marcolin/demo · Datasets at Hugging Face

id stringclasses 3 values	tokens sequence	chunk_tags sequence
0	[ "SECOND", "SECTION", "CASE", "OF", "A.M.", "v.", "(", "Application", "no.", "37019", "/", "97", ")", "JUDGMENT", "FINAL", "In", "the", "case", "of", "A.M.", "v.", ",", "The", "European", "Court", "of", "Human", "Rights", "(", "Second", "Section", ")", ",", "sitting", "as", "a", "Chamber", "composed", "of", ":", "Mr", "C.L.", "Rozakis", ",", "President", ",", "Mr", "M.", "Fischbach", ",", "Mr", "B.", "Conforti", ",", "Mr", "G.", "Bonello", ",", "Mrs", "V.", "Strážnická", ",", "Mr", "P.", "Lorenzen", ",", "Mrs", "M.", "Tsatsa-Nikolovska", ",", "judges", ",", "And", "Mr", "E.", "Fribergh", ",", "Section", "Registrar", ",", "Having", "deliberated", "in", "private", "on", ",", "Delivers", "the", "following", "judgment", ",", "which", "was", "adopted", "on", "that", "date", ":", "PROCEDURE", "1.", "The", "case", "originated", "in", "an", "application", "(", "no.", "37019", "/", "97", ")", "against", "the", "lodged", "with", "the", "European", "Commission", "of", "Human", "Rights", "(", "“the", "Commission”", ")", "under", "former", "Article", "25", "of", "the", "Convention", "for", "the", "Protection", "of", "Human", "Rights", "and", "Fundamental", "Freedoms", "(", "“the", "Convention”", ")", "by", "an", "Italian", "national", ",", "Mr", "A.M.", "(", "“the", "applicant”", ")", ",", "on", ".", "The", "applicant", "was", "represented", "by", "Mr", "A.", "D’Avirro", ",", "a", "lawyer", "practising", "in", ",", "and", "the", "Italian", "Government", "(", "“the", "Government”", ")", "were", "represented", "by", "their", "Agent", ",", "Mr", "U.", "Leanza.", "2.", "Relying", "on", "Article", "6", "§§", "1", "and", "3", "(", "d", ")", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "the", "applicant", "complained", "that", "he", "had", "been", "denied", "a", "fair", "trial", "as", "the", "defendant", "in", "criminal", "proceedings.", "On", "the", "Commission", "(", "First", "Chamber", ")", "decided", "to", "give", "notice", "of", "the", "application", "to", "the", "Government", "and", "to", "invite", "them", "to", "submit", "observations", "in", "writing", "on", "its", "admissibility", "and", "merits.", "The", "Government", "lodged", "their", "observations", "on", "and", "the", "applicant", "replied", "on", ".", "3.", "Following", "the", "entry", "into", "force", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "11", "to", "the", "Convention", "on", ",", "and", "in", "accordance", "with", "Article", "5", "§", "2", "thereof", ",", "the", "application", "was", "examined", "by", "the", "Court.", "4.", "In", "accordance", "with", "Rule", "52", "§", "1", "of", "the", "Rules", "of", "Court", ",", "the", "President", "of", "the", "Court", ",", "Mr", "L.", "Wildhaber", ",", "assigned", "the", "case", "to", "the", "Second", "Section.", "The", "Chamber", "constituted", "within", "that", "Section", "included", "ex", "officio", "Mr", "B.", "Conforti", ",", "the", "judge", "elected", "in", "respect", "of", "Italy", "(", "Article", "27", "§", "2", "of", "the", "Convention", "and", "Rule", "26", "§", "1", "(", "a", ")", ")", ",", "and", "Mr", "C.L.", "Rozakis", ",", "President", "of", "the", "Section", "(", "Rule", "26", "§", "1", "(", "a", ")", ")", ".", "The", "other", "members", "designated", "by", "the", "latter", "to", "complete", "the", "Chamber", "were", "Mr", "M.", "Fischbach", ",", "Mr", "G.", "Bonello", ",", "Mrs", "V.", "Strážnická", ",", "Mr", "P.", "Lorenzen", "and", "Mrs", "M.", "Tsatsa-Nikolovska", "(", "Rule", "26", "§", "1", "(", "b", ")", ")", ".", "5.", "On", "the", "Chamber", "declared", "the", "application", "admissible", "and", "invited", "the", "parties", "to", "lodge", "supplementary", "observations", "regarding", "the", "merits", "of", "the", "application.", "The", "Government", "filed", "their", "supplementary", "observations", "on", "and", "the", "applicant", "replied", "on", ".", "THE", "FACTS", "I.", "THE", "CIRCUMSTANCES", "OF", "THE", "CASE", "6.", "The", "applicant", ",", "an", "Italian", "national", ",", "was", "born", "in", "1942", "and", "lives", "in", ".", "7.", "On", "an", "unspecified", "date", ",", "G.", ",", "a", "minor", ",", "complained", "to", "the", "County", "Department", "of", "Public", "Safety", "in", "(", ")", "that", "while", "on", "holiday", "in", "he", "had", "been", "indecently", "assaulted", "by", "the", "applicant", ",", "a", "caretaker", "in", "the", "halls", "of", "residence", "where", "he", "had", "been", "staying.", "Consequently", ",", "the", "public", "prosecutor’s", "office", "brought", "criminal", "proceedings", "against", "the", "applicant", "for", "sexual", "assault", "on", "a", "minor", "and", "gross", "indecency", "in", "a", "public", "place.", "8.", "On", "16", "March", "1991", "the", "Florence", "public", "prosecutor", "sent", "international", "rogatory", "letters", "to", "the", "Criminal", "Division", "of", "the", "King", "County", "District", "Court", "in", "Seattle", "pursuant", "to", "the", "Treaty", "for", "Mutual", "Assistance", "in", "Criminal", "Proceedings", "between", "the", "Government", "of", "the", "Italian", "Republic", "and", "the", "Government", "of", "the", "United", "States", "of", "America", "(", "“the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty”", ")", ",", "which", "had", "been", "ratified", "by", "Law", "no.", "224", "of", "1984.", "The", "aim", "of", "the", "rogatory", "letters", "was", "for", "questions", "to", "be", "put", "to", "G.", ",", "his", "father", "(", "Mr", "D.", ")", "and", "Miss", "F.", ",", "the", "doctor", "in", "whom", "G.", "had", "first", "confided.", "The", "public", "prosecutor", "set", "out", "in", "detail", "the", "questions", "which", "he", "considered", "should", "be", "put", "to", "the", "witnesses", "and", "the", "manner", "in", "which", "the", "record", "of", "interview", "should", "be", "drafted.", "He", "added", "that", "no", "lawyer", "should", "be", "present", "during", "the", "interview.", "9.", "On", "Mr", "D.", "was", "questioned", "by", "a", "police", "officer.", "No", "lawyer", "was", "present", "at", "the", "interview.", "In", "essence", ",", "he", "confirmed", "that", "his", "son", "had", "said", "that", "he", "had", "been", "fondled", "by", "the", "applicant.", "On", "26", "May", "1992", "the", "Italian", "Consulate-General", "in", "San", "Francisco", "(", "United", "States", ")", "received", "the", "record", "of", "the", "interview", "from", "the", "American", "authorities", "with", "two", "documents", "containing", "written", "statements", "by", "G.’s", "mother", "(", "Mrs", "D.", ")", "and", "Mrs", "N.", ",", "a", "child", "psychotherapist", "who", "was", "treating", "G.", "for", "the", "behavioural", "disorders", "he", "presented.", "In", "their", "statements", ",", "Mrs", "N.", "recited", "the", "events", "that", "G.", "had", "related", "to", "her", "and", "the", "traumatic", "effects", "they", "had", "had", ",", "while", "Mrs", "D.", "confirmed", "her", "husband’s", "version", "of", "events.", "The", "documents", "were", "then", "translated", "into", "Italian", "and", "sent", "to", "the", "public", "prosecutor.", "10.", "The", "applicant", "was", "committed", "for", "trial", "before", "the", "Florence", "Criminal", "Court.", "11.", "On", "the", "public", "prosecutor", "applied", "to", "the", "President", "of", "the", "Criminal", "Court", "for", "permission", "to", "summons", "G.", ",", "Mr", "and", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", "to", "appear", "at", "a", "public", "hearing", "on", "for", "questioning.", "The", "case", "file", "does", "not", "reveal", "whether", "that", "application", "was", "granted", "or", "whether", "the", "witnesses", "concerned", "were", "served", "with", "summonses", "to", "attend.", "Whatever", "the", "position", ",", "none", "of", "them", "appeared", "at", "the", "trial", "before", "the", "Criminal", "Court", "and", "the", "examination", "requested", "by", "the", "public", "prosecutor", "did", "not", "take", "place.", "12.", "On", "two", "police", "officers", "from", "were", "questioned.", "They", "indicated", "that", "they", "had", "received", "G.’s", "complaint", "from", "the", "American", "authorities", "and", "gave", "a", "description", "of", "the", "hall", "of", "residence", "where", "the", "applicant", "had", "been", "working", "at", "the", "material", "time.", "13.", "At", "the", "request", "of", "the", "public", "prosecutor", "and", "despite", "opposition", "by", "the", "applicant", ",", "the", "Criminal", "Court", "ordered", "that", "the", "documents", "received", "from", "the", ",", "in", "particular", "the", "record", "of", "the", "interview", "with", "Mr", "D.", "and", "the", "statements", "of", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", ",", "should", "be", "read", "out.", "That", "decision", "was", "taken", "pursuant", "to", "Article", "512", "bis", "of", "the", "Code", "of", "Criminal", "Procedure", "(", "CCP", ")", ",", "which", "provides", ":", "“On", "application", "by", "a", "party", "and", "having", "regard", "to", "the", "other", "evidence", ",", "the", "judge", "may", "order", "that", "the", "records", "of", "the", "statements", "made", "by", "a", "foreign", "national", "living", "outside", "the", "Italian", "territory", "be", "read", "out", "if", "either", "that", "person", "has", "not", "been", "summonsed", "to", "appear", "or", ",", "having", "been", "so", "summonsed", ",", "has", "failed", "to", "appear.”", "The", "applicant", "and", "the", "defence", "witnesses", "gave", "evidence", "that", "same", "day.", "14.", "In", "a", "judgment", "of", ",", "which", "was", "deposited", "with", "the", "registry", "on", ",", "the", "court", "imposed", "a", "two-year", "suspended", "sentence", "on", "the", "applicant.", "That", "decision", "was", "taken", "on", "the", "basis", "of", "the", "complaint", "lodged", "by", "G.", "with", "the", "Department", "of", "Public", "Safety", "in", "and", "the", "statements", "made", "by", "Mr", "and", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", ",", "which", "the", "court", "found", "to", "be", "credible", "and", "consistent.", "15.", "On", "the", "applicant", "appealed", "to", "the", "Florence", "Court", "of", "Appeal.", "He", "argued", ",", "inter", "alia", ",", "that", "the", "acts", "performed", "pursuant", "to", "the", "rogatory", "letters", "were", "invalid.", "In", "that", "connection", ",", "he", "noted", "that", "G.", "had", "never", "been", "interviewed", "and", "that", "evidence", "had", "been", "taken", "from", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", "–", "whom", "the", "public", "prosecutor", "had", "not", "sought", "to", "interview", "–", "without", "authority.", "Furthermore", ",", "they", "had", "not", "been", "questioned", "but", "had", "merely", "made", "written", "statements.", "As", "regards", "Mr", "D.’s", "interview", ",", "the", "American", "police", "officer", "who", "had", "conducted", "it", "had", "been", "acting", "without", "authority", ",", "given", "that", "the", "international", "rogatory", "letters", "had", "been", "sent", "to", "the", "District", "Court", "in", ".", "Moreover", ",", "no", "lawyer", "had", "been", "present", "when", "the", "interviews", "and", "statements", "were", "obtained", "and", "the", "persons", "concerned", "had", "not", "been", "asked", "to", "take", "the", "oath", ",", "which", "showed", "that", "the", "documents", "did", "not", "constitute", "“testimony”", ",", "but", "merely", "“preliminary", "investigative", "acts”.", "As", "such", ",", "they", "should", "not", "have", "been", "used", "by", "the", "Florence", "Criminal", "Court", "as", "evidence", "of", "the", "accused’s", "guilt.", "Lastly", ",", "the", "applicant", "contended", "that", "Article", "512", "bis", "CCP", "was", "not", "applicable", "in", "the", "instant", "case", "as", "that", "provision", "referred", "only", "to", "statements", "made", "in", "Italy.", "16.", "In", "a", "judgment", "of", ",", "which", "was", "deposited", "with", "the", "registry", "on", ",", "the", "Court", "of", "Appeal", "upheld", "the", "judgment", "of", "the", "Criminal", "Court.", "It", "observed", "that", "by", "virtue", "of", "the", "locus", "regit", "actum", "principle", ",", "acts", "performed", "under", "rogatory", "letters", "had", "to", "be", "regulated", "by", "the", "law", "of", "the", "foreign", "State", "to", "which", "the", "Italian", "authorities", "had", "referred", ",", "provided", "that", "the", "foreign", "law", "was", "not", "incompatible", "with", "Italian", "public", "order", "and", "in", "particular", "“defence", "rights”.", "In", "the", "instant", "case", ",", "the", "procedure", "followed", "by", "the", "Seattle", "authorities", "could", "not", "be", "regarded", "as", "having", "infringed", "those", "rights", "as", "Article", "512", "bis", "CCP", "allowed", "statements", "made", "in", "Italy", "or", "elsewhere", "by", "foreign", "nationals", "resident", "outside", "the", "national", "territory", "to", "be", "read", "out.", "As", "regards", "the", "fact", "that", "G.", "had", "not", "been", "questioned", ",", "the", "Court", "of", "Appeal", "considered", "that", "it", "was", "quite", "understandable", "that", "the", "American", "police", "should", "have", "wished", "to", "prevent", "the", "minor", ",", "who", "had", "been", "affected", "psychologically", "by", "the", "violence", "he", "had", "endured", ",", "from", "suffering", "any", "further", "trauma.", "17.", "On", "the", "applicant", "appealed", "to", "the", "Court", "of", "Cassation.", "Referring", "to", "the", "arguments", "he", "had", "raised", "before", "the", "Court", "of", "Appeal", ",", "he", "repeated", "his", "case", "that", "the", "documents", "obtained", "through", "rogatory", "letters", "should", "not", "have", "been", "used", "to", "decide", "his", "guilt.", "He", "also", "maintained", "that", "Article", "431", "§", "1", "(", "d", ")", "CCP", ",", "which", "requires", "that", "a", "record", "of", "acts", "performed", "outside", "the", "Italian", "territory", "by", "rogatory", "letters", "be", "lodged", "on", "the", "judge’s", "file", "(", "fascicolo", "per", "il", "dibattimento", ")", ",", "was", "unconstitutional.", "He", "considered", "in", "particular", "that", "that", "provision", "was", "incompatible", "with", "Articles", "3", "and", "24", "of", "the", "Italian", "Constitution", ",", "which", "respectively", "guarantee", "the", "equality", "of", "all", "citizens", "before", "the", "law", "and", "the", "right", "to", "defend", "oneself", "at", "every", "stage", "of", "the", "proceedings.", "In", "that", "connection", ",", "he", "stressed", "that", "he", "had", "been", "given", "no", "opportunity", "to", "question", "Mr", "D.", ",", "Mrs", "D.", "or", "Mrs", "N.", ",", "whose", "statements", "had", "formed", "the", "basis", "of", "his", "conviction.", "18.", "In", "a", "judgment", "of", ",", "which", "was", "deposited", "with", "the", "registry", "on", ",", "the", "Court", "of", "Cassation", "cited", "the", "provisions", "of", "Article", "512", "bis", "CCP", ",", "which", "it", "held", "to", "be", "applicable", "in", "the", "instant", "case", ",", "and", "declared", "the", "issue", "of", "constitutionality", "raised", "by", "the", "applicant", "irrelevant.", "Finding", "that", "the", "reasons", "given", "by", "the", "Florence", "Court", "of", "Appeal", "on", "all", "the", "issues", "in", "dispute", "had", "been", "cogent", "and", "correct", ",", "it", "dismissed", "the", "applicant’s", "appeal.", "II.", "RELEVANT", "DOMESTIC", "LAW", "19.", "Under", "the", "terms", "of", "Article", "1", "of", "the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty", ",", "the", "signatory", "States", "undertake", "to", "afford", "each", "other", "mutual", "assistance", "in", "criminal", "investigations", "and", "proceedings.", "Such", "assistance", "includes", "in", "particular", "the", "hearing", "of", "witnesses", "in", "the", "territory", "of", "the", "State", "to", "which", "the", "request", "is", "addressed.", "In", "that", "connection", ",", "Article", "14", "of", "the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty", "provides", "notably", ":", "“A", "person", "from", "whom", "evidence", "is", "sought", "shall", ",", "if", "necessary", ",", "be", "compelled", "to", "appear", "and", "testify", "to", "the", "same", "extent", "as", "would", "be", "required", "in", "criminal", "investigations", "or", "proceedings", "in", "the", ".", "Upon", "request", ",", "the", "shall", "specify", "the", "date", "and", "place", "of", "the", "taking", "of", "testimony.", "The", "shall", "permit", "the", "presence", "[", "at", "the", "hearing", "]", "of", "an", "accused", ",", "counsel", "for", "the", "accused", ",", "and", "persons", "charged", "with", "the", "enforcement", "of", "the", "criminal", "laws", "to", "which", "the", "request", "relates.", "The", "executing", "authority", "shall", "provide", "persons", "permitted", "to", "be", "present", "[", "at", "the", "hearing", "]", "the", "opportunity", "to", "question", "the", "person", "whose", "testimony", "is", "sought", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "laws", "of", "the", ".", "The", "executing", "authority", "shall", "provide", "persons", "permitted", "to", "be", "present", "[", "at", "the", "hearing", "]", "the", "opportunity", "to", "propose", "additional", "questions", "and", "other", "investigative", "measures.", "Testimonial", "privileges", "under", "the", "laws", "of", "the", "shall", "not", "apply", "in", "the", "execution", "of", "a", "request", ",", "but", "such", "questions", "of", "privilege", "shall", "be", "preserved", "for", "the", ".”", "THE", "LAW", "I.", "Alleged", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "6", "§§", "1", "AND", "3", "(", "d", ")", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "20.", "The", "applicant", "complained", "that", "the", "criminal", "proceedings", "against", "him", "had", "been", "unfair", "and", "that", "he", "had", "not", "been", "given", "an", "opportunity", "to", "examine", "or", "have", "examined", "Mr", "and", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", "He", "relied", "on", "Article", "6", "§§", "1", "and", "3", "(", "d", ")", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "the", "relevant", "parts", "of", "which", "provide", ":", "“1.", "In", "the", "determination", "of", "...", "any", "criminal", "charge", "against", "him", ",", "everyone", "is", "entitled", "to", "a", "fair", "...", "hearing", "...", "by", "[", "a", "]", "tribunal", "...", "...", "3.", "Everyone", "charged", "with", "a", "criminal", "offence", "has", "the", "following", "minimum", "rights", ":", "(", "d", ")", "to", "examine", "or", "have", "examined", "witnesses", "against", "him", "...", "”", "21.", "The", "applicant", "contested", "the", "domestic", "courts’", "construction", "of", "Article", "512", "bis", "CCP", "as", "meaning", "that", "that", "provision", "was", "also", "applicable", "to", "statements", "made", "outside", "Italian", "territory.", "He", "further", "argued", "that", "the", "acts", "performed", "pursuant", "to", "the", "rogatory", "letters", "were", "invalid", ",", "alleged", "that", "the", "only", "items", "of", "evidence", "on", "which", "his", "conviction", "had", "been", "based", "were", "the", "statements", "of", "Mr", "and", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", "and", "maintained", "that", "the", "fact", "that", "they", "had", "been", "read", "out", "at", "his", "trial", "before", "the", "Criminal", "Court", "had", "denied", "him", "any", "opportunity", "to", "examine", "his", "accusers.", "As", "to", "the", "possibility", "of", "seeking", "examination", "of", "the", "witnesses", "under", "the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty", ",", "the", "applicant", "contended", "that", "the", "rogatory", "letters", "had", "been", "issued", "without", "his", "knowledge", "and", "that", ",", "as", "a", "result", ",", "he", "had", "been", "unable", "to", "exercise", "the", "rights", "and", "liberties", "afforded", "by", "Article", "14", "of", "that", "Treaty.", "22.", "The", "Government", "explained", "that", "under", "the", "Italian", "legal", "system", "all", "evidence", "must", "in", "principle", "be", "given", "at", "an", "adversarial", "hearing", "before", "the", "court", "having", "jurisdiction.", "However", ",", "in", "order", "to", "enable", "that", "court", "to", "establish", "the", "facts", "of", "the", "case", ",", "it", "was", "possible", "in", "some", "circumstances", "and", "subject", "to", "compliance", "with", "the", "conditions", "laid", "down", "by", "law", ",", "to", "use", "evidence", "acquired", "during", "preliminary", "investigations", "as", "a", "basis", "for", "the", "decision", ",", "in", "particular", "where", "such", "evidence", "could", "not", "be", "“repeated”", "at", "trial.", "Under", "Article", "512", "bis", "CCP", "the", "court", "could", "order", "that", "statements", "made", "by", "a", "foreign", "national", "be", "read", "out", "provided", "they", "did", "not", "constitute", "the", "only", "evidence", "against", "the", "accused.", "In", "the", "instant", "case", ",", "the", "applicant", "–", "who", "had", "raised", "a", "number", "of", "objections", "aimed", "at", "having", "the", "statements", "made", "in", "the", "declared", "inadmissible", "in", "evidence", "(", "inutilizzabili", ")", "–", "had", "not", "requested", "the", "examination", "of", "Mr", "and", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", "in", "the", "presence", "of", "his", "lawyers", ",", "as", "permitted", "by", "Italian", "law", "and", "the", "provisions", "of", "the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty.", "Furthermore", ",", "the", "Government", "pointed", "out", "that", "the", "use", "of", "depositions", "taken", "during", "the", "initial", "investigative", "phase", "was", "not", "in", "itself", "contrary", "to", "the", "Convention", "and", "that", "the", "rights", "relied", "upon", "by", "a", "witness", "in", "order", "to", "avoid", "appearing", "before", "the", "court", "should", "not", "result", "in", "the", "proceedings", "being", "halted.", "They", "accordingly", "considered", "that", "the", "applicant", "had", "had", "a", "“fair", "trial”", ",", "especially", "as", "his", "conviction", "had", "been", "based", "on", "other", "items", "of", "evidence", "gathered", "by", "the", "national", "authorities.", "23.", "As", "the", "requirements", "of", "Article", "6", "§", "3", "are", "to", "be", "seen", "as", "particular", "aspects", "of", "the", "right", "to", "a", "fair", "trial", "guaranteed", "by", "Article", "6", "§", "1", ",", "the", "Court", "will", "examine", "the", "complaints", "under", "Article", "6", "§§", "1", "and", "3", "(", "d", ")", "taken", "together", "(", "see", ",", "among", "many", "other", "authorities", ",", "the", "Van", "Mechelen", "and", "Others", "v.", "the", "Netherlands", "judgment", "of", "23", "April", "1997", ",", "Reports", "of", "Judgments", "and", "Decisions", "1997-III", ",", "p.", "711", ",", "§", "49", ")", ".", "24.", "The", "Court", "reiterates", "that", "the", "admissibility", "of", "evidence", "is", "primarily", "a", "matter", "for", "regulation", "by", "national", "law", "and", "as", "a", "general", "rule", "it", "is", "for", "the", "national", "courts", "to", "assess", "the", "evidence", "before", "them.", "The", "Court’s", "task", "under", "the", "Convention", "is", "not", "to", "give", "a", "ruling", "as", "to", "whether", "statements", "of", "witnesses", "were", "properly", "admitted", "as", "evidence", ",", "but", "rather", "to", "ascertain", "whether", "the", "proceedings", "as", "a", "whole", ",", "including", "the", "way", "in", "which", "evidence", "was", "taken", ",", "were", "fair", "(", "see", ",", "among", "other", "authorities", ",", "the", "Van", "Mechelen", "and", "Others", "judgment", "cited", "above", ",", "p.", "711", ",", "§", "50", ",", "and", "the", "Doorson", "v.", "the", "Netherlands", "judgment", "of", "26", "March", "1996", ",", "Reports", "1996-II", ",", "p.", "470", ",", "§", "67", ")", ".", "25.", "In", "addition", ",", "all", "the", "evidence", "must", "normally", "be", "produced", "at", "a", "public", "hearing", ",", "in", "the", "presence", "of", "the", "accused", ",", "with", "a", "view", "to", "adversarial", "argument.", "There", "are", "exceptions", "to", "this", "principle", ",", "but", "they", "must", "not", "infringe", "the", "rights", "of", "the", "defence", ";", "as", "a", "general", "rule", ",", "paragraphs", "1", "and", "3", "(", "d", ")", "of", "Article", "6", "require", "that", "the", "defendant", "be", "given", "an", "adequate", "and", "proper", "opportunity", "to", "challenge", "and", "question", "a", "witness", "against", "him", ",", "either", "when", "he", "makes", "his", "statements", "or", "at", "a", "later", "stage", "(", "see", "the", "Van", "Mechelen", "and", "Others", "judgment", "cited", "above", ",", "p.", "711", ",", "§", "51", ",", "and", "the", "Lüdi", "v.", "Switzerland", "judgment", "of", "15", "June", "1992", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "238", ",", "p.", "21", ",", "§", "49", ")", ".", "In", "particular", ",", "the", "rights", "of", "the", "defence", "are", "restricted", "to", "an", "extent", "that", "is", "incompatible", "with", "the", "requirements", "of", "Article", "6", "if", "the", "conviction", "is", "based", "solely", ",", "or", "in", "a", "decisive", "manner", ",", "on", "the", "depositions", "of", "a", "witness", "whom", "the", "accused", "has", "had", "no", "opportunity", "to", "examine", "or", "to", "have", "examined", "either", "during", "the", "investigation", "or", "at", "trial", "(", "see", "the", "Van", "Mechelen", "and", "Others", "judgment", "cited", "above", ",", "p.", "712", ",", "§", "55", ";", "the", "Saïdi", "v.", "France", "judgment", "of", "20", "September", "1993", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "261-C", ",", "pp.", "56-57", ",", "§§", "43-44", ";", "and", "the", "Unterpertinger", "v.", "Austria", "judgment", "of", "24", "November", "1986", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "110", ",", "pp.", "14-15", ",", "§§", "31-33", ")", ".", "26.