Papers : Volume 3 : Late Antique , Early Christian and Mediaeval Art . London : Chatto & Windus . pp. 199 and 212 -- 214 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280139 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Thacker , Alan ( 1998 ) . `` Memorializing Gregory the Great : The Origin and Transmission of a Papal Cult in the 7th and early 8th centuries '' . Early Medieval Europe . 7 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 84 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0254.00018 . </Li> <Li> Walsh , Michael J. ( 2007 ) . A New Dictionary of Saints : East and West . London : Burns & Oates . ISBN 0 - 86012 - 438 - X . </Li> <Li> Williams , Ann ( 1999 ) . Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England c. 500 -- 1066 . London : MacMillan Press . ISBN 0 - 333 - 56797 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Wilson , David M. ( 1984 ) . Anglo - Saxon Art : From the Seventh Century to the Norman Conquest . London : Thames and Hudson . OCLC 185807396 . </Li> <Li> Wood , Ian ( January 1994 ) . `` The Mission of Augustine of Canterbury to the English '' . Speculum. 69 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.2307 / 2864782 . JSTOR 2864782 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Yorke , Barbara ( 1990 ) . Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo - Saxon England . London : Seaby . ISBN 1 - 85264 - 027 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Yorke , Barbara ( 2006 ) . The Conversion of Britain : Religion , Politics and Society in Britain c. 600 -- 800 . London : Pearson / Longman . 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Onomatopoeia - wikipedia <H1> Onomatopoeia </H1> This article is about the category of words . For the comic character , see Onomatopoeia ( comics ) . <P> </P> A sign in a shop window in Italy proclaims `` No Tic Tac '' , in imitation of the sound of a clock . <P> Onomatopoeia ( / ˌɒnəˌmætəˈpiːə , - ˌmɑː - / ( listen ) ; from the Greek ὀνοματοποιία ; ὄνομα for `` name '' and ποιέω for `` I make '' , adjectival form : `` onomatopoeic '' or `` onomatopoetic '' ) is the process of creating a word that phonetically imitates , resembles , or suggests the sound that it describes . As such words are uncountable nouns , onomatopoeia refers to the property of such words . Common occurrences of words our of the onomatopoeia process include animal noises such as `` oink '' , `` miaow '' ( or `` meow '' ) , `` roar '' and `` chirp '' . Onomatopoeia can differ between languages : it conforms to some extent to the broader linguistic system ; hence the sound of a clock may be expressed as tick tock in English , tictac in Spanish , dī dā in Mandarin , katchin katchin in Japanese , or `` tik - tik '' in Hindi . </P> <P> Although in the English language the term onomatopoeia means `` the imitation of a sound '' , the compound word onomatopoeia ( ὀνοματοποιία ) in the Greek language means `` making or creating names '' . For words that imitate sounds , the term ὴχομιμητικό ( echomimetico ) or echomimetic ) is used . The word ὴχομιμητικό ( echomimetico ) derives from `` ὴχώ '' , meaning echo or sound , and `` μιμητικό '' , meaning mimetic or imitating . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Uses <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Cross-cultural differences </Li> <Li> 1.2 Onomatopoeic effect without onomatopoeic words </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Comics and advertising <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Manner imitation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Examples in media </Li> <Li> 4 Cross-linguistic examples </Li> <Li> 5 In linguistics </Li> <Li> 6 The evolution of language </Li> <Li> 7 Role in early language acquisition </Li> <Li> 8 In other languages <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Japanese </Li> <Li> 8.2 Malay </Li> <Li> 8.3 Arabic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 10.2 General references </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Uses </H2> A bang flag gun , a humouristic novelty item Further information : List of animal sounds <P> In the case of a frog croaking , the spelling may vary because different frog species around the world make different sounds : Ancient Greek brekekekex koax koax ( only in Aristophanes ' comic play The Frogs ) probably for marsh frogs ; English ribbit for species of frog found in North America ; English verb croak for the common frog . </P> <P> Some other very common English - language examples are hiccup , zoom , bang , beep , moo , and splash . Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia : honk or beep - beep for the horn of an automobile , and vroom or brum for the engine . In speaking of a mishap involving an audible arcing of electricity , the word `` zap '' is often used ( and its use has been extended to describe non-auditory effects generally connoting the same sort of localized but thorough interference or destruction similar to that produced in short - circuit sparking ) . </P> <P> Human sounds sometimes provide instances of onomatopoeia , as when mwah is used to represent a kiss . </P> <P> For animal sounds , words like quack ( duck ) , moo ( cow ) , bark or woof ( dog ) , roar ( lion ) , meow / miaow or purr ( cat ) , cluck ( chicken ) and baa ( sheep ) are typically used in English ( both as nouns and as verbs ) . </P> <P> Some languages flexibly integrate onomatopoeic words into their structure . This may evolve into a new word , up to the point that the process is no longer recognized as onomatopoeia . One example is the English word `` bleat '' for sheep noise : in medieval times it was pronounced approximately as `` blairt '' ( but without an R - component ) , or `` blet '' with the vowel drawled , which more closely resembles a sheep noise than the modern pronunciation . </P> <P> An example of the opposite case is `` cuckoo '' , which , due to continuous familiarity with the bird noise down the centuries , has kept approximately the same pronunciation as in Anglo - Saxon times and its vowels have not changed as they have in the word furrow . </P> <P> Verba dicendi ( `` words of saying '' ) are a method of integrating onomatopoeic words and ideophones into grammar . </P> <P> Sometimes , things are named from the sounds they make . In English , for example , there is the universal fastener which is named for the sound it makes : the zip ( in the UK ) or zipper ( in the U.S. ) Many birds are named after their calls , such as the bobwhite quail , the weero , the morepork , the killdeer , chickadees and jays , the cuckoo , the chiffchaff , the whooping crane , the whip - poor - will , and the kookaburra . In Tamil and Malayalam , the word for crow is kaakaa . This practice is especially common in certain languages such as Māori , and so in names of animals borrowed from these languages . </P> <H3> Cross-cultural differences </H3> <P> Although a particular sound is heard similarly by people of different cultures , it is often expressed through the use of different consonant strings in different languages . For example , the snip of a pair of scissors is cri - cri in Italian , riqui - riqui in Spanish , terre - terre or treque - treque in Portuguese , krits - krits in modern Greek and katr - katr in Hindi . Similarly , the `` honk '' of a car 's horn is ba - ba ( Han : 叭 叭 ) in Mandarin , tut - tut in French , pu - pu in Japanese , bbang - bbang in Korean , bært - bært in Norwegian , fom - fom in Portuguese and bim - bim in Vietnamese . </P> <H3> Onomatopoeic effect without onomatopoeic words </H3> <P> An onomatopoeic effect can also be produced in a phrase or word string with the help of alliteration and consonance alone , without using any onomatopoeic words . The most famous example is the phrase `` furrow followed free '' in Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner . The words `` followed '' and `` free '' are not onomatopoeic in themselves , but in conjunction with `` furrow '' they reproduce the sound of ripples following in the wake of a speeding ship . Similarly , alliteration has been used in the line `` as the surf surged up the sun swept shore ... '' , to recreate the sound of breaking waves , in the poem `` I , She and the Sea '' . </P> <H2> Comics and advertising </H2> A sound effect of breaking a door <P> Comic strips and comic books make extensive use of onomatopoeia . Popular culture historian Tim DeForest noted the impact of writer - artist Roy Crane ( 1901 -- 1977 ) , the creator of Captain Easy and Buz Sawyer : </P> <Dl> <Dd> It was Crane who pioneered the use of onomatopoeic sound effects in comics , adding `` bam , '' `` pow '' and `` wham '' to what had previously been an almost entirely visual vocabulary . Crane had fun with this , tossing in an occasional `` ker - splash '' or `` lickety - wop '' along with what would become the more standard effects . Words as well as images became vehicles for carrying along his increasingly fast - paced storylines . </Dd> </Dl> <P> In 2002 , DC Comics introduced a villain named Onomatopoeia , an athlete , martial artist , and weapons expert , who often speaks pure sounds . </P> <P> Advertising uses onomatopoeia for mnemonic purposes , so that consumers will remember their products , as in Alka - Seltzer 's `` Plop , plop , fizz , fizz . Oh , what a relief it is ! '' jingle , recorded in two different versions ( big band and rock ) by Sammy Davis , Jr . </P> <P> Rice Krispies ( US and UK ) and Rice Bubbles ( AU ) make a `` snap , crackle , pop '' when one pours on milk . During the 1930s , the illustrator Vernon Grant developed Snap , Crackle and Pop as gnome - like mascots for the Kellogg Company . </P> <P> Sounds appear in road safety advertisements : `` clunk click , every trip '' ( click the seatbelt on after clunking the car door closed ; UK campaign ) or `` click , clack , front and back '' ( click , clack of connecting the seat belts ; AU campaign ) or `` click it or ticket '' ( click of the connecting seat belt , with the implied penalty of a traffic ticket for not using a seat belt ; US DOT ( Department of Transportation ) campaign ) . </P> <P> The sound of the container opening and closing gives Tic Tac its name . </P> <H3> Manner imitation </H3> Main article : Ideophone <P> In many of the world 's languages , onomatopoeic - like words are used to describe phenomena beyond the purely auditive . Japanese often uses such words to describe feelings or figurative expressions about objects or concepts . For instance , Japanese barabara is used to reflect an object 's state of disarray or separation , and shiiin is the onomatopoetic form of absolute silence ( used at the time an English speaker might expect to hear the sound of crickets chirping or a pin dropping in a silent room , or someone coughing ) . It is used in English as well with terms like bling , which describes the glinting of light on things like gold , chrome or precious stones . In Japanese , kirakira is used for glittery things . </P> <H2> Examples in media </H2> <Ul> <Li> James Joyce in Ulysses ( 1922 ) coined the onomatopoeic tattarrattat for a knock on the door . It is listed as the longest palindromic word in The Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Whaam ! ( 1963 ) by Roy Lichtenstein is an early example of pop art , featuring a reproduction of comic book art that depicts a fighter aircraft striking another with rockets with dazzling red and yellow explosions . </Li> <Li> In the 1960s TV series Batman , comic book style onomatopoeic words such as wham ! , pow ! , biff ! , crunch ! and zounds ! appear onscreen during fight scenes . </Li> <Li> Ubisoft 's XIII employed the use of comic book onomatopoeic words such as bam ! , boom ! and noooo ! during gameplay for gunshots , explosions and kills , respectively . The comic - book style is apparent throughout the game and is a core theme , and the game is an adaptation of a comic book of the same name . </Li> <Li> The chorus of American popular songwriter John Prine 's song `` Onomatopoeia '' cleverly incorporates onomatopoeic words ( though as discussed , ' ouch ! ' is not the sound of pain ) : `` Bang ! went the pistol . Crash ! went the window . Ouch ! went the son of a gun . Onomatopoeia I do n't wan na see ya Speaking in a foreign tongue . '' </Li> <Li> The marble game KerPlunk has an onomatopoeic word for a title , from the sound of marbles dropping when one too many sticks has been removed . </Li> <Li> The Nickelodeon cartoon 's title KaBlam ! is implied to be onomatapoeic to a crash . </Li> <Li> Each episode of the TV series Harper 's Island is given an onomatopoeic name which imitates the sound made in that episode when a character dies . For example , in the episode titled `` Bang '' a character is shot and fatally wounded , with the `` Bang '' mimicking the sound of the gunshot . </Li> <Li> Mad Magazine cartoonist Don Martin , already popular for his exaggerated artwork , often employed comic - book style onomatopoeic `` sound effects '' in his drawings ( for example , `` thwizzit '' is the sound of a sheet of paper being yanked from a typewriter ) . Fans have compiled The Don Martin Dictionary , cataloguing each `` sound '' and its `` meaning '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cross-linguistic examples </H2> Main article : Cross-linguistic onomatopoeias <H2> In linguistics </H2> <P> A key component of language is its arbitrariness and what a word can represent , as a word is a sound created by humans with attached meaning to said sound . No one can determine the meaning of a word purely by how it sounds . However , in onomatopoeic words , these sounds are much less arbitrary ; they are connected in their imitation of other objects or sounds in nature . Vocal sounds in the imitation of natural sounds does n't necessarily gain meaning , but can gain symbolic meaning . An example of this sound symbolism in the English language is the use of words starting with sn - . Some of these words symbolize concepts related to the nose ( sneeze , snot , snore ) . This does not mean that all words with that sound relate to the nose , but at some level we recognize a sort of symbolism associated with the sound itself . Onomatopoeia , while a facet of language , is also in a sense outside of the confines of language . </P> <P> In linguistics , onomatopoeia is described as the connection , or symbolism , of a sound that is interpreted and reproduced within the context of a language , usually out of mimicry of a sound . It is a figure of speech , in a sense . Considered a vague term on its own , there are a few varying defining factors in classifying onomatopoeia . In one manner , it is defined simply as the imitation of some kind of non-vocal sound using the vocal sounds of a language , like the hum of a bee being imitated with a `` buzz '' sound . In another sense , it is described as the phenomena of making a new word entirely . </P> <P> Onomatopoeia works in the sense of symbolizing an idea in a phonological context , not necessarily constituting a direct meaningful word in the process . The symbolic properties of a sound in a word , or a phoneme , is related to a sound in an environment , and are restricted in part by a language 's own phonetic inventory , hence why many languages can have distinct onomatopoeia for the same natural sound . Depending on a language 's connection to a sound 's meaning , that language 's onomatopoeia inventory can differ proportionally . For example , a language like English generally holds little symbolic representation when it comes to sounds , which is the reason English tends to have a smaller representation of sound mimicry then a language like Japanese that overall has a much higher amount of symbolism related to the sounds of the language . </P> <H2> The evolution of language </H2> <P> In ancient Greek philosophy , onomatopoeia was used as evidence for how natural a language was : it was theorized that language itself was derived from natural sounds in the world around us . Symbolism in sounds was seen as deriving from this . Some linguists hold that onomatopoeia may have been the first form of human language . </P> <P> In the development of a language , sounds that are associated with natural objects then go on to form words with related meanings . For example , gl - at the beginning of an English word can denote something that is shining or iridescent ( e.g. glitter , glisten , gleam ) . </P> <H2> Role in early language acquisition </H2> <P> When first exposed to sound and communication , humans are biologically inclined to mimic the sounds they hear , whether they are actual pieces of language or other natural sounds . Early on in development , an infant will vary his / her utterances between sounds that are well established within the phonetic range of the language ( s ) most heavily spoken in their environment , which may be called `` tame '' onomatopoeia , and the full range of sounds that the vocal tract can produce , or `` wild '' onomatopoeia . As one begins to acquire one 's first language , the proportion of `` wild '' onomatopoeia reduces in favor of sounds which are congruent with those of the language they are acquiring . </P> <P> During the native language acquisition period , it has been documented that infants may react strongly to the more wild - speech features to which they are exposed , compared to more tame and familiar speech features . But the results of such tests are inconclusive . </P> <P> In the context of language acquisition , sound symbolism has been shown to play an important role . The association of foreign words to subjects and how they relate to general objects , such as the association of the words takete and baluma with either a round or angular shape , has been tested to see how languages symbolize sounds . </P> <H2> In other languages </H2> <H3> Japanese </H3> <P> Onomatopoeia , or giongo in Japanese , is common in the Japanese language , from day to day conversation to serious news . In general , onomatopoeia in Japanese can be categorized into three types : </P> <Ul> <Li> Giseigo : mimics humans and animals . ( e.g. WanWan for a dog 's bark ) </Li> <Li> Giongo : mimics general noises in nature or inanimate objects . ( e.g. zaazaa for rain on a roof ) </Li> <Li> Gitaigo : describes states of being , not sounds . ( e.g. mushimushi , uncomfortably warm ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Japanese also uses a system of sound symbolic words called mimetics . Though not entirely different from onomatopoeia , words that are mimetic are generally distinguished from onomatopoeia . Mimetic , or gitaigo in Japanese , words are a phonological representation of some kind of state of being , or something that does n't exactly make sound . </P> <P> Sometimes Japanese onomatopoeia produces reduplicated words . </P> <H3> Malay </H3> <P> There is a documented correlation within the Malay language of onomatopoeia that begin with the sound bu - and the implication of something that is rounded . As well as with the sound of - lok within a word conveying curvature in such words like lok , kelok and telok ( locomotive , cove and curve respectively ) . </P> <H3> Arabic </H3> <P> Within the Qur'an , written in Arabic , instances of onomatopoeia are documented . Out of about 77,701 words , there are 9 words that are onomatopoeic , 3 which are animal sounds ( e.g. `` mooing '' ) , 2 which are sounds of nature ( e.g. `` thunder '' ) and 4 that are human sounds ( e.g. `` whisper '' or `` groan '' ) . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anguish Languish </Li> <Li> Japanese sound symbolism </Li> <Li> List of animal sounds </Li> <Li> List of onomatopoeias </Li> <Li> Sound mimesis in various cultures </Li> <Li> Sound symbolism </Li> <Li> Vocal learning </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <H3> Notes </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 2008 ) , Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) , Longman , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 8118 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roach , Peter ( 2011 ) , Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary ( 18th ed . ) , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 15253 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ὀνοματοποιία , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ὄνομα , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ποιέω , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Onomatopoeia as a Figure and a Linguistic Principle , Hugh Bredin , The Johns Hopkins University , Retrieved November 14 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Definition of Onomatopoeia , Retrieved November 14 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Basic Reading of Sound Words - Onomatopoeia , Yale University , retrieved October 11 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ English Oxford Living Dictionaries </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Earl Anderson , A Grammar of Iconism , Fairleigh Dickinson , 1999 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeForest , Tim ( 2004 ) . Storytelling in the Pulps , Comics , and Radio : How Technology Changed Popular Fiction in America . McFarland . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Joyce ( 1982 ) . Ulysses . Editions Artisan Devereaux . pp. 434 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 936694 - 38 - 9 ... I was just beginning to yawn with nerves thinking he was trying to make a fool of me when I knew his tattarrattat at the door he must ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O.A. Booty ( 1 January 2002 ) . Funny Side of English . Pustak Mahal . pp. 203 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 223 - 0799 - 3 . The longest palindromic word in English has 12 letters : tattarrattat . This word , appearing in the Oxford English Dictionary , was invented by James Joyce and used in his book Ulysses ( 1922 ) , and is an imitation of the sound of someone ( farting ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Assaneo , María Florencia ; Nichols , Juan Ignacio ; Trevisan , Marcos Alberto ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The anatomy of onomatopoeia '' . PLoS One . 6 ( 12 ) : e28317 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0028317 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 3237459 . PMID 22194825 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : RHODES , R ( 1994 ) . `` Aural Images '' . In J. Ohala , L. Hinton & J. Nichols ( eds . ) Sound Symbolism . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Study of Onomatopoeia in the Muslims ' Holy Write : Qur'an : OneSearch for Articles , Books , and More '' . eds.a.ebscohost.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bredin , Hugh ( 1996 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Onomatopoeia as a Figure and a Linguistic Principle '' . New Literary History . 27 ( 3 ) : 555 -- 569 . doi : 10.1353 / nlh. 1996.0031 . ISSN 1080 - 661X . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Laing , C.E. ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) . `` A phonological analysis of onomatopoeia in early word production '' . First Language . doi : 10.1177 / 0142723714550110 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Osaka , Naoyuki ( 1990 ) . `` Multidimensional Analysis of Onomatopoeia - A note to make sensory scale from word '' ( PDF ) . Studia phonologica : 25 -- 33 -- via Kyoto University Research Information Repository . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Assaneo , María Florencia ; Nichols , Juan Ignacio ; Trevisan , Marcos Alberto ( 2011 - 12 - 14 ) . `` The Anatomy of Onomatopoeia '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 12 ) : e28317 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0028317 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 3237459 . PMID 22194825 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Inose , Hiroko . `` Translating Japanese Onomatopoeia and Mimetic Words . '' N.p. , n.d. Web . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ WILKINSON , R.J. ( 1936 - 01 - 01 ) . `` ONOMATOPOEIA IN MALAY '' . Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 14 ( 3 ( 126 ) ) : 72 -- 88 . JSTOR 41559855 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> General references </H3> <Ul> <Li> Crystal , David ( 1997 ) . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55967 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Smyth , Herbert Weir ( 1920 ) . Greek Grammar . Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press . p. 680 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36250 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up onomatopoeia in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Onomatopoeia . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Derek Abbott 's Animal Noise Page </Li> <Li> Over 300 Examples of Onomatopoeia </Li> <Li> BBC Radio 4 show discussing animal noises </Li> <Li> Tutorial on Drawing Onomatopoeia for Comics and Cartoons ( using fonts ) </Li> <Li> WrittenSound , onomatopoeic word list </Li> <Li> Examples of Onomatopeia </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LCCN : sh85094814 </Li> <Li> NKC : ph305405 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onomatopoeia&oldid=861481883 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Types of words </Li> <Li> Onomatopoeia </Li> <Li> Poetic devices </Li> <Li> Style ( fiction ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 </Li> <Li> All accuracy disputes </Li> <Li> Articles with disputed statements from May 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Interlingua </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Kiswahili </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lëtzebuergesch </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Limburgs </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Nedersaksies </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Саха тыла </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Sicilianu </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Basa Sunda </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 53 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Maksim Chmerkovskiy - wikipedia <H1> Maksim Chmerkovskiy </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Maksim Chmerkovskiy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Chmerkovskiy in 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Native name </Th> <Td> Russian : Максим Александрович Чмерковский </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Maksim Aleksandrovich Chmerkovskiy ( 1980 - 01 - 17 ) January 17 , 1980 ( age 37 ) Odessa , Ukrainian SSR , Soviet Union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Citizenship </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Dancer , choreographer , instructor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Known for </Th> <Td> Dancing with the Stars ( 2006 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Peta Murgatroyd ( m . 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> Valentin Chmerkovskiy ( brother ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> maksimchmerkovskiy.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Maksim `` Maks '' Aleksandrovich Chmerkovskiy ( Ukrainian : Максим Олекса́ндрович Чмерковський , Russian : Максим Александрович Чмерковский , pronounced ( mɑkˈsɪm olɛkˈsɑndroβɪtʃ ˈtʃmɛrkou̯sjkɪj ) ; born January 17 , 1980 ) is a Ukrainian - American Latin -- ballroom dance champion , choreographer , and instructor . He is widely known as one of the professional dancers on the American television series Dancing with the Stars , on which he first appeared in season two . In his 17 seasons as a competing pro on the show , Chmerkovskiy made it to the final round five times , with two runner - up and two third - place finishes . Then on May 20 , 2014 , Chmerkovskiy , paired with Olympic ice dancer Meryl Davis , won his first Dancing with the Stars title . Chmerkovskiy has also starred in the Broadway productions of dance shows Burn the Floor and Forever Tango . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Competitive dancing <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Dancing titles </Li> <Li> 2.2 Opening Dance Studios </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Dancing with the Stars <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Pro dancer <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Seasons 2 -- 6 </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Seasons 7 -- 9 </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Seasons 10 -- 13 </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Seasons 14 -- 18 </Li> <Li> 3.1. 5 Seasons 23 -- 25 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Results </Li> <Li> 3.3 Guest judge </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Dancing with the Stars performances </Li> <Li> 5 Theater <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Broadway </Li> <Li> 5.2 Sway : A Dance Trilogy </Li> <Li> 5.3 Maks and Val on Tour </Li> <Li> 5.4 Other work as choreographer </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Other activities <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Television <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 In the United States </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 Around the world </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Personal life </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Chmerkovskiy was born January 17 , 1980 , in Odessa , Ukrainian SSR to parents Aleksandr `` Sasha '' Chmerkovskiy and Larisa Chmerkovskaya . He has a younger brother , Valentin Chmerkovskiy ( born 1986 ) , who is also a professional dancer . His father is Jewish and his mother is Christian , and he has described himself as Jewish . </P> <P> He began dancing at age 4 when Chmerkovskiy 's parents enrolled him in a school of aesthetic education . The aim of the school was to train children to become young gentlemen or ladies , and the education included manners and ballroom dance . He eventually began competing in ten - dance , which includes both ballroom and Latin dances . As a child Chmerkovskiy also participated in tennis , soccer , and swimming . </P> <P> At age 13 , he broke his right leg in a skiing accident and had a titanium rod put in to stabilize his leg . Doctors foresaw long - term difficulties and little possibility of a dancing career ; however , he recovered and was dancing again six months later . </P> <P> The family immigrated to Brooklyn , New York in 1994 . The challenges of immigration for Chmerkovskiy and his family included financial and language barriers . On his second day in the United States , Chmerkovskiy had a new pair of roller blades stolen . Moving to the United States also gave Chmerkovskiy the opportunity to rededicate himself to dance . At 15 he began working at a local Russian restaurant , dancing as entertainment . Working at the restaurant , Chmerkovskiy decided winning competitions as a dancer would be a way to argue for higher pay . </P> <H2> Competitive Dancing ( edit ) </H2> <P> As a dancer , Chmerkovskiy competed at the professional level in the International Latin category . With partner Elena Grinenko , whom Chmerkovskiy competed with from 2002 - 2005 , Chmerkovskiy achieved the rank of 2nd in the United States and 7th in the world among professional international Latin couples . </P> <H3> Dancing titles ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 2005 Yankee Classic Professional Latin Champion </Li> <Li> 2005 Blackpool Dance Festival Semi-Finalist </Li> <Li> 2004 Manhattan Dancesport Professional Latin Champion </Li> <Li> 2004 Nevada Star Ball Champion </Li> <Li> 2004 World Masters Finalist </Li> <Li> 2004 Moscow Kremlin Cup Finalist </Li> <Li> 2004 Philadelphia Dancesport Festival Champion </Li> <Li> 2003 All England Champion </Li> <Li> 2003 Ohio Star Ball Latin Champion </Li> <Li> 2003 La Classique du Quebec Champion </Li> </Ul> <H3> Opening dance studios ( edit ) </H3> <P> At age 16 , Chmerkovskiy and his father opened a youth - oriented competitive dance studio , Rising Stars Dance Academy , on the second floor of a building his father owned in Ridgewood , New Jersey . Chmerkovskiy said he chose New Jersey because there was a plethora of dance studios that he disliked already established in Brooklyn . The studio relocated a few times until it ended up in Saddle Brook , New Jersey . He said in 2011 of choosing a New Jersey location , `` I did n't want to open a studio that would become just one of the studios in the area . I wanted to open my studio somewhere where there was nothing like it and where people would look at it with no preconceived notions . '' </P> <P> In 2001 , Chmerkovskiy had his first major success as an instructor when he helped his brother , Valentin , then 16 , and Diana Olonetskaya , 15 -- became the first U.S. dance pair to win a world junior championship . Chmerkovskiy also taught dancers Serge Onik and Kiki Nyemchek , both of whom competed on So You Think You Can Dance finishing in the top fourteen in season 11 and fourth in season 14 , respectively . </P> <P> In addition to Rising Stars , Chmerkovskiy owns several social and competitive dance studios under the brand `` Dance With Me . '' Most are in the New York metropolitan area . </P> <H2> Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Pro dancer ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chmerkovskiy competed as a professional dancer on Dancing with the Stars for fifteen seasons . He was often referred to as `` the bad boy of the ballroom . '' </P> Seasons 2 -- 6 ( edit ) <P> Chmerkovskiy first appeared in the second season of the ABC series Dancing with the Stars partnered with actress Tia Carrere . The pair 's most successful dance was their tango . They finished in sixth place . The following season , he and partner singer Willa Ford came in seventh place . Chmerkovskiy returned to Dancing with the Stars in March 2007 for Season 4 , this time partnered with boxer Laila Ali . They made it to the finals and finished in third place . In Season 5 of Dancing with the Stars , he was partnered with Melanie Brown and the couple received second place . Following the season 5 finale , Chmerkovskiy reportedly told TV Guide Magazine he would not be returning to the show , something he later told People Magazine he had announced his departure because of stress . Chmerkovskiy did not compete in Season 6 , although he and former partner Melanie Brown made an appearance for the 100th episode . </P> Seasons 7 -- 9 ( edit ) <P> He returned for the show 's seventh season , this time paired with two - time Olympic volleyball gold medalist , Misty May - Treanor . Chmerkovskiy and May - Treanor were forced to withdraw from the competition in Week 3 . During a practice for their jive , May - Treanor ruptured her Achilles tendon and required surgery . Her withdrawal gave them a finish in 10th place . </P> <P> On February 9 , 2009 , Good Morning America announced that he would be paired with Denise Richards for the eighth season of Dancing with the Stars . They were eliminated second in the competition , giving the pair a finish of 12th place . In the ninth season , he was paired with actress Debi Mazar , during which they were eliminated fourth . Halfway through season 9 , Chmerkovskiy partnered Joanna Krupa for one week while Derek Hough was ill . Krupa and Chmerkovskiy danced an Argentine Tango and participated in the 70 's themed group dance . </P> Seasons 10 -- 13 ( edit ) <P> In season 10 , Chmerkovskiy , returning for his eighth season , was partnered with Erin Andrews . Andrews and Chmerkovskiy 's partnership was notable for their good rapport and Chmerkovskiy was protective of Andrews as she coped with threats . They ended up coming in third place during the two - hour finale on May 25 , 2010 . </P> <P> For season 11 , Chmerkovskiy partnered with singer and actress , Brandy . They made it to the semi-finals but were eliminated with a fourth - place finish . Their elimination was viewed as shocking because they were consistently among the highest scoring couples each week . </P> <P> For Season 12 , he was paired with actress Kirstie Alley . On week 3 , his leg gave out causing her to fall heavily on him , earning 21 points ( out of 30 ) . The next week , Alley 's shoe fell off during their routine . Judge Carrie Ann Inaba called Alley `` The Queen of the Unexpected Mishap . '' In April the show aired a rehearsal outtake of Chmerkovskiy giving a monologue which resulted in him often being referred to as `` sex on a stick . '' For season 13 , he was partnered with Hope Solo and they finished in fourth place . In Solo 's book , A Memoir of Hope , she wrote that Chmerkovskiy treated her roughly , once slapping her during a rehearsal . Solo 's claims were never corroborated . </P> Seasons 14 -- 18 ( edit ) <P> For season 14 , he was partnered with actress Melissa Gilbert . In week 4 , while performing the paso doble , Gilbert hit her head on the dance floor and suffered a mild concussion . She was rushed to the hospital and was unable to be at the results show the following night . The couple was called safe . Chmerkovskiy also suffered an injury , pulling a muscle in his shoulder . The couple was eliminated four weeks later , finishing in fifth place . </P> <P> For season 15 , an All - Stars season , Maksim returned to the dance floor with previous partner , Kirstie Alley . In week 1 , they received the second - lowest score , 19 . In week 3 , Alley and Chmerkovskiy danced a Cha - Cha - Cha , they scored 17 . Alley and Chmerkovskiy earned 24 . Alley and Chmerkovskiy were eliminated in week 8 alongside Gilles Marini and Peta Murgatroyd in a double elimination . </P> <P> In February 2013 , Chmerkovskiy announced his departure from Dancing with the Stars for Season 16 . Chmerkovskiy returned on the fifth week of Season 16 for `` Len 's Side - By - Side Challenge '' , where he danced with Anna Trebunskaya in an Argentine Tango with brother Val and his partner Zendaya and in a Jive with Jacoby Jones and his partner Karina Smirnoff . </P> <P> Prior to the full cast announcement , US Weekly reported Chmerkovskiy would return to Dancing for season 18 after a two - season break . Chmerkovskiy was paired with Olympic ice dancer Meryl Davis . They were announced the winners on May 20 , 2014 , marking Chmerkovskiy 's first win . At the end of Season 18 , they had the highest average of any dancers of the show with a 28.4 average , and were tied for the most amount of perfect scores , earning a total of 6 . </P> Seasons 23 -- 25 ( edit ) <P> On August 25 , 2016 , following the circulation of a reportedly new photo of Chmerkovskiy in costume for DWTS , Chmerkovskiy confirmed his return to the show in an appearance on Good Morning America . Season 23 was Chmerkovskiy 's first as a competing pro since winning the competition in season 18 . The full cast was officially announced on August 30 , at which point ABC confirmed Chmerkovskiy was partnered with model Amber Rose . They were eliminated on week 6 of the competition , finishing in 9th place . </P> <P> After his season 23 elimination , Chmerkovskiy said he did not plan to return for season 24 . Nevertheless , in February 2017 , Chmerkovskiy and his fiancee Peta Murgatroyd announced they both would return as professionals . He was partnered with actress Heather Morris . Chmerkovskiy however , missed 4 weeks of competition due to an injury . Morris and Chmerkovskiy were eliminated on week 6 after receiving a perfect 40 and finished in 8th place . Chmerkovskiy returned for season 25 , and was paired with television personality Vanessa Lachey . They were eliminated on week 7 of the competition , in a double elimination and finished in seventh place . </P> <H3> Results ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Partner </Th> <Th> Place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tia Carrere </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Willa Ford </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Laila Ali </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Melanie Brown </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Misty May - Treanor </Td> <Td> 90 ! 10th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Denise Richards </Td> <Td> 92 ! 12th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Debi Mazar </Td> <Td> 92 ! 12th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Erin Andrews </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Brandy Norwood </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Kirstie Alley </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Hope Solo </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Melissa Gilbert </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Kirstie Alley </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Meryl Davis </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Amber Rose </Td> <Td> 89 ! 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Heather Morris </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Vanessa Lachey </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Guest judge ( edit ) </H3> <P> For season 17 , he was a guest judge during the semifinals in Week 10 . Chmerkovskiy returned to the ballroom as a guest judge during Week 5 of Season 21 . Chmerkovskiy again returned to the judge 's desk in Week 5 of Season 22 , switch - up week . Chmerkovskiy 's fiancee , Peta Murgatroyd , was among the competing pros that week . She won that season with model , Nyle DiMarco . </P> <H2> Dancing with the Stars performances ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Season 2 -- With celebrity partner : Tia Carrere ( Average -- 23.0 ) ( Placed : 6th ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Waltz / `` What a Wonderful World '' </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Bottom Two </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rumba / `` Emotion '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tango / `` Por Una Cabeza '' </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Bottom Two </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Samba / `` No More Tears ( Enough Is Enough ) '' Group Salsa / `` Rhythm Is Gonna Get You '' </Td> <Td> 7 No </Td> <Td> 7 Scores </Td> <Td> 8 Given </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 3 -- With celebrity partner : Willa Ford ( Average -- 24.4 ) ( Placed : 7th ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` True '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mambo / `` Get Busy '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Bottom Two </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jive / `` SOS '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Waltz / `` You Light Up My Life '' </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Rumba / `` Every Breath You Take '' </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 4 -- With celebrity partner : Laila Ali ( Average -- 27.0 ) ( Placed : 3rd ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> No Elimination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mambo / `` Maracaibo Oriental '' </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tango / `` Goldfinger '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paso Doble / `` Les Toreadors '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Rumba / `` Put Your Records on '' </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Hold on , I 'm Comin ' '' Swing / `` Rock This Town '' </Td> <Td> 9 No </Td> <Td> 9 Scores </Td> <Td> 10 Given </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Quickstep / `` Part - Time Lover '' Samba / `` Brazil '' </Td> <Td> 10 10 </Td> <Td> 9 10 </Td> <Td> 10 10 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Waltz / `` May Each Day '' Jive / `` Bad , Bad Leroy Brown '' </Td> <Td> 9 9 </Td> <Td> 9 8 </Td> <Td> 9 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 Semi-finals </Td> <Td> Quickstep / `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' Cha - Cha - Cha / `` She 's a Lady '' </Td> <Td> 10 10 </Td> <Td> 10 10 </Td> <Td> 10 10 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 Finals </Td> <Td> Paso Doble / `` España Cani '' Freestyle / `` Shake Your Body ( Down to the Ground ) '' Mambo / `` Maracaibo Oriental '' </Td> <Td> 10 9 10 </Td> <Td> 9 8 10 </Td> <Td> 10 9 10 </Td> <Td> Third Place </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 5 -- With celebrity partner : Mel B ( Average -- 27.6 ) ( Placed : 2nd ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cha - Cha - Cha / `` A Deeper Love '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Quickstep / `` Take on Me '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jive / `` Sweet Soul Music '' </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Viennese Waltz / `` Breakaway '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Bottom Two </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Samba / `` Spice Up Your Life '' </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Rumba / `` A Woman 's Worth '' Rock ' n ' Roll / `` Rockin ' Robin '' </Td> <Td> 10 No </Td> <Td> 10 Scores </Td> <Td> 10 Given </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` Jimmy Mack '' Paso Doble / `` Free Your Mind '' </Td> <Td> 8 10 </Td> <Td> 8 10 </Td> <Td> 8 10 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Tango / `` Personal Jesus '' Mambo / `` Mambo Jambo '' </Td> <Td> 9 9 </Td> <Td> 9 10 </Td> <Td> 9 10 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 Semi-finals </Td> <Td> Viennese Waltz / `` Somebody to Love '' Paso Doble / `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' </Td> <Td> 10 10 </Td> <Td> 10 10 </Td> <Td> 10 10 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 Finals </Td> <Td> Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Car Wash '' Freestyle / `` The Way I Are '' Mambo / `` Mambo Jambo '' </Td> <Td> 9 9 10 </Td> <Td> 9 9 10 </Td> <Td> 10 9 10 </Td> <Td> Second Place </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 7 -- With celebrity partner : Misty May - Treanor ( Average -- 21.0 ) ( Placed : 10th ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` This Will Be ( An Everlasting Love ) '' Mambo / `` Black Mambo '' </Td> <Td> 6 7 </Td> <Td> 8 7 </Td> <Td> 7 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paso Doble / `` Take Me Out '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jive / `` Shake It '' </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Suffered injury </Td> <Td> Withdrew </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 8 -- With celebrity partner : Denise Richards ( Average -- 18.3 ) ( Placed : 12th ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Nothin ' but a Good Time '' </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> No Elimination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Quickstep / `` We Go Together '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Samba / `` Take a Picture '' </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 9 -- With celebrity partner : Debi Mazar ( Average -- 18.0 ) ( Placed : 12th ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Salsa / `` Complicacion '' Foxtrot Relay / `` The Best is Yet to Come '' </Td> <Td> 6 Awarded </Td> <Td> 5 6 </Td> <Td> 5 Points </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tango / `` El Tango de Roxanne '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Bottom Two </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Samba / `` Love Is in the Air '' </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Score by guest judge Baz Luhrmann . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 10 -- With celebrity partner : Erin Andrews ( Average -- 24.6 ) ( Placed : 3rd ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Tik Tok '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> No Elimination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` Love Story '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Waltz / `` See the Day '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tango / `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' </Td> <Td> 6 7 </Td> <Td> 6 7 </Td> <Td> 6 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Jive / `` You Never Can Tell '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Samba / `` When I Get You Alone '' Swing Marathon / `` In the Mood '' </Td> <Td> 9 Awarded </Td> <Td> 7 9 </Td> <Td> 9 Points </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Team Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Holiday '' Quickstep / `` Dancin ' Fool '' </Td> <Td> 8 9 </Td> <Td> 8 9 </Td> <Td> 8 9 </Td> <Td> Bottom Two </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Argentine Tango / `` Una Musica Brutal '' Rumba / `` Missing You '' </Td> <Td> 9 8 </Td> <Td> 10 8 </Td> <Td> 9 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 Semi-finals </Td> <Td> Viennese Waltz / `` February Song '' Paso Doble / `` U Got the Look '' </Td> <Td> 9 10 </Td> <Td> 9 9 </Td> <Td> 9 10 </Td> <Td> Last to Be Called Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 Finals </Td> <Td> Samba / `` Mi Swing Es Tropical '' Freestyle / `` Alone '' Argentine Tango / `` Una Musica Brutal '' </Td> <Td> 10 9 Awarded </Td> <Td> 10 8 26 </Td> <Td> 9 9 Points </Td> <Td> Third Place </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 11 -- With celebrity partner : Brandy ( Average -- 26.0 ) ( Placed : 4th ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Viennese Waltz / `` Cry Me Out '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jive / `` Magic '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Samba / `` Put It in a Love Song '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rumba / `` This Woman 's Work '' </Td> <Td> 7 9 </Td> <Td> 8 8 </Td> <Td> 7 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Quickstep / `` I 'll Be There for You '' </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Tango / `` Holding Out for a Hero '' Rock N ' Roll Marathon / `` La Grange '' </Td> <Td> 8 Awarded </Td> <Td> 9 10 </Td> <Td> 9 Points </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Team Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Bust A Move '' Foxtrot / `` Fever '' </Td> <Td> 9 9 / 9 </Td> <Td> 9 10 </Td> <Td> 9 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Waltz / `` Dark Waltz '' Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Teenage Dream '' </Td> <Td> 9 9 </Td> <Td> 10 9 </Td> <Td> 10 10 </Td> <Td> Last to be Called Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 Semi-finals </Td> <Td> Paso Doble / `` Firework '' Argentine Tango / `` Taquito Militar '' </Td> <Td> 9 10 </Td> <Td> 9 10 </Td> <Td> 9 10 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Score by guest judge Gilles Marini . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 12 -- With celebrity partner : Kirstie Alley ( Average -- 24.6 ) ( Placed : 2nd ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Forget You '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> No Elimination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Quickstep / `` Black Horse and the Cherry Tree '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rumba / `` Over the Rainbow '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Waltz / `` The Flower Duet '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` American Woman '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Samba / `` Baby One More Time '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Team Cha - Cha - Cha / `` We R Who We R '' Jive / `` La Bamba '' </Td> <Td> 7 / 7 9 / 7 </Td> <Td> 8 6 </Td> <Td> 8 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Argentine Tango / `` Cite Tango '' Salsa / `` Cobrastyle '' </Td> <Td> 9 8 </Td> <Td> 9 9 </Td> <Td> 10 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 Semi-finals </Td> <Td> Viennese Waltz / `` One and Only '' Paso Doble / `` White Room '' Winner Take All Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Walkin ' on the Sun '' </Td> <Td> 9 9 Lost </Td> <Td> 9 9 This </Td> <Td> 9 9 Event </Td> <Td> Last to Be Called Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 Finals </Td> <Td> Samba / `` Magalenha '' Freestyle / `` Perfect '' Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Forget You '' </Td> <Td> 9 9 10 </Td> <Td> 9 9 10 </Td> <Td> 9 9 10 </Td> <Td> Runner Up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Score by guest judge Donnie Burns . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 13 -- With celebrity partner : Hope Solo ( Average -- 23.3 ) ( Placed : 4th ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Viennese Waltz / `` Satellite '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jive / `` Girlfriend '' </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Tonight I 'm Lovin ' You '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Last to Be Called Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Tango / `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Last to Be Called Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Rumba / `` Seasons of Love '' Broadway / `` Big Spender '' & `` Money Money '' </Td> <Td> 7 No </Td> <Td> 6 Scores </Td> <Td> 7 Given </Td> <Td> Last to Be Called Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Samba / `` Werewolves of London '' Team Paso Doble / `` Bring Me to Life '' </Td> <Td> 8 9 </Td> <Td> 8 8 </Td> <Td> 8 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Quickstep / `` Valerie '' Instant Jive / `` The Best Damn Thing '' </Td> <Td> 9 8 </Td> <Td> 9 9 </Td> <Td> 9 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 Semi-finals </Td> <Td> Paso Doble / `` Ca n't Be Tamed '' Argentine Tango / `` Whatever Lola Wants '' Cha - Cha - Cha Relay / `` I Like How It Feels '' </Td> <Td> 7 8 Awarded </Td> <Td> 7 8 </Td> <Td> 7 8 Points </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 14 -- With celebrity partner : Melissa Gilbert ( Average -- 22.9 ) ( Placed : 5th ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> No Elimination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Quickstep / `` Dancing with Myself '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jive / `` Dog Days Are Over '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paso Doble / `` Conquest '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Salsa / `` Aguanile '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Viennese Waltz / `` Ooh Baby Baby '' Motown Marathon / `` Nowhere to Run '' </Td> <Td> 8 Awarded </Td> <Td> 8 6 </Td> <Td> 8 Points </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Argentine Tango / `` Marriage of Figaro '' Team Paso Doble / `` O Fortuna '' </Td> <Td> 7 9 </Td> <Td> 7 8 </Td> <Td> 7 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` Maggie May '' Samba ( Trio Challenge ) / `` Hard to Handle '' </Td> <Td> 8 9 </Td> <Td> 8 9 </Td> <Td> 8 9 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 15 -- With celebrity partner : Kirstie Alley ( Average -- 24.2 ) ( Placed : 7th ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` Set Fire to the Rain '' </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jive / `` Non Non Rien N'a Changé '' </Td> <Td> 7.0 </Td> <Td> 7.0 </Td> <Td> 7.0 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Moves like Jagger '' </Td> <Td> 8.0 </Td> <Td> 8.0 </Td> <Td> 8.0 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charleston / `` 42nd Street '' </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 7.5 / 7.5 </Td> <Td> Bottom Two </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Quickstep / `` Mrs. Robinson '' Team Freestyle / `` Gangnam Style '' </Td> <Td> 8.5 9.0 </Td> <Td> 8.5 9.0 </Td> <Td> 8.5 9.0 </Td> <Td> No Elimination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Rumba / `` Home '' Group Country Western / `` Save a Horse ( Ride a Cowboy ) '' & `` I Play Chicken with a Train '' </Td> <Td> 9.5 Awarded </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 9.5 Points </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Quickstep & Samba / `` Sir Duke '' Swing Marathon / `` Do Your Thing '' </Td> <Td> 8.0 Awarded </Td> <Td> 8.0 </Td> <Td> 8.0 Points </Td> <Td> No Elimination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Viennese Waltz / `` Hallelujah '' Paso Doble ( Trio Challenge ) / `` Bring Me to Life '' </Td> <Td> 9.0 8.0 </Td> <Td> 9.0 8.0 </Td> <Td> 9.0 8.0 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Score by guest judge Paula Abdul . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 18 -- With celebrity partner : Meryl Davis ( Average -- 28.4 ) ( Placed : 1st ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cha - cha - cha / `` All Night '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> No Elimination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Swing / `` Big and Bad '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` All of Me '' </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 / 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Argentine Tango / `` Too Close '' </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 / 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> No Elimination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Samba / `` I Wan'na Be Like You ( The Monkey Song ) '' </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 / 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Tango / `` Feel So Close '' </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 / 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Salsa / `` Adrenalina '' Team Freestyle / `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' </Td> <Td> 10 10 </Td> <Td> 10 / 9 10 / 9 </Td> <Td> 10 10 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Rumba / `` Read All About It ( Pt . III ) '' Celebrity Dance Duel ( Samba ) / `` I Luh Ya Papi '' </Td> <Td> 9 8 </Td> <Td> 9 / 8 9 / 8 </Td> <Td> 10 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 Semi-Finals </Td> <Td> Jive / `` Hound Dog '' Viennese Waltz / `` Just a Fool '' </Td> <Td> 10 10 </Td> <Td> 10 / 10 10 / 10 </Td> <Td> 10 10 </Td> <Td> Last to Be Called Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 Finals </Td> <Td> Argentine Tango / `` Montserrat '' Freestyle / `` Latch '' Foxtrot & Cha - cha - cha Fusion / `` Glowing '' </Td> <Td> 10 10 10 </Td> <Td> 10 10 10 </Td> <Td> 10 10 10 </Td> <Td> WON </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Score from guest judge Robin Roberts For this week only , as part of the `` Partner Switch - Up '' , Davis did not perform with Maksim Chmerkovskiy and instead performed with Valentin Chmerkovskiy . Score from guest judge Julianne Hough . Score from guest judge Donny Osmond . Score from guest judge Redfoo . Scores from guest judge Ricky Martin . Scores from guest judge Abby Lee Miller . Scores from guest judge Kenny Ortega . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 23 -- With celebrity partner : Amber Rose ( Average -- 28.4 ) ( Placed : 9th ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Hough </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` Here '' </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> No Elimination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Viennese Waltz / `` Game of Thrones Theme '' </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Salsa / `` Booty '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Last to Be Called Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Argentine Tango / `` Two Two Tango '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Samba / `` Woman Up '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> No Elimination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Cha - cha - cha / `` Bla Bla Bla Cha Cha Cha '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Score from guest judge Pitbull . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 24 -- With celebrity partner : Heather Morris ( Average -- 33.4 ) ( Placed : 8th ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Hough </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Viennese Waltz / `` Make Something Beautiful '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> No Elimination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jive / `` Grown '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tango / `` Toxic '' </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cha - cha - cha / `` Shut Up and Dance '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Jazz / `` For the First Time in Forever '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Rumba / `` Waterfalls '' Team Freestyle / `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' , `` No Scrubs '' & `` Boss '' </Td> <Td> 10 8 </Td> <Td> 10 8 </Td> <Td> 10 9 </Td> <Td> 10 9 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Chmerkovskiy was injured from weeks 2 to 5 , so Alan Bersten performed with Morris instead . Scores from guest judge Nick Carter . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 25 -- With celebrity partner : Vanessa Lachey ( Average -- 24.4 ) ( Placed : 7th ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Week # </Th> <Th> Dance / Song </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' scores </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inaba </Td> <Td> Goodman </Td> <Td> Tonioli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cha - cha - cha / `` Woman '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> No Elimination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Foxtrot / `` Hit Me with a Hot Note '' Salsa / `` Instruction '' </Td> <Td> 8 8 </Td> <Td> 8 8 </Td> <Td> 8 7 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jazz / `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rumba / `` Godspeed ( Sweet Dreams ) '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Waltz / `` Un jour mon prince viendra '' </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Quickstep / `` Let 's Be Bad '' </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 / 9 </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Paso doble / `` Game of Survival '' Team Freestyle / `` The Phantom of the Opera '' </Td> <Td> 8 10 </Td> <Td> 8 10 </Td> <Td> 8 10 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Chmerkovskiy was unable to perform that week , so Alan Bersten danced with Lachey instead . Score from guest judge Shania Twain . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Theater ( edit ) </H2> <P> His professional work includes choreographing for the Wynn Las Vegas 's water - based show Le Rêve . By 2008 , Chmerkovskiy 's contribution to Le Rêve included choreographing three numbers : `` Tango '' , `` Paso Doble '' and `` Piece Montèe '' . In 2014 Chmerkovskiy returned to Le Rêve to choreograph for a new scene as part of a $3 million upgrade to the production . </P> <P> Chmerkovskiy choreographed and performed in the Dancing with the Stars Tour 2008 - 2009 winter tour . The tour kicked off on December 17 , 2008 and was scheduled to stop in 34 cities . </P> <P> In the summer of 2014 , Chmerkovskiy appeared in multiple performances of the touring dance show `` Ballroom with a Twist . '' </P> <H3> Broadway ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chmerkovskiy was a dancer in the Broadway production Burn the Floor when it opened on July 25 , 2009 . Chmerkovskiy was partnered with Karina Smirnoff for the first three weeks of the show 's Broadway run , leaving to return to Dancing with the Stars . The pair learned their choreography for the production in just two days . Chmerkovskiy returned to Burn the Floor in November 2009 through January 2010 , this time he partnered with Kym Johnson . </P> <P> From July 9 to August 18 , 2013 , he starred in `` Forever Tango '' , a Broadway musical , dancing and performing onstage with former dance colleague Karina Smirnoff . </P> <H3> Sway : a dance Trilogy ( edit ) </H3> <P> 2014 was also the year when Chmerkovskiy started performing in Sway : A Dance Trilogy in Westbury , New York . Chmerkovskiy credits his father Sasha with the idea for Sway . Sway is a live ballroom dance show starring Maksim , his brother Valentin , and Tony Dovolani . The show also features other professional dancers from Dancing with the Stars , So You think You Can Dance , and dance instructors from Chmerkovskiy 's Dance with Me studios . A few celebrities from Dancing with the Stars have appeared in the production as well . Sway is primarily broken into three distinct sections : a smooth , 40 's nightclub inspired section featuring Dovolani , an urban and hip - hop influenced section featuring Val , and finally a more Latin and Miami oriented section featuring Maksim . </P> <H3> Maks and Val on tour ( edit ) </H3> <P> On February 12 , 2016 , Maksim announced plans for a 45 city live tour with his younger brother , Valentin . The tour , titled Maks & Val Live On Tour : Our Way , began on June 15 , 2016 . The show is autobiographical and tells the story of the brothers ' lives through dance . </P> <H3> Other work as choreographer ( edit ) </H3> <P> In addition to his choreography on Dancing with the Stars and La Reve , Chmerkovskiy has worked as a cheorographer on other projects . Chmerkovskiy choreographed a commercial for Propel water . Chmerkovskiy provided choreography for Zendaya 's music video for the song `` Neverland '' from Broadway 's Finding Neverland . </P> <H2> Other activities ( edit ) </H2> <P> Chmerkovskiy is one of the creators and directors of Dance Team USA , a nonprofit educational and charitable organization dedicated to recruiting , supporting , and training future DanceSport participants . </P> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> In the United States ( edit ) <P> In 2009 , he participated in the ABC sport show called `` The Superstars '' and was paired with Freestyle Skier Kristi Leskinen . They won the competition . Chmerkovskiy also appeared as himself in a 2011 episode of the short - lived CW reality show H8R . He appeared as an actor on a 2012 episode of the TV Land series The Exes . Chmerkovskiy appeared on three episodes of General Hospital in March 2013 playing the role of Anton Ivanov , who dances with Kelly Monaco 's character Sam Morgan during the Nurses ' Ball . In 2016 , Chmerkovskiy and his brother , Valentin , both made cameo appearances in the Netflix series Fuller House , a reboot of the sitcom Full House . </P> Around the world ( edit ) <P> In 2011 , Chmerkovskiy starred as `` The Bachelor '' in the Ukrainian version of the dating reality series . He later told a Ukrainian newspaper that he regretted doing the show , saying , `` This kind of project is not for me . '' The show made Chmerkovskiy the second most searched person on Google in Ukraine for 2011 , behind only Steve Jobs . As of 2012 , he hosted the Ukrainian version of the game show The Cube . </P> <P> Chmerkovskiy has also appeared as a judge on `` Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa , '' India 's version of Dancing with the Stars . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Chmerkovskiy 's native language is Russian , but he can understand a little Ukrainian . Chmerkovskiy did not speak English when he moved to the United States . He says he learned English from reading street signs in Brooklyn . Chmerkovskiy lives primarily in Fort Lee , New Jersey . He was engaged to fellow DWTS pro and Ukrainian Karina Smirnoff for nine months in 2009 . In 2012 Chmerkovskiy began dating another DWTS pro , Peta Murgatroyd , but the relationship ended in 2013 after 10 months . He was also in a `` serious '' relationship with model Kate Upton later that year . Chmerkovskiy and Murgatroyd reunited in October 2014 . Chmerkovskiy and Murgatroyd became engaged on December 5 , 2015 , when he proposed while onstage for a performance of Sway : A Dance Trilogy in Miami , Florida . Chmerkovskiy and Murgatroyd 's son Shai Aleksander was born January 4 , 2017 and they were married in a contemporary Jewish ceremony in Long Island , New York on July 8 , 2017 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Reagan Alexander ( July 17 , 2011 ) . `` Maksim Chmerkovskiy Wants Hope Solo as His Next DWTS Partner '' . People . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shira , Dahvi . `` Meryl Davis and Maksim Chmerkovskiy Win Dancing with the Stars '' . People.com . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ian Spelling ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Maksimum Exposure : Fort Lee resident Maksim Chmerkovskiy talks Dancing with the Stars and running his Bergen - based dance studios '' . Bergen.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Maksim Chmerkovskiy '' . 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Retrieved 22 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Ski Channel ( 5 August 2009 ) . `` KRISTI LESKINEN & MAKSIM CHMERKOVSKIY FROM SUPERSTARS TO DANCING WITH THE STARS ? '' . The Ski Channel . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( 6 October 2011 ) . `` CW Pulls ' H8R ' From Schedule '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shira , Dahvi ( 2 July 2012 ) . `` Maksim Chmerkovskiy Guest Stars on The Exes '' . People . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` We Love Soaps : Nurses Ball 2013 : Magic Milo and the Men of Port Charles ( Video ) '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( 18 October 2015 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars ' Val and Maks Chmerkovskiy Are Heading to Fuller House '' . Tvguide.com . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maksim Chmerkovskiy Can Relate to ' Bachelor ' Brad Womack 's Love Woes ! '' . Access Hollywood . March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Olga Litskevich ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Максим Чмерковский : `` Я жалею , что участвовал в `` Холостяке '' . Это было неприятно `` '' ( Maksim Chmerkovskiy : `` I regret doing ' The Bachelor . ' It was frustrating . '' ) . Komsomolskaya Pravda ( in Russian ) . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ITC.UA ( 16 December 2011 ) . `` Google described the Ukrainian top searches in 2011 '' ( in Russian ) . ITC UA . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Cube official site '' . STB Channel . August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maksim Chmerkovskiy Wiki , Biography & Personal Details : Jdj 7 Judge '' . BollyMirror . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : OnTheRedCarpet.com Staff ( 26 October 2012 ) . `` OTRC : MAKSIM CHMERKOVSKIY TALKS ' DANCING WITH THE STARS , ' FAMILY & FUTURE : 15 FACTS '' . On The Red Carpet . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' pros wrestle with tango '' . DailyHerald.com . Associated Press . 2013 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Peta Murgatroyd , Dancing With the Stars Pros , Split '' . US Magazine . February 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dahvi Shira ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Kate Upton and Maksim Chmerkovskiy Split '' . People . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( 19 December 2015 ) . `` Breaking Up to Making Up : Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Peta Murgatroyd 's Love Story -- All About the Dancing with the Stars Duo 's Surprise Engagement '' . People . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maksim Chmerkovskiy , `` I 'm Dating Peta '' . April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( 5 December 2015 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars ' Peta Murgatroyd and Maksim Chmerkovskiy Are Engaged '' . E !. Retrieved 6 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chmerkovskiy , Maksim ( @ MaksimC ) ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Shai Aleksander Chmerkovskiy 01 / 04 / 17 5 : 34am '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <P> Media related to Maksim Chmerkovskiy at Wikimedia Commons </P> <Ul> <Li> Maksim Chmerkovskiy on Twitter </Li> <Li> Official Maksim Chmerkovskiy website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 15 </Li> <Li> 16 </Li> <Li> 17 </Li> <Li> 18 </Li> <Li> 19 </Li> <Li> 20 </Li> <Li> 21 </Li> <Li> 22 </Li> <Li> 23 </Li> <Li> 24 </Li> <Li> 25 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Participants </Th> <Td> List of competitors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winners </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kelly Monaco </Li> <Li> Drew Lachey </Li> <Li> Emmitt Smith </Li> <Li> Apolo Anton Ohno </Li> <Li> Hélio Castroneves </Li> <Li> Kristi Yamaguchi </Li> <Li> Brooke Burke </Li> <Li> Shawn Johnson </Li> <Li> Donny Osmond </Li> <Li> Nicole Scherzinger </Li> <Li> Jennifer Grey </Li> <Li> Hines Ward </Li> <Li> J.R. 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How to keep a mummy - wikipedia <H1> How to keep a mummy </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> How to Keep a Mummy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of How to Keep a Mummy volume 1 by Futabasha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ミイラ の 飼い 方 ( Miira no Kaikata ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Manga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Kakeru Utsugi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published by </Th> <Td> Futabasha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> English publisher </Th> <Td> Crunchyroll ( digital ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magazine </Th> <Td> Comico Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original run </Th> <Td> 2014 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volumes </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Kaori </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Atsushi Nasuda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Deko Akao </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Kenichiro Suehiro MAYUKO </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> 8 - Bit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Licensed by </Th> <Td> Crunchyroll ( Worldwide rights outside of Asia ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> TBS , BS - TBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original run </Th> <Td> January 11 , 2018 -- March 29 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> 12 ( List of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anime and Manga portal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> How to Keep a Mummy ( Japanese : ミイラ の 飼い 方 , Hepburn : Miira no Kaikata ) is a Japanese manga series by Kakeru Utsugi . It has been serialized online via Comico Japan since 2014 . Futabasha has published four tankōbon volumes since February 2016 . An anime television series adaptation by 8 - Bit aired from January 11 to March 29 , 2018 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Characters </Li> <Li> 2 Media <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Manga </Li> <Li> 2.2 Anime </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Note </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Sora Kashiwagi ( 柏木 空 , Kashiwagi Sora ) </Dt> <Dd> Voiced by : Mutsumi Tamura </Dd> <Dd> At the beginning of the series , Sora was sent Mii - kun , a tiny Egyptian mummy , by his father . While initially apprehensive due to previous bad experiences with his father 's `` gifts '' , Sora quickly warmed up to Mii - kun and watches over him , in doting parental fashion . He is an excellent cook , great at household chores and sewing , and great at taking care of people . He keeps a journal where he writes down his observations about Mii - kun . His family also keeps a dog named Pochi which is revealed in episode 10 to be a special dog that is fifty years old and can live to be hundreds of years old . Later , in the same episode , Sora 's father sends him a talking Anubis sculpture named Aayan . </Dd> <Dt> Tazuki Kamiya ( 神谷 他 月 , Kamiya Tazuki ) </Dt> <Dd> Voiced by : Keisuke Kōmoto </Dd> <Dd> Sora 's close friend . Initially , he holds a great desire to `` mess around '' with Mii - kun . However , he quickly comes to realize that Mii is so cute , that he can not bring himself to tease the tiny mummy . He still shows an occasional sadistic side to him and still shows an interest in knowing what is underneath Mii 's bandage . He excels at studying and often helps Sora out . On his way from work , he finds an oni child which he initially throws away due to his fear of caring for him which resulted from a past trauma of being unable to save a dragon from a collector . Tazuki names the oni child Conny but does n't truly adopt him into the family until episode 9 . Above all , Tazuki is very protective of those he cares about , becoming incredibly frightening when his friends are threatened . </Dd> <Dt> Asa Motegi ( 茂木 朝 , Motegi Asa ) </Dt> <Dd> Voiced by : Himika Akaneya </Dd> <Dd> Sora and Tazuki 's classmate . A cheerful girl with a distinct fear of lizards . Asa 's strength is one of her main character attributes , which is further increased when she is scared , evidenced by the destruction she causes when she finds that a dragon has found his way into her house . Sora helps her get over her fear of lizards and Asa eventually adopts the dragon , naming him Isao . </Dd> <Dt> Daichi Tachiaki ( 立秋 大地 , Tachiaki Daichi ) </Dt> <Dd> Voiced by : Seiichirō Yamashita </Dd> <Dd> Daichi is a student at Sora 's school in class 5 - 3 . Previously , he was seen as a delinquent , prone to violent outbursts ; however , this was a result of chronic night terrors and lack of sleep . Sora helps Daichi out at school , which results in friendship and Sora giving Taichi a baku doodle to draw in the dream - eating creature . When fully rested , Daichi is very kind if a bit timid and jumpy , but he also takes responsibility instantly for the violence he had done in his sleep - deprived state . The baku that helps him stays , being adopted by Daichi , and is named Mukumuku . </Dd> <Dt> Kaede Kashiwagi ( 柏木 カエデ , Kashiwagi Kaede ) </Dt> <Dd> Voiced by : Ai Kayano </Dd> <Dd> Sora 's aunt and sister of Mokuren . She 's usually working and tends to undergo a drastic personality change when wearing her glasses ( specifically of the red rimmed variety ) with her soft spoken , clumsy self replaced by an aggressive and assertive persona . The sarcophagus that Mii - kun arrived in was a present from her brother and used as her napping place . Some of her known careers include model , director , writer , and actress , all of which she is incredibly famous for ( though few know her true looks due to her glasses at work ) . </Dd> <Dt> Tsukiyo Kamiya ( 神谷 月夜 , Kamiya Tsukiyo ) </Dt> <Dd> Voiced by : Masami Nakakouji </Dd> <Dd> Tazuki 's little sister . An outspoken if caring girl , she 's familiar with Tazuki 's interactions with the oni child , Conny , but has little patience with Conny taking her sweets . </Dd> <Dt> Mokuren Kashiwagi ( 柏木 モクレン , Kashiwagi Mokuren ) </Dt> <Dd> Voiced by : Takashi Matsuyama </Dd> <Dd> Sora 's adventurer father who sends him odd things from overseas . Hence , Sora 's initial distrust of Mii - kun as past gifts have included cursed dolls and scarecrows . He also sends a manual for how to care for the little mummy to his son . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Media ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Manga ( edit ) </H3> <P> How to Keep a Mummy is a Japanese manga series by Kakeru Utsugi . It has been serialized online via Comico since 2014 . Futabasha has published four tankōbon volumes since February 2016 . </P> <H3> Anime ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kaori directed the anime at studio 8 - Bit . Deko Akao handled the series composition , and Takahiro Kishida is the character designer . Atsushi Nasuda produced the anime . It aired from January 11 to March 29 , 2018 . The opening theme is `` Fushigi na Tabi wa Tsuzuku no sa '' ( 不思議 な 旅 は つづく の さ ) by Tsuribitto . The 11 - member idol group Iketeru Hearts performed the ending theme . Crunchyroll co-produced and streamed the series . The series ran for 12 episodes . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` White , Round , Tiny , Wimpy , and Ready '' `` Shirokute marukute chīsakute totemo nakimushidakedo ganbaru '' ( しろく て まるく て ちいさく て とても 泣き むし だけど がんばる ) </Td> <Td> January 11 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Sora receives a coffin from his father . Out of the coffin comes a minuscule - sized mummy and names him Mii - kun . While practicing taking care of Mii - Kun , Sora shows him to Tazuki . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Toyed With and Chased Around , Being Small Is Hard '' `` Ijiwarusaretari oikakeraretari chīsai to iu koto ha totemo taihen '' ( いじわる され たり おいかけ られ たり 小さい という こと は とても たいへん ) </Td> <Td> January 18 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Sora gets Mii - kun to befriend Tazuki . Worried about his dehydration , Sora takes Mii - kun to school , but he winds up in Motegi 's hands and gets chased by a rat . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` It 's Scary When Someone You Care About Gets Sick '' `` Taisetsu na hito ga kaze wo hītara totemo shinpai '' ( たい せつな ひと が 風 ぜ を ひい たら とても しんぱい ) </Td> <Td> January 25 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` You Ca n't Play Tag by Yourself , and It 's Fun to Play With Others '' `` Oi - gokko wa hitoride wa dekinaishissho wa tanoshī '' ( お に ごっこ は ひとり では できない し いっしょ は 楽しい ) </Td> <Td> February 1 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` Go Away Kindness , Go Away Fear '' `` Yasashī kimochi kowai no tonde ke '' ( やさしい 気もち こわい の と んで け ) </Td> <Td> February 8 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> `` I ca n't grow all at once , so I 'll grow over time '' `` Kyuu ni hamuri dakara chotto zutto ōkiku naru yo '' ( きゅう に は むりだ から ちょっと ずつ 大きく なる よ ) </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> `` Scary Dreams Are Okay Because I 'm Not Alone . '' `` Kowai yumemite mo hitoriji yanaikaradaijobu '' ( こわい 夢 みて も ひとり じゃ ない からだ いじ ょ ぶ ) </Td> <Td> February 22 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> `` New Places , Strange Places , Strange Friends '' `` Atarashī toko fushigina toko fushigina tomodada chi '' ( あたらしい とこ ふしぎ な とこ ふしぎ な 友だち ) </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> `` Kind Hands , Warm Hands '' `` Yasashī te o tatakai - te '' ( やさしい 手 を たたかい 手 ) </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> `` A Fun Surprise from Afar '' `` To okashiku kita tanoshī bikkuri '' ( と おく から きた 楽しい びっくり ) </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> `` I Want to Be With You Forever and Ever '' `` Zuttozutto issho ni itai to omotterukara '' ( ずっと ずっと いっしょ に いたい と 思っ てる から ) </Td> <Td> March 22 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> `` Always Together '' `` Itsumo issho '' ( いつも いっしょ ) </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Note ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ All English episode titles are taken from Crunchyroll . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Crunchyroll Announces Winter 2018 Simulcast License Acquisitions '' . Crunchyroll . January 8 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mutsumi Tamura Stars in How to keep a mummy Anime '' . Anime News Network . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` How to keep a mummy TV Anime Slated for January '' . Anime News Network . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` How to keep a mummy Anime Reveals Key Visual , January 11 Premiere '' . Anime News Network . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How to keep a mummy Anime 's 2nd Promo Video Previews Opening Song '' . Anime News Network . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Iketeru Hearts Idol Group Performs How to keep a mummy Anime 's Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams How to keep a mummy Anime '' . Anime News Network . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DVD '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anime official website ( in Japanese ) </Li> <Li> How to Keep a Mummy ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Works by 8 - Bit </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Infinite Stratos ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Aquarion Evol ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Busou Shinki ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Encouragement of Climb ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Infinite Stratos 2 ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Walkure Romanze ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Tokyo Ravens ( 2013 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Encouragement of Climb : Second Season ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Fruit of Grisaia ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Absolute Duo ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Eden of Grisaia ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Comet Lucifer ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Shōnen Maid ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Rewrite ( 2016 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Knight 's & Magic ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> How to Keep a Mummy ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Encouragement of Climb : Third Season ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime ( 2018 -- 2019 ) </Li> <Li> Hoshiai no Sora ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Macross Frontier the Movie : The False Songstress ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Labyrinth of Grisaia ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Irregular at Magic High School The Movie : The Girl Who Calls the Stars ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OVAs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> IS < Infinite Stratos > Encore : A Sextet Yearning for Love ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Infinite Stratos 2 : Long Vacation Edition ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Infinite Stratos 2 : World Purge - hen ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Encouragement of Climb : Omoide no Present ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Keep_a_Mummy&oldid=848825550 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Manga series </Li> <Li> 2014 manga </Li> <Li> 2018 anime television series </Li> <Li> 8 - Bit ( studio ) </Li> <Li> Anime series based on manga </Li> <Li> Crunchyroll </Li> <Li> Futabasha manga </Li> <Li> Japanese webtoons </Li> <Li> Webtoons in print </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles containing Japanese - language text </Li> <Li> Articles with Japanese - language external links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 16 : 03 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of films : h - wikipedia <H1> List of films : h </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> Alphabetically indexed lists of films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 - 9 </Td> <Td> A </Td> <Td> B </Td> <Td> C </Td> <Td> D </Td> <Td> E </Td> <Td> F </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> G </Td> <Td> H </Td> <Td> I </Td> <Td> J -- K </Td> <Td> L </Td> <Td> M </Td> <Td> N -- O </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> P </Td> <Td> Q -- R </Td> <Td> S </Td> <Td> T </Td> <Td> U-V-W </Td> <Td> X -- Y -- Z </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> This box : <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> edit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This is an alphabetical list of film articles ( or sections within articles about films ) . It includes made for television films . See the talk page for the method of indexing used . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Ha <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Hab - Han </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Hap - Haz </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 He </Li> <Li> 1.3 Hi </Li> <Li> 1.4 Ho <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Hoa - Hoo </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Hop - Hoz </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5 Hu - Hy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> </H2> <Ul> <Li> H ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> H.G. Wells ' The Shape of Things to Come ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> H.G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> H.M. Pulham , Esq. ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> H.M.S. Defiant ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The H - Man ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> H.O.T.S. ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> H2O : ( 1929 & 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ha ( edit ) </H3> Hab - han ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Hababam sinifi ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Habana Blues ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Habeas Corpus ( 1928 ) </Li> <Li> Hachi : A Dog 's Tale ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Hackers ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Hacks : ( 1997 & 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Hadh Kar Di Aapne ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Hag in a Black Leather Jacket ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Haggard : The Movie ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Hagiga B'Snuker ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Haikara - san ga Tōru ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Haiku Tunnel ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Hail Caesar ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Hail the Conquering Hero ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Hail the Judge ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Hail the Woman ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Hail , Caesar ! ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> La Haine ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Hair ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Hair High ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Hair - Raising Hare ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> The Hairdresser 's Husband ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Hairshirt ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Hairspray : ( 1988 & 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Hairy Bird ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Halber Mensch ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Half Baked ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Half a Confession ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Half a Dozen Babies ( 1999 TV ) </Li> <Li> Half Human ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Half Light ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Half a Loaf of Kung Fu ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Half Nelson ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Half Past Dead ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Half - Caste ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Halim ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Hall of Mirrors ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Hall Pass ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Hallam Foe ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Hallelujah Trail ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Hallelujah ! ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Hallelujah , I 'm a Bum ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween series : <Ul> <Li> Halloween : ( 1978 & 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween II : ( 1981 & 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Halloween is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Halloweentown series : <Ul> <Li> Halloweentown ( 1998 TV ) </Li> <Li> Halloweentown II : Kalabar 's Revenge ( 2001 TV ) </Li> <Li> Halloweentown High ( 2004 TV ) </Li> <Li> Return to Halloweentown ( 2006 TV ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Halls of Montezuma ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Hamam ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Hamburger Hill ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet : ( 1948 , 1964 , 1969 , 1990 , 1996 & 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Hammerboy ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Hammers Over the Anvil ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Hammett ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Hana ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Hana - bi ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Hancock ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Hand : ( 1960 , 1965 & 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Handle with Care : ( 1932 , 1935 , 1958 , 1977 & 1985 TV ) </Li> <Li> The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Handmaiden ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Hands Across the Table ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Hands Over the City ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Hands of the Ripper ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Hang ' Em High ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> The Hanging Tree ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Hanging Up ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Hangmen Also Die ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> The Hangover ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Hangover Part II ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Hangover Part III ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Hangup ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Hanna ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Hannah : ( 1997 & 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Hannibal ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Hannibal Rising ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Hanover Street ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Hans Christian Andersen ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Hansel and Gretel : ( 1954 Janssen , 1954 Genschow , 1982 TV , 2002 , 2007 & 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Hansel and Gretel : An Opera Fantasy ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Hanuman ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Hanussen : ( 1955 & 1988 ) </Li> </Ul> Hap - haz ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> The Happening : ( 1967 & 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Happiest Days of Your Life ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Happily Ever After : ( 1990 , 2004 & 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Happily N'Ever After ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Happily N'Ever After 2 : Snow White -- Another Bite @ the Apple ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Happiness ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Happiness is in the Field ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Happiness of the Katakuris ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Accidents ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Birthday ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Birthday to Me ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Birthday , Wanda June ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Campers ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Endings ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Ero Christmas ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Feet ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Feet Two ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Little Submarines 4 : Adventure of Octopus ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Little Submarine Magic Box of Time ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Times ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Together ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Happy - Go - Lucky ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Happy , Texas ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Happythankyoumoreplease ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Harakiri ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Hard Boiled ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Hard Candy ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Hard Core Logo ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Hard Eight ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hard to Kill ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Hard Luck ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Hard Men ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hard Rain ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Hard Target ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Hard Times ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The Hard Way : ( 1943 & 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Hardball ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Hardbodies ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Hardcore : ( 1977 & 1979 ) </Li> <Li> The Harder They Come ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> The Harder They Fall ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Hardly Working ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Hardware ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Hardware Wars ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Hare Brush ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> The Hare Census ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Hare Force ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Hare Trigger ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Hare - um Scare - um ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Harlan County , USA ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Harlem Nights ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Harlequin ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Harlow ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Harmful Insect ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Harmonium in My Memory ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Harmony ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Harold and Maude ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Harper ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Harrison 's Flowers ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Brown ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Harry and the Hendersons ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter series : <Ul> <Li> Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Harry and Tonto ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Harsh Times ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Hart 's War ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Harum Scarum ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Haruta & Chika ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Harvard Man ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Harvey ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Harvie Krumpet ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Hatachi No Binetsu ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Hatari ! ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Hatchet ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Hatchet for the Honeymoon ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Hatchet II ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Hatchet III ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Hated : GG Allin and the Murder Junkies ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Hating Alison Ashley ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Hatred ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Hats Off : ( 1927 , 1936 & 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Hatter 's Castle ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Haunted : ( 1995 & 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Haunted Cinema ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Haunted Honeymoon ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> A Haunted House ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> A Haunted House 2 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Haunted House : ( 1913 , 1921 , 1928 , 1929 1982 & 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Haunted House ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Haunted Lighthouse ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Haunted Mansion ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Haunted Palace ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Haunted Road ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Haunted Strangler ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> The Haunted World of El Superbeasto ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Haunting : ( 1963 & 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Haunting in Connecticut ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Haunting in Connecticut 2 : Ghosts of Georgia ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Haunting Me ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Haunting of Molly Hartley ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Haute Tension ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Hav Plenty ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Have Rocket , Will Travel ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Haven ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Havoc : ( 1972 & 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Le Havre ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Hawaii : ( 1966 & 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Hawk the Slayer ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Hawks ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Hawks and the Sparrows ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Haywire ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Hazaaron Khwaishen Aisi ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Haze : ( 2005 & 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Häxan ( 1922 ) </Li> <Li> À Hauteur d'homme ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> He ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> He Died with a Felafel in His Hand ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> He Got Game ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> He Knows You 're Alone ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> He Loves Me ... He Loves Me Not ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> He Named Me Malala ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> He Ran All the Way ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> He Said , She Said ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> He Walked by Night ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> He Was a Quiet Man ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> He Who Gets Slapped ( 1924 ) </Li> <Li> He 's Just Not That Into You ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> He 's Way More Famous Than You ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> He 's a Woman , She 's a Man ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Head ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Head On ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Head Above Water ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Head in the Clouds ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Head Games ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Head Office ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Head Over Heels : ( 1922 , 1937 , 1979 & 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Head of State ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Head - On ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Headhunters ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Heading South ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Headsman ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Health ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Hear My Song ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Heart of the Bear ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Heart Breaker ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Heart of a Dog ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Heart of a Dragon ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Heart of the Game ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Heart of Glass ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Heart for Heaven ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Heart and Souls ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Heart 's Cry ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Heartaches ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Heartbreak Kid : ( 1972 , 1993 & 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Heartbreaker ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Heartbreakers : ( 1984 & 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Heartburn ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Heartfall Arises ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Heartland ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Heartless ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Hearts of Age ( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Hearts of Darkness : A Filmmaker 's Apocalypse ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Hearts and Minds ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Hearts of the World ( 1918 ) </Li> <Li> Heat : ( 1972 & 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Heat ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Heat and Dust ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Heat Team ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Heathers ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Heaven ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Heaven Can Wait : ( 1943 & 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Heaven and Earth : ( 1990 & 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Heaven and Earth Magic ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Heaven Is for Real ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Heaven Knows , Mr. Allison ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Heaven 's Burning ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Heaven 's Gate ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Heaven 's Prisoners ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Heaven 's Story ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Heavens Above ! ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Heavy ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Heavy Metal ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Heavy Metal 2000 ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Heavy Traffic ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Heavyweights ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Hebrew Hammer ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Heidi ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Heights ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Heimat ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Heiress ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Heist : ( 2001 & 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Heist ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Held for Ransom ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Helen of Troy ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Hell Comes to Frogtown ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Hell Divers ( 1931 ) </Li> <Li> Hell Drivers ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Hell Is for Heroes ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Hell of the Living Dead ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Hell or High Water ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Hell Night ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Hell in the Pacific ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Hell Ride ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Hell 's Angels ( 1930 ) </Li> <Li> Hell 's Hinges ( 1916 ) </Li> <Li> Hell - Bent for Election ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Hellbent ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Hellbound : Hellraiser II ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Hellboy series : <Ul> <Li> Hellboy : ( 2004 & 2019 ) </Li> <Li> Hellboy : Blood and Iron ( 2007 TV ) </Li> <Li> Hellboy : Sword of Storms ( 2006 TV ) </Li> <Li> Hellboy 2 : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Hellcats ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Hellcats of the Navy ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Hellfighters ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Hello Again : ( 1987 & 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Hello Herman ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Hello I Must Be Going : ( 2012 & 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Hello , My Dolly Girlfriend ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Hello , My Name Is Doris ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Hellraiser series : <Ul> <Li> Hellraiser ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Hellbound : Hellraiser II ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Hellraiser III : Hell on Earth ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Hellraiser : Bloodline ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hellraiser : Inferno ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Hellraiser : Hellseeker ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hellraiser : Deader ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Hellraiser : Hellworld ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Hellraiser : Revelations ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hells Angels on Wheels ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Hellzapoppin ' ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> The Help ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Help ! ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Helter Skelter ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Hemingway & Gellhorn ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Henry & June ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Henry Fool ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Henry Poole Is Here ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Henry V : ( 1944 & 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Henry 's Crime ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Henry : Portrait of a Serial Killer ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Hentai Kamen ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Hentai Kamen : Abnormal Crisis ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Her ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Her Alibi ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Hera Pheri ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Herb ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Herbie series : <Ul> <Li> Herbie Goes Bananas ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Herbie Rides Again ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Herbie : Fully Loaded ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Love Bug ( 1969 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hercules : ( 1958 , 1983 , 1997 & 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Hercules Against the Moon Men ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Hercules in New York ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Hercules and the Queen of Lydia ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Hercules Unchained ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> The Herdsman ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Here Comes Mr. Jordan ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Here Comes the Navy ( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> Here Comes Peter Cottontail ( 1971 ) ( TV ) </Li> <Li> Here Comes Peter Cottontail : The Movie ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Here on Earth ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Hereafter ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Hero : ( 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1992 , 1997 , 2002 , 2006 , 2012 , 2015 Hindi & 2015 Japanese ) </Li> <Li> The Hero ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Hero and the Terror ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Heroes : ( 1977 & 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Heroes for Sale ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Heroes Join Forces ( 2015 ) TV </Li> <Li> The Heroes of Telemark ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> The Heroic Trio ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Hesher ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Hexed ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie ( 2017 ) TV </Li> <Li> Hey Arnold ! : The Movie ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hey Babe ! ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Hey Good Lookin ' ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Hey Ram ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Hey There , It 's Yogi Bear ! ( 1964 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Hi ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Hi , Mom ! ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Hi - Line ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Hi - Lo Country ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Hiawatha 's Rabbit Hunt ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Hibi Rock ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Hidalgo ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Hidden ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Hidden : ( 2009 & 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Hidden Agenda ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Hidden City ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Hidden Fortress ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Hidden Fuhrer : Debating the Enigma of Hitler 's Sexuality ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Hidden War ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Hide and Seek ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Hide - Out ( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> Hideaway ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Hideous Kinky ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Hiding Out ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> High Anxiety ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> High Art ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> High Crimes ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> High Diving Hare ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> High Fidelity ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> High Freakquency ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> High Heels and Low Lifes ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> High Hopes ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> High Kick Angels ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> High & Low : The Movie ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> High and Low ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The High and the Mighty ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> High Noon : ( 1952 , 2009 & * 2013 ) </Li> <Li> High Noon , Part II : The Return of Will Kane </Li> <Li> High Plains Drifter ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> High Road to China ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> High Roller : The Stu Ungar Story ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> High School : ( 1940 , 1954 , 1969 & 2010 ) </Li> <Li> High School High ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical series : <Ul> <Li> High School Musical ( 2006 ) ( TV ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) ( TV ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> High Schools ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> High Sierra ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> High Society : ( 1924 , 1955 , 1956 & 2014 ) </Li> <Li> High Spirits ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> High Tension ( 1936 & 2003 ) </Li> <Li> High Time ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> High Voltage : ( 1929 , 1981 & 1997 ) </Li> <Li> High Wall ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Higher Learning ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Highlander series : <Ul> <Li> Highlander ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Highlander II : The Quickening ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Highlander III : The Sorcerer ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Highlander : Endgame ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Highlander : The Search for Vengeance ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Highlander : The Source ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Highway : ( 2002 & 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Highway 301 ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Highway 61 ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Highway to Hell ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Highwaymen ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Hijacking Catastrophe : 9 / 11 , Fear & the Selling of American Empire ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Hilary and Jackie ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Hill ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> A Hill in Korea ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Hillbilly Hare ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> The Hills Have Eyes series : <Ul> <Li> The Hills Have Eyes : ( 1977 & 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Hills Have Eyes 2 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Hills Have Eyes Part II ( 1985 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Hills Run Red ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Himalaya ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Himalaya : Ladder to Paradise ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Himitsu ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Hindenburg ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Hindenburg Disaster Newsreel Footage ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> The Hired Hand ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Hired ! ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> The Hireling ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Hiroshima Mon Amour ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Hirunaka no Ryūsei ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Hirune Hime : Shiranai Watashi no Monogatari ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> His Girl Friday ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> His Kind of Woman ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> His Last Gift ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> His Majesty O'Keefe ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) </Li> <Li> His New Profession ( 1914 ) </Li> <Li> Histoires extraordinaires ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> The History Boys ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> History of Postwar Japan as Told by a Bar Hostess ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> A History of Violence ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> History of the World , Part I ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Hit ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Hit the Deck ( 1930 ) </Li> <Li> Hit the Ice ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Hit and Run : ( 1957 , 2009 & 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Hitch ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Hitch - Hiker ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Hitchcock ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The Hitcher : ( 1986 & 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Hitcher II : I 've Been Waiting ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Hitler Youth Quex ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Hitler : The Rise of Evil ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Hitman : ( 1997 , 1998 & 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Hitman : Agent 47 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Hitman City ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ho ( edit ) </H3> Hoa - hoo ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> The Hoax ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Hobbit ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Hobgoblins ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Hobo with a Shotgun ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Hobson 's Choice ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Hockey Homicide ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Hocus Pocus ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Hoffa ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Hoffman ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Hold Back the Dawn ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Hold Everything ( 1930 ) </Li> <Li> Hold the Lion , Please ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Hold That Ghost ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Hold You Tight ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Hole : ( 1957 , 1960 , 1962 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 & 2009 ) </Li> <Li> A Hole in the Head ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> A Hole in My Heart ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Holes ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Holiday : ( 1930 & 1938 ) </Li> <Li> The Holiday ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Holiday Affair ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Holiday Inn ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Holiday in the Sun ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Hollow ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Hollow Man ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Hollow Man 2 ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Hollow Triumph ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Holly Hobbie and Friends : Surprise Party ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood or Bust ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Chainsaw Hookers ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Ending ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Heartbreakers ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Homicide ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Hollywood Knights ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> The Hollywood Revue of 1929 ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Shuffle ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywoodland ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Hols : Prince of the Sun ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Holy Ghost People : ( 1967 & 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Holy Man ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Holy Motors ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The Holy Mountain ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Holy Smoke ! ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Hombre ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Home ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Home Alone series : <Ul> <Li> Home Alone ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Home Alone 4 ( 2003 ) ( TV ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Home of the Brave : ( 1986 , 2004 & 2006 ) </Li> <Li> A Home at the End of the World ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Home Fries ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Home of the Giants ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Home from the Hill ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Home for the Holidays ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Homefront ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Home on the Range ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Home Room ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Home Run ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Homecoming : ( 1928 , 1941 , 1948 , 1996 TV & 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Homecoming ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Homegrown ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Homeless ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Homeless Student ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Homerun ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Homesman ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Homeward Bound II : Lost in San Francisco ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Homeward Bound : The Incredible Journey ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Homicidal ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Homicide ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> L'homme du train ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> L'Homme qui aimait les femmes ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> L'Homme de Rio ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Hondo ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Honey ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Honey Glaze ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Honey , I Shrunk ... series : <Ul> <Li> Honey , I Blew Up the Kid ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Honey , I Shrunk the Audience ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Honey , I Shrunk the Kids ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Honey , We Shrunk Ourselves ( 1997 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Honeymoon Hotel ( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> The Honeymoon Killers ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Honeymoon in Vegas ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Honeymooners ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Honeysuckle Rose ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> The Honeytrap ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Honig im Kopf ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Honnōji Hotel ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Honolulu ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Hood of Horror ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Hoodlum ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Hoods ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Hoodwinked Too ! Hood vs. Evil ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Hoodwinked ! 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( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Hospital ( 1970 ) ( TV ) </Li> <Li> The Hospital ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Hospital Massacre ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> The Host ( 2006 & 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Hostage ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Hostage ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Hostel ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Hostel : Part II ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Hostel : Part III ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Hostile Advances : The Kerry Ellison Story ( 1996 ) ( TV ) </Li> <Li> Hostile Waters ( 1997 ) ( TV ) </Li> <Li> Hot Blood Band ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Hot Chick ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hot Cross Bunny ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Hot Dog ... The Movie ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Hot Pursuit ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Hot Rock ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Hot Rod ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Hot Rods to Hell ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Hot Shots ! ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Hot Shots ! 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( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Houseboat ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Houseboat Horror ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Housefull 2 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Houseguest ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Household X ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Housekeeping ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> HouseSitter ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> How to Beat the High Co $ t of Living ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> How to Be Single ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> How to Deal ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> How Do You Know ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> How to Eat Fried Worms ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> How to Get Ahead in Advertising ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> How the Grinch Stole Christmas : ( 1966 TV & 2000 ) </Li> <Li> How High ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> How I Got Into College ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> How I Won the War ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> How to Irritate People ( 1968 ) ( TV ) </Li> <Li> How to Kill Your Neighbor 's Dog ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> How the Lack of Love Affects Two Men ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> How to Lose Friends & Alienate People ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> How to Make an American Quilt ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> How to Make the Cruelest Month ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> How to Make a Monster ( 2001 ) ( TV ) </Li> <Li> How to Marry a Millionaire ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> How to Murder Your Wife ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> How to Play Baseball ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> How to Be a Player ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> How She Move ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> How the Sith Stole Christmas ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> How to Steal a Million ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> How to Stuff a Wild Bikini ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> How to Swim ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> How to Train Your Dragon series : <Ul> <Li> How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> How to Train Your Dragon 3 ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> How the West Was Won ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Howard Lovecraft and the Frozen Kingdom ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Howards End ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Howards of Virginia ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Howl ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Howl 's Moving Castle ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Howling series : <Ul> <Li> The Howling ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Howling II : Your Sister Is a Werewolf ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Howling III ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Howling IV : The Original Nightmare ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Howling V : The Rebirth ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Howling VI : The Freaks ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Howling : New Moon Rising ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Howling : Reborn ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hôtel Terminus : The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie ( 1928 ) </Li> <Li> Hōzuki - 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( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hysteria : ( 1965 & 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Hysterical Blindness ( 2002 ) ( TV ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Previous : List of films : G Next : List of films : I </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lists of films </Li> <Li> Lists of actors </Li> <Li> List of film and television directors </Li> <Li> List of documentary films </Li> <Li> List of film production companies </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_films:_H&oldid=817894887 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of films </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 05 : 28 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories - wikipedia <H1> List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Katharine Hepburn won four Academy Awards for Best Actress , more than any other actor in the history of the Academy Awards . <P> The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has given Academy Awards to actors and actresses for their performances in films since its inception . Throughout the history of the Academy Awards , there have been actors and actresses who have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actor , or Best Supporting Actress . The only restriction is that actors can not receive multiple nominations for the same performance . This rule was implemented after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way . </P> <P> As of 2017 , 40 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories . Katharine Hepburn leads the way with four Best Actress awards . Five have won three Academy Awards : Ingrid Bergman ( two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award ) , Walter Brennan ( three Best Supporting Actor awards ) , Jack Nicholson ( two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award ) , Meryl Streep ( two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award ) , and Daniel Day - Lewis ( three Best Actor awards ) . Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940 , followed by Hepburn in 1968 , Bergman in 1974 , Nicholson in 1997 , Streep in 2011 , and most recently Day - Lewis in 2012 . Of the six , only Nicholson , Streep , and Day - Lewis are still living . </P> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor / Actress </Th> <Th> Best Actor / Actress Awards </Th> <Th> Best Supporting Actor / Actress Awards </Th> <Th> Total awards </Th> <Th> Total nominations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hepburn , Katharine Katharine Hepburn </Td> <Td> Morning Glory ( 1933 ) Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day - Lewis , Daniel Daniel Day - Lewis </Td> <Td> My Left Foot ( 1989 ) There Will Be Blood ( 2007 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Streep , Meryl Meryl Streep </Td> <Td> Sophie 's Choice ( 1982 ) The Iron Lady ( 2011 ) </Td> <Td> Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicholson , Jack Jack Nicholson </Td> <Td> One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) </Td> <Td> Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bergman , Ingrid Ingrid Bergman </Td> <Td> Gaslight ( 1944 ) Anastasia ( 1956 ) </Td> <Td> Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brennan , Walter Walter Brennan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Kentucky ( 1938 ) The Westerner ( 1940 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Davis , Bette Bette Davis </Td> <Td> Dangerous ( 1935 ) Jezebel ( 1938 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tracy , Spencer Spencer Tracy </Td> <Td> Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Boys Town ( 1938 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brando , Marlon Marlon Brando </Td> <Td> On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lemmon , Jack Jack Lemmon </Td> <Td> Save the Tiger ( 1973 ) </Td> <Td> Mister Roberts ( 1955 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington , Denzel Denzel Washington </Td> <Td> Training Day ( 2001 ) </Td> <Td> Glory ( 1989 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blanchett , Cate Cate Blanchett </Td> <Td> Blue Jasmine ( 2013 ) </Td> <Td> The Aviator ( 2004 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> De Niro , Robert Robert De Niro </Td> <Td> Raging Bull ( 1980 ) </Td> <Td> The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fonda , Jane Jane Fonda </Td> <Td> Klute ( 1971 ) Coming Home ( 1978 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hoffman , Dustin Dustin Hoffman </Td> <Td> Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caine , Michael Michael Caine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) The Cider House Rules ( 1999 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lange , Jessica Jessica Lange </Td> <Td> Blue Sky ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> Tootsie ( 1982 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smith , Maggie Maggie Smith </Td> <Td> The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie ( 1969 ) </Td> <Td> California Suite ( 1978 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cooper , Gary Gary Cooper </Td> <Td> Sergeant York ( 1941 ) High Noon ( 1952 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> de Havilland , Olivia Olivia de Havilland </Td> <Td> To Each His Own ( 1946 ) The Heiress ( 1949 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hackman , Gene Gene Hackman </Td> <Td> The French Connection ( 1971 ) </Td> <Td> Unforgiven ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hanks , Tom Tom Hanks </Td> <Td> Philadelphia ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March , Fredric Fredric March </Td> <Td> Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1931 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Penn , Sean Sean Penn </Td> <Td> Mystic River ( 2003 ) Milk ( 2008 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taylor , Elizabeth Elizabeth Taylor </Td> <Td> Butterfield 8 ( 1960 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Foster , Jodie Jodie Foster </Td> <Td> The Accused ( 1988 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jackson , Glenda Glenda Jackson </Td> <Td> Women in Love ( 1970 ) A Touch of Class ( 1973 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quinn , Anthony Anthony Quinn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) Lust for Life ( 1956 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winters , Shelley Shelley Winters </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1959 ) A Patch of Blue ( 1965 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douglas , Melvyn Melvyn Douglas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hud ( 1963 ) Being There ( 1979 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Field , Sally Sally Field </Td> <Td> Norma Rae ( 1979 ) Places in the Heart ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robards , Jason Jason Robards </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> All the President 's Men ( 1976 ) Julia ( 1977 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ustinov , Peter Peter Ustinov </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spartacus ( 1960 ) Topkapi ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wiest , Dianne Dianne Wiest </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Bullets over Broadway ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hayes , Helen Helen Hayes </Td> <Td> The Sin of Madelon Claudet ( 1931 ) </Td> <Td> Airport ( 1970 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leigh , Vivien Vivien Leigh </Td> <Td> Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rainer , Luise Luise Rainer </Td> <Td> The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Good Earth ( 1937 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spacey , Kevin Kevin Spacey </Td> <Td> American Beauty ( 1999 ) </Td> <Td> The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swank , Hilary Hilary Swank </Td> <Td> Boys Do n't Cry ( 1999 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Waltz , Christoph Christoph Waltz </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) Django Unchained ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Film portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories </Li> <Li> List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances </Li> <Li> List of directors with two or more Academy Awards for Best Director </Li> <Li> List of Academy Award records </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Acting Two or More Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . March 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2008 . Retrieved August 20 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rule 6 -- 80th Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Persons nominated in two acting categories in the same year '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . March 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen , Jamie ( June 30 , 2003 ) . `` Katharine Hepburn dead at 96 '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ingrid Bergman -- Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Walter Brennan -- Awards '' . Moviefone . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack Nicholson -- Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <P> Media related to Actors with multiple Academy Award wins at Wikimedia Commons </P> <Ul> <Li> The Official Academy Awards Database </Li> <Li> The Motion Picture Credits Database at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 9 , 2008 ) </Li> <Li> IMDb Academy Awards Page </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Academy Awards lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Oscar season </Li> <Li> Oscar speech </Li> <Li> History of film </Li> <Li> Most wins per ceremony </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Combined major Oscars </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Superlatives </Li> <Li> Big Five </Li> <Li> All four acting categories </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Combined major awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Acting </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All nominees </Li> <Li> Best Actor ( by age ) </Li> <Li> Best Actress ( by age ) </Li> <Li> Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) </Li> <Li> Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) </Li> <Li> Acting noms in foreign language </Li> <Li> Actor multi-nom years </Li> <Li> Multi-Best Picture acting careers </Li> <Li> Multi-win Actors </Li> <Li> Multi-nom Actors </Li> <Li> Love curse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directing </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Best Director ( by age ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Films </Li> <Li> Foreign - language wins </Li> <Li> Foreign - language nominees </Li> <Li> Foreign - language noms in other categories </Li> <Li> Foreign - language : count by country </Li> <Li> Animated feature noms in other categories </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ethnicity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African </Li> <Li> Argentine </Li> <Li> Asian </Li> <Li> Australian </Li> <Li> Black </Li> <Li> Brazilian </Li> <Li> British </Li> <Li> Canadian </Li> <Li> Chilean </Li> <Li> Colombian </Li> <Li> Cuban </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> German - speaking </Li> <Li> Greek </Li> <Li> Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> Indian </Li> <Li> Iranian </Li> <Li> Italian </Li> <Li> Jewish </Li> <Li> Latin American </Li> <Li> Mexican </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Nordic </Li> <Li> Pakistani </Li> <Li> Polish </Li> <Li> Puerto Rican </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> <Li> Uruguayan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ceremonies </Li> <Li> Families </Li> <Li> Fictitious </Li> <Li> LGBT </Li> <Li> Multi-win years </Li> <Li> Posthumous </Li> <Li> Best Picture Presenters </Li> <Li> Trophy displays </Li> <Li> Oldest & Youngest </Li> <Li> Awards for Walt Disney </Li> <Li> Women in Non-gendered Categories </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_actors_with_two_or_more_Academy_Awards_in_acting_categories&oldid=826976080 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Academy Awards lists </Li> <Li> Lists of actors </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 01 : 54 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Athens - Wikipedia <H1> Athens </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the capital city of Greece . For other uses , see Athens ( disambiguation ) . City in Central Greece , Greece <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Athens Αθήνα </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Clockwise from top : Acropolis of Athens , Zappeion Hall , Monastiraki , Aerial view from Lycabettus , Athens Olympic Sports Complex , and Hellenic Parliament </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Flag </Td> <Td> Seal </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : Ιοστεφές άστυ ( the violet - crowned city ) Το κλεινόν άστυ ( the glorious city ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Athens Location of Athens in Greece Athens Athens ( Europe ) Show map of Greece Show map of Europe Show all </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 37 ° 59 ′ 02.3 '' N 23 ° 43 ′ 40.1 '' E / 37.983972 ° N 23.727806 ° E / 37.983972 ; 23.727806 Coordinates : 37 ° 59 ′ 02.3 '' N 23 ° 43 ′ 40.1 '' E / 37.983972 ° N 23.727806 ° E / 37.983972 ; 23.727806 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Greece </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geographic region </Th> <Td> Central Greece </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Administrative region </Th> <Td> Attica </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional unit </Th> <Td> Central Athens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Districts </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Mayor - council government </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mayor </Th> <Td> Giorgos Kaminis ( Ind . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Municipality </Th> <Td> 38.964 km ( 15.044 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Urban </Th> <Td> 412 km ( 159 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metro </Th> <Td> 2,928.717 km ( 1,130.784 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Highest elevation </Th> <Td> 338 m ( 1,109 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lowest elevation </Th> <Td> 70.1 m ( 230.0 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2011 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Municipality </Th> <Td> 664,046 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Td> 1st urban , 1st metro in Greece </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Urban </Th> <Td> 3,090,508 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Urban density </Th> <Td> 7,500 / km ( 19,000 / sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metro </Th> <Td> 3,781,274 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demonym ( s ) </Th> <Td> Athenian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> EET ( UTC + 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer ( DST ) </Th> <Td> EEST ( UTC + 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Postal codes </Th> <Td> 10x xx , 11x xx , 120 xx </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Telephone </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vehicle registration </Th> <Td> Yxx , Zxx , Ixx </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Patron saint </Th> <Td> Dionysius the Areopagite ( 3 October ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.cityofathens.gr </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Athens ( / ˈæθɪnz / ; Greek : Αθήνα , Athína ( aˈθina ) , Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , Athênai ( a. thɛ̂ː. nai̯ ) ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence starting somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . </P> <P> Classical Athens was a powerful city - state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus , which had been a distinct city prior to its 5th century BCE incorporation with Athens . A centre for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . In 2012 , Athens was ranked the world 's 39th richest city by purchasing power and the 67th most expensive in a UBS study . </P> <P> Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centres in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its administrative limits , and a land area of 38.96 km ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland . </P> <P> The heritage of the classical era is still evident in the city , represented by ancient monuments and works of art , the most famous of all being the Parthenon , considered a key landmark of early Western civilization . The city also retains Roman and Byzantine monuments , as well as a smaller number of Ottoman monuments . Athens is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites , the Acropolis of Athens and the medieval Daphni Monastery . Landmarks of the modern era , dating back to the establishment of Athens as the capital of the independent Greek state in 1834 , include the Hellenic Parliament and the so - called `` architectural trilogy of Athens '' , consisting of the National Library of Greece , the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and the Academy of Athens . Athens is also home to several museums and cultural institutions , such as the National Archeological Museum , featuring the world 's largest collection of ancient Greek antiquities , the Acropolis Museum , the Museum of Cycladic Art , the Benaki Museum and the Byzantine and Christian Museum . Athens was the host city of the first modern - day Olympic Games in 1896 , and 108 years later it welcomed home the 2004 Summer Olympics , making it one of only a handful of cities to have hosted the Olympics more than once . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Geography <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cityscape / skyline </Li> <Li> 2.2 Geology </Li> <Li> 2.3 Environment <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Climate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 Locations <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Neighbourhoods </Li> <Li> 2.4. 2 Parks and zoos </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.5 Surrounding areas <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Urban and suburban municipalities </Li> <Li> 2.5. 2 Athens Urban Area </Li> <Li> 2.5. 3 Athens Metropolitan Area </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.6 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 2.6. 1 Population in modern times <Ul> <Li> 2.6. 1.1 Population of the Athens Metropolitan Area </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.6. 2 Population in ancient times </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Government and politics <Ul> <Li> 3.1 International relations and influence <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Twin towns -- sister cities </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Partnerships </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Other locations named after Athens </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 History </Li> <Li> 5 Culture <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Archaeological hub </Li> <Li> 5.2 Architecture </Li> <Li> 5.3 Urban sculpture </Li> <Li> 5.4 Museums </Li> <Li> 5.5 Tourism </Li> <Li> 5.6 Entertainment and performing arts <Ul> <Li> 5.6. 1 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.7 Sports <Ul> <Li> 5.7. 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 5.7. 2 Sports clubs </Li> <Li> 5.7. 3 Olympic Games <Ul> <Li> 5.7. 3.1 1896 Summer Olympics </Li> <Li> 5.7. 3.2 1906 Summer Olympics </Li> <Li> 5.7. 3.3 2004 Summer Olympics </Li> <Li> 5.7. 3.4 Special Olympics 2011 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Economy and infrastructure <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Transport <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Bus transport </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 Athens Metro <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 2.1 Electric railway ( ISAP ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.1. 3 Commuter / suburban rail ( Proastiakos ) </Li> <Li> 6.1. 4 Tram </Li> <Li> 6.1. 5 Athens International Airport </Li> <Li> 6.1. 6 Railways and ferry connections </Li> <Li> 6.1. 7 Motorways </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Education </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Names of European cities in different languages : A Athena , patron goddess of Athens ; ( Varvakeion Athena , National Archaeological Museum ) <P> In Ancient Greek , the name of the city was Ἀθῆναι ( Athēnai , pronounced ( a. thɛ̂ː. nai̯ ) in Classical Attic ) a plural . In earlier Greek , such as Homeric Greek , the name had been current in the singular form though , as Ἀθήνη ( Athēnē ) . It was possibly rendered in the plural later on , like those of Θῆβαι ( Thêbai ) and Μυκῆναι ( Μukênai ) . The root of the word is probably not of Greek or Indo - European origin , and is possibly a remnant of the Pre-Greek substrate of Attica . In antiquity , it was debated whether Athens took its name from its patron goddess Athena ( Attic Ἀθηνᾶ , Athēnā , Ionic Ἀθήνη , Athēnē , and Doric Ἀθάνα , Athānā ) or Athena took her name from the city . Modern scholars now generally agree that the goddess takes her name from the city , because the ending - ene is common in names of locations , but rare for personal names . During the medieval period , the name of the city was rendered once again in the singular as Ἀθήνα . However , after the establishment of the modern Greek state , and partly due to the conservatism of the written language , Ἀθῆναι ( aˈθine ) became again the official name of the city and remained so until the abandonment of Katharevousa in the 1970s , when Ἀθήνα , Athína , became the official name . </P> <P> According to the ancient Athenian founding myth , Athena , the goddess of wisdom , competed against Poseidon , the god of the seas , for patronage of the yet - unnamed city ; they agreed that whoever gave the Athenians the better gift would become their patron and appointed Cecrops , the king of Athens , as the judge . According to the account given by Pseudo-Apollodorus , Poseidon struck the ground with his trident and a salt water spring welled up . In an alternative version of the myth from Vergil 's Georgics , Poseidon instead gave the Athenians the first horse . In both versions , Athena offered the Athenians the first domesticated olive tree . Cecrops accepted this gift and declared Athena the patron goddess of Athens . </P> <P> Different etymologies , now commonly rejected , were proposed during the 19th century . Christian Lobeck proposed as the root of the name the word ἄθος ( áthos ) or ἄνθος ( ánthos ) meaning `` flower '' , to denote Athens as the `` flowering city '' . Ludwig von Döderlein proposed the stem of the verb θάω , stem θη - ( tháō , thē - , `` to suck '' ) to denote Athens as having fertile soil . </P> <P> In classical literature , the city was sometimes referred to as the City of the Violet Crown , first documented in Pindar 's ἰοστέφανοι Ἀθᾶναι ( iostéphanoi Athânai ) , or as τὸ κλεινὸν ἄστυ ( tò kleinòn ásty , `` the glorious city '' ) . In medieval texts , variant names include Setines , Satine , and Astines , all derivations involving false splitting of prepositional phrases . Today the caption η πρωτεύουσα ( ī protévousa ) , `` the capital '' , has become somewhat common . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Cityscape / skyline ( edit ) </H3> Panoramic view of Lycabettus , Stadiou Street and Panepistimiou Street . View of parts of central Athens and its eastern suburbs from Mount Lycabettus . <H3> Geology ( edit ) </H3> View of Mount Penteli , the second tallest mountain surrounding Athens . Mount Lycabettus . <P> Athens sprawls across the central plain of Attica that is often referred to as the Athens or Attica Basin ( Greek : Λεκανοπέδιο Αττικής ) . The basin is bounded by four large mountains : Mount Aigaleo to the west , Mount Parnitha to the north , Mount Pentelicus to the northeast and Mount Hymettus to the east . Beyond Mount Aegaleo lies the Thriasian plain , which forms an extension of the central plain to the west . The Saronic Gulf lies to the southwest . Mount Parnitha is the tallest of the four mountains ( 1,413 m ( 4,636 ft ) ) , and has been declared a national park . </P> <P> Athens is built around a number of hills . Lycabettus is one of the tallest hills of the city proper and provides a view of the entire Attica Basin . The geomorphology of Athens is deemed to be one of the most complex in the world because its mountains cause a temperature inversion phenomenon which , along with the Greek Government 's difficulties controlling industrial pollution , was responsible for the air pollution problems the city has faced . This issue is not unique to Athens ; for instance , Los Angeles and Mexico City also suffer from similar geomorphology inversion problems . </P> <P> The Cephissus river , the Ilisos and the Eridanos stream are the historical rivers of Athens . </P> <H3> Environment ( edit ) </H3> Recycling machine in Athens <P> By the late 1970s , the pollution of Athens had become so destructive that according to the then Greek Minister of Culture , Constantine Trypanis , `` ... the carved details on the five the caryatids of the Erechtheum had seriously degenerated , while the face of the horseman on the Parthenon 's west side was all but obliterated . '' A series of measures taken by the authorities of the city throughout the 1990s resulted in the improvement of air quality ; the appearance of smog ( or nefos as the Athenians used to call it ) has become less common . </P> <P> Measures taken by the Greek authorities throughout the 1990s have improved the quality of air over the Attica Basin . Nevertheless , air pollution still remains an issue for Athens , particularly during the hottest summer days . In late June 2007 , the Attica region experienced a number of brush fires , including a blaze that burned a significant portion of a large forested national park in Mount Parnitha , considered critical to maintaining a better air quality in Athens all year round . Damage to the park has led to worries over a stalling in the improvement of air quality in the city . </P> <P> The major waste management efforts undertaken in the last decade ( particularly the plant built on the small island of Psytalia ) have improved water quality in the Saronic Gulf , and the coastal waters of Athens are now accessible again to swimmers . In January 2007 , Athens faced a waste management problem when its landfill near Ano Liosia , an Athenian suburb , reached capacity . The crisis eased by mid-January when authorities began taking the garbage to a temporary landfill . </P> Climate ( edit ) <P> Athens has a hot - summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ) . The dominant feature of Athens ' climate is alternation between prolonged hot and dry summers and mild winters with moderate rainfall . With an average of 416.8 millimetres ( 16.41 in ) of yearly precipitation , rainfall occurs largely between the months of October and April . July and August are the driest months , when thunderstorms occur sparsely once or twice a month . </P> <P> Owing to the rain shadow of the Pindus Mountains , annual precipitation of Athens is lower than most other parts of Greece , especially western Greece . As an example , Ioannina receives around 1,300 mm ( 51 in ) per year , and Agrinio around 800 mm ( 31 in ) per year . Daily average highs for July ( 1988 -- 2017 ) have been measured at 34.4 ° C or 93.9 ° F , but some parts of the city may be even hotter , in particular western areas due to a combination of industrialization and a number of natural factors , knowledge of which has existed since the mid-19th century . </P> <P> Athens is affected by the urban heat island effect in some areas which is caused by human activity , altering its temperatures compared to the surrounding rural areas , and leaving detrimental effects on energy usage , expenditure for cooling , and health . The urban heat island of the city has also been found to be partially responsible for alterations of the climatological temperature time - series of specific Athens meteorological stations , because of its impact on the temperatures and the temperature trends recorded by some meteorological stations . On the other hand , specific meteorological stations , such as the National Garden station and Thiseio meteorological station , are less affected or do not experience the urban heat island . </P> <P> Athens holds the World Meteorological Organization record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Europe , at 48.0 ° C ( 118.4 ° F ) , which was recorded in the Elefsina and Tatoi suburbs of Athens on 10 July 1977 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Downtown Athens ( 1988 -- 2017 ) . Extremes from 1890 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 22.6 ( 72.7 ) </Td> <Td> 25.3 ( 77.5 ) </Td> <Td> 28.9 ( 84 ) </Td> <Td> 32.2 ( 90 ) </Td> <Td> 36.7 ( 98.1 ) </Td> <Td> 44.8 ( 112.6 ) </Td> <Td> 48.0 ( 118.4 ) </Td> <Td> 42.6 ( 108.7 ) </Td> <Td> 38.6 ( 101.5 ) </Td> <Td> 36.5 ( 97.7 ) </Td> <Td> 30.5 ( 86.9 ) </Td> <Td> 22.9 ( 73.2 ) </Td> <Td> 44.8 ( 112.6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 13.4 ( 56.1 ) </Td> <Td> 14.3 ( 57.7 ) </Td> <Td> 17.1 ( 62.8 ) </Td> <Td> 21.2 ( 70.2 ) </Td> <Td> 26.6 ( 79.9 ) </Td> <Td> 31.7 ( 89.1 ) </Td> <Td> 34.4 ( 93.9 ) </Td> <Td> 34.3 ( 93.7 ) </Td> <Td> 29.7 ( 85.5 ) </Td> <Td> 24.1 ( 75.4 ) </Td> <Td> 18.7 ( 65.7 ) </Td> <Td> 14.4 ( 57.9 ) </Td> <Td> 23.3 ( 73.9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 10.2 ( 50.4 ) </Td> <Td> 10.8 ( 51.4 ) </Td> <Td> 13.1 ( 55.6 ) </Td> <Td> 16.8 ( 62.2 ) </Td> <Td> 21.7 ( 71.1 ) </Td> <Td> 26.6 ( 79.9 ) </Td> <Td> 29.3 ( 84.7 ) </Td> <Td> 29.2 ( 84.6 ) </Td> <Td> 25.0 ( 77 ) </Td> <Td> 20.1 ( 68.2 ) </Td> <Td> 15.4 ( 59.7 ) </Td> <Td> 11.5 ( 52.7 ) </Td> <Td> 19.1 ( 66.4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 7.1 ( 44.8 ) </Td> <Td> 7.3 ( 45.1 ) </Td> <Td> 9.2 ( 48.6 ) </Td> <Td> 12.3 ( 54.1 ) </Td> <Td> 16.9 ( 62.4 ) </Td> <Td> 21.5 ( 70.7 ) </Td> <Td> 24.2 ( 75.6 ) </Td> <Td> 24.2 ( 75.6 ) </Td> <Td> 20.3 ( 68.5 ) </Td> <Td> 16.0 ( 60.8 ) </Td> <Td> 12.0 ( 53.6 ) </Td> <Td> 8.5 ( 47.3 ) </Td> <Td> 15.0 ( 59 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> − 6.5 ( 20.3 ) </Td> <Td> − 5.7 ( 21.7 ) </Td> <Td> − 2.6 ( 27.3 ) </Td> <Td> 1.7 ( 35.1 ) </Td> <Td> 6.2 ( 43.2 ) </Td> <Td> 11.8 ( 53.2 ) </Td> <Td> 16 ( 61 ) </Td> <Td> 15.5 ( 59.9 ) </Td> <Td> 8.9 ( 48 ) </Td> <Td> 5.9 ( 42.6 ) </Td> <Td> − 1.1 ( 30 ) </Td> <Td> − 4 ( 25 ) </Td> <Td> − 6.5 ( 20.3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average rainfall mm ( inches ) </Th> <Td> 51.4 ( 2.024 ) </Td> <Td> 43.9 ( 1.728 ) </Td> <Td> 46.0 ( 1.811 ) </Td> <Td> 25.4 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 18.6 ( 0.732 ) </Td> <Td> 9.7 ( 0.382 ) </Td> <Td> 8.9 ( 0.35 ) </Td> <Td> 5.0 ( 0.197 ) </Td> <Td> 23.1 ( 0.909 ) </Td> <Td> 39.8 ( 1.567 ) </Td> <Td> 72.3 ( 2.846 ) </Td> <Td> 72.7 ( 2.862 ) </Td> <Td> 416.8 ( 16.408 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Meteoclub.gr </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Elliniko , Athens ( rain data for Nea Filadelfeia , Athens ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 13.3 ( 55.9 ) </Td> <Td> 13.9 ( 57 ) </Td> <Td> 16.6 ( 61.9 ) </Td> <Td> 20.0 ( 68 ) </Td> <Td> 25.2 ( 77.4 ) </Td> <Td> 30.4 ( 86.7 ) </Td> <Td> 33.4 ( 92.1 ) </Td> <Td> 33.7 ( 92.7 ) </Td> <Td> 28.7 ( 83.7 ) </Td> <Td> 23.5 ( 74.3 ) </Td> <Td> 18.8 ( 65.8 ) </Td> <Td> 14.7 ( 58.5 ) </Td> <Td> 22.7 ( 72.9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 9.9 ( 49.8 ) </Td> <Td> 10.2 ( 50.4 ) </Td> <Td> 12.5 ( 54.5 ) </Td> <Td> 15.7 ( 60.3 ) </Td> <Td> 20.5 ( 68.9 ) </Td> <Td> 25.5 ( 77.9 ) </Td> <Td> 28.5 ( 83.3 ) </Td> <Td> 28.6 ( 83.5 ) </Td> <Td> 24.1 ( 75.4 ) </Td> <Td> 19.5 ( 67.1 ) </Td> <Td> 15.1 ( 59.2 ) </Td> <Td> 11.7 ( 53.1 ) </Td> <Td> 18.5 ( 65.3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 6.8 ( 44.2 ) </Td> <Td> 6.8 ( 44.2 ) </Td> <Td> 8.8 ( 47.8 ) </Td> <Td> 11.7 ( 53.1 ) </Td> <Td> 15.8 ( 60.4 ) </Td> <Td> 20.6 ( 69.1 ) </Td> <Td> 23.6 ( 74.5 ) </Td> <Td> 23.8 ( 74.8 ) </Td> <Td> 19.8 ( 67.6 ) </Td> <Td> 15.9 ( 60.6 ) </Td> <Td> 11.7 ( 53.1 ) </Td> <Td> 8.8 ( 47.8 ) </Td> <Td> 14.5 ( 58.1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average rainfall mm ( inches ) </Th> <Td> 56.9 ( 2.24 ) </Td> <Td> 46.7 ( 1.839 ) </Td> <Td> 40.7 ( 1.602 ) </Td> <Td> 30.8 ( 1.213 ) </Td> <Td> 22.7 ( 0.894 ) </Td> <Td> 10.6 ( 0.417 ) </Td> <Td> 5.8 ( 0.228 ) </Td> <Td> 6.0 ( 0.236 ) </Td> <Td> 13.9 ( 0.547 ) </Td> <Td> 52.6 ( 2.071 ) </Td> <Td> 58.3 ( 2.295 ) </Td> <Td> 69.1 ( 2.72 ) </Td> <Td> 414.1 ( 16.302 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average rainy days </Th> <Td> 12.6 </Td> <Td> 10.4 </Td> <Td> 10.2 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 6.2 </Td> <Td> 3.7 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 3.3 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> <Td> 12.1 </Td> <Td> 87.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average relative humidity ( % ) </Th> <Td> 70.7 </Td> <Td> 68.9 </Td> <Td> 67.0 </Td> <Td> 62.9 </Td> <Td> 59.5 </Td> <Td> 52.6 </Td> <Td> 48.7 </Td> <Td> 47.6 </Td> <Td> 57.2 </Td> <Td> 64.6 </Td> <Td> 71.9 </Td> <Td> 71.8 </Td> <Td> 62.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean monthly sunshine hours </Th> <Td> 158.1 </Td> <Td> 168.0 </Td> <Td> 189.1 </Td> <Td> 225.0 </Td> <Td> 303.8 </Td> <Td> 360.0 </Td> <Td> 384.4 </Td> <Td> 359.6 </Td> <Td> 252.0 </Td> <Td> 198.4 </Td> <Td> 144.0 </Td> <Td> 105.4 </Td> <Td> 2,847.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Climatebase ( temperatures , RH , and sun 1980 -- 2000 ) World Meteorological Organization ( precipitation 1955 -- 1997 ) , </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> Climate data for Athens </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average sea temperature ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 15.4 ( 59.7 ) </Td> <Td> 15.0 ( 59.0 ) </Td> <Td> 15.2 ( 59.4 ) </Td> <Td> 15.7 ( 60.3 ) </Td> <Td> 18.5 ( 65.3 ) </Td> <Td> 22.6 ( 72.7 ) </Td> <Td> 25.7 ( 78.3 ) </Td> <Td> 26.3 ( 79.3 ) </Td> <Td> 25.0 ( 77.0 ) </Td> <Td> 22.2 ( 72.0 ) </Td> <Td> 19.1 ( 66.4 ) </Td> <Td> 16.6 ( 61.9 ) </Td> <Td> 19.8 ( 67.6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean daily daylight hours </Th> <Td> 10.0 </Td> <Td> 11.0 </Td> <Td> 12.0 </Td> <Td> 13.0 </Td> <Td> 14.0 </Td> <Td> 15.0 </Td> <Td> 14.0 </Td> <Td> 14.0 </Td> <Td> 12.0 </Td> <Td> 11.0 </Td> <Td> 10.0 </Td> <Td> 10.0 </Td> <Td> 12.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average Ultraviolet index </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> Source : Weather Atlas </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Locations ( edit ) </H3> Neighbourhoods ( edit ) Changing of the Greek Presidential Guard in front of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Syntagma Square . <P> The municipality of Athens , the city centre of the Athens Urban Area , is divided into several districts : Omonoia , Syntagma , Exarcheia , Agios Nikolaos , Neapolis , Lykavittos , Lofos Strefi , Lofos Finopoulou , Lofos Filopappou , Pedion Areos , Metaxourgeio , Aghios Kostantinos , Larissa Station , Kerameikos , Psiri , Monastiraki , Gazi , Thission , Kapnikarea , Aghia Irini , Aerides , Anafiotika , Plaka , Acropolis , Pnyka , Makrygianni , Lofos Ardittou , Zappeion , Aghios Spyridon , Pangrati , Kolonaki , Dexameni , Evaggelismos , Gouva , Aghios Ioannis , Neos Kosmos , Koukaki , Kynosargous , Fix , Ano Petralona , Kato Petralona , Rouf , Votanikos , Profitis Daniil , Akadimia Platonos , Kolonos , Kolokynthou , Attikis Square , Lofos Skouze , Sepolia , Kypseli , Aghios Meletios , Nea Kypseli , Gyzi , Polygono , Ampelokipoi , Panormou - Gerokomeio , Pentagono , Ellinorosson , Nea Filothei , Ano Kypseli , Tourkovounia - Lofos Patatsou , Lofos Elikonos , Koliatsou , Thymarakia , Kato Patisia , Treis Gefyres , Aghios Eleftherios , Ano Patisia , Kypriadou , Menidi , Prompona , Aghios Panteleimonas , Pangrati , Goudi and Ilisia . </P> <Ul> <Li> Omonoia , Omonoia Square , ( Greek : Πλατεία Ομονοίας ) is the oldest square in Athens . It is surrounded by hotels and fast food outlets , and contains a train station used by the Athens Metro and the Ilektrikos , named Omonoia station . The square is the focus for celebration of sporting victories , as seen after the country 's winning of the Euro 2004 and the Eurobasket 2005 tournaments . </Li> <Li> Metaxourgeio ( Greek : Μεταξουργείο ) is a neighborhood of Athens . The neighborhood is located north of the historical centre of Athens , between Kolonos to the east and Kerameikos to the west , and north of Gazi . Metaxourgeio is frequently described as a transition neighborhood . After a long period of abandonment in the late 20th century , the area is acquiring a reputation as an artistic and fashionable neighborhood following the opening of art galleries , museums , restaurants and cafés. ( 1 ) Local efforts to beautify and invigorate the neighborhood have reinforced a sense of community and artistic expression . Anonymous art pieces containing quotes and statements in both English and Ancient Greek have sprung up throughout the neighborhood , bearing statements such as `` Art for art 's sake '' ( Τέχνη τέχνης χάριν ) . Guerilla gardening has also helped to beautify the area . </Li> <Li> Psiri and Gazi -- The reviving Psiri ( Greek : Ψυρρή ) neighbourhood -- also known as Athens 's `` meat packing district '' -- is dotted with renovated former mansions , artists ' spaces , and small gallery areas . A number of its renovated buildings also host fashionable bars , making it a hotspot for the city in the last decade , while live music restaurants known as `` rebetadika '' , after rebetiko , a unique form of music that blossomed in Syros and Athens from the 1920s until the 1960s , are to be found . Rebetiko is admired by many , and as a result rebetadika are often crammed with people of all ages who will sing , dance and drink till dawn . </Li> </Ul> <P> The Gazi ( Greek : Γκάζι ) area , one of the latest in full redevelopment , is located around a historic gas factory , now converted into the Technopolis cultural multiplex , and also includes artists ' areas , small clubs , bars and restaurants , as well as Athens 's `` Gay village '' . The metro 's expansion to the western suburbs of the city has brought easier access to the area since spring 2007 , as the blue line now stops at Gazi ( Kerameikos station ) . </P> <Ul> <Li> Syntagma , Syntagma Square , ( Greek : Σύνταγμα / Constitution Square ) , is the capital 's central and largest square , lying adjacent to the Greek Parliament ( the former Royal Palace ) and the city 's most notable hotels . Ermou Street , an approximately one - kilometre - long ( 0.62 - mile ) pedestrian road connecting Syntagma Square to Monastiraki , is a consumer paradise for both Athenians and tourists . Complete with fashion shops and shopping centres promoting most international brands , it now finds itself in the top five most expensive shopping streets in Europe , and the tenth most expensive retail street in the world . Nearby , the renovated Army Fund building in Panepistimiou Street includes the `` Attica '' department store and several upmarket designer stores . </Li> <Li> Plaka , Monastiraki , and Thission -- Plaka ( Greek : Πλάκα ) , lying just beneath the Acropolis , is famous for its plentiful neoclassical architecture , making up one of the most scenic districts of the city . It remains a prime tourist destination with tavernas , live performances and street salesmen . Nearby Monastiraki ( Greek : Μοναστηράκι ) , for its part , is known for its string of small shops and markets , as well as its crowded flea market and tavernas specialising in souvlaki . Another district known for its student - crammed , stylish cafés is Theseum or Thission ( Greek : Θησείο ) , lying just west of Monastiraki . Thission is home to the ancient Temple of Hephaestus , standing atop a small hill . This area also has a picturesque 11th - century Byzantine church , as well as a 15th - century Ottoman mosque . </Li> <Li> Exarcheia ( Greek : Εξάρχεια ) , located north of Kolonaki , is the location of the city 's anarchist scene and as a student quarter with cafés , bars and bookshops . Exarcheia is home to the Athens Polytechnic and the National Archaeological Museum ; it also contains important buildings of several 20th - century styles : Neoclassicism , Art Deco and Early Modernism ( including Bauhaus influences ) . </Li> <Li> Kolonaki ( Greek : Κολωνάκι ) is the area at the base of Lycabettus hill , full of boutiques catering to well - heeled customers by day , and bars and more fashionable restaurants by night , with galleries and museums . This is often regarded as one of the more prestigious areas of the capital . </Li> </Ul> Panoramic view of Kolonaki Square Parks and zoos ( edit ) The entrance of the National Gardens , commissioned by Queen Amalia in 1838 and completed by 1840 <P> Parnitha National Park is punctuated by well - marked paths , gorges , springs , torrents and caves dotting the protected area . Hiking and mountain - biking in all four mountains are popular outdoor activities for residents of the city . The National Garden of Athens was completed in 1840 and is a green refuge of 15.5 hectares in the centre of the Greek capital . It is to be found between the Parliament and Zappeion buildings , the latter of which maintains its own garden of seven hectares . </P> <P> Parts of the city centre have been redeveloped under a masterplan called the Unification of Archeological Sites of Athens , which has also gathered funding from the EU to help enhance the project . The landmark Dionysiou Areopagitou Street has been pedestrianised , forming a scenic route . The route starts from the Temple of Olympian Zeus at Vasilissis Olgas Avenue , continues under the southern slopes of the Acropolis near Plaka , and finishes just beyond the Temple of Hephaestus in Thiseio . The route in its entirety provides visitors with views of the Parthenon and the Agora ( the meeting point of ancient Athenians ) , away from the busy city centre . </P> <P> The hills of Athens also provide green space . Lycabettus , Philopappos hill and the area around it , including Pnyx and Ardettos hill , are planted with pines and other trees , with the character of a small forest rather than typical metropolitan parkland . Also to be found is the Pedion tou Areos ( Field of Mars ) of 27.7 hectares , near the National Archaeological Museum . </P> <P> Athens ' largest zoo is the Attica Zoological Park , a 20 - hectare ( 49 - acre ) private zoo located in the suburb of Spata . The zoo is home to around 2000 animals representing 400 species , and is open 365 days a year . Smaller zoos exist within public gardens or parks , such as the zoo within the National Garden of Athens . </P> <H3> Surrounding areas ( edit ) </H3> <P> The large City Centre of the Greek capital falls directly within the municipality of Athens , which is the largest in population size in Greece . Piraeus also forms a significant city centre on its own , within the Athens Urban Area and being the second largest in population size within it , with Peristeri and Kallithea following . </P> Urban and suburban municipalities ( edit ) Ano Vrilissia maisonette block Beach in Vouliagmeni , one of the many beaches in the southern coast of Athens <P> The Athens Metropolitan Area consists of 58 densely populated municipalities , sprawling around the municipality of Athens ( the city centre ) in virtually all directions . For the Athenians , all the urban municipalities surrounding the city centre are called suburbs . According to their geographic location in relation to the City of Athens , the suburbs are divided into four zones ; the northern suburbs ( including Agios Stefanos , Dionysos , Ekali , Nea Erythraia , Kifissia , Maroussi , Pefki , Lykovrysi , Metamorfosi , Nea Ionia , Nea Filadelfeia , Irakleio , Vrilissia , Melissia , Penteli , Chalandri , Agia Paraskevi , Galatsi , Psychiko and Filothei ) ; the southern suburbs ( including Alimos , Nea Smyrni , Moschato , Kallithea , Agios Dimitrios , Palaio Faliro , Elliniko , Glyfada , Argyroupoli , Ilioupoli , Voula and Vouliagmeni ) ; the eastern suburbs ( including Zografou , Dafni , Vyronas , Kaisariani , Cholargos and Papagou ) ; and the western suburbs ( including Peristeri , Ilion , Egaleo , Koridallos , Agia Varvara , Chaidari , Petroupoli , Agioi Anargyroi and Kamatero ) . </P> <P> The Athens city coastline , extending from the major commercial port of Piraeus to the southernmost suburb of Varkiza for some 25 km ( 20 mi ) , is also connected to the city centre by a tram . </P> <P> In the northern suburb of Maroussi , the upgraded main Olympic Complex ( known by its Greek acronym OAKA ) dominates the skyline . The area has been redeveloped according to a design by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava , with steel arches , landscaped gardens , fountains , futuristic glass , and a landmark new blue glass roof which was added to the main stadium . A second Olympic complex , next to the sea at the beach of Palaio Faliro , also features modern stadia , shops and an elevated esplanade . Work is underway to transform the grounds of the old Athens Airport -- named Elliniko -- in the southern suburbs , into one of the largest landscaped parks in Europe , to be named the Hellenikon Metropolitan Park . </P> <P> Many of the southern suburbs ( such as Alimos , Palaio Faliro , Elliniko , Voula , Vouliagmeni and Varkiza ) known as the Athens Riviera , host a number of sandy beaches , most of which are operated by the Greek National Tourism Organisation and require an entrance fee . Casinos operate on both Mount Parnitha , some 25 km ( 16 mi ) from downtown Athens ( accessible by car or cable car ) , and the nearby town of Loutraki ( accessible by car via the Athens -- Corinth National Highway , or the suburban rail service Proastiakos ) . </P> Coastline of Palaio Faliro Athens Urban area ( edit ) <P> The Athens Urban Area today consists of 40 municipalities , 35 of which make up what is referred to as the Greater Athens municipalities , located within 4 regional units ( North Athens , West Athens , Central Athens , South Athens ) ; and a further 5 , which make up the Greater Piraeus municipalities , located within the regional unit of Piraeus as mentioned above . The densely built up urban area of the Greek capital sprawls across 412 km ( 159 sq mi ) throughout the Attica Basin and has a total population of 3,074,160 ( in 2011 ) . </P> <P> The Athens municipality forms the core and center of Greater Athens , which consists of the Athens municipality and 34 more municipalities , divided in four regional units ( Central , North , South and West Athens ) , accounting for 2,641,511 people ( in 2011 ) within an area of 361 km ( 139 sq mi ) . Until 2010 , these four regional units made up the abolished Athens Prefecture . The municipality of Piraeus , the historic Athenian port , with its 4 suburban municipalities make up the regional unit of Piraeus , which in turn forms Greater Piraeus . </P> <P> Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus combined make up the continuous built up Athens Urban Area ( Greek : Πολεοδομικό Συγκρότημα Αθηνών ) , also called the Urban Area of the Capital ( Greek : Πολεοδομικό Συγκρότημα Πρωτεύουσας ) or simply Athens ( the most common use of the term ) , spanning over 412 km ( 159 sq mi ) , with a population of 3,090,508 people as of 2011 . The Athens Urban Area is considered to form the city of Athens as a whole , despite its administrative divisions , which is the largest in Greece and one of the most populated urban areas in Europe . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> Municipalities of Greater Athens <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Central Athens : </Td> <Td> 1 . City of Athens </Td> <Td> 2 . Dafni - Ymittos </Td> <Td> 3 . Ilioupoli </Td> <Td> 4 . Vyronas </Td> <Td> 5 . Kaisariani </Td> <Td> 6 . Zografou </Td> <Td> 7 . Galatsi </Td> <Td> 8 . Filadelfeia - Chalkidona </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> West Athens : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 . Egaleo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 . Agia Varvara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 . Chaidari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 . Peristeri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 . Petroupoli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 . Ilion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 . Agioi Anargyroi - Kamatero </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> North Athens : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . Nea Ionia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . Irakleio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . Metamorfosi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . Lykovrysi - Pefki </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . Kifissia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . Penteli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . Marousi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . Vrilissia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . Agia Paraskevi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . Papagou - Cholargos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . Chalandri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . Filothei - Psychiko </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> South Athens : </Td> <Td> 21 . Glyfada </Td> <Td> 22 . Elliniko - Argyroupoli </Td> <Td> 23 . Alimos </Td> <Td> 24 . Agios Dimitrios </Td> <Td> 25 . Nea Smyrni </Td> <Td> 26 . Palaio Faliro </Td> <Td> 27 . Kallithea </Td> <Td> 28 . Moschato - Tavros </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> Athens Urban Area <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Regional units : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central Athens : * Athens municipality * Other municipalities </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Athens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Athens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Athens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Piraeus </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Aerial view of the Athens urban area and the Saronic Gulf . Athens Metropolitan area ( edit ) <P> The Athens Metropolitan Area spans 2,928.717 km ( 1,131 sq mi ) within the Attica region and includes a total of 58 municipalities , which are organized in 7 regional units ( those outlined above , along with East Attica and West Attica ) , having reached a population of 3,737,550 based on the preliminary results of the 2011 census . Athens and Piraeus municipalities serve as the two metropolitan centres of the Athens Metropolitan Area . There are also some inter-municipal centres serving specific areas . For example , Kifissia and Glyfada serve as inter-municipal centres for northern and southern suburbs respectively . </P> <H3> Demographics ( edit ) </H3> The Athens Urban Area within the Attica Basin from space Athens population distribution Population in modern times ( edit ) The seven districts of the Athens municipality <P> The municipality of Athens has an official population of 664,046 people . The four regional units that make up what is referred to as Greater Athens have a combined population of 2,640,701 . They together with the regional unit of Piraeus ( Greater Piraeus ) make up the dense Athens Urban Area which reaches a total population of 3,090,508 inhabitants ( in 2011 ) . As Eurostat the FUA of Athens had in 2013 3,828,434 inhabitants , being apparently decreasing compared with the pre-economic crisis date of 2009 ( 4,164,175 ) </P> <P> The municipality ( City ) of Athens is the most populous in Greece , with a population of 664,046 people ( in 2011 ) and an area of 38.96 km ( 15.04 sq mi ) , forming the core of the Athens Urban Area within the Attica Basin . The current mayor of Athens is Giorgos Kaminis . The municipality is divided into seven municipal districts which are mainly used for administrative purposes . </P> <P> As of the 2011 census , the population for each of the seven municipal districts of Athens is as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1st : 75,810 </Li> <Li> 2nd : 103,004 </Li> <Li> 3rd : 46,508 </Li> <Li> 4th : 85,629 </Li> <Li> 5th : 98,665 </Li> <Li> 6th : 130,582 </Li> <Li> 7th : 123,848 </Li> </Ul> <P> For the Athenians the most popular way of dividing the city proper is through its neighbourhoods such as Pagkrati , Ambelokipi , Exarcheia , Patissia , Ilissia , Petralona , Koukaki and Kypseli , each with its own distinct history and characteristics . </P> Population of the Athens Metropolitan area ( edit ) <P> The Athens Metropolitan Area , with an area of 2,928.717 km ( 1,131 sq mi ) and inhabited by 3,753,783 people in 2011 , consists of the Athens Urban Area with the addition of the towns and villages of East and West Attica , which surround the dense urban area of the Greek capital . It actually sprawls over the whole peninsula of Attica , which is the best part of the region of Attica , excluding the islands . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Classification of regional units within Greater Athens , Athens Urban Area and Athens Metropolitan Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional unit </Th> <Th> Population ( 2011 ) </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central Athens </Td> <Td> 1,029,520 </Td> <Td> Greater Athens 2,641,511 </Td> <Td> Athens Urban Area 3,090,508 </Td> <Td> Athens Metropolitan Area 3,753,783 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Athens </Td> <Td> 592,490 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Athens </Td> <Td> 529,826 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Athens </Td> <Td> 489,675 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Piraeus </Td> <Td> 448,997 </Td> <Td> Greater Piraeus 448,997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> East Attica </Td> <Td> 502,348 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Attica </Td> <Td> 160,927 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Population in ancient times ( edit ) <P> Mycenean Athens in 1600 -- 1100 BCE could have reached the size of Tiryns ; that would put the population at the range of 10,000 -- 15,000 . During the Greek Dark Ages the population of Athens was around 4,000 people . In 700 BC the population grew to 10,000 . In 500 BCE the area probably contained 200,000 people . During the classical period the city 's population is estimated from 150,000 -- 350,000 and up to 610,000 according to Thucydides . When Demetrius of Phalerum conducted a population census in 317 BCE the population was 21,000 free citizens , plus 10,000 resident aliens and 400,000 slaves . This suggests a total population of 431,000 . This figure is highly suspect because of the lopsided number of slaves and does not include free women and children and resident foreigners : an estimated based on Thucydides is : 40,000 male citizens , 100,000 family members , 70,000 metics ( resident foreigners ) and 150,000 - 400,000 slaves . However the numbers would include Attica and not just Athens the city , Urban History of Athens , 2008 . </P> <P> The ancient site of Athens is centred on the rocky hill of the acropolis . In ancient times the port of Piraeus was a separate city , but it has now been absorbed into the Athens Urban Area . The rapid expansion of the city , which continues to this day , was initiated in the 1950s and 1960s , because of Greece 's transition from an agricultural to an industrial nation . The expansion is now particularly toward the East and North East ( a tendency greatly related to the new Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport and the Attiki Odos , the freeway that cuts across Attica ) . By this process Athens has engulfed many former suburbs and villages in Attica , and continues to do so . The table below shows the historical population of Athens in recent times . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> City population </Th> <Th> Urban population </Th> <Th> Metro population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1833 </Td> <Td> 4,000 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1870 </Td> <Td> 44,500 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1896 </Td> <Td> 123,000 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 ( Pre-Population exchange ) </Td> <Td> 473,000 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 ( Post-Population exchange ) </Td> <Td> 718,000 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> 867,023 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 2,540,241 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 885,737 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,369,443 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 772,072 </Td> <Td> 3,444,358 </Td> <Td> 3,523,407 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> 745,514 </Td> <Td> 3,165,823 </Td> <Td> 3,761,810 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 664,046 </Td> <Td> 3,090,508 </Td> <Td> 3,753,783 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Government and Politics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Athens became the capital of Greece in 1834 , following Nafplion , which was the provisional capital from 1829 . The municipality ( City ) of Athens is also the capital of the Attica region . The term Athens can refer either to the municipality of Athens , to Greater Athens , or to the entire Athens Urban Area . </P> <H3> International relations and influence ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece Twin towns -- Sister cities ( edit ) <P> Athens is twinned with : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beijing , China ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Bethlehem , Palestine ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Los Angeles , United States ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Nicosia , Cyprus ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Ammochostos , Cyprus ( 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Partnerships ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Belgrade , Serbia ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Paris , France ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Ljubljana , Slovenia </Li> <Li> Naples , Italy </Li> <Li> Yerevan , Armenia ( 1993 ) </Li> </Ul> Other locations named after Athens ( edit ) <Dl> <Dt> United States </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Athens , Alabama ( pop . 24,234 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , Arkansas </Li> <Li> Athens , California </Li> <Li> West Athens , California ( pop . 9,101 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , Georgia ( pop . 114,983 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , Illinois ( pop . 1,726 ) </Li> <Li> New Athens , Illinois ( pop . 2,620 ) </Li> <Li> New Athens Township , St. Clair County , Illinois ( pop . 2,620 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , Indiana </Li> <Li> Athens , Kentucky </Li> <Li> Athens , Louisiana ( pop . 262 ) </Li> <Li> Athens Township , Jewell County , Kansas ( pop . 74 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , Maine ( pop . 847 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , Michigan ( pop . 1,111 ) </Li> <Li> Athens Township , Michigan ( pop . 2,571 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , Minnesota </Li> <Li> Athens Township , Minnesota ( pop . 2,322 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Athens , Mississippi </Li> <Li> Athens ( town ) , New York ( pop . 3,991 ) </Li> <Li> Athens ( village ) , New York ( pop . 1,695 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , Ohio ( pop . 21,909 ) </Li> <Li> Athens County , Ohio ( pop . 62,223 ) </Li> <Li> Athens Township , Athens County , Ohio ( pop . 27,714 ) </Li> <Li> Athens Township , Harrison County , Ohio ( pop . 520 ) </Li> <Li> New Athens , Ohio ( pop . 342 ) </Li> <Li> Athena , Oregon ( pop . 1,270 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , Pennsylvania ( pop . 3,415 ) </Li> <Li> Athens Township , Bradford County , Pennsylvania ( pop . 5,058 ) </Li> <Li> Athens Township , Crawford County , Pennsylvania ( pop . 775 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , Tennessee ( pop . 13,220 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , Texas ( pop . 11,297 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , Vermont ( pop . 340 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , West Virginia ( pop . 1,102 ) </Li> <Li> Athens , Wisconsin ( pop . 1,095 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Canada </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Athens Township , Ontario ( pop . 3,086 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Costa Rica </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Atenas ( pop . 7,716 ) </Li> <Li> Atenas ( canton ) ( pop . 23,743 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Germany </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Athenstedt , Saxony - Anhalt ( pop . 431 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Honduras </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Atenas De San Cristóbal , Atlántida </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Italy </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Atena Lucana , Province of Salerno , Campania ( pop . 2,344 ) </Li> <Li> Atina , Province of Frosinone , Lazio ( pop . 4,480 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Poland </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Ateny , Podlaskie Voivodeship ( pop . 40 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Ukraine </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Afini ( Zoria -- Зоря ) , Donetsk ( pop . 