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mgor

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acf-co24-bonuses

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[ { "answer": "Niger River Delta [accept Ogoniland, Delta State, Rivers State, Oil Rivers, or Bayelsa; prompt on lower Niger River, the Delta, southern Nigeria, southeast Nigeria] (The activist is Ken Saro-Wiwa.)", "answer_primary": "Niger River Delta", "clean_answers": [ "Ogoniland, Delta State, Rivers State, Oil Rivers,", "Bayelsa", "Niger River Delta" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The activist is Ken Saro-Wiwa.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this geographical region where the seven-nights-long performance Ozidi was transcribed by J. P. Clark. The inventor of “rotten English” was executed for his environmental activism in this geographical region.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "drums [accept dùndún or opu ezé; accept talking drums or Long Drums and Cannons; prompt on percussion]", "answer_primary": "drums", "clean_answers": [ "opu ezé", "Long Drums and Cannons", "drums", "dùndún", "talking drums" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Delta’s Ekene masquerades are covered in a Margaret Laurence study of Nigerian lit titled for cannons and these instruments. A genre of West African oral literature uses the “talking” type of these instruments.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Gabriel Okara [or Gabriel Imomotimi Gbaingbain Okara]", "answer_primary": "Gabriel Okara", "clean_answers": [ "Gabriel Imomotimi Gbaingbain Okara", "Gabriel Okara" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This Ijaw author of “Piano and Drums” wrote about the Delta’s River Nun. This poet contrasted Europe and Africa in anthology staples like “The Snowflakes Sail Gently Down” and “You Laughed and Laughed and Laughed.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Odile (“oh-DEEL”) [or Black Swan; or le Cygne Noir; reject “Odette”]", "answer_primary": "Odile", "clean_answers": [ "le Cygne Noir; reject Odette", "Odile", "Black Swan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this antagonist played by ballerina Pierina Legnani in 1895. Her performance, choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov, originated the tradition for this antagonist to perform 32 fouettés en tournant (“fwet-TAYS on toor-NAWN”).", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Margot Fonteyn (“MAR-go fon-TAIN”) [or Dame Margaret Evelyn de Arias; or Margaret Evelyn Hookham]", "answer_primary": "Margot Fonteyn", "clean_answers": [ "Margot Fonteyn", "Margaret Evelyn Hookham", "Dame Margaret Evelyn de Arias" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A critic once compared this ballerina’s wobbly performance of Odile’s fouettés to “Cook’s tours of the stage.” Until the 21st century, the title courtesan of Marguerite and Armand was exclusively played by this ballerina.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Alicia Alonso [or Alicia Ernestina de la Caridad del Cobre Martínez del Hoyo]", "answer_primary": "Alicia Alonso", "clean_answers": [ "Alicia Alonso", "Alicia Ernestina de la Caridad del Cobre Martínez del Hoyo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In 1968, this ballerina performed Odile’s 32 fouettés while remaining in a single tile on a checkerboard floor. In Theme and Variations, Igor Youskevitch and this partially-blind ballerina danced to Tchaikovsky’s Orchestral Suite No. 3.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "henequén [or Agave fourcroydes]", "answer_primary": "henequén", "clean_answers": [ "Agave fourcroydes", "henequén" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this plant, a type of agave harvested at massive 19th-century Yucatán plantations by Maya people under threat of military conscription. This plant’s fibers were exported to the Midwest for use as twine.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "castes [or castas; accept divine caste, Caste War, la casta divina, or guerra de Castas]", "answer_primary": "castes", "clean_answers": [ "castes", "castas", "divine caste, Caste War, la casta divina,", "guerra de Castas" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Yucatán elite who grew rich off the henequén trade were called a “divine” one of these groups. These groups name a 19th-century war fought by Maya rebels, as well as New Spain’s racial classification system.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Yaqui Wars [or Yaqui-Mayo Wars; or guerra del Yaqui]", "answer_primary": "Yaqui Wars", "clean_answers": [ "guerra del Yaqui", "Yaqui Wars", "Yaqui-Mayo Wars" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Emilio Kosterlitzky deported thousands of captives from these wars into slavery in the henequén industry. The Mexican military laid siege to the El Añil fortress during these wars, in which leaders like Cajemé and Teresa Urrea defended their peoples’ homeland of Hiakim.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Good’s buffers [or Good buffers]", "answer_primary": "Good’s buffers", "clean_answers": [ "Good buffers", "Good’s buffers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this group of twenty compounds that include Tris and HEPES (“heaps”). Many of these compounds are zwitterionic and are N-substituted derivatives of taurine or glycine.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "pKa [or the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant; or the negative logarithm of Ka, but reject any partial answers that do not include all three parts; reject “Ka” or “acid dissociation constant”]", "answer_primary": "pKa", "clean_answers": [ "the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant", "pKa", "acid dissociation constant", "the negative logarithm of Ka, but reject any partial answers that do not include all three parts; reject Ka" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This quantity is between 6 and 8 for most Good’s buffers, making them safer for research. The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation states that pH is equal to this quantity plus the log ratio of two concentrations.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "morpholine [accept N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide; accept 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid; prompt on NMO or NMMO; prompt on MES]", "answer_primary": "morpholine", "clean_answers": [ "2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid", "N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide", "morpholine" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Good’s buffer with the lowest pKa consists of this six-membered heterocycle bound to an ethanesulfonic (“ethane-sulfonic”) acid moiety. Another derivative of this heterocycle is used as a sacrificial catalyst in osmium tetroxide oxidations.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "the death of a beautiful woman [accept any answer that indicates that a woman, wife, or beauty is dying; prompt on answers that indicate only death by asking “of what sort of character?”]", "answer_primary": "the death of a beautiful woman", "clean_answers": [ "the death of a beautiful woman", "beauty is dying", "any answer that indicates that a woman, wife," ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this sort of event that the author of “Morella” called “unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world” in his essay “The Philosophy of Composition.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "worms [accept “The Conqueror Worm”]", "answer_primary": "worms", "clean_answers": [ "The Conqueror Worm", "worms" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Edgar Allan Poe’s Morella claims that death has even less horror for her than for one of these animals. Before dying, the title woman of “Ligeia” writes a poem about a “Conqueror” one of these animals.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“The Oval Portrait”", "answer_primary": "“The Oval Portrait”", "clean_answers": [ "The Oval Portrait" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In this Poe story, a painter exclaims “this is indeed Life itself!” after completing a “vignette… much in the style of the favorite heads of Sully” modeled on his wife, only to realize that she died while sitting for the piece.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Federalist No. 10 [or the Tenth Federalist Paper]", "answer_primary": "Federalist No. 10", "clean_answers": [ "Federalist No. 10", "the Tenth Federalist Paper" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this essay that Charles Beard read as a “masterly statement of the theory of economic determinism.” This Federalist paper by James Madison claims that only republics can ward off the threat of factions.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "judicial review [or judicial control; prompt on judicial activism]", "answer_primary": "judicial review", "clean_answers": [ "judicial review", "judicial control" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Adair’s “The Tenth Federalist Revisited” criticizes Beard for using support for this doctrine as a yardstick for conservatism. Hamilton’s Federalist No. 78 advanced this doctrine to empower a group that has neither the “sword” nor the “purse.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Vernon Louis Parrington", "answer_primary": "Vernon Louis Parrington", "clean_answers": [ "Vernon Louis Parrington" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Adair’s paper critiques this student of Beard’s. Lionel Trilling’s “Reality in America” damaged the reputation of this historian, who coined the “great barbecue” metaphor for Gilded Age federal largesse and wrote Main Currents in American Thought.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "San Francisco Tape Music Center [or SFTMC; accept Mills Tape Music Center or MTMC; accept Center for Contemporary Music or CCM]", "answer_primary": "San Francisco Tape Music Center", "clean_answers": [ "Center for Contemporary Music", "SFTMC", "San Francisco Tape Music Center", "CCM", "Mills Tape Music Center", "MTMC" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this institute co-founded by Ramon Sender and Morton Subotnick that premiered Terry Riley’s In C. This institute commissioned Don Buchla’s modular “Box,” whose use defined the more experimental “West Coast” synthesizer style.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "delay [or tape delay or delay line; accept delay pedal or delay unit; prompt on looping, feedback, echo, or automatic double-tracking or doubling; reject “decay”]", "answer_primary": "delay", "clean_answers": [ "delay pedal", "delay", "tape delay", "delay unit", "delay line" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The erase/record (“erase re-CORD”) and playback heads on an Echoplex’s (“echo-plex’s”) tape loop were adjusted to create this effect long before Boss’s DD-8 digital pedals. Flanging, chorus, and reverb are based on this effect, a signal mixed with its copy after some milliseconds.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jerry Goldsmith [or Jerrald King Goldsmith]", "answer_primary": "Jerry Goldsmith", "clean_answers": [ "Jerry Goldsmith", "Jerrald King Goldsmith" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "An echoplexed two-pitch trumpet ostinato and Indian conch shell depict a haunting cemetery and wind in this composer’s scores for Patton and Alien. Arthur Morton orchestrated for this film composer of Planet of the Apes and the original Rambo and Star Trek.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Apollonius of Tyana", "answer_primary": "Apollonius of Tyana", "clean_answers": [ "Apollonius of Tyana" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Pythagorean philosopher who travels with his companion Damis in a biography by Philostratus. He hailed from the city of Tyana.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "solar eclipses [prompt on transits or occultations]", "answer_primary": "solar eclipses", "clean_answers": [ "solar eclipses" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In the Life, Apollonius gets in trouble with Tigellinus after interpreting one of these events as a sign of Nero’s impending death. Thales predicted one of these events that interrupted a battle between the Lydians and Medes.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Dionysus’s invasion of India [accept answers mentioning conquest, expedition, or synonyms in place of “invasion” prompt on invasion of India by asking “by whom?”; prompt on Dionysus’s invasion by asking “of where?”] (The invasion is the subject of Nonnus’s poem Dionysiaca.)", "answer_primary": "Dionysus’s invasion of India", "clean_answers": [ "synonyms in place of invasion", "answers mentioning conquest, expedition,", "Dionysus’s invasion of India" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The invasion is the subject of Nonnus’s poem Dionysiaca.", "number": 3, "part": "Apollonius saw the traces that soldiers in this war left while storming a rocky citadel held by thunderbolt-wielding sages with magic invisibility clouds. This war against King Deriades is the subject of the longest surviving poem of classical antiquity.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "genetic assimilation [prompt on genetic accommodation]", "answer_primary": "genetic assimilation", "clean_answers": [ "genetic assimilation" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this process by which novel phenotypic responses to extreme conditions become genetically encoded. C. H. Waddington used canalization to explain how this phenomenon produces cross-veinless flies after heat-shock.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "C. elegans [or Caenorhabditis elegans]", "answer_primary": "C. elegans", "clean_answers": [ "Caenorhabditis elegans", "C. elegans" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Exposure to harsh conditions can also trigger this species of model nematode to enter a developmental diapause called the dauer stage.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "polyphenism [prompt on phenotypic plasticity]", "answer_primary": "polyphenism", "clean_answers": [ "polyphenism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "C. elegans’s ability to enter the dauer stage in harsh environments is one example of this discrete biological process. The helmet morph in Daphnia water fleas exposed to predation exemplifies this discontinuous process.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Delgamuukw v. British Columbia [or Delgamuukw v. The Queen; or Delgamuukw-Gisday’wa]", "answer_primary": "Delgamuukw v. British Columbia", "clean_answers": [ "Delgamuukw v. The Queen", "Delgamuukw v. British Columbia", "Delgamuukw-Gisday’wa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this 1997 case over an illegal sale of logging rights that chiefs of the Gitksan and Wet’suwet’en tribes won on appeal. This case established the current Canadian test for Aboriginal title.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "hearsay ", "answer_primary": "hearsay", "clean_answers": [ "hearsay" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Until Delgamuukw, First Nations’ oral histories were often conflated with this sort of inadmissible testimony, in which a witness relays a statement someone else made to them out of court.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mi’kmaq [or Micmac; or Mi’gmaq]", "answer_primary": "Mi’kmaq", "clean_answers": [ "Mi’gmaq", "Mi’kmaq", "Micmac" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Supreme Court of Canada created an exception to hearsay to allow James Simon to use oral evidence to prove he was a member of this group. This Algonquian people’s traditional lands include Nova Scotia.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Felice Orsini [accept Orsini bomb]", "answer_primary": "Felice Orsini", "clean_answers": [ "Orsini bomb", "Felice Orsini" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Italian nationalist who used mercury fulminate to craft his namesake bombs, which gained popularity with 19th-century terrorists after he lobbed them at Napoleon III in an 1858 assassination attempt.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Barcelona (The basilica is La Sagrada Familia.)", "answer_primary": "Barcelona", "clean_answers": [ "Barcelona" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The basilica is La Sagrada Familia.", "number": 2, "part": "In this city, Orsini bombs were employed in the Liceu (“lee-SAY-oo”) bombing and an 1896 attack that led to the Montjuïc (“moon-zhoo-EEK”) trials. An Orsini bomb appears in the Temptation of Man relief on an unfinished basilica in this Spanish city.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Johann Most [or Johann Joseph Most; or Hans Most] (His grandson was Celtics announcer Johnny Most.) ", "answer_primary": "Johann Most", "clean_answers": [ "Johann Most", "Johann Joseph Most", "Hans Most] (His grandson was Celtics announcer Johnny Most.)" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Orsini bombs were replaced in the public imagination by dynamite, thanks in part to this German “apostle of dynamite.” This grandfather of a sports announcer called for “propaganda of the deed” in his Freiheit journal.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Berlin Zoo [or Berlin Zoological Garden; or Zoologischer Garten Berlin; prompt on zoo by asking “in what city?”]", "answer_primary": "Berlin Zoo", "clean_answers": [ "Zoologischer Garten Berlin", "Berlin Zoological Garden", "Berlin Zoo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What place titles an epistolary novel written in exile by Viktor Shklovsky? That novel is repeatedly quoted in Dubravka Ugrešić’s (“oo-GRAY-sheech’s”) The Museum of Unconditional Surrender, which opens by comparing its structure to the objects found in the stomach of Roland, a dead inhabitant of this place. ", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Laurence Sterne (The memoir is Sentimental Journey: Memoirs 1917–1922. The “most typical novel” is Tristram Shandy.)", "answer_primary": "Laurence Sterne", "clean_answers": [ "Laurence Sterne" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The memoir is Sentimental Journey: Memoirs 1917–1922. The “most typical novel” is Tristram Shandy.", "number": 2, "part": "Shklovsky also wrote about Berlin in a memoir titled for a novel by this author, whom he credited with the “most typical novel in world literature.” Diderot lifted passages from a novel by this author for Jacques the Fatalist.