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "in", "convicting", "the", "applicant", "in", "the", "instant", "case", "the", "domestic", "courts", "relied", "solely", "on", "the", "statements", "made", "in", "the", "before", "trial", "and", "that", "the", "applicant", "was", "at", "no", "stage", "in", "the", "proceedings", "confronted", "with", "his", "accusers.", "27.", "As", "to", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "applicant", "could", "have", "requested", "the", "examination", "of", "the", "witnesses", "under", "the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty", ",", "it", "should", "be", "noted", "that", "in", "his", "international", "rogatory", "letters", "of", ",", "the", "public", "prosecutor", "informed", "the", "American", "authorities", "that", "no", "lawyer", "was", "to", "be", "allowed", "to", "attend", "the", "requested", "examinations.", "In", "addition", ",", "the", "Government", "have", "not", "produced", "any", "court", "decision", "showing", "how", "the", "Treaty", "is", "applied.", "Accordingly", ",", "the", "Court", "considers", "that", "it", "has", "not", "been", "established", "that", "the", "procedure", "offered", "the", "accessibility", "and", "effectiveness", "required", "by", "Article", "14", "of", "the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty.", "28.", "Under", "these", "circumstances", ",", "the", "applicant", "can", "not", "be", "regarded", "as", "having", "had", "a", "proper", "and", "adequate", "opportunity", "to", "challenge", "the", "witness", "statements", "that", "formed", "the", "basis", "of", "his", "conviction.", "He", "therefore", "did", "not", "have", "a", "fair", "trial", "and", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "6", "§", "1", "taken", "together", "with", "Article", "6", "§", "3", "(", "d", ")", ".", "II.", "APPLICATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "41", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "29.", "Article", "41", "of", "the", "Convention", "provides", ":", "“If", "the", "Court", "finds", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "the", "Convention", "or", "the", "Protocols", "thereto", ",", "and", "if", "the", "internal", "law", "of", "the", "High", "Contracting", "Party", "concerned", "allows", "only", "partial", "reparation", "to", "be", "made", ",", "the", "Court", "shall", ",", "if", "necessary", ",", "afford", "just", "satisfaction", "to", "the", "injured", "party.”", "A.", "Damage", "30.", "The", "applicant", "said", "that", "he", "had", "lost", "his", "job", "as", "a", "caretaker", "as", "a", "result", "of", "his", "conviction.", "His", "health", "had", "also", "deteriorated.", "As", "a", "result", ",", "he", "alleged", "pecuniary", "damage", "resulting", "from", "the", "violation", "of", "the", "Convention", "of", "1,022,000,000", "Italian", "lire", "(", "ITL", ")", ".", "He", "also", "sought", "ITL", "300,000,000", "for", "non-pecuniary", "damage.", "31.", "In", "the", "Government’s", "submission", ",", "the", "applicant", "had", "not", "duly", "established", "any", "pecuniary", "damage.", "As", "to", "non-pecuniary", "damage", ",", "a", "judgment", "finding", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "6", "would", "constitute", "sufficient", "just", "satisfaction.", "32.", "Whilst", "the", "Court", "can", "not", "speculate", "as", "to", "the", "outcome", "of", "the", "proceedings", "concerned", "had", "there", "been", "no", "violation", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "it", "considers", "that", "the", "applicant", "suffered", "a", "loss", "of", "real", "opportunity", "(", "see", "Pélissier", "and", "Sassi", "v.", "France", "[", "GC", "]", ",", "no.", "25444", "/", "94", ",", "§", "80", ",", "ECHR", "1999-II", ")", ".", "It", "also", "finds", "that", "the", "applicant", "suffered", "actual", "non-pecuniary", "damage.", "Having", "regard", "to", "the", "circumstances", "of", "the", "case", "and", "ruling", "on", "an", "equitable", "basis", "as", "required", "by", "Article", "41", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "it", "decides", "to", "award", "him", "the", "sum", "of", "ITL", "50,000,000.", "B.", "Costs", "and", "expenses", "33.", "The", "applicant", "also", "sought", "reimbursement", "of", "ITL", "4,000,000", "for", "sundry", "costs", "incurred", "in", "the", "proceedings", "before", "the", "domestic", "courts", "and", "ITL", "837,900", "for", "costs", "incurred", "before", "the", "Commission", "and", "the", "Court.", "34.", "The", "Government", "left", "the", "matter", "to", "the", "Court’s", "discretion.", "35.", "The", "Court", "observes", "that", "on", "several", "occasions", "during", "the", "domestic", "proceedings", "the", "applicant", "had", "submitted", "that", "he", "was", "entitled", "to", "examine", "the", "prosecution", "witnesses.", "It", "therefore", "considers", "that", "the", "costs", "incurred", "before", "the", "domestic", "courts", "were", "incurred", "in", "order", "to", "remedy", "the", "violation", "that", "has", "been", "found", "and", "that", "those", "costs", "must", "be", "reimbursed", "(", "see", ",", "for", "a", "case", "decided", "differently", "on", "the", "facts", ",", "Serre", "v.", "France", ",", "no.", "29718", "/", "96", ",", "§", "29", ",", "29", "September", "1999", ",", "unreported", ")", ".", "It", "is", "also", "appropriate", "to", "award", "him", "the", "sum", "claimed", "for", "the", "proceedings", "before", "the", "Commission", "and", "the", "Court.", "Consequently", ",", "the", "Court", "decides", "to", "award", "the", "applicant", "the", "amount", "claimed", "(", "ITL", "4,837,900", ")", ".", "C.", "Default", "interest", "36.", "According", "to", "the", "information", "available", "to", "the", "Court", ",", "the", "statutory", "rate", "of", "interest", "applicable", "in", "at", "the", "date", "of", "adoption", "of", "the", "present", "judgment", "is", "2.5", "%", "per", "annum.", "FOR", "THESE", "REASONS", ",", "THE", "COURT", "UNANIMOUSLY", "1.", "Holds", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "6", "§", "1", "taken", "together", "with", "Article", "6", "§", "3", "(", "d", ")", "of", "the", "Convention", ";", "2.", "Holds", "(", "a", ")", "that", "the", "respondent", "State", "is", "to", "pay", "the", "applicant", ",", "within", "three", "months", "from", "the", "date", "on", "which", "the", "judgment", "becomes", "final", "according", "to", "Article", "44", "§", "2", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "50,000,000", "(", "fifty", "million", ")", "Italian", "lire", "for", "damage", ",", "and", "4,837,900", "(", "four", "million", "eight", "hundred", "and", "thirty-seven", "thousand", "nine", "hundred", ")", "Italian", "lire", "for", "costs", "and", "expenses", ";", "(", "b", ")", "that", "simple", "interest", "at", "an", "annual", "rate", "of", "2.5", "%", "shall", "be", "payable", "from", "the", "expiry", "of", "the", "above-mentioned", "three", "months", "until", "settlement", ";", "3.", "Dismisses", "the", "remainder", "of", "the", "claim", "for", "just", "satisfaction.", "Done", "in", "French", ",", "and", "notified", "in", "writing", "on", ",", "pursuant", "to", "Rule", "77", "§§", "2", "and", "3", "of", "the", "Rules", "of", "Court.", "Erik", "Fribergh", "Christos", "Rozakis", "Registrar", "President" ]	[ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 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"applicant", "was", "born", "in", "1967", "and", "lives", "in", "Naples.", "5.", "While", "he", "was", "in", "judicial", "separation", "proceedings", "from", "his", "wife", "(", "D.L.", ")", ",", "a", "provisional", "residence", "order", "was", "issued", "to", "both", "parents", "in", "respect", "of", "the", "couple’s", "two", "children", "(", "G.L.", "and", "M.T.", ")", ".", "6.", "On", "29", "August", "2007", "the", "applicant", "asked", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "to", "issue", "him", "with", "a", "new", "passport", ",", "requesting", "that", "the", "name", "of", "his", "son", ",", "G.L.", ",", "also", "be", "entered", "in", "it.", "His", "former", "wife", "objected", ",", "arguing", "that", "the", "applicant", "was", "not", "making", "the", "maintenance", "payments", "ordered", "by", "the", "president", "of", "the", "court", "at", "the", "time", "of", "the", "judicial", "separation.", "7.", "By", "a", "decree", "of", "18", "September", "2007", ",", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "rejected", "the", "applicant’s", "request", ",", "holding", "that", "it", "was", "inappropriate", "to", "issue", "the", "requested", "passport", ",", "given", "the", "imperative", "of", "protecting", "the", "children’s", "right", "to", "receive", "the", "maintenance", "payments.", "In", "this", "regard", ",", "he", "emphasised", "that", "the", "applicant", ",", "who", "was", "supposed", "to", "make", "a", "maintenance", "payment", "of", "600", "euros", "(", "EUR", ")", "per", "month", ",", "paid", "only", "a", "small", "amount", "(", "EUR", "45", "to", "90", ")", "and", "that", "there", "was", "a", "risk", "that", "he", "would", "shirk", "his", "obligation", "completely", "if", "he", "were", "to", "travel", "abroad.", "8.", "By", "a", "decision", "of", "26", "October", "2007", ",", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "ordered", "that", "M.T.’s", "name", "be", "removed", "from", "the", "applicant’s", "passport.", "9.", "On", "31", "October", "2007", "the", "Naples", "Police", "Commissioner", "(", "questore", ")", "ordered", "the", "applicant", "to", "hand", "in", "his", "passport", "to", "the", "police", "station", "and", "amended", "his", "identity", "card", ",", "making", "it", "invalid", "for", "foreign", "travel.", "10.", "The", "applicant", "appealed", "to", "the", "Naples", "Court", "against", "the", "guardianship", "judge’s", "decision.", "He", "alleged", "that", ":", "–", "under", "the", "measures", "ordered", "by", "the", "president", "of", "the", "court", "at", "the", "time", "of", "the", "judicial", "separation", ",", "the", "children", "had", "been", "due", "to", "spend", "the", "period", "of", "10", "to", "26", "August", ",", "during", "the", "school", "holidays", ",", "with", "him", ";", "on", "that", "basis", ",", "he", "had", "planned", "to", "take", "them", "to", "Sicily", "by", "plane", ";", "however", ",", "this", "required", "that", "the", "names", "of", "his", "two", "children", "be", "included", "in", "his", "passport", ";", "–", "on", "account", "of", "his", "former", "wife’s", "objection", "and", "the", "guardianship", "judge’s", "decree", ",", "he", "and", "his", "children", "had", "been", "unable", "to", "go", "on", "holiday", ";", "–", "the", "children’s", "names", "were", "included", "in", "the", "mother’s", "passport", ";", "–", "the", "dismissal", "of", "his", "request", "amounted", "to", "a", "penalty", "that", "was", "not", "prescribed", "by", "law.", "11.", "On", "7", "February", "2008", "the", "applicant", "asked", "the", "Naples", "guardianship", "judge", "to", "issue", "him", "with", "a", "new", "passport", ",", "explaining", "that", "his", "former", "wife", "had", "retained", "his", "identity", "card", "and", "his", "passport", "in", "the", "family", "home.", "12.", "By", "a", "decree", "of", "29", "February", "2008", ",", "the", "Naples", "guardianship", "judge", "dismissed", "the", "applicant’s", "request", "on", "the", "ground", "that", "he", "had", "not", "paid", "the", "maintenance", "sums", "due", "in", "respect", "of", "his", "children", ",", "and", "that", "it", "was", "to", "be", "feared", "that", "he", "was", "leaving", "the", "country", "only", "in", "order", "to", "evade", "his", "obligation", "entirely.", "The", "applicant", "also