200 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : History of Athens and Timeline of Athens Acropolis of Athens , with the Roman - era Odeon of Herodes Atticus seen on bottom left <P> The oldest known human presence in Athens is the Cave of Schist , which has been dated to between the 11th and 7th millennia BCE . Athens has been continuously inhabited for at least 7000 years . By 1400 BCE the settlement had become an important centre of the Mycenaean civilization and the Acropolis was the site of a major Mycenaean fortress , whose remains can be recognised from sections of the characteristic Cyclopean walls . Unlike other Mycenaean centers , such as Mycenae and Pylos , it is not known whether Athens suffered destruction in about 1200 BCE , an event often attributed to a Dorian invasion , and the Athenians always maintained that they were `` pure '' Ionians with no Dorian element . However , Athens , like many other Bronze Age settlements , went into economic decline for around 150 years afterwards . </P> Statue of Theseus at Thiseio . Theseus was responsible , according to the myth , for the synoikismos ( `` dwelling together '' ) -- the political unification of Attica under Athens . <P> Iron Age burials , in the Kerameikos and other locations , are often richly provided for and demonstrate that from 900 BCE onwards Athens was one of the leading centres of trade and prosperity in the region . The leading position of Athens may well have resulted from its central location in the Greek world , its secure stronghold on the Acropolis and its access to the sea , which gave it a natural advantage over inland rivals such as Thebes and Sparta . </P> Delian League , under the leadership of Athens before the Peloponnesian War in 431 BCE <P> By the 6th century BCE , widespread social unrest led to the reforms of Solon . These would pave the way for the eventual introduction of democracy by Cleisthenes in 508 BCE . Athens had by this time become a significant naval power with a large fleet , and helped the rebellion of the Ionian cities against Persian rule . In the ensuing Greco - Persian Wars Athens , together with Sparta , led the coalition of Greek states that would eventually repel the Persians , defeating them decisively at Marathon in 490 BCE , and crucially at Salamis in 480 BCE . However , this did not prevent Athens from being captured and sacked twice by the Persians within one year , after a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas , after both Boeotia and Attica fell to the Persians . </P> <P> The decades that followed became known as the Golden Age of Athenian democracy , during which time Athens became the leading city of Ancient Greece , with its cultural achievements laying the foundations for Western civilization . The playwrights Aeschylus , Sophocles and Euripides flourished in Athens during this time , as did the historians Herodotus and Thucydides , the physician Hippocrates , and the philosopher Socrates . Guided by Pericles , who promoted the arts and fostered democracy , Athens embarked on an ambitious building program that saw the construction of the Acropolis of Athens ( including the Parthenon ) , as well as empire - building via the Delian League . Originally intended as an association of Greek city - states to continue the fight against the Persians , the league soon turned into a vehicle for Athens 's own imperial ambitions . The resulting tensions brought about the Peloponnesian War ( 431 -- 404 BCE ) , in which Athens was defeated by its rival Sparta . </P> <P> By the mid-4th century BCE , the northern Greek kingdom of Macedon was becoming dominant in Athenian affairs . In 338 BCE the armies of Philip II defeated an alliance of some of the Greek city - states including Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea , effectively ending Athenian independence . Later , under Rome , Athens was given the status of a free city because of its widely admired schools . The Roman emperor Hadrian , in the 2nd century CE , constructed a library , a gymnasium , an aqueduct which is still in use , several temples and sanctuaries , a bridge and financed the completion of the Temple of Olympian Zeus . </P> <P> By the end of Late Antiquity , the city experienced decline followed by recovery in the second half of the Middle Byzantine Period , in the 9th to 10th centuries CE , and was relatively prosperous during the Crusades , benefiting from Italian trade . After the Fourth Crusade the Duchy of Athens was established . In 1458 it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and entered a long period of decline . </P> The Temple of Olympian Zeus with river Ilisos by Edward Dodwell , 1821 The Entry of King Otto in Athens , Peter von Hess , 1839 . <P> Following the Greek War of Independence and the establishment of the Greek Kingdom , Athens was chosen as the capital of the newly independent Greek state in 1834 , largely because of historical and sentimental reasons . At the time it was a town of modest size built around the foot of the Acropolis . The first King of Greece , Otto of Bavaria , commissioned the architects Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert to design a modern city plan fit for the capital of a state . </P> <P> The first modern city plan consisted of a triangle defined by the Acropolis , the ancient cemetery of Kerameikos and the new palace of the Bavarian king ( now housing the Greek Parliament ) , so as to highlight the continuity between modern and ancient Athens . Neoclassicism , the international style of this epoch , was the architectural style through which Bavarian , French and Greek architects such as Hansen , Klenze , Boulanger or Kaftantzoglou designed the first important public buildings of the new capital . In 1896 , Athens hosted the first modern Olympic Games . During the 1920s a number of Greek refugees , expelled from Asia Minor after the Greco - Turkish War , swelled Athens 's population ; nevertheless it was most particularly following World War II , and from the 1950s and 1960s , that the population of the city exploded , and Athens experienced a gradual expansion . </P> <P> In the 1980s it became evident that smog from factories and an ever - increasing fleet of automobiles , as well as a lack of adequate free space due to congestion , had evolved into the city 's most important challenge . A series of anti-pollution measures taken by the city 's authorities in the 1990s , combined with a substantial improvement of the city 's infrastructure ( including the Attiki Odos motorway , the expansion of the Athens Metro , and the new Athens International Airport ) , considerably alleviated pollution and transformed Athens into a much more functional city . In 2004 Athens hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics . </P> <H2> Culture ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Culture of Greece The Temple of Hephaestus is the best - preserved of all ancient Greek temples . The Byzantine Church of the Holy Apostles next to the Stoa of Attalos <H3> Archaeological hub ( edit ) </H3> <P> The city is a world centre of archaeological research . Along with national institutions , such as the Athens University and the Archaeological Society , there are multiple archaeological Museums including the National Archaeological Museum , the Cycladic Museum , the Epigraphic Museum , the Byzantine & Christian Museum , as well as museums at the ancient Agora , Acropolis , Kerameikos , and the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum . The city is also home to the Demokritos laboratory for Archaeometry , alongside regional and national archaeological authorities that form part of the Greek Department of Culture . </P> <P> Athens hosts 17 Foreign Archaeological Institutes which promote and facilitate research by scholars from their home countries . As a result , Athens has more than a dozen archaeological libraries and three specialized archaeological laboratories , and is the venue of several hundred specialized lectures , conferences and seminars , as well as dozens of archaeological exhibitions , each year . At any given time , hundreds of international scholars and researchers in all disciplines of archaeology are to be found in the city . </P> <H3> Architecture ( edit ) </H3> See also : Modern architecture in Athens The Zappeion Hall The City Hall ( arch . Panagis Kalkos ) at Kotzia Square Two apartment buildings in central Athens . The left one is a modernist building of the 1930s , while the right one was built in the 1950s . Athens Tower , the tallest building in Greece <P> Athens incorporates architectural styles ranging from Greco - Roman and Neoclassical to modern times . They are often to be found in the same areas , as Athens is not marked by a uniformity of architectural style . </P> <P> For the greatest part of the 19th century Neoclassicism dominated Athens , as well as some deviations from it such as Eclecticism , especially in the early 20th century . Thus , the Old Royal Palace was the first important public building to be built , between 1836 and 1843 . Later in the mid and late 19th century , Theophil Freiherr von Hansen and Ernst Ziller took part in the construction of many neoclassical buildings such as the Athens Academy and the Zappeion Hall . Ziller also designed many private mansions in the centre of Athens which gradually became public , usually through donations , such as Schliemann 's Iliou Melathron . </P> <P> Beginning in the 1920s , Modern architecture including Bauhaus and Art Deco began to exert an influence on almost all Greek architects , and buildings both public and private were constructed in accordance with these styles . Localities with a great number of such buildings include Kolonaki , and some areas of the centre of the city ; neighbourhoods developed in this period include Kypseli . </P> <P> In the 1950s and 1960s during the extension and development of Athens , other modern movements such as the International style played an important role . The centre of Athens was largely rebuilt , leading to the demolition of a number of neoclassical buildings . The architects of this era employed materials such as glass , marble and aluminium , and many blended modern and classical elements . After World War II , internationally known architects to have designed and built in the city included Walter Gropius , with his design for the US Embassy , and , among others , Eero Saarinen , in his postwar design for the east terminal of the Ellinikon Airport . </P> <H3> Urban sculpture ( edit ) </H3> <P> All over the city can be found several statues or busts . Apart from the neoclassicals by Leonidas Drosis at the Academy of Athens ( Plato , Socrates , Apollo , Athena ) , other notable include the statue of Theseus by Georgios Fytalis at Thiseion , of philhellenes like Lord Byron , George Canning and William Gladstone , the equestrian statue of Theodoros Kolokotronis by Lazaros Sochos in front of the Old Parliament , statues of Ioannis Kapodistrias , Rigas Feraios and Adamantios Korais at the University , of Evangelos Zappas and Konstantinos Zappas at Zappeion , of Ioannis Varvakis at the National Garden , the `` woodbreaker '' by Dimitrios Filippotis , the equestrian statue of Alexandros Papagos at Papagou district and various busts of fighters of Greek independence at the Pedion tou Areos . An important landmark is also the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Syntagma . </P> <H3> Museums ( edit ) </H3> The National Archaeological Museum in central Athens The Acropolis Museum Further information : List of museums in Greece <P> Athens ' most important museums include : </P> <Ul> <Li> the National Archaeological Museum , the largest archaeological museum in the country , and one of the most important internationally , as it contains a vast collection of antiquities ; its artifacts cover a period of more than 5,000 years , from late Neolithic Age to Roman Greece ; </Li> <Li> the Benaki Museum with its several branches for each of its collections including ancient , Byzantine , Ottoman - era , and Chinese art and beyond ; </Li> <Li> the Byzantine and Christian Museum , one of the most important museums of Byzantine art ; </Li> <Li> the Numismatic Museum , housing a major collection of ancient and modern coins ; </Li> <Li> the Museum of Cycladic Art , home to an extensive collection of Cycladic art , including its famous figurines of white marble ; </Li> <Li> the New Acropolis Museum , opened in 2009 , and replacing the old museum on the Acropolis . The new museum has proved considerably popular ; almost one million people visited during the summer period June -- October 2009 alone . A number of smaller and privately owned museums focused on Greek culture and arts are also to be found . </Li> <Li> the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum , a museum which displays artifacts from the burial site of Kerameikos . Much of the pottery and other artifacts relate to Athenian attitudes towards death and the afterlife , throughout many ages . </Li> <Li> the Jewish Museum of Greece , a museum which describes the history and culture of the Greek Jewish community . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Tourism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Athens has been a destination for travellers since antiquity . Over the past decade , the city 's infrastructure and social amenities have improved , in part because of its successful bid to stage the 2004 Olympic Games . The Greek Government , aided by the EU , has funded major infrastructure projects such as the state - of - the - art Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport , the expansion of the Athens Metro system , and the new Attiki Odos Motorway . </P> <P> Athens was voted as the third best European city to visit in 2015 by European Best Destination . More than 240,000 people voted . </P> <H3> Entertainment and performing arts ( edit ) </H3> <P> Athens is home to 148 theatrical stages , more than any other city in the world , including the ancient Odeon of Herodes Atticus , home to the Athens Festival , which runs from May to October each year . In addition to a large number of multiplexes , Athens plays host to open air garden cinemas . The city also supports music venues , including the Athens Concert Hall ( Megaron Moussikis ) , which attracts world class artists . The Athens Planetarium , located in Andrea Syngrou Avenue , is one of the largest and best equipped digital planetaria in the world . The Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center , inaugurated in 2016 , will house the National Library of Greece and the Greek National Opera . </P> Music ( edit ) People dance in a nightclub in Psirri , a district of Athens with very active nightlife . The `` Theatro Vrachon '' ( Theater of the Rocks ) at Vyronas is a venue for popular music concerts <P> The most successful songs during the period 1870 -- 1930 were the so - called Athenian serenades ( Αθηναϊκές καντάδες ) , based on the Heptanesean kantádhes ( καντάδες ' serenades ' ; sing. : καντάδα ) and the songs performed on stage ( επιθεωρησιακά τραγούδια ' theatrical revue songs ' ) in revues , musical comedies , operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens ' theatre scene . </P> <P> Notable composers of operettas or nocturnes were Kostas Giannidis , Dionysios Lavrangas , Nikos Hatziapostolou , while Theophrastos Sakellaridis ' The Godson remains probably the most popular operetta . Despite the fact that the Athenian songs were not autonomous artistic creations ( in contrast with the serenades ) and despite their original connection with mainly dramatic forms of Art , they eventually became hits as independent songs . Notable actors of Greek operettas , who made also a series of melodies and songs popular at that time , include Orestis Makris , Kalouta sisters , Vasilis Avlonitis , Afroditi Laoutari , Eleni Papadaki , Marika Nezer , Marika Krevata and others . After 1930 , wavering among American and European musical influences as well as the Greek musical tradition . Greek composers begin to write music using the tunes of the tango , waltz , swing , foxtrot , some times combined with melodies in the style of Athenian serenades ' repertory . Nikos Gounaris was probably the most renowned composer and singer of the time . </P> <P> In 1923 , after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey , many ethnic Greeks from Asia Minor fled to Athens as a result of the Greco - Turkish War . They settled in poor neighborhoods and brought with them Rebetiko music , making it popular also in Greece , which became later the base for the Laïko music . Other forms of song popular today in Greece are elafrolaika , entechno , dimotika , and skyladika . Greece 's most notable , and internationally famous , composers of Greek song , mainly of the entechno form , are Manos Hadjidakis and Mikis Theodorakis . Both composers have achieved fame abroad for their composition of film scores . </P> <H3> Sports ( edit ) </H3> Overview ( edit ) <P> Athens has a long tradition in sports and sporting events , serving as home to the most important clubs in Greek sport and housing a large number of sports facilities . The city has also been host to sports events of international importance . </P> <P> Athens has hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice , in 1896 and 2004 . The 2004 Summer Olympics required the development of the Athens Olympic Stadium , which has since gained a reputation as one of the most beautiful stadiums in the world , and one of its most interesting modern monuments . The biggest stadium in the country , it hosted two finals of the UEFA Champions League , in 1994 and 2007 . Athens ' other major stadium , located in the Piraeus area , is the Karaiskakis Stadium , a sports and entertainment complex , host of the 1971 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Final . </P> <P> Athens has hosted the Euroleague final three times , the first in 1985 and second in 1993 , both at the Peace and Friendship Stadium , most known as SEF , a large indoor arena , and the third time in 2007 at the Olympic Indoor Hall . Events in other sports such as athletics , volleyball , water polo etc. , have been hosted in the capital 's venues . </P> <P> Athens is home to three European multi-sport clubs : Olympiacos , Panathinaikos , AEK Athens . In football , Olympiacos have dominated the domestic competitions , Panathinaikos made it to the 1971 European Cup Final , while AEK Athens is the other member of the big three . These clubs also have basketball teams ; Panathinaikos and Olympiacos are among the top powers in European basketball , having won the Euroleague six times and three respectively , whilst AEK Athens was the first Greek team to win a European trophy in any team sport . </P> <P> Other notable clubs within Athens are Athinaikos , Panionios , Atromitos , Apollon , Panellinios , Ethnikos Piraeus , Maroussi BCE and Peristeri B.C. . Athenian clubs have also had domestic and international success in other sports . </P> Interior of the Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall <P> The Athens area encompasses a variety of terrain , notably hills and mountains rising around the city , and the capital is the only major city in Europe to be bisected by a mountain range . Four mountain ranges extend into city boundaries and thousands of miles of trails criss - cross the city and neighbouring areas , providing exercise and wilderness access on foot and bike . </P> <P> Beyond Athens and across the prefecture of Attica , outdoor activities include skiing , rock climbing , hang gliding and windsurfing . Numerous outdoor clubs serve these sports , including the Athens Chapter of the Sierra Club , which leads over 4,000 outings annually in the area . </P> Sports clubs ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Notable sport clubs based inside the boundaries of Athens Municipality </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Club </Th> <Th> Founded </Th> <Th> Sports </Th> <Th> District </Th> <Th> Achievements </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panellinios G.S. </Td> <Td> 1891 </Td> <Td> Basketball , Volleyball , Handball , Track and Field and others </Td> <Td> Kypseli </Td> <Td> Panhellenic titles in Basketball , Volleyball , Handball , many honours in Track and Field </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apollon Smyrni </Td> <Td> 1891 ( originally in Smyrni ) </Td> <Td> Football , Basketball , Volleyball and others </Td> <Td> Rizoupoli </Td> <Td> Earlier long - time presence in A Ethniki </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ethnikos G.S. Athens </Td> <Td> 1893 </Td> <Td> Track and Field , Wrestling , Shooting and others </Td> <Td> Zappeion </Td> <Td> Many honours in Athletics and Wrestling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panathinaikos </Td> <Td> 1908 ( originally as Football Club of Athens ) </Td> <Td> Football , Basketball , Volleyball , Water Polo , Track and Field and others </Td> <Td> Ampelokipoi </Td> <Td> One of the most successful Greek clubs , many titles in several sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ilisiakos </Td> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> Football , Basketball </Td> <Td> Ilisia </Td> <Td> Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki basketball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asteras Exarchion </Td> <Td> 1928 ( originally as Achilleus Neapoleos ) </Td> <Td> Football , Basketball </Td> <Td> Exarcheia </Td> <Td> Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki women basketball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ampelokipoi B.C. </Td> <Td> 1929 ( originally as Hephaestus Athens ) </Td> <Td> Basketball </Td> <Td> Ampelokipoi </Td> <Td> Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki basketball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thriamvos Athens </Td> <Td> 1930 ( originally as Doxa Athens ) </Td> <Td> Football , Basketball </Td> <Td> Neos Kosmos </Td> <Td> Panhellenic title in women Basketball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sporting B.C. </Td> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> Basketball </Td> <Td> Patisia </Td> <Td> Many Panhellenic titles in women Basketball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pagrati B.C. </Td> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> Basketball </Td> <Td> Pagrati </Td> <Td> Earlier presence in A1 Ethniki </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Beside the above clubs , inside the boundaries of Athens municipality there are some more clubs with presence in national divisions or notable action for short periods . Some of them are PAO Rouf ( Rouf ) with earlier presence in Gamma Ethniki , Petralona F.C. ( el ) ( Petralona ) , football club founded in 1963 , with earlier presence in Beta Ethniki , Attikos F.C. ( el ) ( Kolonos ) , football club founded in 1919 with short presence in Gamma Ethniki , Athinais Kypselis ( el ) ( Kypseli ) , football club founded in 1938 with short presence in Gamma Ethniki , Gyziakos ( Gyzi ) , basketball club founded in 1937 with short presence in Beta Ethniki basketball and Aetos B.C. ( el ) ( Agios Panteleimonas ) , basketball club founded in 1992 with earlier presence in A2 Ethniki Basketball . Another important Athenian sport club is the Athens Tennis Club founded in 1895 with important offer for the Greek tennis . </P> Olympic Games ( edit ) 1896 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 1896 Summer Olympics View of the Panathenaic Stadium ( Kallimarmaro ) Spyridon Louis entering the Panathenaic Stadium at the end of the marathon race Central Athens , c. 1900 , showing Zappeion , Kallimarmaron and their environs <P> 1896 brought forth the revival of the modern Olympic Games , by Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin . Thanks to his efforts , Athens was awarded the first modern Olympic Games . In 1896 , the city had a population of 123,000 and the event helped boost the city 's international profile . Of the venues used for these Olympics , the Kallimarmaro Stadium , and Zappeion were most crucial . The Kallimarmaro is a replica of the ancient Athenian stadiums , and the only major stadium ( in its capacity of 60,000 ) to be made entirely of white marble from Mount Penteli , the same material used for construction of the Parthenon . </P> 1906 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 1906 Intercalated Games <P> The 1906 Summer Olympics , or the 1906 Intercalated games , were held in Athens . The intercalated competitions were intermediate games to the internationally organized Olympics , and were meant to be organized in Greece every four years , between the main Olympics . This idea later lost support from the IOC and these games were discontinued . </P> 2004 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Summer Olympics 10,000 - meter final during the 2004 Olympic Games <P> Athens was awarded the 2004 Summer Olympics on 5 September 1997 in Lausanne , Switzerland , after having lost a previous bid to host the 1996 Summer Olympics , to Atlanta , United States . It was to be the second time Athens would host the games , following the inaugural event of 1896 . After an unsuccessful bid in 1990 , the 1997 bid was radically improved , including an appeal to Greece 's Olympic history . In the last round of voting , Athens defeated Rome with 66 votes to 41 . Prior to this round , the cities of Buenos Aires , Stockholm and Cape Town had been eliminated from competition , having received fewer votes . </P> <P> During the first three years of preparations , the International Olympic Committee had expressed concern over the speed of construction progress for some of the new Olympic venues . In 2000 the Organising Committee 's president was replaced by Gianna Angelopoulos - Daskalaki , who was the president of the original Bidding Committee in 1997 . From that point forward , preparations continued at a highly accelerated , almost frenzied pace . </P> <P> Although the heavy cost was criticized , estimated at $1.5 billion , Athens was transformed into a more functional city that enjoys modern technology both in transportation and in modern urban development . Some of the finest sporting venues in the world were created in the city , all of which were fully ready for the games . The games welcomed over 10,000 athletes from all 202 countries . </P> <P> The 2004 Games were judged a success , as both security and organization worked well , and only a few visitors reported minor problems mainly concerning accommodation issues . The 2004 Olympic Games were described as Unforgettable , dream Games , by IOC President Jacques Rogge for their return to the birthplace of the Olympics , and for meeting the challenges of holding the Olympic Games . The only observable problem was a somewhat sparse attendance of some early events . Eventually , however , a total of more than 3.5 million tickets were sold , which was higher than any other Olympics with the exception of Sydney ( more than 5 million tickets were sold there in 2000 ) . </P> <P> In 2008 it was reported that most of the Olympic venues had fallen into disrepair : according to those reports , 21 of the 22 facilities built for the games had either been left abandoned or are in a state of dereliction , with several squatter camps having sprung up around certain facilities , and a number of venues afflicted by vandalism , graffiti or strewn with rubbish . These claims , however , are disputed and likely to be inaccurate , as most of the facilities used for the Athens Olympics are either in use or in the process of being converted for post-Olympics use . The Greek Government has created a corporation , Olympic Properties SA , which is overseeing the post-Olympics management , development and conversion of these facilities , some of which will be sold off ( or have already been sold off ) to the private sector , while other facilities are still in use just as during the Olympics , or have been converted for commercial use or modified for other sports . Concerts and theatrical shows , such as those by the troupe Cirque du Soleil , have recently been held in the complex . </P> Special Olympics 2011 ( edit ) <P> The 2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games was in Athens . The opening ceremony of the games took place on 25 June 2011 at the Panathinaiko Stadium and the closing ceremony was held on 4 July 2011 . </P> <P> Over 7,500 athletes , from 185 countries , competed in a total of 22 sports . </P> <H2> Economy and infrastructure ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Ermou street near the Syntagma Square <P> Athens is the financial capital of Greece , and multinational companies such as Ericsson , Siemens , Motorola and Coca - Cola have their regional research and development headquarters there . </P> <H3> Transport ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Public transport in Athens Athens metropolitan railway network ( metró and proastiakós ) Agios Dimitrios station with an island platform <P> Athens is serviced by a variety of transportation means , forming the largest mass transit system of Greece . The Athens Mass Transit System consists of a large bus fleet , a trolleybus fleet that mainly serves Athens 's city center , the city 's Metro , a commuter rail service and a tram network , connecting the southern suburbs to the city centre . </P> Bus Transport ( edit ) <P> Ethel ( Greek : ΕΘΕΛ ) ( Etaireia Thermikon Leoforeion ) , or Thermal Bus Company , is the main operator of buses in Athens . Its network consists of about 300 bus lines which span the Athens Metropolitan Area , with an operating staff of 5,327 , and a fleet of 1,839 buses . Of those 1,839 buses 416 run on compressed natural gas , making up the largest fleet of natural gas - powered buses in Europe . </P> <P> Besides being served by a fleet of natural - gas and diesel buses , the Athens Urban Area is also served by trolleybuses -- or electric buses , as they are referred to in the name of the operating company . The network is operated by Electric Buses of the Athens and Piraeus Region , or ILPAP ( Greek : ΗΛΠΑΠ ) and consists of 22 lines with an operating staff of 1,137 . All of the 366 trolleybuses are equipped to enable them to run on diesel in case of power failure . </P> <P> International and regional bus links are provided by KTEL from two InterCity Bus Terminals , Kifissos Bus Terminal A and Liosion Bus Terminal B , both located in the north - western part of the city . Kifissos provides connections towards the Peloponnese and Attica , whereas Liosion is used for most northerly mainland destinations . </P> Athens Metro ( edit ) Main article : Athens Metro Athens Metro train ( 3rd generation stock ) <P> The Athens Metro is more commonly known in Greece as the Attiko Metro ( Greek : Αττικό Mετρό ) and provides public transport throughout the Athens Urban Area . While its main purpose is transport , it also houses Greek artifacts found during construction of the system . The Athens Metro has an operating staff of 387 and runs two of the three metro lines ; namely the Red ( line 2 ) and Blue ( line 3 ) lines , which were constructed largely during the 1990s , with the initial sections opened in January 2000 . All routes run entirely underground and a fleet of 42 trains consisting of 252 cars operate within the network , with a daily occupancy of 550,000 passengers . </P> <P> The Red Line ( line 2 ) runs from Anthoupoli station to Elliniko station and covers a distance of 17.5 km ( 10.9 mi ) . The line connects the western suburbs of Athens with the southeast suburbs passing through the center of Athens . The line associated with Green ( line 1 ) stations at Attiki and Omonoia Square station . Also the line connected with the Blue ( line 3 ) at Syntagma Square station and connected with Tram at Syntagma Square , Sygrou - Fix and Agios Ioannis station . </P> <P> The Blue Line ( line 3 ) runs from the western suburbs , namely Agia Marina to the Egaleo station , through the central Monastiraki and Syntagma stations to Doukissis Plakentias avenue in the northeastern suburb of Halandri , covering a distance of 16 km ( 10 mi ) , then ascending to ground level and reaching Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport , using the Suburban Railway infrastructure and extending its length to 39 km ( 24 mi ) . The spring 2007 extension from Monastiraki westwards , to Egaleo , connected some of the main night life hubs of the city , namely the ones of Gazi ( Kerameikos station ) with Psirri ( Monastiraki station ) and the city centre ( Syntagma station ) . Extensions are under construction to the west southwest suburbs of Athens , reaching to the port and the center of Piraeus . The new stations will be Agia Barvara , Koridallos , Nikaia , Maniatika , Piraeus and Dimotiko Theatro station . The stations will be ready in 2017 , connecting the biggest port of Greece Piraeus Port with the biggest airport of Greece the Athens International Airport . </P> Electric Railway ( ISAP ) ( edit ) Main article : ISAP An ISAP train ( Green Line ) passes by the Stoa of Attalos in central Athens <P> Not run by the Athens Metro company , is the ISAP ( Greek : ΗΣΑΠ ) , the Electric Railway Company line , which for many years served as Athens 's primary urban rail transport . This is today the Green Line ( line 1 ) of the Athens Metro network as shown on maps , and unlike the red and blue lines , ISAP has many above - ground sections on its route . This was the original metro line from Piraeus to Kifisia ; serving 22 stations , with a network length of 25.6 km ( 15.9 mi ) , an operating staff of 730 and a fleet of 44 trains and 243 cars . ISAP 's occupancy rate is 600,000 passengers daily . </P> <P> The Green Line ( line 1 ) now serves 24 stations , and forms the oldest line of the Athens metro network and for the most part runs at ground level , connecting the port of Piraeus with the northern suburb of Kifissia . The line is set to be extended to Agios Stefanos , a suburb located 23 km ( 14 mi ) to the north of Athens , reaching to 36 km ( 22 mi ) . </P> <P> The Athens Metropolitan Railway system is managed by three companies ; namely ISAP ( line 1 ) , Attiko Metro ( lines 2 & 3 ) , while its commuter rail , the Proastiakós is considered as line 4 . </P> Commuter / suburban rail ( Proastiakos ) ( edit ) Main article : Proastiakos Suburban rail <P> The Athens commuter rail service , referred to as the `` Proastiakós '' , connects Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport to the city of Kiato , 106 km ( 66 mi ) west of Athens , via Larissa station , the city 's central rail station and the port of Piraeus . The service is sometimes considered the fourth line of the Athens Metro . The length of Athens 's commuter rail network extends to 120 km ( 75 mi ) , and is expected to stretch to 281 km ( 175 mi ) by 2010 . The Proastiakos will be extended to Xylokastro west of Athens and Chalkida . </P> Tram ( edit ) Main article : Athens Tram A modern Athens Tram station and vehicles <P> Athens Tram SA operates a fleet of 35 Sirio type vehicles which serve 48 stations , employ 345 people with an average daily occupancy of 65,000 passengers . The tram network spans a total length of 27 km ( 17 mi ) and covers ten Athenian suburbs . The network runs from Syntagma Square to the southwestern suburb of Palaio Faliro , where the line splits in two branches ; the first runs along the Athens coastline toward the southern suburb of Voula , while the other heads toward the Piraeus district of Neo Faliro . The network covers the majority of the Saronic coastline . Further extensions are planned towards the major commercial port of Piraeus . The expansion to Piraeus will include 12 new stations , increase the overall length of tram route by 5.4 km ( 3 mi ) , and increase the overall transportation network . </P> Athens International Airport ( edit ) Main article : Athens International Airport Athens International Airport Check - in - area <P> Athens is served by the Athens International Airport ( ATH ) , located near the town of Spata , in the eastern Messoghia plain , some 35 km ( 22 mi ) east of Athens . The airport , awarded the `` European Airport of the Year 2004 '' Award , is intended as an expandable hub for air travel in southeastern Europe and was constructed in 51 months , costing 2.2 billion euros . It employs a staff of 14,000 . </P> <P> The airport is served by the Metro , the suburban rail , buses to Piraeus port , Athens ' city centre and its suburbs , and also taxis . The airport accommodates 65 landings and take - offs per hour , with its 24 - passenger boarding bridges , 144 check - in counters and broader 150,000 m ( 1,614,587 sq ft ) main terminal ; and a commercial area of 7,000 m ( 75,347 sq ft ) which includes cafés , duty - free shops , and a small museum . </P> <P> In 2014 , the airport handled 15,196,369 passengers , an increase of 21.2 % over the previous year of 2013 . Of those 15,196,369 passengers , 5,267,593 passed through the airport for domestic flights , and 9,970,006 passengers travelled through for international flights . Beyond the dimensions of its passenger capacity , ATH handled 205,294 total flights in 2007 , or approximately 562 flights per day . </P> Railways and ferry connections ( edit ) <P> Athens is the hub of the country 's national railway system ( OSE ) , connecting the capital with major cities across Greece and abroad ( Istanbul , Sofia and Bucharest ). The Port of Piraeus connects Athens to the numerous Greek islands of the Aegean Sea , with ferries departing , while also serving the cruise ships that arrive . </P> Motorways ( edit ) Further information : Highways in Greece Interchange at the Attiki Odos airport entrance View of Hymettus tangent ( Periferiaki Imittou ) from Kalogeros Hill <P> Two main motorways of Greece begin in Athens , namely the A1 / E75 , which crosses through Athens 's Urban Area from Piraeus , heading north towards Greece 's second largest city , Thessaloniki ; and the A8 / E94 heading west , towards Patras , which incorporated the GR - 8A . Before their completion much of the road traffic used the GR - 1 and the GR - 8 . </P> <P> Athens ' Metropolitan Area is served by the motorway network of the Attiki Odos toll - motorway ( code : A6 ) . Its main section extends from the western industrial suburb of Elefsina to Athens International Airport ; while two beltways , namely the Aigaleo Beltway ( A65 ) and the Hymettus Beltway ( A64 ) serve parts of western and eastern Athens respectively . The span of the Attiki Odos in all its length is 65 km ( 40 mi ) , making it the largest metropolitan motorway network in all of Greece . </P> <Ul> <Li> Motorways : <Ul> <Li> A1 / E75 N ( Lamia , Larissa , Thessaloniki ) </Li> <Li> A8 ( GR - 8A ) / E94 W ( Elefsina , Corinth , Patras ) </Li> <Li> A6 W ( Elefsina ) E ( Airport ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> National roads : <Ul> <Li> GR - 1 Ν ( Lamia , Larissa , Thessaloniki ) </Li> <Li> GR - 8 W ( Corinth , Patras ) </Li> <Li> GR - 3 N ( Elefsina , Lamia , Larissa ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> The Propylaea , part of the `` Trilogy '' of Theofil Hansen , serves as the ceremony hall and rectory of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Facade of the Academy of Athens <P> Located on Panepistimiou Street , the old campus of the University of Athens , the National Library , and the Athens Academy form the `` Athens Trilogy '' built in the mid-19th century . Most of the university 's workings have been moved to a much larger , modern campus located in the eastern suburb of Zografou . The second higher education institution in the city is the Athens Polytechnic School , found in Patission Street . This was the location where on 17 November 1973 , more than 13 students were killed and hundreds injured inside the university during the Athens Polytechnic uprising , against the military junta that ruled the nation from 21 April 1967 until 23 July 1974 . </P> <P> Other universities that lie within Athens are the Athens University of Economics and Business , the Panteion University , the Agricultural University of Athens and the University of Piraeus . There are overall eleven state - supported Institutions of Higher ( or Tertiary ) education located in the Metropolitan Area of Athens , these are by chronological order : Athens School of Fine Arts ( 1837 ) , National Technical University of Athens ( 1837 ) , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens ( 1837 ) , Agricultural University of Athens ( 1920 ) , Athens University of Economics and Business ( 1920 ) , Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences ( 1927 ) , University of Piraeus ( 1938 ) , Technological Educational Institute of Piraeus ( 1976 ) , Technological Educational Institute of Athens ( 1983 ) , Harokopio University ( 1990 ) , School of Pedagogical and Technological Education ( 2002 ) . There are also several other private colleges , as they called formally in Greece , as the establishment of private universities is prohibited by the constitution . Many of them are accredited by a foreign state or university such as the American College of Greece and the Athens Campus of the University of Indianapolis . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Outline of Athens </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eurostat - Data Explorer '' . appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Απογραφή Πληθυσμού -- Κατοικιών 2011 . ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός '' ( in Greek ) . Hellenic Statistical Authority . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . `` Athens '' . Longman pronunciation dictionary . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 05383 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ancient Tablet Found : Oldest Readable Writing in Europe '' . 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` v4.ethnos.gr -- Οι πρώτοι ... Αθηναίοι '' . Ethnos.gr . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Contents and Principles of the Programme of Unification of the Archaeological Sites of Athens '' . Hellenic Ministry of Culture . www.yppo.gr . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CNN & Associated Press ( 16 January 1997 ) . `` Greece uncovers ' holy grail ' of Greek archeology '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Athens '' . Retrieved 31 December 2008 . Ancient Greek Athenai , historic city and capital of Greece . Many of classical civilization 's intellectual and artistic ideas originated there , and the city is generally considered to be the birthplace of Western civilization </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC History on Greek Democracy -- Accessed on 26 January 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encarta Ancient Greece from the Internet Archive -- Retrieved on 28 February 2012 . Archived 31 October 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` City Mayors : World 's richest cities by purchasing power '' . City Mayors. 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` City Mayors : Cost of living -- The world 's most expensive cities '' . City Mayors. 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Port of the month : Piraeus Port Authority '' . European Sea Ports Organisation V.Z.W. / A.S.B.L. ( ESPO ) . 30 April 2014 . The Port of Piraeus is a port of large sizes . It is the largest passenger port and one of the largest commercial ports in Europe . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Qihao Weng ( 23 May 2014 ) . Global Urban Monitoring and Assessment through Earth Observation . CRC Press . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4665 - 6450 - 3 . 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Retrieved 6 February 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aodos.gr </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1973 : Army deposes ' hated ' Greek president '' . BBC News . 25 November 1973 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ΙδιωτικάΠανεπιστήμιαστην Ελλάδα -- PrivateUniversities in Greece '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Find more aboutAthensat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Travel guide from Wikivoyage </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Official </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Historical </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> EIE.gr -- Page on Archaeology of the City of Athens in the National Hellenic Research Foundation website </Li> <Li> Rg.ancients.info/owls -- Athenian owl coins </Li> <Li> Kronoskaf.com -- Simulation of Athens in 421 BCE </Li> <Li> Athens Museums Information -- Guide with pictures , visitor comments and reviews </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Travel </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Athens - The Greek National Tourism Organization </Li> <Li> This is Athens - The official City of Athens guide </Li> <Li> Athens Urban Transport Organisation </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Visual </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Timelapse video of Athens Timelapse showing Athens in the Attica region </Li> <Li> Athens 1973 </Li> <Li> Athens In Pictures </Li> <Li> Athens Photo Guide </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Places adjacent to Athens </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Peristeri </Td> <Td> Nea Filadelfeia , Nea Ionia and Galatsi </Td> <Td> Psychiko , Neo Psychiko and Papagou </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aigaleo and Tavros </Td> <Td> Athens </Td> <Td> Zografou and Kaisariani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kallithea </Td> <Td> Nea Smyrni </Td> <Td> Vyronas , Ymittos and Dafni </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Neighbourhoods of Athens </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Aerides </Li> <Li> Agios Eleftherios </Li> <Li> Agios Panteleimonas </Li> <Li> Akadimia </Li> <Li> Akadimia Platonos </Li> <Li> Acropolis </Li> <Li> Ampelokipi </Li> <Li> Anafiotika </Li> <Li> Ano Petralona </Li> <Li> Asyrmatos </Li> <Li> Asteroskopeio </Li> <Li> Attiki </Li> <Li> Eleonas </Li> <Li> Ellinoroson </Li> <Li> Erythros Stavros </Li> <Li> Exarcheia </Li> <Li> Gazi </Li> <Li> Girokomeio </Li> <Li> Gyzi </Li> <Li> Goudi </Li> <Li> Gouva </Li> <Li> Ilisia </Li> <Li> Kallimarmaro </Li> <Li> Kato Petralona </Li> <Li> Keramikos </Li> <Li> Kolokynthou </Li> <Li> Kolonaki </Li> <Li> Kolonos </Li> <Li> Koukaki </Li> <Li> Kountouriotika </Li> <Li> Kypriadou </Li> <Li> Kypseli </Li> <Li> Kynosargous </Li> <Li> Lykavittos </Li> <Li> Makrygianni </Li> <Li> Metaxourgeio </Li> <Li> Mets </Li> <Li> Monastiraki </Li> <Li> Nea Filothei </Li> <Li> Neapoli </Li> <Li> Neos Kosmos </Li> <Li> Omonoia </Li> <Li> Pangrati </Li> <Li> Patisia </Li> <Li> Pedion tou Areos </Li> <Li> Petralona </Li> <Li> Philopappou </Li> <Li> Plaka </Li> <Li> Polygono </Li> <Li> Probonas </Li> <Li> Profitis Daniil </Li> <Li> Profitis Ilias </Li> <Li> Psyri </Li> <Li> Rizoupoli </Li> <Li> Rouf </Li> <Li> Sepolia </Li> <Li> Syntagma </Li> <Li> Thiseio </Li> <Li> Thymarakia </Li> <Li> Treis Gefyres </Li> <Li> Votanikos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Prefectural capitals of Greece </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Agios Nikolaos </Li> <Li> Alexandroupoli </Li> <Li> Amfissa </Li> <Li> Argostoli </Li> <Li> Arta </Li> <Li> Athens </Li> <Li> Chalcis </Li> <Li> Chania </Li> <Li> Chios </Li> <Li> Corfu </Li> <Li> Corinth </Li> <Li> Drama </Li> <Li> Edessa </Li> <Li> Ermoupoli </Li> <Li> Florina </Li> <Li> Grevena </Li> <Li> Heraklion </Li> <Li> Igoumenitsa </Li> <Li> Ioannina </Li> <Li> Kalamata </Li> <Li> Karditsa </Li> <Li> Karpenisi </Li> <Li> Kastoria </Li> <Li> Katerini </Li> <Li> Kavala </Li> <Li> Kilkis </Li> <Li> Komotini </Li> <Li> Kozani </Li> <Li> Lamia </Li> <Li> Larissa </Li> <Li> Lefkada </Li> <Li> Livadeia </Li> <Li> Missolonghi </Li> <Li> Mytilene </Li> <Li> Nafplion </Li> <Li> Pallini </Li> <Li> Patras </Li> <Li> Piraeus </Li> <Li> Polygyros </Li> <Li> Preveza </Li> <Li> Pyrgos </Li> <Li> Rethymno </Li> <Li> Rhodes </Li> <Li> Serres </Li> <Li> Sparta </Li> <Li> Thessaloniki </Li> <Li> Trikala </Li> <Li> Tripoli </Li> <Li> Vathy </Li> <Li> Veria </Li> <Li> Volos </Li> <Li> Xanthi </Li> <Li> Zakynthos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Capitals of regions of Greece </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Athens ( Attica ) </Li> <Li> Corfu ( Ionian Islands ) </Li> <Li> Heraklion ( Crete ) </Li> <Li> Ioannina ( Epirus ) </Li> <Li> Komotini ( East Macedonia and Thrace ) </Li> <Li> Kozani ( West Macedonia ) </Li> <Li> Lamia ( Central Greece ) </Li> <Li> Larissa ( Thessaly ) </Li> <Li> Mytilene ( North Aegean ) </Li> <Li> Patras ( West Greece ) </Li> <Li> Ermoupoli ( South Aegean ) </Li> <Li> Thessaloniki ( Central Macedonia ) </Li> <Li> Tripoli ( Peloponnese ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Administrative division of the Attica Region </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Dl> <Dt> Area </Dt> <Dd> 3,808 km ( 1,470 sq mi ) </Dd> <Dt> Population </Dt> <Dd> 3,827,624 ( as of 2011 ) </Dd> <Dt> Municipalities </Dt> <Dd> 66 ( since 2011 ) </Dd> <Dt> Capital </Dt> <Dd> Athens </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional unit of Central Athens </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Athens </Li> <Li> Dafni - Ymittos </Li> <Li> Filadelfeia - Chalkidona </Li> <Li> Galatsi </Li> <Li> Ilioupoli </Li> <Li> Kaisariani </Li> <Li> Vyronas </Li> <Li> Zografou </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional unit of North Athens </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agia Paraskevi </Li> <Li> Chalandri </Li> <Li> Filothei - Psychiko </Li> <Li> Irakleio </Li> <Li> Kifissia </Li> <Li> Lykovrysi - Pefki </Li> <Li> Marousi </Li> <Li> Metamorfosi </Li> <Li> Nea Ionia </Li> <Li> Papagou - Cholargos </Li> <Li> Penteli </Li> <Li> Vrilissia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional unit of West Athens </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agia Varvara </Li> <Li> Agioi Anargyroi - Kamatero </Li> <Li> Aigaleo </Li> <Li> Chaidari </Li> <Li> Ilion </Li> <Li> Peristeri </Li> <Li> Petroupoli </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional unit of South Athens </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agios Dimitrios </Li> <Li> Alimos </Li> <Li> Elliniko - Argyroupoli </Li> <Li> Glyfada </Li> <Li> Kallithea </Li> <Li> Moschato - Tavros </Li> <Li> Nea Smyrni </Li> <Li> Palaio Faliro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional unit of Piraeus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Keratsini - Drapetsona </Li> <Li> Korydallos </Li> <Li> Nikaia - Agios Ioannis Rentis </Li> <Li> Perama </Li> <Li> Piraeus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional unit of East Attica </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acharnes </Li> <Li> Dionysos </Li> <Li> Kropia </Li> <Li> Lavreotiki </Li> <Li> Marathon </Li> <Li> Markopoulo </Li> <Li> Oropos </Li> <Li> Paiania </Li> <Li> Pallini </Li> <Li> Rafina - Pikermi </Li> <Li> Saronikos </Li> <Li> Spata - Artemida </Li> <Li> Vari - Voula - Vouliagmeni </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional unit of West Attica </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aspropyrgos </Li> <Li> Eleusis </Li> <Li> Fyli </Li> <Li> Mandra - Eidyllia </Li> <Li> Megara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional unit of Islands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aegina </Li> <Li> Agistri </Li> <Li> Hydra </Li> <Li> Kythira </Li> <Li> Poros </Li> <Li> Salamis </Li> <Li> Spetses </Li> <Li> Troizinia - Methana </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Dl> <Dt> Regional governor </Dt> <Dd> Rena Dourou ( since 2014 ) </Dd> <Dt> Decentralized Administration </Dt> <Dd> Attica </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Capital cities of the member states of the European Union </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands : Amsterdam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Greece : Athens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Germany : Berlin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia : Bratislava </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Belgium : Brussels </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Romania : Bucharest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Hungary : Budapest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Denmark : Copenhagen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Ireland : Dublin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Finland : Helsinki </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Portugal : Lisbon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia : Ljubljana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom : London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourg : Luxembourg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Spain : Madrid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Cyprus : Nicosia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> France : Paris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic : Prague </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Latvia : Riga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Italy : Rome </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria : Sofia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Sweden : Stockholm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Estonia : Tallinn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Malta : Valletta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Austria : Vienna </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Lithuania : Vilnius </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Poland : Warsaw </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Croatia : Zagreb </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Culture and history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Major landmarks of Athens </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ancient </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acropolis </Li> <Li> Ancient Agora </Li> <Li> Arch of Hadrian </Li> <Li> Areopagus </Li> <Li> Aristotle 's Lyceum </Li> <Li> Hadrian 's Library </Li> <Li> Kerameikos </Li> <Li> Monument of Lysicrates </Li> <Li> Odeon of Herodes Atticus </Li> <Li> Panathenaic Stadium </Li> <Li> Philopappos Hill / Monument </Li> <Li> Platonic Academy </Li> <Li> Pnyx </Li> <Li> Remains of the Acharnian Road , Acharnian Gate and Cemetery Site </Li> <Li> Remains of the Long Walls </Li> <Li> Roman Agora </Li> <Li> Stoa of Attalos </Li> <Li> Temple of Hephaestus </Li> <Li> Temple of Olympian Zeus </Li> <Li> Theatre of Dionysus </Li> <Li> Tower of the Winds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Byzantine </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Little Metropolis </Li> <Li> Daphni Monastery </Li> <Li> Holy Apostles Church </Li> <Li> Kapnikarea Church </Li> <Li> Pantanassa Church </Li> <Li> Soteira Lykodimou / Russian Church </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ottoman </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fethiye Mosque </Li> <Li> House of Saint Philothei / Manor house of Benizelos - Palaiologos family </Li> <Li> Tzistarakis Mosque </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hansen 's `` Trilogy '' </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Academy </Li> <Li> Kapodistrian University of Athens </Li> <Li> National Library of Greece </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Museums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acropolis Museum </Li> <Li> Benaki Museum </Li> <Li> Byzantine and Christian Museum </Li> <Li> Museum of Cycladic Art </Li> <Li> Kerameikos Museum </Li> <Li> National Archaeological Museum </Li> <Li> National Gallery </Li> <Li> National Historical Museum </Li> <Li> Numismatic Museum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Churches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens </Li> <Li> Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gardens / Parks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Gardens </Li> <Li> Pedion tou Areos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Squares and Neighbourhoods </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anafiotika </Li> <Li> Kolonaki Square </Li> <Li> Kotzia Square </Li> <Li> Monastiraki </Li> <Li> Omonoia Square </Li> <Li> Plaka </Li> <Li> Syntagma </Li> <Li> Thiseio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Tomb of the Unknown Soldier </Li> <Li> Athens Concert Hall </Li> <Li> Gennadius Library </Li> <Li> National Observatory of Athens </Li> <Li> National Theatre </Li> <Li> Old Parliament House </Li> <Li> Old Royal Palace </Li> <Li> Olympic Sports Complex </Li> <Li> Presidential Mansion </Li> <Li> Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center </Li> <Li> Zappeion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marinas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agios Kosmas Marina </Li> <Li> Alimos Marina </Li> <Li> Athens Marina ( formerly Faliro Marina ) </Li> <Li> Marinas of Glyfada </Li> <Li> Olympic Marine </Li> <Li> Floisvos Marina </Li> <Li> Marina of Vouliagmeni </Li> <Li> Marina of Zea </Li> <Li> Marina Tzitzifies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dionysiou Areopagitou Street </Li> <Li> Lycabettus Hill </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Museums in Athens </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Archaeological </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acropolis Museum </Li> <Li> Epigraphical Museum </Li> <Li> Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art </Li> <Li> Kerameikos </Li> <Li> Kanellopoulou Museum </Li> <Li> National Archaeological Museum </Li> <Li> Stoa of Attalos </Li> <Li> Old Acropolis Museum </Li> <Li> Syntagma Metro Station Archaeological Collection </Li> <Li> Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies </Li> <Li> Athens International Airport Archaeological Collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Byzantine and ecclesiastic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Byzantine and Christian Museum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ethnological / historical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Athens War Museum </Li> <Li> Drossinis Museum </Li> <Li> Eleftherios Venizelos Historical Museum </Li> <Li> Goulandris Natural History Museum </Li> <Li> Jewish Museum of Greece </Li> <Li> Museum of the City of Athens </Li> <Li> National Historical Museum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Folklore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Museum of Greek Folk Art </Li> <Li> Museum of Greek Folk Musical Instruments </Li> <Li> Centre for the Study of Traditional Pottery </Li> <Li> Museum of the History of the Greek Costume </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Art museums / galleries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benaki Museum </Li> <Li> Emfietzoglou Gallery Museum </Li> <Li> Frissiras Museum </Li> <Li> Ilias Lalaounis Jewelry Museum </Li> <Li> Municipal Gallery of Athens </Li> <Li> National Gallery ( Athens ) </Li> <Li> National Glyptotheque </Li> <Li> National Museum of Contemporary Art </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry / technology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Evgenidio Foundation </Li> <Li> Hellenic Air Force Museum </Li> <Li> Hellenic Motor Museum </Li> <Li> Railway Museum of Athens </Li> <Li> Electric Railways Museum </Li> <Li> Technopolis ( Gazi ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Education / sports / Special Interests </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Athens University Museum </Li> <Li> Hellenic Children 's Museum </Li> <Li> Hellenic Cosmos </Li> <Li> Numismatic Museum of Athens </Li> <Li> Theatrical Museum of Greece </Li> <Li> Postal & Philatelic Museum of Greece </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Museum ships </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Georgios Averof </Li> <Li> Velos D16 </Li> <Li> SS Hellas Liberty </Li> <Li> Olympias </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Streets in Athens </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major streets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3 Septemvriou Street </Li> <Li> Agiou Konstantinou Street </Li> <Li> Aiolou Street </Li> <Li> Akadimias Street </Li> <Li> Alexandras Avenue </Li> <Li> Amalias Avenue </Li> <Li> Andrea Syngrou Avenue </Li> <Li> Athanasiou Diakou Street </Li> <Li> Athinas Street </Li> <Li> Athinon Avenue </Li> <Li> Acharnon Street </Li> <Li> Benaki Street </Li> <Li> Ermou Street </Li> <Li> Ioanninon Avenue </Li> <Li> Iera Odos </Li> <Li> Kallirois Avenue </Li> <Li> Katechaki Avenue </Li> <Li> Kifisias Avenue </Li> <Li> Kifissou Avenue </Li> <Li> Konstantinoupoleos Avenue </Li> <Li> Lenorman Street </Li> <Li> Makri Street </Li> <Li> Mavromichali Street </Li> <Li> Mesogeion Avenue </Li> <Li> Michalopoulou Street </Li> <Li> Mitropoleos Street </Li> <Li> Pangratiou Street </Li> <Li> Panepistimiou Street </Li> <Li> Patission Street </Li> <Li> Patsi Street </Li> <Li> Peiraios Street </Li> <Li> Petrou Ralli Avenue </Li> <Li> Rizari Street </Li> <Li> Sofokleous Street </Li> <Li> Stadiou Street </Li> <Li> Vasileos Konstantinou Avenue </Li> <Li> Vasilissis Sofias Avenue </Li> <Li> Vouliagmenis Avenue </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Secondary and local streets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antigonis Street </Li> <Li> Dionysiou Areopagitou Street </Li> <Li> Fokionos Negri </Li> <Li> Herodou Attikou Street </Li> <Li> Kallirois Street </Li> <Li> Lykourgou Street </Li> <Li> Pandrossou Street </Li> <Li> Petmeza Street </Li> <Li> Santa Rosa Street </Li> <Li> Veikou Street </Li> <Li> Voukourestiou Street </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main squares </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kolonaki Square </Li> <Li> Kotzia Square </Li> <Li> Monastiraki Square </Li> <Li> Omonoia Square </Li> <Li> Syntagma Square </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Suburban roads </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alimou Street </Li> <Li> Athinas Avenue </Li> <Li> Ulof Palme Street </Li> <Li> Doukissis Plakentias Avenue </Li> <Li> Poseidonos Avenue </Li> <Li> Thisseos Street </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Highways </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Attiki Odos ( Aigaleo Beltway </Li> <Li> Hymettus Beltway ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of streets in Athens </Li> <Li> List of streets in Attica </Li> <Li> List of streets in Greece </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Capitals of European states and territories </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amsterdam , Netherlands </Li> <Li> Andorra la Vella , Andorra </Li> <Li> Bern , Switzerland </Li> <Li> Brussels , Belgium </Li> <Li> Douglas , Isle of Man ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Dublin , Ireland </Li> <Li> London , United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Luxembourg , Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Paris , France </Li> <Li> Saint Helier , Jersey ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Saint Peter Port , Guernsey ( UK ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Copenhagen , Denmark </Li> <Li> Helsinki , Finland </Li> <Li> Longyearbyen , Svalbard ( Norway ) </Li> <Li> Mariehamn , Åland Islands ( Finland ) </Li> <Li> Nuuk , Greenland ( Denmark ) </Li> <Li> Olonkinbyen , Jan Mayen ( Norway ) </Li> <Li> Oslo , Norway </Li> <Li> Reykjavík , Iceland </Li> <Li> Stockholm , Sweden </Li> <Li> Tórshavn , Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Berlin , Germany </Li> <Li> Bratislava , Slovakia </Li> <Li> Budapest , Hungary </Li> <Li> Ljubljana , Slovenia </Li> <Li> Prague , Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Vaduz , Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Vienna , Austria </Li> <Li> Warsaw , Poland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ankara , Turkey </Li> <Li> Athens , Greece </Li> <Li> Belgrade , Serbia </Li> <Li> Bucharest , Romania </Li> <Li> Gibraltar , Gibraltar ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Lisbon , Portugal </Li> <Li> Madrid , Spain </Li> <Li> Monaco , Monaco </Li> <Li> Nicosia , Cyprus </Li> <Li> North Nicosia , Northern Cyprus </Li> <Li> Podgorica , Montenegro </Li> <Li> Pristina , Kosovo </Li> <Li> Rome , Italy </Li> <Li> San Marino , San Marino </Li> <Li> Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Skopje , Macedonia </Li> <Li> Sofia , Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Tirana , Albania </Li> <Li> Valletta , Malta </Li> <Li> Vatican City , Vatican City </Li> <Li> Zagreb , Croatia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Astana , Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Baku , Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Chișinău , Moldova </Li> <Li> Kyiv , Ukraine </Li> <Li> Minsk , Belarus </Li> <Li> Moscow , Russia </Li> <Li> Riga , Latvia </Li> <Li> Stepanakert , Artsakh </Li> <Li> Tallinn , Estonia </Li> <Li> Tbilisi , Georgia </Li> <Li> Tiraspol , Transnistria </Li> <Li> Vilnius , Lithuania </Li> <Li> Yerevan , Armenia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands </Li> <Li> Also the seat of the European Union , see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union </Li> <Li> Transcontinental country </Li> <Li> Entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe </Li> <Li> Partially recognised country </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> European Capitals of Culture </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> 1985 </Dt> <Dd> Athens </Dd> <Dt> 1986 </Dt> <Dd> Florence </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> Amsterdam </Dd> <Dt> 1988 </Dt> <Dd> West Berlin </Dd> <Dt> 1989 </Dt> <Dd> Paris </Dd> <Dt> 1990 </Dt> <Dd> Glasgow </Dd> <Dt> 1991 </Dt> <Dd> Dublin </Dd> <Dt> 1992 </Dt> <Dd> Madrid </Dd> <Dt> 1993 </Dt> <Dd> Antwerp </Dd> <Dt> 1994 </Dt> <Dd> Lisbon </Dd> <Dt> 1995 </Dt> <Dd> Luxembourg City </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> Copenhagen </Dd> <Dt> 1997 </Dt> <Dd> Thessaloniki </Dd> <Dt> 1998 </Dt> <Dd> Stockholm </Dd> <Dt> 1999 </Dt> <Dd> Weimar </Dd> <Dt> 2000 </Dt> <Dd> Reykjavík </Dd> <Dd> Bergen </Dd> <Dd> Helsinki </Dd> <Dd> Brussels </Dd> <Dd> Prague </Dd> <Dd> Kraków </Dd> <Dd> Santiago de Compostela </Dd> <Dd> Avignon </Dd> <Dd> Bologna </Dd> <Dt> 2001 </Dt> <Dd> Rotterdam </Dd> <Dd> Porto </Dd> <Dt> 2002 </Dt> <Dd> Bruges </Dd> <Dd> Salamanca </Dd> <Dt> 2003 </Dt> <Dd> Graz </Dd> <Dd> Plovdiv </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> Genoa </Dd> <Dd> Lille </Dd> <Dt> 2005 </Dt> <Dd> Cork </Dd> <Dt> 2006 </Dt> <Dd> Patras </Dd> <Dt> 2007 </Dt> <Dd> Luxembourg City and Greater Region </Dd> <Dd> Sibiu </Dd> <Dt> 2008 </Dt> <Dd> Liverpool </Dd> <Dd> Stavanger </Dd> <Dt> 2009 </Dt> <Dd> Linz </Dd> <Dd> Vilnius </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> Ruhr </Dd> <Dd> Istanbul </Dd> <Dd> Pécs </Dd> <Dt> 2011 </Dt> <Dd> Turku </Dd> <Dd> Tallinn </Dd> <Dt> 2012 </Dt> <Dd> Maribor </Dd> <Dd> Guimarães </Dd> <Dt> 2013 </Dt> <Dd> Košice </Dd> <Dd> Marseille </Dd> <Dt> 2014 </Dt> <Dd> Umeå </Dd> <Dd> Riga </Dd> <Dt> 2015 </Dt> <Dd> Mons </Dd> <Dd> Plzeň </Dd> <Dt> 2016 </Dt> <Dd> San Sebastián </Dd> <Dd> Wrocław </Dd> <Dt> 2017 </Dt> <Dd> Aarhus </Dd> <Dd> Paphos </Dd> <Dt> 2018 </Dt> <Dd> Valletta </Dd> <Dd> Leeuwarden </Dd> <Dt> 2019 </Dt> <Dd> Plovdiv </Dd> <Dd> Matera </Dd> <Dt> 2020 </Dt> <Dd> Rijeka </Dd> <Dd> Galway </Dd> <Dt> 2021 </Dt> <Dd> Timișoara </Dd> <Dd> Elefsina </Dd> <Dd> Novi Sad </Dd> <Dt> 2022 </Dt> <Dd> Kaunas </Dd> <Dd> Esch - sur - Alzette </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> World Book Capitals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2001 : Madrid </Li> <Li> 2002 : Alexandria </Li> <Li> 2003 : New Delhi </Li> <Li> 2004 : Antwerp </Li> <Li> 2005 : Montreal </Li> <Li> 2006 : Turin </Li> <Li> 2007 : Bogotá </Li> <Li> 2008 : Amsterdam </Li> <Li> 2009 : Beirut </Li> <Li> 2010 : Ljubljana </Li> <Li> 2011 : Buenos Aires </Li> <Li> 2012 : Yerevan </Li> <Li> 2013 : Bangkok </Li> <Li> 2014 : Port Harcourt </Li> <Li> 2015 : Incheon </Li> <Li> 2016 : Wrocław </Li> <Li> 2017 : Conakry </Li> <Li> 2018 : Athens </Li> <Li> 2019 : Sharjah </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Summer Olympic Games host cities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1896 : Athens </Li> <Li> 1900 : Paris </Li> <Li> 1904 : St. Louis </Li> <Li> 1908 : London </Li> <Li> 1912 : Stockholm </Li> <Li> 1916 : None </Li> <Li> 1920 : Antwerp </Li> <Li> 1924 : Paris </Li> <Li> 1928 : Amsterdam </Li> <Li> 1932 : Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1936 : Berlin </Li> <Li> 1940 : None </Li> <Li> 1944 : None </Li> <Li> 1948 : London </Li> <Li> 1952 : Helsinki </Li> <Li> 1956 : Melbourne </Li> <Li> 1960 : Rome </Li> <Li> 1964 : Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1968 : Mexico City </Li> <Li> 1972 : Munich </Li> <Li> 1976 : Montreal </Li> <Li> 1980 : Moscow </Li> <Li> 1984 : Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1988 : Seoul </Li> <Li> 1992 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 1996 : Atlanta </Li> <Li> 2000 : Sydney </Li> <Li> 2004 : Athens </Li> <Li> 2008 : Beijing </Li> <Li> 2012 : London </Li> <Li> 2016 : Rio de Janeiro </Li> <Li> 2020 : Tokyo </Li> <Li> 2024 : Paris </Li> <Li> 2028 : Los Angeles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Summer Paralympic Games host cities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 : Rome </Li> <Li> 1964 : Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1968 : Tel Aviv </Li> <Li> 1972 : Heidelberg </Li> <Li> 1976 : Toronto </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1980 : Arnhem </Li> <Li> 1984 : New York City / Stoke Mandeville </Li> <Li> 1988 : Seoul </Li> <Li> 1992 : Barcelona / Madrid </Li> <Li> 1996 : Atlanta </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 : Sydney </Li> <Li> 2004 : Athens </Li> <Li> 2008 : Beijing </Li> <Li> 2012 : London </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 : Rio de Janeiro </Li> <Li> 2020 : Tokyo </Li> <Li> 2024 : Paris </Li> <Li> 2028 : Los Angeles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Host cities of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1983 : Helsinki </Li> <Li> 1987 : Rome </Li> <Li> 1991 : Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1993 : Stuttgart </Li> <Li> 1995 : Gothenburg </Li> <Li> 1997 : Athens </Li> <Li> 1999 : Seville </Li> <Li> 2001 : Edmonton </Li> <Li> 2003 : Saint - Denis </Li> <Li> 2005 : Helsinki </Li> <Li> 2007 : Osaka </Li> <Li> 2009 : Berlin </Li> <Li> 2011 : Daegu </Li> <Li> 2013 : Moscow </Li> <Li> 2015 : Beijing </Li> <Li> 2017 : London </Li> <Li> 2019 : Doha </Li> <Li> 2021 : Eugene </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Eurovision Song Contest </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Entries </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Host cities </Li> <Li> Languages </Li> <Li> Presenters </Li> <Li> Rules </Li> <Li> Voting </Li> <Li> Winners </Li> <Li> Winners discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Contests </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> <Li> 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Countries </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Active </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inactive </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Monaco </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> Serbia and Montenegro </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Armenia -- Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Russia -- Ukraine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National selections </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia & Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> Greece <Ul> <Li> Ellinikós Telikós </Li> <Li> Eurosong - A MAD Show </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ireland <Ul> <Li> The Late Late Show </Li> <Li> You 're a Star </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Latvia <Ul> <Li> Eirodziesma </Li> <Li> Dziesma </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Serbia and Montenegro </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marcel Bezençon Awards </Li> <Li> OGAE <Ul> <Li> OGAE Video Contest </Li> <Li> OGAE Second Chance Contest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Barbara Dex Award </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television and concerts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eurovision Song Contest Previews </Li> <Li> Songs of Europe </Li> <Li> Kvalifikacija za Millstreet </Li> <Li> Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest </Li> <Li> Best of Eurovision </Li> <Li> Eurovision Song Contest 's Greatest Hits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> `` The template below ( Ancient Greece topics ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ancient Greece </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Periods </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cycladic civilization </Li> <Li> Minoan civilization </Li> <Li> Mycenaean civilization </Li> <Li> Greek Dark Ages </Li> <Li> Archaic period </Li> <Li> Classical Greece </Li> <Li> Hellenistic Greece </Li> <Li> Roman Greece </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aegean Sea </Li> <Li> Aeolis </Li> <Li> Alexandria </Li> <Li> Antioch </Li> <Li> Cappadocia </Li> <Li> Crete </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Doris </Li> <Li> Ephesus </Li> <Li> Epirus </Li> <Li> Hellespont </Li> <Li> Ionia </Li> <Li> Ionian Sea </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Magna Graecia </Li> <Li> Miletus </Li> <Li> Peloponnesus </Li> <Li> Pergamon </Li> <Li> Pontus </Li> <Li> Taurica </Li> <Li> Ancient Greek colonies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> City states </Li> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Military </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> City states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argos </Li> <Li> Athens </Li> <Li> Byzantion </Li> <Li> Chalcis </Li> <Li> Corinth </Li> <Li> Eretria </Li> <Li> Kerkyra </Li> <Li> Larissa </Li> <Li> Megalopolis </Li> <Li> Megara </Li> <Li> Rhodes </Li> <Li> Samos </Li> <Li> Sparta </Li> <Li> Syracuse </Li> <Li> Thebes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Boeotarch </Li> <Li> Boule </Li> <Li> Koinon </Li> <Li> Proxeny </Li> <Li> Strategos </Li> <Li> Tagus </Li> <Li> Tyrant </Li> <Li> Amphictyonic League </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Athenian </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agora </Li> <Li> Areopagus </Li> <Li> Ecclesia </Li> <Li> Graphē paranómōn </Li> <Li> Heliaia </Li> <Li> Ostracism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spartan </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apella </Li> <Li> Ephor </Li> <Li> Gerousia </Li> <Li> Harmost </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Macedon </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Synedrion </Li> <Li> Koinon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wars </Li> <Li> Athenian military </Li> <Li> Antigonid Macedonian army </Li> <Li> Army of Macedon </Li> <Li> Ballista </Li> <Li> Cretan archers </Li> <Li> Hellenistic armies </Li> <Li> Hippeis </Li> <Li> Hoplite </Li> <Li> Hetairoi </Li> <Li> Macedonian phalanx </Li> <Li> Phalanx </Li> <Li> Peltast </Li> <Li> Pezhetairos </Li> <Li> Sarissa </Li> <Li> Sacred Band of Thebes </Li> <Li> Sciritae </Li> <Li> Seleucid army </Li> <Li> Spartan army </Li> <Li> Toxotai </Li> <Li> Xiphos </Li> <Li> Xyston </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> People </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of ancient Greeks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rulers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kings of Argos </Li> <Li> Archons of Athens </Li> <Li> Kings of Athens </Li> <Li> Kings of Commagene </Li> <Li> Diadochi </Li> <Li> Kings of Lydia </Li> <Li> Kings of Macedonia </Li> <Li> Kings of Paionia </Li> <Li> Attalid kings of Pergamon </Li> <Li> Kings of Pontus </Li> <Li> Kings of Sparta </Li> <Li> Tyrants of Syracuse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Philosophers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anaxagoras </Li> <Li> Anaximander </Li> <Li> Anaximenes </Li> <Li> Antisthenes </Li> <Li> Aristotle </Li> <Li> Democritus </Li> <Li> Diogenes of Sinope </Li> <Li> Empedocles </Li> <Li> Epicurus </Li> <Li> Gorgias </Li> <Li> Heraclitus </Li> <Li> Hypatia </Li> <Li> Leucippus </Li> <Li> Parmenides </Li> <Li> Plato </Li> <Li> Protagoras </Li> <Li> Pythagoras </Li> <Li> Socrates </Li> <Li> Thales </Li> <Li> Zeno </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Authors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aeschylus </Li> <Li> Aesop </Li> <Li> Alcaeus </Li> <Li> Archilochus </Li> <Li> Aristophanes </Li> <Li> Bacchylides </Li> <Li> Euripides </Li> <Li> Herodotus </Li> <Li> Hesiod </Li> <Li> Hipponax </Li> <Li> Homer </Li> <Li> Ibycus </Li> <Li> Lucian </Li> <Li> Menander </Li> <Li> Mimnermus </Li> <Li> Panyassis </Li> <Li> Philocles </Li> <Li> Pindar </Li> <Li> Plutarch </Li> <Li> Polybius </Li> <Li> Sappho </Li> <Li> Simonides </Li> <Li> Sophocles </Li> <Li> Stesichorus </Li> <Li> Theognis </Li> <Li> Thucydides </Li> <Li> Timocreon </Li> <Li> Tyrtaeus </Li> <Li> Xenophon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agesilaus II </Li> <Li> Agis II </Li> <Li> Alcibiades </Li> <Li> Alexander the Great </Li> <Li> Aratus </Li> <Li> Archimedes </Li> <Li> Aspasia </Li> <Li> Demosthenes </Li> <Li> Epaminondas </Li> <Li> Euclid </Li> <Li> Hipparchus </Li> <Li> Hippocrates </Li> <Li> Leonidas </Li> <Li> Lycurgus </Li> <Li> Lysander </Li> <Li> Milo of Croton </Li> <Li> Miltiades </Li> <Li> 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Cilicia </Li> <Li> 2 . Derbe </Li> <Li> 3 . Lystra </Li> <Li> 4 . Phrygia </Li> <Li> 5 . Galatia </Li> <Li> 6 . Mysia ( Alexandria Troas ) </Li> <Li> 7 . Samothrace </Li> <Li> 8 . Neapolis </Li> <Li> 9 . Philippi </Li> <Li> 9 . Amphipolis </Li> <Li> 10 . Apollonia </Li> <Li> 11 . Thessalonica </Li> <Li> 12 . Beroea </Li> <Li> 13 . Athens </Li> <Li> 14 . Corinth </Li> <Li> 15 . Cenchreae </Li> <Li> 16 . Ephesus </Li> <Li> 17 . Syria </Li> <Li> 18 . Caesarea </Li> <Li> 19 . Jerusalem </Li> <Li> 20 . Antioch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mediterranean Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alexandria 1951 </Li> <Li> Barcelona 1955 </Li> <Li> Beirut 1959 </Li> <Li> Naples 1963 </Li> <Li> Tunis 1967 </Li> <Li> İzmir 1971 </Li> <Li> Algiers 1975 </Li> <Li> Split 1979 </Li> <Li> Casablanca 1983 </Li> <Li> Latakia 1987 </Li> <Li> Athens 1991 </Li> <Li> Languedoc - Roussillon 1993 </Li> <Li> Bari 1997 </Li> <Li> Tunis 2001 </Li> <Li> Almeria 2005 </Li> <Li> Pescara 2009 </Li> <Li> Mersin 2013 </Li> <Li> Tarragona 2018 </Li> <Li> Oran 2021 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> BNF : cb11936474k ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 4003366 - 1 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n79018143 </Li> <Li> NARA : 10044351 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00628091 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 131280462 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athens&oldid=843524766 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Athens </Li> <Li> Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Greece </Li> <Li> Archaeological sites in Attica </Li> <Li> Capitals in Europe </Li> <Li> City - 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September 11 attacks - wikipedia <H1> September 11 attacks </H1> `` 9 / 11 '' redirects here . For the date September 11 , see September 11 . For the date November 9 , see November 9 . For the emergency number , see 9 - 1 - 1 . For other uses , see September 11 attacks ( disambiguation ) and 9 / 11 ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> September 11 attacks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Part of terrorism in the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Top row : The Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burning </Li> <Li> 2nd row , left to right : Collapsed section of the Pentagon ; Flight 175 crashes into 2 WTC ; </Li> <Li> 3rd row , left to right : A firefighter requests assistance at World Trade Center site ; Ground Zero ; An engine from Flight 93 is recovered </Li> <Li> Bottom row : Flight 77 's collision with the Pentagon as captured by three consecutive CCTV frames </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New York City , New York , U.S. ; </Li> <Li> Arlington County , Virginia , U.S. ; </Li> <Li> Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , U.S. </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> September 11 , 2001 ; 16 years ago ( 2001 - 09 - 11 ) 8 : 46 a.m. -- 10 : 28 a.m. ( EDT ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Target </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> World Trade Center ( AA 11 and UA 175 ) </Li> <Li> The Pentagon ( AA 77 ) </Li> <Li> White House or U.S. Capitol ( UA 93 ; failed ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attack type </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aircraft hijackings </Li> <Li> Suicide attacks </Li> <Li> Mass murder </Li> <Li> Terrorism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deaths </Th> <Td> 2,996 ( 2,977 victims + 19 hijackers ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-fatal injuries </Th> <Td> 6,000 + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Perpetrators </Th> <Td> Al - Qaeda ( see also responsibility and hijackers ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of participants </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The September 11 attacks ( also referred to as 9 / 11 ) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al - Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday , September 11 , 2001 . The attacks killed 2,996 people , injured over 6,000 others , and caused at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage . Additional people died of 9 / 11 - related cancer and respiratory diseases in the months and years following the attacks . </P> <P> Four passenger airliners operated by two major U.S. passenger air carriers ( United Airlines and American Airlines ) -- all of which departed from airports in the northeastern part of the United States bound for California -- were hijacked by 19 al - Qaeda terrorists . Two of the planes , American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 , were crashed into the North and South towers , respectively , of the World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan . Within an hour and 42 minutes , both 110 - story towers collapsed . Debris and the resulting fires caused partial or complete collapse of all other buildings in the World Trade Center complex , including the 47 - story 7 World Trade Center tower , as well as significant damage to ten other large surrounding structures . A third plane , American Airlines Flight 77 , was crashed into the Pentagon ( the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense ) in Arlington County , Virginia , which led to a partial collapse of the building 's west side . The fourth plane , United Airlines Flight 93 , was initially flown toward Washington , D.C. , but crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , after its passengers thwarted the hijackers. 9 / 11 was the single deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States , with 343 and 72 killed , respectively . </P> <P> Suspicion quickly fell on al - Qaeda . The United States responded by launching the War on Terror and invaded Afghanistan to depose the Taliban , which had failed to comply with US demands to extradite Osama bin Laden and expel al - Qaeda from Afghanistan . Many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks . Although al - Qaeda 's leader , Osama bin Laden , initially denied any involvement , in 2004 he claimed responsibility for the attacks . Al - Qaeda and bin Laden cited U.S. support of Israel , the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia , and sanctions against Iraq as motives . After evading capture for almost a decade , Osama bin Laden was located and killed in Pakistan by SEAL Team Six of the U.S. Navy in May 2011 . </P> <P> The destruction of the World Trade Center and nearby infrastructure caused serious harm to the economy of Lower Manhattan and had a significant effect on global markets , which resulted in the closing of Wall Street until September 17 and the civilian airspace in the U.S. and Canada until September 13 . Many closings , evacuations , and cancellations followed , out of respect or fear of further attacks . Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002 , and the Pentagon was repaired within a year . On November 18 , 2006 , construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site . The building was officially opened on November 3 , 2014 . Numerous memorials have been constructed , including the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in New York City , the Pentagon Memorial in Arlington County , Virginia , and the Flight 93 National Memorial in a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Al - Qaeda <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Osama bin Laden </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Khalid Sheikh Mohammed </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Other al - Qaeda members </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Motives </Li> <Li> 1.3 Planning </Li> <Li> 1.4 Prior intelligence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Attacks <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The four crashes </Li> <Li> 2.2 Casualties </Li> <Li> 2.3 Damage </Li> <Li> 2.4 Rescue efforts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Immediate response </Li> <Li> 3.2 Domestic reactions <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Hate crimes </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Muslim American response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 International reactions </Li> <Li> 3.4 Military operations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Effects <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Health issues </Li> <Li> 4.2 Economic </Li> <Li> 4.3 Cultural influence </Li> <Li> 4.4 Government policies toward terrorism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Investigations <Ul> <Li> 5.1 FBI </Li> <Li> 5.2 CIA </Li> <Li> 5.3 Congressional inquiry </Li> <Li> 5.4 9 / 11 Commission </Li> <Li> 5.5 National Institute of Standards and Technology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Rebuilding </Li> <Li> 7 Memorials </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Citations </Li> <Li> 10.2 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background </H2> <H3> Al - Qaeda </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Attacks by al - Qaeda </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1992 Yemen hotel bombings </Li> <Li> 1998 United States embassy bombings </Li> <Li> USS Cole </Li> <Li> September 11 attacks </Li> <Li> Ghriba </Li> <Li> Faylaka Island attack </Li> <Li> Bali ( 1st ) </Li> <Li> Mombasa </Li> <Li> Riyadh </Li> <Li> Casablanca </Li> <Li> Marriott Hotel </Li> <Li> Istanbul </Li> <Li> Madrid </Li> <Li> 2004 Khobar massacre </Li> <Li> Bali ( 2nd ) </Li> <Li> 2005 Amman Bombings </Li> <Li> Algiers </Li> <Li> Qahtaniya </Li> <Li> Islamabad </Li> <Li> Wanat </Li> <Li> Camp Chapman attack </Li> <Li> Pune </Li> <Li> In Amenas hostage crisis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Further information : Al - Qaeda and Jihad <P> The origins of al - Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan . Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets . Under the guidance of Ayman al - Zawahiri , bin Laden became more radical . In 1996 , bin Laden issued his first fatwā , calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia . </P> <P> In a second fatwā in 1998 , bin Laden outlined his objections to American foreign policy with respect to Israel , as well as the continued presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia after the Gulf War . Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed . Muslim legal scholars `` have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries '' , according to bin Laden . </P> Osama bin Laden Further information : Osama bin Laden , Death of Osama bin Laden , and Videos of Osama bin Laden Osama bin Laden at about 40 years of age , 1997 <P> Bin Laden orchestrated the attacks and initially denied involvement but later recanted his false statements . Al Jazeera broadcast a statement by bin Laden on September 16 , 2001 , stating , `` I stress that I have not carried out this act , which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation . '' In November 2001 , U.S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad , Afghanistan . In the video , bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al - Harbi and admits foreknowledge of the attacks . On December 27 , 2001 , a second bin Laden video was released . In the video , he said : </P> <P> It has become clear that the West in general and America in particular have an unspeakable hatred for Islam ... It is the hatred of crusaders . Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice , aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel , which kills our people ... We say that the end of the United States is imminent , whether Bin Laden or his followers are alive or dead , for the awakening of the Muslim umma ( nation ) has occurred </P> <P> but he stopped short of admitting responsibility for the attacks . The transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims . </P> <P> Shortly before the U.S. presidential election in 2004 , bin Laden used a taped statement to publicly acknowledge al - Qaeda 's involvement in the attacks on the United States . He admitted his direct link to the attacks and said they were carried out because : </P> <P> we are free ... and want to regain freedom for our nation . As you undermine our security , we undermine yours . </P> <P> Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon . Another video obtained by Al Jazeera in September 2006 shows bin Laden with Ramzi bin al - Shibh , as well as two hijackers , Hamza al - Ghamdi and Wail al - Shehri , as they make preparations for the attacks . The U.S. never formally indicted bin Laden for the 9 / 11 attacks but he was on the FBI 's Most Wanted List for the bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania , and Nairobi , Kenya . After a 10 - year manhunt , bin Laden was killed by American special forces in a compound in Abbottabad , Pakistan on May 2 , 2011 . </P> Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Main article : Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Khalid Sheikh Mohammed after his capture in 2003 <P> Journalist Yosri Fouda of the Arabic television channel Al Jazeera reported that , in April 2002 , Khalid Sheikh Mohammed admitted his involvement , along with Ramzi bin al - Shibh . The 9 / 11 Commission Report determined that the animosity towards the United States felt by Mohammed , the principal architect of the 9 / 11 attacks , stemmed from his `` violent disagreement with U.S. foreign policy favoring Israel '' . Mohammed was also an adviser and financier of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the uncle of Ramzi Yousef , the lead bomber in that attack . </P> <P> Mohammed was arrested on March 1 , 2003 , in Rawalpindi , Pakistan , by Pakistani security officials working with the CIA . He was then held at multiple CIA secret prisons and Guantanamo Bay where he was interrogated and tortured with methods including waterboarding . During U.S. hearings at Guantanamo Bay in March 2007 , Mohammed again confessed his responsibility for the attacks , stating he `` was responsible for the 9 / 11 operation from A to Z '' and that his statement was not made under duress . </P> Other al - Qaeda members Further information : Trials related to the September 11 attacks <P> In `` Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed '' from the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui , five people are identified as having been completely aware of the operation 's details . They are bin Laden , Khalid Sheikh Mohammed , Ramzi bin al - Shibh , Abu Turab al - Urduni , and Mohammed Atef . To date , only peripheral figures have been tried or convicted for the attacks . </P> <P> On September 26 , 2005 , the Spanish high court sentenced Abu Dahdah to 27 years in prison for conspiracy on the 9 / 11 attacks and being a member of the terrorist organization al - Qaeda . At the same time , another 17 al - Qaeda members were sentenced to penalties of between six and eleven years . On February 16 , 2006 , the Spanish Supreme Court reduced the Abu Dahdah penalty to 12 years because it considered that his participation in the conspiracy was not proven . </P> <P> Also in 2006 , Moussaoui -- who some originally suspected might have been the assigned 20th hijacker -- was convicted for the lesser role of conspiracy to commit acts of terrorism and air piracy . He was sentenced to life without parole in the United States . Mounir el - Motassadeq , an associate of the Hamburg - based hijackers , is serving 15 years in Germany for his role in helping the hijackers prepare for the attacks . </P> <P> The Hamburg cell in Germany included radical Islamists who eventually came to be key operatives in the 9 / 11 attacks . Mohamed Atta , Marwan al - Shehhi , Ziad Jarrah , Ramzi bin al - Shibh , and Said Bahaji were all members of al - Qaeda 's Hamburg cell . </P> <H3> Motives </H3> Main article : Motives for the September 11 attacks <P> Osama bin Laden 's declaration of a holy war against the United States , and a 1998 fatwā signed by bin Laden and others , calling for the killing of Americans , are seen by investigators as evidence of his motivation . In bin Laden 's November 2002 `` Letter to America '' , he explicitly stated that al - Qaeda 's motives for their attacks include : </P> <Ul> <Li> U.S. support of Israel </Li> <Li> support for the `` attacks against Muslims '' in Somalia </Li> <Li> support of Philippines against Muslims in the Moro conflict </Li> <Li> support for Israeli `` aggression '' against Muslims in Lebanon </Li> <Li> support of Russian `` atrocities against Muslims '' in Chechnya </Li> <Li> pro-American governments in the Middle East ( who `` act as your agents '' ) being against Muslim interests </Li> <Li> support of Indian `` oppression against Muslims '' in Kashmir </Li> <Li> the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> the sanctions against Iraq </Li> </Ul> <P> After the attacks , bin Laden and al - Zawahiri released additional videotapes and audio recordings , some of which repeated those reasons for the attacks . Two particularly important publications were bin Laden 's 2002 `` Letter to America '' , and a 2004 videotape by bin Laden . </P> <P> Bin Laden interpreted Muhammad as having banned the `` permanent presence of infidels in Arabia '' . In 1996 , bin Laden issued a fatwā calling for American troops to leave Saudi Arabia . In 1998 , al - Qaeda wrote , `` for over seven years the United States has been occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of places , the Arabian Peninsula , plundering its riches , dictating to its rulers , humiliating its people , terrorizing its neighbors , and turning its bases in the Peninsula into a spearhead through which to fight the neighboring Muslim peoples . '' </P> <P> In a December 1999 interview , bin Laden said he felt that Americans were `` too near to Mecca '' , and considered this a provocation to the entire Muslim world . One analysis of suicide terrorism suggested that without U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia , al - Qaeda likely would not have been able to get people to commit to suicide missions . </P> <P> In the 1998 fatwā , al - Qaeda identified the Iraq sanctions as a reason to kill Americans , condemning the `` protracted blockade '' among other actions that constitute a declaration of war against `` Allah , his messenger , and Muslims . '' The fatwā declared that `` the ruling to kill the Americans and their allies -- civilians and military -- is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it , in order to liberate the al - Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosque of Mecca from their grip , and in order for their ( the Americans ' ) armies to move out of all the lands of Islam , defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim . '' </P> <P> In 2004 , Bin Laden claimed that the idea of destroying the towers had first occurred to him in 1982 , when he witnessed Israel 's bombardment of high - rise apartment buildings during the 1982 Lebanon War . Some analysts , including Mearsheimer and Walt , also claimed that U.S. support of Israel was one motive for the attacks . In 2004 and 2010 , bin Laden again connected the September 11 attacks with U.S. support of Israel , although most of the letter expressed bin Laden 's disdain for President Bush and bin Laden 's hope to `` destroy and bankrupt '' the U.S. </P> <P> Other motives have been suggested in addition to those stated by bin Laden and al - Qaeda , including western support of Islamic and non-Islamic authoritarian regimes in Saudi Arabia , Iran , Egypt , Iraq , Pakistan and northern Africa , and the presence of western troops in some of these countries . Some authors suggested the `` humiliation '' that resulted from the Islamic world falling behind the Western world -- this discrepancy was rendered especially visible by the globalization trend and a desire to provoke the U.S. into a broader war against the Islamic world in the hope of motivating more allies to support al - Qaeda . Similarly , others have argued that 9 / 11 was a strategic move with the objective of provoking America into a war that would incite a pan-Islamic revolution . </P> <H3> Planning </H3> Main article : Planning of the September 11 attacks Map showing the attacks on the World Trade Center ( the planes are not drawn to scale ) <P> The idea for the attacks came from Khalid Sheikh Mohammed , who first presented it to Osama bin Laden in 1996 . At that time , bin Laden and al - Qaeda were in a period of transition , having just relocated back to Afghanistan from Sudan . The 1998 African Embassy bombings and bin Laden 's 1998 fatwā marked a turning point , as bin Laden became intent on attacking the United States . </P> <P> In late 1998 or early 1999 , bin Laden gave approval for Mohammed to go forward with organizing the plot . A series of meetings occurred in early 1999 , involving Mohammed , bin Laden , and his deputy Mohammed Atef . Atef provided operational support for the plot , including target selections and helping arrange travel for the hijackers . Bin Laden overruled Mohammed , rejecting some potential targets such as the U.S. Bank Tower in Los Angeles because `` there was not enough time to prepare for such an operation '' . </P> Diagram showing the attacks on the World Trade Center <P> Bin Laden provided leadership and financial support for the plot , and was involved in selecting participants . Bin Laden initially selected Nawaf al - Hazmi and Khalid al - Mihdhar , both experienced jihadists who had fought in Bosnia . Hazmi and Mihdhar arrived in the United States in mid-January 2000 . In spring 2000 , Hazmi and Mihdhar took flying lessons in San Diego , California , but both spoke little English , performed poorly with flying lessons , and eventually served as secondary -- or `` muscle '' -- hijackers . </P> <P> In late 1999 , a group of men from Hamburg , Germany arrived in Afghanistan ; the group included Mohamed Atta , Marwan al - Shehhi , Ziad Jarrah , and Ramzi bin al - Shibh . Bin Laden selected these men because they were educated , could speak English , and had experience living in the West . New recruits were routinely screened for special skills and al - Qaeda leaders consequently discovered that Hani Hanjour already had a commercial pilot 's license . Mohammed later said that he helped the hijackers blend in by teaching them how to order food in restaurants and dress in Western clothing . </P> <P> Hanjour arrived in San Diego on December 8 , 2000 , joining Hazmi . They soon left for Arizona , where Hanjour took refresher training . Marwan al - Shehhi arrived at the end of May 2000 , while Atta arrived on June 3 , 2000 , and Jarrah arrived on June 27 , 2000 . Bin al - Shibh applied several times for a visa to the United States , but as a Yemeni , he was rejected out of concerns he would overstay his visa and remain as an illegal immigrant . Bin al - Shibh stayed in Hamburg , providing coordination between Atta and Mohammed . The three Hamburg cell members all took pilot training in South Florida . </P> <P> In spring of 2001 , the secondary hijackers began arriving in the United States . In July 2001 , Atta met with bin al - Shibh in Spain , where they coordinated details of the plot , including final target selection . Bin al - Shibh also passed along bin Laden 's wish for the attacks to be carried out as soon as possible . Some of the hijackers received passports from corrupt Saudi officials who were family members , or used fraudulent passports to gain entry . </P> <H3> Prior intelligence </H3> <P> In late 1999 , al - Qaeda associate Walid bin Attash ( `` Khallad '' ) contacted Mihdhar , telling him to meet him in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia ; Hazmi and Abu Bara al Yemeni would also be in attendance . The NSA intercepted a telephone call mentioning the meeting , Mihdhar , and the name `` Nawaf '' ( Hazmi ) . While the agency feared that `` Something nefarious might be afoot '' , it took no further action . The CIA had already been alerted by Saudi intelligence to the status of Mihdhar and Hazmi as al - Qaeda members , and a CIA team broke into Mihdhar 's Dubai hotel room and discovered that Mihdhar had a U.S. visa . While Alec Station alerted intelligence agencies worldwide about this fact , it did not share this information with the FBI . The Malaysian Special Branch observed the January 5 , 2000 , meeting of the two al - Qaeda members , and informed the CIA that Mihdhar , Hazmi , and Khallad were flying to Bangkok , but the CIA never notified other agencies of this , nor did it ask the State Department to put Mihdhar on its watchlist . An FBI liaison to Alec Station asked permission to inform the FBI of the meeting , but was told that `` ' This is not a matter for the FBI . ' '' </P> <P> By late June , senior counter-terrorism official Richard Clarke and CIA director George Tenet were `` convinced that a major series of attacks was about to come '' , although the CIA believed that the attacks would likely occur in Saudi Arabia or Israel . In early July , Clarke put domestic agencies on `` full alert '' , telling them that `` Something really spectacular is going to happen here ... soon . '' He asked the FBI and the State Department to alert the embassies and police departments , and the Defense Department to go to `` Threat Condition Delta . '' Clarke would later write that `` Somewhere in CIA there was information that two known al Qaeda terrorists had come into the United States ... in ( the ) FBI there was information that strange things had been going on at flight schools in the United States ... They had specific information about individual terrorists ... None of that information got to me or the White House . '' </P> <P> On July 13 , Tom Wilshire , a CIA agent assigned to the FBI 's international terrorism division , emailed his superiors at the CIA 's Counterterrorism Center ( CTC ) , requesting permission to inform the FBI that Hazmi was in the country and that Mihdhar had a U.S. visa . The CIA never responded . </P> <P> The same day in July , Margarette Gillespie , an FBI analyst working in the CTC , was told to review material about the Malaysia meeting . She was not told of the participants ' presence in the U.S. The CIA gave Gillespie surveillance photos of Mihdhar and Hazmi from the meeting to show to FBI counterterrorism , but did not tell her their significance . The Intelink database informed her not to share intelligence material on the meeting to criminal investigators . When shown the photos , the FBI were refused more details on their significance , and also did not receive Mihdhar 's date of birth or passport number . In late August 2001 , Gillespie told the INS , the State Department , the Customs Service , and the FBI to put Hazmi and Mihdhar on their watchlists , but the FBI was prohibited from using criminal agents in the search for the duo , which hindered their efforts . </P> <P> Also in July , a Phoenix - based FBI agent sent a message to FBI headquarters , Alec Station , and to FBI agents in New York , alerting them to `` the possibility of a coordinated effort by Osama bin Laden to send students to the United States to attend civil aviation universities and colleges . '' The agent , Kenneth Williams , suggested the need to interview all flight school managers and identify all Arab students seeking flight training . In July , Jordan alerted the U.S. that al - Qaeda was planning an attack on the U.S. ; `` months later '' , Jordan notified the U.S. that the attack 's codename was `` The Big Wedding '' , and that it involved airplanes . </P> <P> On August 6 , the CIA 's Presidential Daily Brief , designated `` For the President Only '' , was entitled `` Bin Ladin Determined to Strike in U.S. '' The memo noted that `` The FBI information ... indicates patterns of suspicious activity in this country consistent with preparations for hijackings or other types of attacks . '' </P> <P> In mid-August , one Minnesota flight school alerted the FBI to Zacarias Moussaoui , who had asked `` suspicious questions . '' The FBI found that he was a radical who had traveled to Pakistan , and the INS arrested him for overstaying his French visa . Their request to search his laptop was denied by FBI headquarters due to the lack of probable cause . </P> <P> The failures in intelligence - sharing were attributed to 1995 Justice Department policies limiting intelligence sharing , combined with CIA and NSA reluctance in revealing `` sensitive sources and methods '' such as tapped phones . Testifying before the 9 / 11 Commission in April 2004 , then - Attorney General John Ashcroft recalled that the `` single greatest structural cause for the September 11th problem was the wall that segregated or separated criminal investigators and intelligence agents . '' Clarke also wrote that `` There were failures in the organizations ... failures to get information to the right place at the right time . '' </P> <H2> Attacks </H2> Further information : Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks Flight paths of the four planes used on September 11 <P> Early on the morning of September 11 , 2001 , 19 hijackers took control of four commercial airliners ( two Boeing 757 and two Boeing 767 ) en route to California ( three headed to LAX in Los Angeles and one to SFO in San Francisco ) after takeoffs from Logan International Airport in Boston , Massachusetts ; Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark , New Jersey ; and Washington Dulles International Airport in Loudoun and Fairfax counties in Virginia . Large planes with long flights were selected for hijacking because they would be heavily fueled . </P> <P> The four flights were : </P> <Ul> <Li> American Airlines Flight 11 : a Boeing 767 aircraft , departed Logan Airport at 7 : 59 a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of 11 and 76 passengers , not including five hijackers . The hijackers flew the plane into the northern facade of the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City at 8 : 46 a.m. </Li> <Li> United Airlines Flight 175 : a Boeing 767 aircraft , departed Logan Airport at 8 : 14 a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of nine and 51 passengers , not including five hijackers . The hijackers flew the plane into the southern facade of the South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City at 9 : 03 a.m. </Li> <Li> American Airlines Flight 77 : a Boeing 757 aircraft , departed Washington Dulles International Airport at 8 : 20 a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of six and 53 passengers , not including five hijackers . The hijackers flew the plane into the western facade of the Pentagon in Arlington County , Virginia , at 9 : 37 a.m. </Li> <Li> United Airlines Flight 93 : a Boeing 757 aircraft , departed Newark International Airport at 8 : 42 am en route to San Francisco , with a crew of seven and 33 passengers , not including four hijackers . As passengers attempted to subdue the hijackers , the aircraft crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , at 10 : 03 a.m. </Li> </Ul> <P> Media coverage was extensive during the attacks and aftermath , beginning moments after the first crash into the World Trade Center . </P> <H3> The four crashes </H3> The attacks seen from space by NASA <P> At 8 : 46 am , five hijackers crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern façade of the World Trade Center 's North Tower ( 1 WTC ) , and at 9 : 03 am , another five hijackers crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern façade of the South Tower ( 2 WTC ) . Five hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon at 9 : 37 am . A fourth flight , United Airlines Flight 93 , crashed near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , southeast of Pittsburgh , at 10 : 03 a.m. after the passengers fought the four hijackers . Flight 93 's target is believed to have been either the Capitol or the White House . Flight 93 's cockpit voice recorder revealed crew and passengers tried to seize control of the plane from the hijackers after learning through phone calls that Flights 11 , 77 , and 175 had been crashed into buildings that morning . Once it became evident to the hijackers that the passengers might regain control of the plane , the hijackers rolled the plane and intentionally crashed it . </P> Collapse of the towers as seen from across the Hudson River in New Jersey The north face of Two World Trade Center ( south tower ) immediately after being struck by United Airlines Flight 175 <P> Some passengers and crew members who called from the aircraft using the cabin airphone service and mobile phones provided details : several hijackers were aboard each plane ; they used mace , tear gas , or pepper spray to overcome attendants ; and some people aboard had been stabbed . Reports indicated hijackers stabbed and killed pilots , flight attendants , and one or more passengers . According to the 9 / 11 Commission 's final report , the hijackers had recently purchased multi-function hand tools and assorted Leatherman - type utility knives with locking blades , which were not forbidden to passengers at the time , but were not found among the possessions left behind by the hijackers . A flight attendant on Flight 11 , a passenger on Flight 175 , and passengers on Flight 93 said the hijackers had bombs , but one of the passengers said he thought the bombs were fake . The FBI found no traces of explosives at the crash sites , and the 9 / 11 Commission concluded that the bombs were probably fake . </P> <P> Three buildings in the World Trade Center collapsed due to fire - induced structural failure . The South Tower collapsed at 9 : 59 a.m. after burning for 56 minutes in a fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel . The North Tower collapsed at 10 : 28 a.m. after burning for 102 minutes . When the North Tower collapsed , debris fell on the nearby 7 World Trade Center building ( 7 WTC ) , damaging it and starting fires . These fires burned for hours , compromising the building 's structural integrity , and 7 WTC collapsed at 5 : 21 pm . The west side of the Pentagon sustained significant damage . </P> Play media Security camera footage of American Airlines Flight 77 hitting the Pentagon . The plane hits the Pentagon approximately 86 seconds after the start of this recording . <P> At 9 : 42 am , the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S. , and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately . All international civilian aircraft were either turned back or redirected to airports in Canada or Mexico , and were banned from landing on United States territory for three days . The attacks created widespread confusion among news organizations and air traffic controllers . Among the unconfirmed and often contradictory news reports aired throughout the day , one of the most prevalent said a car bomb had been detonated at the U.S. State Department 's headquarters in Washington , D.C. Another jet -- Delta Air Lines Flight 1989 -- was suspected of having been hijacked , but the aircraft responded to controllers and landed safely in Cleveland , Ohio . </P> <P> In an April 2002 interview , Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Ramzi bin al - Shibh , who are believed to have organized the attacks , said Flight 93 's intended target was the United States Capitol , not the White House . During the planning stage of the attacks , Mohamed Atta , the hijacker and pilot of Flight 11 , thought the White House might be too tough a target and sought an assessment from Hani Hanjour ( who hijacked and piloted Flight 77 ) . Mohammed said al - Qaeda initially planned to target nuclear installations rather than the World Trade Center and the Pentagon , but decided against it , fearing things could `` get out of control '' . Final decisions on targets , according to Mohammed , were left in the hands of the pilots . </P> <H3> Casualties </H3> Main articles : Casualties of the September 11 attacks and Emergency workers killed in the September 11 attacks The remains of 6 , 7 , and 1 WTC on September 17 , 2001 A surviving portion of the wall from the Twin Towers <P> The attacks caused the deaths of 2,996 people and the injuries of more than 6,000 others . The death toll included 265 on the four planes ( from which there were no survivors ) , 2,606 in the World Trade Center and in the surrounding area , and 125 at the Pentagon . Nearly all of those who perished were civilians with the exceptions of 343 firefighters , 72 law enforcement officers , 55 military personnel , and the 19 terrorists who died in the attacks . After New York , New Jersey lost the most state citizens , with the city of Hoboken having the most citizens that died in the attacks . More than 90 countries lost citizens in the September 11 attacks ; for example , the 67 Britons who died were more than in any other terrorist attack anywhere as of October 2002 . The attacks are the deadliest terrorist attack in world history , killing some 500 more than the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 . </P> <P> In Arlington County , Virginia , 125 Pentagon workers lost their lives when Flight 77 crashed into the western side of the building . Of these , 70 were civilians and 55 were military personnel , many of them who worked for the United States Army or the United States Navy . The Army lost 47 civilian employees , six civilian contractors , and 22 soldiers , while the Navy lost six civilian employees , three civilian contractors , and 33 sailors . Seven Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) civilian employees were also among the dead in the attack , as well as an Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) contractor . Lieutenant General Timothy Maude , an Army Deputy Chief of Staff , was the highest - ranking military official killed at the Pentagon . </P> The Statue of Liberty with the towers burning in the background <P> In New York City , more than 90 % of the workers and visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact . In the North Tower , 1,355 people at or above the point of impact were trapped and died of smoke inhalation , fell or jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames , or were killed in the building 's eventual collapse . The destruction of all three staircases in the tower when Flight 11 hit made it impossible for anyone above the impact zone to escape . 107 people below the point of impact died as well . </P> <P> In the South Tower , one stairwell , Stairwell A , was left intact after Flight 175 hit , allowing 14 people located on the floors of impact ( including one man who saw the plane coming at him ) and four more from the floors above to escape . New York City 9 - 1 - 1 operators who received calls from individuals inside the tower were not well informed of the situation as it rapidly unfolded and as a result , told callers not to descend the tower on their own . In total 630 people died in that tower , fewer than half the number killed in the North Tower . Casualties in the South Tower were significantly reduced by some occupants deciding to start evacuating as soon as the North Tower was struck . The failure to fully evacuate the South Tower after the first jet crash into the North Tower was described by USA Today as `` one of the day 's great tragedies '' . </P> An Urban Search and Rescue Task Force German shepherd dog works to uncover victims at the site of the World Trade Center after the attacks . <P> At least 200 people fell or jumped to their deaths from the burning towers ( as exemplified in the photograph The Falling Man ) , landing on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below . Some occupants of each tower above the point of impact made their way toward the roof in hope of helicopter rescue , but the roof access doors were locked . No plan existed for helicopter rescues , and the combination of roof equipment and thick smoke and intense heat prevented helicopters from approaching . A total of 411 emergency workers died as they tried to rescue people and fight fires . The New York City Fire Department ( FDNY ) lost 343 firefighters , including a chaplain and two paramedics . The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) lost 23 officers . The Port Authority Police Department ( PAPD ) lost 37 officers . Eight emergency medical technicians ( EMTs ) and paramedics from private emergency medical services units were killed . </P> <P> Cantor Fitzgerald L.P. , an investment bank on the 101st -- 105th floors of the North Tower , lost 658 employees , considerably more than any other employer . Marsh Inc. , located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93 -- 100 , lost 358 employees , and 175 employees of Aon Corporation were also killed . The National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) estimated that about 17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks . Turnstile counts from the Port Authority suggest 14,154 people were typically in the Twin Towers by 8 : 45 am . Most people below the impact zone safely evacuated the buildings . </P> <Table> Deaths ( victims + hijackers ) <Tr> <Th> New York City </Th> <Td> World Trade Center </Td> <Td> 2,606 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American 11 </Td> <Td> 87 + 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United 175 </Td> <Td> 60 + 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arlington </Th> <Td> Pentagon </Td> <Td> 125 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American 77 </Td> <Td> 59 + 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Near Shanksville </Th> <Td> United 93 </Td> <Td> 40 + 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Td> 2,977 + 19 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Weeks after the attack , the death toll was estimated to be over 6,000 , more than twice the number of deaths eventually confirmed . The city was only able to identify remains for about 1,600 of the World Trade Center victims . The medical examiner 's office collected `` about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that can not be matched to the list of the dead '' . Bone fragments were still being found in 2006 by workers who were preparing to demolish the damaged Deutsche Bank Building . In 2010 , a team of anthropologists and archaeologists searched for human remains and personal items at the Fresh Kills Landfill , where 72 more human remains were recovered , bringing the total found to 1,845 . DNA profiling continues in an attempt to identify additional victims . The remains are being held in storage in Memorial Park , outside the New York City Medical Examiner 's facilities . It was expected that the remains would be moved in 2013 to a repository behind a wall at the 9 / 11 museum . In July 2011 , a team of scientists at the Office of Chief Medical Examiner was still trying to identify remains , in the hope that improved technology will allow them to identify other victims . On August 7 , 2017 , the 1,641 st victim was identified as a result of newly available DNA technology , and a 1,642 nd on July 26 , 2018 . Further 1,111 victims are yet to be identified . </P> <H3> Damage </H3> Further information : Collapse of the World Trade Center World Trade Center site ( Ground Zero ) with an overlay showing the original building locations The Pentagon was damaged by fire and partly collapsed . <P> Along with the 110 - floor Twin Towers , numerous other buildings at the World Trade Center site were destroyed or badly damaged , including WTC buildings 3 through 7 and St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church . The North Tower , South Tower , the Marriott Hotel ( 3 WTC ) , and 7 WTC were completely destroyed . The U.S. Customs House ( 6 World Trade Center ) , 4 World Trade Center , 5 World Trade Center , and both pedestrian bridges connecting buildings were severely damaged . The Deutsche Bank Building on 130 Liberty Street was partially damaged and demolished some years later , starting in 2007 . The two buildings of the World Financial Center also suffered damage . The last fires at the World Trade Center site were extinguished on December 20 , exactly 100 days after the attacks . </P> <P> The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned as uninhabitable because of toxic conditions inside the office tower , and was deconstructed . The Borough of Manhattan Community College 's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was condemned due to extensive damage in the attacks , and is being rebuilt . Other neighboring buildings ( including 90 West Street and the Verizon Building ) suffered major damage but have been restored . World Financial Center buildings , One Liberty Plaza , the Millenium Hilton , and 90 Church Street had moderate damage and have since been restored . Communications equipment on top of the North Tower was also destroyed , with only WCBS - TV maintaining a backup transmitter on the Empire State Building , but media stations were quickly able to reroute the signals and resume their broadcasts . </P> <P> The PATH train system 's World Trade Center station was located under the complex . As a result , the entire station was demolished completely when the towers collapsed , and the tunnels leading to Exchange Place station in Jersey City , New Jersey were flooded with water . The Cortlandt Street station on the New York City Subway 's IRT Broadway - Seventh Avenue Line was also within close proximity to the World Trade Center complex , and the entire station , along with the surrounding track , was reduced to rubble . The latter station remains closed , but is due to reopen in December 2018 , barring any significant delays . </P> <P> The Pentagon was severely damaged by the impact of American Airlines Flight 77 and ensuing fires , causing one section of the building to collapse . As the airplane approached the Pentagon , its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building . The plane hit the Pentagon at the first - floor level . The front part of the fuselage disintegrated on impact , while the mid and tail sections kept moving for another fraction of a second . Debris from the tail section penetrated furthest into the building , breaking through 310 feet ( 94 m ) of the three outermost of the building 's five rings . </P> <H3> Rescue efforts </H3> Main article : Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center EMS workers rescue and evacuate an injured victim of the Pentagon attack . <P> The New York City Fire Department deployed 200 units ( half of the department ) to the World Trade Center . Their efforts were supplemented by numerous off - duty firefighters and emergency medical technicians . The New York City Police Department sent Emergency Service Units and other police personnel and deployed its aviation unit . Once on the scene , the FDNY , the NYPD , and the PAPD did not coordinate efforts and performed redundant searches for civilians . As conditions deteriorated , the NYPD aviation unit relayed information to police commanders , who issued orders for its personnel to evacuate the towers ; most NYPD officers were able to safely evacuate before the buildings collapsed . With separate command posts set up and incompatible radio communications between the agencies , warnings were not passed along to FDNY commanders . </P> <P> After the first tower collapsed , FDNY commanders issued evacuation warnings . Due to technical difficulties with malfunctioning radio repeater systems , many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders . 9 - 1 - 1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene . Within hours of the attack , a substantial search , and rescue operation was launched . After months of around - the - clock operations , the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002 . </P> <H2> Aftermath </H2> President George W. Bush is briefed on the attacks . Further information : Aftermath of the September 11 attacks , Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks , Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks , Reactions to the September 11 attacks , U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks , U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks , and September 11 Victim Compensation Fund <P> The aftermath of the 9 / 11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event , including domestic reactions , hate crimes , Muslim American responses to the event , international responses to the attack , and military responses to the events . An extensive compensation program was quickly established by Congress in the aftermath to compensate the victims and families of victims of the 9 / 11 attack as well . </P> <H3> Immediate response </H3> Eight hours after the attacks , Donald Rumsfeld , then U.S. Secretary of Defense , declares `` The Pentagon is functioning . '' <P> At 8 : 32 am FAA officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they , in turn , notified the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) . NORAD scrambled two F - 15s from Otis Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts and they were airborne by 8 : 53 am . Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials , NORAD had 9 minutes ' notice that Flight 11 had been hijacked , and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed . After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit , more fighters were scrambled from Langley Air Force Base in Virginia at 9 : 30 am . At 10 : 20 am Vice President Dick Cheney issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked . These instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action . Some fighters took to the air without live ammunition , knowing that to prevent the hijackers from striking their intended targets , the pilots might have to intercept and crash their fighters into the hijacked planes , possibly ejecting at the last moment . </P> <P> For the first time in U.S. history , SCATANA was invoked , thus stranding tens of thousands of passengers across the world . The FAA closed American airspace to all international flights , causing about five hundred flights to be turned back or redirected to other countries . Canada received 226 of the diverted flights and launched Operation Yellow Ribbon to deal with the large numbers of grounded planes and stranded passengers . </P> <P> The 9 / 11 attacks had immediate effects on the American people . Police and rescue workers from around the country took a leave of absence from their jobs and traveled to New York City to help recover bodies from the twisted remnants of the Twin Towers . Blood donations across the U.S. surged in the weeks after 9 / 11 . </P> <P> The deaths of adults in the attacks resulted in over 3,000 children losing a parent . Subsequent studies documented children 's reactions to these actual losses and to feared losses of life , the protective environment in the aftermath of the attacks , and effects on surviving caregivers . </P> <H3> Domestic reactions </H3> During a speech to a joint session of Congress , President George W. Bush pledges `` to defend freedom against terrorism '' , September 20 , 2001 ( audio only ) . <P> Following the attacks , President George W. Bush 's approval rating soared to 90 % . On September 20 , 2001 , he addressed the nation and a joint session of the United States Congress regarding the events of September 11 and the subsequent nine days of rescue and recovery efforts , and described his intended response to the attacks . New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani 's highly visible role won him high praise in New York and nationally . </P> <P> Many relief funds were immediately set up to assist victims of the attacks , with the task of providing financial assistance to the survivors of the attacks and to the families of victims . By the deadline for victim 's compensation on September 11 , 2003 , 2,833 applications had been received from the families of those who were killed . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Statement by President Bush in his Address to the Nation George W. Bush 's address to the people of the United States , September 11 , 2001 , 8 : 30 pm . EDT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Contingency plans for the continuity of government and the evacuation of leaders were implemented soon after the attacks . Congress was not told that the United States had been under a continuity of government status until February 2002 . </P> <P> In the largest restructuring of the U.S. government in contemporary history , the United States enacted the Homeland Security Act of 2002 , creating the Department of Homeland Security . Congress also passed the USA PATRIOT Act , saying it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other crimes . Civil liberties groups have criticized the PATRIOT Act , saying it allows law enforcement to invade the privacy of citizens and that it eliminates judicial oversight of law enforcement and domestic intelligence . In an effort to effectively combat future acts of terrorism , the National Security Agency ( NSA ) was given broad powers . NSA commenced warrantless surveillance of telecommunications , which was sometimes criticized since it permitted the agency `` to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas without a warrant '' . In response to requests by various intelligence agencies , the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court permitted an expansion of powers by the U.S. government in seeking , obtaining , and sharing information on U.S. citizens as well as non-U.S. people from around the world . </P> Hate crimes A fireman looks up at the remains of the South Tower . A fireman can be seen in silhouette at the base of the rubble . <P> Shortly after the attacks , President Bush made a public appearance at Washington 's largest Islamic Center and acknowledged the `` incredibly valuable contribution '' that millions of American Muslims made to their country and called for them `` to be treated with respect . '' Numerous incidents of harassment and hate crimes against Muslims and South Asians were reported in the days following the attacks . Sikhs were also targeted because Sikh males usually wear turbans , which are stereotypically associated with Muslims . There were reports of attacks on mosques and other religious buildings ( including the firebombing of a Hindu temple ) , and assaults on people , including one murder : Balbir Singh Sodhi , a Sikh mistaken for a Muslim , was fatally shot on September 15 , 2001 , in Mesa , Arizona . </P> <P> According to an academic study , people perceived to be Middle Eastern were as likely to be victims of hate crimes as followers of Islam during this time . The study also found a similar increase in hate crimes against people who may have been perceived as Muslims , Arabs , and others thought to be of Middle Eastern origin . A report by the South Asian American advocacy group known as South Asian Americans Leading Together , documented media coverage of 645 bias incidents against Americans of South Asian or Middle Eastern descent between September 11 and 17 . Various crimes such as vandalism , arson , assault , shootings , harassment , and threats in numerous places were documented . </P> Muslim American response <P> Muslim organizations in the United States were swift to condemn the attacks and called `` upon Muslim Americans to come forward with their skills and resources to help alleviate the sufferings of the affected people and their families '' . These organizations included the Islamic Society of North America , American Muslim Alliance , American Muslim Council , Council on American - Islamic Relations , Islamic Circle of North America , and the Shari'a Scholars Association of North America . Along with monetary donations , many Islamic organizations launched blood drives and provided medical assistance , food , and shelter for victims . </P> <H3> International reactions </H3> Main article : Reactions to the September 11 attacks <P> The attacks were denounced by mass media and governments worldwide . Across the globe , nations offered pro-American support and solidarity . Leaders in most Middle Eastern countries , and Afghanistan , condemned the attacks . Iraq was a notable exception , with an immediate official statement that , `` the American cowboys are reaping the fruit of their crimes against humanity '' . The government of Saudi Arabia officially condemned the attacks , but privately many Saudis favored bin Laden 's cause . Although Palestinian Authority ( PA ) president Yasser Arafat also condemned the attacks , there were reports of celebrations in the West Bank , Gaza Strip , and East Jerusalem -- with a celebration involving 3,000 Palestinians dancing in the streets and handing out candy being filmed in Nablus despite alleged PA warnings that it could not guarantee the safety of journalists attempting to document the event . Similar demonstrations took place in Amman , Jordan , where there is a large population of Palestinian descent . As in the United States , the aftermath of the attacks saw tensions increase in other countries between Muslims and non-Muslims . </P> <P> United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368 condemned the attacks , and expressed readiness to take all necessary steps to respond and combat all forms of terrorism in accordance with their Charter . Numerous countries introduced anti-terrorism legislation and froze bank accounts they suspected of al - Qaeda ties . Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries arrested alleged terrorists . </P> <P> British Prime Minister Tony Blair said Britain stood `` shoulder to shoulder '' with the United States . A few days later , Blair flew to Washington to affirm British solidarity with the United States . In a speech to Congress , nine days after the attacks , which Blair attended as a guest , President Bush declared `` America has no truer friend than Great Britain . '' Subsequently , Prime Minister Blair embarked on two months of diplomacy to rally international support for military action ; he held 54 meetings with world leaders and travelled more than 40,000 miles ( 60,000 km ) . </P> Vladimir Putin ( right ) and his wife attend a commemoration service for the victims of the terrorist attacks , November 16 , 2001 <P> In the aftermath of the attacks , tens of thousands of people attempted to flee Afghanistan due to the possibility of a military retaliation by the United States . Pakistan , already home to many Afghan refugees from previous conflicts , closed its border with Afghanistan on September 17 , 2001 . Approximately one month after the attacks , the United States led a broad coalition of international forces to overthrow the Taliban regime from Afghanistan for their harboring of al - Qaeda . Though Pakistani authorities were initially reluctant to align themselves with the United States against the Taliban , they permitted the coalition access to their military bases , and arrested and handed over to the U.S. over 600 suspected al - Qaeda members . </P> <P> The U.S. set up the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to hold inmates they defined as `` illegal enemy combatants '' . The legitimacy of these detentions has been questioned by the European Union and human rights organizations . </P> <P> On September 25 , 2001 , Iran 's fifth president , Mohammad Khatami meeting British Foreign Secretary , Jack Straw , said : `` Iran fully understands the feelings of the Americans about the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on September 11 . '' He said although the American administrations had been at best indifferent about terrorist operations in Iran ( since 1979 ) , the Iranians instead felt differently and had expressed their sympathetic feelings with bereaved Americans in the tragic incidents in the two cities . He also stated that `` Nations should not be punished in place of terrorists . '' According to Radio Farda 's website , when the attacks ' news was released , some Iranian citizens gathered in front of the Embassy of Switzerland in Tehran , which serves as the protecting power of the United States in Iran ( US interests protecting office in Iran ) , to express their sympathy and some of them lit candles as a symbol of mourning . This piece of news at Radio Farda 's website also states that in 2011 , on the anniversary of the attacks , United States Department of State , published a post at its blog , in which the Department thanked Iranian people for their sympathy and stated that they would never forget Iranian people 's kindness on those harsh days . After the attacks , both the President and the Supreme Leader of Iran , condemned the attacks . The BBC and Time magazine published reports on holding candlelit vigils for the victims by Iranian citizens at their websites . According to Politico Magazine , following the attacks , Sayyed Ali Khamenei , the Supreme Leader of Iran , `` suspended the usual ' Death to America ' chants at Friday prayers '' temporarily . </P> <P> In a speech by the Nizari Ismaili Imam at the Nobel Institute in 2005 , Aga Khan IV stated that the `` 9 / 11 attack on the United States was a direct consequence of the international community ignoring the human tragedy that was Afghanistan at that time '' . </P> <P> In September 2001 , shortly after the attacks , Greek soccer fans burned an Israeli flag and unsuccessfully tried to burn an American flag . Though the American flag did not catch fire , the fans booed during a moment of silence for victims of the attacks . </P> <H3> Military operations </H3> See also : War on Terror <P> At 2 : 40 p.m. in the afternoon of September 11 , Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld was issuing rapid orders to his aides to look for evidence of Iraqi involvement . According to notes taken by senior policy official Stephen Cambone , Rumsfeld asked for , `` Best info fast . Judge whether good enough hit S.H. '' ( Saddam Hussein ) `` at same time . Not only UBL '' ( Osama bin Laden ) . Cambone 's notes quoted Rumsfeld as saying , `` Need to move swiftly -- Near term target needs -- go massive -- sweep it all up . Things related and not . '' In a meeting at Camp David on September 15 the Bush administration rejected the idea of attacking Iraq in response to 9 / 11 . Nonetheless , they later invaded the country with allies , citing `` Saddam Hussein 's support for terrorism '' . At the time , as many as 7 in 10 Americans believed the Iraqi president played a role in the 9 / 11 attacks . Three years later , Bush conceded that he had not . </P> U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan <P> The NATO council declared that the terrorist attacks on the United States were an attack on all NATO nations that satisfied Article 5 of the NATO charter . This marked the first invocation of Article 5 , which had been written during the Cold War with an attack by the Soviet Union in mind . Australian Prime Minister John Howard who was in Washington D.C. during the attacks invoked Article IV of the ANZUS treaty . The Bush administration announced a War on Terror , with the stated goals of bringing bin Laden and al - Qaeda to justice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks . These goals would be accomplished by imposing economic and military sanctions against states harboring terrorists , and increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing . </P> <P> On September 14 , 2001 , the U.S. Congress passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists . Still in effect , it grants the President the authority to use all `` necessary and appropriate force '' against those whom he determined `` planned , authorized , committed or aided '' the September 11 attacks , or who harbored said persons or groups . </P> <P> On October 7 , 2001 , the War in Afghanistan began when U.S. and British forces initiated aerial bombing campaigns targeting Taliban and al - Qaeda camps , then later invaded Afghanistan with ground troops of the Special Forces . This eventually led to the overthrow of the Taliban rule of Afghanistan with the Fall of Kandahar on December 7 , 2001 , by U.S. led coalition forces . Conflict in Afghanistan between the Taliban insurgency and the Afghan forces backed by NATO Resolute Support Mission is ongoing . The Philippines and Indonesia , among other nations with their own internal conflicts with Islamic terrorism , also increased their military readiness . </P> <P> The military forces of the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Iran cooperated with each other to overthrow the Taliban regime which had had conflicts with the government of Iran . Iran 's Quds Force helped US forces and Afghan rebels in the 2001 uprising in Herat . </P> <H2> Effects </H2> <H3> Health issues </H3> Main article : Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks Two survivors are covered in dust after the collapse of the towers . <P> Hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic debris containing more than 2,500 contaminants , including known carcinogens , were spread across Lower Manhattan due to the collapse of the Twin Towers . Exposure to the toxins in the debris is alleged to have contributed to fatal or debilitating illnesses among people who were at Ground Zero . The Bush administration ordered the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks , citing national security , but the EPA did not determine that air quality had returned to pre-September 11 levels until June 2002 . </P> <P> Health effects extended to residents , students , and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown . Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust , and the victims ' names were included in the World Trade Center memorial . Approximately 18,000 people have been estimated to have developed illnesses as a result of the toxic dust . There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development . A notable children 's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse , and were living or working nearby . A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions , and that 30 -- 40 % were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack . </P> <P> Years after the attacks , legal disputes over the costs of illnesses related to the attacks were still in the court system . On October 17 , 2006 , a federal judge rejected New York City 's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers , allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the city . Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly after the attacks . Christine Todd Whitman , administrator of the EPA in the aftermath of the attacks , was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe . Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater Wall Street area . </P> <P> On December 22 , 2010 , the United States Congress passed the James L. Zadroga 9 / 11 Health and Compensation Act , which President Barack Obama signed into law on January 2 , 2011 . It allocated $4.2 billion to create the World Trade Center Health Program , which provides testing and treatment for people suffering from long - term health problems related to the 9 / 11 attacks . The WTC Health Program replaced preexisting 9 / 11 - related health programs such as the Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health Center program . </P> <H3> Economic </H3> Main article : Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks The table shows that the 9 / 11 attacks had a major effect on the economy of New York City ( in red ) , compared to the United States ' economy overall ( in blue ) . <P> The attacks had a significant economic impact on United States and world markets . The stock exchanges did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17 . Reopening , the Dow Jones Industrial Average ( DJIA ) fell 684 points , or 7.1 % , to 8921 , a record - setting one - day point decline . By the end of the week , the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7 points ( 14.3 % ) , at the time its largest one - week point drop in history . In 2001 dollars , U.S. stocks lost $1.4 trillion in valuation for the week . </P> <P> In New York City , about 430,000 job - months and $2.8 billion dollars in wages were lost in the first three months after the attacks . The economic effects were mainly on the economy 's export sectors . The city 's GDP was estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion for the last three months of 2001 and all of 2002 . The U.S. government provided $11.2 billion in immediate assistance to the Government of New York City in September 2001 , and $10.5 billion in early 2002 for economic development and infrastructure needs . </P> <P> Also hurt were small businesses in Lower Manhattan near the World Trade Center , 18,000 of which were destroyed or displaced , resulting in lost jobs and their consequent wages . Assistance was provided by Small Business Administration loans , federal government Community Development Block Grants , and Economic Injury Disaster Loans . Some 31,900,000 square feet ( 2,960,000 m ) of Lower Manhattan office space was damaged or destroyed . Many wondered whether these jobs would return , and if the damaged tax base would recover . Studies of the economic effects of 9 / 11 show the Manhattan office real - estate market and office employment were less affected than first feared , because of the financial services industry 's need for face - to - face interaction . </P> <P> North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening , leading to a nearly 20 % cutback in air travel capacity , and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry . </P> U.S. deficit and debt increases 2001 -- 08 <P> The September 11 attacks also led to the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq , as well as additional homeland security spending , totaling at least $5 trillion . </P> <H3> Cultural influence </H3> Main article : Cultural influence of 9 / 11 <P> The impact of 9 / 11 extends beyond geopolitics into society and culture in general . Immediate responses to 9 / 11 included greater focus on home life and time spent with family , higher church attendance , and increased expressions of patriotism such as the flying of flags . The radio industry responded by removing certain songs from playlists , and the attacks have subsequently been used as background , narrative or thematic elements in film , television , music and literature . Already - running television shows as well as programs developed after 9 / 11 have reflected post-9 / 11 cultural concerns . 9 / 11 conspiracy theories have become social phenomena , despite lack of support from expert scientists , engineers , and historians . 9 / 11 has also had a major impact on the religious faith of many individuals ; for some it strengthened , to find consolation to cope with the loss of loved ones and overcome their grief ; others started to question their faith or lost it entirely , because they could not reconcile it with their view of religion . </P> <P> The culture of America succeeding the attacks is noted for heightened security and an increased demand thereof , as well as paranoia and anxiety regarding future terrorist attacks that includes most of the nation . Psychologists have also confirmed that there has been an increased amount of national anxiety in commercial air travel . </P> <H3> Government policies toward terrorism </H3> <P> As a result of the attacks , many governments across the world passed legislation to combat terrorism . In Germany , where several of the 9 / 11 terrorists had resided and taken advantage of that country 's liberal asylum policies , two major anti-terrorism packages were enacted . The first removed legal loopholes that permitted terrorists to live and raise money in Germany . The second addressed the effectiveness and communication of intelligence and law enforcement . Canada passed the Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act , that nation 's first anti-terrorism law . The United Kingdom passed the Anti-terrorism , Crime and Security Act 2001 and the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 . New Zealand enacted the Terrorism Suppression Act 2002 . </P> <P> In the United States , the Department of Homeland Security was created by the Homeland Security Act to coordinate domestic anti-terrorism efforts . The USA Patriot Act gave the federal government greater powers , including the authority to detain foreign terror suspects for a week without charge , to monitor telephone communications , e-mail , and Internet use by terror suspects , and to prosecute suspected terrorists without time restrictions . The FAA ordered that airplane cockpits be reinforced to prevent terrorists gaining control of planes , and assigned sky marshals to flights . Further , the Aviation and Transportation Security Act made the federal government , rather than airports , responsible for airport security . The law created the Transportation Security Administration to inspect passengers and luggage , causing long delays and concern over passenger privacy . After suspected abuses of the USA Patriot Act were brought to light in June 2013 with articles about collection of American call records by the NSA and the PRISM program ( see 2013 mass surveillance disclosures ) , Representative Jim Sensenbrenner , Republican of Wisconsin , who introduced the Patriot Act in 2001 , said that the National Security Agency overstepped its bounds . </P> <H2> Investigations </H2> <H3> FBI </H3> <P> Immediately after the attacks , the Federal Bureau of Investigation started PENTTBOM , the largest criminal inquiry in the history of the United States . At its height , more than half of the FBI 's agents worked on the investigation and followed a half - million leads . The FBI concluded that there was `` clear and irrefutable '' evidence linking al - Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks . </P> Mohamed Atta , an Egyptian national , was the ringleader of the hijackers . <P> The FBI was quickly able to identify the hijackers , including leader Mohamed Atta , when his luggage was discovered at Boston 's Logan Airport . Atta had been forced to check two of his three bags due to space limitations on the 19 - seat commuter flight he took to Boston . Due to a new policy instituted to prevent flight delays , the luggage failed to make it aboard American Airlines Flight 11 as planned . The luggage contained the hijackers ' names , assignments , and al - Qaeda connections . `` It had all these Arab - language ( sic ) papers that amounted to the Rosetta stone of the investigation '' , said one FBI agent . Within hours of the attacks , the FBI released the names and in many cases the personal details of the suspected pilots and hijackers . On September 27 , 2001 , they released photos of all 19 hijackers , along with information about possible nationalities and aliases . Fifteen of the men were from Saudi Arabia , two from the United Arab Emirates , one from Egypt , and one from Lebanon . </P> <P> By midday , the U.S. National Security Agency and German intelligence agencies had intercepted communications pointing to Osama bin Laden . Two of the hijackers were known to have travelled with a bin Laden associate to Malaysia in 2000 and hijacker Mohammed Atta had previously gone to Afghanistan . He and others were part of a terrorist cell in Hamburg . One of the members of the Hamburg cell was discovered to have been in communication with Khalid Sheik Mohammed who was identified as a member of al - Qaeda . </P> <P> Authorities in the United States and Britain also obtained electronic intercepts , including telephone conversations and electronic bank transfers , which indicate that Mohammed Atef , a bin Laden deputy , was a key figure in the planning of the 9 / 11 attacks . Intercepts were also obtained that revealed conversations that took place days before September 11 between bin Laden and an associate in Pakistan . In those conversations , the two referred to `` an incident that would take place in America on , or around , September 11 '' and they discussed potential repercussions . In another conversation with an associate in Afghanistan , bin Laden discussed the `` scale and effects of a forthcoming operation . '' These conversations did not specifically mention the World Trade Center or Pentagon , or other specifics . </P> <Table> Origins of the 19 hijackers <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Number </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saudi Arabia </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Arab Emirates </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Egypt </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lebanon </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> CIA </H3> <P> The Inspector General of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) conducted an internal review of the agency 's pre-9 / 11 performance and was harshly critical of senior CIA officials for not doing everything possible to confront terrorism . He criticized their failure to stop two of the 9 / 11 hijackers , Nawaf al - Hazmi and Khalid al - Mihdhar , as they entered the United States and their failure to share information on the two men with the FBI . In May 2007 , senators from both major U.S. political parties drafted legislation to make the review public . One of the backers , Senator Ron Wyden said , `` The American people have a right to know what the Central Intelligence Agency was doing in those critical months before 9 / 11 . '' </P> <H3> Congressional inquiry </H3> Main article : Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11 , 2001 <P> In February 2002 , the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence formed a joint inquiry into the performance of the U.S. Intelligence Community . Their 832 - page report released in December 2002 detailed failings of the FBI and CIA to use available information , including about terrorists the CIA knew were in the United States , in order to disrupt the plots . The joint inquiry developed its information about possible involvement of Saudi Arabian government officials from non-classified sources . Nevertheless , the Bush administration demanded 28 related pages remain classified . In December 2002 , the inquiry 's chair Bob Graham ( D - FL ) revealed in an interview that there was `` evidence that there were foreign governments involved in facilitating the activities of at least some of the terrorists in the United States . '' September 11 victim families were frustrated by the unanswered questions and redacted material from the Congressional inquiry and demanded an independent commission . September 11 victim families , members of congress and the Saudi Arabian government are still seeking release of the documents . In June 2016 , CIA chief John Brennan says that he believes 28 redacted pages of a congressional inquiry into 9 / 11 will soon be made public , and that they will prove that the government of Saudi Arabia had no involvement in the September 11 attacks . </P> <P> In September 2016 , the Congress passed the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act that would allow relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks to sue Saudi Arabia for its government 's alleged role in the attacks . </P> <H3> 9 / 11 Commission </H3> Main articles : 9 / 11 Commission , 9 / 11 Commission Report , and Criticism of the 9 / 11 Commission <P> The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States ( 9 / 11 Commission ) , chaired by Thomas Kean and Lee H. Hamilton , was formed in late 2002 to prepare a thorough account of the circumstances surrounding the attacks , including preparedness for and the immediate response to the attacks . On July 22 , 2004 , the Commission issued the 9 / 11 Commission Report . The report detailed the events of 9 / 11 , found the attacks were carried out by members of al - Qaeda , and examined how security and intelligence agencies were inadequately coordinated to prevent the attacks . Formed from an independent bipartisan group of mostly former Senators , Representatives , and Governors , the commissioners explained , `` We believe the 9 / 11 attacks revealed four kinds of failures : in imagination , policy , capabilities , and management '' . The Commission made numerous recommendations on how to prevent future attacks , and in 2011 was dismayed that several of its recommendations had yet to be implemented . </P> <H3> National Institute of Standards and Technology </H3> Main article : The NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation See also : 7 World Trade Center § 9 / 11 and collapse The exterior support columns from the lower level of the South Tower remain standing after the collapse of the building . <P> The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) investigated the collapses of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC . The investigations examined why the buildings collapsed and what fire protection measures were in place , and evaluated how fire protection systems might be improved in future construction . The investigation into the collapse of 1 WTC and 2 WTC was concluded in October 2005 and that of 7 WTC was completed in August 2008 . </P> <P> NIST found that the fireproofing on the Twin Towers ' steel infrastructures was blown off by the initial impact of the planes and that , had this not occurred , the towers likely would have remained standing . A 2007 study of the north tower 's collapse published by researchers of Purdue University determined that , since the plane 's impact had stripped off much of the structure 's thermal insulation , the heat from a typical office fire would have softened and weakened the exposed girders and columns enough to initiate the collapse regardless of the number of columns cut or damaged by the impact . </P> <P> The director of the original investigation stated that `` the towers really did amazingly well . The terrorist aircraft did n't bring the buildings down ; it was the fire which followed . It was proven that you could take out two - thirds of the columns in a tower and the building would still stand . '' The fires weakened the trusses supporting the floors , making the floors sag . The sagging floors pulled on the exterior steel columns causing the exterior columns to bow inward . With the damage to the core columns , the buckling exterior columns could no longer support the buildings , causing them to collapse . Additionally , the report found the towers ' stairwells were not adequately reinforced to provide adequate emergency escape for people above the impact zones . NIST concluded that uncontrolled fires in 7 WTC caused floor beams and girders to heat and subsequently `` caused a critical support column to fail , initiating a fire - induced progressive collapse that brought the building down '' . </P> <H2> Rebuilding </H2> Rebuilt One World Trade Center nearing completion in July 2013 Further information : World Trade Center site , World Trade Center ( 2001 -- present ) , Construction of One World Trade Center , and One World Trade Center <P> On the day of the attacks , New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani stated : `` We will rebuild . We 're going to come out of this stronger than before , politically stronger , economically stronger . The skyline will be made whole again . '' </P> <P> The damaged section of the Pentagon was rebuilt and occupied within a year of the attacks . The temporary World Trade Center PATH station opened in late 2003 and construction of the new 7 World Trade Center was completed in 2006 . Work on rebuilding the main World Trade Center site was delayed until late 2006 when leaseholder Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed on financing . The construction of One World Trade Center began on April 27 , 2006 , and reached its full height on May 20 , 2013 . The spire was installed atop the building at that date , putting 1 WTC 's height at 1,776 feet ( 541 m ) and thus claiming the title of the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere . One WTC finished construction and opened on November 3 , 2014 . </P> <P> On the World Trade Center site , three more office towers are expected to be built one block east of where the original towers stood . Construction has begun on all three of these towers . </P> <H2> Memorials </H2> Main article : Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks The Tribute in Light on September 11 , 2014 , on the thirteenth anniversary of the attacks , seen from Bayonne , New Jersey . The tallest building in the picture is the new One World Trade Center . <P> In the days immediately following the attacks , many memorials and vigils were held around the world , and photographs of the dead and missing were posted around Ground Zero . A witness described being unable to `` get away from faces of innocent victims who were killed . Their pictures are everywhere , on phone booths , street lights , walls of subway stations . Everything reminded me of a huge funeral , people quiet and sad , but also very nice . Before , New York gave me a cold feeling ; now people were reaching out to help each other . '' </P> <P> One of the first memorials was the Tribute in Light , an installation of 88 searchlights at the footprints of the World Trade Center towers . In New York City , the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was held to design an appropriate memorial on the site . The winning design , Reflecting Absence , was selected in August 2006 , and consists of a pair of reflecting pools in the footprints of the towers , surrounded by a list of the victims ' names in an underground memorial space . The memorial was completed on September 11 , 2011 ; a museum also opened on site on May 21 , 2014 . </P> <P> In Arlington County , The Pentagon Memorial was completed and opened to the public on the seventh anniversary of the attacks in 2008 . It consists of a landscaped park with 184 benches facing the Pentagon . When the Pentagon was repaired in 2001 -- 2002 , a private chapel and indoor memorial were included , located at the spot where Flight 77 crashed into the building . </P> <P> In Shanksville , a concrete and glass visitor center was opened on September 10 , 2015 , situated on a hill overlooking the crash site and the white marble Wall of Names . An observation platform at the visitor center and the white marble wall are both aligned beneath the path of Flight 93 . A temporary memorial is located 500 yards ( 457 m ) from the crash site . New York City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center and mounted on top of a platform shaped like the Pentagon . It was installed outside the firehouse on August 25 , 2008 . Many other permanent memorials are elsewhere . Scholarships and charities have been established by the victims ' families , and by many other organizations and private figures . </P> <P> On every anniversary , in New York City , the names of the victims who died there are read out against a background of somber music . The President of the United States attends a memorial service at the Pentagon , and asks Americans to observe Patriot Day with a moment of silence . Smaller services are held in Shanksville , Pennsylvania , which are usually attended by the President 's spouse . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : September 11 attacks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks </Li> <Li> Bojinka plot -- plot by Ramzi Yousef and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed , foiled in 1995 , to attack multiple airliners and crash a plane into the CIA headquarters </Li> <Li> Federal Express Flight 705 -- 1994 cockpit attack </Li> <Li> Air France Flight 8969 -- a plane hijacked by terrorists intended to be crashed into the Eiffel Tower </Li> <Li> Outline of the September 11 attacks </Li> <Li> List of major terrorist incidents </Li> <Li> September 11th Victim Compensation Fund </Li> <Li> Terrorism in the United States </Li> <Li> The 28 Pages </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> September 11 attacks portal </Li> <Li> Terrorism portal </Li> <Li> Disasters portal </Li> <Li> 2000s portal </Li> <Li> New York City portal </Li> <Li> United States portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The expression `` 9 / 11 '' is pronounced `` nine eleven '' . ( The slash is not part of the pronunciation . ) The name is frequently used in British English as well as in American English , even though the dating conventions differ . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <H3> Citations </H3> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9 / 11 '' . CBC News . October 29 , 2004 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Al - Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden appeared in a new message aired on an Arabic TV station Friday night , for the first time claiming direct responsibility for the 2001 attacks against the United States . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How much did the September 11 terrorist attack cost America ? '' . 2004 . Institute for the Analysis of Global Security . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Matthew J. Morgan ( August 4 , 2009 ) . The Impact of 9 / 11 on Politics and War : The Day that Changed Everything ? . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 60763 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Congress . Congressional Record , Vol. 148 , Pt. 7 , May 23 , 2002 to June 12 , 2002 . Government Printing Office . p. 9909 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 076125 - 6 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Moore , Jack ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` World Trade Center Re-opens as Tallest Building in America '' . International Business Times . One World Trade Center . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` One World Trade Center opens today '' . CNN . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Al - Qaeda 's origins and links '' . BBC News . July 20 , 2004 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gunaratna ( 2002 ) , pp. 23 -- 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bin Laden 's fatwā ( 1996 ) '' . PBS . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2001 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Al Qaeda 's Second Fatwa '' . PBS NewsHour . Public Broadcasting Service . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pakistan inquiry orders Bin Laden family to remain '' . BBC . July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Full transcript of bin Laden 's speech '' . Al Jazeera . November 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pakistan to Demand Taliban Give Up Bin Laden as Iran Seals Afghan Border '' . Fox News Channel . September 16 , 2001 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bin Laden on tape : Attacks ' benefited Islam greatly ' '' . CNN . December 14 , 2001 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Reveling in the details of the fatal attacks , bin Laden brags in Arabic that he knew about them beforehand and says the destruction went beyond his hopes . He says the attacks `` benefited Islam greatly '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Bin Laden video excerpts '' . BBC News . December 27 , 2001 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael , Maggie ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Bin Laden , in statement to U.S. people , says he ordered Sept. 11 attacks '' . SignOnSanDiego.com . Associated Press . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Al - Jazeera : Bin Laden tape obtained in Pakistan '' . MSNBC . October 30 , 2004 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bin Laden 9 / 11 planning video aired '' . CBC News . September 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clewley , Robin ( September 27 , 2001 ) . `` How Osama Cracked FBI 's Top 10 '' . Wired . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` USAMA BIN LADEN '' . FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitive . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Cooper , Helene ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Bin Laden Is Dead , President Obama Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooper , Helene ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Obama Announces Killing of Osama bin Laden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` We left out nuclear targets , for now '' . The Guardian . London . March 4 , 2003 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2008 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Yosri Fouda of the Arabic television channel al - Jazeera is the only journalist to have interviewed Khalid Sheikh Mohammed , the al - Qaeda military commander arrested at the weekend . Here he describes the two - day encounter with him and his fellow organiser of September 11 , Ramzi bin al - Shibh : ( ... ) Summoning every thread of experience and courage , I looked Khalid in the eye and asked : ' Did you do it ? ' The reference to September 11 was implicit . Khalid responded with little fanfare : ' I am the head of the al - Qaeda military committee , ' he began , ' and Ramzi is the coordinator of the Holy Tuesday operation . And yes , we did it . ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leonard , Tom ; Spillius , Alex ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` Alleged 9 / 11 mastermind wants to confess to plot '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` September 11 suspect ' confesses ' '' . Al Jazeera . March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 9 / 11 Commission Report ( 2004 ) , p. 147 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` White House power grabs '' . The Washington Times . August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Voris , Bob ; Hurtado , Patricia ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Terror Indictment Unsealed , Dismissed '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shannon , Elaine ; Weisskopf , Michael ( March 24 , 2003 ) . `` Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Names Names '' . Time . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nichols , Michelle ( May 8 , 2008 ) . `` US judge orders CIA to turn over ' torture ' memo - ACLU '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Khalid Sheikh Mohammed ' asked to design ' vacuum cleaner '' . BBC News . July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Key 9 / 11 suspect ' admits guilt ' '' . BBC News . March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed '' ( PDF ) . United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia . 2006 . p. 24 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spain jails 18 al - Qaeda operatives '' . The Age . Melbourne . September 27 , 2005 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Naughton , Philippe ( June 1 , 2006 ) . `` Spanish court quashes 9 / 11 conviction '' . The Times . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Summers and Swan ( 2011 ) , p. 489n . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Youssef , Maamoun ( May 24 , 2006 ) . `` Bin Laden : Moussaoui Not Linked to 9 / 11 '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Summers and Swan ( 2011 ) , p. 542n . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hamburg connection '' . BBC News . August 19 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chapter of the 9 / 11 Commission Report detailing the history of the Hamburg Cell Archived August 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . 9 / 11 Commission . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gunarathna , pp. 61 -- 62 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : <Ul> <Li> `` Full transcript of bin Ladin 's speech '' . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> bin Laden , Osama ( November 24 , 2002 ) . `` Full text : bin Laden 's ' letter to America ' '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : <Ul> <Li> Mearsheimer ( 2007 ) , p. 67 . </Li> <Li> Kushner ( 2003 ) , p. 389 . </Li> <Li> Murdico ( 2003 ) , p. 64 . </Li> <Li> Kelley ( 2006 ) , p. 207 . </Li> <Li> Ibrahim ( 2007 ) , p. 276 . </Li> <Li> Berner ( 2007 ) , p. 80 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ <Ul> <Li> Plotz , David ( 2001 ) What Does Osama Bin Laden Want ? , Slate </Li> <Li> Bergen ( 2001 ) , p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Yusufzai , Rahimullah ( September 26 , 2001 ) . `` Face to face with Osama '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> `` US pulls out of Saudi Arabia '' . BBC News . April 29 , 2003 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> `` Saga of Dr. Zawahri Sheds Light on the Roots of al Qaeda Terror '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 2 , 2002 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> `` Tenth Public Hearing , Testimony of Louis Freeh '' . 9 / 11 Commission . April 13 , 2004 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> `` Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders : World Islamic Front Statement '' . Federation of American Scientists . February 23 , 1998 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Full transcript of bin Laden 's `` Letter to America '' `` . The Guardian . London . November 24 , 2002 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ bin Laden , Osama . `` Full transcript of bin Ladin 's speech '' . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . So I shall talk to you about the story behind those events and shall tell you truthfully about the moments in which the decision was taken , for you to consider </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bergen ( 2001 ) , p. 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 1998 Al Qaeda fatwā '' . Fas.org . February 23 , 1998 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yusufzai , Rahimullah ( September 26 , 2001 ) . `` Face to face with Osama '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pape , Robert A. ( 2005 ) . Dying to Win : The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7338 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See also the 1998 Al - Qaeda fatwā : `` The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies -- civilians and military -- is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it , in order to liberate the al - Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosque ( Mecca ) from their grip , and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam , defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim . '' Quoted from `` Al Qaeda 's Second Fatwa '' . PBS NewsHour . Public Broadcasting Service . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Summers and Swan ( 2011 ) , pp. 211 , 506n . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence ( 2005 ) , p. 239 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Full transcript of bin Ladin 's speech '' . Al Jazeera . November 4 , 2004 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In his taped broadcast from January 2010 , Bin Laden said `` Our attacks against you ( the United States ) will continue as long as U.S. support for Israel continues. ... The message sent to you with the attempt by the hero Nigerian Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab is a confirmation of our previous message conveyed by the heroes of September 11 '' . Quoted from `` Bin Laden : Attacks on U.S. to go on as long as it supports Israel '' Archived December 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , in Haaretz.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rockmore , Tom ( April 21 , 2011 ) . Before and After 9 / 11 : A Philosophical Examination of Globalization , Terror . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 1892 - 9 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernard Lewis , 2004 . In Bernard Lewis 's 2004 book The Crisis of Islam : Holy War and Unholy Terror , he argues that animosity toward the West is best understood with the decline of the once powerful Ottoman empire , compounded by the import of western ideas -- Arab socialism , Arab liberalism and Arab secularism . During the past three centuries , according to this interpretation , the Islamic world has lost its dominance and its position of leadership in the world , and has fallen behind both the modern West and the rapidly modernizing Orient . The resulting widening gap poses increasingly severe problems , both practical and emotional , for which the rulers , thinkers , and rebels of Islam have not yet found effective answers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In an essay titled `` The spirit of terrorism '' , Jean Baudrillard described 9 / 11 as the first global event that `` questions the very process of globalization '' . Baudrillard . `` The spirit of terrorism '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In an essay entitled `` Somebody Else 's Civil War '' , Michael Scott Doran argues the attacks are best understood as part of a religious conflict within the Muslim world and that Bin Laden 's followers `` consider themselves an island of true believers surrounded by a sea of iniquity '' . Hoping that U.S. retaliation would unite the faithful against the West , bin Laden sought to spark revolutions in Arab nations and elsewhere . Doran argues the Osama bin Laden videos attempt to provoke a visceral reaction in the Middle East and ensure that Muslim citizens would react as violently as possible to an increase in U.S. involvement in their region . ( `` Somebody Else 's Civil War '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Reprinted in Hoge , James F. ; Rose , Gideon ( 2005 ) . Understanding the War on Terror . New York : Norton . pp. 72 -- 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87609 - 347 - 4. ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In The Osama bin Laden I Know , Peter Bergen argues the attacks were part of a plan to cause the United States to increase its military and cultural presence in the Middle East , thereby forcing Muslims to confront the idea of a non-Muslim government and to eventually establish conservative Islamic governments in the region. ( Bergen ( 2006 ) , p. 229 . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Suspect ' reveals 9 / 11 planning ' '' . BBC News . September 22 , 2003 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 9 / 11 Commission Report , Chapter 5 , pp ? ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ( March 20 , 2003 ) . `` Bin Laden Chose 9 / 11 Targets , Al Qaeda Leader Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright ( 2006 ) , p. 308 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bergen ( 2006 ) , p. 283 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright ( 2006 ) , pp. 309 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McDermott ( 2005 ) , pp. 191 -- 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernstein , Richard ( September 10 , 2002 ) . `` On Path to the U.S. Skies , Plot Leader Met bin Laden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright ( 2006 ) , pp. 304 -- 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright ( 2006 ) , p. 302 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jessee 2006 , p. 371 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 9 / 11 commission staff statement No. 16 '' ( PDF ) . 9 / 11 Commission . June 16 , 2004 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Staff Monograph on 9 / 11 and Terrorist Travel '' ( PDF ) . 9 / 11 Commission . 2004 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Irujo , Jose María ( March 21 , 2004 ) . `` Atta recibió en Tarragona joyas para que los miembros del ' comando ' del 11 - S se hiciesen pasar por ricos saudíes '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Entry of the 9 / 11 Hijackers into the United States Staff Statement No. 1 '' ( PDF ) . National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon The United States : 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright 2006 , pp. 310 -- 312 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clarke 2004 , pp. 235 -- 236 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright 2006 , p. 344 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clarke 2004 , pp. 236 -- 237 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clarke 2004 , pp. 242 -- 243 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright 2006 , p. 340 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright 2006 , pp. 340 -- 343 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright 2006 , pp. 352 -- 353 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright 2006 , p. 350 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yitzhak 2016 , p. 218 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE OSAMA BIN LADEN FILE : National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 343 '' . The National Security Archive . The National Security Archive . 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Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Summers and Swan ( 2011 ) , pp. 58 , 463n , 476n . </Li> <Li> Wilgoren , Jodi and Edward Wong ( September 13 , 2001 ) . `` On Doomed Flight , Passengers Vowed To Perish Fighting '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Serrano , Richard A. ( April 11 , 2006 ) . `` Moussaoui Jury Hears the Panic From 9 / 11 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Goo , Sara Kehaulani ; Eggen , Dan ( January 28 , 2004 ) . `` Hijackers used Mace , knives to take over airplanes '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Ahlers , Mike M. ( January 27 , 2004 ) . `` 9 / 11 panel : Hijackers may have had utility knives '' . CBS News . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Encore Presentation : Barbara Olson Remembered '' . Larry King Live . CNN . January 6 , 2002 . 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A&E Television Networks . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Mark ( August 26 , 2002 ) . `` Three hours that shook America : A chronology of chaos '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Marilyn ; Levin , Alan and Morrison , Blake ( August 13 , 2002 ) . `` Part II : No one was sure if hijackers were on board '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fouda and Fielding ( 2004 ) , pp. 158 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Summers and Swan ( 2011 ) , p. 323 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Al - Qaeda ' plotted nuclear attacks ' '' . BBC News . September 8 , 2002 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winnipegger heads to NY for 9 / 11 memorial '' . CBC News . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . A total of 2,996 people died : 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Accused 9 / 11 plotter Khalid Sheikh Mohammed faces New York trial '' . CNN . November 13 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First video of Pentagon 9 / 11 attack released '' . CNN . May 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2006 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone , Andrea ( August 20 , 2002 ) . `` Military 's aid and comfort ease 9 / 11 survivors ' burden '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ September 11 Memorial Archived March 26 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beveridge , Andrew . `` 9 / 11 / 01 - 02 : A Demographic Portrait of the Victims in 10048 '' . Gotham Gazette . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Department of State . `` A list of the countries whose citizens died as a result of the attacks on September 11 , 2001 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State , Office of International Information Programs . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British victims of September 11 '' . The Guardian . September 10 , 2002 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States '' . U.S. Congress . August 21 , 2004 . Retrieved September 8 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg et al. , pp. 208 -- 212 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` September 11 , 2001 Pentagon Victims '' . patriotresource.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Remembering the Lost '' . Timothy J. Maude , Lieutenant General , United States Army . Arlington National Cemetery . September 22 , 2001 . Retrieved April 16 , 2001 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sunder ( 2005 ) , p. 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks ( July 22 , 2004 ) . The 9 / 11 Commission Report ( first edition ) ( PDF ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32671 - 0 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sunder ( 2005 ) , p. 46 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Purpura , Philip ( 2007 ) . `` Life safety , fire protection , and emergencies '' . Security and Loss Prevention : An Introduction ( 5th ed . ) . Elsevier . p. 300 . ISBN 978 - 0080554006 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Almost all the 600 people in the top floors of the south tower died after a second hijacked airliner crashed in the 80th floor shortly after 9 am . The failure to evacuate the building was one of the day 's great tragedies . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cauchon , Dennis ; Moore , Martha ( September 2 , 2002 ) . `` Desperation forced a horrific decision '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paltrow , Scot . `` Could Helicopters Have Saved People From the Top of the Trade Center ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . 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Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siegel , Aaron ( September 11 , 2007 ) . `` Industry honors fallen on 9 / 11 anniversary '' . InvestmentNews . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Averill ( 2005 ) , chapter `` Occupant Behavior , Egress , and Emergency Communications '' , pp ? ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dwyer and Flynn ( 2005 ) , p. 266 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dwyer , Jim ; et al. ( May 26 , 2002 ) . `` Last Words at the Trade Center ; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alleged 9 / 11 Plotters Face Trial Blocks From WTC Site '' . WIBW . November 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Airlines Flight 11 '' . CNN . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Airlines Flight 175 '' . CNN . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pentagon '' . CNN . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Airlines Flight 77 '' . CNN . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roddy , Dennis B. ( October 2001 ) . `` Flight 93 : Forty lives , one destiny '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2006 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Source : Hijacking suspects linked to Afghanistan '' . CNN . September 30 , 2001 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ground Zero Forensic Work Ends '' . CBS News . February 23 , 2005 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrade , Mariano ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Scientists still struggle to identify 9 / 11 remains '' . Discovery News . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lemre , Jonathan ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Remains of WTC worker Ernest James , 40 , ID 'd ten years after 9 / 11 '' . Daily News . New York . 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Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Trade Center Building Performance Study -- Bankers Trust Building , pp ? ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Deutsche Bank Building at 130 Liberty Street '' . Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lower Manhattan -- Fiterman Hall '' . LowerManhattan.info . July 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Verizon Building Restoration '' . New York Construction ( McGraw Hill ) . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Trade Center Building Performance Study -- Peripheral Buildings , pp. ? ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Larry ( October 1 , 2001 ) . `` New York broadcasters rebuild '' . Broadcast Engineering . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Downtown Restoration Program -- THE PORT AUTHORITY OF NY&NJ '' . January 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2009 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Randy ( 2002 ) . `` Subway Line in Attack May Reopen Much Earlier '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting -- September 25 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . September 25 , 2017 . pp. 60 -- 79 . 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Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feinberg , Kenneth ( June 2012 ) . Who Gets What : Fair Compensation after Tragedy and Financial Upheaval . New York City : PublicAffairs . ISBN 9781586489779 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feinberg , Kenneth . What is Life Worth ? : The Unprecedented Effort to Compensate the Victims of 9 / 11 ( 2005 ) , Perseus Books Group . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` We Have Some Planes '' ( PDF ) . The 911 Commission Report . 911 Commission . pp. 20 -- 42 . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cheney : Order To Shoot Down Hijacked 9 / 11 Planes ' Necessary ' '' . Fox News Channel . September 4 , 2011 . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schrader , Esther ( June 18 , 2004 ) . `` Cheney Gave Order to Shoot Down Jets '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greer , Gordon ( 2005 ) . What Price Security ? . iUniverse , Inc. p. 73 . 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On false claims that the footage was taken from earlier Palestinian celebrations during the Gulf War , see Mikkelson , David ( March 9 , 2008 ) . `` False Footaging '' . Snopes . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . The video used on CNN was in fact shot on Tuesday , 11 September 2001 , in East Jerusalem by a Reuters TV crew , not during the Persian Gulf conflict of 1990 -- 91 -- a fact proved by its inclusion of comments from a Palestinian praising Osama Bin Laden ( whose name was unlikely to have come up ten years earlier in connection with the invasion and liberation of Kuwait ) as well as the appearance in the video of post-1991 automobiles . The person who made the claim quoted above has since recanted ... The footage was real . It 's a shame , in fact , that its provenance was doubted because the lives of journalists who have attempted to capture similar acts on video have been threatened . 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Bob Graham , December 11 , 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chris Mondics , Struggling to detail alleged Saudi role in 9 / 11 attacks , Philadelphia Inquirer , March 31 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Sperry , Inside the Saudi 9 / 11 coverup , New York Post , December 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ April 10 , 2014 Letter to Barack Obama , signed by Representatives Walter B. Jones Jr. and Stephen Lynch . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jake Tapper , Why has n't Obama kept promise to declassify 28 pages of a report about 9 / 11 ? `` , CNN , September 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence Wright , The Twenty - Eight Pages , The New Yorker , September 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Euan McKirdy , ( 1 ) , CNN , June 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why Obama does n't want 9 / 11 families suing Saudi Arabia '' . USA Today . September 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia threatens to pull $750 B from U.S. economy if Congress allows them to be sued for 9 / 11 terror attacks '' . 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The National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Construction Safety Team ( September 2005 ) . `` Executive Summary '' . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers ( PDF ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . United States Department of Commerce . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Irfanoglu , A. ; Hoffmann , C.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Engineering Perspective of the Collapse of WTC - I '' . Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities . 22 : 62 . doi : 10.1061 / ( ASCE ) 0887 - 3828 ( 2008 ) 22 : 1 ( 62 ) . As the aircraft debris went through several stories in the tower , much of the thermal insulation on the core columns would have been scoured off . Under such conditions , the ensuing fire would be sufficient to cause instability and initiate collapse . From an engineering perspective , impact damage to the core structure had a negligible effect on the critical thermal load required to initiate collapse in the core structure . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tally , Steve ( June 12 , 2007 ) . `` Purdue creates scientifically based animation of 9 / 11 attack '' . Purdue News Service . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . The aircraft moved through the building as if it were a hot and fast lava flow `` , Sozen says . `` Consequently , much of the fireproofing insulation was ripped off the structure . Even if all of the columns and girders had survived the impact -- an unlikely event -- the structure would fail as the result of a buckling of the columns . The heat from an ordinary office fire would suffice to soften and weaken the unprotected steel . Evaluation of the effects of the fire on the core column structure , with the insulation removed by the impact , showed that collapse would follow whatever the number of columns cut at the time of the impact . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sigmund , Pete ( September 25 , 2002 ) . `` Building a Terror - Proof Skyscraper : Experts Debate Feasibility , Options '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Translating WTC Recommendations into Model Building Codes '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology . October 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , Tess ( September 26 , 2001 ) . `` Rebuilding in New York '' . Architecture Week ( 68 ) . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oglesby , Christy ( September 11 , 2002 ) . `` Phoenix rises : Pentagon honors ' hard - hat patriots ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2004 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( September 22 , 2006 ) . `` An Agreement Is Formalized on Rebuilding at Ground Zero '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Badia , Erik ; Sit , Ryan ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` One World Trade Center gets spire , bringing it to its full 1,776 - foot height '' . New York Daily News website . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iyengar , Rishi ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` One World Trade Center Opens Its Doors '' . Time . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lower Manhattan : Current Construction '' . Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sigmund , Pete . `` Crews Assist Rescuers in Massive WTC Search '' . Construction Equipment Guide . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tribute in light to New York victims '' . BBC News . March 6 , 2002 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition '' . World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WTC Memorial Construction Begins '' . CBS News . Associated Press . March 6 , 2006 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Place of Remembrance '' . National Geographic . 2011 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National September 11 Memorial Museum opens '' . Fox NY . May 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miroff , Nick ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` Creating a Place Like No Other '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miroff , Nick ( September 12 , 2008 ) . `` A Long - Awaited Opening , Bringing Closure to Many '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dwyer , Timothy ( May 26 , 2007 ) . `` Pentagon Memorial Progress Is Step Forward for Families '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DefenseLINK News Photos -- Pentagon 's America 's Heroes Memorial '' . Department of Defense . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flight 93 National Memorial -- Sources and Detailed Information '' . nps.gov . National Park Service . n.d . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . 13 . When will the Memorial be finished ? </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Flight 93 National Memorial -- Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQs ) '' ( PDF ) . nps.gov . National Park Service . May 2013 . pp. 22 -- 23 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Long Road to a Place of Peace for Flight 93 Families '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flight 93 Memorial Project '' . Flight 93 Memorial Project / National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nephin , Dan ( August 24 , 2008 ) . `` Steel cross goes up near flight 's 9 / 11 Pa. crash site '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gaskell , Stephanie ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Pa. site of 9 / 11 crash gets WTC beam '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fessenden , Ford ( November 18 , 2002 ) . `` 9 / 11 ; After the World Gave : Where $2 Billion in Kindness Ended Up '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newman , Andy ( September 11 , 2010 ) . `` At a Memorial Ceremony , Loss and Tension '' . The New York Times . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` Chapter 1.1 : ' We Have Some Planes ' : Inside the Four Flights '' , 9 / 11 Commission Report ( PDF ) , National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States , 2004 , retrieved March 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Alavosius , Mark P. ; Rodriquez , Nischal J. ( 2005 ) , `` Unity of Purpose / Unity of effort : Private - Sector Preparedness in Times of Terror '' , Disaster Prevention & Management , 14 ( 5 ) : 666 , doi : 10.1108 / 09653560510634098 </Li> <Li> `` American Airlines Flight 77 FDR Report '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . January 31 , 2002 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Averill , Jason D. ( 2005 ) , Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster ( PDF ) , National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 9 , 2009 , retrieved September 2 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Bergen , Peter L. ( 2001 ) , Holy War , Inc. : Inside the Secret World of Osama Bin Laden , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3467 - 2 , retrieved March 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Bergen , Peter ( 2006 ) , The Osama Bin Laden I Know : An Oral History of Al Qaeda 's Leader , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9592 - 5 , retrieved March 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Berner , Brad ( 2007 ) , The World According to Al Qaeda , Peacock Books , ISBN 978 - 81 - 248 - 0114 - 7 , retrieved March 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Clarke , Richard ( 2004 ) , Against All Enemies : Inside America 's War on Terror , New York : Free Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6024 - 4 </Li> <Li> Dwyer , Jim ; Flynn , Kevin ( 2005 ) , 102 Minutes , Times Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7682 - 0 , retrieved March 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> `` Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Standards and Technology . November 2008 . 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Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Fouda , Yosri ; Fielding , Nick ( 2004 ) , Masterminds of Terror : The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack the World Has Ever Seen , Arcade Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 717 - 6 , retrieved March 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Goldberg , Alfred ( 2007 ) , Pentagon 9 / 11 , Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 078328 - 9 , retrieved March 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Gunaratna , Ronan ( 2002 ) , Inside Al Qaeda : global network of terror , Columbia University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12692 - 2 </Li> <Li> Holmes , Stephen ( 2006 ) , `` Al Qaeda , September 11 , 2001 '' , in Diego Gambetta , Making sense of suicide missions , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929797 - 9 , retrieved March 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Ibrahim , Raymond ; Osama Bin Laden ( 2007 ) , The Al Qaeda reader , Random House Digital , Inc. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51655 - 6 , retrieved March 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Javorsek II , Daniel ; Rose , John ; Marshall , Christopher ; Leitner , Peter ( August 5 , 2015 ) , `` A Formal Risk - Effectiveness Analysis Proposal for the Compartmentalized Intelligence Security Structure '' , International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence , 28 ( 4 ) : 734 -- 761 , doi : 10.1080 / 08850607.2015. 1051830 </Li> <Li> Jessee , Devin ( 2006 ) , `` Tactical Means , Strategic Ends : Al Qaeda 's Use of Denial and Deception '' ( PDF ) , International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence , 18 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 388 , doi : 10.1080 / 09546550600751941 </Li> <Li> Kelley , Christopher ( 2006 ) , Executing the Constitution : putting the president back into the Constitution , SUNY Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 6727 - 5 , retrieved March 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Keppel , Gilles ; Milelli , Jean - Pierre and Ghazaleh , Pascale ( 2008 ) , Al Qaeda in its own words , Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02804 - 3 , retrieved March 18 , 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Lawrence , Bruce ; Bruce Lawrence ( 2005 ) , Messages to the world : the statements of Osama Bin Laden , Verso , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 045 - 1 , retrieved May 29 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Martin , Gus ( 2011 ) , The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism , Second Edition , SAGE , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 8017 - 3 , retrieved March 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> McDermott , Terry ( 2005 ) , Perfect Soldiers : The 9 / 11 Hijackers , HarperCollins , pp. 191 -- 192 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 058470 - 2 </Li> <Li> `` McKinsey Report '' . FDNY / McKinsey & Company . August 9 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Mearsheimer , John J. ( 2007 ) , The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy , Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 17772 - 0 </Li> <Li> Murdico , Suzanne ( 2003 ) , Osama Bin Laden , Rosen Publishing Group , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 4467 - 5 </Li> <Li> `` The Pentagon Building Performance Report '' ( PDF ) . American Society of Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) . January 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Summers , Anthony ; Swan , Robbyn ( 2011 ) , The Eleventh Day : The Full Story of 9 / 11 and Osama Bin Laden , New York : Ballantine Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6659 - 9 , retrieved March 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Sunder , Shyam S. ( 2005 ) , Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers , National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) , retrieved September 2 , 2011 </Li> <Li> `` World Trade Center Building Performance Study -- Bankers Trust Building '' ( PDF ) . FEMA . May 2002 . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` World Trade Center Building Performance Study -- Peripheral Buildings '' ( PDF ) . FEMA . May 2002 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> `` World Trade Center Building Performance Study '' ( PDF ) . Ch. 5 WTC 7 -- section 5.5. 4 . Federal Emergency Management Agency . 2002 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Wright , Lawrence ( 2006 ) , The Looming Tower : Al - Qaeda and the Road to 9 / 11 , Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 41486 - 2 </Li> <Li> Yitzhak , Ronen ( Summer 2016 ) , `` The War Against Terrorism and For Stability of the Hashemite Regime : Jordanian Intelligence Challenges in the 21st Century '' , International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence , 29 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 235 , doi : 10.1080 / 08850607.2016. 1121038 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> The 9 / 11 Commission Report : Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States . National Commission on Terrorist Attacks . Cosimo , Inc . July 30 , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61640 - 219 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Atkins , Stephen E ( 2011 ) . The 9 / 11 Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 921 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Bolton , M. Kent ( 2006 ) . U.S. National Security and Foreign Policymaking After 9 / 11 : Present at the Re-creation . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5900 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Caraley , Demetrios ( 2002 ) . September 11 , terrorist attacks , and U.S. foreign policy . Academy of Political Science . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884853 - 01 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Chernick , Howard ( 2005 ) . Resilient city : the economic impact of 9 / 11 . Russell Sage Foundation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87154 - 170 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Damico , Amy M ; Quay , Sara E. ( 2010 ) . September 11 in Popular Culture : A Guide . Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35505 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Hampton , Wilborn ( 2003 ) . September 11 , 2001 : attack on New York City . Candlewick Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7636 - 1949 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Langley , Andrew ( 2006 ) . September 11 : Attack on America . Compass Point Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 1620 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Neria , Yuval ; Gross , Raz ; Marshall , Randall D. ; Susser , Ezra S. ( 2006 ) . 9 / 11 : mental health in the wake of terrorist attacks . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83191 - 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Ryan , Allan A . The 9 / 11 Terror Cases : Constitutional Challenges in the War against Al Qaeda ( University Press of Kansas , 2015 ) . xxii , 218 pp . </Li> <Li> Strasser , Steven ; Whitney , Craig R ; United States . Congress . Senate . Select Committee on Intelligence , National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States ( 2004 ) . The 9 / 11 investigations : staff reports of the 9 / 11 Commission : excerpts from the House -- Senate joint inquiry report on 9 / 11 : testimony from fourteen key witnesses , including Richard Clarke , George Tenet , and Condoleezza Rice . PublicAffairs . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 279 - 4 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> Find more aboutSeptember 11 attacksat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States official commission website </Li> <Li> National September 11th Memorial and Museum -- List of victims </Li> <Li> September 11 , 2001 , Documentary Project from the U.S. Library of Congress , Memory.loc.gov </Li> <Li> September 11 , 2001 , Web Archive from the U.S. Library of Congress , Minerva </Li> <Li> The September 11th Sourcebooks from The National Security Archive </Li> <Li> September 11 Digital Archive : Saving the Histories of September 11 , 2001 , from the Center for History and New Media and the American Social History Project / Center for Media and Learning </Li> <Li> DoD : Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Verbatim Transcript of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10024 , from Wikisource </Li> </Ul> <P> Multimedia </P> <Ul> <Li> Understanding 9 / 11 -- A Television News Archive at Internet Archive </Li> <Li> CNN.com -- Video archive , including the first and second planes </Li> <Li> Remembering 9 / 11 -- National Geographic Society </Li> <Li> Time.com -- ' Shattered : a remarkable collection of photographs ' , James Nachtwey </Li> <Li> September 11 , 2001 , Screenshot Archive -- Database of 230 screenshots from news sites around the world </Li> <Li> Archive of newspaper front page images for 2001 - 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Qaeda </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leadership </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ayman al - Zawahiri </Li> <Li> Saif al - Adel </Li> <Li> Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah </Li> <Li> Hamza bin Laden </Li> <Li> Abdelmalek Droukdel </Li> <Li> Mokhtar Belmokhtar </Li> <Li> Qasim al - Raymi </Li> <Li> Abu Mohammad al - Julani </Li> <Li> Ahmad Umar </Li> <Li> Asim Umar </Li> <Li> Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former leadership </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Osama bin Laden ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Abu Ubaidah al - Banshiri ( died ) </Li> <Li> Wadih el - Hage ( captured ) </Li> <Li> Khalid al - Fawwaz ( captured ) </Li> <Li> Mamdouh Mahmud Salim ( captured ) </Li> <Li> Mohammed Atef ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Ali al - Bahlul ( captured ) </Li> <Li> Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Qaed Salim Sinan al - Harethi ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Abd al - Rahim al - Nashiri ( captured ) </Li> <Li> Khalid Sheikh Mohammed ( captured ) </Li> <Li> Walid bin Attash ( captured ) </Li> <Li> Hambali ( captured ) </Li> <Li> Abu Faraj al - Libbi ( captured ) </Li> <Li> Haitham al - Yemeni ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Mustafa Setmariam Nasar ( captured ) </Li> <Li> Abu Hamza Rabia ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Abu Faraj al - Libbi ( captured ) </Li> <Li> Mushin Musa Matwalli Atwah ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Abu Musab al - Zarqawi ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Omar al - Faruq ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Muhammad Jafar Jamal al - Kahtani ( captured ) </Li> <Li> Abdul Hadi al Iraqi ( captured ) </Li> <Li> Abu Ubaidah al - Masri ( died ) </Li> <Li> Abu Laith al - Libi ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Midhat Mursi ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Abu Sulayman Al - Jazairi ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Khalid Habib ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Mohammad Hasan Khalil al - Hakim ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Rashid Rauf ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Saad bin Laden ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Saleh al - Somali ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Abdullah Said al Libi ( killed ) </Li> <Li> Abu Ayyub al - 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Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta - wikipedia <H1> Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent season , see Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( season 6 ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Reality </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> David Wolfgang Josh Richards Earl `` Slick 23 '' Barlow Jade Sandberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Joseline Hernandez </Li> <Li> Erica Dixon </Li> <Li> Rasheeda </Li> <Li> K. Michelle </Li> <Li> Karlie Redd </Li> <Li> Mimi Faust </Li> <Li> Traci Steele </Li> <Li> Tammy Rivera </Li> <Li> Stevie J </Li> <Li> Tommie Lee </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` This Is The Life '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Lofey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 105 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brad Abramson </Li> <Li> Mona Scott - Young </Li> <Li> Danielle Gelfand </Li> <Li> Nina L. Diaz </Li> <Li> Stefan Springman </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Stephanie R. Gayle </Li> <Li> Toby Barraud </Li> <Li> Donell Dorsey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 40 -- 44 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Monami Entertainment Eastern TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> VH1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> June 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 18 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Love & Hip Hop : New York </Li> <Li> Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood </Li> <Li> Love & Hip Hop : Miami </Li> <Li> K. Michelle : My Life </Li> <Li> Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood </Li> <Li> Leave It To Stevie </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.vh1.com/shows/love_and_hip_hop_atlanta/ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta is the second installment of the Love & Hip Hop reality television franchise . It premiered June 18 , 2012 on VH1 , and chronicles the lives of several people in Atlanta involved with hip hop music . Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta is the highest - rated installment of the Love & Hip Hop franchise . On January 30 , 2017 , VH1 announced the show 's return for the sixth season , which premiered on March 6 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Current </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Former </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Supporting <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Current </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Former </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Series overview </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Season 1 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 Season 2 ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 Season 3 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 3.4 Season 4 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 3.5 Season 5 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 3.6 Season 6 ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cast member </Th> <Th_colspan="6"> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joseline Hernandez </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Erica Dixon </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rasheeda </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> K. Michelle </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td> Main </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karlie Redd </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mimi Faust </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Traci Steele </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Main </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tammy Rivera </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Main </Td> <Td> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stevie J </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tommie Lee </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> <Td> Main </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note : </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Appears in the opening credits from episode four onwards . </Li> <Li> ^ Appears in an uncredited cameo only . </Li> </Ol> Current ( edit ) The cast of the sixth season , from left to right : Tommie , Rasheeda , Mimi , Stevie J , Joseline , Tammy and Karlie . <Ul> <Li> Rasheeda </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> An underground rapper and entrepreneur . Rasheeda , full name Rasheeda Buckner - Frost , is the self - professed `` Georgia peach '' and `` queen of crunk '' , best known for her single `` Got That Good ( My Bubble Gum ) '' . She is the wife of Kirk Frost , who also acts as her manager . The series chronicles her marital struggles . She has released six independent albums through her husband 's company , D - Lo Entertainment . She has two sons by him , Ky and Karter . Her pregnancy with Karter was documented during the show 's second season . In 2015 , she announced her retirement from music and opened Pressed , a boutique store in Atlanta , which is featured prominently in the show 's fourth and fifth seasons . In the sixth season , she discovers that Kirk has impregnated another woman behind her back , once again throwing their marriage into turmoil . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Karlie Redd </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> An aspiring rapper , singer and entrepreneur . Redd , born Keisha Karlie Lewis , is of Trinidadian ethnicity . She has a daughter , Jasmine , from a previous relationship . The series focuses on her love life , including her romances with cast members Benzino , Yung Joc , Scrapp DeLeon and Lyfe Jennings . She has a reputation on the show for being `` messy '' and allegedly lying about her age . Her rivalry with K. Michelle is the focus of the first two seasons , during which she released `` Bring It '' , a diss track aimed at Michelle . The two later reconciled their differences . Subsequent seasons focus on her various business ventures , as an actress , boutique store owner and record label executive , as well as posing for Playboy and hosting a morning show for Playboy radio . In the sixth season , she rekindles her relationship with Joc and begins writing a sex advice book . Her romance with Joc once again fizzles out and Karlie begins dating tattoo artist Ceaser Emmanuel , their relationship serving as a crossover with fellow VH1 reality show Black Ink Crew . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Mimi Faust </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The mother of Stevie J 's daughter , Eva . The series chronicles her struggles co-parenting with Stevie and her bitter feud with his lover , Joseline . Faust , born Oluremi James , owns a cleaning service and throughout the show has embarked on a career as an entertainment manager , autobiographical author and interior designer . She enters a relationship with Nikko London in the second season . Their allegedly leaked , highly publicised sex tape , distributed by Vivid Entertainment , becomes the main focus of the third and fourth seasons . Although she does not identify as a lesbian or bisexual , she enters a relationship with a trans man , Chris , in the fifth season , and reveals in the fifth season reunion that she has been dating a woman . Additionally , Mimi appears in a supporting role in the spin - off shows Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood and Leave It To Stevie . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Tammy Rivera ( Season 3 , 5 -- present ) ( supporting cast member in season 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The long time girlfriend of Waka Flocka Flame , who she marries during the course of the show . Rivera is a fashion designer and stylist of mixed African - American and Nicaraguan ethnicity . She has a daughter , Charlie , from a previous relationship . The series chronicles her struggles with Waka 's fidelity issues . After a violent altercation with Joseline at the third season reunion , she is absent from the show , eventually returning as a supporting cast member towards the end of the fourth season . She rejoins the main cast in the fifth season . Rivera and Waka announced their separation during filming in 2016 . In the sixth season , Rivera embarks on a music career as Waka attempts to win her back . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Stevie J ( Season 4 -- present ) ( supporting cast member in seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A Grammy Award - winning record producer , singer and songwriter . Jordan , full name Steven Adrian Jordon , rose to fame in the 1990s as an in - house producer and writer for Puff Daddy 's Bad Boy Records . He has six children , including daughters with Mimi and Joseline . The series chronicles the turbulent love triangle between him , Mimi and Joseline . The show 's fourth season focuses on his legal issues including a stint in rehab . Additionally , Stevie stars in the spin - off shows Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood and Leave It To Stevie . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Tommie Lee ( Season 6 -- present ) ( supporting cast member in season 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> An aspiring performer , rapper and urban model . Lee , real name Atasha Jefferson Chizzaah Moore or Latisha Jefferson , is introduced as the girlfriend of rapper Scrapp DeLeon , although they later break up after he is jailed for marijuana trafficking . She has two daughters , Havali and Samaria , from previous relationships . She has had multiple legal issues in the past and gave birth to one of her daughters while incarcerated . The series chronicles her struggles with addiction and substance abuse , as well as her violent rivalries with the other female cast members . Additionally , she appears in a supporting role in the spin - off Leave It To Stevie . </Dd> </Dl> Former ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Joseline Hernandez ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A Latin - American entertainer and aspiring rapper . Hernandez is the self - professed `` Puerto Rican Princess '' , born and raised on the streets of Puerto Rico . She was discovered by Stevie J while performing as a stripper under the name Shenellica Bettencourt . The series chronicles her turbulent relationship with Stevie J and his baby 's mother Mimi . She identifies as bisexual . She and Stevie initially claimed to have married in 2013 . The two starred in their own spin - off show Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood . However , Stevie J admitted in 2016 that the marriage was faked for publicity and in court documents released later that year , Joseline confirmed they were in a long term relationship and never legally married . The couple 's break up was documented in the fifth season . During filming of the fifth season reunion , Hernandez revealed she was pregnant with Stevie 's sixth child , Bonnie Bella Jordan . Her daughter 's birth was documented in the special Joseline 's Special Delivery . Hernandez dramatically quit the show after six seasons during taping of the sixth season 's reunion , amid tensions with Mona Scott - Young and the show 's producers . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Erica Dixon ( Seasons 1 -- 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The mother of Lil Scrappy 's daughter , Emani . The series chronicled her on - and - off - again relationship with Scrappy , including a brief engagement and disputes over child support payments , as well as her struggles with her mother Mingnon , a recovering crack cocaine addict . In the third season , she entered a brief relationship with model O'Shea Russell . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> K. Michelle ( Seasons 1 -- 2 , 5 ) ( guest star in seasons 3 -- 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A R&B / soul singer and songwriter . Michelle , full name Kimberly Michelle Pate , was born and raised in Memphis , Tennessee . She has a son , Chase , from a previous relationship . The series chronicled her return to the music industry after several personal struggles , including an abusive relationship with music executive Mickey `` Memphitz '' Wright . Since the show began airing , she has released three albums through Atlantic Records and starred in her own spin - off K. Michelle : My Life . She leaves the main cast after the second season , after moving to New York to join the cast of Love & Hip Hop : New York . She returns to Atlanta in season five , rejoining the main cast , although she appears infrequently . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Traci Steele ( Season 2 ) ( cameo appearance in season 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A DJ and radio personality . She has a son , Little Drew . The second season chronicles her troubles with her son 's father , DJ Babey Drew , as well as her brief relationship with fitness model DaShaun Johnson . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Supporting ( edit ) </H3> <P> The series has a large ensemble cast . The lead cast members appear in the opening credits , while other cast members are credited as `` additional cast '' or `` featured '' in the show 's credits . These cast members appear in green screen confessional interview segments and ( for the most part ) have the same amount of screen time and storyline focus as the show 's main cast members . Some major supporting cast members have been eventually upgraded to main cast members . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cast member </Th> <Th_colspan="6"> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lil Scrappy </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ariane Davis </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Momma Dee </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kirk Frost </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shay Johnson </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benzino </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DJ Babey Drew </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Waka Flocka Flame </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Supporting </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adiz `` Bambi '' Benson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nikko London </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yung Joc </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Erica Pinkett </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kalenna Harper </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dawn Heflin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Supporting </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deb Antney </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Althea Heart </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony `` T . '' Vick </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jessica Dime </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margeaux Simms </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ashley Nicole </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Khadiyah Lewis </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sina Bina </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tiffany Foxx </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ernest Bryant </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PreMadonna </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Supporting </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karen `` KK '' King </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scrapp DeLeon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tiarra Becca </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Gould </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> D. Smith </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Betty Idol </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lyfe Jennings </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Supporting </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kelsie Frost </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shirleen Harvell </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sas </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J - Nicks </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amber Priddy </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melissa Scott </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jasmine Washington </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rod Bullock </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keanna Arnold </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sierra Gates </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moriah Lee </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lovely Mimi </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tresure Price </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shooter Gates </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gunplay </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estelita Quintero </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Savannah Jordan </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Supporting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samantha </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> Supporting </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note : </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Appears in a background cameo only . </Li> <Li> ^ As Scrapp was incarcerated during the filming of this season , he makes only a minor appearance via phone call . </Li> </Ol> Current ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Lil Scrappy </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The father of Erica 's daughter . Scrappy , real name Darryl Kevin Richardson II , is a rapper and self - professed `` Prince of the South '' , best known for his hit single `` Money In The Bank '' . The series chronicles his love life , including his on - again , off - again relationships with Erica and Bambi . Through the course of the show , he also pursues romances with Shay , Erica Pinkett , Betty Idol and Jessica Dime . The second season focuses on his legal issues , including a stint in rehab for marijuana addiction . He proposes to Bambi in the fifth season finale and the two become engaged . The couple 's break up is documented in season six . Additionally , Scrappy appears in a supporting role in the spin - off show Leave It To Stevie . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Ariane Davis </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Mimi 's best friend and confidante . Davis is a bartender and an aspiring singer from Mississippi . She comes out as a lesbian during the second season and enters a relationship with DJ Toni K . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Momma Dee </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Lil Scrappy 's mother . Dee , real name Deborah Gaither Bryant , is a former pimp and drug dealer who ran a brothel for ten years under the name `` Lady Dee '' . In addition to Scrappy , she has a daughter , Jasmine , and is also the cousin of Yung Joc . During the show , she has embarked on a music career , releasing the singles `` I Deserve '' and `` In That Order '' in 2014 and 2016 respectively . In the fourth season , she reunites with her ex-husband Ernest and remarries him in the finale . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Kirk Frost </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Rasheeda 's husband and manager . He is the CEO of D - Lo Entertainment . He has seven children , including cast member Kelsie as well as two sons by Rasheeda and a son by Jasmine , along with several grandchildren . In the second season , he was filmed cheating on his ( then ) pregnant wife with two women , a storyline which attracted controversy and criticism from the media , including from rapper Nicki Minaj . In the sixth season , it is revealed that he has had a secret son with his mistress Jasmine , once again throwing his marriage into turmoil . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Waka Flocka Flame ( Season 3 , 5 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Tammy 's longtime boyfriend , whom she marries during the course of the show . Waka , real name Juaquin James Malphurs , is a gangsta rapper , best known for the hit single `` No Hands '' and his collaborations with Gucci Mane . The third season documents his marital struggles and the loss of his brother , Kayo Redd . In the fifth season , his much - publicized comments about transgender people creates tension between Tammy , D. Smith and Betty Idol . He and Tammy separate later in the season , due to his infidelity , and season six chronicles his attempts to win her back . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Yung Joc ( Season 3 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Karlie Redd 's boyfriend . They break up later in season three , when his infidelity with Khadiyah is revealed . Joc , real name Jasiel Amon Robinson , is a Grammy Award - nominated rapper and aspiring stand - up comedian who has eight children to four different women and is still legally married . He is also the cousin of Momma Dee and Lil Scrappy , with whom he co-owns the modeling agency Grustle Girlz . The series chronicles his love life , including his relationship with Khadiyah and her feud with his baby mothers , as well as his later flings with Amber Priddy and Tommie . In the sixth season , he rekindles his relationship with Karlie , although he again has difficulties remaining faithful . Additionally , Joc appears in a supporting role in the spin - off show Leave It To Stevie . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Deb Antney ( Season 3 -- present ) ( guest star in seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Waka Flocka Flame 's mother . Antney , full name Debra Antney , is CEO of Mizay Entertainment and acts as an mentor to the other women . The third season documents the death of her son , Kayo Redd , which inspires her advocacy for suicide prevention and anti-bullying . Antney previously appeared in a minor supporting role in the spin - off show Chrissy & Mr. Jones . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Jessica Dime ( Season 4 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Joseline 's rival , which stems from their stripper days in Miami together . Dime , real name Jessica Chatman and also known as Dimepiece , is an aspiring rapper and performer , born and raised in Memphis , Tennessee . She moved to Atlanta from Miami , where she worked as a stripper at the King of Diamonds Gentleman 's Club . In season four , she briefly takes Mimi on as a manager and clashes with Tiffany Foxx . She appears as K. Michelle 's friend in two episodes of K. Michelle : My Life , however , in the fifth season , they have had a falling - out . In the sixth season , she enters a relationship with NBA player Shawne Williams . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Ernest Bryant ( Season 4 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Momma Dee 's ex-husband . She accidentally sent him away to prison for seven years when he was caught with drugs after she called the cops on him for stealing money from Scrappy . After being released from prison , the two rekindle their romance and remarry in the fourth season finale . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Karen `` KK '' King ( Season 5 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The mother and manager of Scrapp DeLeon and Sas . King , full name Karen Lynn King , is a longtime friend of Stevie J and her sons call him `` uncle '' . The fifth season chronicles her struggles to keep her family together , amid tensions with Scrapp 's baby mama Tiarra . In 2009 , her nephew Dolla was shot and killed . In 2012 , she and her sons were accused of the kidnapping , assault and attempted murder of her ex-husband . She went on the run and was featured in an episode of America 's Most Wanted . While in jail , she shared a cell block with Dawn . KK was later cleared of all charges . During filming of the fifth season in 2016 , she was arrested for financial identity fraud , theft and first degree forgery . She is awaiting trial and could face up to three years in prison . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Shirleen Harvell ( Season 5 -- present ) ( guest star in seasons 2 -- 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Rasheeda 's mother . She has a strained relationship with her son - in - law Kirk . In the fifth season , she starts working at Rasheeda 's boutique store and clashes with Momma Dee . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Melissa Scott ( Season 6 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Mimi 's friend , who also has a friendship with Joseline . She attempts to act as a peacemaker between the two . Scott , also known as DJ M , is a lesbian party promotor and founder of Traxx Girls events . It is revealed later in the season that she had a fling with Mimi the summer before , and had a `` friends - with - benefits '' relationship with Ariane several years earlier . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Sierra Gates ( Season 6 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A beauty entrepreneur who owns The Glam Shop , a hair , nail and beauty salon which employs Moriah and Lovely Mimi . She has two children with her husband Shooter . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Moriah Lee ( Season 6 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Sierra 's marketing assistant . She has ambitions to be step outside of Sierra 's shadow . She is in a relationship with a married man , who is later revealed to be Shooter . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Lovely Mimi ( Season 6 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Sierra 's employee , who forms a friendship with Tommie and the other girls . Mimi , real name Miyha Thi Luong , is a Vietnamese nail artist and social media personality from the DMV , where she owns a salon . She has three children to her husband Remy Skinner . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Tresure Price ( Season 6 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Moriah 's friend . Price , also known as Tresure P , is an aspiring DJ and radio personality from Houston , Texas . She is a former stripper . She sparks a violent rivalry with Tommie after revealing she is in a relationship with a married man . She also has a friendship with Joc 's baby mama Sina , and works as an intern at Joc 's radio station . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Shooter Gates ( Season 6 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Sierra 's husband . Gates , real name Rod Gates , is revealed to be secretly dating and financially supporting Moriah behind his wife 's back . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Estelita Quintero ( Season 6 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Stevie 's artist . Quintero , also known as the Panamanian Goddess , is an aspiring singer , actress and model from Colón , Panama . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Savannah Jordan ( Season 6 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Stevie 's daughter . Jordan is a high school student who has a strained relationship with Joseline . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Samantha ( Season 6 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Tommie 's mother . Samantha , also known as Finesse , has a strained relationship with her daughter . </Dd> </Dl> Former ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Shay Johnson ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Lil Scrappy 's friend . Johnson is an urban model and reality star who previously appeared as `` Buckeey '' on the VH1 reality shows Flavor of Love and Charm School . In the first season , Shay and Scrappy develop a `` friends - with - benefits '' relationship , igniting a feud between her and Erica . She will be appearing as a main cast member in the upcoming spin - off Love and Hip Hop : Miami . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Benzino ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Stevie J 's best friend . Benzino , real name Raymond Scott , is a rapper and CEO at Hip Hop Weekly Magazine . The series focuses on his love life , including his relationships with Karlie Redd and Althea Heart , who he becomes engaged to during the third season . During the second season , under the name `` Zino Grigio '' , he released `` Smashed Da Homie '' , a diss track aimed at Joseline . During the filming of season three in 2014 , Benzino was shot and wounded by his nephew at his mother 's funeral . Later , he has a major falling out with both Stevie J and Joseline , leading to a violent altercation at the third season reunion . He was fired after allegedly threatening a producer of the show . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> DJ Babey Drew ( Season 2 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The father of Traci 's son . Drew , full name Andrew Bisnaught , is a DJ and radio personality who has worked as Chris Brown 's tour DJ . The second season chronicles his troubles with Traci . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Adiz `` Bambi '' Benson ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) ( guest star in season 2 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Lil Scrappy 's girlfriend , who he becomes engaged to during the course of the show . Benson , real name Adizia Benson and also known as The Bam , is an urban model , video vixen , aspiring rapper and former cast member of Basketball Wives LA from Compton , California . She appears briefly in the second season as a potential love interest for Benzino , however , most of their early scenes together were cut and released on the show 's website as bonus material . Her on - again , off - again relationship with Scrappy sparks rivalries with several of the female cast members , including Erica Dixon , Erica Pinkett , Betty Idol and Jessica Dime . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Nikko London ( Seasons 3 -- 4 ) ( guest star in season 2 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Mimi 's boyfriend . London , real name Londell Smith , is a rapper , record producer and personal trainer . During the filming of the third season in 2014 , a sex tape featuring Nikko and Mimi was released through Vivid Entertainment . It was initially promoted as a stolen home video , however , the two later admitted that the tape was staged . It is revealed towards the end of season three that Nikko is still legally married . His wife , Margeaux , became a supporting cast member in the show 's fourth season . They went on to appear along with Margaux 's girlfriend Merike as a `` throuple '' on WE tv 's Marriage Boot Camp . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Erica Pinkett ( Season 3 ) ( guest star in season 2 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Lil Scrappy 's friend . She appears briefly in the second season as a flirtatious potential employee at Drew 's sneaker store , much to the chagrin of Traci . In season three , her potential romantic interest in Scrappy ignites a feud between her and his girlfriend , Bambi . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Kalenna Harper ( Seasons 3 -- 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Rasheeda 's friend . Harper is a singer and former member of Dirty Money . She is the wife of Tony Vick and has three children by him , Meshach , Noah and Savannah ( who was born after her time on the show ) . Noah 's birth was documented in the fourth season of the show , after which Kalenna suffered from postpartum depression . She identifies as bisexual and her relationship with a woman , Ashley , was featured in season three . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Dawn Heflin ( Seasons 3 -- 5 ) ( guest star in seasons 2 , 6 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Joseline 's friend and booking agent . Heflin , also known as Dawn Shuntrice , Safari Heflin or Dawn Drennon , is a publicist and entertainment manager from Miami . She has a dramatic falling out with Joseline and Stevie J in the third season over their alleged marriage , although her and Joseline later rekindle their friendship . In the fifth season , it is revealed that while in prison for drug trafficking , she shared a cell block with KK . Ever since , she has had an uneasy relationship with the King family . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Althea Heart ( Season 3 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Benzino 's girlfriend , with whom he gets engaged to during the course of the series . Heart , real name Althea Eaton and also known as Thi Thi , is an aspiring singer and songwriter . During the third season , it is revealed that she previously dated Stevie J and Nikko . Later , she and Benzino have a major falling out with Stevie J and Joseline , leading to a violent altercation at the third season reunion . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Tony `` T . '' Vick ( Seasons 3 -- 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Kaleena 's husband . Vick is a record producer and club promoter with nine kids to seven baby mothers , along with at least three grandchildren . After his time on the show , he had his tenth child with Kaleena . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Margeaux Simms ( Season 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Nikko 's wife . Simms is a singer , songwriter and visual artist . The fourth season chronicles her attempts to start a career in Atlanta , but because of her connection with Nikko , she ends up clashing with Mimi , Stevie J and Joseline . Later in the season , she reveals her bisexuality and begins dating model Merike Palmiste . She went on to appear with Merike and Nikko as a `` throuple '' on WE tv 's Marriage Boot Camp . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Ashley Nicole ( Season 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A singer under Kirk Frost 's management . She clashes with Rasheeda , who suspects her of sleeping with her husband . It is later revealed that she is a lesbian with a girlfriend . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Khadiyah Lewis ( Season 4 ) ( guest star in season 3 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Yung Joc 's assistant and real estate agent . During season three , it is revealed that she is dating Joc behind Karlie 's back . In season four , she becomes his official girlfriend , igniting a rivalry with his four baby mothers . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Sina Bina ( Season 4 ) ( guest star in season 6 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> One of Yung Joc 's baby mothers . She becomes the main rival to Khadiyah throughout the fourth season . She returns in the sixth season , once again , involving herself in Joc 's dating life . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Tiffany Foxx ( Season 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Mimi 's potential client . Foxx is a rapper , known as Lil ' Kim 's protege . She is briefly managed by Mimi , igniting a rivalry with Jessica Dime . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> PreMadonna ( Season 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A fashion designer and entrepreneur . She is the owner of the Waist Gang Society waist trainers , popularised by Kim Kardashian and Blac Chyna . She later appears with her husband Buck Thomas in the ninth season of WE tv 's Marriage Boot Camp . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Scrapp DeLeon ( Season 5 ) ( cameo appearances in season 3 , 6 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> KK 's oldest son . Scrapp , real name Will Cortez Robinson , is a rapper and member of the rap group Da Razkalz Cru . He is Muslim . In 2009 , he witnessed the shooting death of his cousin Dolla . In 2012 , he was accused of the kidnapping , assault and attempted murder of his stepfather . He , along with his mother and brother , were later cleared of all charges . The fifth season of the series chronicles the love triangle between him , Tommie and his baby 's mother Tiarra . He later has a fling with Karlie . During filming , Scrapp surrendered himself into custody for a marijuana trafficking charge and as of 2016 , he is incarcerated . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Tiarra Becca ( Season 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The mother of Scrapp DeLeon 's son King . Becca , real name Tiarra Rebecca Gwynne , has four other children to different fathers . She works at a financial firm during the day and as a night - club waitress and model at night . The fifth season chronicles her feud with Tommie and her struggles with Scrapp and his mother KK . Later in the season , she pursues a romance with J - Nicks . In the fifth season finale , she reveals she is pregnant with her fifth child and has married her recent boyfriend Brian Shaw . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Chris Gould ( Season 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Mimi 's girlfriend . Chris was born a woman but identifies as genderqueer and a `` touch - me - not '' . Chris breaks up with Mimi halfway through the fifth season , unable to deal with the drama in her life . Chris returns later in the season , revealing his desire to fully transition to male and pursue top surgery . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> D. Smith ( Season 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> A Grammy Award - winning record producer and model . She is a trans woman . In the fifth season , she clashes with Tammy over Waka Flocka Flame 's comments about transgender people and later ignites feuds with Deb , Bambi and Scrappy . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Betty Idol ( Season 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> D. Smith 's best friend . She is a singer of Colombian and African American ethnicity , mostly known for singing the hook on Rick Ross ' single `` Thug Cry '' . During the fifth season , she pursues a romance with Scrappy and clashes with Bambi and Tammy . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Lyfe Jennings ( Season 5 ) ( guest star in season 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Karlie 's boyfriend . They break up later in season five , allegedly due to her infidelity . It is later revealed that he got another woman pregnant and then got married to a third woman behind her back while they were together . Lyfe is an R&B / soul , singer and songwriter . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Kelsie Frost ( Season 5 ) ( guest star in season 6 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Kirk 's daughter . Frost is an aspiring rapper and Rasheeda 's employee at her boutique store . The fifth season chronicles her struggles to be taken seriously as an artist by her father and stepmother . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Sas ( Season 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> KK 's son and Scrapp 's younger brother . Sas , real name Lyndon Ahlik Smith , is a rapper and member of the rap group Da Razkalz Cru . He is Muslim . In 2012 , he was accused of the kidnapping , assault and attempted murder of his father . He , along with his mother and brother , were later cleared of all charges . After filming of the fifth season in 2016 , he survived a gun shot to the back of the head . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> J - Nicks ( Season 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Yung Joc 's friend . He is a DJ and radio personality who rose to fame as a host of BET 's Rap City . He works as a weekday radio DJ for Hot 107.9 . In the fifth season , he pursues a romance with Tiarra , despite being in a relationship with Amber . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Amber Priddy ( Season 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> J - Nicks ' girlfriend . She is a stripper and urban model from North Carolina . In the fifth season , she pursues a romance with Yung Joc behind J - Nicks ' back . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Jasmine Washington ( Season 6 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Kirk 's former mistress . She met Kirk while working as a stripper . In the sixth season , it is revealed that she has secretly given birth to Kirk 's son , Kannon , behind his wife Rasheeda 's back . She is openly bisexual and in a polyamorous relationship with Rod and Keanna . Joc claims to have also had a sexual tryst with her and another woman , a claim she denies . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Rod Bullock ( Season 6 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Jasmine 's boyfriend . Bullock , full name Rodney Bullock , is an music manager and friend of Yung Joc 's , who has recently been released from prison for money laundering . He dated Mimi prior to her relationship with Stevie . It ended badly , with Mimi claiming he is a scammer and con artist . He is in a polyamorous relationship with both Jasmine and Keanna . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Keanna Arnold ( Season 6 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Rod 's girlfriend , who shares him with Jasmine . She is a former stripper , longing to escape her past by breaking into the skincare and beauty industry . She claims to have also slept with Kirk around the same time as Jasmine . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Gunplay ( Season 6 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Scrappy 's friend . Gunplay , real name Richard Morales Jr. , is a rapper of Jamaican descent from Miami . He appeared as a supporting cast member for only one episode , leading to speculation that his appearance served as a teaser for the upcoming spin - off Love & Hip Hop : Miami . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Extra episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> <Th> Reunion </Th> <Th> Specials </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> June 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> August 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> August 27 , 2012 September 3 , 2012 </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 17 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> April 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2013 August 12 , 2013 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> May 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> August 25 , 2014 September 1 , 2014 September 8 , 2014 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 19 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> August 24 , 2015 August 31 , 2015 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> August 1 , 2016 August 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> July 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> July 10 , 2017 July 17 , 2017 </Td> <Td> May 1 , 2017 May 10 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( season 1 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The `` A '' List '' </Td> <Td> June 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 1.92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Pregnito '' </Td> <Td> June 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 2.84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Kiss & Yell '' </Td> <Td> July 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 2.81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Scrappin ' '' </Td> <Td> July 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 3.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` No Receipts '' </Td> <Td> July 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 2.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` No Apologies '' </Td> <Td> July 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 3.53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Therapy ? '' </Td> <Td> July 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 3.21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Three 's Company '' </Td> <Td> August 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 3.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Loyalty Card '' </Td> <Td> August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 3.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Smoke and Mirrors '' </Td> <Td> August 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 3.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion -- Part 1 '' </Td> <Td> August 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 4.10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion -- Part 2 '' </Td> <Td> September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 4.40 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( season 2 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Back in the A '' </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 2.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` She Loves Me Not '' </Td> <Td> April 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 2.86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Dinner Beef '' </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 3.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` He Said , She Said '' </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 3.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Baggage '' </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 2.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Making a Scene '' </Td> <Td> May 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 2.46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` N.Y. State Of Mind '' </Td> <Td> June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 2.81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Come to Daddy '' </Td> <Td> June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 2.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` The Keymaster '' </Td> <Td> June 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 3.20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` A Failed Test '' </Td> <Td> June 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 3.12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Mistake at the Lake '' </Td> <Td> July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 3.23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Turnt Up '' </Td> <Td> July 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 3.49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Up in Flames '' </Td> <Td> July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 3.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Boriqua '' </Td> <Td> July 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 3.66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Lord of the Rings '' </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 4.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion -- Part 1 '' </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 4.19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion -- Part 2 '' </Td> <Td> August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 4.12 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 3 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( season 3 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Next Chapter '' </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 3.76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Leaked '' </Td> <Td> May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 2.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Results Are In '' </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 3.21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` New Help '' </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 3.41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Party Foul '' </Td> <Td> May 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 3.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` What 's Your Position ? '' </Td> <Td> June 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 3.58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Past , My Ass '' </Td> <Td> June 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 3.48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Change of Course '' </Td> <Td> June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 3.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Three Way , No Way '' </Td> <Td> June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 3.83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` A Bullet in the Arm '' </Td> <Td> June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 3.79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Round and Round We Go '' </Td> <Td> July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 3.75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Release Day '' </Td> <Td> July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 3.88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Life Happens '' </Td> <Td> July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 3.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Loss for Words '' </Td> <Td> July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 3.43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Blast From the Past '' </Td> <Td> July 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 2.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` La La Land '' </Td> <Td> August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 3.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Over and Out '' </Td> <Td> August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 3.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion -- Part 1 '' </Td> <Td> August 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 3.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion -- Part 2 '' </Td> <Td> September 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 4.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion -- Part 3 '' </Td> <Td> September 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 3.72 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 4 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( season 4 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Danger Zone '' </Td> <Td> April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 3.54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Say Goodbye '' </Td> <Td> April 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 2.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Rehabilitation '' </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 2.65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 53 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Cuffed Up '' </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 2.80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 54 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Rumor Has It ... '' </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 3.12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 55 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Face the Music '' </Td> <Td> June 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 2.57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 56 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Three - Ring Circus '' </Td> <Td> June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 2.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 57 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The Truth Hurts '' </Td> <Td> June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 58 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` I Deserve '' </Td> <Td> June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 3.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 59 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Friends With Benefits '' </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 2.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` On the Road '' </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 2.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 61 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Blast From the Past '' </Td> <Td> July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 62 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Revenge '' </Td> <Td> July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 2.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 63 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Countdown '' </Td> <Td> July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 2.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 64 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Doing Me '' </Td> <Td> August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 2.79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 65 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Bait and Switch '' </Td> <Td> August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 2.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 66 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` I Do '' </Td> <Td> August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 3.32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion -- Part 1 '' </Td> <Td> August 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 3.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 68 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion -- Part 2 '' </Td> <Td> August 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 3.41 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 5 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( season 5 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 69 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Of Kings and Queens '' </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 2.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Full Disclosure '' </Td> <Td> April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 2.75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 71 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Daddy 's Home '' </Td> <Td> April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 2.82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 72 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Blackmail '' </Td> <Td> April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 2.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 73 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Watch Your Back '' </Td> <Td> May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 2.73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 74 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Mother of All Problems '' </Td> <Td> May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 1.75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 75 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Playing With Fire '' </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 2.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 76 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Common Ground '' </Td> <Td> May 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 2.79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 77 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Free At Last '' </Td> <Td> May 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 2.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 78 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Final Goodbye '' </Td> <Td> June 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 2.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 79 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Mystery Solved '' </Td> <Td> June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 2.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 80 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Lovers or Friends ? '' </Td> <Td> June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 2.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 81 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Funny Business '' </Td> <Td> July 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 1.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 82 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Confessions '' </Td> <Td> July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 2.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 83 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Heart to Heart '' </Td> <Td> July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 2.81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 84 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Final Outcome '' </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 2.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 85 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Exposed & Unfiltered -- Part 1 '' </Td> <Td> August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 2.66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 86 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Exposed & Unfiltered -- Part 2 '' </Td> <Td> August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 2.46 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ( season 6 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 87 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Who 's Your Daddy '' </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 3.21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 88 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Family Matters '' </Td> <Td> March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 3.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 89 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Sister Wives '' </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 2.73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 90 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` In With the New '' </Td> <Td> March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 3.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 91 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` War and Peace '' </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 2.78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 92 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Frenemies '' </Td> <Td> April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 2.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 93 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Grapes of Wrath '' </Td> <Td> April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 3.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 94 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` In Due Time '' </Td> <Td> April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 2.92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 95 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Bachelor Bash '' </Td> <Td> May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 2.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 96 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Up in Flames '' </Td> <Td> May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 97 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Keep It Real '' </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 2.51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 98 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Jamaican Flavor '' </Td> <Td> June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 2.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 99 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Jamaican Me Crazy '' </Td> <Td> June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 2.60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 100 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Reality Bites '' </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 2.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 101 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` When All Else Fails '' </Td> <Td> June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 2.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 102 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` The End Is Near '' </Td> <Td> July 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 2.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 103 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion -- Part 1 '' </Td> <Td> July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 2.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 104 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion -- Part 2 '' </Td> <Td> July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 2.73 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` VH1 's Love & Hip Hop Franchise Hits All the Right Notes '' . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . Viacom . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Was The Entire Cast of ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Just Fired ? - The Daily Beast '' . The Daily Beast . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Comprehensive History of All the Times Karlie Redd Was Messy on Love & Hip Hop Atlanta '' . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Karlie Redd is crowned the `` messy '' queen of # LHHATL , once again , on Twitter , as she mentions getting her binoculars out to spy `` . Hip Hop Vibe . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` You Will Not Believe How Old Karlie Redd Says She Really Is '' . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Karlie Redd is Ready to Show Some Skin '' . Playboy . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Karlie Redd Hosts Her First Playboy Radio Show '' . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' LOVE & HIP HOP ' STAR HARDCORE SEX TAPE With Reality Co-Star '' . TMZ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Is Mimi Faust a Lesbian ? Mimi and Chris Explain the Details of Their Relationship to Ariane '' . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Waka Flocka Addresses Separation , Says `` Nobody Cheated On Nobody , Nobody 's Mad At Nobody '' `` . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' LOVE AND HIP HOP ' STEVIE J : I 'M GOING TO REHAB To Stay Outta Jail '' . TMZ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joseline Hernandez : I Was A TV Stripper Named Shenellica ... Before ' Love & Hip Hop ' - TMZ '' . TMZ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Love and Hip Hop Star Comes Out as Bisexual - Advocate.com '' . The Advocate . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Are Stevie J + Joseline Married or Not ? - VH1 '' . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stevie J Reveals He & Joseline Hernandez Were Never Married '' . The Rickey Smiley Morning Show . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joseline Hernandez Says She Was Never Married to Stevie J '' . Vibe . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.intouchweekly.com/posts/joseline-hernandez-love-hip-hop-atlanta-mona-scott-young-133801/photos/joseline-hernandez-stevie-j7-246389 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Memphitz Admits To Beating K. Michelle And Lost Lawsuit Against Her '' . 107 JAMZ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LIL SCRAPPY SAYS HE 'S ADDICTED TO MARIJUANA , ENTERS REHAB '' . MTV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta 's ' Ariane Davis uncut '' . Rollingout . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LIL SCRAPPY RECALLS MOMMA DEE 'S GRITTY PIMP DAYS '' . MTV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Momma Dee Tells How She Became a Pimp From Her Hospital Bed '' . Rollingout . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' LOVE & HIP HOP ' STAR : Nicki Minaj Was Right ... I SUCK ! ! ! '' . TMZ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/257609/d-smith-doesnt-care-about-waka-flockas-opinion-not-big-enough-artist/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/270034/tammy-rivera-knows-waka-isnt-faithful-decides-it-may-be-time-to-just-move-on/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1 Man , 4 Baby Mamas , 8 Kids . What 's Joc 's Real Father 's Day Story ? '' . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` This Throwback Photo of Joseline and Jessica Dime at the Strip Club Is Everything '' . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Reality Of Stripping : Jessica Dime + Jhonni Blaze Break Down The Life Of A Dancer '' . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` R.I.P. Dolla : My Brother 's Keeper ( Scrapp Deleon ) '' . XXL Magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LHH Atlanta Star Karen King arrested with sons Sas and Scrapp for kidnapping , assault in 2012 '' . Starcasm . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Love & Hip Hop ' Star Alleged Saks Spree Might Cost Her 3 YEARS ! '' . TMZ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BENZINO ' EMBARRASSED ' AFTER GETTING SHOT AT HIS MOTHER 'S FUNERAL '' . MTV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' LOVE & HIP HOP ATLANTA ' BENZINO FIRED After Alleged Death Threats '' . TMZ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/250364/bambi-jessica-dime-fight-over-scrappy/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Love and Hip Hop Atlanta 's Mimi Faust Reveals Sex Tape Was Staged All Along '' . US Weekly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta Reunion Bonus Footage : Kalenna Explains Why She 's Bisexual '' . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta 's Tony Finally Explains His 9 Kids + 7 Baby Mommas '' . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' LOVE & HIP HOP : ATLANTA ' STARS : WE GOT FIRED & JOB - BLOCKED BY EXECS '' . TMZ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ashley Nicole Is Not Into Kirk ( Because She 's Into Girls ) '' . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` L&HH : ATL 'S TIFFANY FOXX SPEAKS ON WORKING W / LIL ' KIM & NOT BEING SCARED OF JOSELINE '' . Hot97 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meet Premadonna , # LHHATL ' Newbie ' & Billion Dollar Waist Trainer Guru '' . StraightFromTheA . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LHH Atlanta Scrapp DeLeon arrest details , in jail on drug charge '' . Starcasm . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chris Candidly Explains His Gender Identity and Clarifies What a `` Touch - Me - Not '' Is `` . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Love & Hip Hop Atlanta 's Chris Is Done With Reality TV , Calls The Show Too `` Extra '' `` . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Is D. Smith ? Meet the Grammy - Winning Producer Making History as the First Transgender Woman on Love & Hip Hop '' . VH1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/273217/karlie-comes-face-to-face-with-lyfes-baby-mom/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/269859/karlie-redd-finds-out-lyfe-jennings-is-married-sneak-peek/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Star Sas Shot in the Head '' . XXL Magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/272398/amber-priddy-loses-her-cool-when-she-sees-tiarra-and-j-nicks-together/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/268708/amber-priddy-rubs-on-yung-joc-love-hip-hop-atlanta-sneak/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/306150/kirk-cheated-with-jasmine-keanna-three-way-rod/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.hip-hopvibe.com/2017/05/08/gunplay-showed-up-on-lhhatl-and-fans-speculate-that-he-is-being-used-to-introduce-love-hip-hop-miami/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' + ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Single Ladies ' & ' Hardcore History ' - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teen ' , ' Bunheads ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . June 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : WWE Raw + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Single Ladies 2 ′ , ' American Pickers ' & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . July 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Home Run Derby ' Wins Night , ' Love and Hip Hop ' , ' The Closer ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Bunheads , ' ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE RAW ' Wins Night , + ' Love and Hip - Hop ' , ' Single Ladies 2 ′ , ' The Closer ' , ' Lizard Lick Towing ' , ' Perception ' & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' 1000th Episode Wins Night , ' Love and Hip Hop ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' The Closer ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Bunheads ' , ' Warehouse 13 ′ , & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daily Preliminary Broadcast Cable Finals Broadcast Finals ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' The Closer ' , ' Perception ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' The Closer ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' The Closer ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' & Pre-Season Football Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' , ' Bunheads ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowe , Valentino ( September 3 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Pawn Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Wins Night + WWE Raw , ' Teen Mom II ' , NBA Playoffs & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Defiance ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Dominates + ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Teen Mom II ' , ' TI & Tiny ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Teen Mom II ' , ' Bates Motel ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' & ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Win Night ; ' Bates Motel ' , ' Defiance ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' The Glades ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Dominates + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , NHL Hockey , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Wins Night + NHL Stanley Cup , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Hit The Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Real Housewives of OC ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads + ' WWE RAW , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Major Crimes , ' ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Home Run Derby ' Wins Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Hit the Floor ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Fast N Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. and Tiny ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. & Tiny ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Lead Night + ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' The Boondocks ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Catfish ' , ' American Dad ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Louie ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Leads Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' T.I. & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Swamp People ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Tops Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Pawnography ' , ' Loiter Squad ' , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' , ' Dominion ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Jaws Strikes Back ' , ' Monster Hammerhead ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Dallas ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' T.I. & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta - Episode Guide for Season 3 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Houdini ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' T.I. & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Rules Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball & ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Top Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Top Night + ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 5.11. 2015 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' TI & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' TI & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Women 's World Cup Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Street Outlaws ' , ' WWE Raw ' ' T.I. & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , Shark Week , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Tut ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' T.I. & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' UnReal ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' She 's Got Game ' , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + Preseason Football , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' , ' Awkward ' , ' Switched At Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : NCAA Championship dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' and ' Teen Mom ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' finale holds steady , NBA Playoffs soar '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : NBA Playoffs finish on top , beat broadcast '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hip : Atlanta ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : NBA Playoffs lead , ' Love & Hip Hop ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Record NBA game for TNT leads the way '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' returns on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' leads the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' reigns supreme '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Home Run Derby dominates the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Democratic National Convention wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' and ' Love & Hip Hop ' dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' ticks up , ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' premieres on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Bates Motel ' dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' ticks up , ' WWE Raw ' stays strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Street Outlaws ' ticks up , ' Bates Motel ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' leads , ' Love & Hip Hop ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low , ' Love & Hip Hop ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' hits series low , ' Bates Motel ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' series finale rises , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' ticks up , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' holds steady , ' Better Call Saul ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Better Call Saul ' tick up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' wins the night , ' Better Call Saul ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' season finale ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' holds steady , ' Preacher ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' dips but stays on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Home Run Derby leads the night , ' Preacher ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' WWE Raw ' tick up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Love & Hip Hop franchise </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Domestic installments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New York <Ul> <Li> season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Atlanta <Ul> <Li> season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hollywood <Ul> <Li> season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Miami </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spin - offs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chrissy & Mr. Jones </Li> <Li> K. 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Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb - wikipedia <H1> Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Shawn Levy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shawn Levy </Li> <Li> Chris Columbus </Li> <Li> Mark Radcliffe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Guion </Li> <Li> Michael Handelman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mark Friedman </Li> <Li> David Guion </Li> <Li> Michael Handelman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Characters by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ben Stiller </Li> <Li> Robin Williams </Li> <Li> Owen Wilson </Li> <Li> Dan Stevens </Li> <Li> Ben Kingsley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Alan Silvestri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Guillermo Navarro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Dean Zimmerman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 21 Laps Entertainment </Li> <Li> 1492 Pictures </Li> <Li> TSG Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) </Li> <Li> December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 97 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $127 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $363.2 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a 2014 American comedy adventure film directed by Shawn Levy and written by David Guion and Michael Handelman . It is the sequel to the 2006 film Night at the Museum and the 2009 film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . The film stars Ben Stiller , Robin Williams , Owen Wilson , Dan Stevens and Ben Kingsley . It is the third and final installment of the Night at the Museum trilogy . In Secret of the Tomb , security guard Larry Daley must travel to London to return the tablet of Ahkmenrah , an Egyptian artifact which causes the exhibits to come to life , before the magic disappears . </P> <P> Principal photography of Secret of the Tomb took place from January to May 2014 in London , England and British Columbia , Canada . The film premiered on December 11 , 2014 , at New York City 's Ziegfeld Theater and was released in the United States on December 19 , 2014 . Secret of the Tomb grossed over $363 million at the box office . This film was dedicated to the memory of Robin Williams , who died four months before the film 's release , and fellow Night at the Museum actor Mickey Rooney , who died before principal photography was finished . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Voices </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Music <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Track listing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Release </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Home media </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1938 Egypt , a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah , including a young Cecil Fredericks , finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah . The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic . </P> <P> In present day New York City , Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History . He and the exhibits , brought to life each night by the tablet , help re-open the Hayden Planetarium . A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced , identifying Larry as his father . Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding , which later causes the exhibits to act erratically , causing mayhem at the planetarium 's reopening . Afterwards , Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party , who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life . </P> <P> Larry reunites with Cecil , now in retirement , who realises the end of the tablet 's magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless . Cecil explains Ahkmenrah 's parents , Merenkahre and Shepseheret , may be able to restore the tablet 's power , but are located in the British Museum . Larry convinces the museum 's curator , Dr. McPhee , to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet , convinced that McPhee knows its secrets . Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum , bypassing the night guard Tilly . To Larry 's surprise , Theodore Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila the Hun , Jedediah , Octavius , Dexter the capuchin monkey , and Laaa have come as well . Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum , the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life . </P> <P> They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton . Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft , but are rescued from an erupting Pompeii model by Dexter . The group find Ahkmenrah 's parents , learning the tablet 's power can be regenerated by moonlight , since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu . Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it , leaving to find Camelot . Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape , Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly , but they become attracted to each other . </P> <P> Lancelot crashes a performance of the Camelot musical , starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere , but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof , where the New York exhibits begin to die . Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back . The moonlight restores the tablet 's power , saving the exhibits . They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents , even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life . Back in New York , Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise . </P> <P> Three years later , Larry now works as a teacher , and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York . Tilly becomes the new night guard , and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee , showing him its power , and allowing the exhibits to awaken again . Outside , Larry watches them party inside . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History . <Ul> <Li> Stiller also plays Laaa , a Neanderthal who resembles Larry . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt , the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States . </Li> <Li> Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a cowboy diorama miniature . </Li> <Li> Steve Coogan as Octavius , a Roman soldier miniature . </Li> <Li> Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the director of the Museum of Natural History . </Li> <Li> Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps , the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History . </Li> <Li> Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot , the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table . </Li> <Li> Rebel Wilson as Tilly , the night security guard at the British Museum . </Li> <Li> Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley , the son of Larry Daley . He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films . </Li> <Li> Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh . </Li> <Li> Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun , the statue of the leader of the Huns . </Li> <Li> Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea , the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt 's girlfriend . </Li> <Li> Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah 's father . </Li> <Li> Dick Van Dyke as Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks , a retired security guard from the first film . <Ul> <Li> Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mickey Rooney as Gus , a retired security guard from the first film . </Li> <Li> Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a retired security guard from the first film . </Li> <Li> Andrea Martin as Rose , an archivist at the Museum of Natural History . </Li> <Li> Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks , C.J. 's father in the prologue . </Li> <Li> Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley , an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue . </Li> <Li> Anjali Jay as Shepseheret , the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah . </Li> <Li> Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a Capuchin monkey . </Li> <Li> Hugh Jackman as Himself ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Alice Eve as Herself ( uncredited ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Voices ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact . </Li> <Li> Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head . </Li> <Li> Regina Taufen as New York Reporter . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> On January 21 , 2010 , co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood , `` I think it 's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3 , in fact . I wonder if someone 's not even already working on a script for that . I can not confirm that for a fact , but I can not deny it for a fact either ... It might be in the works . '' In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Stiller confirmed the sequel , however , he said that it was only in the `` ideas stage '' . In February 2013 it was announced that the film , directed by Shawn Levy , would be released on December 25 , 2014 . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014 . </P> <P> On November 8 , 2013 , actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot . On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley . On December 18 , 2013 , it was announced that Stiller , Robin Williams , and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel . On January 9 , 2014 , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum . On January 14 , 2014 , the film 's release date was moved up from December 25 , 2014 , to December 19 , 2014 . On January 23 , 2014 , it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum . Principal photography and production began on January 27 , 2014 . On May 6 , 2014 , it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . In May 2014 , principal photography ended . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <P> Alan Silvestri returns to score the final installment of the trilogy . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by Alan Silvestri </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Film score </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 56 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Varese Sarabande </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <P> Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6 , 2015 . </P> <P> All tracks written by Alan Silvestri . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` The Ahkmenrah Expedition '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Performance Prep '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` LOL '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` The Grand Re-Opening '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` The End Will Come '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Sneak And Greet '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Sir Lancelot '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Where Are Jed And Octavius ? '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Main Hall '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Xiangliu '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Male Bonding '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` The Legend Of The Tablet '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` The Escher Fight '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Camelot '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` The Quest '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` Seeing Your Boy Become A Man '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` Laaa Love '' </Td> <Td> 1 : 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` A Farewell Kiss '' </Td> <Td> 2 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` Teddy 's Goodbye '' </Td> <Td> 3 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 56 : 52 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11 , 2014 . It was then released on December 19 , 2014 in the United States . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America , and $249.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million . </P> <P> In North America , early analysts were predicting a potential $25 -- $28 million opening . In North America , the film was released on December 19 , 2014 across 3,785 theaters . It opened Friday , December 19 , 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day , placing at number three at the box office . The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend , earning $17.1 million , which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ( $30.4 million ) and its sequel ( $54.1 million ) . The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . According to 20th Century Fox , the movie 's audience was 51 % male , with 54 % of the audience under the age of 25 . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' , on an A+ to F scale . </P> <P> The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend , debuting at # 3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar . The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million . It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million , primarily because of China , where it opened at # 1 with $26 million . The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ( $5.85 million ) , Brazil ( $3.1 million ) , Malaysia ( $3.07 million ) , the UK ( $3 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Germany ( $2.1 million ) and Singapore ( $2 million ) . </P> <P> For the weekend of January 16 , 2015 , the film grossed $17.8 million , which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a 48 % approval rating , based on 104 reviews , with an average score of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While not without its moments , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a less - than - inspired sendoff for the trilogy . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 47 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . </P> <P> Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review , praising the visual effects and calling the production values `` topnotch '' , and admiring Guillermo Navarro 's work . He added , `` A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus ' cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family - entertainment juggernaut ... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises , but should add much holiday cheer to Fox 's box - office coffers . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said , `` The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum ' trilogy ' turns out to be a good - natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy . '' Glenn Kenny awarded the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed - set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said , `` As talent - packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be -- in this third installment ... -- one does n't come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody 's best work . Or at least one certainly should n't , because it wo n't materialize . '' Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review , saying `` The third installment , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb may be the best , and even the generally wound - too - tight Ben Stiller - once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard - is easy to tolerate . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced , this outing feels breezier , more enjoyable and less contrived . '' Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` There 's a serenity to museum visits , especially if it 's a place you know and love . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , amazingly , recaptures that feeling in big - studio franchise form . '' </P> <P> Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars , saying `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair , a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion . '' Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying `` It 's kind of fun , unembarrassingly , and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B , saying `` There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly . But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert . '' Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Seeing Ben Stiller , the late Robin Williams , and their magically roused gang together again , this time in London , is initially all about indulgent , nostalgic smiles rather than new wows . But then comes the movie 's exceptionally clever and fresh final act , which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly , with its heart in the past ... It 's an exciting opening , and perhaps too exciting for the film 's own good . It 's hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time - honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum , the creaky Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue . '' </P> <P> Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ , saying `` Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes , pop - culture references , and father - son bonding moments . In other words , it 's exactly the kind of film that should n't be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts -- but what a movie it could be if it did . '' Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` For piquing kids ' interest in history and nature , you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise . But its third installment is more meh than manic , too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors . You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five , saying `` The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny . The special effects are often so 1980s - bad , one wonders if it was a deliberate choice , to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers . Time and again , terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand , helpless against the sucking sound of this movie . '' Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars , saying `` None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art , but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise , is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation . '' </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Recipient ( s ) </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teen Choice Awards </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Choice Movie : Comedy </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie Actor : Comedy </Td> <Td> Ben Stiller </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kids ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Movie Actor </Td> <Td> Ben Stiller </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <P> Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 10 , 2015 . The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM : SECRET OF THE TOMB ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sneak peek : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` Rebel Wilson Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` ' Downton Abbey 's Dan Stevens Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' As Lancelot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen . `` Skyler Gisondo Set For ' Night At The Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Ben Kingsley Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Raring to go ! A grinning Mickey Rooney , 93 , is pushed through airport in wheelchair as he arrives in Canada to film Night At The Museum 3 '' . Dailymail.co.uk . January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Night At The Museum 3 ' In The Works '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller Reveals ' Zoolander ' Sequel Secrets ; Future of the Fockers and What He Thinks of ' Tower Heist ' Co-Star Eddie Murphy as Oscar Host '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Shawn Levy Returns to Direct NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM 3 for December 25 , 2014 Release ; THE MAZE RUNNER Set to Open February 14 , 2014 '' . Collider . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Night At The Museum 3 ' In The Works Access Hollywood - Celebrity News , Photos & Videos '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ricky Gervais Reprising In ' Night At The Museum 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` Fox Sets Date For ' Planet of the Apes ' Project , Moves Romancer ' The Longest Ride ' Away From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' ; ' Night At the Museum ' Now Head to Head With ' The Hobbit ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sir Ben Kingsley Joining Shawn Levy 's Night at the Museum 3 '' . Comingsoon.net . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 1 / 27 / 14 : Universal 's ' Ouija ' Wraps , ' Night At The Museum 3 ′ Starts For 20th Century Fox `` Studio System News '' . Studiosystemnews.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quiet on set ! Ben Stiller and Robin Williams are joined by former Downton Abbey star Dan Stevens as they film Night At The Museum 3 in London '' . DailyMail.com . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller 's Third Franchise Adventure is Now Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams leaves behind four upcoming films '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . movie-wave.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' Soundtrack Details '' . filmmusicreporter.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night At The Museum : Secret Of The Tomb Soundtrack List Movie ( 2014 '' . songonlyrics.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Soundtrack '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller , ' Night at the Museum ' Cast Remember Robin Williams - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ Trailer # 2 : Do n't Let the Magic Die '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Finale Opens Strong with $24.5 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Forecast ( cont . ) : ' Night at the Museum , ' ' Annie ' Open Ahead of Christmas Holiday '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Widest Releases '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Hobbit ' Wakes Up Auds ; ' Annie ' Arm Wrestling Ben Stiller For No. 2 -- Friday B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Rules Them All With $90.6 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report ( cont . ) : Final ' Night at the Museum ' Narrowly Tops ' Annie ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deadline.com reported slightly different opening figures : $10.93 million from 29 international markets . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Rules While Chinese , Indian And French Films Make Noise : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit ' Finale Soars To $355 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' , ' Exodus ' Lead XMas Frame ; Euro , Korea Pics Boom Locally : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Strong Weekend For Fox , Clint Eastwood At International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Passes $500 M ; ' American Sniper ' , ' Taken 3 ′ Skillful : Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Taken ' Repeats , ' Hobbit ' Hits $800 Million '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Foundas ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb review -- surreal panto fantasy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Rogererbert.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Night at the Museum Movies Are Better Than Critics Say '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Third ' Night at the Museum ' is breezy , bittersweet fun '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , ' movie review '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Night at the Museum : Tomb ' doomed by ennui '' . The Arizona Republic . December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Long , The Detroit News ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' is family - friendly fun '' . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' review : Bury it '' . Newark Star - Ledger . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Russo ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' sequel shakes off the dust '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robbie Collin ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , review : ' so much fun ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Rechtshaffen . `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review : The creepy Night At The Museum series comes to a close with Secret Of The Tomb '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New ' Night at the Museum ' is a bit musty '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Please do not touch '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drew Hunt ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb - Film Review '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the ' 28th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ' '' . Zap2it . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep gets her first Kids ' Choice Awards nomination : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunger Games ' Fends Off ' Night at the Museum ' on Home Video Sales Charts '' . Variety.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb on IMDb </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at Box Office Mojo </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Shawn Levy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Just in Time ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Just Married ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Date Night ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Real Steel ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Internship ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum:_Secret_of_the_Tomb&oldid=799280198 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2014 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 2010s adventure films </Li> <Li> 2010s comedy films </Li> <Li> 2010s fantasy films </Li> <Li> 1492 Pictures films </Li> <Li> 21 Laps Entertainment films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American adventure comedy films </Li> <Li> American sequel films </Li> <Li> British Museum </Li> <Li> Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun </Li> <Li> Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Fantasy adventure films </Li> <Li> Film scores by Alan Silvestri </Li> <Li> Films about Theodore Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Films directed by Shawn Levy </Li> <Li> Films set in 1938 </Li> <Li> Films set in 2014 </Li> <Li> Films set in Egypt </Li> <Li> Films set in London </Li> <Li> Films set in museums </Li> <Li> Films set in New York City </Li> <Li> Films shot in London </Li> <Li> IMAX films </Li> <Li> Neanderthals in fiction </Li> <Li> Performance capture in film </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from May 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Album infoboxes lacking a cover </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 19 : 12 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) - Wikipedia <H1> Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) </H1> This article is about the original UK version . For the international franchise , see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Titlecard for the 2018 , 20th Anniversary series of Who Wants to be a Millionaire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Briggs </Li> <Li> Steve Knight </Li> <Li> Mike Whitehill </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chris Tarrant </Li> <Li> Jeremy Clarkson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Keith Strachan </Li> <Li> Matthew Strachan </Li> <Li> Nick Magnus ( 2007 -- 14 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of series </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 599 ( as of 11 May 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> David Briggs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production location ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elstree Studios ( 1998 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> MediaCityUK ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 30 -- 75 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Celador ( 1998 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Victory Television ( 2011 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Stellify Media ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Sony Pictures Television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ITV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 4 : 3 ( 1998 -- 99 ) 16 : 9 ( 1999 -- 2014 , 2018 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> Original series : 4 September 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 04 ) -- 11 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) Revived series : 5 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 05 ) -- Present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? is a British quiz show , created and produced by David Briggs , and made for the ITV network . The show 's format , devised by Briggs , sees contestants taking on multiple - choice questions , based upon general knowledge , winning a cash prize for each question they answer correctly , with the amount offered increasing as they take on more difficult questions . To assist each contestant who takes part , they are given three lifelines to use , may walk away with the money they already have won if they wish not to risk answering a question , and are provided with a safety net that grants them a guaranteed cash prize if they give an incorrect answer , provided they reach a specific milestone in the quiz . </P> <P> The original series aired for 30 series and a total of 592 episodes , from 4 September 1998 to 11 February 2014 , and was presented by Chris Tarrant . Over the course of its run , the original series had around five contestants walk away with the top cash prize of £ 1 million , and faced a number of controversies during its run , including an attempt to defraud the show of its top prize by a contestant . The original format of the programme was tweaked in later years , changing the number of questions from fifteen to twelve and altering the payout structure as a result , and later incorporating a time limit . Four years after the original series ended , ITV unveiled a revived series , created by Stellify Media , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the programme . The revived format , based upon the original design , was presented by Jeremy Clarkson , and broadcast in 2018 , from 5 to 11 May . </P> <P> The gameshow became one of the most significant shows in British popular culture , ranking 23rd in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes . Its success led to the programme being exported to many other countries , all of which follow the same general format , though with some versions including unique differences in gameplay and lifelines provided . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Creation </Li> <Li> 1.2 Original series </Li> <Li> 1.3 Revival </Li> <Li> 1.4 Top prize winners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Format <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Auditioning </Li> <Li> 2.2 Game Rules </Li> <Li> 2.3 Lifelines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Series overview </Li> <Li> 4 Text game ( 2004 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 5 Controversies <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Incorrect answer to question accepted </Li> <Li> 5.2 Schedule rigging allegation </Li> <Li> 5.3 Ambiguous question </Li> <Li> 5.4 Ingram cheating scandal </Li> <Li> 5.5 Phone - a-Friend </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 6.2 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> UK presenters of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Chris Tarrant ( 1998 -- 2014 ) Jeremy Clarkson ( 2018 - ) <H3> Creation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The creation of the game show was led by David Briggs , assisted by Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight , who had helped him before with creating a number of promotional games for Chris Tarrant 's morning show on Capital FM radio . The basic premise for the show was a twist on the conventional game - show genre of the time , with a focus towards the setup used in radio quizzes , in that the programme would have one contestant taking on the game and answering questions , but with the ability to pull out at any time , to have certain points in the quiz where , once passed , they could have a set prize given to them if they should give a wrong answer , and be provided with special forms of assistance during their game . During the design phase , the show was given the working title of `` Cash Mountain '' , before Briggs decided upon using the name of the song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society , as the show 's finalised title . After presenting their idea to ITV , the broadcaster gave the green - light for production to begin on a series . </P> <P> The set designed for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? was conceived by British production designer Andy Walmsley , who focused the design towards making contestants feel uncomfortable , creating an atmosphere of tension similar to movie thriller . The design was in stark contrast to the design of sets made for more typical game shows , which are designed to make contestants feel more at ease . Walmsley 's design feature a central stage made primarily with Plexiglas , with a huge dish underneath covered in mirror paper , onto which two slightly - modified , 3 foot ( 0.91 m ) - high Pietranera Arco All chairs were chosen for use by both the contestant and the host , each having an LG computer monitor directly facing each that would be used to display questions and other pertinent information . The rest of the set featured seating spaced out around the main stage in a circle , with breaks in them to allow movement of people on and off the set . The lighting rig used for the set was designed so as to allow only the lights to switch from illuminating the entire set , to focusing on the host and contestant on the main stage when a game was underway , but to include special lighting effects when the contestant reached higher cash prize amounts . His overall conception would eventually prove to be a success , becoming one of the most reproduced scenic designs in television history . </P> <P> The music provided for the show was composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . The Strachans ' composition for the game show helped with Briggs ' tense game design , by providing the necessary drama and tension . Unlike other game show musical scores , the music provided for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? was designed to be played throughout the entire episode of the show . The Strachans main theme for the game show was inspired from the `` Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets . For the main game of the show , the pair designed the music to feature three variations , with the second and third compositions focused on emphasising the increased tension of the game - as a contestant made progress to higher cash amounts , the pitch of the music was increased by a semitone for each subsequent question . On Game Show Network 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special , the narrator described the Strachan tracks as `` mimicking the sound of a beating heart '' , and stated that as the contestant works their way up the money ladder , the music is `` perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse '' . </P> <H3> Original series ( edit ) </H3> <P> With the show created , ITV assigned Chris Tarrant as its host , and set its premiere to 4 September 1998 . The programme was assigned a timeslot of one hour , to provide room for three commercial breaks , with episodes produced by production company Celador . Originally , the show was broadcast on successive evening for around ten days , before the network modified its broadcast schedule to air it within a primetime slot on Saturday evenings , with occasional broadcasts on Tuesday evenings . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? proved a ratings hit , pulling in average viewing figures of up to 19 million during its broadcast in 1999 , though such figures often occurred when the programme was allocated to a half - hour timeslot ; by 2003 , the viewing figures declined to an average of around 8 million viewers . Over the course of his time presenting the game show , Tarrant developed a number of notable catchphrases , including `` Is that your final answer ? '' , and `` But we do n't want to give you that '' , with the latter often used to emphasise his wish to see contestants continue on and win more money . </P> <P> Since its launch , several individuals made claims over the origins of the format or elements of it , with each accusing Celador of breaching their copyrights . In three cases , the matters could not be proven by the claimants - in 2002 , Mike Bull , a Southampton - based journalist , was given an out - of - court settlement when he claimed the authorship of lifelines was his work , though with a confidentiality clause attached ; in 2003 , Sydney resident John J. Leonard made claims in that the show 's format was based on one he had made of a similar nature , but without the concept of lifelines ; in 2004 , Alan Melville was given an out - of - court settlement after he claimed that the opening phrase `` Who wants to be a millionaire ? '' had been taken from document he sent to Granada Television , concerning his idea for a game show based on the lottery . </P> <P> One of most significant claims Celador received against them was from John Bachini . In 2002 , he started legal proceedings against the production company , ITV , and five individuals who had claimed they had created Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , stating that the idea from the show was taken from several elements he had created - a board game format he conceived in 1981 ; a two - page TV format , known as Millionaire , made in 1990 ; and the telephone mechanics for a TV concept he created in 1990 , BT Lottery . In his claim , Bachini stated that he submitted documents for his TV concepts to Paul Smith , from a sister company of Celador 's , in March 1995 and again in January 1996 , and to Claudia Rosencrantz of ITV , also in January 1996 , accusing both of using roughly 90 % of the format for Millionaire in the pilot for the game show , including the use of twenty questions , lifelines and safety nets , although the lifelines were conceived under different names - Bachini claimed that he never coined the phrase `` phone - a-friend '' that Briggs designed in his format . In response to this claim , Celdaor made a counter-claim that the franchise originated from the basic format idea conceived by Briggs . The defendants in the claim took Bachini to a summary hearing , but lost their right to have his claim dismissed . Although Bachini won the right to go to trial , he was unable to after the hearing due to serious illness . Celador eventually settled the matter with him out - of - court . </P> <P> In March 2006 , Celador began procedures to sell the format of the show and all UK episodes , as part of their first step towards the sale of their formats divisions . The purchase of both assets was made by Dutch company 2waytraffic , which were then passed on to Sony Pictures Entertainment in 2008 when it acquired 2waytraffic . As the original series progress , variations of the format were created , and screened as special episodes , including celebrity editions , games featuring couples as contestants , and episodes themed around special events such as Mother 's Day . </P> <P> From April 2011 , only celebrity contestants appeared on the show , in special live editions that coincided with holidays , events and other notable moments , such as the end of a school term . However , in 2012 , three special episodes , entitled `` The People Play '' , were broadcast for three consecutive nights between 9 and 11 July . They featured standard contestants , with viewers at home allowed to play along . The special was used three more times in 2013 , once on 7 May , and twice more on 21 May , before the special 's format was discontinued . </P> <P> On 22 October 2013 , Tarrant announced that after fifteen years of hosting the programme , he would be leaving Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , which consequently led ITV to axe the programme once his contract was finished ; no more specials would be filmed after this announcement , leaving only those made before it to be aired as the final episodes . After a few more celebrity editions of the game show , Tarrant hosted his final episode , a clip show entitled `` Chris ' Final Answer '' , aired on 11 February 2014 . </P> <H3> Revival ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2018 , ITV revived the show for a new series , as part of its 20th anniversary commemorations of the programme . On 23 February , the broadcast put out a casting call for contestants who would appear on the game show . On 9 March , Jeremy Clarkson was confirmed as the new host of the show . On 13 April , the trailer for the revival premiered on ITV and confirmed that the show would return in May for a week long run , with it later confirmed on 25 April , that the show would begin airing from 5 May and finish 11 May . The revival received mostly positive reviews from critics and fans . </P> <H3> Top prize winners ( edit ) </H3> <P> Over the course of the programme 's broadcast history , it has had to date five winners who managed to successfully receive its top prize of £ 1 million . They include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel , a cash - strapped garden designer at the time . On 20 November 2000 , she became the first contestant to win the top prize , and is to date the only woman to have received it in the British original . Following her success , Keppel later went onto become part of team of quiz experts for the BBC game show , Eggheads . </Li> <Li> David Edwards , a former physics teacher of Cheadle High School and Denstone College in Staffordshire . On 21 April 2001 , he became the first man to win the top prize . Following his success , Edwards went on to compete in both series of Are You an Egghead ? , in 2008 and 2009 respectively , but failed to win either series and secure a place as a panellist on Eggheads . </Li> <Li> Robert Kempe Brydges , an Oxford - educated banker from Holland Park , London . On 29 September 2001 , he became the third person to win the show 's top prize . </Li> <Li> Pat Gibson , a multiple world champion Irish quiz player . On 24 April 2004 , he became the fourth person to win the top prize , and is the only person in the show 's history to reach the final question with two lifelines still intact . </Li> <Li> Ingram Wilcox , a British quiz enthusiast . On 23 September 2006 , he became the fifth person to win the top prize , and is to date , the most recent person to answer the show 's final question . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Format ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Auditioning ( edit ) </H3> <P> Members of the public wishing to apply for the game show are provided with four options to choose form - calling / texting a premium - rate number ; submitting an application via the show 's ITV website , using a system of £ 1 `` credits '' ; taking part in a casting audition , held at various locations around the UK . Once an application is made , production staff select an episode 's contestants through a combination of random selection , and a potential contestant 's ability to answer a set of test questions based on general knowledge . </P> <H3> Game rules ( edit ) </H3> A contestant being asked a question about pop music on the show . <P> Once a contestant has auditioned for a part on the programme and filming takes place , they undertake a preliminary round entitled `` Fastest Finger First '' - the group of contestants seeking a chance to take on the main game of the show , must answer a single question correctly , but do so faster than their opponents . Initially , the round required contestants to provide the correct answer to a question , but from the second series onwards , they are tasked with putting four answers in the correct order stated within the question ( i.e. earliest to latest ) . The contestant who answers a question correctly and in the fastest time , moves on towards playing the main game ; in the event that no - one answers the question correctly , a new question is given , while if two or more contestants give the correct answer in the same amount of time , they undergo a tiebreaker question to determine who takes on the main game . This round is primarily used to determine the new contestant for the main game , and can often be used more than once in an episode . </P> <P> After completing the preliminary round , the contestant now begins taking on the main game , tackling a series of increasingly difficult question , which offering increasingly high sums of money , up to the top prize of £ 1 million . The questions they undertake are randomly chosen from list of generated questions based on general knowledge , with each consisting of four answers to choose from . While undertaking questions , the contestant is allowed to use a set of lifelines to provide them assistance with a question at any time , and two safety nets - if a contestant gets a question wrong , but had reached a designated cash value during their game , they left with that amount as their prize . Unlike other game shows , if a contestant is unsure about a question they are facing , they are allowed to leave the game at that point with the cash amount they had managed to win by that stage . While the initial questions are generally easy , the subsequent ones after it require the contestant to confirm that their answer / decision is final by the host , at which point it is locked in and can not be reversed . As a rule , the host is not shown the correct answer , until a contestant has given their answer . If an episode is reaching the end of its allotted , an audio cue is triggered to highlight this ; contestants still playing the main game are left to wait until filming for the next episode begins to continue , though this is not the case for special editions of the show , such as celebrity episodes . </P> <P> Over the course of the show 's history on British television , the format of the programme was altered in a number of aspects , mainly towards the setup of questions and the payout structure used in the game show , along with minor tweaks and changes in other aspects : </P> <Ul> <Li> Between 1998 and 2007 , the format focused on contestants answering 15 questions , with two safety nets placed at £ 1,000 and £ 32,000 respectively , and the use of three standard lifelines . The payout structure during these years was focused as follows : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> £ 100 - > £ 200 - > £ 300 - > £ 500 - > £ 1,000 - > £ 2,000 - > £ 4,000 - > £ 8,000 - > £ 16,000 - > £ 32,000 - > £ 64,000 - > £ 125,000 - > £ 250,000 - > £ 500,000 - > £ 1,000,000 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Between 2007 and 2014 , the number of questions was reduced to 12 . This alteration led to the second safety net being assigned to a new cash value , £ 50,000 , and the payout structure being changed as a result : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> £ 500 - > £ 1,000 - > £ 2,000 - > £ 5,000 - > £ 10,000 - > £ 20,000 - > £ 50,000 - > £ 75,000 - > £ 150,000 - > £ 250,000 - > £ 500,000 - > £ 1,000,000 </Dd> <Dd> In 2010 , the format was further changed in three factors . The first was the discontinuation of the preliminary round , meaning new contestants were selected by production staff before a new run of the main game was played . The second was the inclusion of a fourth lifeline . The third was adoption of the time - limit format from the US version , but with some differences - the time limit was active for the first seven questions - 15 seconds for the first two questions , and 30 seconds for the other five - and if a contestant ran out of time , it was treated as an incorrect answer and thus affected their winnings , though time was briefly paused when a lifeline is used by the contestant . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> For the revived series in 2018 , the format returned to that used between 1998 -- 2007 , including the payout structure , but with one noticeable difference . Apart from the use of a brand new , fourth lifeline , the series included a new rule in which upon reaching £ 1,000 , the contestant would be asked before each subsequent question if they would like to set the cash prize for that question as their second safety net , with it offered up to £ 500,000 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Lifelines ( edit ) </H3> <P> During a contestant 's game , they may make use of a set of lifelines to provide assistance on a question . Throughout the course of the show 's history , these lifelines involve the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> 50 / 50 : Two random incorrect answers are eliminated , leaving the correct answer and one incorrect answer , thus granting the contestant a 50 / 50 chance of answering a question correctly . </Li> <Li> Phone a Friend : The contestant calls one of their friends , and has 30 seconds to read the question and the possible answers to them . The friend uses the leftover time to offer an answer . Since 2018 , a member of the production team accompanies the friend to prevent cheating . </Li> <Li> Ask the Audience : Audience members use keypads to vote on what they believe to be the correct answer to the question . The percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant , after this vote . </Li> <Li> Switch ( 2002 -- 03 , 2010 -- 14 ) : The computer replaces one question with another of the same monetary value . Any lifelines already used on the original question are not reinstated . From 2010 to 2014 , this lifeline was earned after the contestant answered seven questions correctly . </Li> <Li> Ask the Host ( 2018 ) : The contestant asks the host to help provide an answer on a question . No time limit is associated with the lifeline , while , in addition to standard rules , the host has no contact with outside sources to help them . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Th> Start date </Th> <Th> End date </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 September 1998 </Td> <Td> 25 December 1998 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 January 1999 </Td> <Td> 13 January 1999 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 March 1999 </Td> <Td> 16 March 1999 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 September 1999 </Td> <Td> 14 September 1999 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 November 1999 </Td> <Td> 26 December 1999 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 16 January 2000 </Td> <Td> 22 January 2000 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 26 March 2000 </Td> <Td> 1 May 2000 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 September 2000 </Td> <Td> 6 January 2001 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 January 2001 </Td> <Td> 26 April 2001 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 4 September 2001 </Td> <Td> 29 December 2001 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 5 January 2002 </Td> <Td> 9 April 2002 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 31 August 2002 </Td> <Td> 28 December 2002 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 4 January 2003 </Td> <Td> 31 May 2003 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 30 August 2003 </Td> <Td> 27 December 2003 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 3 January 2004 </Td> <Td> 5 June 2004 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 18 September 2004 </Td> <Td> 25 December 2004 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1 January 2005 </Td> <Td> 11 June 2005 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 17 September 2005 </Td> <Td> 31 December 2005 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 7 January 2006 </Td> <Td> 8 July 2006 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 9 September 2006 </Td> <Td> 6 January 2007 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 10 March 2007 </Td> <Td> 28 July 2007 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 18 August 2007 </Td> <Td> 30 October 2007 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1 January 2008 </Td> <Td> 3 June 2008 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 16 August 2008 </Td> <Td> 31 January 2009 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 13 June 2009 </Td> <Td> 20 December 2009 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 13 April 2010 </Td> <Td> 8 June 2010 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 3 August 2010 </Td> <Td> 23 December 2010 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 2 April 2011 </Td> <Td> 19 December 2011 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 3 January 2012 </Td> <Td> 20 December 2012 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 1 January 2013 </Td> <Td> 11 February 2014 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 5 May 2018 </Td> <Td> 11 May 2018 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Text game ( 2004 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 23 October 2004 the show included a new feature called the `` Walkaway Text Game '' . The competition was offered to viewers at home to play the text game where they had to answer the question , if a contestant decided to walk home with the cash prize they have got , by choosing the letters ' A , B , C or D ' within 30 seconds to a specific mobile number . The viewer who answered the question won £ 1,000 by having their entries selected randomly . </P> <P> On 9 September 2006 , there were some changes . The competition stayed the same but this time , they played it before some commercial breaks . A question to which the contestant had given their final answer , but the correct answer had not yet been revealed , was offered as a competition to viewers . Entry was via SMS text message at a cost of £ 1 per entry , and the competition ran through the commercial break , after which the answer was revealed and the game continued . One viewer who answered the question correctly won £ 1,000 . The text game ended on 28 July 2007 . </P> <H2> Controversies ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Incorrect answer to question accepted ( edit ) </H3> <P> In March 1999 , the Daily Mirror published a report that accused the show of allowing a contestant , Tony Kennedy , to win a question by giving an incorrect answer . During Kennedy 's game , when he had reached the £ 64,000 question , he was asked `` Theoretically , what is the minimum number of strokes with which a tennis player can win a set ? '' , and given four possible answers - twelve , twenty four , thirty six , and forty eight . Kennedy calculated that a player would need four shots to win a game , with six games in a set , giving an answer of twenty four , but the newspaper reported that this was incorrect , stating that a tennis player could win a game without playing a shot - if their opponent double - faulted on every serve , and the player aced each of their own serves , it would allow them to win with just 12 strokes . Based on their findings , the production staff acknowledged the mistake and apologised for it , but allowed Kennedy to keep the prize money he won by the end of his game . </P> <H3> Schedule rigging allegation ( edit ) </H3> <P> When Judith Keppel 's victory as the first UK jackpot winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? was announced by ITV on the day of that the corresponding episode was to be broadcast , several allegations were made that Celador had rigged the show to spoil the BBC 's expected high ratings for the finale of One Foot in the Grave . Richard Wilson , the lead star on the sitcom , was quoted in particular for saying that the broadcaster had `` planned '' the win , adding `` it seems a bit unfair to take the audience away from Victor 's last moments on earth . '' David Renwick , writer of the sitcom , voiced annoyance that the episode would draw away interest from the sitcom 's finale , believing that a leaked press release on ITV 's announcement had been `` naked opportunism '' , and it `` would have been more honorable to let the show go out in the normal way '' , pointing out that it `` killed off any element of tension or surprise in their own programme '' , but that `` television is all about ratings '' . Richard Webber 's account , in his 2006 book , cites `` unnamed BBC sources '' as those who `` questioned the authenticity of Keppel 's victory '' . The allegations in turn led to eleven viewers making complaints against the quiz show , of a similar nature , to the Independent Television Commission ( ITC ) . </P> <P> In response , ITV expressed distress to the allegations , claiming that it `` undermined viewers ' faith in the programme . '' Leslie Hill , the chairman of ITV , wrote to Sir Christopher Bland , the chairman of the Board of Governors of the BBC , to complain about the issue . The corporation apologised , saying that any suggestion of ' rigging ' `` did not represent the official view of the BBC '' , while the ITC 's investigation cleared the programme of any wrongdoing . </P> <H3> Ambiguous question ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 11 February 2006 , celebrity couple Laurence Llewelyn - Bowen and his wife Jackie took on the game show to raise money for their chosen charity - The Shooting Star Children 's Hospice . Having reached the final question of the quiz , they were asked `` Translated from the Latin , what is the motto of the United States ? '' , to which the Bowens answered with `` In God , We Trust '' , only to learn that the question 's correct answer was `` One Out of Many '' - the English translation for the Latin E pluribus unum . However , Celador later admitted that the question had been ambiguous and not fair to the pair - although E pluribus unum is considered the de facto motto of the United States , it was never legally declared as such ; In God , We Trust is the official motto of the country since 1956 , although it is not translated from any form of Latin . Following this revelation , the production company invited the Bowens back to tackle a new question , with their original winnings reinstated ; the couple chose not to risk the new question , and left with £ 500,000 for their charity . </P> <H3> Ingram cheating scandal ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Charles Ingram - Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? scandal Charles Ingram and his wife Diana . Both had previously made appearances on the show , before Charles ' controversial game in September 2001 . <P> In September 2001 , British Army Major Charles Ingram became a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , joined by his wife Diana , and a close friend and college lecturer , Tecwen Whittock . After the first day of filming , the group devised a scheme that would allow Ingram to win the £ 1 million cash prize when he returned for the second day of recording , on 10 September - for each question he faced , the correct answer would be signalled to Ingram by a cough made by Whittock ; Ingram would differentiate the way he received this to avoid making the scheme too obvious , such as reading aloud all four answers , or dismissing an answer and then choosing it again later . Although the scheme proved successful , by the time he had reached the final questions , production staff off - stage had become suspicious over the amount of background noise being made by Whittock 's coughing , while noting that Ingram seemed to show no specialist knowledge of any subjects he faced with each question . </P> <P> After the second day of recording ended , the production staff ordered an immediate investigation on the grounds that cheating had occurred , suspending the broadcast of both episodes that had been filmed . Ingram was subsequently informed that he was being investigated for cheating and would not receive his winnings . While reviewing the recording , production staff began to see a pattern between Whittock 's coughing , and Ingram 's unusual behaviour when he answered questions ; at one point , they noticed Ingram gave an answer when Diana had coughed after he read it aloud . By this point , Celador was convinced that cheating had occurred , and the matter was handed over to police . Both the Ingrams and Whittock were charged with `` procuring the execution of a valuable security by deception '' , and taken to Southwark Crown Court in 2003 . </P> <P> During the four - week long trial , the Prosecution provided evidence towards the charges , which included a recording of Ingram 's second day on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , pager telephone records for a previous scheme the group intended to use , before deeming it too complicated - a system of four pagers intended to be hidden on Ingram 's body , in which a pager 's vibrations signalled the correct answer - and testimony from one of the production staff and a `` Fastest Finger '' contestant attending the recording , Larry Whitehurst . Although the Defence provided evidence claiming Whittock 's coughing was a result of dust allergies and a hay fever he was suffering from , and Whittock himself testified against the accusations , the Prosecution refuted these claims with their evidence , including footage that showed Whittock stopped coughing when he became a contestant after Ingram . On 7 April 2003 , the group were found guilty , with all three given suspended prison sentences and fines , with the Ingrams later ordered to pay legal costs within two months of the trial 's conclusion . On 24 July 2003 , the British Army ordered Charles Ingram to resign his commission as a Major , in the wake of the trial . </P> <P> In the aftermath of the trial , the scandal became the subject of a documentary entitled Millionaire : A Major Fraud , presented by Martin Bashir and broadcast on 21 April 2003 , with a follow - up two weeks later entitled Millionaire : The Final Answer . The documentary featured excerpts from the recording that had been enhanced for the Ingrams ' trial , footage of the actions made by Ingram 's wife in the audience , and interviews with production staff and some of the contestants who had been present during the recording . None of the defendants in the case took part , with Ingram later describing Major Fraud and a subsequent programme of the matter , shown on ITV2 , as `` one of the greatest TV editing con tricks in history '' . Chess grandmaster James Plaskett later wrote an essay arguing in favour of the group 's innocence ; journalists Bob Woffinden , and Jon Ronson , each wrote a piece influenced by this essay , with Woffinden collaborating with Plaskett on a book entitled Bad Show : The Quiz , The Cough , The Millionaire Major , published in 2015 , arguing that Ingram 's appearance on the show coinciding with Whittock 's was `` chance '' . A play based upon the events of the scandal was written by James Graham , entitled Quiz , and was performed from 3 November 2017 to 9 December 2017 , before being performed in the West End from 31 March 2018 to 16 June 2018 . </P> <H3> Phone - a-friend ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Phone - a-Friend lifeline provided multiple instances of controversy during the show 's run . A 2002 edition of the Daily Mail reported that many contestants had selected strangers who were `` contacts among the quizzing fraternity '' to act as their Phone - a-Friends . Specifically , game show champion Daphne Fowler was approached by a man she had not previously met and asked if she would be his lifeline in exchange for £ 200 . Fowler refused , adding : `` I thought a fair price would be a quarter of whatever the man won , so if I helped him get from £ 32,000 to £ 64,000 I would expect to get £ 16,000 . '' The man was later revealed by ITV sources not to have made it onto the programme . </P> <P> In March 2007 various UK newspapers reported that an organised syndicate had been getting quiz enthusiasts onto the show in return for a percentage of their winnings . The person behind the syndicate was Keith Burgess from Northern Ireland . Burgess admitted to helping around 200 contestants to appear on the show since 1999 ; he estimates those contestants to have won around £ 5,000,000 . The show producers are believed to have been aware of this operation , with Burgess stating : `` The show knows about me and these types of syndicates , but they cover it up to keep the show going . '' An earlier version of a Phone a Friend syndicate was reported in the Northampton Chronicle and Echo during 2003 . Paul Smith , the Managing Director of Celador Productions , stated : `` We are aware of Paddy Spooner and what people similar to him are doing , and we have made a priority of changing our question procedure . We are confident we have now made it impossible for anyone to manipulate the system . '' Since then , the options of people that can be called have a picture of themselves shown on - air . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Footnotes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? Episode 7 '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN. 21 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire '' . Andy Walmsley , Production Designer . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smurthwaite , Nick ( 21 March 2005 ) . `` Million Pound Notes : Keith Strachan '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on 12 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : A TV phenomenon '' . BBC News . 3 March 2003 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leonard , John J. ( 2005 ) . `` Millionaire 2nd Edition. qxd '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel Dasey ( 30 March 2003 ) . `` The show that should have made me a million '' . The Sydney Sun - Herald . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Birmingham Sunday Mercury , 28 August 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loveday , Samantha ( 1 December 2006 ) . `` New owners take on Celador International and Millionaire brand '' . toynews-online.biz . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( 4 June 2008 ) . `` Sony Pictures acquires 2waytraffic '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` This summer , Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? will once again be going live , but this time with the Great British public in the hotseat ! '' . ITV . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire axed as host Chris Tarrant decided ' it was time to take a break ' '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Millionaire axed as Tarrant quits '' . u.tv . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' I 've loved every minute ' : An emotional Chris Tarrant bids farewell as Who Wants To Be A Millionaire bows out after 16 - years '' . Daily Mail . 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? '' . itv.com. 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson replaces Chris Tarrant on Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? '' . BBC News . 9 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( 13 April 2018 ) . `` ITV releases trailer for Jeremy Clarkson 's Who Wants to Be a Millionaire revival '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Mosley ( ed . ) , Burke 's Peerage , Baronetage & Knightage ( London : Burke 's Peerage , 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fourth Millionaire ' is millionaire ' '' . BBC . 27 September 2001 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Millionaire ' quiz show aims to broaden appeal '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fourth contestant wins ' Millionaire ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Nadia . `` The man who won a million '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THANKS A MILLION ... WE 'RE BOTH WINNERS ; EXCLUSIVE : Couple each scoop TV prize '' . Free Online Library . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` So I phoned a friend -- part one '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Format changes ahead for ' Millionaire ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? returns to ITV this Saturday with brand new twists '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110713070556/http://millionaire.itv.com/viewergame.php?howtoplay=1 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Millionaire -- Walkaway Game '' . itv.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? '' . UKGameshows.com . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Webber 2006 , p. 184 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wilson : Millionaire win ' planned ' '' . BBC News . 22 November 2000 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire ? cleared of ratings ' fix ' '' . BBC News . 15 January 2001 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , Terri ( 2 December 2000 ) . `` BBC apologises for ' Millionaire ' dirty tricks slur '' . The Independent . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Casey & Calvert 2008 , p. 128 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dyja 2002 , p. 20 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` TV designer 's second shot at £ 1m '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 January 2006 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Major Charles Ingram has been found guilty of cheating his way to the top prize on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . BBC News . 7 April 2003 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire trio escape jail '' . BBC News . 8 April 2003 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2823407.stm Millionaire 's route to the top prize </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2964675.stm Millionaire cheats left ' devastated ' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Innes , John ( 7 March 2003 ) . `` Pager plot too risky for TV quiz '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Contestant ' spotted Millionaire coughs ' '' . BBC News . 11 March 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` So I phoned a friend -- part two '' . The Guardian . London . 19 April 2003 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3092357.stm Millionaire cheat sacked by Army </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Day , Julian ( 22 April 2003 ) . `` The cough carries it off '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 22 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ronson , Jon ( 17 July 2006 ) . `` Are the Millionaire three innocent ? '' . London : The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winchester , Levi ( 17 January 2015 ) . `` ' Coughing Major ' was INNOCENT of cheating on Who Wants to be a Millionaire , says new book '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quiz '' . Chichester Festival Theatre . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quiz the Play by James Graham Official West End Website '' . 2018 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woffinden ; Plaskett , p. 55 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Conlan , Tara ( 18 April 2002 ) . `` I 'll phone a stranger '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phoney a Friend '' . Sunday Mirror. 18 March 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quiz syndicate leader denies wrongdoing '' . crewechronicle.co.uk. 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire syndicate is probed '' . northamptonchron.co.uk. 23 April 2003 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Casey , Bernadette ; Calvert , Ben ( 2008 ) . Television Studies : The Key Concepts ( 2 ed . ) . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37149 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Dyja , Eddie , ed. ( 2002 ) . BFI Film and Television Handbook 2002 . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85170 - 904 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Webber , Richard ( 2006 ) . The Complete One Foot in the Grave . London : Orion . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7528 - 7357 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Woffinden , Bob ; Plaskett , James ( 2015 ) . Bad Show : The Quiz , the Cough , the Millionaire Major . Bojangles Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9930755 - 2 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Television portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK ) on IMDb </Li> <Li> Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? at UKGameshows.com </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F_(UK_game_show)&oldid=856524805 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1998 British television programme debuts </Li> <Li> 1990s British game shows </Li> <Li> 2000s British game shows </Li> <Li> 2010s British game shows </Li> <Li> Films shot at Elstree Studios </Li> <Li> ITV game shows </Li> <Li> Television series by Sony Pictures Television </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> British television series revived after cancellation </Li> <Li> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> Pages with citations having bare URLs </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use British English from April 2013 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from September 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 21 : 02 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Mesut Özil - wikipedia <H1> Mesut Özil </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Mesut Özil <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Özil playing for Arsenal in 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full name </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Mesut Özil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date of birth </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> ( 1988 - 10 - 15 ) 15 October 1988 ( age 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Place of birth </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Gelsenkirchen , West Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Playing position </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Attacking midfielder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Club information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current team </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Arsenal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Youth career </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1995 -- 1998 </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Westfalia 04 Gelsenkirchen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1998 -- 1999 </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Teutonia Schalke - Nord </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1999 -- 2000 </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Falke Gelsenkirchen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 -- 2005 </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Rot - Weiss Essen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2005 -- 2006 </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Schalke 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Senior career * </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years </Th> <Td> Team </Td> <Td> Apps </Td> <Td> ( Gls ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2006 -- 2008 </Th> <Td> Schalke 04 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> ( 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2008 -- 2010 </Th> <Td> Werder Bremen </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010 -- 2013 </Th> <Td> Real Madrid </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> ( 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2013 -- </Th> <Td> Arsenal </Td> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> ( 27 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> National team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2006 -- 2007 </Th> <Td> Germany U19 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2007 -- 2009 </Th> <Td> Germany U21 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2009 -- </Th> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> ( 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Honours ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> FIFA World Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> UEFA European Championship </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> UEFA European Under - 21 Championship </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 14 : 30 , 10 February 2018 ( UTC ) . ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 21 : 46 , 14 November 2017 ( UTC ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Mesut Özil ( German pronunciation : ( ˈmeːzut ˈøːzil ) , Turkish : ( meˈsut ˈøzil ) ; born 15 October 1988 ) is a German professional footballer who plays for English club Arsenal and the Germany national team . </P> <P> Özil plays mostly as an attacking midfielder , but can also be deployed as a winger . He began his senior career as a member of his hometown club Schalke 04 in the Bundesliga , departing two seasons later to join Werder Bremen for € 5 million . He garnered break - out attention at the 2010 FIFA World Cup , where at age 22 , Özil was instrumental in the side 's campaign where they reached the semi-finals , losing to eventual champions Spain . He was also nominated for the Golden Ball Award , as well as being ranked first in assists in major European and domestic competitions with 25 . This garnered him a € 15 million transfer to La Liga club Real Madrid . </P> <P> At Madrid , Özil won the Copa del Rey in his first season , before registering a league high 17 assists as the Spanish side won the league title in the following season . He also won the Supercopa de España in the same season , becoming renowned for his technical skills and creativity ; due to his agility , finesse and versatility as an attacking midfielder , he has also been compared to Zinedine Zidane by former manager José Mourinho . </P> <P> Following a second - place La Liga finish to rivals Barcelona in the 2012 -- 13 season , Özil relocated to England to join Premier League side Arsenal in a then club - record deal worth £ 42.5 million ( € 50 million ) , making him the most expensive German player of all time . During his first season , Özil helped end the club 's largely publicised nine - year trophy drought , winning the FA Cup in 2014 . He later became victorious in two more FA Cup campaigns , while also winning the FA Community Shield . Özil would also tie the league assist record ( 19 ) in 2014 -- 15 , as well as being named in multiple teams of the season in England . </P> <P> At international level , Özil has played 86 matches for the Germany national team , scoring 22 goals . He represented his country in two FIFA World Cups , as well as two UEFA European Championships , and was an integral part in both the 2010 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2012 team in South Africa and Ukraine , starring as the joint - highest assist provider in the competitions . Özil also contributed as a part of the 2014 World Cup - winning side in Brazil , with his versatility aiding in his nation 's triumph in a 1 -- 0 victory over Argentina in the final . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Club career <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Schalke 04 </Li> <Li> 1.2 Werder Bremen </Li> <Li> 1.3 Real Madrid <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 2010 -- 11 season </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 2011 -- 12 season </Li> <Li> 1.3. 3 2012 -- 13 season </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 Arsenal <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 2013 -- 14 season </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 2014 -- 15 season </Li> <Li> 1.4. 3 2015 -- 16 season </Li> <Li> 1.4. 4 2016 -- 17 season </Li> <Li> 1.4. 5 2017 -- 18 season </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 International career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 2010 FIFA World Cup </Li> <Li> 2.2 UEFA Euro 2012 </Li> <Li> 2.3 2014 FIFA World Cup </Li> <Li> 2.4 UEFA Euro 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Style of play </Li> <Li> 4 Outside football <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Personal life <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Philanthropy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Media and sponsorships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Career statistics <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Club </Li> <Li> 5.2 International </Li> <Li> 5.3 International goals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Honours <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Club </Li> <Li> 6.2 International </Li> <Li> 6.3 Individual </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Club career </H2> <H3> Schalke 04 </H3> <P> After plying his trade at youth level for various clubs in Gelsenkirchen , including a five - year stint for Rot - Weiss Essen , Özil moved to the youth system of Schalke 04 in 2005 . He was deployed a midfielder and wore 17 as his squad number , after starting as a playmaker and central attacking midfielder in the place of the suspended Lincoln in Ligapokal matches against Bayer Leverkusen and Bayern Munich . Upon making the first team at Schalke , he was described as `` the next big thing '' . However , soon after declining an offer from Schalke 04 , claiming that a yearly salary of € 1.5 million would not be enough , he eventually fell out with club management and moved on to Werder Bremen in January 2008 . This led to Mirko Slomka , the then - Schalke 04 manager , claiming that Özil would not play another match for Schalke 04 . </P> <H3> Werder Bremen </H3> Özil with Werder Bremen in April 2010 <P> On 31 January 2008 , Özil moved to Werder Bremen for a reported fee of € 5 million , signing a contract with the German club until 30 June 2011 . Other than Werder Bremen , Hannover 96 and VfB Stuttgart were reportedly interested as well in binding Özil to their respective clubs , however did not want to pay such a high transfer fee . After transferring to Werder Bremen , Özil got the jersey number 11 . On 26 April 2008 ( 30th match day ) Özil scored the go - ahead goal in the 33rd minute against Karlsruher SC , to put his team up 2 -- 1 . This was Özil 's very first Bundesliga goal . He played in twelve games throughout the second half of the season , six times playing in the starting formation , becoming second with Werder Bremen in the Bundesliga at the end of the 2007 -- 08 season . </P> <P> Although Bremen failed to get going in their 2008 -- 09 Bundesliga season , eventually finishing a disappointing tenth , Özil managed to make a significant impact in most games and came away with a respectable three goals and 15 assists that highlighted his attacking credentials . He helped lead the North German club to the 2009 DFB - Pokal with the winning goal in a 1 -- 0 victory over Bayer Leverkusen in Berlin . He also excelled in Europe where he led Werder Bremen to the final of the last ever UEFA Cup , losing out to Shakhtar Donetsk of Ukraine . </P> <P> In the 2009 -- 10 season , Özil became the key playmaker of Werder Bremen , stepping into the shoes of Brazilian Diego who had left for Juventus , was named the best player of the first leg of the 2009 Bundesliga season . On 1 May 2010 , the 33rd match day , Özil played his 100th Bundesliga game , scoring the 1 -- 0 lead in a 2 -- 0 win against his former club Schalke 04 . Özil went on and led Werder Bremen to become third in the league and again to the DFB - Pokal final , however this time it was lost against Bayern Munich by 0 -- 4 . In his second season , Bremen finished a respectable third , with Özil contributing 9 goals and 17 assists in 31 league fixture appearances . During the 2009 -- 10 season , Özil was also declared as the `` best player of the first half of the season '' . </P> <H3> Real Madrid </H3> 2010 -- 11 season Özil playing for Real Madrid in 2010 <P> Due to his performances in the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Özil ensured his place among Europe 's top young talents . He was sought by teams like Barcelona , Arsenal and Real Madrid . English striker Wayne Rooney was one of the many admirers Özil had garnered with his performances in the World Cup , and had even asked Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson to sign the German playmaker . There were reports claiming that a deal was struck for a transfer to Barcelona , but Werder Bremen denied the reports and on 17 August 2010 , the team announced that they had reached an agreement with Real Madrid for Özil 's transfer . The transfer fee is believed to have been in the region of € 15 million . Upon signing , Özil said , `` When the offer came in to join Real Madrid , there is no decision to make . Let 's be honest -- you do n't refuse this club . I was in no rush to leave Werder Bremen , but this is one club you say yes to . They are an institution , a club with a fantastic history , stadium and squad full of world - class players . The prospect of performing at the Bernabéu is so awesome you jump straight in . '' Özil made his debut on 22 August in a friendly match against Hércules , which Real Madrid won 3 -- 1 . His jersey numbers were changed often before the season started . He was given the number 26 in the pre-season and 19 for his debut . But following the transfer of Rafael van der Vaart to Tottenham Hotspur , he was given the vacant 23 . </P> <P> Özil was brought in to back up teammate Kaká , but due to his surgery , Özil obtained a starting role . He then made his La Liga debut for Real Madrid as a substitute for Ángel Di María in the 62nd minute against Mallorca , which Real Madrid drew 0 -- 0 . </P> Özil taking on Daniele Bonera of Milan during the 2010 -- 11 UEFA Champions League <P> He made his season debut in the Champions League on 15 September . He got his first assist with Real Madrid in the 74th minute against Ajax after he crossed for a Gonzalo Higuaín goal . </P> <P> He walked off the pitch as a second - half substitute to standing ovations in his first two games as a starter at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium . His first goal came in a league match against Deportivo de La Coruña on 3 October 2010 , in a 6 -- 1 victory . Özil 's first Champions League goal with Real came in the 14th minute against Milan on 19 October 2010 . On 22 December , he made his debut in the Copa del Rey , scoring once in an 8 -- 0 victory over Levante . </P> <P> He finished the season with 25 assists , the highest for any player in any major European competition that season . Özil 's performances for Real Madrid during his first season were praised by media , fans and players . </P> 2011 -- 12 season <P> Özil began wearing the number 10 shirt for Real Madrid in 2011 -- 12 , signalling manager José Mourinho 's intent to use the German international as his main playmaker . On 14 August 2011 , Özil scored his first goal against Barcelona in El Clásico in the first leg of the 2011 Supercopa de España . On 17 August 2011 , he was sent off in the last minute of the second leg of the 2011 Supercopa after an altercation with Barça forward David Villa . Özil expressed his desire to end his football days at the club in an interview with German magazine kicker , saying , `` I 'd like to end my career at Real Madrid . I know it will be difficult because I have many more years ahead of me and many younger and good players will also be out there , but I want to be part of that future . I know what I 'm capable of , and I 'm convinced , I 'll stay at Real Madrid many years . '' </P> <P> Özil was on the short - list of the FIFA Ballon d'Or award . </P> Özil 's boots on display at the Santiago Bernabéu museum <P> He finished atop the La Liga assists chart , with 17 assists . On 2 May 2012 , he helped Real Madrid to clinch a record 32nd La Liga title as he assisted Real 's first goal and scored the second goal against Bilbao , which Real Madrid later won by 3 -- 0 . Eleven days later , Özil scored two goals in the final game of the regular season against Mallorca , once again consolidating his excellent performance with the club . The win made Real the first club in the Spanish top flight to ever reach 100 points in a single season . His fine form with Real Madrid and German national team saw him earn nomination for UEFA Best Player in Europe Award , in which he finished tenth , being the youngest player to feature in the Top 10 . </P> 2012 -- 13 season <P> With arrival of Luka Modrić before the start of the season , some in the media claimed Özil was unhappy at Real Madrid , but he later rejected such talk and claimed he was happy at the club and looking forward to competing for his place . After the start of the season , he added the Supercopa de España title to his honours . In league play , he provided an important assist to Cristiano Ronaldo who equalised in a 2 -- 2 draw against Barcelona at Camp Nou . On 6 November , Özil scored a crucial 89th - minute free - kick to rescue a draw for Real Madrid and secure a point against Borussia Dortmund . He continued his fine form in the league as he scored another brace against Real Valladolid to rescue Real Madrid in a 3 -- 2 win . He then went on to finish the season with 29 assists , although Real Madrid did not win any silverware except for the Supercopa de España , Özil 's performance was praised . At the end of the season , Özil had 26 assists , more than any other player in the leagues . </P> <H3> Arsenal </H3> Özil taking a free kick for Arsenal against Stoke City on 22 September 2013 <P> On 2 September 2013 , Özil agreed to join English side Arsenal . Both the fee paid for Özil as well as the contract duration were undisclosed , but they are believed to be around £ 42.5 million ( € 50 million ) for a five - year deal . The transfer makes him the most expensive German football player of all time . Özil was assigned the number 11 shirt and the centre - attacking midfield role by the team . Contract leaks in January 2016 , however , have revealed that the record fee was actually broken down to £ 37.4 million ( € 44 million then ) with remaining £ 5.1 million ( € 6 million then ) split evenly over six years from July 2014 subject to Champions League qualification . A buy - back option also allows Real Madrid a 48 - hour first option on Özil should Arsenal agree a sale for their playmaker to another Spanish club . </P> <P> Özil said of the transfer , `` At the weekend , I was certain I would stay at Real Madrid but afterwards I realised I did not have the faith from the coach or the bosses . I am a player who needs this faith and that is what I have felt from Arsenal , which is why I have joined . '' In Özil 's first press conference , he said : `` I would have come here for free , that would n't have been a problem . '' Özil additionally stated that Arsène Wenger played an important role in his decision : `` When I spoke to Arsène Wenger on the phone , he was full of respect , and as a player , I need that . '' Several Real Madrid players were dissatisfied with Özil leaving the club , including Cristiano Ronaldo , who said , `` He was the player who best knew my moves in front of goal ... I 'm angry about Özil leaving . '' </P> 2013 -- 14 season <P> Özil made his debut for Arsenal in their league game away to Sunderland on 14 September 2013 . He assisted Olivier Giroud 's goal in the 11th minute of the match as they went on to win 3 -- 1 . Three days after that , he made his Champions League debut for Arsenal against Marseille . Just over three weeks after making his debut for Arsenal , he made his home debut against Stoke City in a 3 -- 1 victory . He was involved in all three goals , with two assists and a free kick which was saved but fell into Aaron Ramsey 's path . He scored his first goal for Arsenal , a brilliantly controlled finish from a Ramsey cross , in a 2 -- 0 win against Napoli in the Champions League . On 19 October , he scored his first two Premier League goals during the 4 -- 1 home win against Norwich City . Özil played in all six of Arsenal 's games in November . The German playmaker provided the cross for Jack Wilshere 's second goal against Marseille and gave further assists for Aaron Ramsey and Mathieu Flamini in the 3 -- 0 win over Cardiff City . Özil missed the chance to score his fourth Arsenal goal when he saw his penalty in the win over Marseille saved by Steve Mandanda . </P> <P> In October , Özil was again short - listed for the FIFA Ballon d'Or award , along with former teammate Cristiano Ronaldo . Özil was also featured on the UEFA Team of the Year . Özil began December with two goals in as many games against Hull City and Everton . A minor shoulder injury forced him out of the final game of December in a win against Newcastle United . After the 6 -- 3 defeat at Manchester City in which he made another assist , Özil was involved in an altercation with teammate Per Mertesacker , who was angry with Özil 's failure to thank the travelling supporters , an omission for which he subsequently apologised via Facebook . </P> Özil and Olivier Giroud before kick - off against Southampton on 23 November 2013 <P> Özil started four of Arsenal 's six games in January . The playmaker missed Arsenal 's victory over Cardiff City on New Year 's Day with a shoulder injury before returning to make a late appearance from the bench against Tottenham Hotspur in the FA Cup . The 25 - year - old produced a slide - rule pass for Lukas Podolski to score his first goal against Coventry City and provided the ball for Santi Cazorla 's goal against Southampton at the end of the month to take his assist tally to 10 . </P> <P> February was a difficult month for Özil , as he struggled to reach the heights he showed in his first few months at the club . The German playmaker pulled off a brilliant piece of skill to win a penalty against Bayern Munich in the Champions League knockout phase , but his spot - kick was saved by Manuel Neuer . Speaking before the draw with Manchester United , Arsène Wenger spoke about Özil , saying , `` He has done well , he is adapting as well to the Premier League -- we have seen it before ( that it takes time ) . I would n't like to put too much pressure on him because he has been a top - class player until now . He did n't have the best of games ( at Liverpool ) ( a 5 -- 1 loss , where Özil was the centre of attention due to a bad performance ) but that can happen . He works very hard to adapt to the physical level of the Premier League and for me he is an exceptional player . '' </P> <P> On 8 March , Özil scored his first goal of 2014 in a 4 -- 1 FA Cup quarter - final win over Everton . Özil was showing signs of old form and started in Arsenal 's second leg Champions League last 16 clash with Bayern Munich . He was substituted at half - time , and the reasoning behind it was that Özil had suffered a hamstring injury and will face a month out , missing key fixtures against Chelsea and Manchester City . </P> <P> On 20 April , Özil made an instant impact with a lively display against Hull when he returned to the Arsenal team in a 3 -- 0 win . He then returned to goalscoring form with Arsenal 's second in their 3 -- 0 win over Newcastle United , and then assisted Olivier Giroud 's header . Manager Wenger praised Özil 's impact upon his return , saying , `` Mesut Özil is very important for the team . He 's been missed while he 's been injured . We 've missed some very important players in an important period of the season . We 're really pleased to have people like him back in the team and performing at the top level because that 's what we need . '' </P> <P> Özil played all three of Arsenal 's remaining fixtures during the last month of his debut season in England . The German playmaker came off at half - time in extra-time of Arsenal 's 2014 FA Cup Final victory over Hull at Wembley Stadium . Speaking before the FA Cup final , Per Mertesacker praised his compatriot 's impact on the side during his first season in England . `` You could see from the start that he is one of the best players in Europe , '' said Mertesacker . `` His contributions and assists are vital for any club so we are happy to have him back . '' Özil completed his maiden season at Arsenal with 13 assists and seven goals in all competitions spanning a course of 40 games . </P> 2014 -- 15 season Özil in a league match against Aston Villa in February 2015 <P> Özil returned to club training in the middle of August after participating in Germany 's 2014 FIFA World Cup win in Brazil . On 23 August , Özil made his first appearance of the season in the 2 -- 2 draw with Everton at Goodison Park . On 27 August , he played a part in Alexis Sánchez 's winning goal in the second leg of the Champions League qualification play - off against Beşiktaş , playing a one - two with Jack Wilshere in the build - up to the goal . On 20 September , Özil opened the scoring and assisted Danny Welbeck in a 3 -- 0 victory against Aston Villa at Villa Park . Özil featured in the three following games and started in Arsenal 's Champions League group stage victory against Galatasaray , providing an assist for Alexis Sánchez in a 4 -- 1 win . On 8 October , the DFB declared that Özil would be sidelined for between 10 and 12 weeks with a left knee injury obtained during a 2 -- 0 defeat at Chelsea three days prior to the international break . The prognosis would rule him out of the remainder of Arsenal 's Champions League group matches , as well as four international fixtures . </P> <P> On 11 January 2015 , Özil made his first appearance in three months as a 73rd - minute substitute in a 3 -- 0 win against Stoke City . He scored on his return to the starting line - up in Arsenal 's 3 -- 2 win at Brighton & Hove Albion in the fourth round of the FA Cup on 25 January , latching onto a pass from Tomáš Rosický before scoring Arsenal 's second goal . In his first Premier League start of the year , Özil scored once and provided an assist for Olivier Giroud as Arsenal beat Aston Villa 5 -- 0 at home on 1 February . The following week , Özil scored the opening goal in the Gunners ' 2 -- 1 North London derby defeat to Tottenham at White Hart Lane . On 4 April , he scored the second goal for his team in a 4 -- 1 win over Liverpool . After a 3 -- 1 win over Hull , manager Arsène Wenger praised him by saying , `` Overall his influence was very strong . '' </P> <P> Özil followed up his fine form with two assists for Alexis Sánchez in a 2 -- 1 win against Reading in the 2014 -- 15 FA Cup semi-final on 18 April . Özil started in the 2015 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Aston Villa in a commanding 4 -- 0 victory on 30 May , concluding his second season at Arsenal with 5 goals and 7 assists in 31 appearances across all competitions . </P> 2015 -- 16 season Özil playing for Arsenal in 2015 <P> After scoring during a pre-season game against Lyon , Özil received praise from his manager , with Wenger calling for him to have his best season yet in Arsenal colours . On 2 August 2015 , Özil started for Arsenal in the 2015 FA Community Shield , where the Gunners beat league champions Chelsea 1 -- 0 at Wembley Stadium . A week later , he made his first appearance of the Premier League season in Arsenal 's 2 -- 0 opening day defeat to West Ham United . </P> <P> Özil scored his first goal of the 2015 -- 16 season in a 3 -- 0 home victory over Manchester United on 4 October . He had earlier assisted Alexis Sánchez to give the Gunners the lead in the sixth minute of the match . Özil was named man of the match in a 3 -- 0 win at Watford 's