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Samuel Beckett [or Samuel Barclay Beckett]", "answer_primary": "Samuel Beckett", "clean_answers": [ "Samuel Beckett", "Samuel Barclay Beckett" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Ugrešić’s compatriot Daša Drndić (“DAH-sha DURN-ditch”) used the motif of a zoo’s rhino enclosure in Doppelgänger, one of her novels that’s been compared to this author’s French-language novels like Molloy.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "thermodynamics [accept geometrothermodynamics or geometrical thermodynamics]", "answer_primary": "thermodynamics", "clean_answers": [ "geometrical thermodynamics", "geometrothermodynamics", "thermodynamics" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this field of physics. Since this field often analyzes functions with an exact differential form, Constantin Carathéodory was able to develop an axiomatization of it using Pfaffian differential equations.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "second law of thermodynamics", "answer_primary": "second law of thermodynamics", "clean_answers": [ "second law of thermodynamics" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The most notable contribution of Carathéodory’s axiomatization of thermodynamics is his expression of this law that concerns the increase of entropy in closed systems.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "adiabatic accessibility [accept adiathermal accessibility]", "answer_primary": "adiabatic accessibility", "clean_answers": [ "adiathermal accessibility", "adiabatic accessibility" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Carathéodory introduced this relation in his axiomatization of the second law, and his namesake principle guarantees that there exist states in the neighborhood of any state X that do not have this relation to X. Lieb and Yngvason elaborated on the view of this concept as an ordering relation that defines entropy.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Constantin Guys (“gheez”) [or Ernest-Adolphe Guys de Saint-Hélène; prompt on M.G.]", "answer_primary": "Constantin Guys", "clean_answers": [ "Constantin Guys", "Ernest-Adolphe Guys de Saint-Hélène" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this French watercolor artist and Crimean War correspondent whom Charles Baudelaire declared “the painter of modern life.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "grisettes [or grizettes; accept Two Grisettes]", "answer_primary": "grisettes", "clean_answers": [ "grizettes", "Two Grisettes", "grisettes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In one of Guys’s many depictions of this class of working-class French women, two of them appear in front of a pair of top hat-wearing men. Patricia Tillburg analyzed the midinette as a descendant of these women, whose French name reflects their simple clothes.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Joshua Reynolds", "answer_primary": "Joshua Reynolds", "clean_answers": [ "Joshua Reynolds" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Baudelaire claimed that Guys would likely ignore “ancient statuary” for an opportunity to “savor” a portrait of a woman by Thomas Lawrence or this other artist, the first president of the Royal Academy of Arts.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "regulationism [or regulation school]", "answer_primary": "regulationism", "clean_answers": [ "regulation school", "regulationism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this French school of economics established by a 1976 Michel Aglietta monograph on “The US Experience.” This school treats economic history as a succession of “modes of development.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Henry Ford [accept Fordism]", "answer_primary": "Henry Ford", "clean_answers": [ "Fordism", "Henry Ford" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Aglietta argues that a crisis in the mode of development named for this person began in the 1960s. Antonio Gramsci named the modern system of mass production and consumption for this person.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "accumulation of capital [accept The Accumulation of Capital; prompt on gaining capital by asking “what is the specific term for that?”; reject “gaining wealth”]", "answer_primary": "accumulation of capital", "clean_answers": [ "The Accumulation of Capital", "accumulation of capital" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Brenner and Glick note that an emphasis on class struggle in the productivity crisis aligns regulationism with the American “School of Social Structure of” this phenomenon. Rosa Luxemburg argued that “imperialism is the political expression” of this process in a 1913 book on the “problem of reproduction.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "William Empson (The book is Seven Types of Ambiguity.)", "answer_primary": "William Empson", "clean_answers": [ "William Empson" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The book is Seven Types of Ambiguity.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this poet who wrote “the waste remains and kills” in “Missing Dates,” which helped repopularize the villanelle. A book by this critic opens with several interpretations of Shakespeare’s image of “bare-ruined choirs.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Leda [accept “Request to Leda”; accept “Leda and the Swan”] (“Leda and the Swan” is by W. B. Yeats.)", "answer_primary": "Leda", "clean_answers": [ "Leda and the Swan", "Request to Leda", "Leda" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "“Leda and the Swan” is by W. B. Yeats.", "number": 2, "part": "Empson’s villanelles were parodied by his friend Dylan Thomas in a poem addressed to this woman. A 15-line sonnet titled for this woman predicts “the burning roof and tower / And Agamemnon dead.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "October [accept “Especially when the October Wind” or “Poem in October”; reject answers like “fall” or “autumn”]", "answer_primary": "October", "clean_answers": [ "Especially when the October Wind", "Poem in October; reject answers like fall", "autumn", "October" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Before parodying Empson’s use of the word “chemic” in “Request to Leda,” Thomas used it in a poem about this period’s wind. Thomas marked his “thirtieth year to heaven” with a “place poem” titled for this time period. ", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Pharaoh [or Firaun; accept Merneptah or Ramesses II]", "answer_primary": "Pharaoh", "clean_answers": [ "Merneptah", "Firaun", "Ramesses II", "Pharaoh" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The Qur’anic Hāmān serves what person, whose last-minute conversion is rejected by Allah in Surah Yunus? In an Isra’iliyyat story, this person spares a child who picks up a burning hot coal instead of a ruby.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "inimitability [or i’jāz al-qur’ān; or inimitable; or answers including word forms of not and imitable, but reject synonyms; accept i’jāz ilmi; prompt on word forms of miraculousness]", "answer_primary": "inimitability", "clean_answers": [ "i’jāz ilmi", "i’jāz al-qur’ān", "inimitability", "answers including word forms of not and imitable, but reject synonyms", "inimitable" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Bucaille’s claims about Pharaoh suggest the Qur’an’s “scientific,” or ilmi, type of this property. Musaylimah’s doggerel verses about frogs support this specific property of the Qur’an, which the “verses of challenge” affirm by calling skeptics to “bring something like it.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "19", "answer_primary": "19", "clean_answers": [ "19" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "An inimitable “Qur’anic Code” based on this number was theorized by Rashad Khalifa, the father of Pirates infielder Sam. This number of letters in the bismillah is ubiquitous in the Bahá’í faith.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Gortyn [or Gortyna; or Gortys]", "answer_primary": "Gortyn", "clean_answers": [ "Gortys", "Gortyna", "Gortyn" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this city, a rival of Phaistos that was made the provincial capital of Crete and Cyrenaica after aiding Rome against Knossos. The most fully extant Greek law code survives in a monumental inscription in this city.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Lycurgus of Sparta", "answer_primary": "Lycurgus of Sparta", "clean_answers": [ "Lycurgus of Sparta" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Gortyn’s law code may be among the supposed Cretan influences on the “Great Rhetra” assembled by this legendary lawgiver of Sparta. ", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Oeconomicus [or Oikonomikos, or On Household Management, or The Economist; or Economics]", "answer_primary": "Oeconomicus", "clean_answers": [ "On Household Management,", "Oikonomikos,", "The Economist", "Economics", "Oeconomicus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Gortyn’s relatively liberal treatment of women contrasts with the portrait of Athenian women’s lives in sources like this book by Xenophon, in which Ischomachus relates how he “trained” his bride to manage his estate. ", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "category theory [accept categories]", "answer_primary": "category theory", "clean_answers": [ "category theory", "categories" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this subfield of mathematics often derided as “abstract nonsense.” Mac Lane and Eilenberg used the philosophical term “functor” for maps between this field’s namesake collections of objects and morphisms.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "full AND faithful [or fully faithful]", "answer_primary": "full AND faithful", "clean_answers": [ "full AND faithful", "fully faithful" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Two answers required. Lawvere borrowed the dialectical idea of “unity of opposites” to name functors with adjoints that satisfy these two properties. Functors with these two properties induce bijections between hom-sets in their source and target.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "monoid [or monoidal category; accept graphic monoid; reject “monad”]", "answer_primary": "monoid", "clean_answers": [ "monoid", "graphic monoid; reject monad", "monoidal category" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Lawvere’s “Hegelian taco” is a display of the “graphic” type of these algebraic structures. Because they are equipped with an associative operation and an identity element, these structures may be viewed as single-object categories.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "den (Democritus may have removed the negative prefix me from meden, meaning nothing, to get den; by analogy, the not is removed from nothing to get hing.)", "answer_primary": "den", "clean_answers": [ "den" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Democritus may have removed the negative prefix me from meden, meaning nothing, to get den; by analogy, the not is removed from nothing to get hing.", "number": 1, "part": "What Ancient Greek word has been translated by the neologism “hing”? The primary attestation of this word is Fragment 156 of Democritus, which claims that “Empty space is just as real as [this word].”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Parmenides of Elea", "answer_primary": "Parmenides of Elea", "clean_answers": [ "Parmenides of Elea" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Democritus coined den to avoid hen, a term central to the poem in which this thinker proposed strict monism and outlined the “way of truth.” This thinker founded the Eleatic school.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Gorgias", "answer_primary": "Gorgias", "clean_answers": [ "Gorgias" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Cassin argues that this thinker semi-jokingly rebutted Parmenides with a triple assertion in his lost work On Non-Existence. In a dialogue titled for this man, Socrates argues that tyrants are pitiful because they inflict evil.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "hurricanes [accept “En una tempestad: Al huracán,” “Oda al huracán,” “The Hurricane,” Hurricane Season, or Temporada de huracanes; prompt on seasons or temporada]", "answer_primary": "hurricanes", "clean_answers": [ "Temporada de huracanes", "En una tempestad: Al huracán, Oda al huracán, The Hurricane, Hurricane Season,", "hurricanes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Fernanda Melchor’s debut novel is titled for what sort of event? This specific type of event “does not roar in pentameter” according to Kamau Brathwaite’s “History of the Voice.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Cuba", "answer_primary": "Cuba", "clean_answers": [ "Cuba" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Heredia is often considered Latin America’s first Romantic poet due to “Al huracán” and other poems he wrote while exiled from this island. A poet from this island wrote the essay “Our America.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Niagara Falls", "answer_primary": "Niagara Falls", "clean_answers": [ "Niagara Falls" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A plaque at this place quotes José Martí’s remark that Heredia awakened Cuba’s “passion for freedom.” Heredia’s best-known poem asks this place of “sublime terror” to show him “the fearful beauty of thy face!”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "empirical [accept empirical cumulative distribution function or empirical CDF]", "answer_primary": "empirical", "clean_answers": [ "empirical cumulative distribution function", "empirical", "empirical CDF" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this adjective that describes the random measure associated to a sample whose distribution function is a step function with jumps at each sample value.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Glivenko–Cantelli theorem", "answer_primary": "Glivenko–Cantelli theorem", "clean_answers": [ "Glivenko–Cantelli theorem" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This doubly-eponymous “Fundamental Theorem of Statistics” states that the empirical distribution function converges uniformly to its CDF almost surely, providing the basis for the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "central limit theorem [or CLT; accept Lindeberg–Lévy CLT]", "answer_primary": "central limit theorem", "clean_answers": [ "CLT", "central limit theorem", "Lindeberg–Lévy CLT" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Glivenko–Cantelli theorem is strengthened by Donsker’s invariance principle, which may be viewed as an extension of this theorem to empirical processes. This theorem states that a rescaled sum of I.I.D. random variables converges to a normal distribution.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "lying [or telling a lie or deception]", "answer_primary": "lying", "clean_answers": [ "telling a lie", "deception", "lying" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Contrary to popular belief, people performing what action do not look downwards or fidget more than normal?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "teachers [or educators or professors or pedagogues] ", "answer_primary": "teachers", "clean_answers": [ "professors", "educators", "pedagogues]", "teachers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Aamodt and Custer found that people with this job were best at detecting lies. Gloria Ladson-Billings’s “Culturally Relevant” methodology in this profession is part of a “critical” tradition begun by a scholar who developed a “problem-posing” method.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "John E. Reid [accept Reid technique]", "answer_primary": "John E. Reid", "clean_answers": [ "John E. Reid", "Reid technique" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Inbau, Buckley, Jayne, and this criminologist developed an interrogation technique that incorrectly assumes that liars give unhelpful answers. This man names a nine-step interrogation method that elicited false confessions in the Central Park Five case.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Venus [or Nohoch Ek’; prompt on Great Star or ek]", "answer_primary": "Venus", "clean_answers": [ "Nohoch Ek’", "Venus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this celestial object whose setting points aligned with the Caracol observatory’s windows. Maya astronomers tracked its 584-day cycle, which includes appearances as the morning and evening stars.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "star wars [accept star war glyph]", "answer_primary": "star wars", "clean_answers": [ "star wars", "star war glyph" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Venus sits on top of a shell in the glyph named for these events. Linda Schele coined this two-word term to refer to battles that Maya city-states may have timed to Venus’s rising, such as Caracol’s defeat of Tikal in 562 CE. ", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "merchants [or traders; or pochtecas; prompt on travelers or synonyms]", "answer_primary": "merchants", "clean_answers": [ "merchants", "traders", "pochtecas" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Gabrielle Vail has associated the evening star with the black-painted God M or Ek Chuah, whom these people honored with offerings of incense on three stones. Aztec examples of these people used a bundle of sticks to represent the “Lord of the Big Nose,” Yacatecuhtli (“ya-ka-TEH-quit-lee”).", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "money [accept equivalents like cash; accept dollars or pounds; accept bills; accept a million quid; reject “paper”]", "answer_primary": "money", "clean_answers": [ "equivalents like cash", "dollars", "a million quid; reject paper", "money", "bills", "pounds" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this stuff burned in 1994 by a duo called the K Foundation, who maintained a 23-year vow of silence about their motivations. Andy Warhol first used silk-screen printing in a series of paintings depicting this stuff.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Pope.L (“pope L”) [or Pope L; or William Pope.L; accept William Pope; prompt on L]", "answer_primary": "Pope.L", "clean_answers": [ "Pope L", "William Pope", "William Pope.L", "Pope.L" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This artist wore a skirt of dollar bills and Timberland boots in “ATM Piece.” This self-proclaimed “Friendliest Black Artist in America,” who affixed a capital letter to his surname, made a series of grueling “crawls” across New York.