", "appealed", "against", "that", "decision", "to", "the", "Naples", "Court", ",", "alleging", "a", "breach", "of", "his", "right", "to", "freedom", "of", "movement.", "13.", "By", "a", "decision", "of", "5", "February", "2009", ",", "the", "Naples", "Court", "joined", "the", "appeals", "and", "dismissed", "them.", "The", "court", "noted", ",", "firstly", ",", "that", "the", "legal", "basis", "for", "the", "guardianship", "judge’s", "decision", "was", "Law", "no.", "1185", "of", "21", "November", "1967", ",", "as", "amended", "by", "the", "Passports", "Act", "2003", "(", "Law", "no.", "3", ")", ".", "14.", "The", "court", "found", "that", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "did", "indeed", "have", "jurisdiction", "to", "rule", "on", "the", "applicant’s", "request", "for", "a", "passport", "and", "on", "the", "inclusion", "in", "it", "of", "his", "son’s", "name.", "As", "to", "the", "merits", "of", "the", "appeal", ",", "the", "court", "noted", "that", "the", "applicant", "was", "not", "complying", "with", "his", "obligation", "to", "pay", "maintenance", "and", "that", "this", "circumstance", "was", "one", "of", "the", "lawful", "grounds", "for", "refusing", "to", "issue", "a", "passport", ",", "in", "the", "children’s", "interests", ",", "in", "accordance", "with", "section", "12", "of", "the", "Passports", "Act.", "15.", "On", "4", "November", "2008", "D.L.", "was", "ordered", "to", "pay", "a", "fine", "of", "EUR", "100", "for", "failing", "to", "bring", "the", "children", "to", "an", "appointment", "with", "the", "applicant.", "16.", "By", "a", "decree", "of", "8", "April", "2009", ",", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "issued", "D.L.", ",", "at", "her", "request", ",", "with", "a", "passport", "in", "which", "the", "names", "of", "the", "two", "children", "were", "included.", "17.", "On", "21", "August", "2012", "the", "applicant", "asked", "the", "Naples", "guardianship", "judge", "to", "issue", "individual", "passports", "to", "his", "children", ",", "in", "application", "of", "Legislative", "Decree", "no.", "135", "of", "2009.", "18.", "D.L.", "objected", ",", "arguing", "that", "the", "children", "did", "not", "need", "these", "passports", ";", "that", "the", "applicant", "had", "made", "no", "maintenance", "payments", "since", "2007", ";", "and", "that", ",", "indeed", ",", "criminal", "proceedings", "were", "pending", "in", "that", "regard.", "19.", "By", "a", "decision", "of", "3", "October", "2012", ",", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "rejected", "the", "applicant’s", "request.", "He", "considered", "that", "the", "proceedings", "for", "the", "separation", "of", "the", "applicant", "and", "D.L.", "were", "still", "pending", "and", "that", ",", "in", "the", "light", "of", "the", "considerations", "put", "forward", "by", "D.L.", ",", "with", "whom", "the", "children", "resided", ",", "it", "was", "appropriate", "to", "stay", "any", "issue", "of", "passports", "to", "the", "children.", "The", "applicant", "did", "not", "appeal", "against", "that", "decision.", "II.", "RELEVANT", "DOMESTIC", "AND", "INTERNATIONAL", "LAW", "20.", "Law", "no.", "1185", "of", "21", "November", "1967", ",", "as", "amended", "by", "the", "Passports", "Act", "2003", "(", "Law", "no.", "3", ")", ",", "provides", ":", "Section", "3", "“A", "passport", "can", "not", "be", "delivered", ":", "(", "a", ")", "to", "children", "who", "are", "subject", "to", "parental", "authority", ",", "where", "the", "parents", "do", "not", "consent", ",", "or", ",", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "parental", "authority", ",", "where", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "does", "not", "consent", ";", "(", "b", ")", "to", "parents", "of", "minor", "children", ",", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "authorisation", "by", "the", "guardianship", "judge.", "Such", "authorisation", "shall", "not", "be", "necessary", "if", "consent", "has", "been", "given", "by", "the", "other", "parent", ",", "or", "if", "one", "of", "the", "two", "parents", "has", "sole", "custody", "...", "Section", "12", "A", "passport", "may", "be", "withdrawn", "from", "a", "person", "who", "is", "abroad", "and", "is", "unable", "to", "prove", "that", "he", "or", "she", "has", "made", "maintenance", "payments", "as", "ordered", "by", "a", "court", "decision", "in", "respect", "of", "his", "or", "her", "minor", "children", "...", "”", "21.", "In", "practice", ",", "there", "are", "two", "exceptions", "in", "which", "a", "passport", "may", "nonetheless", "be", "issued", ":", "where", "the", "person", "concerned", "has", "shown", "the", "necessity", "for", "medical", "care", "in", "another", "country", ",", "or", "where", "he", "or", "she", "must", "travel", "abroad", "for", "professional", "reasons.", "22.", "Legislative", "decree", "no.", "135", "of", "2009", "made", "it", "obligatory", "for", "minor", "children", "to", "hold", "individual", "passports.", "Since", "25", "November", "2009", "it", "has", "therefore", "no", "longer", "been", "possible", "to", "include", "minor", "children", "on", "their", "parents’", "passports.", "Entries", "made", "prior", "to", "that", "date", "remain", "valid", ",", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "arrangements", "provided", "for", "in", "the", "legislation", "then", "in", "force.", "The", "validity", "of", "minor", "children’s", "passports", "varies", "depending", "on", "the", "child’s", "age", ":", "three", "years", "from", "children", "aged", "under", "three", ",", "and", "five", "years", "for", "children", "aged", "from", "three", "to", "eighteen.", "23.", "Regulation", "(", "EC", ")", "no.", "4", "/", "2009", "of", "18", "December", "2008", "on", "jurisdiction", ",", "applicable", "law", ",", "recognition", "and", "enforcement", "of", "decisions", "and", "cooperation", "in", "matters", "relating", "to", "maintenance", "obligations", "proposes", "a", "series", "of", "measures", "aimed", "at", "facilitating", "the", "payment", "of", "maintenance", "claims", "in", "cross-border", "situations.", "24.", "The", "Hague", "Convention", "of", "23", "November", "2007", "on", "the", "International", "Recovery", "of", "Child", "Support", "and", "Other", "Forms", "of", "Family", "Maintenance", "establishes", "a", "system", "of", "administrative", "cooperation", "between", "the", "authorities", "of", "the", "Contracting", "States", "and", "a", "system", "for", "the", "recognition", "and", "enforcement", "of", "maintenance", "decisions", "and", "agreements.", "25.", "The", "New", "York", "Convention", "on", "the", "Recovery", "Abroad", "of", "Maintenance", "was", "adopted", "and", "opened", "for", "signature", "on", "20", "June", "1956", "by", "the", "United", "Nations", "Conference", "on", "Maintenance", "Obligations", ",", "convened", "pursuant", "to", "Resolution", "572", "(", "XIX", ")", "of", "the", "United", "Nations", "Economic", "and", "Social", "Council", ",", "adopted", "on", "17", "May", "1955.", "THE", "LAW", "I.", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "2", "OF", "PROTOCOL", "No.", "4", "TO", "THE", "CONVENTION", "26.", "The", "applicant", "complained", "of", "an", "interference", "with", "his", "private", "life", "and", "his", "freedom", "of", "movement.", "In", "particular", ",", "he", "alleged", "that", "there", "was", "no", "statutory", "rule", "preventing", "parents", "who", "did", "not", "make", "maintenance", "payments", "from", "holding", "a", "passport", "or", "from", "having", "their", "children’s", "names", "added", "to", "it.", "He", "relied", "on", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "to", "the", "Convention", ",", "which", "provides", ":", "“1.", "Everyone", "lawfully", "within", "the", "territory", "of", "a", "State", "shall", ",", "within", "that", "territory", ",", "have", "the", "right", "to", "liberty", "of", "movement", "and", "freedom", "to", "choose", "his", "residence.", "2.", "Everyone", "shall", "be", "free", "to", "leave", "any", "country", ",", "including", "his", "own.", "3.", "No", "restrictions", "shall", "be", "placed", "on", "the", "exercise", "of", "these", "rights", "other", "than", "such", "as", "are", "in", "accordance", "with", "law", "and", "are", "necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society", "in", "the", "interests", "of", "national", "security", "or", "public", "safety", ",", "for", "the", "maintenance", "of", "ordre", "public", ",", "for", "the", "prevention", "of", "crime", ",", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "health", "or", "morals", ",", "or", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "the", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "of", "others.", "4.", "The", "rights", "set", "forth", "in", "paragraph", "1", "may", "also", "be", "subject", ",", "in", "particular", "areas", ",", "to", "restrictions", "imposed", "in", "accordance", "with", "law", "and", "justified", "by", "the", "public", "interest", "in", "a", "democratic", "society.”", "27.", "The", "Government", "contested", "the", "applicant’s", "arguments.", "A.", "Admissibility", "28.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "this", "complaint", "is", "not", "manifestly", "ill-founded", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "3", "(", "a", ")", "of", "the", "Convention.", "It", "further", "notes", "that", "it", "is", "not", "inadmissible", "on", "any", "other", "grounds.", "It", "must", "therefore", "be", "declared", "admissible.", "B.", "Merits", "1.", "The", "parties’", "submissions", "29.", "The", "applicant", "submitted", "that", "there", "was", "no", "legal", "basis", "for", "the", "authorities’", "refusal", "to", "issue", "him", "with", "a", "passport.", "In", "particular", ",", "he", "argued", "that", "he", "had", "never", "been", "convicted", "for", "a", "violation", "of", "the", "obligations", "to", "assist", "one’s", "family", "(", "violazione", "degli", "obblighi", "di", "assistenza", "familiare", ")", ",", "an", "offence", "punishable", "under", "Article", "570", "of", "the", "Criminal", "Code", ",", "and", "that", "no", "court", "had", "convicted", "him", "for", "failure", "to", "pay", "the", "sums", "due", "in", "maintenance.", "He", "also", "submitted", "that", "he", "had", "no", "criminal", "record.", "30.", "The", "Government", "pointed", "out", "that", "Article", "16", "of", "the", "Constitution", "provided", "that", "the", "freedom", "of", "a", "citizen", "to", "leave", "the", "territory", "of", "the", "Republic", "was", "subject", "to", "compliance", "with", "the", "obligations", "provided", "for", "law.", "31.", "They", "further", "considered", "that", "the", "interference", "in", "the", "applicant’s", "right", "was", "specifically", "provided", "for", "by", "law", ",", "namely", "section", "3", "(", "a", ")", "and", "(", "b", ")", "of", "Law", "no.", "1185", "of", "1967", ",", "and", "explained", "that", "it", "was", "intended", "to", "protect", "the", "children", ":", "it", "was", "intended", "to", "ensure", "that", "the", "applicant", "made", "his", "maintenance", "payments", "and", "to", "prevent", "the", "commission", "of", "an", "offence.", "In", "the", "Government’s", "opinion", ",", "this", "interference", "met", "the", "criterion", "of", "being", "“necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society”", ",", "especially", "in", "the", "light", "of", "the", "Court’s", "case-law", "on", "unpaid", "debts.", "32.", "In", "this", "connection", ",", "the", "Government", "pointed", "out", "that", "the", "Naples", "Court", "had", "decided", "to", "transmit", "its", "decision", "of", "22", "October", "2008", "to", "the", "public", "prosecutor", ",", "in", "order", "to", "establish", "whether", "a", "judicial", "investigation", "could", "be", "opened", "for", "a", "violation", "of", "the", "obligations", "to", "assist", "one’s", "family", ",", "an", "offence", "punishable", "under", "Article", "570", "of", "the", "Criminal", "Code.", "33.", "The", "Government", "indicated", "that", "the", "Constitutional", "Court", ",", "in", "its", "judgment", "no.", "464", "of", "1997", ",", "had", "stated", "that", "the", "essence", "of", "the", "relevant", "section", "of", "Law", "no.", "1185", "of", "1967", "was", "“to", "ensure", "that", "the", "parent", "fulfils", "his", "or", "her", "obligations", "towards", "his", "or", "her", "children”.", "They", "added", "that", ",", "under", "the", "Court", "of", "Cassation’s", "case-law", ",", "the", "guardianship", "judge’s", "decision", "in", "this", "area", "was", "a", "measure", "of", "“non-contentious", "proceedings”", ",", "that", "is", ",", "it", "was", "not", "intended", "to", "settle", "a", "conflict", "between", "the", "parents’", "subjective", "rights", "in", "a", "final", "manner.", "34.", "The", "Government", "referred", "to", "the", "Court’s", "case-law", "on", "restrictions", "on", "freedom", "of", "movement", "in", "situations", "involving", "pending", "criminal", "trials", ",", "bankruptcy", "or", "violations", "of", "obligations", "with", "regard", "to", "military", "service.", "2.", "The", "Court’s", "assessment", "35.", "The", "Court", "observes", "at", "the", "outset", "that", "the", "present", "case", "raises", "a", "novel", "issue", ",", "in", "that", "it", "has", "not", "previously", "had", "occasion", "to", "consider", "measures", "restricting", "the", "freedom", "to", "leave", "a", "country", "on", "account", "of", "the", "existence", "of", "particularly", "significant", "debts", "to", "a", "third", "party", ",", "such", "as", "maintenance", "payments.", "36.", "In", "previous", "cases", "examined", "under", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", ",", "the", "Court", "or", "the", "former", "European", "Commission", "of", "Human", "Rights", "considered", "such", "bans", "imposed", "in", "connection", "with", ",", "for", "example", ":", "–", "pending", "criminal", "proceedings", "(", "see", "Schmidt", "v.", "Austria", ",", "no.", ",", "Commission", "decision", "of", "9", "July", "1985", ",", "Decisions", "and", "Reports", "(", "DR", ")", "44", ",", "p.", "195", ";", "Baumann", "v.", "France", ",", "no.", ",", "ECHR", "2001V", ";", "Földes", "and", "Földesné", "Hajlik", "v.", "Hungary", ",", "no.", ",", "ECHR", "2006XII", ";", "Sissanis", "v.", "Romania", ",", "no.", ",", "25", "January", "2007", ";", "Bessenyei", "v.", "Hungary", ",", "no.", ",", "21", "October", "2008", ";", "A.E.", "v.", "Poland", ",", "no.", ",", "31", "March", "2009", ";", "Iordan", "Iordanov", "and", "Others", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "2", "July", "2009", ";", "Makedonski", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "20", "January", "2011", ";", "Pfeifer", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "17", "February", "2011", ";", "Prescher", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "7", "June", "2011", ";", "and", "Miażdżyk", "v.", "Poland", ",", "no.", ",", "24", "January", "2012", ")", ";", "–", "enforcement", "of", "criminal", "sentences", "(", "see", "M.", "v.", "Germany", ",", "no.", ",", "Commission", "decision", "of", "6", "March", "1984", ",", "DR", "37", ",", "p.", "113", ")", ";", "–", "the", "criminal", "conviction", "of", "the", "applicant", ",", "until", "such", "time", "as", "he", "had", "been", "rehabilitated", "(", "see", "Nalbantski", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", "30943", "/", "04", ",", "10", "February", "2011", ")", ";", "–", "pending", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "(", "see", "Luordo", "v.", "Italy", ",", "no.", ",", "ECHR", "2003IX", ")", ";", "–", "refusal", "to", "pay", "customs", "penalties", "(", "see", "Napijalo", "v.", "Croatia", ",", "no.", ",", "13", "November", "2003", ")", ";", "–", "failure", "to", "pay", "taxes", "(", "see", "Riener", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "23", "May", "2006", ")", ";", "–", "failure", "to", "pay", "judgment", "debts", "to", "private", "persons", "(", "see", "Ignatov", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "2", "July", "2009", ";", "Gochev", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "26", "November", "2009", ";", "and", "Khlyustov", "v.", "Russia", ",", "no.", "28975", "/", "05", ",", "11", "July", "2013", ")", ";", "–", "knowledge", "of", "“State", "secrets”", "(", "see", "Bartik", "v.", "Russia", ",", "no.", ",", "ECHR", "2006XV", ")", ";", "–", "failure", "to", "comply", "with", "military", "service", "obligations", "(", "see", "Peltonen", "v.", "Finland", ",", "no.", ",", "Commission", "decision", "of", "20", "February", "1995", ",", "DR", "80A", ",", "p.", "38", ",", "and", "Marangos", "v.", "Cyprus", ",", "no.", ",", "Commission", "decision", "of", "20", "May", "1997", ",", "unpublished", ")", ";", "–", "mental", "illness", "of", "the", "person", "concerned", ",", "coupled", "with", "a", "lack", "of", "arrangements", "for", "appropriate", "care", "in", "the", "destination", "country", "(", "see", "Nordblad", "v.", "Sweden", ",", "no.", ",", "Commission", "decision", "of", "13", "October", "1993", ",", "unpublished", ")", ";", "–", "court", "orders", "prohibiting", "minor", "children", "from", "being", "removed", "to", "a", "foreign", "country", "(", "see", "Roldan", "Texeira", "and", "Others", "v.", "Italy", "(", "dec.", ")", ",", "no.", ",", "26", "October", "2000", ",", "and", "Diamante", "and", "Pelliccioni", "v.", "San", "Marino", ",", "no.", ",", "27", "September", "2011", ")", ";", "–", "ban", "prohibiting", "a", "Bulgarian", "from", "leaving", "the", "territory", "of", "Bulgaria", "for", "two", "years", "on", "account", "of", "breaches", "of", "the", "immigration", "laws", "of", "the", "United", "States", "(", "see", "Stamose", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", "29713", "/", "05", ",", "ECHR", "2012", ")", ".", "The", "Court", "considers", "that", "in", "spite", "of", "the", "differences", "between", "those", "cases", "and", "the", "present", "case", ",", "the", "principles", "laid", "down", "in", "them", "are", "also", "applicable", "here.", "37.", "Article", "2", "§", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "guarantees", "to", "any", "person", "the", "right", "to", "leave", "any", "country", "for", "any", "other", "country", "of", "that", "person’s", "choice", "to", "which", "he", "or", "she", "may", "be", "admitted.", "The", "domestic", "courts’", "refusal", "to", "issue", "the", "applicant", "with", "a", "passport", "and", "the", "decision", "to", "invalidate", "his", "identity", "card", "for", "foreign", "travel", "constituted", "an", "interference", "with", "that", "right", "(", "see", "the", "decision", "in", "Peltonen", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "p.", "43", ",", "and", "the", "above-cited", "judgments", "in", "Baumann", ",", "§§", "62-63", ";", "Napijalo", ",", "§§", "69-73", ";", "and", "Nalbantski", ",", "§", "61", ")", ".", "It", "must", "therefore", "be", "determined", "whether", "that", "interference", "was", "“in", "accordance", "with", "law”", ",", "pursued", "one", "or", "more", "of", "the", "legitimate", "aims", "set", "out", "in", "Article", "2", "§", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", ",", "and", "whether", "it", "was", "“necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society”", "for", "the", "achievement", "of", "such", "an", "aim.", "38.", "With", "regard", "to", "the", "lawfulness", "of", "the", "measure", ",", "the", "Court", "reiterates", "its", "settled", "case-law", "according", "to", "which", "the", "expression", "“in", "accordance", "with", "law”", "not", "only", "requires", "that", "the", "impugned", "measure", "should", "have", "some", "basis", "in", "domestic", "law", ",", "but", "also", "refers", "to", "the", "quality", "of", "the", "law", "in", "question", ",", "requiring", "that", "it", "should", "be", "accessible", "to", "the", "person", "concerned", "and", "foreseeable", "as", "to", "its", "effects", "(", "see", "Rotaru", "v.", "Romania", "[", "GC", "]", ",", "no.", ",", "§", "52", ",", "ECHR", "2000-V", ")", ".", "In", "order", "for", "the", "law", "to", "meet", "the", "criterion", "of", "foreseeability", ",", "it", "must", "set", "forth", "with", "sufficient", "precision", "the", "conditions", "in", "which", "a", "measure", "may", "be", "applied", ",", "to", "enable", "the", "persons", "concerned", "–", "if", "need", "be", ",", "with", "appropriate", "advice", "–", "to", "regulate", "their", "conduct.", "39.", "As", "the", "Government", "have", "emphasised", ",", "the", "interference", "was", "based", "on", "section", "12", "of", "the", "Passports", "Act", "1967", "(", "Law", "no.", "1185", "of", "21", "November", "1967", ")", ",", "as", "amended", "by", "Law", "no.", "3", "of", "2003", ",", "regard", "being", "had", "to", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "applicant", "was", "failing", "to", "make", "the", "maintenance", "payments", "which", "he", "was", "required", "to", "pay", "for", "his", "children.", "The", "interference", "thus", "clearly", "had", "a", "legal", "basis", "in", "national", "law.", "In", "this", "regard", ",", "the", "Court", "also", "notes", "that", "the", "Constitutional", "Court", ",", "in", "its", "judgment", "no.", "464", "of", "1997", ",", "stated", "that", "the", "essence", "of", "the", "relevant", "section", "of", "Law", "no.", "1185", "of", "1967", "is", "to", "“to", "ensure", "that", "the", "parent", "fulfils", "his", "or", "her", "obligations", "towards", "his", "or", "her", "children”.", "40.", "The", "Court", "also", "considers", "that", "the", "imposition", "of", "the", "impugned", "measure", "was", "intended", "to", "guarantee", "the", "interests", "of", "the", "applicant’s", "children", "and", "that", "in", "principle", "it", "pursued", "a", "legitimate", "aim", ",", "namely", "the", "protection", "of", "the", "rights", "of", "others", "–", "in", "the", "present", "case", ",", "the", "children’s", "right", "to", "receive", "the", "maintenance", "payments.", "41.", "With", "regard", "to", "the", "proportionality", "of", "a", "restriction", "imposed", "on", "account", "of", "unpaid", "debts", ",", "the", "Court", "reiterates", "that", "such", "a", "measure", "is", "justified", "only", "so", "long", "as", "it", "furthers", "the", "pursued", "aim", "of", "guaranteeing", "recovery", "of", "the", "debts", "in", "question", "(", "see", "Napijalo", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§§", "78", "to", "82", ",", "13", "November", "2003", ")", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "even", "were", "it", "justified", "at", "the", "outset", ",", "a", "measure", "restricting", "an", "individual’s", "freedom", "of", "movement", "may", "become", "disproportionate", "and", "breach", "that", "individual’s", "rights", "if", "it", "is", "automatically", "extended", "over", "a", "long", "period", "(", "see", "Luordo", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "96", ",", "ECHR", "2003-IX", ",", "and", "Földes", "and", "Földesné", "Hajlik", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "35", ")", ".", "42.", "In", "any", "event", ",", "the", "domestic", "authorities", "are", "under", "an", "obligation", "to", "ensure", "that", "a", "breach", "of", "an", "individual’s", "right", "to", "leave", "his", "or", "her", "country", "is", ",", "from", "the", "outset", "and", "throughout", "its", "duration", ",", "justified", "and", "proportionate", "in", "view", "of", "the", "circumstances.", "They", "may", "not", "extend", "for", "long", "periods", "measures", "restricting", "an", "individual’s", "freedom", "of", "movement", "without", "regular", "re-examination", "of", "their", "justification", "(", "see", "Riener", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "124", ",", "and", "Földes", "and", "Földesné", "Hajlik", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "35", ")", ".", "Such", "review", "should", "normally", "be", "carried", "out", ",", "at", "least", "in", "the", "final", "instance", ",", "by", "the", "courts", ",", "since", "they", "offer", "the", "best", "guarantees", "of", "the", "independence", ",", "impartiality", "and", "lawfulness", "of", "the", "procedures", "(", "see", "Sissanis", "v.", "Romania", ",", "no.", ",", "§", "70", ",", "25", "January", "2007", ")", ".", "The", "scope", "of", "the", "judicial", "review", "should", "enable", "the", "court", "to", "take", "account", "of", "all", "the", "factors", "involved", ",", "including", "those", "concerning", "the", "proportionality", "of", "the", "restrictive", "measure", "(", "see", ",", "mutatis", "mutandis", ",", "Le", "Compte", ",", "Van", "Leuven", "and", "De", "Meyere", "v.", "Belgium", ",", "23", "June", "1981", ",", "§", "60", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "43", ")", ".", "43.", "Turning", "to", "the", "circumstances", "of", "the", "present", "case", ",", "the", "Court", "notes", "that", "the", "applicant", "has", "not", "had", "a", "passport", "or", "an", "identity", "card", "which", "is", "valid", "for", "foreign", "travel", "since", "2008.", "It", "notes", "that", "he", "was", "refused", "a", "passport", "or", "an", "identity", "card", "which", "was", "valid", "for", "foreign", "travel", "on", "account", "of", "failure", "to", "make", "maintenance", "