Vicarage Road on 17 October , supplying assists for Sánchez and Olivier Giroud . On 20 October , Özil scored his first Champions League goal of the season in Arsenal 's 2 -- 0 group stage home win over Bayern Munich . </P> <P> He set a new Premier League record being the first player to assist in six consecutive matches when setting up Kieran Gibbs ' for 1 -- 1 in the derby versus Tottenham on 8 November 2015 . He then extended that run to seven straight games with an assist against West Bromwich Albion , before scoring his second Champions League goal of the season in a three - goal victory at home to Dinamo Zagreb . He then scored for the second game in a row when he clipped in the opener in a 1 -- 1 draw at Norwich . Özil continued his run of good form by providing four assists in the next three games , against Aston Villa , Manchester City and Sunderland , helping his team win all three matches . On 28 December 2015 , Özil assisted the first goal and scored the second in a 2 -- 0 win against AFC Bournemouth , creating nine scoring chances in total -- the most in a single Premier League game by any player during the season . </P> <P> On 24 January 2016 , Özil played his 100th game for the Gunners in a 1 -- 0 home defeat against Chelsea in the Premier League . The next Premier League game against Southampton at home on 2 February saw Özil creating 10 chances -- beating the previous record , 9 created and held by him during the season . This proved in vain , however , as the match ended 0 -- 0 with the Gunners slumping into fourth as they failed to score in three consecutive Premier League games . He then ended the Gunners ' barren goal - scoring run in the Premier League with the opener against AFC Bournemouth in a 2 -- 0 away win on 7 February . Özil delivered his 17th assist in the Premier League from a free kick for Danny Welbeck to head in the winner deep into stoppage time as Arsenal came from behind to beat league leaders Leicester City 2 -- 1 on 14 February . </P> <P> After a 2 -- 0 home defeat to Barcelona in the Champions League , Özil scored and assisted in a 3 -- 2 defeat at Old Trafford to Manchester United as the Gunners lost further ground in the title race . Özil started in the 2 -- 1 Watford in the FA Cup , where he set up Danny Welbeck for Arsenal 's consolation goal with a backheel assist , and three days later in a 3 -- 1 defeat to Barcelona in the Champions League as Arsenal crashed out in successive cup competitions in March . </P> <P> Özil assisted Olivier Giroud 's second goal in Arsenal 's last Premier League match of the season against Aston Villa in a 4 -- 0 home victory as the Gunners finished second ahead of fierce rivals , Tottenham Hotspur . That was Özil 's 19th assist of the season in the league , a record only beaten by Thierry Henry with 20 in 2002 -- 03 in Premier League history . Özil ended his third season at Arsenal with 8 goals and 20 assists in all club competitions , which won him the Arsenal Player of the Season award . </P> 2016 -- 17 season <P> Özil missed Arsenal 's opening day defeat to Liverpool , after his excursions at UEFA Euro 2016 meant he was not match - fit . However , he started his first game of the new season for his club in a 1 -- 3 away win at Watford , in which he scored his first goal of the campaign , heading in an Alexis Sánchez cross to score Arsenal 's third of the afternoon . On 19 October 2016 in a Champions League game against Ludogorets Razgrad , Özil assisted Theo Walcott and scored his first professional career hat - trick after volleying in a cross from Lucas as Arsenal went on to win 6 -- 0 . </P> 2017 -- 18 season <P> On 31 January 2018 , Özil signed a contract extension with Arsenal which will keep him with the club until 2021 . His salary under the contract more than doubled , to £ 350,000 per week , making him the highest - paid player to date for Arsenal . </P> <H2> International career </H2> Özil playing for Germany in 2009 <P> Eligible to play for either Germany or Turkey , Özil chose to play for his country of birth . In September 2006 , he was called up for the Germany under - 17 team . He was a member of the German under - 21 team from 2007 . On 29 June 2009 , Özil was selected the man of the match in a 4 -- 0 win over England during the U-21 European Championship final . </P> <P> He made his debut for the senior side during a friendly match against Norway on 11 February 2009 . He scored his first goal for the senior team in his third appearance , another friendly , against South Africa on 5 September in Leverkusen at the BayArena . </P> <H3> 2010 FIFA World Cup </H3> <P> Özil was selected for Germany 's squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , starting in all of the team 's matches . Özil provided an assist for Cacau 's goal to the 4 -- 0 final score against Australia in Germany 's first group game . He scored a left - footed half - volley from the edge of the penalty area against Ghana in the final group game , ensuring Germany progressed to the second round as group winners . </P> <P> On 27 June 2010 , Özil played in Germany 's win over England in the last 16 match , setting up the fourth goal with a cross to Thomas Müller as Germany triumphed 4 -- 1 . During the quarter - final match against Argentina , he assisted the second goal for Miroslav Klose with a cross to ensure the 4 -- 0 final score for the Germans . FIFA announced that he was among the ten tournament players nominated for the Golden Ball . </P> <H3> UEFA Euro 2012 </H3> Özil lining up for Germany with Mario Götze ( left ) and Jérôme Boateng ( in the middle ) prior to a match in 2011 . <P> Özil was one of the leading forces in Germany 's qualification for UEFA Euro 2012 , scoring five times during the campaign as Germany won all ten of its games to top their group . Özil also confirmed his reputation as a decisive passer , as he provided seven assists , more than any European international during Euro 2012 qualification . When asked about his country 's chances at Euro 2012 , Özil simply replied , `` We have the potential to beat anyone and we have what it takes to win the title . '' </P> <P> On 29 February 2012 , Özil was recognised as Germany 's best international of the year for 2011 prior to kick - off at a friendly against France in Bremen . Özil 's Germany were drawn with the Netherlands , Denmark and Portugal into Group B at Euro 2012 , widely touted as the `` Group of Death . '' </P> <P> Özil registered two assists , created nine chances , and claimed the Man of the Match award in Germany 's 4 -- 2 quarter - final win over Greece . He then scored Germany 's only goal ( a penalty ) in their 2 -- 1 loss to Italy in the semi-finals . His performance at Euro 2012 earned him two Carlsberg Man of the Match Awards . He finished the tournament as the joint - highest assist provider ( 3 ) and was named in the UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament . </P> <H3> 2014 FIFA World Cup </H3> <P> Özil ended the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign as Germany 's top scorer with eight goals . </P> Özil holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy after the 2014 Final <P> Following an injury to Marco Reus in a warm - up game , Özil was moved from his customary number 10 role into the left - winger position for the majority of the tournament . He started all seven of Germany 's 2014 FIFA World Cup games , and helped Germany make history by becoming the first European team to win the World Cup in South America . Özil scored the decisive goal in the 119th minute of Germany 's 2 -- 1 round of 16 victory over Algeria , a match widely praised as one of the most entertaining of the tournament . Özil then provided an assist for Sami Khedira in Germany 's 7 -- 1 semi-final win over Brazil . The goal Özil assisted , with a clever pass , made the score 5 -- 0 to Germany after just 29 minutes . The shocking nature of the 5 - goal flurry generated worldwide astonishment . </P> <P> In the final , Özil played 120 minutes before being replaced by Arsenal teammate Per Mertesacker . Germany were crowned World Champions with a 1 -- 0 win . After the trophy was presented to the Germany team , UEFA President Michel Platini asked Özil for his match shirt as a souvenir , and Özil obliged . </P> <P> Özil led the tournament in passes completed in the final - third ( 171 ) , was ranked joint - second in chances created ( 17 ) , behind only Lionel Messi ( 23 ) , and ranked second overall in possessions won in the final - third ( 6 ) . </P> <H3> UEFA Euro 2016 </H3> <P> On 12 June 2016 , Özil completed the full 90 minutes of Germany 's opening Euro 2016 match against Ukraine which Germany won 2 -- 0 . He assisted Bastian Schweinsteiger 's goal in the 92nd minute . On 21 June 2016 , Özil completed 99 % of his passes , created six chances and claimed the Man of the Match award in Germany 's win over Northern Ireland . Five days later , Özil started in Germany 's 3 -- 0 round of 16 win over Slovakia . In the 13th minute of the match , he had a penalty effort saved by goalkeeper Matúš Kozáčik . On 2 July 2016 , Özil scored the leading goal against Italy in the quarter - finals to give Germany a 1 -- 0 advantage , before Italy later equalised through Leonardo Bonucci 's penalty . Germany , however , emerged as the victorious side after winning the penalty shoot - out 6 -- 5 , despite Özil failing to convert his penalty kick after hitting the goal post . </P> <H2> Style of play </H2> Özil with Real Madrid in 2011 <P> A quick , creative and technical player , Özil excels in an advanced playmaking role , as a winger on either flank , or as an attacking midfielder through the centre of the pitch . During the 2010 FIFA World Cup , he was also deployed in a new role which was later described as a false - 10 or central winger , due to his tendency to drift from the centre into a wide position when in possession of the ball ; he has also been deployed in a more advanced role , where he usually functions as a second striker , as he often drops into deeper positions , from which he can link the midfield with the attack and initiate passing moves . An elegant left - footed player , his main attributes are his vision , his control , movement , passing range , and accurate crossing ability , as well as his delivery from set - pieces , which allow him to get into good attacking positions , create chances , and provide many assists for his teammates . </P> <P> Due to his creative ability and offensive prowess as a playmaker , Özil has been called `` assist - king '' in the media . As of January 2016 , Özil has the best ratio of assists per game in the history of the Premier League . Germany under - 21 manager Horst Hrubesch once said , `` We in Germany are prone to rave about foreign players . We praise Wayne Rooney to the heavens , likewise Ronaldo or Messi . But we have our own Messi . Our Messi is Özil . '' In the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Belgium , he scored a goal which has been described as a `` work of art . '' Germany coach Joachim Löw hails Özil for his `` genius moments '' and his performance without the ball . </P> Özil on the ball in the 2014 World Cup Final <P> Former Real Madrid midfielder Xabi Alonso described Özil as `` the kind of player you do n't find these days , '' adding , `` He understands the game , sees things , combines and thrives between the lines , unlocking teams . '' José Mourinho , who coached Özil for a time at Real Madrid said , `` Özil is unique . There is no copy of him -- not even a bad copy . '' Assistant coach of the Germany national football team Hans - Dieter Flick said , `` We are proud to have him in our team . When he has the ball , you can feel the excitement and astonishment among the fans . '' Former Netherlands and Milan forward Ruud Gullit described Özil as a `` technically perfect '' player who has `` total control of the ball '' and a `` great imagination . '' Former Germany teammate Phillip Lahm said of Özil `` His vision is probably the best I have ever seen ... He is a dream for strikers . '' , while Mario Gómez called Özil `` probably the most brilliant footballer we have or ever had '' . Despite his reputation as an offensive playmaker , Özil has also drawn criticism at times for his lack of physicality and his low defensive work - rate off the ball . </P> <P> His nicknames have included `` der Rabe '' ( the Raven , or in Spanish , `` El Cuervo '' ) -- playing on his smart and opportunistic style of play , and at Werder Bremen `` der neue Diego '' ( the new Diego ) , in reference to Brazilian Diego , whose playmaker role he inherited , `` German Messi '' and `` German Zidane . '' At Real Madrid , he was supposedly called `` Nemo '' -- in reference to the clownfish Nemo from the Pixar movie Finding Nemo . </P> <H2> Outside football </H2> <H3> Personal life </H3> <P> Özil is a third - generation Turkish - German , who , in reference to his game , concludes , `` My technique and feeling for the ball is the Turkish side to my game . The discipline , attitude and always - give - your - all is the German part . '' Despite his Turkish descent , his entire life he has been committed to Germany . According to Özil 's own words and the majority of sources , his ancestors are ethnic Turks from Devrek , Zonguldak in northwestern Turkey . However , there are sources that claim Özil 's ancestors are ethnic Kurds . </P> <P> Özil is a practising Muslim . He recites from the Quran before his matches . Talking to the Berlin - based daily Der Tagesspiegel , Özil said , `` I always do that before I go out ( on the pitch ) . I pray and my teammates know that they can not talk to me during this brief period . '' He observes fasting during the Islamic month of Ramadan , but he has admitted that : `` Because of my job I can not follow Ramadan properly . I do it only the few days I can , only when I have a free day . But other than that it 's impossible , because you have to drink and eat a lot to stay at peak fitness . '' In May 2016 , he performed Umrah pilgrimage to Mecca . </P> <P> In 2010 , Özil received the Bambi award for being a prime example of successful integration within German society . </P> <P> Özil started dating singer Mandy Capristo in 2013 . The relationship ended in October 2014 , following reports of Özil being involved with another woman . On 12 November 2015 , Özil and Capristo appeared together at the Bambi awards ceremony in Berlin . An Instagram photo uploaded by Özil used the hashtag # OziStoIsBack , suggesting that the couple is back together . However , they broke up in 2017 and Özil has been dating former Miss Turkey , Amine Gülşe . </P> Philanthropy <P> As part of the BigShoe project , Özil donated his 2014 World Cup winnings , an estimated £ 240,000 , to pay for 23 sick Brazilian children to have medical surgery as a `` personal thank you for the hospitality of the people of Brazil . '' </P> <P> In May 2016 , international media covered Özil 's visit to the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan , home to around 80,000 people displaced as a result of the Syrian civil war . Özil toured the camp as well as playing with children , signing autographs and handing out football shirts . </P> <P> In 2017 , he worked with the charity My Shining Star to make a child cancer patient 's dreams come true . He invited the child , Charlie , to be a guest at his private box and in the player 's lounge during a game with Sunderland at Emirates Stadium . </P> <H3> Media and sponsorships </H3> <P> In 2013 , Özil signed a sponsorship deal with German sportswear and equipment supplier Adidas . He has appeared in commercials for Adidas Predator boots with other star players such as Lionel Messi , Gareth Bale , Thomas Müller and James Rodriguez . One of those adverts , entitled `` Create Your Own Game '' , was released in August 2015 , in which Özil featured alongside those players . In 2013 , Özil launched his own logo . </P> <P> His autobiography , The Magic of the Game / Gunning for Greatness , was released in March 2017 . </P> <H2> Career Statistics </H2> <H3> Club </H3> <Dl> <Dd> As of match played 5 January 2018 </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Club </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> League </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Cup </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> League Cup </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Europe </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Other </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schalke 04 </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> <Td> Bundesliga </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> 30 </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> -- </Th> <Th> 39 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> -- </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Werder Bremen </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> Bundesliga </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 10 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> 71 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th> 26 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> -- </Th> <Th> 108 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> -- </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Real Madrid </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> La Liga </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> 105 </Th> <Th> 19 </Th> <Th> 19 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> -- </Th> <Th> 31 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 159 </Th> <Th> 27 </Th> <Th> -- </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arsenal </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Premier League </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> -- </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> 134 </Th> <Th> 27 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th> 29 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th> 179 </Th> <Th> 36 </Th> <Th> -- </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Career total </Th> <Th> 340 </Th> <Th> 59 </Th> <Th> 46 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th> 91 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 485 </Th> <Th> 81 </Th> <Th> -- </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes DFB - Pokal , Copa del Rey , and FA Cup matches . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes DFB - Ligapokal and League Cup matches . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes Supercopa de España and FA Community Shield matches . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Cup </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Champions League </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Europa League </Li> </Ol> <H3> International </H3> <Dl> <Dd> As of match played 14 November 2017 </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Germany </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Apps </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 88 </Th> <Th> 22 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> International goals </H3> <Dl> <Dd> As of match played 4 September 2017 . Germany score listed first , score column indicates score after each Özil goal . </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Competition </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> 5 September 2009 </Td> <Td> BayArena , Leverkusen , Germany </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Friendly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> 23 June 2010 </Td> <Td> Soccer City , Johannesburg , South Africa </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2010 FIFA World Cup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> 8 October 2010 </Td> <Td> Olympic Stadium , Berlin , Germany </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> 7 June 2011 </Td> <Td> Tofiq Bahramov Stadium , Baku , Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> 2 September 2011 </Td> <Td> Veltins - Arena , Gelsenkirchen , Germany </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> October 2011 </Td> <Td> Esprit Arena , Düsseldorf , Germany </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> November 2011 </Td> <Td> Volksparkstadion , Hamburg , Germany </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Friendly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> 28 June 2012 </Td> <Td> National Stadium , Warsaw , Poland </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> UEFA Euro 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> 7 September 2012 </Td> <Td> AWD - Arena , Hanover , Germany </Td> <Td> Faroe Islands </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> 11 September 2012 </Td> <Td> Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna , Austria </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> 12 October 2012 </Td> <Td> Aviva Stadium , Dublin , Ireland </Td> <Td> Republic of Ireland </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> 16 October 2012 </Td> <Td> Olympic Stadium , Berlin , Germany </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> 10 September 2013 </Td> <Td> Tórsvøllur , Tórshavn , Faroe Islands </Td> <Td> Faroe Islands </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> 11 October 2013 </Td> <Td> Rhein - Energie Stadion , Cologne , Germany </Td> <Td> Republic of Ireland </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> 15 October 2013 </Td> <Td> Friends Arena , Solna , Sweden </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> 30 June 2014 </Td> <Td> Estádio Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre , Brazil </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2014 FIFA World Cup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> 29 March 2016 </Td> <Td> Allianz Arena , Munich , Germany </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Friendly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . </Td> <Td> 2 July 2016 </Td> <Td> Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> UEFA Euro 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 . </Td> <Td> 31 August 2016 </Td> <Td> Borussia - Park , Mönchengladbach , Germany </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Friendly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 . </Td> <Td> 4 September 2017 </Td> <Td> Mercedes - Benz Arena , Stuttgart , Germany </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Honours </H2> <H3> Club </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Werder Bremen </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> DFB - Pokal : 2008 -- 09 </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Real Madrid </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> La Liga : 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> Copa del Rey : 2010 -- 11 </Li> <Li> Supercopa de España : 2012 </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Arsenal </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> FA Cup : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> FA Community Shield : 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H3> International </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Germany </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> FIFA World Cup : 2014 , third place 2010 </Li> <Li> UEFA European Under - 21 Championship : 2009 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Individual </H3> <Ul> <Li> kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2008 -- 09 </Li> <Li> Bundesliga top assist provider : 2009 -- 10 </Li> <Li> FIFA World Cup top assist provider : 2010 </Li> <Li> UEFA Champions League top assist provider : 2010 -- 11 </Li> <Li> Germany national team Player of the Year : 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 </Li> <Li> La Liga top assist provider : 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying top assist provider </Li> <Li> UEFA European Championship top assist provider : 2012 </Li> <Li> UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2012 </Li> <Li> UEFA Team of the Year : 2012 , 2013 </Li> <Li> FIFPro World XI 2nd team : 2013 , 2016 </Li> <Li> FIFPro World XI 5th team : 2014 , 2017 </Li> <Li> IFFHS World 's Best Playmaker Silver award : 2013 </Li> <Li> PFA Fans Player of the Month : April , November & December 2015 </Li> <Li> Premier League top assist provider : 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> Arsenal F.C. Player of the Season : 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 10th place 2012 </Li> <Li> FIFA Ballon d'Or : 2010 ( 13th place ) , 2011 ( 11th place ) , 2012 ( 14th place ) , 2013 ( 16th place ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Arsenal also won the FA Community Shield in 2014 and 2017 but Özil was not part of the squad for either game . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Updated squads for 2017 / 18 Premier League confirmed '' . Premier League . 2 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010 : List of players : Germany '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 4 June 2010 . p. 11 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil : Overview '' . Premier League . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The top 10 assists leaders in Europe for 2010 ⁄ 11 '' . imscouting.com. 30 May 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spanish La Liga '' . EXPN Soccernat . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mourinho : Ozil will make history at Real '' . ESPNSTAR.com. 26 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` German international Özil joins Arsenal '' . Arsenal F.C. 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ornstein , David ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Mesut Özil : Arsenal sign Real Madrid midfielder for £ 42.4 m '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Arsenal smash club record to sign Mesut Özil '' . The Guardian . 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jean - Julien Beer ( 27 July 2006 ) . `` Ein 17 - Jähriger soll Lincoln ersetzen '' ( in German ) . kicker.de . Retrieved 13 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mesut Özil Bio '' . espnsoccernet.com . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kurzpässe : Ewerthon nach Barcelona , Kuffour nach Amsterdam '' . Spiegel Online . 29 January 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Millionen - Deal : Bremen verpflichtet Schalker Özil '' . Spiegel Online . 31 January 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shapland , Dave ( 28 November 2009 ) . `` Bundesliga player profile -- Mesut Ozil , Werder Bremen '' . adifferentleague.co.uk . Archived from the original on 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Oezil '' . 4to40.com . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mesut Özil '' . Real Madrid C.F. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sportschau.de : Wahl -- Mesut Özil ist Spieler der Hinrunde '' ( in German ) . Sportschau . Archived from the original on 28 September 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson : ' Wayne Rooney wanted me to sign Mesut Özil ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil to Play for Real Madrid '' . realmadrid.com . Archived from the original on 19 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid confirm signing of Germany star Mesut Ozil '' . BBC sport . 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil Interview : Real Madrid 's new star '' . soccernet.com. 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madden , Paul ( 22 August 2010 ) . `` Hercules 1 -- 3 Real Madrid : Benzema Brace Seals Friendly Triumph '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Report : The Whites make their debut in the 2010 / 11 edition of La Liga '' . Real Madrid . 29 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Report : The Whites earn a victory in their Champions League debut '' . Real Madrid . 15 September 2010 . 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Retrieved 28 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coggin , Stewart . `` Mesut Ozil Profile '' . worldsoccer.about.com . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Barzani'den Mesut Özil'e davet '' . hurriyet.com.tr ( in Turkish ) . 15 July 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosentritt , Michael ( 2 July 2010 ) . `` Mesut Özil : Ich habe nie Angst '' ( Mesut Özil : I am never afraid ) ( in German ) . Der Tagesspiegel . TAGESSPIEGEL : Ihre Art sich direkt vor einem Spiel zu konzentrieren ist es , Verse aus dem Koran leise vor sich hin zu sprechen . MESUT ÖZIL : Das mache ich in der Kabine , bevor wir rausgehen . Ich bete dann und meine Mitspieler wissen schon , dass sie in dieser kurzen Zeit nicht mit mir reden können . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singh , Amar ( 27 August 2011 ) . `` ' My manager told me to choose between fasting or playing -- I chose to fast ' -- how Muslim footballers including Mesut Ozil and Amr Zaki approach Ramadan '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil visits Muslim holy city Mecca ahead of Euro 2016 '' . Squawka. 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soccer stars steal show at Germany 's Bambi Awards '' . in.reuters.com. 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil 's popstar girlfriend Mandy Capristo joins Arsenal glamour WAGs '' . Daily Star . 4 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mandy Capristo splits from Mesut Ozil after his affair '' . Mid-day. 17 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arsenal star Mesut Ozil pictured with former girlfriend in Berlin after rumoured split last year '' . Mirror. 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 's Mesut Ozil rekindles relationship with ex-girlfriend Mandy Capristo ? '' . Sports Mole. 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil gets super close to former Miss Turkey , Amine Gulse '' . 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gill , Kerian . `` Mesut Ozil donates World Cup winnings so 23 children can have surgery in Brazil as ' personal thank you for the hospitality ' '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morgan , Spencer ( 19 May 2016 ) . `` Arsenal 's Mesut Ozil heads out to Jordan for a kick - about with starstruck child refugees '' . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arsenal news : Charity thanks ' class ' Ozil for making dream come true for child with brain tumour - Goal.com '' . Goal.com. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil switches to the Three Stripes ! '' . Footballboots.co.uk. 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi , Gareth Bale and Mesut Ozil star in exciting new Adidas advert '' . Daily Mirror. 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil Launches His Own Logo '' . Footballboots.co.uk. 1 August 2013 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Revealed : How Mesut Ozil pleaded with Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger to end his Real Madrid hell '' . Metro.co.uk. 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 's Mesut Özil was called a ' coward ' by Jose Mourinho in blistering dressing - room row at Real Madrid '' . Independent.co.uk. 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . kicker.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil '' . European Football . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Özil -- national football team player '' . EU-Football.info. 4 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` M. Özil '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gartenschläger , Lars ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` Khedira , Özil , Neuer -- Aufstieg der Euro - Helden '' ( in German ) . welt.de . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1 . Bundesliga : alle Topscorer der Saison 2009 / 10 '' . Kicker ( in German ) . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . Planet World Cup . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . UEFA . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arsenal playmaker Mesut Ozil wins Germany player of the year award '' . The Guardian . 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil : Arsenal midfielder wins Germany 's Player of the Year for fifth time '' . BBC Sport. 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LIGA BBVA Player Statistics '' . WhoScored . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Statistics '' . UEFA . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Statistics '' . UEFA . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Team of the Tournament '' . UEFA . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UEFA.com users ' Team of the Year 2012 '' . UEFA . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UEFA.com users ' Team of the Year 2013 revealed '' . UEFA. 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FifPro announces reserve Teams of the Year -- but Luis Suarez and Arjen Robben wo n't be laughing while Iker Casillas is somehow named the second best goalkeeper of 2013 '' . Independent.co.uk. 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 World 11 : the reserve teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World XI : the reserve teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 -- 2017 World 11 : the Reserve Teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union '' . FIFPro.org. 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE WORLD 'S BEST PLAYMAKER 2013 '' . IFFHS. 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ozil named PFA Fans ' Player of the Month '' . Arsenal.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ozil wins PFA Fans ' award '' . Sky Sports.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League top assist makers '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Player of the Season -- the winner is ... '' Arsenal Football Club . 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Iniesta , Messi , Ronaldo up for Best Player Award '' . UEFA. 14 August 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014 -- voting results '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com. 12 January 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 January 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mesut Özil . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Mesut Özil at Soccerbase </Li> <Li> Arsenal official profile </Li> <Li> Profile at Premier League </Li> <Li> Mesut Özil at kicker.de ( in German ) </Li> <Li> Mesut Özil at fussballdaten.de ( in German ) </Li> <Li> Mesut Özil at ESPN FC </Li> <Li> Mesut Özil at BDFutbol </Li> <Li> 2010 FIFA World Cup profile </Li> <Li> Mesut Özil at National-Football-Teams.com </Li> <Li> Mesut Özil -- FIFA competition record </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Arsenal F.C. -- current squad </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 4 Mertesacker </Li> <Li> 6 Koscielny </Li> <Li> 7 Mkhitaryan </Li> <Li> 8 Ramsey </Li> <Li> 9 Lacazette </Li> <Li> 10 Wilshere </Li> <Li> 11 Özil </Li> <Li> 13 Ospina </Li> <Li> 14 Aubameyang </Li> <Li> 16 Holding </Li> <Li> 17 Iwobi </Li> <Li> 18 Monreal </Li> <Li> 19 Cazorla </Li> <Li> 20 Mustafi </Li> <Li> 21 Chambers </Li> <Li> 23 Welbeck </Li> <Li> 24 Bellerín </Li> <Li> 27 Mavropanos </Li> <Li> 29 Xhaka </Li> <Li> 30 Maitland - Niles </Li> <Li> 31 Kolašinac </Li> <Li> 33 Čech </Li> <Li> 35 Elneny </Li> <Li> 54 Macey </Li> <Li> 61 Nelson </Li> <Li> 62 Nketiah </Li> <Li> 69 Willock </Li> <Li> Manager : Wenger </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UEFA Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Goalkeepers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gianluigi Buffon </Li> <Li> Iker Casillas </Li> <Li> Manuel Neuer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defenders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jordi Alba </Li> <Li> Fábio Coentrão </Li> <Li> Philipp Lahm </Li> <Li> Pepe </Li> <Li> Gerard Piqué </Li> <Li> Sergio Ramos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Midfielders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Xabi Alonso </Li> <Li> Sergio Busquets </Li> <Li> Daniele De Rossi </Li> <Li> Steven Gerrard </Li> <Li> Andrés Iniesta </Li> <Li> Sami Khedira </Li> <Li> Mesut Özil </Li> <Li> Andrea Pirlo </Li> <Li> Xavi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Forwards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mario Balotelli </Li> <Li> Cesc Fàbregas </Li> <Li> Zlatan Ibrahimović </Li> <Li> Cristiano Ronaldo </Li> <Li> David Silva </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Arsenal F.C. Player of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1967 : McLintock </Li> <Li> 1971 : Wilson </Li> <Li> 1981 : Sansom </Li> <Li> 1997 : Bergkamp </Li> <Li> 1998 : Parlour </Li> <Li> 2006 : Henry </Li> <Li> 2007 : Fabregas </Li> <Li> 2008 : Fabregas </Li> <Li> 2009 : Van Persie </Li> <Li> 2010 : Fabregas </Li> <Li> 2011 : Wilshere </Li> <Li> 2012 : Van Persie </Li> <Li> 2013 : Cazorla </Li> <Li> 2014 : Ramsey </Li> <Li> 2015 : Sánchez </Li> <Li> 2016 : Özil </Li> <Li> 2017 : Sánchez </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2012 UEFA Team of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> GK : Iker Casillas </Li> <Li> RB : Sergio Ramos </Li> <Li> CB : Gerard Piqué </Li> <Li> CB : Thiago Silva </Li> <Li> LB : Philipp Lahm </Li> <Li> MF : Andrés Iniesta </Li> <Li> MF : Xavi </Li> <Li> MF : Andrea Pirlo </Li> <Li> MF : Mesut Özil </Li> <Li> FW : Lionel Messi </Li> <Li> FW : Cristiano Ronaldo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2013 UEFA Team of the Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> GK : Manuel Neuer </Li> <Li> RB : Philipp Lahm </Li> <Li> CB : Thiago Silva </Li> <Li> CB : Sergio Ramos </Li> <Li> LB : David Alaba </Li> <Li> MF : Gareth Bale </Li> <Li> MF : Marco Reus </Li> <Li> MF : Mesut Özil </Li> <Li> MF : Franck Ribéry </Li> <Li> FW : Zlatan Ibrahimović </Li> <Li> FW : Cristiano Ronaldo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Germany squads </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Germany squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup Third Place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Neuer </Li> <Li> 2 Jansen </Li> <Li> 3 Friedrich </Li> <Li> 4 Aogo </Li> <Li> 5 Tasci </Li> <Li> 6 Khedira </Li> <Li> 7 Schweinsteiger </Li> <Li> 8 Özil </Li> <Li> 9 Kießling </Li> <Li> 10 Podolski </Li> <Li> 11 Klose </Li> <Li> 12 Wiese </Li> <Li> 13 Müller </Li> <Li> 14 Badstuber </Li> <Li> 15 Trochowski </Li> <Li> 16 Lahm ( c ) </Li> <Li> 17 Mertesacker </Li> <Li> 18 Kroos </Li> <Li> 19 Cacau </Li> <Li> 20 Boateng </Li> <Li> 21 Marin </Li> <Li> 22 Butt </Li> <Li> 23 Gómez </Li> <Li> Coach : Löw </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Germany squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 semi-finalists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Neuer </Li> <Li> 2 Gündoğan </Li> <Li> 3 Schmelzer </Li> <Li> 4 Höwedes </Li> <Li> 5 Hummels </Li> <Li> 6 Khedira </Li> <Li> 7 Schweinsteiger </Li> <Li> 8 Özil </Li> <Li> 9 Schürrle </Li> <Li> 10 Podolski </Li> <Li> 11 Klose </Li> <Li> 12 Wiese </Li> <Li> 13 Müller </Li> <Li> 14 Badstuber </Li> <Li> 15 Bender </Li> <Li> 16 Lahm ( c ) </Li> <Li> 17 Mertesacker </Li> <Li> 18 Kroos </Li> <Li> 19 Götze </Li> <Li> 20 Boateng </Li> <Li> 21 Reus </Li> <Li> 22 Zieler </Li> <Li> 23 Gómez </Li> <Li> Coach : Löw </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Germany squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup winners ( 4th title ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Neuer </Li> <Li> 2 Großkreutz </Li> <Li> 3 Ginter </Li> <Li> 4 Höwedes </Li> <Li> 5 Hummels </Li> <Li> 6 Khedira </Li> <Li> 7 Schweinsteiger </Li> <Li> 8 Özil </Li> <Li> 9 Schürrle </Li> <Li> 10 Podolski </Li> <Li> 11 Klose </Li> <Li> 12 Zieler </Li> <Li> 13 Müller </Li> <Li> 14 Draxler </Li> <Li> 15 Durm </Li> <Li> 16 Lahm ( c ) </Li> <Li> 17 Mertesacker </Li> <Li> 18 Kroos </Li> <Li> 19 Götze </Li> <Li> 20 Boateng </Li> <Li> 21 Mustafi </Li> <Li> 22 Weidenfeller </Li> <Li> 23 Kramer </Li> <Li> Coach : Löw </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Germany squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 semi-finalists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Neuer </Li> <Li> 2 Mustafi </Li> <Li> 3 Hector </Li> <Li> 4 Höwedes </Li> <Li> 5 Hummels </Li> <Li> 6 Khedira </Li> <Li> 7 Schweinsteiger ( c ) </Li> <Li> 8 Özil </Li> <Li> 9 Schürrle </Li> <Li> 10 Podolski </Li> <Li> 11 Draxler </Li> <Li> 12 Leno </Li> <Li> 13 Müller </Li> <Li> 14 Can </Li> <Li> 15 Weigl </Li> <Li> 16 Tah </Li> <Li> 17 Boateng </Li> <Li> 18 Kroos </Li> <Li> 19 Götze </Li> <Li> 20 Sané </Li> <Li> 21 Kimmich </Li> <Li> 22 Ter Stegen </Li> <Li> 23 Gómez </Li> <Li> Coach : Löw </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 258609885 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0003 7977 0122 </Li> <Li> GND : 1025281462 </Li> <Li> BIBSYS : 14032804 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Mesut_Özil&oldid = 825472073 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1988 births </Li> <Li> Association football forwards </Li> <Li> Association football midfielders </Li> <Li> Expatriate footballers in England </Li> <Li> Expatriate footballers in 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Living presidents of the United States - wikipedia <H1> Living presidents of the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The five living former presidents : George H.W. Bush ( far left ) , Barack Obama ( left ) , George W. Bush ( center ) , Bill Clinton ( right ) , and Jimmy Carter ( far right ) . <P> This is the list of all of the living Presidents of the United States at each moment in time . Currently there are six living presidents , including the incumbent , Donald Trump . </P> <P> Due to the line of succession outlined in Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 of the United States Constitution ( 1789 ) , Amendment 20 , Section 3 ( 1933 ) and Amendment 25 , Section 1 ( 1967 ) to the Constitution , there has never been a point where there is no serving President , meaning that from the point of death , resignation , or term end of one United States President , the powers and duties of the presidency are immediately passed to their successor under U.S. law , even before that person takes the oath of office . </P> <P> This article also includes a list of all living Vice Presidents of the United States at each moment in U.S. history . Currently there are seven living vice presidents , including the incumbent , Mike Pence . </P> <P> The lists do not include those who would in the future serve as President or Vice President , nor those who served as Acting President of the United States or as President of the Continental Congress . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Timeline of living presidents </Li> <Li> 2 Gallery </Li> <Li> 3 Statistics </Li> <Li> 4 Timeline of living vice presidents </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Timeline of living presidents </H2> <Table> Number of presidents alive at each moment in United States history ( hide ) <Tr> <Th_colspan="6"> 01 Order of service ( linked ) + Increases ( inaugurations ) − Decreases ( deaths ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Starting and ending events </Th> <Th> Living presidents </Th> <Th> Time span </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1789 - 04 - 30 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apr 30 , 1789 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1797 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of George Washington </Li> <Li> Inauguration of John Adams </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 01 </Li> <Li> + 02 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1 01 </Td> <Td> 7003286500000000000 ♠ 7 years , 308 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1797 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1797 </Li> <Li> Dec 14 , 1799 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of John Adams </Li> <Li> Death of George Washington </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 02 </Li> <Li> − 01 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 02 01 </Td> <Td> 7003101500000000000 ♠ 2 years , 285 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1799 - 12 - 14 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dec 14 , 1799 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1801 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of George Washington </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Thomas Jefferson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 01 </Li> <Li> + 03 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1 02 </Td> <Td> 7002445000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 80 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1801 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1801 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1809 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of Thomas Jefferson </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of James Madison </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 03 </Li> <Li> + 04 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 03 02 </Td> <Td> 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1809 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1809 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1817 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of James Madison </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of James Monroe </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 04 </Li> <Li> + 05 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 04 03 02 </Td> <Td> 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1817 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1817 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1825 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of James Monroe </Li> <Li> Inauguration of John Quincy Adams </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 05 </Li> <Li> + 06 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 05 04 03 02 </Td> <Td> 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1825 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1825 </Li> <Li> Jul 4 , 1826 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of John Quincy Adams </Li> <Li> Death of Thomas Jefferson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 06 </Li> <Li> − 03 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 06 05 04 03 02 </Td> <Td> 7002487000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 122 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1826 - 07 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jul 4 , 1826 </Li> <Li> Jul 4 , 1826 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Thomas Jefferson </Li> <Li> Death of John Adams </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 03 </Li> <Li> − 02 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 06 05 04 02 </Td> <Td> 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 days ! 51⁄2 hours </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1826 - 07 - 05 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jul 4 , 1826 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1829 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of John Adams </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Andrew Jackson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 02 </Li> <Li> + 07 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 06 05 04 </Td> <Td> 7002974000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 243 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1829 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1829 </Li> <Li> Jul 4 , 1831 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of Andrew Jackson </Li> <Li> Death of James Monroe </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 07 </Li> <Li> − 05 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 07 06 05 04 </Td> <Td> 7002852000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 122 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1831 - 07 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jul 4 , 1831 </Li> <Li> Jun 28 , 1836 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of James Monroe </Li> <Li> Death of James Madison </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 05 </Li> <Li> − 04 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 07 06 04 </Td> <Td> 7003182100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 360 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1836 - 06 - 28 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jun 28 , 1836 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1837 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of James Madison </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Martin Van Buren </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 04 </Li> <Li> + 08 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 07 06 </Td> <Td> 7002249000000000000 ♠ 249 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1837 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1837 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1841 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of Martin Van Buren </Li> <Li> Inauguration of William Henry Harrison </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 08 </Li> <Li> + 09 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 08 07 06 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1841 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1841 </Li> <Li> Apr 4 , 1841 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of William Henry Harrison </Li> <Li> Death of William Henry Harrison </Li> <Li> Inauguration of John Tyler </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 09 </Li> <Li> − 09 </Li> <Li> + 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 09 08 07 06 </Td> <Td> 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1841 - 04 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apr 4 , 1841 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1845 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of William Henry Harrison </Li> <Li> Inauguration of John Tyler </Li> <Li> Inauguration of James K. Polk </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 09 </Li> <Li> + 10 </Li> <Li> + 11 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 10 08 07 06 </Td> <Td> 7003143000000000000 ♠ 3 years , 334 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1845 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1845 </Li> <Li> Jun 8 , 1845 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of James K. Polk </Li> <Li> Death of Andrew Jackson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 11 </Li> <Li> − 07 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 11 10 08 07 06 </Td> <Td> 7001960000000000000 ♠ 96 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1845 - 06 - 08 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jun 8 , 1845 </Li> <Li> Feb 23 , 1848 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Andrew Jackson </Li> <Li> Death of John Quincy Adams </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 07 </Li> <Li> − 06 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 11 10 08 06 </Td> <Td> 7002990000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 260 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1848 - 02 - 23 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Feb 23 , 1848 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1849 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of John Quincy Adams </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Zachary Taylor </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 06 </Li> <Li> + 12 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 11 10 08 </Td> <Td> 7002375000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 9 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1849 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1849 </Li> <Li> Jun 15 , 1849 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of Zachary Taylor </Li> <Li> Death of James K. Polk </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 12 </Li> <Li> − 11 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 12 11 10 08 </Td> <Td> 7002103000000000000 ♠ 103 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1849 - 06 - 15 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jun 15 , 1849 </Li> <Li> Jul 9 , 1850 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of James K. Polk </Li> <Li> Death of Zachary Taylor </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Millard Fillmore </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 11 </Li> <Li> − 12 </Li> <Li> + 13 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 12 10 08 </Td> <Td> 7002389000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 24 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1850 - 07 - 09 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jul 9 , 1850 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1853 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Zachary Taylor </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Millard Fillmore </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Franklin Pierce </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 12 </Li> <Li> + 13 </Li> <Li> + 14 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 13 10 08 </Td> <Td> 7002969000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 238 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1853 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1853 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1857 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of Franklin Pierce </Li> <Li> Inauguration of James Buchanan </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 14 </Li> <Li> + 15 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 14 13 10 08 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1857 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1857 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1861 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of James Buchanan </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Abraham Lincoln </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 15 </Li> <Li> + 16 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 15 14 13 10 08 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1861 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1861 </Li> <Li> Jan 18 , 1862 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of Abraham Lincoln </Li> <Li> Death of John Tyler </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 16 </Li> <Li> − 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 6 16 15 14 13 10 08 </Td> <Td> 7002320000000000000 ♠ 320 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1862 - 01 - 18 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 18 , 1862 </Li> <Li> Jul 24 , 1862 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of John Tyler </Li> <Li> Death of Martin Van Buren </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 10 </Li> <Li> − 08 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 16 15 14 13 08 </Td> <Td> 7002187000000000000 ♠ 187 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1862 - 07 - 24 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jul 24 , 1862 </Li> <Li> Apr 15 , 1865 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Martin Van Buren </Li> <Li> Assassination of Abraham Lincoln </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Andrew Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 08 </Li> <Li> − 16 </Li> <Li> + 17 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 16 15 14 13 </Td> <Td> 7002996000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 265 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1865 - 04 - 15 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apr 15 , 1865 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Jun 1 , 1868 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Assassination of Abraham Lincoln </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Andrew Johnson </Li> <Li> Death of James Buchanan </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 16 </Li> <Li> + 17 </Li> <Li> − 15 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 17 15 14 13 </Td> <Td> 7003114300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 47 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1868 - 06 - 01 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jun 1 , 1868 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1869 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of James Buchanan </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 15 </Li> <Li> + 18 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 17 14 13 </Td> <Td> 7002276000000000000 ♠ 276 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1869 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1869 </Li> <Li> Oct 8 , 1869 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant </Li> <Li> Death of Franklin Pierce </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 18 </Li> <Li> − 14 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 18 17 14 13 </Td> <Td> 7002218000000000000 ♠ 218 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1869 - 10 - 08 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Oct 8 , 1869 </Li> <Li> Mar 8 , 1874 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Franklin Pierce </Li> <Li> Death of Millard Fillmore </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 14 </Li> <Li> − 13 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 18 17 13 </Td> <Td> 7003161200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 151 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1874 - 03 - 08 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 8 , 1874 </Li> <Li> Jul 31 , 1875 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Millard Fillmore </Li> <Li> Death of Andrew Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 13 </Li> <Li> − 17 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 18 17 </Td> <Td> 7002510000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 145 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1875 - 07 - 31 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jul 31 , 1875 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1877 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Andrew Johnson </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 17 </Li> <Li> + 19 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1 18 </Td> <Td> 7002582000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 216 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1877 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1877 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1881 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes </Li> <Li> Inauguration of James A. Garfield </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 19 </Li> <Li> + 20 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 19 18 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1881 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1881 </Li> <Li> Sep 19 , 1881 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of James A. Garfield </Li> <Li> Assassination of James A. Garfield </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 20 </Li> <Li> − 20 </Li> <Li> + 21 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 20 19 18 </Td> <Td> 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1881 - 09 - 19 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sep 19 , 1881 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1885 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Assassination of James A. Garfield </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Grover Cleveland </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 20 </Li> <Li> + 21 </Li> <Li> + 22 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 21 19 18 </Td> <Td> 7003126200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 166 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1885 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1885 </Li> <Li> Jul 23 , 1885 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of Grover Cleveland </Li> <Li> Death of Ulysses S. Grant </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 22 </Li> <Li> − 18 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 22 21 19 18 </Td> <Td> 7002141000000000000 ♠ 141 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1885 - 07 - 23 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jul 23 , 1885 </Li> <Li> Nov 18 , 1886 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Ulysses S. Grant </Li> <Li> Death of Chester A. Arthur </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 18 </Li> <Li> − 21 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 22 21 19 </Td> <Td> 7002483000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 118 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1886 - 11 - 18 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nov 18 , 1886 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1889 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Chester A. Arthur </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 21 </Li> <Li> + 23 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 22 19 </Td> <Td> 7002837000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 106 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1889 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1889 </Li> <Li> Jan 17 , 1893 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison </Li> <Li> Death of Rutherford B. Hayes </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 23 </Li> <Li> − 19 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 23 22 19 </Td> <Td> 7003141500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 319 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1893 - 01 - 17 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 17 , 1893 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1897 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Rutherford B. Hayes </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of William McKinley </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 19 </Li> <Li> + 25 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 23 22 </Td> <Td> 7003150700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 46 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1897 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1897 </Li> <Li> Mar 13 , 1901 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of William McKinley </Li> <Li> Death of Benjamin Harrison </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 25 </Li> <Li> − 23 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 25 23 22 </Td> <Td> 7003146900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 9 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1901 - 03 - 13 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 13 , 1901 </Li> <Li> Sep 14 , 1901 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Benjamin Harrison </Li> <Li> Assassination of William McKinley </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 23 </Li> <Li> − 25 </Li> <Li> + 26 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 25 22 </Td> <Td> 7002185000000000000 ♠ 185 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1901 - 09 - 14 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sep 14 , 1901 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Jun 24 , 1908 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Assassination of William McKinley </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Death of Grover Cleveland </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 25 </Li> <Li> + 26 </Li> <Li> − 22 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 26 22 </Td> <Td> 7003247500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 284 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1908 - 06 - 24 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jun 24 , 1908 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1909 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Grover Cleveland </Li> <Li> Inauguration of William Howard Taft </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 22 </Li> <Li> + 27 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1 26 </Td> <Td> 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1909 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1909 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1913 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of William Howard Taft </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Woodrow Wilson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 27 </Li> <Li> + 28 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 27 26 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1913 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1913 </Li> <Li> Jan 6 , 1919 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of Woodrow Wilson </Li> <Li> Death of Theodore Roosevelt </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 28 </Li> <Li> − 26 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 28 27 26 </Td> <Td> 7003213400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 308 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1919 - 01 - 06 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 6 , 1919 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1921 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Theodore Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Warren G. Harding </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 26 </Li> <Li> + 29 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 28 27 </Td> <Td> 7002788000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 57 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1921 </Li> <Li> Aug 2 , 1923 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of Warren G. Harding </Li> <Li> Death of Warren G. Harding </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Calvin Coolidge </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 29 </Li> <Li> − 29 </Li> <Li> + 30 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 29 28 27 </Td> <Td> 7002881000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 151 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1923 - 08 - 02 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aug 2 , 1923 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Feb 3 , 1924 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Warren G. Harding </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Calvin Coolidge </Li> <Li> Death of Woodrow Wilson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 29 </Li> <Li> + 30 </Li> <Li> − 28 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 30 28 27 </Td> <Td> 7002185000000000000 ♠ 185 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 - 02 - 03 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Feb 3 , 1924 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1929 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Woodrow Wilson </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Herbert Hoover </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 28 </Li> <Li> + 31 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 30 27 </Td> <Td> 7003185600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 29 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1929 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1929 </Li> <Li> Mar 8 , 1930 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of Herbert Hoover </Li> <Li> Death of William Howard Taft </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 31 </Li> <Li> − 27 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 31 30 27 </Td> <Td> 7002369000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 4 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 - 03 - 08 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 8 , 1930 </Li> <Li> Jan 5 , 1933 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of William Howard Taft </Li> <Li> Death of Calvin Coolidge </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 27 </Li> <Li> − 30 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 31 30 </Td> <Td> 7003103400000000000 ♠ 2 years , 303 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1933 - 01 - 05 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 5 , 1933 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1933 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Calvin Coolidge </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 30 </Li> <Li> + 32 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1 31 </Td> <Td> 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1933 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1933 </Li> <Li> Apr 12 , 1945 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Harry S. Truman </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 32 </Li> <Li> − 32 </Li> <Li> + 33 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 32 31 </Td> <Td> 7003442200000000000 ♠ 12 years , 39 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 - 04 - 12 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apr 12 , 1945 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1953 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Harry S. Truman </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 32 </Li> <Li> + 33 </Li> <Li> + 34 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 33 31 </Td> <Td> 7003284000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 283 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1953 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1961 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower </Li> <Li> Inauguration of John F. Kennedy </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 34 </Li> <Li> + 35 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 34 33 31 </Td> <Td> 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1961 </Li> <Li> Nov 22 , 1963 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of John F. Kennedy </Li> <Li> Assassination of John F. Kennedy </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 35 </Li> <Li> − 35 </Li> <Li> + 36 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 35 34 33 31 </Td> <Td> 7003103600000000000 ♠ 2 years , 306 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 - 11 - 22 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nov 22 , 1963 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Oct 20 , 1964 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Assassination of John F. Kennedy </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson </Li> <Li> Death of Herbert Hoover </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 35 </Li> <Li> + 36 </Li> <Li> − 31 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 36 34 33 31 </Td> <Td> 7002333000000000000 ♠ 333 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 - 10 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Oct 20 , 1964 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1969 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Herbert Hoover </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Richard Nixon </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 31 </Li> <Li> + 37 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 36 34 33 </Td> <Td> 7003155300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 92 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1969 </Li> <Li> Mar 28 , 1969 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of Richard Nixon </Li> <Li> Death of Dwight D. Eisenhower </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 37 </Li> <Li> − 34 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 37 36 34 33 </Td> <Td> 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 - 03 - 28 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 28 , 1969 </Li> <Li> Dec 26 , 1972 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Dwight D. Eisenhower </Li> <Li> Death of Harry S. Truman </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 34 </Li> <Li> − 33 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 37 36 33 </Td> <Td> 7003136900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 273 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 - 12 - 26 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dec 26 , 1972 </Li> <Li> Jan 22 , 1973 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Harry S. Truman </Li> <Li> Death of Lyndon B. Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 33 </Li> <Li> − 36 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 37 36 </Td> <Td> 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 - 01 - 22 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 22 , 1973 </Li> <Li> Aug 9 , 1974 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Lyndon B. Johnson </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Gerald Ford </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 36 </Li> <Li> + 38 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1 37 </Td> <Td> 7002564000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 199 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 - 08 - 09 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aug 9 , 1974 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1977 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of Gerald Ford </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Jimmy Carter </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 38 </Li> <Li> + 39 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 38 37 </Td> <Td> 7002895000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 164 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1977 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1981 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of Jimmy Carter </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Ronald Reagan </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 39 </Li> <Li> + 40 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 39 38 37 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1981 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1989 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of Ronald Reagan </Li> <Li> Inauguration of George H.W. Bush </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 40 </Li> <Li> + 41 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 40 39 38 37 </Td> <Td> 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1989 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1993 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of George H.W. Bush </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Bill Clinton </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 41 </Li> <Li> + 42 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 41 40 39 38 37 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1993 </Li> <Li> Apr 22 , 1994 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of Bill Clinton </Li> <Li> Death of Richard Nixon </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 42 </Li> <Li> − 37 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 6 42 41 40 39 38 37 </Td> <Td> 7002457000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 92 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 - 04 - 22 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apr 22 , 1994 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 2001 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Richard Nixon </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of George W. Bush </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 37 </Li> <Li> + 43 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 42 41 40 39 38 </Td> <Td> 7003246500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 273 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 2001 </Li> <Li> Jun 5 , 2004 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of George W. Bush </Li> <Li> Death of Ronald Reagan </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 43 </Li> <Li> − 40 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 6 43 42 41 40 39 38 </Td> <Td> 7003123200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 137 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 - 06 - 05 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jun 5 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Dec 26 , 2006 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Ronald Reagan </Li> <Li> Death of Gerald Ford </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 40 </Li> <Li> − 38 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 43 42 41 39 38 </Td> <Td> 7002934000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 204 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 - 12 - 26 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dec 26 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Gerald Ford </Li> <Li> 1st inauguration of Barack Obama </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 38 </Li> <Li> + 44 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 43 42 41 39 </Td> <Td> 7002756000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 25 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st inauguration of Barack Obama </Li> <Li> Inauguration of Donald Trump </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 44 </Li> <Li> + 45 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 44 43 42 41 39 </Td> <Td> 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 2017 </Li> <Li> ( present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inauguration of Donald Trump </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 45 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 6 45 44 43 42 41 39 </Td> <Td> 7002261000000000000 ♠ 261 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Starting and ending events </Th> <Th> Living presidents </Th> <Th> Time span </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="6"> 01 Order of service ( linked ) + Increases ( inaugurations ) − Decreases ( deaths ) 22 indicates Grover Cleveland , who was both the 22nd and 24th president . </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Gallery </H2> <P> There have been several gatherings of all the living presidents . Below are photographs of groups of persons who , at one time or another , comprised all living presidents ( although several of these photographs were taken prior to or after the time period in which the persons depicted were the only living presidents ) . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1877 to 1881 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Grant </Li> <Li> Hayes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1893 to 1897 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> B. Harrison </Li> <Li> Cleveland </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1901 to 1901 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> McKinley </Li> <Li> Cleveland </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1909 to 1913 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> T. Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Taft </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1919 to 1921 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Wilson </Li> <Li> Taft </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1924 to 1929 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Taft </Li> <Li> Coolidge </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1929 to 1930 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Taft </Li> <Li> Coolidge </Li> <Li> Hoover </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1930 to 1933 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Coolidge </Li> <Li> Hoover </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1933 to 1945 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Hoover </Li> <Li> F. D. Roosevelt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1945 to 1953 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Truman </Li> <Li> Hoover </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1953 to 1961 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Truman </Li> <Li> Hoover </Li> <Li> Eisenhower </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1964 to 1969 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> L. B. Johnson </Li> <Li> Truman </Li> <Li> Eisenhower </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1969 to 1969 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Eisenhower </Li> <Li> L. B. Johnson </Li> <Li> Nixon </Li> <Li> Truman </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1972 to 1973 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Nixon </Li> <Li> L. B. Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1974 to 1977 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Nixon </Li> <Li> Ford </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1977 to 1981 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Carter </Li> <Li> Ford </Li> <Li> Nixon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1981 to 1989 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Reagan </Li> <Li> Ford </Li> <Li> Carter </Li> <Li> Nixon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1989 to 1993 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Ford </Li> <Li> Nixon </Li> <Li> G. H. W. Bush </Li> <Li> Reagan </Li> <Li> Carter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1994 to 2001 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> Clinton </Li> <Li> G. H. W. Bush </Li> <Li> Reagan </Li> <Li> Carter </Li> <Li> Ford </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2004 to 2006 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> G. H. W. Bush </Li> <Li> Carter </Li> <Li> Ford </Li> <Li> G. W. Bush </Li> <Li> Clinton </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2006 to 2009 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> G. H. W. Bush </Li> <Li> G. W. Bush </Li> <Li> Clinton </Li> <Li> Carter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2009 to 2017 ( from left ) : <Ul> <Li> G. H. W. Bush </Li> <Li> Obama </Li> <Li> G. W. Bush </Li> <Li> Clinton </Li> <Li> Carter </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Statistics </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Living as of October 2017 ( from oldest to youngest ) <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Th> Date of birth </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Presidency </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George H.W. Bush </Td> <Td> ( 1924 - 06 - 12 ) June 12 , 1924 ( age 93 ) </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jimmy Carter </Td> <Td> ( 1924 - 10 - 01 ) October 1 , 1924 ( age 93 ) </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donald Trump </Td> <Td> ( 1946 - 06 - 14 ) June 14 , 1946 ( age 71 ) </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 2017 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George W. Bush </Td> <Td> ( 1946 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 1946 ( age 71 ) </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Clinton </Td> <Td> ( 1946 - 08 - 19 ) August 19 , 1946 ( age 71 ) </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barack Obama </Td> <Td> ( 1961 - 08 - 04 ) August 4 , 1961 ( age 56 ) </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> There have been six time periods when there was only one living President , no former president being alive : <Ol> <Li> From April 1789 to March 1797 , the entirety of George Washington term as the first President </Li> <Li> From December 1799 to March 1801 , at the end of John Adams ' presidency following Washington 's death </Li> <Li> From July 1875 to March 1877 , at the end of Ulysses S. Grant 's presidency following Andrew Johnson 's death </Li> <Li> From June 1908 to March 1909 , at the end of Theodore Roosevelt 's presidency following Grover Cleveland 's death </Li> <Li> From January 1933 to March 1933 , at the end of Herbert Hoover 's presidency following Calvin Coolidge 's death </Li> <Li> From January 1973 to August 1974 , at the end of Richard Nixon 's presidency following Lyndon B. Johnson 's death </Li> </Ol> </Li> <Li> There have been four time periods when six presidents ( the incumbent and five former presidents ) co-existed , including the current period : <Ol> <Li> From March 1861 to July 1862 , when Martin Van Buren , John Tyler , Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , and Abraham Lincoln were alive . </Li> <Li> From January 1993 to April 1994 , when six consecutive presidents , Nixon , Gerald Ford , Carter , Ronald Reagan , G. H. W. Bush , and Clinton , were alive . </Li> <Li> From January 2001 to June 2004 , when six consecutive presidents , Ford , Carter , Reagan , G. H. W. Bush , Clinton , and G. W. Bush , were alive . </Li> <Li> From January 2017 to the present day , with Carter , G. H. W. Bush , Clinton , G. W. Bush , Obama and Donald Trump alive . </Li> </Ol> </Li> <Li> Nixon is the only man to have been both the only living U.S. president ( from January 1973 to August 1974 ) and one of six living presidents ( from January 1993 to April 1994 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Timeline of living vice presidents </H2> <P> There have been four time periods when there was only one living vice president , first with the inauguration of John Adams in 1789 and most recently during the vice presidency of Thomas R. Marshall after the death of Levi P. Morton . Prior to the current period , there has been only one other time period when seven vice presidents ( the incumbent and six former vice presidents ) co-existed , between the 1993 inauguration of Al Gore and the 1994 death of Richard Nixon . </P> <Table> Number of vice presidents alive at each moment in United States history ( hide ) <Tr> <Th_colspan="6"> 48 Order of service ( linked ) + Increases ( inaugurations ) − Decreases ( deaths ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Starting and ending events </Th> <Th> Living vice presidents </Th> <Th> Time span </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1789 - 04 - 21 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apr 21 , 1789 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1797 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of John Adams </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Thomas Jefferson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 01 </Li> <Li> + 02 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1 01 </Td> <Td> 7003287400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 317 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1797 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1797 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1801 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Thomas Jefferson </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Aaron Burr </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 02 </Li> <Li> + 03 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 02 01 </Td> <Td> 7003146000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1801 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1801 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1805 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Aaron Burr </Li> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of George Clinton </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 03 </Li> <Li> + 04 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 03 02 01 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1805 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1805 </Li> <Li> Apr 20 , 1812 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of George Clinton </Li> <Li> Death of George Clinton </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 04 </Li> <Li> − 04 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 04 03 02 01 </Td> <Td> 7003260400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 47 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1812 - 04 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apr 20 , 1812 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1813 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of George Clinton </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Elbridge Gerry </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 04 </Li> <Li> + 05 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 03 02 01 </Td> <Td> 7002318000000000000 ♠ 318 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1813 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1813 </Li> <Li> Nov 23 , 1814 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Elbridge Gerry </Li> <Li> Death of Elbridge Gerry </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 05 </Li> <Li> − 05 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 05 03 02 01 </Td> <Td> 7002629000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 264 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1814 - 11 - 23 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nov 23 , 1814 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1817 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Elbridge Gerry </Li> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of Daniel D. Tompkins </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 05 </Li> <Li> + 06 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 03 02 01 </Td> <Td> 7002832000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 101 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1817 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1817 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1825 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of Daniel D. Tompkins </Li> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of John C. Calhoun </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 06 </Li> <Li> + 07 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 06 03 02 01 </Td> <Td> 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1825 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1825 </Li> <Li> Jun 17 , 1825 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of John C. Calhoun </Li> <Li> Death of Daniel D. Tompkins </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 07 </Li> <Li> − 06 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 07 06 03 02 01 </Td> <Td> 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1825 - 06 - 17 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jun 17 , 1825 </Li> <Li> Jul 4 , 1826 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Daniel D. Tompkins </Li> <Li> Death of Thomas Jefferson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 06 </Li> <Li> − 02 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 07 03 02 01 </Td> <Td> 7002382000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 17 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1826 - 07 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jul 4 , 1826 </Li> <Li> Jul 4 , 1826 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Thomas Jefferson </Li> <Li> Death of John Adams </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 02 </Li> <Li> − 01 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 07 03 01 </Td> <Td> 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 days ! 