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Princess Diana [or Diana, Princess of Wales; or Lady Diana Spencer; or Diana Frances Spencer] (The bill is punningly called the “Di-Faced Tenner.”)", "answer_primary": "Princess Diana", "clean_answers": [ "Diana Frances Spencer", "Diana, Princess of Wales", "Lady Diana Spencer", "Princess Diana" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "The bill is punningly called the “Di-Faced Tenner.”", "number": 3, "part": "In 2004, Banksy printed one million pounds’ worth of a fake tenner that depicts this woman. This woman wore a silk-and-lace wedding gown with a 25-foot train and an all-black “revenge dress.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "bodily motions [or bodily movements; accept motor skills or motor learning; accept kinesis or kinesiology; accept motion studies or time and motion studies]", "answer_primary": "bodily motions", "clean_answers": [ "bodily movements", "time and motion studies", "motor learning", "bodily motions", "motion studies", "kinesiology", "motor skills", "kinesis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Nikolai Bernstein observed “repetition without repetition” in what phenomenon? Cheaper by the Dozen couple Frank and Lillian Gilbreth used “therblig” units in studies named for time and this phenomenon.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "degrees of freedom [or DOF]", "answer_primary": "degrees of freedom", "clean_answers": [ "DOF", "degrees of freedom" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Bernstein proposed that motor skills require “freezing” these things, which name the problem of “motor equivalence.” In many sciences, this three-word term refers to the factors that may vary independently in a system.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Moravec’s paradox [accept Hans Moravec]", "answer_primary": "Moravec’s paradox", "clean_answers": [ "Hans Moravec", "Moravec’s paradox" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The degrees-of-freedom problem illustrates this paradox in AI research, which notes the relative simplicity of reasoning compared with sensorimotor skills. It is named for a scientist who imagined AI flooding the “landscape of human competence” and wrote Mind Children.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Charles Dickens", "answer_primary": "Charles Dickens", "clean_answers": [ "Charles Dickens" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this author who put remarks about oysters in the mouths of characters like Kit Nubbles and Seth Pecksniff.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Sam Weller [or Samuel Weller; accept Wellerisms]", "answer_primary": "Sam Weller", "clean_answers": [ "Wellerisms", "Sam Weller", "Samuel Weller" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This Cockney shoeshine declares that “poverty and oysters always seem to go together” in Dickens’s The Pickwick Papers. This character gives his name to “isms” that combine a fatuous proverb with a humorous attribution.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Bill Tulkinghorn [or Mr. Tulkinghorn; prompt on Bill] (He is the antagonist of Bleak House.)", "answer_primary": "Bill Tulkinghorn", "clean_answers": [ "Mr. Tulkinghorn", "Bill Tulkinghorn" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "He is the antagonist of Bleak House.", "number": 3, "part": "Dickens introduces this antagonist as an “oyster of the old school whom nobody can open” and likens his profession to “maggots in nuts.” This antagonist’s all-black attire, “irresponsive to any glancing light,” makes him resemble a “larger species of rook.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "circle of justice [or circle of equity, circle of power, daire-i adalet, daire-e adalet, or dairat al-adala]", "answer_primary": "circle of justice", "clean_answers": [ "circle of justice", "dairat al-adala", "circle of equity, circle of power, daire-i adalet, daire-e adalet," ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this central concept of Ottoman political thought, which describes how the ruler’s relationship with classes like the “Men of the Pen” and the “Men of Agriculture” create a stable society.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "taxation [or word forms of collecting taxes; accept vergi, avarız, or haraç; accept tax-farming]", "answer_primary": "taxation", "clean_answers": [ "vergi, avarız,", "taxation", "word forms of collecting taxes", "haraç", "tax-farming" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The standard “circle of justice” presents this practice as necessary for a strong army. The Ottomans auctioned off the right to profit from this practice in the Iltizām system, an example of the practice of “farming” it.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "çelebi (“CHELL-eh-bee”) [accept Kınalızâde Ali Çelebi, Kâtip Çelebi, or Evliya Çelebi]", "answer_primary": "çelebi", "clean_answers": [ "çelebi", "Evliya Çelebi", "Kınalızâde Ali Çelebi, Kâtip Çelebi," ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The term was popularized by Kınalızâde Ali, a jurist known by this Ottoman title. This title is often mistaken for a surname in the names of the polymath Kâtip and the explorer Evliya, who wrote a 10-volume Book of Travels.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "active matter", "answer_primary": "active matter", "clean_answers": [ "active matter" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What adjective describes profoundly out-of-equilibrium systems that produce energy at the microscopic scale?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "time-reversal symmetry [or T symmetry; or TRS; accept descriptions of t goes to negative t; prompt on time; prompt on reversible or reversibility; reject “time translation symmetry”]", "answer_primary": "time-reversal symmetry", "clean_answers": [ "TRS", "T symmetry", "time-reversal symmetry", "descriptions of t goes to negative t" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A hallmark of active matter is the loss of this symmetry, which is associated with the loss of detailed balance. When deriving the Onsager reciprocal relations, one interchanges labels by assuming this discrete symmetry, which is broken by magnetic fields.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "viscosity [accept odd viscosity; accept viscosity tensor]", "answer_primary": "viscosity", "clean_answers": [ "odd viscosity", "viscosity", "viscosity tensor" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A loss of time reversal symmetry allows for the “odd” type of this quantity to be realized. This quantity relates the shear stress in a fluid to the flow velocity.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "ox-herding [accept Taming the Ox or Ox-Herding Tale]", "answer_primary": "ox-herding", "clean_answers": [ "Taming the Ox", "ox-herding", "Ox-Herding Tale" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this activity that, in English, names a set of poems codified by Guoan Shiyuan (“gwo-ahn shurr-y’wen”) in the 12th century. A boy representing the individuated ego plays a flute in the sixth entry of Shūbun’s series named for this activity.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "nothingness [or emptiness, vacuity, voidness, nullity, or zero; or ku]", "answer_primary": "nothingness", "clean_answers": [ "nothingness", "emptiness, vacuity, voidness, nullity,", "zero", "ku" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In Ueda Shizuteru’s reading, the blank 8th entry of Chan Buddhism’s Ox-Herding Pictures depicts a nihilistic form of this concept called sōtaiteki mu. In Sanskrit, this concept is called śūnyatā (“SHOON-yuh-tah”).", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Budai [accept Qìcǐ, Pu-tai, Hotei, Bùdài héshàng, Xiào Fó, Pàng Fó, or Kuàilè Fó; prompt on Laughing Buddha, Fat Buddha, or Happy Buddha; reject “Buddha”]", "answer_primary": "Budai", "clean_answers": [ "Budai", "Qìcǐ, Pu-tai, Hotei, Bùdài héshàng, Xiào Fó, Pàng Fó,", "Kuàilè Fó" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In Shūbun’s paintings, the enlightened man who enters a city “with helping hands” in the last entry looks like this monk. This fat, laughing incarnation of Maitreya is often mistaken for Siddhartha Gautama in the West.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "canticles [or cántigas; accept Canticle of the Sun or Cántigas de Santa María or Canticles of St. Mary]", "answer_primary": "canticles", "clean_answers": [ "cántigas", "Cántigas de Santa María", "Canticle of the Sun", "canticles", "Canticles of St. Mary" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The Magnificat hymn is what kind of little religious song not taken from Psalms? In 1224, St. Francis praised “Brother Fire” in one that inspired a cello work by Sofia Gubaidulina (“goo-bye-DOO-lin-uh”) titled for one “of the Sun.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Benjamin Britten", "answer_primary": "Benjamin Britten", "clean_answers": [ "Benjamin Britten" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This composer’s five Canticles span his late career. He created the semi-operatic genre of “church parable” in The Burning Fiery Furnace, The Prodigal Son, and Curlew River, based on Japanese noh, with librettist William Plomer.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "École Niedermeyer de Paris [or Niedermeyer School; accept Louis Niedermeyer]", "answer_primary": "École Niedermeyer de Paris", "clean_answers": [ "Niedermeyer School", "École Niedermeyer de Paris", "Louis Niedermeyer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Fauré’s young short choral work Cantique de Jean Racine won first prize at this church-music boarding school where Saint-Saëns taught André Messager. This school’s Swiss namesake took over the defunct École Choron after ending his collaboration with Rossini to revive Renaissance music in Paris.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Impeach Earl Warren [accept impeaching Earl Warren]", "answer_primary": "Impeach Earl Warren", "clean_answers": [ "Impeach Earl Warren", "impeaching Earl Warren" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this 1960s movement that paired its slogan with a call to “Save Our Republic!” on hundreds of billboards. This movement reacted in part to the “Red Monday” decisions.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "John Birch Society [or JBS; accept Birchers]", "answer_primary": "John Birch Society", "clean_answers": [ "JBS", "John Birch Society", "Birchers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Impeach Earl Warren billboards were paid for by this anti-communist “society” named for a missionary killed in China.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Edwin Walker", "answer_primary": "Edwin Walker", "clean_answers": [ "Edwin Walker" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Anti-Warren and anti-UN signs decorated the Dallas yard of this far-right activist. Lee Harvey Oswald attempted to assassinate this former general, who was forced to resign after trying to train his troops with John Birch pamphlets.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Montana [or MT]", "answer_primary": "Montana", "clean_answers": [ "Montana", "MT" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this state, the setting of The Lady in Kicking Horse Reservoir by Richard Hugo. Hugo spearheaded a regionalist movement in this state while working at its flagship university under Leslie Fiedler.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "James Welch [accept Jim Welch]", "answer_primary": "James Welch", "clean_answers": [ "James Welch", "Jim Welch" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "One of Hugo’s students at the University of Montana was this Blackfeet novelist who set Winter in the Blood on the Belknap Reservation. His novel Fools Crow is a landmark work of the Native American Renaissance.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "gray [accept “Degrees of Gray in Philipsburg” or Zane Grey]", "answer_primary": "gray", "clean_answers": [ "Zane Grey", "Degrees of Gray in Philipsburg", "gray" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Hugo’s most-anthologized poem is titled for “degrees of” this color in the Montana town of Philipsburg. An author with this surname used Montana as a setting in The Border Legion and wrote Riders of the Purple Sage.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Jonathan Glover", "answer_primary": "Jonathan Glover", "clean_answers": [ "Jonathan Glover" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this author of Causing Death and Saving Lives. This English philosopher made an early intervention on the ethics of gene editing in his 1984 book What Sort of People Should There Be?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "letting die [or allowing someone to die]", "answer_primary": "letting die", "clean_answers": [ "letting die", "allowing someone to die" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In Causing Death, Glover argues that side effects alone do not allow us to say that killing is worse than this act of omission. Philippa Foot used the notion of “fatal sequences” to argue that killing is worse than this omission.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "drowning in a shallow pond", "answer_primary": "drowning in a shallow pond", "clean_answers": [ "drowning in a shallow pond" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Glover also cites Peter Singer’s argument that the reasons for saving a “Bengali whose name I shall never know” are the same as those requiring one to risk ruining their clothes in order to save a child from this fate.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "pericyclic reactions [prompt on electrocyclic reactions or electrocyclizations, cycloadditions, cycloeliminations, sigmatropic reactions, ene reactions, or cheletropic reactions by asking “what is the general class of reactions?”]", "answer_primary": "pericyclic reactions", "clean_answers": [ "pericyclic reactions" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this type of reaction that may be analyzed using the Möbius–Hückel treatment. Classes of these reactions include dyotropic reactions and group transfer reactions.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "linear", "answer_primary": "linear", "clean_answers": [ "linear" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Pericyclic reactions are sometimes contrasted with a class of reactions described by this word. This is the VSEPR (“vesper”) geometry of triiodide (“tri-iodide”) and carbon dioxide.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "coarctate reactions [accept pseudocoarctate reactions]", "answer_primary": "coarctate reactions", "clean_answers": [ "coarctate reactions", "pseudocoarctate reactions" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Linear reactions, pericyclic reactions, and this third class of reactions comprise the primary concerted reaction topologies. The transition states of these reactions are characterized by possessing two rings.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "the Moon [accept the Earth’s moon]", "answer_primary": "the Moon", "clean_answers": [ "the Moon", "the Earth’s moon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Schalansky claims that “to understand [this place] means to understand oneself” in an essay on lost works by Gottfried Kinau. Samuel Beckett claimed that Waiting for Godot was inspired by a Caspar David Friedrich painting partly titled for this place.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "unicorns [or Hunt of the Unicorn]", "answer_primary": "unicorns", "clean_answers": [ "Hunt of the Unicorn", "unicorns" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The book meditates on physicist Otto von Guericke’s (“GAIR-ih-kuh’s”) attempt to reconstruct the skeleton of one of these creatures. A set of tapestries at The Met Cloisters shows one of these creatures enclosed by a circular fence.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "swans [or Dunstable Swan Jewel]", "answer_primary": "swans", "clean_answers": [ "swans", "Dunstable Swan Jewel" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Schalansky imagines looters at Von Behr Palace stealing a cigarette case with the family crest, which features a helmet topped by these animals. Dunstable Friary held a gold and enamel brooch (“broach”) depicting one of these animals.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "making the philosopher’s stone [or descriptions of making gold; or magnum opus; or great work; or chrysopoeia; prompt on transmutation; prompt on alchemy; prompt on hermeticism]", "answer_primary": "making the philosopher’s stone", "clean_answers": [ "magnum opus", "descriptions of making gold", "making the philosopher’s stone", "great work", "chrysopoeia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Identify this process that structures Ithell Colquhoun’s (“EYE-thull kuh-HOON’s”) surrealist novel The Goose of Hermogenes, which takes its chapter titles from Basil Valentine’s The Twelve Keys.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "André Breton [or André Robert Breton]", "answer_primary": "André Breton", "clean_answers": [ "André Robert Breton", "André Breton" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This author abandoned alchemical-hermeticism to pen an earnest “Ode to Charles Fourier” after writing the tarot-inspired novel Arcane 17. He also wrote the surrealist manifestos and the novel Nadja.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Inferno", "answer_primary": "Inferno", "clean_answers": [ "Inferno" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This memoir by August Strindberg details his efforts to make gold from iron sulfate while holed up in Paris’s Hôtel Orfila. Like the Occult Diary, it covers his mental breakdown of the 1890s.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "monoclonal antibodies [or mAbs; prompt on antibodies or immunoglobulins]", "answer_primary": "monoclonal antibodies", "clean_answers": [ "mAbs", "monoclonal antibodies" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these molecules that are collected and “humanized” prior to therapeutic use. These molecules are produced from identical clones of a single parent cell.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "HAT medium [or hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine medium]", "answer_primary": "HAT medium", "clean_answers": [ "hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine medium", "HAT medium" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "During monoclonal antibody production, hybridoma cells are cultured in this three-component selection medium that blocks DNA de novo synthesis to restrict the growth of unfused cells.