payments.", "The", "domestic", "courts", "(", "see", "paragraphs", "11-12", "above", ")", "emphasised", "that", "the", "applicant", "had", "not", "made", "the", "required", "maintenance", "payments", "in", "respect", "of", "his", "children", ",", "and", "that", "there", "was", "a", "risk", "that", "he", "would", "make", "no", "further", "payments", "if", "he", "travelled", "abroad.", "44.", "As", "shown", "by", "the", "documents", "in", "the", "case", "file", ",", "and", "especially", "the", "relevant", "domestic", "decisions", ",", "the", "national", "courts", "did", "not", "consider", "it", "necessary", "to", "examine", "the", "applicant’s", "personal", "situation", "or", "his", "ability", "to", "pay", "the", "amounts", "due", ",", "and", "applied", "the", "impugned", "measure", "automatically.", "There", "seems", "to", "have", "been", "no", "attempt", "to", "balance", "the", "rights", "at", "stake.", "The", "only", "factor", "taken", "into", "consideration", "was", "the", "property", "interests", "of", "the", "maintenance", "recipients.", "45.", "Moreover", ",", "the", "Court", "notes", "that", "there", "has", "been", "civil-law", "cooperation", "at", "European", "and", "international", "level", "on", "the", "issue", "of", "the", "recovery", "of", "maintenance", "payments.", "It", "points", "out", "that", "there", "exist", "methods", "for", "obtaining", "recovery", "of", "debts", "outside", "national", "boundaries", ",", "in", "particular", "Council", "Regulation", "(", "EC", ")", "no.", "4", "/", "2009", "of", "18", "December", "2008", "on", "jurisdiction", ",", "applicable", "law", ",", "recognition", "and", "enforcement", "of", "decisions", "and", "cooperation", "in", "matters", "relating", "to", "maintenance", "obligations", ",", "the", "Hague", "Convention", "of", "23", "November", "2007", "on", "the", "International", "Recovery", "of", "Child", "Support", "and", "Other", "Forms", "of", "Family", "Maintenance", ",", "and", "the", "New", "York", "Convention", "on", "the", "Recovery", "Abroad", "of", "Maintenance.", "Those", "instruments", "were", "not", "taken", "into", "account", "by", "the", "authorities", "when", "applying", "the", "impugned", "measure.", "They", "had", "merely", "emphasised", "that", "the", "applicant", "could", "have", "travelled", "abroad", "using", "his", "passport", "and", "thus", "succeeded", "in", "evading", "his", "obligation.", "46.", "The", "Court", "further", "observes", "that", ",", "in", "the", "present", "case", ",", "the", "restriction", "imposed", "on", "the", "applicant", "did", "not", "ensure", "payment", "of", "the", "sums", "due", "in", "maintenance.", "47.", "Accordingly", ",", "it", "considers", "that", "the", "applicant", "was", "subjected", "to", "measures", "of", "an", "automatic", "nature", ",", "with", "no", "limitation", "as", "to", "their", "scope", "or", "duration", "(", "see", "Riener", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "127", ")", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "the", "domestic", "courts", "have", "not", "carried", "out", "any", "fresh", "review", "of", "the", "justification", "for", "and", "proportionality", "of", "the", "measure", ",", "having", "regard", "to", "the", "circumstances", "of", "the", "case", ",", "since", "2008.", "48.", "In", "the", "light", "of", "the", "foregoing", ",", "the", "Court", "does", "not", "consider", "that", "the", "automatic", "imposition", "of", "such", "a", "measure", "for", "an", "indeterminate", "period", "without", "any", "regard", "to", "the", "individual", "circumstances", "of", "the", "person", "concerned", "can", "be", "described", "as", "necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society.", "49.", "It", "follows", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4.", "II.", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "8", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "50.", "The", "applicant", "alleged", "that", "the", "refusal", "to", "issue", "him", "with", "a", "passport", "amounted", "to", "interference", "with", "his", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "his", "private", "life", "as", "guaranteed", "by", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "which", "provides", ":", "“1.", "Everyone", "has", "the", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "his", "private", "and", "family", "life", ",", "his", "home", "and", "his", "correspondence.", "2.", "There", "shall", "be", "no", "interference", "by", "a", "public", "authority", "with", "the", "exercise", "of", "this", "right", "except", "such", "as", "is", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "law", "and", "is", "necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society", "in", "the", "interests", "of", "national", "security", ",", "public", "safety", "or", "the", "economic", "well-being", "of", "the", "country", ",", "for", "the", "prevention", "of", "disorder", "or", "crime", ",", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "health", "or", "morals", ",", "or", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "the", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "of", "others.”", "51.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "this", "complaint", ",", "as", "put", "to", "it", "by", "the", "applicant", ",", "is", "closely", "linked", "to", "the", "complaint", "under", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", ",", "examined", "above", ",", "and", "must", "likewise", "be", "declared", "admissible.", "52.", "Having", "regard", "to", "its", "conclusions", "under", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "(", "see", "paragraphs", "48", "and", "49", "above", ")", ",", "the", "Court", "does", "not", "consider", "it", "necessary", "to", "examine", "it", "separately.", "III.", "OTHER", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATIONS", "53.", "The", "applicant", "alleged", "that", "the", "mother", "of", "his", "children", "received", "preferential", "treatment", "in", "that", ",", "unlike", "him", ",", "she", "had", "been", "able", "to", "have", "the", "children’s", "names", "entered", "on", "her", "passport", ",", "a", "fact", "which", ",", "he", "submitted", ",", "was", "in", "breach", "of", "Article", "5", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "7", "to", "the", "Convention.", "54.", "The", "Court", "notes", "at", "the", "outset", "that", "the", "applicant", "has", "failed", "to", "substantiate", "this", "complaint.", "In", "so", "far", "as", "it", "raises", "a", "separate", "issue", "from", "that", "examined", "above", "and", "in", "so", "far", "as", "it", "has", "jurisdiction", "to", "examine", "the", "allegations", ",", "the", "Court", "has", "not", "found", "any", "appearance", "of", "a", "breach", "of", "the", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "guaranteed", "by", "the", "Convention.", "Accordingly", ",", "it", "declares", "this", "complaint", "inadmissible.", "IV.", "APPLICATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "41", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "55.", "Article", "41", "of", "the", "Convention", "provides", ":", "“If", "the", "Court", "finds", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "the", "Convention", "or", "the", "Protocols", "thereto", ",", "and", "if", "the", "internal", "law", "of", "the", "High", "Contracting", "Party", "concerned", "allows", "only", "partial", "reparation", "to", "be", "made", ",", "the", "Court", "shall", ",", "if", "necessary", ",", "afford", "just", "satisfaction", "to", "the", "injured", "party.”", "A.", "Damage", "56.", "The", "applicant", "claimed", "EUR", "30,000", "in", "respect", "of", "the", "non-pecuniary", "damage", "that", "he", "alleged", "he", "had", "sustained", ",", "on", "his", "own", "behalf", "and", "on", "behalf", "of", "his", "children", ",", "as", "a", "result", "of", "the", "fact", "that", "it", "was", "impossible", "to", "travel", "abroad.", "57.", "The", "Government", "contested", "this", "claim.", "They", "considered", "that", "the", "amount", "claimed", "was", ",", "in", "any", "event", ",", "excessive", "and", "that", "it", "did", "not", "correspond", "to", "the", "criteria", "used", "by", "the", "Court.", "58.", "The", "Court", "considers", "it", "appropriate", "to", "award", "the", "applicant", "EUR", "5,000", "in", "respect", "of", "non-pecuniary", "damage.", "B.", "Costs", "and", "expenses", "59.", "The", "applicant", "also", "claimed", "EUR", "20,000", "for", "the", "costs", "and", "expenses", "incurred", "before", "the", "domestic", "courts", "and", "before", "the", "Court", ",", "without", "however", "submitting", "any", "supporting", "documents.", "60.", "The", "Government", "considered", "this", "sum", "excessive", "and", "submitted", "that", "the", "applicant", "had", "not", "shown", "that", "the", "alleged", "costs", "and", "expenses", "had", "been", "necessary", "and", "reasonable.", "61.", "According", "to", "the", "Court’s", "case-law", ",", "an", "applicant", "is", "entitled", "to", "the", "reimbursement", "of", "costs", "and", "expenses", "only", "in", "so", "far", "as", "it", "has", "been", "shown", "that", "these", "have", "been", "actually", "and", "necessarily", "incurred", "and", "are", "reasonable", "as", "to", "quantum.", "In", "the", "present", "case", ",", "noting", "that", "the", "applicant", "did", "not", "produce", "any", "documents", "in", "support", "of", "his", "claims", ",", "the", "Court", "decides", "not", "to", "award", "any", "sum", "under", "this", "head.", "C.", "Default", "interest", "62.", "The", "Court", "considers", "it", "appropriate", "that", "the", "default", "interest", "rate", "should", "be", "based", "on", "the", "marginal", "lending", "rate", "of", "the", "European", "Central", "Bank", ",", "to", "which", "should", "be", "added", "three", "percentage", "points.", "FOR", "THESE", "REASONS", ",", "THE", "COURT", ",", "1.", "Declares", ",", "unanimously", ",", "the", "application", "admissible", "in", "respect", "of", "the", "complaints", "under", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "to", "the", "Convention", "and", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ";", "2.", "Declares", "by", "a", "majority", ",", "the", "remainder", "of", "the", "application", "inadmissible", ";", "3.", "Holds", ",", "unanimously", ",", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "to", "the", "Convention", ";", "4.", "Holds", ",", "unanimously", ",", "that", "there", "is", "no", "need", "to", "examine", "the", "complaint", "under", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ";", "5.", "Holds", ",", "unanimously", ",", "(", "a", ")", "that", "the", "respondent", "State", "is", "to", "pay", "the", "applicant", ",", "within", "three", "months", "from", "the", "date", "on", "which", "the", "judgment", "becomes", "final", "in", "accordance", "with", "Article", "44", "§", "2", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "EUR", "5,000", "(", "five", "thousand", "euros", ")", ",", "plus", "any", "tax", "that", "may", "be", "chargeable", ",", "in", "respect", "of", "non-pecuniary", "damage", ";", "(", "b", ")", "that", "from", "the", "expiry", "of", "the", "above-mentioned", "three", "months", "until", "settlement", "simple", "interest", "shall", "be", "payable", "on", "the", "above", "amount", "at", "a", "rate", "equal", "to", "the", 