51⁄2 hours </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1826 - 07 - 05 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jul 4 , 1826 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1833 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of John Adams </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Martin Van Buren </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 01 </Li> <Li> + 08 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 07 03 </Td> <Td> 7003243500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 243 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1833 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1833 </Li> <Li> Sep 14 , 1836 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Martin Van Buren </Li> <Li> Death of Aaron Burr </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 08 </Li> <Li> − 03 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 08 07 03 </Td> <Td> 7003129000000000000 ♠ 3 years , 194 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1836 - 09 - 14 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sep 14 , 1836 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1837 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Aaron Burr </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Richard Mentor Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 03 </Li> <Li> + 09 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 08 07 </Td> <Td> 7002171000000000000 ♠ 171 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1837 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1837 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1841 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Richard Mentor Johnson </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of John Tyler </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 09 </Li> <Li> + 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 09 08 07 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1841 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1841 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1845 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of John Tyler </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of George M. Dallas </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 10 </Li> <Li> + 11 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 10 09 08 07 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1845 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1845 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1849 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of George M. Dallas </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Millard Fillmore </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 11 </Li> <Li> + 12 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 11 10 09 08 07 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1849 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1849 </Li> <Li> Mar 31 , 1850 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Millard Fillmore </Li> <Li> Death of John C. Calhoun </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 12 </Li> <Li> − 07 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 6 12 11 10 09 08 07 </Td> <Td> 7002392000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 27 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1850 - 03 - 31 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 31 , 1850 </Li> <Li> Nov 19 , 1850 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of John C. Calhoun </Li> <Li> Death of Richard Mentor Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 07 </Li> <Li> − 09 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 12 11 10 09 08 </Td> <Td> 7002233000000000000 ♠ 233 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1850 - 11 - 19 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nov 19 , 1850 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1853 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Richard Mentor Johnson </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of William R. King </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 09 </Li> <Li> + 13 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 12 11 10 08 </Td> <Td> 7002836000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 105 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1853 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1853 </Li> <Li> Apr 18 , 1853 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of William R. King </Li> <Li> Death of William R. King </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 13 </Li> <Li> − 13 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 13 12 11 10 08 </Td> <Td> 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1853 - 04 - 18 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apr 18 , 1853 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1857 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of William R. King </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of John C. Breckinridge </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 13 </Li> <Li> + 14 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 12 11 10 08 </Td> <Td> 7003141600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 320 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1857 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1857 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1861 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of John C. Breckinridge </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Hannibal Hamlin </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 14 </Li> <Li> + 15 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 14 12 11 10 08 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1861 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1861 </Li> <Li> Jan 18 , 1862 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Hannibal Hamlin </Li> <Li> Death of John Tyler </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 15 </Li> <Li> − 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 6 15 14 12 11 10 08 </Td> <Td> 7002320000000000000 ♠ 320 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1862 - 01 - 18 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 18 , 1862 </Li> <Li> Jul 24 , 1862 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of John Tyler </Li> <Li> Death of Martin Van Buren </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 10 </Li> <Li> − 08 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 15 14 12 11 08 </Td> <Td> 7002187000000000000 ♠ 187 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1862 - 07 - 24 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jul 24 , 1862 </Li> <Li> Dec 31 , 1864 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Martin Van Buren </Li> <Li> Death of George M. Dallas </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 08 </Li> <Li> − 11 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 15 14 12 11 </Td> <Td> 7002891000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 160 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1864 - 12 - 31 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dec 31 , 1864 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1865 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of George M. Dallas </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Andrew Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 11 </Li> <Li> + 16 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 15 14 12 </Td> <Td> 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1865 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1865 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1869 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Andrew Johnson </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Schuyler Colfax </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 16 </Li> <Li> + 17 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 16 15 14 12 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1869 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1869 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1873 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Schuyler Colfax </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Henry Wilson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 17 </Li> <Li> + 18 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 17 16 15 14 12 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1873 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1873 </Li> <Li> Mar 8 , 1874 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Henry Wilson </Li> <Li> Death of Millard Fillmore </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 18 </Li> <Li> − 12 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 6 18 17 16 15 14 12 </Td> <Td> 7002369000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 4 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1874 - 03 - 08 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 8 , 1874 </Li> <Li> May 17 , 1875 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Millard Fillmore </Li> <Li> Death of John C. Breckinridge </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 12 </Li> <Li> − 14 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 18 17 16 15 14 </Td> <Td> 7002435000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 70 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1875 - 05 - 17 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May 17 , 1875 </Li> <Li> Jul 31 , 1875 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of John C. Breckinridge </Li> <Li> Death of Andrew Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 14 </Li> <Li> − 16 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 18 17 16 15 </Td> <Td> 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1875 - 07 - 31 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jul 31 , 1875 </Li> <Li> Nov 22 , 1875 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Andrew Johnson </Li> <Li> Death of Henry Wilson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 16 </Li> <Li> − 18 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 18 17 15 </Td> <Td> 7002114000000000000 ♠ 114 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1875 - 11 - 22 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nov 22 , 1875 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1877 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Henry Wilson </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of William A. Wheeler </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 18 </Li> <Li> + 19 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 17 15 </Td> <Td> 7002468000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 102 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1877 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1877 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1881 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of William A. Wheeler </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Chester A. Arthur </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 19 </Li> <Li> + 20 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 19 17 15 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1881 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1881 </Li> <Li> Jan 13 , 1885 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Chester A. Arthur </Li> <Li> Death of Schuyler Colfax </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 20 </Li> <Li> − 17 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 20 19 17 15 </Td> <Td> 7003141100000000000 ♠ 3 years , 315 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1885 - 01 - 13 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 13 , 1885 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1885 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Schuyler Colfax </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Thomas A. Hendricks </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 17 </Li> <Li> + 21 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 20 19 15 </Td> <Td> 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1885 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1885 </Li> <Li> Nov 25 , 1885 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Thomas A. Hendricks </Li> <Li> Death of Thomas A. Hendricks </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 21 </Li> <Li> − 21 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 21 20 19 15 </Td> <Td> 7002266000000000000 ♠ 266 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1885 - 11 - 25 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nov 25 , 1885 </Li> <Li> Nov 18 , 1886 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Thomas A. Hendricks </Li> <Li> Death of Chester A. Arthur </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 21 </Li> <Li> − 20 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 20 19 15 </Td> <Td> 7002358000000000000 ♠ 358 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1886 - 11 - 18 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nov 18 , 1886 </Li> <Li> Jun 4 , 1887 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Chester A. Arthur </Li> <Li> Death of William A. Wheeler </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 20 </Li> <Li> − 19 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 19 15 </Td> <Td> 7002198000000000000 ♠ 198 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1887 - 06 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jun 4 , 1887 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1889 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of William A. Wheeler </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Levi P. Morton </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 19 </Li> <Li> + 22 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1 15 </Td> <Td> 7002639000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 273 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1889 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1889 </Li> <Li> Jul 4 , 1891 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Levi P. Morton </Li> <Li> Death of Hannibal Hamlin </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 22 </Li> <Li> − 15 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 22 15 </Td> <Td> 7002852000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 122 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1891 - 07 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jul 4 , 1891 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1893 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Hannibal Hamlin </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Adlai Stevenson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 15 </Li> <Li> + 23 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1 22 </Td> <Td> 7002609000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 243 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1893 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1893 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1897 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Adlai Stevenson </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Garret Hobart </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 23 </Li> <Li> + 24 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 23 22 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1897 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1897 </Li> <Li> Nov 21 , 1899 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Garret Hobart </Li> <Li> Death of Garret Hobart </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 24 </Li> <Li> − 24 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 24 23 22 </Td> <Td> 7002992000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 262 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1899 - 11 - 21 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nov 21 , 1899 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1901 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Garret Hobart </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 24 </Li> <Li> + 25 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 23 22 </Td> <Td> 7002468000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 103 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1901 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1901 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1905 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Charles W. Fairbanks </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 25 </Li> <Li> + 26 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 25 23 22 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1905 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1905 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1909 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Charles W. Fairbanks </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of James S. Sherman </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 26 </Li> <Li> + 27 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 26 25 23 22 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1909 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1909 </Li> <Li> Oct 30 , 1912 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of James S. Sherman </Li> <Li> Death of James S. Sherman </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 27 </Li> <Li> − 27 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 27 26 25 23 22 </Td> <Td> 7003133600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 240 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 - 10 - 30 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Oct 30 , 1912 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1913 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of James S. Sherman </Li> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of Thomas R. Marshall </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 27 </Li> <Li> + 28 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 26 25 23 22 </Td> <Td> 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1913 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1913 </Li> <Li> Jun 14 , 1914 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of Thomas R. Marshall </Li> <Li> Death of Adlai Stevenson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 28 </Li> <Li> − 23 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 28 26 25 23 22 </Td> <Td> 7002467000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 102 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1914 - 06 - 14 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jun 14 , 1914 </Li> <Li> Jun 4 , 1918 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Adlai Stevenson </Li> <Li> Death of Charles W. Fairbanks </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 23 </Li> <Li> − 26 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 28 26 25 22 </Td> <Td> 7003145100000000000 ♠ 3 years , 355 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1918 - 06 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jun 4 , 1918 </Li> <Li> Jan 5 , 1919 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Charles W. Fairbanks </Li> <Li> Death of Theodore Roosevelt </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 26 </Li> <Li> − 25 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 28 25 22 </Td> <Td> 7002215000000000000 ♠ 215 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1919 - 01 - 05 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 5 , 1919 </Li> <Li> May 16 , 1920 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Theodore Roosevelt </Li> <Li> Death of Levi P. Morton </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 25 </Li> <Li> − 22 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 28 22 </Td> <Td> 7002497000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 132 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 - 05 - 16 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May 16 , 1920 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1921 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Levi P. Morton </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Calvin Coolidge </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 22 </Li> <Li> + 29 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 1 28 </Td> <Td> 7002292000000000000 ♠ 292 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1921 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1925 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Calvin Coolidge </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Charles G. Dawes </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 29 </Li> <Li> + 30 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 29 28 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1925 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1925 </Li> <Li> Jun 1 , 1925 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Charles G. Dawes </Li> <Li> Death of Thomas R. Marshall </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 30 </Li> <Li> − 28 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 30 29 28 </Td> <Td> 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1925 - 06 - 01 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jun 1 , 1925 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1929 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Thomas R. Marshall </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Charles Curtis </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 28 </Li> <Li> + 31 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 30 29 </Td> <Td> 7003137200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 276 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1929 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1929 </Li> <Li> Jan 5 , 1933 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Charles Curtis </Li> <Li> Death of Calvin Coolidge </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 31 </Li> <Li> − 29 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 31 30 29 </Td> <Td> 7003140300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 307 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1933 - 01 - 05 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 5 , 1933 </Li> <Li> Mar 4 , 1933 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Calvin Coolidge </Li> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of John Nance Garner </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 29 </Li> <Li> + 32 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 31 30 </Td> <Td> 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1933 - 03 - 04 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mar 4 , 1933 </Li> <Li> Feb 8 , 1936 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of John Nance Garner </Li> <Li> Death of Charles Curtis </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 32 </Li> <Li> − 31 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 32 31 30 </Td> <Td> 7003107100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 341 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 - 02 - 08 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Feb 8 , 1936 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1941 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Charles Curtis </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Henry A. Wallace </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 31 </Li> <Li> + 33 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 2 32 30 </Td> <Td> 7003180800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 347 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1941 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1941 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1945 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Henry A. Wallace </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Harry S. Truman </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 33 </Li> <Li> + 34 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 3 33 32 30 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1945 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1949 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Harry S. Truman </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Alben W. Barkley </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 34 </Li> <Li> + 35 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 34 33 32 30 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1949 </Li> <Li> Apr 23 , 1951 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Alben W. Barkley </Li> <Li> Death of Charles G. Dawes </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 35 </Li> <Li> − 30 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 35 34 33 32 30 </Td> <Td> 7002823000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 93 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 - 04 - 23 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apr 23 , 1951 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1953 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Charles G. Dawes </Li> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of Richard Nixon </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 30 </Li> <Li> + 36 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 35 34 33 32 </Td> <Td> 7002638000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 272 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1953 </Li> <Li> Apr 30 , 1956 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of Richard Nixon </Li> <Li> Death of Alben W. Barkley </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 36 </Li> <Li> − 35 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 36 35 34 33 32 </Td> <Td> 7003119600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 101 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 - 04 - 30 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apr 30 , 1956 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1961 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Alben W. Barkley </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 35 </Li> <Li> + 37 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 36 34 33 32 </Td> <Td> 7003172600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 265 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1961 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1965 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson </Li> <Li> VP inauguration of Hubert Humphrey </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 37 </Li> <Li> + 38 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 37 36 34 33 32 </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1965 </Li> <Li> Nov 18 , 1965 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> VP inauguration of Hubert Humphrey </Li> <Li> Death of Henry A. Wallace </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 38 </Li> <Li> − 33 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 6 38 37 36 34 33 32 </Td> <Td> 7002302000000000000 ♠ 302 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 - 11 - 18 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nov 18 , 1965 </Li> <Li> Nov 7 , 1967 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Henry A. Wallace </Li> <Li> Death of John Nance Garner </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 33 </Li> <Li> − 32 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 38 37 36 34 32 </Td> <Td> 7002719000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 354 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 - 11 - 07 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nov 7 , 1967 </Li> <Li> Jan 20 , 1969 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of John Nance Garner </Li> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of Spiro Agnew </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 32 </Li> <Li> + 39 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 38 37 36 34 </Td> <Td> 7002440000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 74 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 - 01 - 20 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 20 , 1969 </Li> <Li> Dec 26 , 1972 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st VP inauguration of Spiro Agnew </Li> <Li> Death of Harry S. Truman </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> + 39 </Li> <Li> − 34 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 5 39 38 37 36 34 </Td> <Td> 7003143600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 341 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 - 12 - 26 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dec 26 , 1972 </Li> <Li> Jan 22 , 1973 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Harry S. Truman </Li> <Li> Death of Lyndon B. Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> − 34 </Li> <Li> − 37 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> 4 39 38 37 36 </Td> <Td> 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 - 01 - 22 ! <Ul> <Li> From : </Li> <Li> To : </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jan 22 , 1973 </Li> <Li> Dec 6 , 1973 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Lyndon B. 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Retrieved 28 March 2007 . </Li> <Li> `` The Presidents '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of Presidents </Li> <Li> List of Vice Presidents </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age </Li> <Li> Autobiographies </Li> <Li> Birth </Li> <Li> Burial places </Li> <Li> Death </Li> <Li> Historical rankings </Li> <Li> Lifespan timeline </Li> <Li> Number living </Li> <Li> Time in office </Li> <Li> Pension and Benefits </Li> <Li> Portraits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Professional careers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Approval rating </Li> <Li> Assassination attempts and plots </Li> <Li> Campaign slogans </Li> <Li> Control of Congress </Li> <Li> Doctrines </Li> <Li> Inaugurations </Li> <Li> International trips </Li> <Li> Judicial appointments </Li> <Li> Libraries </Li> <Li> Military rank </Li> <Li> Military service </Li> <Li> Other offices held </Li> <Li> Pardons </Li> <Li> Previous experience </Li> <Li> Vetoes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Personal life </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coats of arms </Li> <Li> Deaths in office </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Facial hair </Li> <Li> Firsts </Li> <Li> Multilingualism </Li> <Li> Net worth </Li> <Li> Nicknames </Li> <Li> Pets </Li> <Li> Home state </Li> <Li> Previous occupation </Li> <Li> Religious affiliation </Li> <Li> Residences </Li> <Li> Slave owners </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vice Presidents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age </Li> <Li> Coats of arms </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Number living </Li> <Li> Other offices held </Li> <Li> Place of primary affiliation </Li> <Li> Religious affiliation </Li> <Li> Tie - breaking votes </Li> <Li> Time in office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succession </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acting President </Li> <Li> Designated survivor </Li> <Li> Line of succession </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Electoral College margin </Li> <Li> Popular vote margin </Li> <Li> Summary </Li> <Li> Winner lost popular vote </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Candidates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Democrat </Li> <Li> Republican </Li> <Li> Third party </Li> <Li> Progressive </Li> <Li> National Republican / Whig </Li> <Li> African American </Li> <Li> Female </Li> <Li> Received at least one electoral vote </Li> <Li> Height </Li> <Li> Lost their home state </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Families </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First Families </Li> <Li> First Ladies </Li> <Li> Second Ladies </Li> <Li> Children </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Namesakes , honors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Memorial sites </Li> <Li> U.S. postage stamp appearances </Li> <Li> Educational institution names </Li> <Li> Currency appearances </Li> <Li> U.S. county names </Li> <Li> U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Presidents <Ul> <Li> actors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Vice Presidents <Ul> <Li> actors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Candidates </Li> <Li> Line of succession </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> US Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living_Presidents_of_the_United_States&oldid=804407915 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists relating to the United States presidency </Li> <Li> Political history of the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Română </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 20 : 33 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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George VI - wikipedia <H1> George VI </H1> For other uses , see George VI ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> George VI </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Formal photo portrait , circa 1940 -- 1946 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions ( more ... ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reign </Th> <Td> 11 December 1936 -- 6 February 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coronation </Th> <Td> 12 May 1937 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Predecessor </Th> <Td> Edward VIII </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Successor </Th> <Td> Elizabeth II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prime Ministers </Th> <Td> See list </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Emperor of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reign </Th> <Td> 11 December 1936 -- 15 August 1947 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Predecessor </Th> <Td> Edward VIII </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1895 - 12 - 14 ) 14 December 1895 York Cottage , Sandringham House , Norfolk , United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 6 February 1952 ( 1952 - 02 - 06 ) ( aged 56 ) Sandringham House , Norfolk , United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Burial </Th> <Td> 15 February 1952 St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse </Th> <Td> Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon ( m . 1923 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Issue Detail </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elizabeth II </Li> <Li> Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Full name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Albert Frederick Arthur George </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House </Th> <Td> Windsor ( from 1917 ) Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ( until 1917 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Father </Th> <Td> George V </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mother </Th> <Td> Mary of Teck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Signature </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Military career </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Allegiance </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Service / branch </Th> <Td> Royal Navy Royal Air Force </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years of service </Th> <Td> 1909 -- 1919 ( active service ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Battles / wars </Th> <Td> Battle of Jutland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> Mentioned in dispatches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> George VI ( Albert Frederick Arthur George ; 14 December 1895 -- 6 February 1952 ) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952 . He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth . </P> <P> Known publicly as Albert until his accession , and `` Bertie '' among his family and close friends , George VI was born in the reign of his great - grandmother Queen Victoria , and was named after his great - grandfather Albert , Prince Consort . As the second son of King George V , he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother , Edward . He attended naval college as a teenager , and served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War . In 1920 , he was made Duke of York . He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon in 1923 and they had two daughters , Elizabeth and Margaret . In the mid-1920s , he had speech therapy for a stammer , which he never fully overcame . </P> <P> George 's elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII upon the death of their father in 1936 . However , later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson . British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman and remain king . Edward abdicated to marry Simpson , and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor . </P> <P> During George 's reign , the break - up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated . The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country 's constitution on the day of his accession . The following year , a new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland and established the office of President . From 1939 , the Empire and Commonwealth -- except Ireland -- was at war with Nazi Germany . War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941 , respectively . Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945 , the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined . After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 , George remained king of both countries , but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948 . Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949 , and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year . George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth . He was beset by smoking - related health problems in the later years of his reign . He was succeeded by his elder daughter , Elizabeth II . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Military career and education </Li> <Li> 3 Marriage </Li> <Li> 4 Reluctant king </Li> <Li> 5 Early reign </Li> <Li> 6 Second World War </Li> <Li> 7 Empire to Commonwealth </Li> <Li> 8 Illness and death </Li> <Li> 9 Legacy </Li> <Li> 10 Titles , styles , honours and arms <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Titles and styles </Li> <Li> 10.2 Arms </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Issue </Li> <Li> 12 Ancestry </Li> <Li> 13 Notes </Li> <Li> 14 References <Ul> <Li> 14.1 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> Four kings : Edward VII ( far right ) , his son George , Prince of Wales , later George V ( far left ) , and grandsons Edward , later Edward VIII ( rear ) , and Albert , later George VI ( foreground ) , c. 1908 <P> George was born at York Cottage , on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk , during the reign of his great - grandmother Queen Victoria . His father was Prince George , Duke of York ( later King George V ) , the second and eldest - surviving son of the Prince and Princess of Wales ( later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra ) . His mother was the Duchess of York ( later Queen Mary ) , the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck . </P> <P> His birthday ( 14 December 1895 ) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great - grandfather , Albert , Prince Consort . Uncertain of how the Prince Consort 's widow , Queen Victoria , would take the news of the birth , the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been `` rather distressed '' . Two days later , he wrote again : `` I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her '' . Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert , and wrote to the Duchess of York : `` I am all impatience to see the new one , born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me , especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good '' . Consequently , he was baptised `` Albert Frederick Arthur George '' at St. Mary Magdalene 's Church near Sandringham three months later . Within the family , he was known informally as `` Bertie '' . His maternal grandmother , the Duchess of Teck , did not like the first name the baby had been given , and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name `` may supplant the less favoured one '' . Albert was fourth in line to the throne at birth , after his grandfather , father and elder brother , Edward . </P> <P> He often suffered from ill health and was described as `` easily frightened and somewhat prone to tears '' . His parents were generally removed from their children 's day - to - day upbringing , as was the norm in aristocratic families of that era . He had a stammer that lasted for many years . Although naturally left - handed , he was forced to write with his right hand , as was common practice at the time . He suffered from chronic stomach problems as well as knock knees , for which he was forced to wear painful corrective splints . </P> <P> Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901 , and the Prince of Wales succeeded her as King Edward VII . Prince Albert moved up to third in line to the throne , after his father and elder brother . </P> <H2> Military career and education ( edit ) </H2> <P> From 1909 , Albert attended the Royal Naval College , Osborne , as a naval cadet . In 1911 he came bottom of the class in the final examination , but despite this he progressed to the Royal Naval College , Dartmouth . When his grandfather , Edward VII , died in 1910 , Albert 's father became King George V. Edward became Prince of Wales , with Albert second in line to the throne . </P> <P> Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada . He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913 , and spent three months in the Mediterranean . His fellow officers gave him the nickname `` Mr. Johnson '' . The First World War broke out a year after his commission . He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland ( 31 May -- 1 June 1916 ) , an indecisive engagement with the German navy that was the largest naval action of the war . He did not see further combat , largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer , for which he had an operation in November 1917 . </P> Albert at an RAF dinner in 1919 <P> In February 1918 he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service 's training establishment at Cranwell . With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the reassignment of Cranwell from Admiralty to Air Ministry responsibility , Albert transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force . He served as Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys ' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918 , before reporting to the RAF 's Cadet School at St Leonards - on - Sea . He completed a fortnight 's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing . He was the first member of the British royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot . </P> <P> Albert wanted to serve on the Continent while the war was still in progress and welcomed a posting to General Trenchard 's staff in France . On 23 October he flew across the Channel to Autigny . For the closing weeks of the war , he served on the staff of the RAF 's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy , France . Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918 he remained on the Continent for two months as an RAF staff officer until posted back to Britain . He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert I on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November . Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and was promoted to squadron leader the following day . </P> <P> In October 1919 Albert went up to Trinity College , Cambridge , where he studied history , economics and civics for a year , with the historian R.V. Laurence as his `` official mentor '' . On 4 June 1920 his father created him Duke of York , Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney . He began to take on more royal duties . He represented his father , and toured coal mines , factories , and railyards . Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the `` Industrial Prince '' . His stammer , and his embarrassment over it , together with his tendency to shyness , caused him to appear much less impressive than his older brother , Edward . However , he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis . He played at Wimbledon in the Men 's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926 , losing in the first round . He developed an interest in working conditions , and was President of the Industrial Welfare Society . His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds . </P> <H2> Marriage ( edit ) </H2> See also : Wedding of Prince Albert , Duke of York , and Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon <P> In a time when royalty were expected to marry fellow royalty , it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife . An infatuation with the already - married Australian socialite Sheila , Lady Loughborough , came to an end in April 1920 when the King , with the promise of the dukedom of York , persuaded Albert to stop seeing her . That year , he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon , the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne . He became determined to marry her . She rejected his proposal twice , in 1921 and 1922 , reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family . In the words of Lady Elizabeth 's mother , Albert would be `` made or marred '' by his choice of wife . After a protracted courtship , Elizabeth agreed to marry him . </P> <P> They were married on 26 April 1923 in Westminster Abbey . Albert 's marriage to someone not of royal birth was considered a modernising gesture . The newly formed British Broadcasting Company wished to record and broadcast the event on radio , but the Abbey Chapter vetoed the idea ( although the Dean , Herbert Edward Ryle , was in favour ) . </P> The Duke and Duchess ( centre , reading programmes ) at Eagle Farm Racecourse , Brisbane , 1927 <P> From December 1924 to April 1925 , the Duke and Duchess toured Kenya , Uganda , and the Sudan , travelling via the Suez Canal and Aden . During the trip , they both went big game hunting . </P> <P> Because of his stammer , Albert dreaded public speaking . After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925 , one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners , he began to see Lionel Logue , an Australian - born speech therapist . The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises , and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently . Subsequently , he was able to speak with less hesitation . With his delivery improved , the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra , Australia , during a tour of the empire in 1927 . His journey by sea to Australia , New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica , where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man , Bertrand Clark , which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races . </P> <P> The Duke and Duchess of York had two children : Elizabeth ( called `` Lilibet '' by the family ) who was born in 1926 , and Margaret who was born in 1930 . The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence , 145 Piccadilly . They were a close and loving family . One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister , R.B. Bennett , considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931 -- a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs , J.H. Thomas . </P> <H2> Reluctant King ( edit ) </H2> George VI holds the Sceptre with the Cross , containing the 530 - carat Cullinan I Diamond . The Imperial State Crown is on the right . Portrait by Sir Gerald Kelly . Main article : Edward VIII abdication crisis <P> King George V had severe reservations about Prince Edward , saying `` After I am dead , the boy will ruin himself in twelve months '' and `` I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne . '' On 20 January 1936 , George V died and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII . In the Vigil of the Princes , Prince Albert and his three brothers took a shift standing guard over their father 's body as it lay in state , in a closed casket , in Westminster Hall . </P> <P> As Edward was unmarried and had no children , Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne . Less than a year later , on 11 December 1936 , Edward abdicated in order to marry his mistress , Wallis Simpson , who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second . Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands . Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans . Thus Albert became king , a position he was reluctant to accept . The day before the abdication , he went to London to see his mother , Queen Mary . He wrote in his diary , `` When I told her what had happened , I broke down and sobbed like a child . '' </P> <P> On the day of the abdication , the Oireachtas , the parliament of the Irish Free State , removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution . The next day , it passed the External Relations Act , which gave the monarch limited authority ( strictly on the advice of the government ) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties . The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth . </P> <P> Courtier and journalist Dermot Morrah alleged that there was brief speculation as to the desirability of bypassing Albert ( and his children ) and his brother , Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester , in favour of their younger brother Prince George , Duke of Kent . This seems to have been suggested on the grounds that Prince George was at that time the only brother with a son . </P> <H2> Early reign ( edit ) </H2> Darlington Town Hall decorated for the coronation , 1937 <P> Albert assumed the regnal name `` George VI '' to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy . The beginning of George VI 's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother , whose titles , style and position were uncertain . He had been introduced as `` His Royal Highness Prince Edward '' for the abdication broadcast , but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession , Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles , including `` Royal Highness '' . In settling the issue , George 's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title `` Duke of Windsor '' with the style `` Royal Highness '' , but the letters patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles . George VI was forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House , as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI automatically . Three days after his accession , on his 41st birthday , he invested his wife , the new queen consort , with the Order of the Garter . </P> <P> George VI 's coronation at Westminster Abbey took place on 12 May 1937 , the date previously intended for Edward 's coronation . In a break with tradition , Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son . There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI , as had occurred for his father , as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India . Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal party would have received likely to be muted at best , and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War . Two overseas tours were undertaken , to France and to North America , both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war . </P> <P> The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI . The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain 's appeasement of Hitler . However , when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938 , they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them . This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional , as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family . While broadly popular among the general public , Chamberlain 's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons , which led historian John Grigg to describe the King 's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as `` the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century '' . </P> Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt with King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , on the USS Potomac , 9 June 1939 <P> In May and June 1939 , the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States . From Ottawa , they were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada . George was the first reigning monarch of Canada to visit North America , although he had been to Canada previously as Prince Albert and as Duke of York . Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King 's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions . On 19 May , George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada , Daniel Calhoun Roper ; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills ; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada . The official royal tour historian , Gustave Lanctot , wrote `` the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality '' and George gave a speech emphasising `` the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth '' . </P> <P> The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe . Although the aim of the tour was mainly political , to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war , the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public . The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor , Edward VIII , was dispelled . They visited the 1939 New York World 's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park , New York . A strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and the President during the tour , which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years . </P> <H2> Second World war ( edit ) </H2> <P> In September 1939 , Britain and the self - governing Dominions other than Ireland declared war on Nazi Germany . George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London , despite German bombing raids . They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war , although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle . The first night of the Blitz on London , on 7 September 1940 , killed about one thousand civilians , mostly in the East End . On 13 September , the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there . In defiance , the Queen famously declared : `` I am glad we have been bombed . It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face . '' The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country . They were subject to rationing restrictions , and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded - up Palace . In August 1942 , the King 's brother , Prince George , Duke of Kent , was killed on active service . </P> George VI ( left ) with Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery ( right ) , Holland , October 1944 <P> In 1940 , Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister , though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax . After the King 's initial dismay over Churchill 's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet , he and Churchill developed `` the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister '' . Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940 , the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness . </P> <P> Throughout the war , the King and Queen provided morale - boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom , visiting bomb sites , munitions factories , and troops . The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939 , North Africa and Malta in June 1943 , Normandy in June 1944 , southern Italy in July 1944 , and the Low Countries in October 1944 . Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance . At a social function in 1944 , the Chief of the Imperial General Staff , Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke , revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery , he thought Montgomery was after his job . The King replied : `` You should worry , when I meet him , I always think he 's after mine ! '' </P> <P> In 1945 , crowds shouted `` We want the King ! '' in front of Buckingham Palace during the Victory in Europe Day celebrations . In an echo of Chamberlain 's appearance , the King invited Churchill to appear with the royal family on the balcony to public acclaim . </P> <P> In January 1946 , George addressed the United Nations at their first assembly , which was held in London , and reaffirmed `` our faith in the equal rights of men and women and of nations great and small '' . </P> <H2> Empire to Commonwealth ( edit ) </H2> George VI ( right ) with British prime minister Clement Attlee , July 1945 <P> George VI 's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire . The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states . The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states , known as the Commonwealth , gathered pace after the Second World War . During the ministry of Clement Attlee , British India became the two independent Dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947 . George relinquished the title of Emperor of India , and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead . In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations and recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth ; he remained King of Pakistan until his death . Other countries left the Commonwealth , such as Burma in January 1948 , Palestine ( divided between Israel and the Arab states ) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949 . </P> <P> In 1947 , the King and his family toured Southern Africa . The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa , Jan Smuts , was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit . George was appalled , however , when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites , and referred to his South African bodyguards as `` the Gestapo '' . Despite the tour , Smuts lost the election the following year , and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation . </P> <H2> Illness and death ( edit ) </H2> King George VI Memorial Chapel , final resting place of the king <P> The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King 's health , made worse by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments , including arteriosclerosis and Buerger 's disease . A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg , which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949 . </P> <P> His elder daughter Elizabeth , the heir presumptive , took on more royal duties as her father 's health deteriorated . The delayed tour was re-organised , with Elizabeth and her husband , the Duke of Edinburgh , taking the place of the King and Queen . The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951 , but on 23 September 1951 , his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found . In October 1951 , Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh went on a month - long tour of Canada ; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King 's illness . At the State Opening of Parliament in November , the King 's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor , Lord Simonds . His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections , and then edited together . </P> <P> On 31 January 1952 , despite advice from those close to him , the King went to London Airport to see off Princess Elizabeth , who was going on her tour of Australia via Kenya . On the morning of 6 February at 07 : 30 GMT , George VI was found dead in bed at Sandringham House in Norfolk . He had died from a coronary thrombosis in his sleep at the age of 56 . His daughter flew back to Britain from Kenya as Queen Elizabeth II . </P> <P> From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church , Sandringham , before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February . His funeral took place at St. George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , on the 15th . He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George 's on 26 March 1969 . In 2002 , fifty years after his death , the remains of his widow , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret , who both died that year , were interred in the chapel alongside him . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> Statue of George VI at Carlton Gardens , London See also : Cultural depictions of King George VI <P> In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie , the abdication crisis of 1936 did `` more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda '' . George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed `` a rocking throne '' and tried `` to make it steady again '' . He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb . During his reign his people endured the hardships of war , and imperial power was eroded . However , as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage , he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy . </P> <P> The George Cross and the George Medal were founded at the King 's suggestion during the Second World War to recognise acts of exceptional civilian bravery . He bestowed the George Cross on the entire `` island fortress of Malta '' in 1943 . He was posthumously awarded the Ordre de la Libération by the French government in 1960 , one of only two people ( the other being Churchill ) to be awarded the medal after 1946 . </P> <P> A number of geographical features , roads , and institutions are named after George VI . These include King George Hospital in London ; King George VI Reservoir in Surrey , United Kingdom ; King George VI Highway and King George Boulevard in Surrey , British Columbia ; Kingsway in Edmonton ; George VI Sound in Antarctica ; and the King George VI Chase , a horse race in the United Kingdom . </P> <P> Colin Firth won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as George VI in The King 's Speech , a 2010 film that won the Academy Award for Best Picture . </P> <H2> Titles , styles , honours and arms ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of titles and honours of King George VI <H3> Titles and styles ( edit ) </H3> Royal cypher ( monogram ) , 1949 <Ul> <Li> 14 December 1895 -- 28 May 1898 : His Highness Prince Albert of York </Li> <Li> 28 May 1898 -- 22 January 1901 : His Royal Highness Prince Albert of York </Li> <Li> 22 January 1901 -- 9 November 1901 : His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Cornwall and York </Li> <Li> 9 November 1901 -- 6 May 1910 : His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Wales </Li> <Li> 6 May 1910 -- 4 June 1920 : His Royal Highness The Prince Albert </Li> <Li> 4 June 1920 -- 11 December 1936 : His Royal Highness The Duke of York </Li> <Li> 11 December 1936 -- 6 February 1952 : His Majesty The King <Ul> <Li> In British India , 11 December 1936 -- 14 August 1947 : His Imperial Majesty The King , Emperor of India </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> George held a number of titles throughout his life , as successively great - grandson , grandson and son of the monarch . As sovereign , he was referred to most often as simply The King or His Majesty . In his position as sovereign , George automatically held the position of Commander - in - Chief . </P> <H3> Arms ( edit ) </H3> <P> As Duke of York , George bore the royal arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent , the centre point bearing an anchor azure -- a difference earlier awarded to his father , George V , when he was Duke of York , and then later awarded to his grandson Prince Andrew , Duke of York . As king , he bore the royal arms undifferenced . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coat of arms as Duke of York </Td> <Td> Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom ( except Scotland ) </Td> <Td> Coat of arms in Scotland </Td> <Td> Coat of arms in Canada </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Issue ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Birth </Th> <Th> Death </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Marriage Date Spouse </Th> <Th> Children </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen Elizabeth II </Td> <Td> 21 April 1926 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 November 1947 </Td> <Td> Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh </Td> <Td> Prince Charles , Prince of Wales Princess Anne , Princess Royal Prince Andrew , Duke of York Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Princess Margaret </Td> <Td> 21 August 1930 </Td> <Td> 9 February 2002 </Td> <Td> 6 May 1960 Divorced 11 July 1978 </Td> <Td> Antony Armstrong - Jones , 1st Earl of Snowdon </Td> <Td> David Armstrong - Jones , 2nd Earl of Snowdon Lady Sarah Chatto </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ancestry ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Ancestry of George VI </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 16 . Ernest I , Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 8 . Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 17 . Princess Louise of Saxe - Gotha - Altenburg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 4 . Edward VII of the United Kingdom </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 18 . Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn ( son of 28 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 9 . Victoria , Queen of the United Kingdom </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 19 . Princess Victoria of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 2 . George V of the United Kingdom </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 20 . Frederick William , Duke of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 10 . Christian IX of Denmark </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 21 . Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse - Kassel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 5 . Princess Alexandra of Denmark </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 22 . Prince William of Hesse - Kassel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 11 . Princess Louise of Hesse - Kassel </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 23 . Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 1 . George VI of the United Kingdom </Td> <Td_colspan="15"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 24 . Duke Louis of Württemberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 12 . Duke Alexander of Württemberg </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 25 . Princess Henriette of Nassau - Weilburg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 6 . Francis , Duke of Teck </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 26 . Count László Rhédey von Kis - Rhéde </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 13 . Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis - Rhéde </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 27 . Baroness Ágnes Inczédy von Nagy - Várad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 3 . Princess Mary of Teck </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 28 . George III of the United Kingdom ( father of 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 14 . Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 29 . Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 7 . Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 30 . Prince Frederick of Hesse - Kassel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 15 . Princess Augusta of Hesse - Kassel </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 31 . Princess Caroline of Nassau - Usingen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ His godparents were : Queen Victoria ( his great - grandmother , for whom his grandmother the Princess of Wales stood proxy ) ; the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg ( his maternal great - aunt and great - uncle , for whom his grandfather the Duke of Teck and his paternal aunt Princess Maud of Wales stood proxy ) ; Empress Frederick ( his paternal great - aunt , for whom his paternal aunt Princess Victoria of Wales stood proxy ) ; the Crown Prince of Denmark ( his great - uncle , for whom his grandfather the Prince of Wales stood proxy ) ; the Duke of Connaught ( his great - uncle ) ; the Duchess of Fife ( his paternal aunt ) ; and Prince Adolphus of Teck ( his maternal uncle ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renamed Heathrow Airport in 1966 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 90 ; Weir , p. 329 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weir , pp. 322 -- 323 , 329 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 3 ; Rhodes James , p. 90 ; Townsend , p. 15 ; Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 7 -- 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 4 -- 5 ; Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 7 -- 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 7 -- 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times , Tuesday 18 February 1896 , p. 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 6 ; Rhodes James , p. 90 ; Townsend , p. 15 ; Windsor , p. 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 17 -- 18 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Matthew , H.C.G. ( 2004 ) , `` George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 41 -- 45 ; Judd , pp. 21 -- 24 ; Rhodes James , p. 91 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 22 -- 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 26 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 28 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 55 -- 76 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bradford , p. 72 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 73 -- 74 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , p. 115 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 45 ; Rhodes James , p. 91 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , p. 116 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyle , Andrew ( 1962 ) , `` Chapter 13 '' , Trenchard Man of Vision , St. James 's Place London : Collins , p. 360 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heathcote , Tony ( 2012 ) . The British Field Marshals : 1736 -- 1997 : A Biographical Dictionary . Casemate Publisher . ISBN 9781783461417 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 47 ; Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 128 -- 131 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , p. 128 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weir , p. 329 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current Biography 1942 , p. 280 ; Judd , p. 72 ; Townsend , p. 59 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 52 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 77 -- 86 ; Rhodes James , p. 97 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henderson , Gerard ( 31 January 2014 ) , `` Sheila : The Australian Ingenue Who Bewitched British Society -- review '' , Daily Express , retrieved 15 March 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australian Associated Press ( 28 February 2014 ) , A Sheila who captured London 's heart , Special Broadcasting Service , retrieved 14 March 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhodes James , pp. 94 -- 96 ; Vickers , pp. 31 , 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 106 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 77 ; Judd , pp. 57 -- 59 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , Andrew ( 2000 ) , Antonia Fraser , ed. , The House of Windsor , London : Cassell & Co. , pp. 57 -- 58 , ISBN 0 - 304 - 35406 - 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reith , John ( 1949 ) , Into the Wind , London : Hodder and Stoughton , p. 94 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 89 -- 93 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 49 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 93 -- 97 ; Rhodes James , p. 97 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 98 ; Rhodes James , p. 98 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Current Biography 1942 , pp. 294 -- 295 ; Judd , p. 99 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 106 ; Rhodes James , p. 99 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shawcross , p. 273 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 111 , 225 , 231 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 53 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ziegler , p. 199 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 140 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , p. 286 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Townsend , p. 93 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 63 ; Judd , p. 135 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 66 ; Judd , p. 141 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 144 ; Sinclair , p. 224 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 143 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ziegler , p. 326 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 223 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 214 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vickers , p. 175 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 209 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 269 , 281 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sinclair , p. 230 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hitchens , Christopher ( 1 April 2002 ) , `` Mourning will be brief '' , The Guardian , retrieved 1 May 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada , Biography and People > A Real Companion and Friend > Behind the Diary > Politics , Themes , and Events from King 's Life > The Royal Tour of 1939 , Queen 's Printer for Canada , archived from the original on 30 October 2009 , retrieved 12 December 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bousfield , Arthur ; Toffoli , Garry ( 1989 ) , Royal Spring : The Royal Tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada , Toronto : Dundurn Press , pp. 60 , 66 , ISBN 1 - 55002 - 065 - X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lanctot , Gustave ( 1964 ) , Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939 , Toronto : E.P. Taylor Foundation </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Galbraith , William ( 1989 ) , `` Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit '' , Canadian Parliamentary Review , Ottawa : Commonwealth Parliamentary Association , 12 ( 3 ) : 7 -- 9 , retrieved 24 March 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 163 -- 166 ; Rhodes James , pp. 154 -- 168 ; Vickers , p. 187 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 298 -- 299 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times Monday , 12 June 1939 p. 12 col . A </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swift , Will ( 2004 ) , The Roosevelts and the Royals : Franklin and Eleanor , the King and Queen of England , and the Friendship that Changed History , John Wiley & Sons </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 189 ; Rhodes James , p. 344 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 171 -- 172 ; Townsend , p. 104 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 183 ; Rhodes James , p. 214 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arnold - Forster , Mark ( 1983 ) ( 1973 ) , The World at War , London : Thames Methuen , p. 303 , ISBN 0 - 423 - 00680 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ( 1949 ) , The Second World War , II , Cassell and Co. Ltd , p. 334 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 184 ; Rhodes James , pp. 211 -- 212 ; Townsend , p. 111 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goodwin , Doris Kearns ( 1994 ) , No Ordinary Time : Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt : The Home Front in World War II , New York : Simon & Schuster , p. 380 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 187 ; Weir , p. 324 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 180 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 195 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhodes James , pp. 202 -- 210 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 176 , 201 -- 203 , 207 -- 208 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 170 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reagan , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) , Military Anecdotes , Guinness , p. 25 , ISBN 0 - 85112 - 519 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 210 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Townsend , p. 173 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Townsend , p. 176 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Townsend , pp. 229 -- 232 , 247 -- 265 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Townsend , pp. 267 -- 270 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Townsend , pp. 221 -- 223 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 223 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 295 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 294 ; Shawcross , p. 618 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ King George VI , Official website of the British monarchy , retrieved 18 April 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 225 ; Townsend , p. 174 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 240 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhodes James , pp. 314 -- 317 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 454 ; Rhodes James , p. 330 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 331 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 334 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ About Heathrow Airport : Heathrow 's history , LHR Airports , retrieved 9 March 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1952 : King George VI dies in his sleep '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 247 -- 248 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The day the King died '' . BBC . 6 February 2002 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Repose at Sandringham '' , Life , Time Inc , p. 38 , 18 February 1952 , ISSN 0024 - 3019 , retrieved 26 December 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 462 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805 , Dean & Canons of Windsor , archived from the original on 27 September 2011 , retrieved 15 February 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mourners visit Queen Mother 's vault '' . BBC News . 10 April 2002 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hardie in the British House of Commons , 11 December 1936 , quoted in Rhodes James , p. 115 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Letter from George VI to the Duke of Windsor , quoted in Rhodes James , p. 127 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ashley , Mike ( 1998 ) , British Monarchs , London : Robinson , pp. 703 -- 704 , ISBN 1 - 84119 - 096 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 248 -- 249 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , p. 186 ; Rhodes James , p. 216 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Townsend , p. 137 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ List of Companions ( PDF ) , Ordre de la Libération , retrieved 19 September 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Gazette of India -- Extraordinary '' ( PDF ) . Press Information Bureau of India -- Archive . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Velde , François ( 19 April 2008 ) , Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family , Heraldica , retrieved 22 April 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ House of Windsor Tree from royal.gov.uk </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bradford , Sarah ( 1989 ) , King George VI , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , ISBN 0 - 297 - 79667 - 4 </Li> <Li> Howarth , Patrick ( 1987 ) , George VI , Hutchinson , ISBN 0 - 09 - 171000 - 6 </Li> <Li> Judd , Denis ( 1982 ) , King George VI , London : Michael Joseph , ISBN 0 - 7181 - 2184 - 8 </Li> <Li> Matthew , H.C.G. ( 2004 ) , `` George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press </Li> <Li> Rhodes James , Robert ( 1998 ) , A Spirit Undaunted : The Political Role of George VI , London : Little , Brown and Co , ISBN 0 - 316 - 64765 - 9 </Li> <Li> Shawcross , William ( 2009 ) , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother : The Official Biography , Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4050 - 4859 - 0 </Li> <Li> Sinclair , David ( 1988 ) , Two Georges : the Making of the Modern Monarchy , Hodder and Stoughton , ISBN 0 - 340 - 33240 - 9 </Li> <Li> Townsend , Peter ( 1975 ) , The Last Emperor , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , ISBN 0 - 297 - 77031 - 4 </Li> <Li> Vickers , Hugo ( 2006 ) , Elizabeth : The Queen Mother , Arrow Books / Random House , ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 947662 - 7 </Li> <Li> Wheeler - Bennett , Sir John ( 1958 ) , King George VI : His Life and Reign , New York : St Martin 's Press </Li> <Li> Weir , Alison ( 1996 ) , Britain 's Royal Families : The Complete Genealogy , Revised Edition , London : Random House , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7448 - 9 </Li> <Li> Windsor , The Duke of ( 1951 ) , A King 's Story , London : Cassell & Co Ltd </Li> <Li> Ziegler , Philip ( 1990 ) , King Edward VIII : The Official Biography , London : Collins , ISBN 0 - 00 - 215741 - 1 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Listen to this article ( info / dl ) <P> </P> This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` George VI '' dated 12 July 2014 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles <P> </P> Find more aboutGeorge VIat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> George VI at Encyclopædia Britannica </Li> <Li> Footage of King George VI stammering in a 1938 speech on YouTube </Li> <Li> Soundtrack of King George VI Coronation speech in 1937 on YouTube </Li> <Li> `` Archival material relating to George VI '' . UK National Archives . </Li> <Li> Portraits of King George VI at the National Portrait Gallery , London </Li> <Li> Newspaper clippings about George VI in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> George VI House of Windsor Born : 14 December 1895 Died : 6 February 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Regnal titles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Edward VIII </Td> <Td> King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions 1936 -- 1952 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Elizabeth II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emperor of India 1936 -- 1947 </Td> <Td> Partition of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Masonic offices </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Iain Colquhoun </Td> <Td> Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland 1936 -- 1937 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Norman Orr - Ewing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Honorary titles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Edward VIII </Td> <Td> Air Commodore - in - Chief of the Auxiliary Air Force 1936 -- 1952 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Elizabeth II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New title </Td> <Td> Head of the Commonwealth 1949 -- 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Air Commodore - in - Chief of the Air Training Corps 1941 -- 1952 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by The Duke of Edinburgh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Notes and references </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> 1 . Indian Empire dissolved 15 August 1947 . Title abandoned 22 June 1948 ( `` No. 38330 '' . The London Gazette. 22 June 1948 . p. 3647. ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Articles and topics related to George VI </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> English , Scottish and British monarchs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Monarchs of England before 1603 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Monarchs of Scotland before 1603 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alfred the Great </Li> <Li> Edward the Elder </Li> <Li> Ælfweard </Li> <Li> Æthelstan </Li> <Li> Edmund I </Li> <Li> Eadred </Li> <Li> Eadwig </Li> <Li> Edgar the Peaceful </Li> <Li> Edward the Martyr </Li> <Li> Æthelred the Unready </Li> <Li> Sweyn </Li> <Li> Edmund II </Li> <Li> Cnut </Li> <Li> Harold I </Li> <Li> Harthacnut </Li> <Li> Edward the Confessor </Li> <Li> Harold II </Li> <Li> Edgar Ætheling </Li> <Li> William I </Li> <Li> William II </Li> <Li> Henry I </Li> <Li> Stephen </Li> <Li> Matilda </Li> <Li> Henry II </Li> <Li> Henry the Young King </Li> <Li> Richard I </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Henry III </Li> <Li> Edward I </Li> <Li> Edward II </Li> <Li> Edward III </Li> <Li> Richard II </Li> <Li> Henry IV </Li> <Li> Henry V </Li> <Li> Henry VI </Li> <Li> Edward IV </Li> <Li> Edward V </Li> <Li> Richard III </Li> <Li> Henry VII </Li> <Li> Henry VIII </Li> <Li> Edward VI </Li> <Li> Jane </Li> <Li> Mary I and Philip </Li> <Li> Elizabeth I </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kenneth I MacAlpin </Li> <Li> Donald I </Li> <Li> Constantine I </Li> <Li> Áed </Li> <Li> Giric </Li> <Li> Eochaid </Li> <Li> Donald II </Li> <Li> Constantine II </Li> <Li> Malcolm I </Li> <Li> Indulf </Li> <Li> Dub </Li> <Li> Cuilén </Li> <Li> Amlaíb </Li> <Li> Kenneth II </Li> <Li> Constantine III </Li> <Li> Kenneth III </Li> <Li> Malcolm II </Li> <Li> Duncan I </Li> <Li> Macbeth </Li> <Li> Lulach </Li> <Li> Malcolm III </Li> <Li> Donald III </Li> <Li> Duncan II </Li> <Li> Donald III </Li> <Li> Edgar </Li> <Li> Alexander I </Li> <Li> David I </Li> <Li> Malcolm IV </Li> <Li> William I </Li> <Li> Alexander II </Li> <Li> Alexander III </Li> <Li> Margaret of Norway </Li> <Li> John Balliol </Li> <Li> Robert I </Li> <Li> David II </Li> <Li> Edward Balliol </Li> <Li> Robert II </Li> <Li> Robert III </Li> <Li> James I </Li> <Li> James II </Li> <Li> James III </Li> <Li> James IV </Li> <Li> James V </Li> <Li> Mary I </Li> <Li> James VI </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> James VI & I </Li> <Li> Charles I </Li> <Li> Charles II </Li> <Li> James II & VII </Li> <Li> William III & II and Mary II </Li> <Li> Anne </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Anne </Li> <Li> George I </Li> <Li> George II </Li> <Li> George III </Li> <Li> George IV </Li> <Li> William IV </Li> <Li> Victoria </Li> <Li> Edward VII </Li> <Li> George V </Li> <Li> Edward VIII </Li> <Li> George VI </Li> <Li> Elizabeth II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Monarchs of Canada </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House of Hanover ( 1867 -- 1901 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Victoria </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House of Saxe - 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Coburg and Gotha </Li> <Li> Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn </Li> <Li> Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany </Li> <Li> Prince Ernest Augustus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence and Avondale </Li> <Li> King George V </Li> <Li> Prince Alexander John of Wales </Li> <Li> Alfred , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Li> <Li> Prince Arthur of Connaught </Li> <Li> Prince Charles Edward , Duke of Albany and of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Li> <Li> Prince George William of Hanover </Li> <Li> Prince Christian of Hanover </Li> <Li> Prince Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Edward VIII </Li> <Li> King George VI </Li> <Li> Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester </Li> <Li> Prince George , Duke of Kent </Li> <Li> Prince John </Li> <Li> Alastair , 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn </Li> <Li> Johann Leopold , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Li> <Li> Prince Hubertus of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Li> <Li> Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover </Li> <Li> Prince George William of Hanover </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh </Li> <Li> Prince William of Gloucester </Li> <Li> Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester </Li> <Li> Prince Edward , Duke of Kent </Li> <Li> Prince Michael of Kent </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charles , Prince of Wales </Li> <Li> Prince Andrew , Duke of York </Li> <Li> Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince William , Duke of Cambridge </Li> <Li> Prince Harry , Duke of Sussex </Li> <Li> James , Viscount Severn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince George of Cambridge </Li> <Li> Prince Louis of Cambridge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Not a British prince by birth , but created Prince Consort . Not a British prince by birth , but created a Prince of the United Kingdom . Status debatable ; see his article . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dukes of York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Edmund of Langley ( 1385 -- 1402 ) </Li> <Li> Edward of Norwich ( 1402 -- 1415 ) </Li> <Li> Richard Plantagenet ( 1415 -- 1460 ) </Li> <Li> Edward of York ( 1460 -- 1461 ) </Li> <Li> Richard of Shrewsbury ( 1474 -- 1483 ) </Li> <Li> Henry ( 1494 -- 1509 ) </Li> <Li> Charles ( 1605 -- 1625 ) </Li> <Li> James ( 1633 / 1644 -- 1685 ) </Li> <Li> Dukes of York and Albany ( 18th century ) </Li> <Li> George ( 1892 -- 1910 ) </Li> <Li> Albert ( 1920 -- 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Andrew ( 1986 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Princes of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Forefather </Th> <Td> Duke Francis I </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Duke Ernest I ^ </Li> <Li> Prince Ferdinand ^ </Li> <Li> King Leopold I of the Belgians ^ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2nd generation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ducal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Duke Ernest II ^ </Li> <Li> Albert , Prince Consort of the United Kingdom ^ * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Koháry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Fernando II of Portugal and the Algarves ^ ¶ </Li> <Li> Prince August ^ </Li> <Li> Prince Leopold ^ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Crown Prince Louis Philippe # </Li> <Li> King Leopold II # </Li> <Li> Prince Philippe # </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd generation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Edward VII * </Li> <Li> Duke Alfred I * </Li> <Li> Prince Arthur * </Li> <Li> Prince Leopold * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Pedro V ¶ </Li> <Li> King Luís I ¶ </Li> <Li> Infante João ¶ </Li> <Li> Infante Fernando ¶ </Li> <Li> Infante Augusto ¶ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Koháry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Philipp </Li> <Li> Prince Ludwig August </Li> <Li> Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians † </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Leopold # </Li> <Li> Prince Baudouin # </Li> <Li> King Albert I # </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4th generation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Albert Victor * </Li> <Li> King George V * </Li> <Li> Prince Alexander John of Wales * </Li> <Li> Hereditary Prince Alfred * </Li> <Li> Prince Arthur * </Li> <Li> Duke Charles Edward I * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Carlos I ¶ </Li> <Li> Infante Afonso ¶ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Koháry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Leopold Clement </Li> <Li> Prince Pedro Augusto </Li> <Li> Prince August Leopold </Li> <Li> Prince Joseph Ferdinand </Li> <Li> Prince Ludwig Gaston </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bulgaria </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tsar Boris III † </Li> <Li> Prince Kiril † </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Leopold III # </Li> <Li> Prince Charles # </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5th generation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Edward VIII * </Li> <Li> King George VI * </Li> <Li> Prince Henry * </Li> <Li> Prince George * </Li> <Li> Prince John * </Li> <Li> Prince Alastair * </Li> <Li> Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold * </Li> <Li> Prince Hubertus * </Li> <Li> Prince Friedrich Josias </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Luís Filipe ¶ </Li> <Li> King Manuel II ¶ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Koháry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince August Clemens </Li> <Li> Prince Rainer </Li> <Li> Prince Philipp </Li> <Li> Prince Ernst </Li> <Li> Prince Antonius </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bulgaria </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tsar Simeon II † </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Baudouin I # </Li> <Li> King Albert II # </Li> <Li> Prince Alexandre # </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6th generation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ducal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Andreas </Li> <Li> Prince Adrian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Koháry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Johannes Heinrich </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bulgaria </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Kardam † </Li> <Li> Prince Kyril † </Li> <Li> Prince Kubrat † </Li> <Li> Prince Konstantin - 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Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon - Wikipedia <H1> Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Armaan Malik </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 24 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> pop </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5 : 10 ( Single ) 6 : 47 ( Music video ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> T - Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Rashmi Virag </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bhushan Kumar Amaal Mallik ( composer ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon '' is a 2015 song by Indian recording artist Armaan Malik composed by Amaal Mallik . The accompanying music video has been shot in Goa , India and features Bollywood actors Emraan Hashmi and Esha Gupta . It was released on YouTube by T - Series on 23 November 2015 . The song has been well received crossing over 90 million views as of 20th October 2017 . </P> <H2> Accolades ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song won the award for Best Indie Pop Song at the 2016 Mirchi Music Awards . It was also awarded the Best Music Video at the sixth Global Indian Music Academy Awards . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : T - Series ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon Full Video Emraan Hashmi , Esha Gupta Amaal Mallik , Armaan Malik '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gaikwad , Pramod ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` Emraan Hashmi , Esha Gupta 's new single is heart touching , watch video '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bhattacharya , Ananya ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon video out : Watch Emraan Hashmi , Esha Gupta tell you why love stories dont end '' . India Today . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maheshwari , Neha ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` The Maliks almost broke down after Armaan Malik 's win at the Mirchi Music Awards '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sen , Sushmita ( 7 April 2016 ) . `` GiMA Awards 2016 : ' Bajirao Mastani ' bags maximum awards ; Yo Yo Honey Singh , Sonakshi Sinha , Arijit Singh perform live '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This 2010s song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Rahoon_Ya_Na_Rahoon&oldid=806211883 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2015 songs </Li> <Li> 2015 singles </Li> <Li> Hindi songs </Li> <Li> Indian songs </Li> <Li> Hindi film songs </Li> <Li> Songs with music by Amaal Mallik </Li> <Li> 2010s song stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 13 : 41 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Waggoner mansion - Wikipedia <H1> Waggoner mansion </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Waggoner Mansion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Recorded Texas Historic Landmark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Waggoner Mansion in 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Waggoner Mansion Waggoner Mansion Show map of Texas Show map of the US Show all </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> 1003 E. Main Decatur , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 33 ° 14 ′ 3 '' N 97 ° 34 ′ 37 '' W / 33.23417 ° N 97.57694 ° W / 33.23417 ; - 97.57694 Coordinates : 33 ° 14 ′ 3 '' N 97 ° 34 ′ 37 '' W / 33.23417 ° N 97.57694 ° W / 33.23417 ; - 97.57694 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area </Th> <Td> 9 acres ( 3.6 ha ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Built </Th> <Td> 1883 ( 1883 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architectural style </Th> <Td> Late Victorian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NRHP reference # </Th> <Td> 74002098 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> RTHL # </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Significant dates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Added to NRHP </Th> <Td> May 1 , 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designated RTHL </Th> <Td> 1962 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Waggoner Mansion ( a.k.a. El Castile ) is a historic mansion in Decatur , Texas . The sixteen room mansion was built in 1883 by the Waggoner Family . It was purchased in 1942 by Mr. and Mrs. Phil Luker . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Location </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External link </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Location ( edit ) </H2> <P> The mansion is located at 1003 East Main in Decatur , a town in Wise County , Texas . It spans thirteen and a half acres of land . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The mansion was built in 1883 for Daniel Waggoner , owner of the Waggoner Ranch . It was designed in the Victorian architectural style . It comprises sixteen rooms and six bathrooms , with two bedrooms on the ground floor and four bedrooms on the first floor . </P> <P> The house was inherited by Daniel Waggoner 's son , William Thomas Waggoner . In 1942 , it was purchased by Mrs and Mr Phil Luker . </P> <P> It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> NRHP portal </Li> <Li> Texas portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> National Register of Historic Places listings in Wise County , Texas </Li> <Li> Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Wise County </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wise County Historical Society : The Waggoner Mansion </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bill Cannon , Treasury of Texas Trivia II , Taylor Trade Publishing , 18 Oct 1999 , pp. 170 - 171 ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wise County , Texas : The Waggoner Mansion </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gary Cartwright , Showdown at Waggoner Ranch , Texas Monthly , January 2004 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External link ( edit ) </H2> <P> Media related to Waggoner Mansion at Wikimedia Commons </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National Register of Historic Places in Texas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists by county </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anderson </Li> <Li> Andrews </Li> <Li> Angelina </Li> <Li> Aransas </Li> <Li> Archer </Li> <Li> Armstrong </Li> <Li> Atascosa </Li> <Li> Austin </Li> <Li> Bailey </Li> <Li> Bandera </Li> <Li> Bastrop </Li> <Li> Baylor </Li> <Li> Bee </Li> <Li> Bell </Li> <Li> Bexar </Li> <Li> Blanco </Li> <Li> Borden </Li> <Li> 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<Li> Uvalde </Li> <Li> Val Verde </Li> <Li> Van Zandt </Li> <Li> Victoria </Li> <Li> Walker </Li> <Li> Waller </Li> <Li> Ward </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Webb </Li> <Li> Wharton </Li> <Li> Wheeler </Li> <Li> Wichita </Li> <Li> Wilbarger </Li> <Li> Willacy </Li> <Li> Williamson </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> <Li> Winkler </Li> <Li> Wise </Li> <Li> Wood </Li> <Li> Yoakum </Li> <Li> Young </Li> <Li> Zapata </Li> <Li> Zavala </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Parks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Big Bend National Park </Li> <Li> Guadalupe Mountains National Park </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bridges </Li> <Li> National Historic Landmarks </Li> <Li> National Natural Landmarks </Li> <Li> Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> United States National Register of Historic Places listings </Li> <Li> Keeper of the Register </Li> <Li> History of the National Register of Historic Places </Li> <Li> Property types </Li> <Li> Historic district </Li> <Li> Contributing property </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Municipalities and communities of Wise County , Texas , United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> County seat : Decatur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aurora </Li> <Li> Bridgeport </Li> <Li> Chico </Li> <Li> Decatur </Li> <Li> Fort Worth ‡ </Li> <Li> Lake Bridgeport </Li> <Li> New Fairview </Li> <Li> Newark ‡ </Li> <Li> Paradise </Li> <Li> Rhome </Li> <Li> Runaway Bay </Li> <Li> Springtown ‡ </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Towns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alvord </Li> <Li> Boyd </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CDPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Briar ‡ </Li> <Li> Pecan Acres ‡ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unincorporated communities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Balsora </Li> <Li> Greenwood </Li> <Li> Slidell </Li> <Li> Boonsville </Li> <Li> Cottondale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ghost town </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rush Creek </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Footnotes </Th> <Td> ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article about a property in Texas on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waggoner_Mansion&oldid=817268258 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas </Li> <Li> Houses in Wise County , Texas </Li> <Li> Houses completed in 1883 </Li> <Li> Victorian architecture in Texas </Li> <Li> National Register of Historic Places in Wise County , Texas </Li> <Li> Texas Registered Historic Place stubs </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 08 : 03 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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