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "folate [or folic acid or vitamin B9 or folacin; accept dihydrofolate reductase or tetrahydrofolate; prompt on DHFR or THF]", "answer_primary": "folate", "clean_answers": [ "folacin", "vitamin B9", "folic acid", "dihydrofolate reductase", "tetrahydrofolate", "folate" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The aminopterin in HAT medium disrupts DNA synthesis by blocking the reductase activity of an enzyme that acts on this metabolite. That enzyme, which is targeted by the chemotherapy drug methotrexate, converts this compound’s less active “di-hydro” form into its more active “tetra-hydro” form.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "crusades [or croisades; accept crusading movement or croiserie; prompt on holy wars, iter, or peregrinatio]", "answer_primary": "crusades", "clean_answers": [ "croisades", "crusading movement", "crusades", "croiserie" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these events whose “land route” traversed the Balkans on Roman roads like the Via Egnatia. In the first of these events, Godfrey of Bouillon took the “diagonal” Via Militaris to meet with Alexius I Comnenus.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Coloman, King of Hungary [or Coloman the Learned, the Book-Lover, or the Bookish; or Könyves Kálmán]", "answer_primary": "Coloman, King of Hungary", "clean_answers": [ "Coloman, King of Hungary", "Könyves Kálmán", "the Bookish", "Coloman the Learned, the Book-Lover," ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In exchange for letting a crusader army travel through his lands, this king took Godfrey’s brother Baldwin hostage. This scholarly king unified his kingdom with Croatia via the Pacta conventa.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Crusade of the Faint-Hearted [or Crusade of 1101]", "answer_primary": "Crusade of the Faint-Hearted", "clean_answers": [ "Crusade of 1101", "Crusade of the Faint-Hearted" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The untrained Lombards that fought in this campaign were escorted across the Balkans, only to break into Alexius’s palace at Blachernae and kill his pet lion. Kilij Arslan I destroyed William of Aquitaine’s army during this successor to the First Crusade.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "loneliness [accept synonyms like isolation; accept answers about a lack of social connection; accept loneliness epidemic; reject “solitude”]", "answer_primary": "loneliness", "clean_answers": [ "loneliness epidemic; reject solitude", "synonyms like isolation", "answers about a lack of social connection", "loneliness" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this issue, the subject of a WHO commission chaired by US Surgeon General Vivek Murthy. Public health experts have warned of an “epidemic” of this issue that worsened during COVID lockdowns.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "social [accept social epidemiology or social determinants of health; prompt on SDOH]", "answer_primary": "social", "clean_answers": [ "social epidemiology", "social determinants of health", "social" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The impacts of loneliness on health are studied in a subfield of epidemiology named for this word. This is the first word in a four-word term for non-health “determinants of health” like housing or food insecurity.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "chain of risk [or word forms like chaining of risk; prompt on accumulation of risk until it is read]", "answer_primary": "chain of risk", "clean_answers": [ "word forms like chaining of risk", "chain of risk" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Unlike models that focus on critical or sensitive periods of life, this model focuses on harmful events that lead to other events impacting health, like poor childhood diet that leads to earlier menopause. This three-word model builds on the accumulation model.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Wilhelm Ostwald [or Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald; accept Ostwald process]", "answer_primary": "Wilhelm Ostwald", "clean_answers": [ "Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald", "Ostwald process", "Wilhelm Ostwald" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this chemist who created a color system based on “hue triangles,” coined the term “mole,” and names the standard process for producing nitric acid.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Machism [or Machian positivism; or answers indicating the views of Ernst Mach; accept Russian Machists; prompt on positivism, empiricism, or sensationalism by asking “as theorized by whom?”]", "answer_primary": "Machism", "clean_answers": [ "answers indicating the views of Ernst Mach", "Russian Machists", "Machian positivism", "Machism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Ostwald’s energism and anti-atomism allied him with this school of thought, whose Russian followers were attacked in Lenin’s book Materialism and Empirio-criticism. The namesake of this school of thought inspired Douglas Harding’s Headless Way with his “view from the left eye” self-portrait.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ido", "answer_primary": "Ido", "clean_answers": [ "Ido" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Ostwald devised Weltdeutsch after championing this foremost reformed version of Esperanto, which was created by Louis Couturat and Otto Jespersen. This language’s three-letter name is a suffix meaning “offspring.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "ban [or bánok; accept Banat, Banate, Bánság, or Banovina; accept Banat of Temesvar or Banat Republic]", "answer_primary": "ban", "clean_answers": [ "bánok", "ban", "Banat, Banate, Bánság,", "Banat Republic", "Banovina", "Banat of Temesvar" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this title of the governors who ruled Hungarian territories like Croatia and Bosnia. This title names a historic region centered on Timișoara, where Otto Roth established a socialist republic in 1918.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Eugene of Savoy [or Prince Eugene Francis of Savoy-Carignano]", "answer_primary": "Eugene of Savoy", "clean_answers": [ "Prince Eugene Francis of Savoy-Carignano", "Eugene of Savoy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Banat of Temesvar was awarded to the Count de Mercy after his campaign with this Habsburg field marshal, who won at Blenheim with the Duke of Marlborough.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Swabia [accept Banat Swabians, Danube Swabians, Satu Mare Swabians, Sathmar Swabians, or other subgroups] (The boats are Ulmer Schachtel, or Ulm boxes.)", "answer_primary": "Swabia", "clean_answers": [ "Swabia", "Banat Swabians, Danube Swabians, Satu Mare Swabians, Sathmar Swabians,", "other subgroups" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The boats are Ulmer Schachtel, or Ulm boxes.", "number": 3, "part": "The Habsburg Banat’s main immigrant population was named for being from this region. Striped “box” barges named for a city in this region brought its so-called “Danube” population to settle areas like Satu Mare, or Satmar.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Brachypodium distachyon [accept B. distachyon; prompt on Brachypodium]", "answer_primary": "Brachypodium distachyon", "clean_answers": [ "B. distachyon", "Brachypodium distachyon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this monocot grass species whose incredibly small genome was just one key factor outlined by John Draper’s lab in a landmark 2001 paper championing its use as a model organism.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "genetic transformation [or creating transgenic plants; or gene transfer; or transfection; reject transduction]", "answer_primary": "genetic transformation", "clean_answers": [ "creating transgenic plants", "genetic transformation", "gene transfer", "transfection; reject transduction" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "One system that popularized Brachypodium as a model organism uses microprojectile bombardment and hygromycin selection to accomplish this general process. Well-plates filled with Agrobacterium facilitate this process in Arabidopsis in a “floral dip” technique.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "lignin", "answer_primary": "lignin", "clean_answers": [ "lignin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Since 2001, Brachypodium has been used to characterize nearly every enzyme in this organic polymer’s biosynthesis. With cellulose and pectin, this protein provides structural support to plant cell walls.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Keorapetse Kgositsile (“ko-ra-PET-seh ho-set-SEE-leh”) [or Keorapetse William Kgositsile; prompt on Bra Willie]", "answer_primary": "Keorapetse Kgositsile", "clean_answers": [ "Keorapetse Kgositsile", "Keorapetse William Kgositsile" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this poet whose declaration that “this is the last age of poems” before “guns and rifles” take over inspired the Last Poets, a spoken-word collective formed during his exile in New York in the ’60s.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Pan-Africanism [accept Panafrica; prompt on My Name is Afrika]", "answer_primary": "Pan-Africanism", "clean_answers": [ "Panafrica", "Pan-Africanism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Kgositsile’s 1971 collection is titled in reference to this movement, which names the setting of Peter Abrahams’s A Wreath for Udomo. Kwame Nkrumah advocated this movement for worldwide solidarity among Black people.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Heinemann [or William Heinemann Ltd.; accept Heinemann African Writers Series]", "answer_primary": "Heinemann", "clean_answers": [ "Heinemann African Writers Series", "William Heinemann Ltd.", "Heinemann" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Kgositsile’s work appeared in Poems of Black Africa, a volume that Wole Soyinka edited for the influential “African Writers Series” put out by this London-based publisher.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Gordon Parks [or Gordon Roger Alexander Buchanan Parks] (The film is Shaft.)", "answer_primary": "Gordon Parks", "clean_answers": [ "Gordon Parks", "Gordon Roger Alexander Buchanan Parks" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The film is Shaft.", "number": 1, "part": "This director’s imagery inspired Rachel Morrison’s Oscar-nominated cinematography for Rees’s film Mudbound. Isaac Hayes wrote an Oscar-winning funk theme for a 1971 blaxploitation film by this director.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "NYU [or New York University]", "answer_primary": "NYU", "clean_answers": [ "NYU", "New York University" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Rees wrote the script for her debut film Pariah while interning for Spike Lee, her professor at this private university’s Tisch School of the Arts.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Haile Gerima (“HIGH-lay geh-REE-mah”)", "answer_primary": "Haile Gerima ", "clean_answers": [ "Haile Gerima" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Bradford Young’s cinematography for Pariah was inspired by this director’s lectures on African art at Howard University. This Ethiopian director of the L.A. Rebellion movement explored oppression in films like Bush Mama and Sankofa.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "St. Clair’s (“Sinclair’s”) defeat [or Battle of the Wabash River; or Battle of a Thousand Slain]", "answer_primary": "St. Clair’s defeat", "clean_answers": [ "Battle of the Wabash River", "Battle of a Thousand Slain", "St. Clair’s defeat" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What battle prompted the first congressional investigation into the executive branch? The US’s first standing army was formed after this “defeat,” at which Little Turtle destroyed an expedition led by its namesake officer.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Shawnee people [or Shawnee tribe; or Shaawana]", "answer_primary": "Shawnee people", "clean_answers": [ "Shawnee tribe", "Shawnee people", "Shaawana" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "St. Clair’s defeat and the earlier Crawford’s defeat were inflicted by coalitions that included this native Ohio people, who were led at the Battle of Fallen Timbers by Tecumseh.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "salt licks [or mineral licks; accept Salt-Lick Town, Bullitt’s Lick, or Battle of Blue Licks; prompt on salt deposits, saltworks, or salt springs]", "answer_primary": "salt licks", "clean_answers": [ "salt licks", "Battle of Blue Licks", "mineral licks", "Salt-Lick Town, Bullitt’s Lick," ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The coalitions at both “defeats” sought to avenge Crawford’s destruction of a Mingo town named for this sort of place, which Thomas Bullitt commercialized in Kentucky. Israel Boone died at a battle named for one of these places late in the Revolutionary War.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Lenna [or Lena; accept Lena Forsén; accept Lena Soderberg]", "answer_primary": "Lenna", "clean_answers": [ "Lena", "Lena Forsén", "Lenna", "Lena Soderberg" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this once-ubiquitous test image for image processing. Many publications have banned this image of a Swedish Playboy model due to the sexism suggested by its popularity with a mostly male research base.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Kodak [or Eastman Kodak Company]", "answer_primary": "Kodak", "clean_answers": [ "Kodak", "Eastman Kodak Company" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Lena Forsén worked as one of the models that this company used for calibration via its “Shirley” and “China girls” color test cards. This Rochester-based company created the Brownie camera.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "tic-tac-toe [or noughts and crosses or Xs and Os]", "answer_primary": "tic-tac-toe", "clean_answers": [ "Xs and Os", "tic-tac-toe", "noughts and crosses" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A BBC engineer used a photo of his daughter and a clown doll engaging in this activity as the image for Test Card F, giving her nearly 70 thousand hours of air time. Donald Michie used matchboxes to build a 1961 reinforcement learning system for this activity called MENACE.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "electron holes [reject “holons”]", "answer_primary": "electron holes", "clean_answers": [ "reject holons", "electron holes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these positively-charged quasiparticles that are the majority carriers in p-type semiconductors.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "quantum wells [prompt on wells]", "answer_primary": "quantum wells", "clean_answers": [ "quantum wells" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Recombination of electrons and holes occurs in one of these heterostructures sandwiched between two sets of Bragg reflectors in the VCSEL geometry. Layers of different semiconductors with different bandgaps provide an effective potential for confinement in these heterostructures.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "quantum cascade laser [prompt on QCL]", "answer_primary": "quantum cascade laser", "clean_answers": [ "quantum cascade laser" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A superlattice of quantum wells appears in this other design of semiconductor lasers proposed by Kazarinov and Suris. In this design, electrons tunnel between quantum wells and emit light by intersubband (“inter-sub-band”) transitions.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Faust legend [accept the legend of Doctor Faustus, Johann Georg Faust, or John Faustus; accept Faust Part One, My Faust, or Mon Faust]", "answer_primary": "Faust legend", "clean_answers": [ "the legend of Doctor Faustus, Johann Georg Faust,", "Mon Faust", "Faust legend", "John Faustus", "Faust Part One, My Faust," ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this legend, whose main character has a secretary called Demoiselle Luste in Paul Valéry’s version. An adaptation of this legend has a “Prologue in Heaven” and features a demonic black poodle.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“In the beginning was the Act” [or “In the beginning was the Deed”; or “Im anfang war die tat”]", "answer_primary": "“In the beginning was the Act”", "clean_answers": [ "In the beginning was the Act", "In the beginning was the Deed", "Im anfang war die tat" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Discourse Networks begins with Goethe’s Faust leaving the “Republic of Scholars” by writing this sentence. Ludwig Wittgenstein often quoted this unusual translation of a Biblical sentence from the play.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "reader-response theory [or reception theory; or Rezeptionsästhetik; accept Constance School or Konstanzer Schule; accept Towards An Aesthetic of Reception]", "answer_primary": "reader-response theory", "clean_answers": [ "reception theory", "Constance School", "Konstanzer Schule", "Rezeptionsästhetik", "reader-response theory", "Towards An Aesthetic of Reception" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Goethe’s and Valéry’s Fausts get a chapter in a book by Hans Robert Jauss from this school of literary theory. The audience’s “horizon of expectation” is a key idea in this school of Wolfgang Iser and Stanley Fish.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Nicholas of Cusa [or Nicolaus Cusanus or Nicolaus Cusanus]", "answer_primary": "Nicholas of Cusa", "clean_answers": [ "Nicolaus Cusanus", "Nicholas of Cusa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this 15th-century German philosopher. While traveling back from a papal embassy to Constantinople, this man conceived his book On Learned Ignorance.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "coincidence of opposites [or coincidentia oppositorum]", "answer_primary": "coincidence of opposites", "clean_answers": [ "coincidence of opposites", "coincidentia oppositorum" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Nicholas of Cusa used a “method of theological befigurings” to explain this view of God. Nicholas illustrated this doctrine by imagining a circle of infinitely growing radius gradually merging with a tangent line.