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"terminated", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "for", "lack", "of", "any", "further", "assets", "to", "distribute.", "18.", "The", "decision", "was", "posted", "in", "the", "District", "Court", "on", "23", "March", "2001.", "It", "became", "final", "on", "7", "April", "2001.", "II.", "RELEVANT", "DOMESTIC", "LAW", "AND", "PRACTICE", "19.", "The", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "(", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", ")", "provides", ",", "inter", "alia", ":", "Section", "26", "“An", "appeal", "shall", "lie", "against", "the", "decisions", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge", "...", "to", "the", "district", "court", "within", "three", "days", "of", "their", "adoption", ",", "and", "may", "be", "lodged", "by", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", ",", "the", "bankrupt", ",", "the", "creditors", "'", "committee", "or", "any", "other", "person", "with", "an", "interest.", "The", "district", "court", "shall", "deliberate", "in", "private", "and", "give", "a", "reasoned", "decision.", "The", "appeal", "shall", "not", "have", "suspensive", "effect", "in", "relation", "to", "the", "impugned", "decision.”", "Section", "36", "“An", "appeal", "shall", "lie", "against", "measures", "taken", "by", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy.", "Such", "appeals", "may", "be", "lodged", "by", "the", "bankrupt", ",", "or", "any", "other", "person", "with", "an", "interest", ",", "with", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge", ",", "who", "shall", "give", "a", "reasoned", "decision.", "An", "appeal", "against", "that", "decision", "may", "be", "lodged", "within", "three", "days", "with", "the", "district", "court.", "That", "court", "shall", "give", "a", "reasoned", "decision", "after", "hearing", "evidence", "from", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "and", "the", "appellant.”", "Section", "42", "“The", "bankruptcy", "order", "shall", "divest", "the", "bankrupt", "of", "the", "rights", "to", "administer", "or", "to", "deal", "with", "assets", "that", "were", "in", "existence", "at", "the", "date", "of", "the", "said", "order.", "...", "”", "Section", "48", "“Correspondence", "addressed", "to", "the", "bankrupt", "shall", "be", "passed", "to", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", ",", "who", "shall", "be", "empowered", "to", "retain", "correspondence", "concerning", "property", "interests.", "The", "bankrupt", "may", "consult", "the", "correspondence.", "The", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "shall", "keep", "the", "content", "of", "correspondence", "not", "relating", "to", "such", "interests", "confidential.”", "Section", "49", "“The", "bankrupt", "may", "not", "leave", "his", "place", "of", "residence", "without", "the", "authorisation", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge", "and", "must", "report", "to", "that", "judge", ",", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "or", "the", "creditors", "'", "committee", "each", "time", "he", "is", "duly", "summoned", ",", "except", "where", "he", "is", "unable", "to", "appear", "on", "legitimate", "grounds", "and", "the", "judge", "gives", "him", "leave", "to", "send", "a", "representative.", "If", "the", "bankrupt", "fails", "to", "comply", "with", "a", "summons", ",", "the", "judge", "may", "order", "that", "he", "be", "brought", "by", "the", "police.”", "Section", "50", "“A", "public", "register", "of", "the", "names", "of", "bankrupts", "shall", "be", "held", "at", "the", "registry", "of", "each", "district", "court.", "Names", "shall", "be", "deleted", "from", "the", "register", "by", "order", "of", "the", "district", "court.", "A", "bankrupt", "shall", "be", "subject", "to", "the", "restrictions", "laid", "down", "by", "law", "until", "such", "time", "as", "his", "name", "is", "deleted", "from", "the", "register.”", "Section", "119", "“The", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "shall", "be", "terminated", "by", "means", "of", "a", "reasoned", "decision", "of", "the", "court", "...", "An", "appeal", "against", "that", "decision", "may", "be", "lodged", "with", "the", "court", "of", "appeal", "within", "fifteen", "days", "of", "its", "being", "posted", "in", "the", "court", "...", "”", "Section", "143", "“Rehabilitation", "may", "be", "granted", "to", "bankrupts", "who", "1.", "have", "paid", "in", "full", "the", "debts", "included", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", ",", "including", "interest", "and", "expenses", ";", "2.", "have", "complied", "with", "the", "terms", "of", "the", "composition", "with", "creditors", "if", "the", "court", "considers", "them", "eligible", "for", "such", "a", "measure", ",", "taking", "into", "account", "the", "causes", "and", "circumstances", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", ",", "the", "terms", "of", "the", "composition", "and", "the", "percentage", "agreed.", "Rehabilitation", "may", "not", "be", "granted", "in", "cases", "where", "the", "percentage", "agreed", "for", "unsecured", "creditors", "is", "below", "25", "%", "...", ";", "3.", "have", "shown", "proof", "of", "effective", "and", "consistent", "good", "conduct", "for", "at", "least", "five", "years", "following", "the", "end", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings.”", "20.", "Article", "2", "§", "1", "(", "a", ")", "of", "Presidential", "Decree", "no.", "223", "of", "20", "March", "1967", ",", "as", "amended", "by", "Law", "no.", "15", "of", "16", "January", "1992", ",", "provides", "essentially", "for", "the", "suspension", "of", "the", "bankrupt", "'s", "electoral", "rights", "for", "the", "duration", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "and", ",", "in", "any", "event", ",", "for", "a", "period", "not", "exceeding", "five", "years", "from", "the", "date", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "order.", "21.", "Legislative", "Decree", "(", "decreto", "legislativo", ")", "no.", "5", "of", "9", "January", "2006", "on", "the", "reform", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "provides", ",", "inter", "alia", ",", "as", "follows", ":", "Article", "45", "–", "Replacement", "of", "Article", "48", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", "“Article", "48", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", "is", "hereby", "replaced", "by", "the", "following", ":", "'Article", "48", "(", "correspondence", "addressed", "to", "bankrupts", ")", ":", "Entrepreneurs", "who", "are", "declared", "bankrupt", "and", "the", "directors", "or", "liquidators", "of", "companies", "or", "corporations", "which", "are", "the", "subject", "of", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "shall", "be", "required", "to", "hand", "over", "to", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "all", "correspondence", ",", "and", "in", "particular", "electronic", "correspondence", ",", "concerning", "property", "interests", "[", "rapporti", "]", "included", "in", "the", "bankruptcy.", "'", "”", "Article", "46", "–", "Replacement", "of", "Article", "49", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", "“Article", "49", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", "is", "hereby", "replaced", "by", "the", "following", ":", "'Article", "49", "(", "obligations", "of", "bankrupts", ")", ":", "Entrepreneurs", "who", "are", "declared", "bankrupt", "and", "the", "directors", "or", "liquidators", "of", "companies", "or", "corporations", "which", "are", "the", "subject", "of", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "shall", "be", "required", "to", "inform", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "of", "any", "change", "of", "residence", "or", "address.", "Where", "information", "or", "clarification", "is", "needed", "for", "the", "conduct", "of", "the", "proceedings", ",", "the", "above-mentioned", "individuals", "must", "report", "in", "person", "to", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge", ",", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "or", "the", "creditors", "'", "committee.", "If", "they", "are", "unable", "to", "do", "so", ",", "the", "judge", "may", "give", "leave", "to", "the", "entrepreneur", "or", "the", "legal", "representative", "of", "the", "company", "or", "corporation", "which", "is", "the", "subject", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "to", "send", "a", "representative.", "'", "”", "Article", "47", "–", "Repeal", "of", "Article", "50", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", "“Article", "50", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", "is", "hereby", "repealed.”", "Article", "152", "–", "Repealing", "provisions", "concerning", "personal", "restrictions", "imposed", "on", "bankrupts", "“The", "following", "provisions", "are", "hereby", "repealed", ":", "(", "a", ")", "Article", "2", "§", "1", "(", "a", ")", "...", "of", "Presidential", "Decree", "no.", "223", "of", "20", "March", "1967", ";", "...", "”", "22.", "According", "to", "legal", "commentators", ",", "the", "institution", "of", "bankruptcy", "has", "its", "origins", "in", "the", "Middle", "Ages", "(", "thirteenth", "century", ")", ",", "an", "era", "when", "merchants", "(", "in", "the", "broad", "sense", ",", "encompassing", "traders", ",", "entrepreneurs", "and", "bankers", ")", "formed", "the", "nucleus", "of", "a", "new", "social", "class.", "In", "this", "context", ",", "in", "which", "the", "public", "interest", "coincided", "at", "times", "with", "the", "interests", "of", "the", "merchant", "class", ",", "bankruptcy", "was", "designed", "to", "impose", "stringent", "measures", "on", "insolvent", "merchants.", "Hence", ",", "bankruptcy", "was", "subject", "to", "criminal", "penalties", "(", "such", "as", "banishment", ",", "arrest", "and", ",", "in", "some", "cases", ",", "torture", "or", "death", ")", "or", "civil", "penalties", "such", "as", "the", "entry", "of", "the", "bankrupt", "'s", "name", "in", "a", "register", ",", "forcing", "bankrupts", "to", "wear", "distinguishing", "marks", "(", "such", "as", "a", "green", "beret", ")", ",", "loss", "of", "citizenship", ",", "and", "other", "restrictions", "(", "see", "A.", "Jorio", ",", "La", "crisi", "d'impresa", ",", "il", "fallimento", ",", "Guiffré", ",", "2000", ",", "p.", "364", ";", "S.", "Bonfatti", "and", "P.F.", "Censoni", ",", "Manuale", "di", "diritto", "fallimentare", ",", "Cedam", ",", "2004", ",", "pp.", "1-2", "and", "72-73", ";", "and", "L.", "Guglielmucci", ",", "Lezioni", "di", "diritto", "fallimentare", ",", "G.", "Giappichelli", ",", "Turin", ",", "2004", ",", "p.", "122", ")", ".", "THE", "LAW", "I.", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "8", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "(", "AS", "REGARDS", "RESPECT", "FOR", "THE", "APPLICANT", "'S", "CORRESPON-DENCE", ")", ",", "ARTICLE", "1", "OF", "PROTOCOL", "No.", "1", "AND", "ARTICLE", "2", "OF", "PROTOCOL", "No.", "4", "23.", "Relying", "on", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "and", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "respectively", ",", "the", "applicant", "complained", "of", "a", "violation", "of", "her", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "correspondence", "and", "her", "right", "to", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "her", "possessions", ",", "and", "of", "the", "restrictions", "placed", "on", "her", "freedom", "of", "movement", ",", "notably", "on", "account", "of", "the", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings.", "24.", "The", "Articles", "in", "question", "provide", ":", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "“1.", "Everyone", "has", "the", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "his", "...", "correspondence.", "2.", "There", "shall", "be", "no", "interference", "by", "a", "public", "authority", "with", "the", "exercise", "of", "this", "right", "except", "such", "as", "is", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "law", "and", "is", "necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society", "in", "the", "interests", "of", "national", "security", ",", "public", "safety", "or", "the", "economic", "well-being", "of", "the", "country", ",", "for", "the", "prevention", "of", "disorder", "or", "crime", ",", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "health", "or", "morals", ",", "or", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "the", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "of", "others.”", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "“Every", "natural", "or", "legal", "person", "is", "entitled", "to", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "his", "possessions.", "No", "one", "shall", "be", "deprived", "of", "his", "possessions", "except", "in", "the", "public", "interest", "and", "subject", "to", "the", "conditions", "provided", "for", "by", "law", "and", "by", "the", "general", "principles", "of", "international", "law.", "The", "preceding", "provisions", "shall", "not", ",", "however", ",", "in", "any", "way", "impair", "the", "right", "of", "a", "State", "to", "enforce", "such", "laws", "as", "it", "deems", "necessary", "to", "control", "the", "use", "of", "property", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "general", "interest", "or", "to", "secure", "the", "payment", "of", "taxes", "or", "other", "contributions", "or", "penalties.”", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "“1.", "Everyone", "lawfully", "within", "the", "territory", "of", "a", "State", "shall", ",", "within", "that", "territory", ",", "have", "the", "right", "to", "liberty", "of", "movement", "and", "freedom", "to", "choose", "his", "residence.", "2.", "Everyone", "shall", "be", "free", "to", "leave", "any", "country", ",", "including", "his", "own.", "3.", "No", "restrictions", "