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Neoplatonism [prompt on Platonism]", "answer_primary": "Neoplatonism", "clean_answers": [ "Neoplatonism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Ideas like the “coincidence of opposites” and God as the “Not-other” reflect the asymmetry between Forms and particulars found in this school of thought, which Nicholas absorbed from the writings of Dionysius the Areopagite (“air-ee-OP-ug-ite”).", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "The Fire in the Borgo [or L’Incendio di Borgo]", "answer_primary": "The Fire in the Borgo", "clean_answers": [ "The Fire in the Borgo", "L’Incendio di Borgo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this fresco depicting an episode from the Liber Pontificalis centering on Pope Leo IV, who is seen on a balcony in the background.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Giulio Romano [or Giulio Romano or Giulio Pippi]", "answer_primary": "Giulio Romano", "clean_answers": [ "Giulio Pippi", "Giulio Romano" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Sydney Freedberg attributed The Fire in the Borgo to this student of Raphael. The Fall of the Giants is among the Mannerist frescoes that this artist created for the Palazzo del Te in Mantua.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Titian [or Tiziano Vecellio or Tiziano Vecellio; or Titianus]", "answer_primary": "Titian", "clean_answers": [ "Titian", "Titianus", "Tiziano Vecellio" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Giulio designed the Palazzo del Te for Federico II Gonzaga, who was also a patron of this artist of Sacred and Profane Love.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "The Late Great Planet Earth", "answer_primary": "The Late Great Planet Earth", "clean_answers": [ "The Late Great Planet Earth" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this book that details the Soviet invasion of Israel and the revival of the Roman Empire under the Antichrist, among other endtime prophecies. It was the bestselling “nonfiction” book of the 1970s in the US.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "fig trees [or ficus carica; accept te’ená or sykēn]", "answer_primary": "fig trees", "clean_answers": [ "te’ená", "ficus carica", "fig trees", "sykēn" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In The Late Great Planet Earth, Hal Lindsey dates the Second Coming to 40 years after the founding of Israel using Jesus’s parable about one of these trees. In Genesis 3:7, the leaves of these trees are sewn into waist-belts.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dispensationalism [or dispensationalists; accept dispensations]", "answer_primary": "dispensationalism", "clean_answers": [ "dispensationalists", "dispensations", "dispensationalism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Lindsey’s work exemplifies this premillenarianist theological framework popular among US evangelicals, which is named after the eras in which God fulfills his covenant in different ways.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "functions [accept trifunctional hypothesis]", "answer_primary": "functions", "clean_answers": [ "functions", "trifunctional hypothesis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these social roles that structured Proto-Indo-European society, according to a hypothesis by Georges Dumézil named for them.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Kóryos [or Männerbund; or war-bands; accept warrior sodalities]", "answer_primary": "Kóryos", "clean_answers": [ "Männerbund", "Kóryos", "warrior sodalities", "war-bands" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The trifunctional hypothesis was influenced by Stig Wikander’s work on these groups of young PIE (“P-I-E”) men that are theorized to have survived in the German comitatus and the Spartan Krypteia. Give the reconstructed word or the standard terms in German or English.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Caucasus Mountains [accept Caucasia or Transcaucasia]", "answer_primary": "Caucasus Mountains", "clean_answers": [ "Transcaucasia", "Caucasia", "Caucasus Mountains" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The hundredth man in a war-band, Sosruko, features in this mountain range’s Nart sagas, which Dumézil extensively studied. Descendants of the ancient Alans formed this range’s Osset people.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "ion pairs [accept intimate ion pair; accept contact ion pair; accept ion pair chromatography; prompt on IPC; reject “ion association”] ", "answer_primary": "ion pairs", "clean_answers": [ "contact ion pair", "ion pairs", "intimate ion pair", "ion pair chromatography" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these species, which name a type of chromatography in which alkylsulfonates and alkylammoniums are used to form them. Saul Winstein invoked these species to explain the preference for inversion in SN1 reactions. ", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "salt bridges ", "answer_primary": "salt bridges", "clean_answers": [ "salt bridges" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Ion pairs are formed through ion association, which can also produce one of these noncovalent interactions consisting of hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. These “bridges” link acidic and basic amino acid residues.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dielectric constant [or relative permittivity; prompt on permittivity or epsilon or kappa]", "answer_primary": "dielectric constant", "clean_answers": [ "relative permittivity", "dielectric constant" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The likelihood of ion association depends greatly on this quantity for the solvent, which characterizes the polarity of the solvent with respect to the vacuum. This dimensionless quantity is 78.4 for liquid water. ", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "chaste widows [or guǎfù; accept cult of widow chastity or zhēnjié; accept descriptions of widows who did not remarry after the death of their husbands; accept jiéfù; prompt on women, wives, or synonyms; prompt on chaste or virtuous people; reject “faithful maidens”]", "answer_primary": "chaste widows", "clean_answers": [ "cult of widow chastity", "zhēnjié", "guǎfù", "descriptions of widows who did not remarry after the death of their husbands", "jiéfù", "chaste widows" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these people who could live in communal “homes” in 18th-century Jiangnan. After their deaths, these people were honored with “memorial arches.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "banners [or flags; or qí; or jīngbiǎo; accept Eight Banners]", "answer_primary": "banners", "clean_answers": [ "qí", "flags", "jīngbiǎo", "banners", "Eight Banners" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Chaste widows were often symbolically given these objects. Mark C. Elliott’s books document how the widow cult spread to women in the eight groupings of Manchu households named for these objects.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jonathan D. Spence [or Jonathan Dermot Spence]", "answer_primary": "Jonathan D. Spence", "clean_answers": [ "Jonathan Dermot Spence", "Jonathan D. Spence" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Stories of widows from the Local History of Tancheng are a source of this author’s microhistory The Death of Woman Wang. This historian wrote The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci and The Search for Modern China.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Bösendorfer [or Boesendorfer]", "answer_primary": "Bösendorfer", "clean_answers": [ "Bösendorfer", "Boesendorfer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this maker of costly hand-built pianos, one of the last to adopt cross-stringing and use Viennese action. Acquired by Yamaha, this Austrian brand sells ornate pianos named for Liszt, who endorsed its sturdiness.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "England [accept Great Britain, the United Kingdom, or the UK; accept Scotland]", "answer_primary": "England", "clean_answers": [ "the UK", "England", "Great Britain, the United Kingdom,", "Scotland" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Piano makers in this country like Burkat Shudi and John Broadwood replaced Viennese knee-operated levers with modern foot pedals. Muzio Clementi built pianos in this country where J. C. Bach and Abel held subscription concerts.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Scott Ross", "answer_primary": "Scott Ross", "clean_answers": [ "Scott Ross" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Clementi’s 110 sonatas and Charles Avison’s concerti grossi were products of the “Scarlatti cult” in England promoted by Thomas Roseingrave. In the 1980s, this harpsichordist reached cult status by recording all 555 Scarlatti sonatas while dying of AIDS.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Pynchon [or Pyncheon] (Thomas Pynchon, the descendent of William Pynchon, coined that usage of “preterite” in Gravity’s Rainbow.)", "answer_primary": "Pynchon", "clean_answers": [ "Pyncheon", "Pynchon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Thomas Pynchon, the descendent of William Pynchon, coined that usage of “preterite” in Gravity’s Rainbow.", "number": 1, "part": "Give this surname of a fictional villain who chokes on his own blood in an oaken chair while plotting to obtain a vast “eastward” territory.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "judges [accept justices or jurists; prompt on magistrates; reject “lawyers”] (John Hathorne was a judge in the Salem Witch Trials.)", "answer_primary": "judges", "clean_answers": [ "jurists", "justices", "judges" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "John Hathorne was a judge in the Salem Witch Trials.", "number": 2, "part": "Before adding an “e” to the Pynchon name in The House of the Seven Gables, Hawthorne added a “w” to his own name to distance himself from an ancestor with this job. This is also the job of the villain Jaffrey Pyncheon.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Henry James", "answer_primary": "Henry James", "clean_answers": [ "Henry James" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This critic reported that Hawthorne found the idea of Judge Pyncheon “in his own family annals.” This critic’s book Hawthorne lists “no Oxford, nor Eton, nor Harrow; no literature, no novels, no museums” in a passage about the “items of high civilization” absent in American life.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Christina Maslach [accept Maslach Burnout Inventory]", "answer_primary": "Christina Maslach", "clean_answers": [ "Christina Maslach", "Maslach Burnout Inventory" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this psychologist, the namesake of a widely-used scale for measuring burnout that she developed with Susan E. Jackson.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "stress", "answer_primary": "stress", "clean_answers": [ "stress" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Maslach offers a three-part definition of burnout, combining inefficacy, cynicism, and this reaction to exhaustion. A list of 43 life events, including death of a spouse and losing a job, form the Holmes and Rahe scale for measuring this phenomenon.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "depersonalization [or depersonalization-derealization disorder] ", "answer_primary": "depersonalization", "clean_answers": [ "depersonalization", "depersonalization-derealization disorder]" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A 5-item section of the Maslach Burnout Inventory measures this phenomenon, which is paired with derealization in a dissociative mental disorder. This form of dissociation involves feeling detached from one’s thoughts, actions, and body.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "overreaching [accept the overreacher or Sir Giles Overreach; prompt on reaching]", "answer_primary": "overreaching", "clean_answers": [ "Sir Giles Overreach", "overreaching", "the overreacher" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What action names a man who, in Edmund Kean’s portrayal, grabs a sword after Marall makes the ink on a deed disappear? That man surnamed for this action is the villain of Philip Massinger’s A New Way to Pay Old Debts.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Herod [accept Herod I or Herod the Great; accept “out-Heroding” or Magnus Herodes]", "answer_primary": "Herod", "clean_answers": [ "Herod", "out-Heroding", "Magnus Herodes", "Herod I", "Herod the Great" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Overreacher borrows from Hamlet’s “Advice to the Players” by using this king’s name as a verb prefixed with “out.” In a mystery play of the Wakefield Cycle, this villainous Biblical king orders a massacre of infants.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "figures of speech [or rhetorical figures; or figures of grammar; accept tropes or schemes; prompt on rhetorical or literary devices, techniques, or terms] (Peacham wrote The Garden of Eloquence.)", "answer_primary": "figures of speech", "clean_answers": [ "figures of speech", "schemes", "figures of grammar", "rhetorical figures", "tropes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Peacham wrote The Garden of Eloquence.", "number": 3, "part": "The title of The Overreacher comes from George Puttenham’s effort to give English names, such as “loud lyer” and “drie mock,” to these things. A metaphorical “garden” titles a 1577 book by Henry Peacham that catalogs about 200 of these things.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "cache-oblivious [reject “cache-unaware” or “cache-aware”]", "answer_primary": "cache-oblivious", "clean_answers": [ "reject cache-unaware", "cache-aware", "cache-oblivious" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this property. Bender et al. utilized streaming B-trees with this property in the initial implementation of the fractal tree index data structure.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "locality [accept locality of reference or temporal locality or spatial locality or memory locality or data locality or branch locality or equidistant locality; accept principle of locality] ", "answer_primary": "locality", "clean_answers": [ "temporal locality", "memory locality", "locality", "principle of locality]", "equidistant locality", "locality of reference", "spatial locality", "data locality", "branch locality" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Cache-oblivious algorithms seek to maximize the spatial and temporal forms of this property, without being tuned to specific cache parameters. CPUs are more likely to access recently accessed memory locations according to this property’s namesake principle.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "matrix multiplication [prompt on multiplication] ", "answer_primary": "matrix multiplication", "clean_answers": [ "matrix multiplication" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Cache-oblivious algorithms are often illustrated through algorithms for this operation. This operation may be computed using divide-and-conquer through block partitioning in the Strassen algorithm.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Texas Rangers [or Diablos Tejanos]", "answer_primary": "Texas Rangers", "clean_answers": [ "Texas Rangers", "Diablos Tejanos" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this organization behind much of the racial violence of La Matanza, such as the Porvenir massacre. This law enforcement agency was created by Stephen Austin.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Juan Cortina [or Juan Nepomuceno Cortina Goseacochea]", "answer_primary": "Juan Cortina", "clean_answers": [ "Juan Nepomuceno Cortina Goseacochea", "Juan Cortina" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Rangers joined the Tigers paramilitary in fighting this man in 1860s “wars” or “troubles” named for him. This rancher from the Rio Grande valley captured Brownsville in protest of white landowners’ abuse of Tejanos.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Goliad [accept Goliad Massacre, Goliad Cart Road, or Indianola-Goliad-San Antonio Road]", "answer_primary": "Goliad", "clean_answers": [ "Goliad Massacre, Goliad Cart Road,", "Indianola-Goliad-San Antonio Road", "Goliad" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Earlier, South Texas was the site of a “Cart War” in which Anglos attacked Tejano oxcarts near this city on the route between San Antonio and Indianola. On Palm Sunday, 1836, hundreds of Texan POWs were executed by firing squad in this city.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Tom of Finland [or Touko Laaksonen; prompt on Tom]", "answer_primary": "Tom of Finland", "clean_answers": [ "Touko Laaksonen", "Tom of Finland" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this artist who was inspired by Marlon Brando’s biker look in The Wild One to create illustrations of muscular men in leather and jeans, such as the pin-up character Kake (“KAH-keh”).", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Robert Mapplethorpe [or Robert Michael Mapplethorpe]", "answer_primary": "Robert Mapplethorpe", "clean_answers": [ "Robert Michael Mapplethorpe", "Robert Mapplethorpe" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This photographer, who encouraged Tom of Finland to exhibit in mainstream art galleries, drew on Tom’s imagery for his own series of male nude photographs exhibited in the controversial ’90s expo The Perfect Moment.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "standard sizes [or sizing systems; accept dimensions; prompt on S, M, L, XL, or XXL; prompt on small, medium, large, extra-large, or extra-extra-large; prompt on Tom of Finland XXL; prompt on S,M,L,XL]", "answer_primary": "standard sizes", "clean_answers": [ "sizing systems", "standard sizes", "dimensions" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "One of these concepts titles a Taschen book on Tom that features essays by John Waters and Camille Paglia. Four of these concepts title a book in which Bruce Mau and Rem Koolhaas documented OMA’s design principles.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Venetian Lagoon [or Laguna di Venezia or Łaguna de Venesia; prompt on Gulf of Venice, Golfo di Venezia, Adriatic Sea, or Mare Adriatico]", "answer_primary": "Venetian Lagoon", "clean_answers": [ "Łaguna de Venesia", "Laguna di Venezia", "Venetian Lagoon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this body of water whose inlets are now guarded by retractable yellow barriers in the MOSE (“MOH-zay”) system. A word for quarantine stations, “lazarettos,” derives from one in this body of water.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "acqua alta [prompt on high water by asking “what is the Italian term?”]", "answer_primary": "acqua alta", "clean_answers": [ "acqua alta" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The seasonal flooding of northern Adriatic cities like Venice is due to a tide peak referred to by this two-word Italian term, which also refers to the shallow standing water left behind.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "St. Mark’s Square [or Piazza San Marco]", "answer_primary": "St. Mark’s Square", "clean_answers": [ "St. Mark’s Square", "Piazza San Marco" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Because it is the city’s lowest point, the first area in Venice to be flooded by acqua alta is this public square that contains the Doge’s Palace and the Clock Tower.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Bracha L. Ettinger [or Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger]", "answer_primary": "Bracha L. Ettinger", "clean_answers": [ "Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger", "Bracha L. Ettinger" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Paris-based feminist psychoanalyst, who painted the Eurydice series as a leader of New European Painting. This woman theorized a “matrixial” borderspace that allows for “subjectivity-as-encounter.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "gaze [or male gaze; accept The Matrixial Gaze]", "answer_primary": "gaze", "clean_answers": [ "gaze", "The Matrixial Gaze", "male gaze" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Ettinger criticized “phallic” theories of this phenomenon in a book titled for its “matrixial” form. Laura Mulvey argued that women in Hollywood films serve as the object of this phenomenon.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "khora [or chora]", "answer_primary": "khora", "clean_answers": [ "khora", "chora" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Ettinger’s “matrix” is a substitute for this concept, which she critiqued for placing the feminine “outside” of the Symbolic. Julia Kristeva drew on Plato’s use of this Greek word translated as “interval” or “receptacle.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Irish [or Gaeilge, Gaeilg, Gaeilic, Gaeilig, Gaelainn, Gaoluinn, or Gaedhealaing; or Irish Gaelic; accept Standard Irish or An Caighdeán Oifigiúil; accept Modern Irish; prompt on Gaelic] (An Triail is by Mairéad Ní Ghráda. Translations is by Brian Friel.)", "answer_primary": "Irish", "clean_answers": [ "Irish Gaelic", "Standard Irish", "An Caighdeán Oifigiúil", "Gaedhealaing", "Modern Irish", "Irish", "Gaeilge, Gaeilg, Gaeilic, Gaeilig, Gaelainn, Gaoluinn," ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "An Triail is by Mairéad Ní Ghráda. Translations is by Brian Friel.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this native language of a woman who only knows how to say “we besport ourselves around the maypoll” in English. The surveyor Lieutenant Yolland struggles with this language’s place names in that play, Translations.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Abbey Theatre [or Amharclann na Mainistreach]", "answer_primary": "Abbey Theatre", "clean_answers": [ "Abbey Theatre", "Amharclann na Mainistreach" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The revival of Irish-language plays in the late 20th century began at this theater in Dublin, the site of riots against John Millington Synge’s Playboy of the Western World.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Rising of the Moon", "answer_primary": "The Rising of the Moon", "clean_answers": [ "The Rising of the Moon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Abbey premiered this one-act play in which a policeman sits back-to-back on a barrel with a Gaelic nationalist fugitive. This Lady Gregory play takes its title from a United Irishmen ballad about a nocturnal time when the “pikes must be together.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Monster group [or Fischer–Griess Monster; accept monstrous moonshine]", "answer_primary": "Monster group", "clean_answers": [ "Monster group", "Fischer–Griess Monster", "monstrous moonshine" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this enormous group affectionately called the “friendly giant.” John Conway coined the term “moonshine” to describe this group’s connection to modular functions.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mathieu groups [prompt on sharply multiply transitive groups]", "answer_primary": "Mathieu groups", "clean_answers": [ "Mathieu groups" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This family of five sporadic groups makes up the first generation of the “happy family” inside the Monster. These permutation groups are named for the French mathematician who introduced the first of them, M-sub-12.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Steiner systems [accept Steiner triple systems; prompt on partial answer]", "answer_primary": "Steiner systems", "clean_answers": [ "Steiner systems", "Steiner triple systems" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Mathieu groups can be constructed from these combinatorial block designs, which are collections of k-element subsets of the first n positive integers, with the property that every t-element set is contained in exactly one such subset. The Fano plane is one of these objects defined by the tuple (2, 3, 7).", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "mango [or mango tree or mango leaves]", "answer_primary": "mango", "clean_answers": [ "mango tree", "mango leaves", "mango" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this plant that T. N. Mukharji claimed was fed to cows to produce the pigment Indian yellow from their urine.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "paisley [or paisley pattern; prompt on carrey or ambi]", "answer_primary": "paisley", "clean_answers": [ "paisley pattern", "paisley" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The teardrop shape of this pattern resembles mangoes, so its name in many Indian languages refers to parts of a mango. Worn by Prince and the Beatles, this psychedelic textile pattern is named for a Scottish town where it was produced in the 1800s.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "ragamala [or ragmala]", "answer_primary": "ragamala", "clean_answers": [ "ragmala", "ragamala" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Mangoes and Indian yellow are commonly seen in this genre of Indian miniature painting, in which a set of paintings function as a “garland” representing music. Each entry in a series of these paintings features a short poetic description of the mood it aims to evoke.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "night [or “The Night, the Porch”]", "answer_primary": "night", "clean_answers": [ "The Night, the Porch", "night" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Mark Strand wrote of “the sound, say, of a few leaves falling, or just one leaf, / Or less” in a poem titled for this period and a porch. An object that “will not last” this period appears in Edna St. Vincent Millay’s “First Fig.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "cinquain (“SIN-kain”) [or American cinquain; prompt on five-line poems, quintain, or quintet]", "answer_primary": "cinquain", "clean_answers": [ "American cinquain", "cinquain" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A poem in this form, “November Night,” calls it a “faint dry sound, / Like steps of passing ghosts.” The proto-imagist Adelaide Crapsey invented this poetic form before her 1914 death from tuberculosis in upstate New York.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“Preludes”", "answer_primary": "“Preludes”", "clean_answers": [ "Preludes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Conrad Aiken wrote of a falling leaf that “soundless meets the grass” in a set of poems with this title. Aiken’s college buddy T. S. Eliot wrote a poem with this title that ends, “The worlds revolve like ancient women / Gathering fuel in vacant lots.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "FLN [or Front de Libération Nationale; or National Liberation Front; or Jabhatu l-Taḥrīri l-Waṭanī]", "answer_primary": "FLN", "clean_answers": [ "Jabhatu l-Taḥrīri l-Waṭanī", "National Liberation Front", "FLN", "Front de Libération Nationale" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this political party that successfully converted most of the followers of Messali Hadj through its activities in France. This party agreed to the Evian Accords in 1962, establishing its country’s independence.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "torture [accept descriptions of the French Army’s use of torture in Algeria; accept specific types of torture like waterboarding, electric shocks, or rape; prompt on French interrogation methods]", "answer_primary": "torture", "clean_answers": [ "rape", "specific types of torture like waterboarding, electric shocks,", "descriptions of the French Army’s use of torture in Algeria", "torture" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In mainland France, the FLN lawyer Gisèle Halimi raised awareness of this issue via her work on behalf of Djamila Boupacha. Henri Alleg publicized this issue with his testimony on the gégène (“zhay-ZHEN”) in his book The Question.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Maurice Papon", "answer_primary": "Maurice Papon", "clean_answers": [ "Maurice Papon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "On October 17, 1961, this French police chief ordered a massacre of hundreds of participants in an FLN-organized protest. He helped send 1,600 Jews to Drancy as a collaborationist official during the Occupation.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "total water potential [prompt on potential]", "answer_primary": "total water potential", "clean_answers": [ "total water potential" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this quantity measured in units of megapascals. When this quantity is lower outside a cell than inside, the wilting response occurs.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "abscisic acid [or ABA]", "answer_primary": "abscisic acid", "clean_answers": [ "abscisic acid", "ABA" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Accumulation of this stress hormone is a defining phenotype of the drought response in plants. This hormone, which regulates transpiration loss by causing stomatal closure, also regulates leaf bud dormancy.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Selaginella", "answer_primary": "Selaginella", "clean_answers": [ "Selaginella" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Studies of the drought response in plants may find it useful to analyze this genus of poikilohydric spike-moss. This genus is notable for its members’ extreme abilities to recover from near complete desiccation, earning them the apt nickname of resurrection plants.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "beggars [accept The Beggars’ Strike or La Grève des bàttu]", "answer_primary": "beggars", "clean_answers": [ "The Beggars’ Strike", "beggars", "La Grève des bàttu" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What people go on strike in a novel by Wolof author Aminata Sow Fall? One of these people spits on El Hadji after coercing him into stripping naked at the end of Ousmane Sembène’s novel Xala.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "president [or président; accept President of Senegal or Président de la république du Sénégal] (Senegal’s first president was Leopold Senghor.)", "answer_primary": "president", "clean_answers": [ "President of Senegal", "Président de la république du Sénégal", "président", "president" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "Senegal’s first president was Leopold Senghor.", "number": 2, "part": "The beggar offers to cure El Hadji’s impotence after he is upbraided by a member of the Businessmen’s Group known only by this title. Xala satirizes Senegal’s first holder of this title, who wrote the poem “Black Woman.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Camara Laye", "answer_primary": "Camara Laye", "clean_answers": [ "Camara Laye" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A beggar accompanies Clarence on a surreal journey in this author’s The Radiance of the King. This Guinean author described a magic snake assisting his goldworking father in his memoir The Dark Child.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Anton Arensky", "answer_primary": "Anton Arensky", "clean_answers": [ "Anton Arensky" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this composer of a lyrical Piano Trio No. 1 in D minor. He arranged part of his String Quartet No. 2, which uses two cellos, into the tribute Variations on a Theme by Tchaikovsky for strings.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "preludes", "answer_primary": "preludes", "clean_answers": [ "preludes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Arensky taught Scriabin, who used quintuple meter or quintuplets in 28 of these 90 piano pieces. He paired one with a Nocturne for left hand, and took Chopin’s Opus 28 as a model for his cycle of these pieces in all 24 major and minor keys, Opus 11.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "zortziko [or zortzico, zorcico, zortciko, or sortsiko]", "answer_primary": "zortziko", "clean_answers": [ "zortzico, zorcico, zortciko,", "zortziko", "sortsiko" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This folk dance in 5/4 time has dotted quarter notes on beats 2 and 4, and eighth notes on off-beats 3 and 5, though Sarasate’s Caprice is in 3/4. Albéniz and Guridi used this Basque dance that inspired piano trios by Turina and Ravel.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Akan people [prompt on Kwa]", "answer_primary": "Akan people", "clean_answers": [ "Akan people" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What West African ethnic group included the chiefdoms who united under a “king-president” in the Fante Confederacy? Their longest-lasting state was the Ashanti Empire.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "palaver (“puh-LAV-er”) [accept palaver house or palaver hut]", "answer_primary": "palaver", "clean_answers": [ "palaver", "palaver house", "palaver hut" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Akan-British treaties, like the Fante Bond of 1844, were often reached via this practice. Antera Duke’s diary features Duke Ephraim’s Calabar “house” named for this West African negotiation system, whose name is also an English synonym of “speech.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Elmina Castle [or Mina; or St. George’s Castle; or Castelo de São Jorge da Mina]", "answer_primary": "Elmina Castle", "clean_answers": [ "Mina", "St. George’s Castle", "Elmina Castle", "Castelo de São Jorge da Mina" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Palaver Halls are common in feitorias on the Gold Coast, such as this castle that served as the Dutch Gold Coast’s capital until the British acquired it. The Portuguese built this castle after negotiations with Caramansa.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "roses [accept The Rose of the World, Roza Mira, or Seraphim Rose]", "answer_primary": "roses", "clean_answers": [ "Seraphim Rose", "roses", "The Rose of the World, Roza Mira," ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What object titles a book by the mystic Daniil Andreyev about a system of worlds called Shadanakar? The English word for these objects is the surname of a Californian monk who taught the “aerial toll house” doctrine.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Vladimir Solovyov [or Vladimir Soloviev]", "answer_primary": "Vladimir Solovyov", "clean_answers": [ "Vladimir Solovyov", "Vladimir Soloviev" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Among the previous messengers identified in The Rose of the World is this author of Lectures on Godmanhood. This man was the main influence on the Russian Greek Catholic Church and Sergei Bulgakov’s Sophiology.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "catacombs [accept Catacomb Church or Katakombnaya tserkov; prompt on tunnels, underground passageways, or synonyms]", "answer_primary": "catacombs", "clean_answers": [ "catacombs", "Catacomb Church", "Katakombnaya tserkov" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Seraphim Rose wrote about the saints of the loose Soviet “church” named for these places, to which Daniil Andreyev belonged. In Rome, graffiti of the ichthys symbol appears in these burial places of many early popes.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "names [or School of Names or Xíngmíngjiā]", "answer_primary": "names", "clean_answers": [ "School of Names", "names", "Xíngmíngjiā" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Hui Shi (“hway shurr”) and Gongsun Long were members of a philosophical grouping known as the “School of” what things?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "disputation [or dialectics or disputing or discrimination or distinction drawing or biàn zhě; accept Disputers of the Tao]", "answer_primary": "disputation", "clean_answers": [ "biàn zhě", "Disputers of the Tao", "discrimination", "dialectics", "distinction drawing", "disputation", "disputing" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Members of the School of Names typically belonged to a social group named for its focus on this activity. This activity partly titles an A. C. Graham book on Chinese philosophy in the Axial Age.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "heaven [or tiān; accept “Under Heaven” or tiānxià or pipes of heaven; accept “heaven and Earth are not humane”]", "answer_primary": "heaven", "clean_answers": [ "tiānxià", "pipes of heaven", "Under Heaven", "tiān", "heaven", "heaven and Earth are not humane" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "An early history of Warring States philosophy is found in Book 33 of Zhuangzi (“jwong-zuh”), which is titled for this concept. Alongside a more accessible concept, this concept names a set of pipes in the Zhuangzi and is said to be “not humane” in the Daodejing.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "RAFT [or reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer; accept, but DO NOT REVEAL, RAFT polymerization or reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization]", "answer_primary": "RAFT", "clean_answers": [ "reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer; accept, but DO NOT REVEAL, RAFT polymerization", "RAFT", "reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this process co-developed by Ezio Rizzardo, Graeme Moad, and San Thang. In this process, a thiocarbonylthio (“thio-carbonyl-thio”) reagent reacts reversibly with a radical to create an equilibrium between active and dormant states.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "polymerization [accept radical polymerization; accept descriptions of the formation of polymers]", "answer_primary": "polymerization", "clean_answers": [ "descriptions of the formation of polymers", "radical polymerization", "polymerization" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "RAFT is used to achieve tight control over dispersity and molecular weight distribution in these reactions, which often use free radicals as an initiator.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "AIBN [or azobisisobutyronitrile]", "answer_primary": "AIBN", "clean_answers": [ "azobisisobutyronitrile", "AIBN" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This radical initiator is commonly used in RAFT. This compound’s decomposition releases a molecule of nitrogen gas and two radicals containing a cyanide group.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "simplicity [or being simple; accept “A Simple Heart,” “Un coeur simple,” or “A Simple Soul”]", "answer_primary": "simplicity", "clean_answers": [ "A Simple Heart, Un coeur simple,", "A Simple Soul", "simplicity", "being simple" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this title quality of a woman who lives in a leaky room with a coconut-wood holy water basin in a story collected with “Saint Julian the Hospitaller” and “Herodias.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Havana [or La Habana; or La Havane]", "answer_primary": "Havana", "clean_answers": [ "Havana", "La Havane", "La Habana" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In Gustave Flaubert’s “A Simple Heart,” Félicité draws condescending laughter by asking to see a house in this city on a world map. She pictures her nephew Victor walking around this city in “clouds of tobacco.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "bourgeoisie [or bourgeois]", "answer_primary": "bourgeoisie", "clean_answers": [ "bourgeoisie", "bourgeois" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Félicité’s simplicity contrasts with the bêtise (“beh-TEEZ”) of this class that Flaubert satirized in “The Dictionary of Received Ideas.” Flaubert declared the “beginning of all virtue” to be the “hatred” of this social class of Homais in Madame Bovary.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "archaeological sites [or dig sites; accept type sites; prompt on answers involving word forms of archaeology or excavations; prompt on digs]", "answer_primary": "archaeological sites", "clean_answers": [ "dig sites", "type sites", "archaeological sites" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these places where poorly-paid “shovelbums” may work on Cultural Resource Management projects. The “type” variety of these places, such as Lapita or La Tène (“ten”), give their name to the culture discovered there.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Kathleen Kenyon [or Kathleen Mary Kenyon]", "answer_primary": "Kathleen Kenyon", "clean_answers": [ "Kathleen Kenyon", "Kathleen Mary Kenyon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Sites are divided into grids in a method named for the Wheelers and this archaeologist who studied Leicester’s (“LESS-tur’s”) non-Jewish “Jewry Wall.” She excavated a Natufian site that became a walled city around 9000 BCE.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "tells [or tall; accept Tell es-Sultan or Tel Megiddo; prompt on mounds or hillocks]", "answer_primary": "tells", "clean_answers": [ "tells", "tall", "Tell es-Sultan", "Tel Megiddo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Kenyon dug grids to analyze Jericho’s strata at one of these places named “Sultan.” In Ancient Near Eastern archaeology, this word refers to dig sites like Abu Hureyra and Megiddo.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "intergenerational social mobility [or economic mobility; accept immobility in place of “mobility”]", "answer_primary": "intergenerational social mobility", "clean_answers": [ "economic mobility", "immobility in place of mobility", "intergenerational social mobility" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this phenomenon. Alan Krueger’s “Great Gatsby Curve” plots inequality on the x-axis and a measure of this phenomenon on the y-axis.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "social capital [prompt on capital]", "answer_primary": "social capital", "clean_answers": [ "social capital" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Chetty et al. argue in 2022 that the largest determinant of economic mobility is this factor. The norm of reciprocity is often used in definitions of this concept, which is contrasted with “economic” and “cultural” analogues.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "value-added models [or value-added measurement, value-added analysis, or value-added assessment]", "answer_primary": "value-added models", "clean_answers": [ "value-added models", "value-added measurement, value-added analysis,", "value-added assessment" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Chetty controversially testified in Vergara v. California based on his research into this method of teacher evaluation. Chetty claimed that this method, which compares the performances of the same students in different years, could predict economic outcomes for students in later life.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "gravitoelectromagnetism [or gravitoelectromagnetic theory or GEM] (The vector quantity is the gravitational vector potential.)", "answer_primary": "gravitoelectromagnetism", "clean_answers": [ "gravitoelectromagnetism", "gravitoelectromagnetic theory", "GEM" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The vector quantity is the gravitational vector potential.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this formalism of linearized general relativity. This formalism parameterizes the metric perturbation h in terms of the gravitational potential and a vector quantity proportional to h-sub-zero-i.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Lense–Thirring precession", "answer_primary": "Lense–Thirring precession", "clean_answers": [ "Lense–Thirring precession" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Gravitoelectromagnetism analogizes this effect to Larmor precession. This effect is a result of frame-dragging from a rotating mass.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "geodesics [accept geodesic equation]", "answer_primary": "geodesics", "clean_answers": [ "geodesic equation", "geodesics" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "An analogy to the Lorentz force gives the namesake equations for these paths in gravitoelectromagnetism. The world lines of free-falling objects follow these extremal paths in curved spacetime.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "rhinoceroses [or rhinos; or xīniú; accept rhinoceros horn or xījiǎo; accept Indian rhinoceros or greater one-horned rhinoceros; accept Sumatran rhinoceros, two-horned rhinoceros, Dicerorhinus, or D. sumatrensis; prompt on odd-toed ungulates or perissodactyls]", "answer_primary": "rhinoceroses", "clean_answers": [ "rhinoceros horn", "rhinos", "Sumatran rhinoceros, two-horned rhinoceros, Dicerorhinus,", "rhinoceroses", "xījiǎo", "xīniú", "greater one-horned rhinoceros", "D. sumatrensis", "Indian rhinoceros" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this animal that Wǔ Dīng is described hunting in one of the first written records of chariots. The “Hymn to the Fallen” describes the armor made of sharkskin and this animal’s skin worn by Chǔ soldiers.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Wáng Mǎng [or Jùjūn or Wong Mong or Ông Báng; prompt on Wáng or Wong or Ông]", "answer_primary": "Wáng Mǎng", "clean_answers": [ "Wong Mong", "Jùjūn", "Ông Báng", "Wáng Mǎng" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "An Indian kingdom known to China as Huángzhī (“hwahng-jurr”) sent a rhinoceros to this usurper, whose reign between the Western and Eastern Hàn faced the Red Eyebrows revolt.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Sichuan [or Szechwan; accept Sìchuān Basin or Red Basin; accept Chóngqìng; prompt on West China, Southwestern China, Xīnán, Yangtze River, or Yángzǐ Jiāng]", "answer_primary": "Sichuan", "clean_answers": [ "Chóngqìng", "Sìchuān Basin", "Szechwan", "Red Basin", "Sichuan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A state in this region supplied rhinoceros horn to the Zhōu (“joh”) after assisting them at the Battle of Mùyě (“moo-yeh”). The tribal confederacies of Bā and Shǔ formed a hybrid culture centered on this modern region.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "hailstones", "answer_primary": "hailstones", "clean_answers": [ "hailstones" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these objects that may consist of layers formed through alternating cycles of wet and dry growth. The three-body scatter spike is an artifact indicative of large instances of these objects. ", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "graupel [or corn snow, hominy snow, snow pellets, or soft hail; reject “hail” or “snow” or “pellets”]", "answer_primary": "graupel", "clean_answers": [ "pellets", "snow", "corn snow, hominy snow, snow pellets,", "soft hail; reject hail", "graupel" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This type of precipitation lends its name to the central embryo of hailstones and forms when supercooled droplets land on snowflakes in a process called riming (“rhyming”). In the METAR system, hail is denoted GR, while this form of precipitation is denoted GS. ", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "mixed-phase clouds [or MPCs; accept liquid-top mixed-phase clouds or LTMPs]", "answer_primary": "mixed-phase clouds", "clean_answers": [ "LTMPs", "MPCs", "mixed-phase clouds", "liquid-top mixed-phase clouds" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Smaller cloud droplets decrease the riming efficiency within these clouds through aerosol indirect effects. These ubiquitous clouds are characterized by the coexistence of ice crystals with supercooled droplets. ", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Nancy Cartwright", "answer_primary": "Nancy Cartwright", "clean_answers": [ "Nancy Cartwright" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this philosopher who, with economist Angus Deaton, co-wrote a critical 2018 paper on “understanding and misunderstanding” randomized controlled trials.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "pyramid [or argument pyramids; accept “The Raft and the Pyramid”] (The conclusion is at the top.)", "answer_primary": "pyramid", "clean_answers": [ "pyramid", "argument pyramids", "The Raft and the Pyramid" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The conclusion is at the top.", "number": 2, "part": "Cartwright and Hardie propose this layout for policy arguments, making the conclusion prominent. Ernest Sosa contrasted a structure of this type representing foundationalism with a coherentist “raft.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Stanford University [or Stanford School; accept Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; accept “Stanford Disunity Mafia”]", "answer_primary": "Stanford University", "clean_answers": [ "Stanford University", "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "Stanford School", "Stanford Disunity Mafia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Though she never taught there, Cartwright groups herself with a “School” of philosophy of science named for this university, the namesake of an online “Encyclopedia of Philosophy.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Taliesin [accept Gwion or Gwion Bach ap Gwreang; accept the Book of Taliesin or Llyfr Taliesin; accept Hanes Taliesin]", "answer_primary": "Taliesin", "clean_answers": [ "Gwion Bach ap Gwreang", "the Book of Taliesin", "Gwion", "Llyfr Taliesin", "Taliesin", "Hanes Taliesin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Several praise poems to Urien are attributed to what 6th-century bard? A recension by Charlotte Guest included the 16th-century “tale” of this bard, whose namesake manuscript preserved “The Battle of the Trees.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "crucifixion of Jesus [or Jesus being crucified or equivalents or word forms; prompt on the Passion, the death of Jesus, the execution of Christ, or equivalents]", "answer_primary": "crucifixion of Jesus", "clean_answers": [ "equivalents", "Jesus being crucified", "word forms", "crucifixion of Jesus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In the Book of Taliesin, the title bard boasts of witnessing this event, which is narrated by its central object in The Dream of the Rood.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Dafydd ap Gwilym [prompt on ap Gwilym]", "answer_primary": "Dafydd ap Gwilym", "clean_answers": [ "Dafydd ap Gwilym" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Gwerful Mechain, whose cywydd (“KUH-with”) on crucifixion is often uncredited, wrote an ode to the vagina in reply to this poet’s complaint poem about his penis. Seamus Heaney’s anthology The Rattle Bag is titled for a poem by this medieval Welsh member of the Poets of the Nobility.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Ituri Province [accept Ituri Rainforest or Forêt tropicale de l’Ituri; accept Ituri conflict]", "answer_primary": "Ituri Province", "clean_answers": [ "Ituri Rainforest", "Ituri conflict", "Forêt tropicale de l’Ituri", "Ituri Province" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this province in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo that shares its name with a major rainforest within it.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mbuti [or Bambuti]", "answer_primary": "Mbuti", "clean_answers": [ "Bambuti", "Mbuti" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "These pygmy people, who were targeted by a 2003 genocide called effacer le tableau, or “wiping the slate,” are severely threatened by the ongoing deforestation of Ituri. They are the subject of The Forest People, but not The Mountain People, by anthropologist Colin Turnbull.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Doctors Without Borders [or MSF or Médecins Sans Frontières]", "answer_primary": "Doctors Without Borders", "clean_answers": [ "Médecins Sans Frontières", "Doctors Without Borders", "MSF" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This medical non-profit, which was accused of institutional racism in 2020 for its different treatment of “national” and “international” employees, operates several hospitals in Ituri. It was founded during the Biafra War.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Purple Gang [or Purples; or Sugar House Gang; or Sugar House Boys]", "answer_primary": "Purple Gang", "clean_answers": [ "Purple Gang", "Sugar House Gang", "Sugar House Boys", "Purples" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Jewish mob led by Isadore, Raymond, Joe, and Abe Burnstein, which provided bootleg liquor for Al Capone. Its name may refer to its practice of ruining clothes with dye during the Cleaners and Dyers War.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Detroit", "answer_primary": "Detroit", "clean_answers": [ "Detroit" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Purple Gang dominated the criminal underworld of this city, where they got rich by bootlegging whiskey across the Canadian border from Windsor.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "the Commission", "answer_primary": "the Commission", "clean_answers": [ "the Commission" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Detroit was later controlled by the Italian mafia, leading the Detroit Partnership’s Joseph Zerilli to be added to this governing body in 1956. The Five Families controlled this generically named “board of directors” of the American mafia.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Crab Nebula [accept Messier 1, M1, New General Catalogue 1952, NGC 1952, or Taurus A]", "answer_primary": "Crab Nebula", "clean_answers": [ "Crab Nebula", "Messier 1, M1, New General Catalogue 1952, NGC 1952,", "Taurus A" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The Tohono O’odham (“tuh-HO-no AW-tum”) Nation successfully prevented their land from being the site of VERITAS, which primarily observes this object. In the northwest of this object, its Rayleigh–Taylor fingers are more prominent and its [O III] (“oh three”) “skin” is absent.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mauna Kea [or Mauna a Wākea]", "answer_primary": "Mauna Kea", "clean_answers": [ "Mauna a Wākea", "Mauna Kea" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope on this mountain is being resisted by the Kānaka Maoli, who are indigenous to Hawai’i.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "VLT [or Very Large Telescope] (Antü, Küyen, Melipal, and Yepun are the Mapudungun words for the Sun, the Moon, the Southern Cross, and Venus, respectively.)", "answer_primary": "VLT", "clean_answers": [ "Very Large Telescope", "VLT" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Antü, Küyen, Melipal, and Yepun are the Mapudungun words for the Sun, the Moon, the Southern Cross, and Venus, respectively.", "number": 3, "part": "In recognition of the Mapuche people, the four Unit Telescopes of this instrument are named Antü, Küyen, Melipal, and Yepun. More than one paper is published per day using data from this optical telescope, which is the flagship facility of the European Southern Observatory.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "word painting [accept tone painting or text painting; prompt on madrigalisms]", "answer_primary": "word painting", "clean_answers": [ "text painting", "word painting", "tone painting" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Composers evoke lyrics’ literal meaning in what technique seen in 16th-century Italian or English madrigals? Despite mastering it like Purcell, Thomas Campion critiqued this two-word effect, later used in the Embroidery Aria.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "King Arthur [or King Arthur, or The British Worthy] (The Cold Song is also known as the Frost Scene.)", "answer_primary": "King Arthur", "clean_answers": [ "King Arthur", "The British Worthy", "King Arthur," ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The Cold Song is also known as the Frost Scene.", "number": 2, "part": "In the Cold Song from this Restoration spectacular by Purcell and Dryden, tremors on each note depict shivering. This semi-opera with spoken main roles and supernatural masques inspired Michael Nyman’s Chasing Sheep.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "ground [accept ground bass; accept Ground in C minor, Z. 221; accept “Two in One upon a Ground” or “Three Parts upon a Ground”; reject “round”]", "answer_primary": "ground", "clean_answers": [ "ground bass", "ground", "Ground in C minor, Z. 221", "Two in One upon a Ground", "Three Parts upon a Ground; reject round" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Nyman’s raspy An Eye for Optical Theory loops a C minor piece with this title attributed to Purcell or William Croft. The descending “lament bass” in “When I am laid in earth” is a repeating ostinato known by this English word.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Chicago", "answer_primary": "Chicago", "clean_answers": [ "Chicago" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this city where the American public’s awareness of Asian spiritual traditions was fostered by Swami Vivekenanda’s lectures at the 1893 Parliament of Religions.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ [accept oṃ maṇi padme om or oṃ maṇi padme hūng] (The mantra roughly means “The jewel [is] in the lotus.” Kamenetz used the spelling “JUBU,” in all caps.)", "answer_primary": "oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ", "clean_answers": [ "oṃ maṇi padme hūng", "oṃ maṇi padme om", "oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The mantra roughly means “The jewel [is] in the lotus.” Kamenetz used the spelling “JUBU,” in all caps.", "number": 2, "part": "Sigalow’s use of “Jewbu” takes after a 1994 book by Rodger Kamenetz whose title, The Jew in the Lotus, puns on the common translation of this Sanskrit mantra. Recite the mantra, in Sanskrit, one time.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "chesed (“HESS-ed”) [or hesed; accept gemilut ḥasadim or gemilut chasadim]", "answer_primary": "chesed", "clean_answers": [ "hesed", "gemilut ḥasadim", "gemilut chasadim", "chesed" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Sigalow compares Buddhist teachings on compassion to the Pirkei Avot’s (“peer-KAY ah-VOTE’s”) claim that the world stands on three legs: Torah, prayer, and this concept. The King James Bible introduced “lovingkindness” as a translation of this Hebrew word for love and mercy.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "kabuki", "answer_primary": "kabuki", "clean_answers": [ "kabuki" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Douglas MacArthur’s secretary Faubion Bowers is often erroneously credited with saving this theater form when censors tried to replace it with the realist shingeki. This dance-like form’s male actors wear elaborate makeup.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "47 rōnin [or Shijūshichishi; or Akōrōshi; prompt on rōnin]", "answer_primary": "47 rōnin", "clean_answers": [ "Akōrōshi", "47 rōnin", "Shijūshichishi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "On the grounds of its anti-democratic values, the Allies banned a bunraku play titled for a kanadehon, or “copybook,” of this group. This group kills Moronao in a subgenre devoted to them, chūshingura.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Takarazuka Revue [or Takarazuka Kagekidan]", "answer_primary": "Takarazuka Revue", "clean_answers": [ "Takarazuka Kagekidan", "Takarazuka Revue" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Because it fused traditional Japanese drama with contemporary Western-style musical theater, American GIs flocked to see this all-female troupe. This “revue” is the biggest attraction in its namesake city in Hyōgo.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "“Shook Ones, Part II” [accept “Shook Ones”] (“Shook Ones, Part II” was a sequel to a separate song called “Shook Ones,” but the media often drops “Part II” when referring to the former song.)", "answer_primary": "“Shook Ones, Part II”", "clean_answers": [ "Shook Ones", "Shook Ones, Part II" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "“Shook Ones, Part II” was a sequel to a separate song called “Shook Ones,” but the media often drops “Part II” when referring to the former song.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this 1995 Mobb Deep song whose samples were a white whale of the beatmaking community for 16 years.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Quincy Jones [or Quincy Delight Jones Jr.]", "answer_primary": "Quincy Jones", "clean_answers": [ "Quincy Jones", "Quincy Delight Jones Jr." ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The siren-like sound on the beat of “Shook Ones” was sampled from a track by this composer of “Soul Bossa Nova.” Highlights of this musician’s 60 years as a pop music producer include Michael Jackson’s Bad and Thriller.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "DJ Premier [or Christopher Edward Martin; or Preemo; or Primo] (DJ Premier formed Gang Starr with Guru.)", "answer_primary": "DJ Premier", "clean_answers": [ "Preemo", "DJ Premier", "Primo", "Christopher Edward Martin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "DJ Premier formed Gang Starr with Guru.", "number": 3, "part": "An earlier white whale found by Internet users was this producer’s beat on “Nas is Like.” This producer of Nas’s other songs “Represent” and “N.Y. State of Mind” satirized radio on his beat for the song “Mass Appeal.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Welser family", "answer_primary": "Welser family", "clean_answers": [ "Welser family" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Chapter 1 discusses German explorers in the “concession” that Ambrosius Ehinger ruled for this family. Antonio de Montesinos was killed for protesting abuses of native people in this banking family’s lands in Venezuela.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Siberia [accept Sakha Republic or Lake Baikal area; prompt on Russia or Asia]", "answer_primary": "Siberia", "clean_answers": [ "Lake Baikal area", "Sakha Republic", "Siberia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Chapter 3 opens by describing an ethnic German named Georg Gmelin, who fell ill and died on an expedition to this region. Georg Steller visited the lands of the Buryat and Yakut people in this region.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "missionary societies [or missions; accept London Missionary Society, China Inland Mission, or Steyler Mission; prompt on answers like evangelical organization, lay religious groups, or congregations]", "answer_primary": "missionary societies", "clean_answers": [ "London Missionary Society, China Inland Mission,", "missionary societies", "missions", "Steyler Mission" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The book discusses Karl Gützlaff’s work with the “London” one of these groups, which inspired Hudson Taylor’s “Inland” one. The Big Swords targeted German members of one of these groups in the Juye Incident.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "mutagenesis [accept mutagens; accept site-directed mutagenesis or SDM; prompt on mutation or word forms of mutate]", "answer_primary": "mutagenesis", "clean_answers": [ "mutagenesis", "site-directed mutagenesis", "SDM", "mutagens" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this general technique in which changes in a DNA sequence are deliberately introduced into an organism’s genome. Specific targeted changes are introduced into a plasmid in its “site-directed” version.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "alkylation [accept ethylation; accept descriptions of adding an alkyl group or adding an ethyl group]", "answer_primary": "alkylation", "clean_answers": [ "alkylation", "adding an ethyl group", "ethylation", "descriptions of adding an alkyl group" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Mutations in plants are often introduced using agents that introduce this chemical change. ENU and EMS cause this chemical reaction at the O6 of guanine.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "gene pyramiding [accept marker-assisted pyramiding; accept gene stacking]", "answer_primary": "gene pyramiding", "clean_answers": [ "gene pyramiding", "marker-assisted pyramiding", "gene stacking" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In this technique, multiple genes for desirable traits, like resistance, are incorporated into a plant and expressed together. The marker-assisted form of this process selects for SNPs linked to desired traits.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "“The Interior Castle”", "answer_primary": "“The Interior Castle”", "clean_answers": [ "The Interior Castle" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Lowell’s first wife, Jean Stafford, fictionalized her experience of nose surgery in this story after he drunkenly crashed their car. This story about Patsy Vanneman is titled in reference to a 16th-century devotional work.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The New York Review of Books [or NYRB; accept NYRB Classics]", "answer_primary": "The New York Review of Books", "clean_answers": [ "NYRB", "NYRB Classics", "The New York Review of Books" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Lowell’s second wife, Elizabeth Hardwick, co-founded this literary magazine. Hardwick’s Seduction and Betrayal is part of its publishing arm’s “classics” series, which is known for its brightly colored spines.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "granny [accept Great Granny Webster or “The Jilting of Granny Weatherall”]", "answer_primary": "granny", "clean_answers": [ "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall", "granny", "Great Granny Webster" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Lowell’s third wife, Caroline Blackwood, wrote a novel about a tyrannical “great” character known by this nickname. This is the title nickname of a dying woman who recalls her wedding day in a Katherine Anne Porter story.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "life [accept pro-life movement; accept right to life; accept 40 Days for Life; accept higher life movement or higher life theology or The Higher Christian Life; prompt on anti-choice or anti-abortion by asking “anti-abortion groups often claim to be safeguarding what human right?”]", "answer_primary": "life", "clean_answers": [ "40 Days for Life", "right to life", "life", "pro-life movement", "higher life theology", "higher life movement", "The Higher Christian Life" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this first right guaranteed by the UK’s Human Rights Act 1998. A broad movement named for this concept includes a group called “40 Days for” it, which has been barred from buffer zones outside clinics.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mary Whitehouse", "answer_primary": "Mary Whitehouse", "clean_answers": [ "Mary Whitehouse" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This activist protested the “moral pollution of life” with the 1971 Festival of Light, leading the Gay Liberation Front to don nuns’ habits in counter-protest. This ally of Malcolm Muggeridge led the National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association in a campaign against social liberalism.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "video nasties [or video nasty]", "answer_primary": "video nasties", "clean_answers": [ "video nasty", "video nasties" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Whitehouse coined this term for lurid exploitation videos during her “Clean Up TV” campaign. These videos were blamed for the Hungerford massacre during a 1980s moral panic.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "gender [or “Doing Gender”]", "answer_primary": "gender", "clean_answers": [ "gender", "Doing Gender" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "West and Zimmerman wrote a paper on “Doing” what concept? Gilbert Herdt posited that the roles associated with this social construct emerged from the division of labor.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "John Money", "answer_primary": "John Money", "clean_answers": [ "John Money" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "West and Zimmerman recall explaining the sex–gender distinction using case studies by this sexologist, who coined the term “gender role.” After a botched circumcision, David Reimer was raised as a girl on the recommendation of this sexologist.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Managed Heart", "answer_primary": "The Managed Heart", "clean_answers": [ "The Managed Heart" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In a section on the division of labor, West and Zimmerman discuss this 1983 book on the “commercialization of human feeling.” In this book, Arlie Hochschild examined the demands placed on female flight attendants.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "acyclic [or open-chain; accept Aciclovir; accept acyclic nucleoside phosphonates; accept answers indicating no ring; prompt on ANPs] (Aciclovir contains a ring, but its name is a portmanteau of “acyclic” and “viral DNA.”)", "answer_primary": "acyclic", "clean_answers": [ "open-chain", "Aciclovir", "acyclic", "answers indicating no ring", "acyclic nucleoside phosphonates" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Aciclovir contains a ring, but its name is a portmanteau of “acyclic” and “viral DNA.”", "number": 1, "part": "Give this property that appears in the name of an antiviral medication that competitively inhibits guanosine. The second Green–Davies–Mingos rule states that nucleophiles preferentially attack compounds with this property.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "hapticity", "answer_primary": "hapticity", "clean_answers": [ "hapticity" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The first Green–Davies–Mingos rule states that nucleophilic attack preferentially occurs on ligands with an even value for this quantity, symbolized eta. This quantity is the number of contiguous atoms on a ligand that bind to the metal center.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Wacker process [or Wacker oxidation]", "answer_primary": "Wacker process", "clean_answers": [ "Wacker oxidation", "Wacker process" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Reactions that rely on nucleophilic addition to polyenes include this reaction, in which palladium(II) (“palladium two”) chloride and copper(II) (“copper two”) chloride catalyze the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Michael Heizer", "answer_primary": "Michael Heizer", "clean_answers": [ "Michael Heizer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this artist who dug two massive trenches in the Moapa Valley for his piece Double Negative. This artist of City is one of the preeminent living land artists alongside James Turrell.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Centre Pompidou", "answer_primary": "Centre Pompidou", "clean_answers": [ "Centre Pompidou" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In 1975, the artist Gordon Matta-Clark bored a conical hole into the walls of two historic buildings that were set to be demolished during the construction of this contemporary art museum in Paris.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ilya Kabakov", "answer_primary": "Ilya Kabakov", "clean_answers": [ "Ilya Kabakov" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This artist cut a hole in the ceiling of an apartment in an installation about a man who fired himself into space using a homemade catapult. Escape was a recurring theme for this Soviet-born artist, whose wife described his pieces as “little heavens we make in our larger hells.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Russian tanks [or Soviet tanks; prompt on armored or combat vehicles]", "answer_primary": "Russian tanks", "clean_answers": [ "Russian tanks", "Soviet tanks" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these vehicles. A part-time waitress photographs women in “unbelievably short skirts” kissing random passersby in the streets to tease the drivers of these vehicles.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Unbearable Lightness of Being [or Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí] (by Milan Kundera)", "answer_primary": "The Unbearable Lightness of Being", "clean_answers": [ "Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí", "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "by Milan Kundera", "number": 2, "part": "Tereza photographs the arrival of Russian tanks in Prague in this novel, whose author also used the tanks as a motif in The Book of Laughter and Forgetting.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mama [or Karel’s mother; or Marketa’s mother-in-law; prompt on mother or synonyms by asking “whose mother?”]", "answer_primary": "Mama", "clean_answers": [ "Marketa’s mother-in-law", "Karel’s mother", "Mama" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The narrator of The Book of Laughter and Forgetting notes that this character is right to care more about ripe pears than the invasion, since “tanks are perishable, pears are eternal.” Part II of the novel is titled for this character, who almost walks in on Karel having sex with Marketa and Eva.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Crete [or Kríti; or Krḗtē] (He is a grandson of Minos.)", "answer_primary": "Crete", "clean_answers": [ "Crete", "Krḗtē", "Kríti" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "He is a grandson of Minos.", "number": 1, "part": "In a Greek myth that parallels Jephthah’s story in Judges, this island’s king Idomeneus, a grandson of a judge of the dead, sacrifices his son after vowing to sacrifice the first thing he sees to Poseidon.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Lambton Worm [prompt on worm or wyrm; reject “wyvern” or “lindworm”]", "answer_primary": "Lambton Worm", "clean_answers": [ "Lambton Worm" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "After he slayed this beast, a crusader cursed his descendants by failing to sacrifice the first thing he saw, which turned out to be his father. This dragon from County Durham grew from a tiny demon thrown into a well.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Dietrich von Bern [accept Thidrik or Thidriks saga; prompt on Theodoric the Great, Theodoric the Amal, Theoderīcus, or Theuderikhos]", "answer_primary": "Dietrich von Bern", "clean_answers": [ "Thidrik", "Thidriks saga", "Dietrich von Bern" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In a lay, this character’s mentor Hildebrand vows to fight to the death with a foe who turns out to be his son Hadubrand. This hero based on a real-life king is exiled to the court of Etzel in the Rabenschlacht.", "value": 10 } ]