shall", "be", "placed", "on", "the", "exercise", "of", "these", "rights", "other", "than", "such", "as", "are", "in", "accordance", "with", "law", "and", "are", "necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society", "in", "the", "interests", "of", "national", "security", "or", "public", "safety", ",", "for", "the", "maintenance", "of", "ordre", "public", ",", "for", "the", "prevention", "of", "crime", ",", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "health", "or", "morals", ",", "or", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "the", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "of", "others.", "...", "”", "A.", "Admissibility", "25.", "The", "Government", "submitted", "first", "of", "all", "that", "the", "applicant", "had", "failed", "to", "exhaust", "domestic", "remedies.", "As", "her", "complaints", "related", "to", "the", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings", ",", "she", "should", "have", "lodged", "an", "appeal", "with", "the", "relevant", "appellate", "court", "in", "accordance", "with", "Law", "no.", "89", "of", "24", "March", "2001", "–", "“the", "Pinto", "Act”.", "26.", "The", "Government", "further", "referred", "to", "Court", "of", "Cassation", "judgment", "no.", "362", "of", "2003", "upholding", "a", "Venice", "Court", "of", "Appeal", "decision", "on", "an", "appeal", "under", "the", "Pinto", "Act", "concerning", "the", "length", "of", "bankruptcy", "proceedings.", "In", "its", "judgment", ",", "the", "Court", "of", "Cassation", "had", "stated", "that", "“the", "non-pecuniary", "damage", "results", "from", "the", "distress", "suffered", "by", "the", "appellant", "owing", "to", "the", "fact", "that", "his", "bankrupt", "status", ",", "with", "the", "attendant", "restrictions", "on", "his", "freedom", "of", "movement", ",", "electoral", "rights", "and", "possibility", "of", "practising", "a", "profession", ",", "continued", "beyond", "the", "time", "which", "could", "be", "considered", "reasonable", "for", "the", "proceedings.", "Compensation", "for", "this", "damage", "can", "be", "afforded", "only", "by", "means", "of", "an", "equitable", "assessment", "which", "takes", "account", "not", "just", "of", "the", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings", "but", "also", "of", "the", "particular", "nature", "of", "the", "personal", "rights", "which", "were", "infringed", "wholly", "or", "in", "part.”", "27.", "The", "applicant", "maintained", "that", "the", "Government", "'s", "observations", "had", "been", "submitted", "out", "of", "time", "for", "the", "purposes", "of", "Rule", "38", "of", "the", "Rules", "of", "Court.", "28.", "The", "Court", "notes", "firstly", "that", "it", "set", "an", "initial", "deadline", "of", "9", "August", "2004", "for", "submission", "of", "the", "Government", "'s", "observations.", "At", "the", "latter", "'s", "request", ",", "it", "subsequently", "extended", "the", "deadline", "until", "17", "September", "2004.", "The", "Government", "'s", "observations", "were", "sent", "on", "that", "date.", "29.", "Secondly", ",", "it", "observes", "that", "the", "Court", "of", "Cassation", ",", "in", "its", "judgment", "no.", "362", "of", "2003", "deposited", "with", "the", "registry", "on", "14", "January", "2003", ",", "acknowledged", "for", "the", "first", "time", "that", "compensation", "for", "non-pecuniary", "damage", "resulting", "from", "the", "length", "of", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "must", "take", "into", "account", ",", "inter", "alia", ",", "the", "prolongation", "of", "the", "restrictions", "arising", "out", "of", "the", "person", "'s", "bankrupt", "status.", "30.", "As", "to", "the", "complaint", "under", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", ",", "the", "Court", "points", "out", "that", "in", "Mascolo", "v.", "Italy", "(", "(", "dec.", ")", ",", "no.", "68792", "/", "01", ",", "16", "October", "2003", ")", "it", "found", "that", "the", "violation", "of", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "of", "property", "had", "been", "“linked", "specifically", "to", "the", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings", ",", "of", "which", "it", "[", "was", "]", "an", "indirect", "consequence”", "and", "that", "therefore", "“the", "same", "remedy", "under", "the", "Pinto", "Act", "provide", "[", "d", "]", "the", "most", "likely", "means", "by", "which", "applicants", "[", "could", "]", "raise", "their", "claims", "concerning", "the", "financial", "effects", "of", "the", "excessive", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings", "on", "their", "right", "of", "property”.", "Furthermore", ",", "in", "Provvedi", "v.", "Italy", "(", "(", "dec.", ")", ",", "no.", "66644", "/", "01", ",", "2", "December", "2004", ")", ",", "the", "Court", "found", "that", "“an", "action", "under", "the", "'Pinto", "Act", "'", "constitutes", "a", "remedy", "of", "which", "applicants", "must", "avail", "themselves", "...", "in", "order", "to", "satisfy", "the", "requirements", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "1", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "not", "only", "in", "respect", "of", "allegations", "under", "Article", "6", "§", "1", "but", "also", "in", "respect", "of", "those", "under", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1”.", "31.", "The", "Court", "reiterates", "its", "previous", "finding", "that", ",", "from", "14", "July", "2003", "onwards", ",", "the", "public", "should", "have", "been", "aware", "of", "the", "existence", "of", "judgment", "no.", "362", "of", "2003", ",", "and", "that", "it", "was", "from", "that", "point", "on", "that", "applicants", "should", "be", "required", "to", "avail", "themselves", "of", "the", "remedy", "in", "question", "for", "the", "purposes", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "1", "of", "the", "Convention", "(", "see", "Sgattoni", "v.", "Italy", ",", "no.", "77132", "/", "01", ",", "§", "48", ",", "6", "October", "2005", ")", ".", "32.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "the", "decision", "terminating", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "became", "final", "on", "7", "April", "2001", ",", "fifteen", "days", "after", "it", "had", "been", "posted", "in", "the", "District", "Court", ",", "in", "accordance", "with", "section", "119", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act.", "The", "applicant", "had", "six", "months", "from", "that", "date", ",", "that", "is", ",", "until", "7", "October", "2001", ",", "to", "lodge", "an", "appeal", "under", "the", "Pinto", "Act.", "33.", "In", "view", "of", "the", "above", "considerations", ",", "the", "Court", "observes", "that", ",", "at", "that", "time", ",", "the", "applicant", "could", "not", "have", "complained", "effectively", "of", "the", "restrictions", "arising", "out", "of", "her", "bankruptcy", ",", "notably", "on", "account", "of", "the", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings.", "The", "Government", "'s", "preliminary", "objection", "should", "therefore", "be", "dismissed", "(", "see", "Sgattoni", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§§", "44-49", ")", ".", "34.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "this", "part", "of", "the", "application", "is", "not", "manifestly", "illfounded", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "3", "of", "the", "Convention.", "No", "other", "ground", "for", "declaring", "it", "inadmissible", "has", "been", "established.", "It", "must", "therefore", "be", "declared", "admissible.", "B.", "Merits", "35.", "The", "Government", "considered", "that", "the", "restrictions", "imposed", "on", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "her", "possessions", ",", "her", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "correspondence", "and", "her", "freedom", "of", "movement", "were", "proportionate", "to", "the", "need", "to", "protect", "her", "creditors.", "36.", "They", "observed", "that", ",", "in", "any", "event", ",", "the", "duration", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", ",", "namely", "three", "years", "and", "nine", "months", ",", "could", "not", "be", "considered", "excessive.", "37.", "In", "the", "applicant", "'s", "submission", ",", "the", "application", "related", "not", "to", "the", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings", "but", "to", "the", "disproportionate", "nature", "of", "the", "State", "'s", "interference", "with", "her", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "correspondence", ",", "her", "right", "to", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "her", "possessions", "and", "her", "freedom", "of", "movement", ",", "notably", "on", "account", "of", "the", "proceedings.", "38.", "The", "Court", "observes", "that", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "commenced", "on", "30", "June", "1997", "and", "ended", "on", "20", "March", "2001", ",", "the", "date", "on", "which", "the", "decision", "terminating", "the", "proceedings", "was", "deposited", "with", "the", "registry.", "They", "therefore", "lasted", "for", "over", "three", "years", "and", "eight", "months.", "In", "the", "Court", "'s", "view", ",", "this", "length", "of", "time", "did", "not", "upset", "the", "balance", "to", "be", "struck", "between", "the", "general", "interest", "in", "ensuring", "that", "the", "applicant", "'s", "creditors", "were", "paid", "and", "the", "applicant", "'s", "interest", "in", "securing", "respect", "for", "her", "correspondence", ",", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "her", "possessions", "and", "her", "freedom", "of", "movement", ",", "particularly", "in", "view", "of", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "Court", "sees", "no", "evidence", "of", "any", "delay", "on", "the", "part", "of", "the", "judicial", "authorities", "in", "dealing", "with", "the", "case", "(", "see", ",", "mutatis", "mutandis", ",", "Luordo", "v.", ",", "no.", "32190", "/", "96", ",", "ECHR", "2003IX", ",", "and", "Sgattoni", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§§", "63-65", ")", ".", "39.", "Accordingly", ",", "there", "has", "been", "no", "violation", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "(", "as", "regards", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "correspondence", ")", ",", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "or", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4.", "II.", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "3", "OF", "PROTOCOL", "No.", "1", "40.", "The", "applicant", "complained", "of", "the", "restriction", "of", "her", "electoral", "rights", ",", "arguing", "that", "it", "constituted", "a", "repressive", "and", "outdated", "measure", "which", "had", "no", "legitimate", "justification", "and", "was", "designed", "to", "punish", "and", "marginalise", "bankrupts.", "She", "relied", "on", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", ",", "which", "provides", ":", "“The", "High", "Contracting", "Parties", "undertake", "to", "hold", "free", "elections", "at", "reasonable", "intervals", "by", "secret", "ballot", ",", "under", "conditions", "which", "will", "ensure", "the", "free", "expression", "of", "the", "opinion", "of", "the", "people", "in", "the", "choice", "of", "the", "legislature.”", "A.", "Admissibility", "41.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "this", "complaint", "is", "not", "manifestly", "ill-founded", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "3", "of", "the", "Convention.", "It", "further", "notes", "that", "no", "other", "ground", "for", "declaring", "it", "inadmissible", "has", "been", "established.", "It", "must", "therefore", "be", "declared", "admissible.", "B.", "Merits", "42.", "The", "Government", "argued", "that", "States", "were", "left", "a", "wide", "margin", "of", "appreciation", "in", "laying", "down", "the", "conditions", "governing", "the", "electoral", "rights", "guaranteed", "by", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "and", "that", ",", "in", "any", "event", ",", "the", "restriction", "in", "question", "was", "limited", "to", "five", "years", "following", "the", "bankruptcy", "order.", "43.", "The", "applicant", "considered", "that", "the", "restriction", "of", "bankrupts", "'", "electoral", "rights", "was", "based", "on", "the", "notion", "that", "the", "bankrupt", "was", "criminally", "liable", "for", "his", "or", "her", "bankruptcy.", "The", "measure", ",", "which", "had", "no", "purpose", "other", "than", "to", "punish", "the", "bankrupt", ",", "was", "anti-democratic", "in", "a", "modern", "context", "and", "diminished", "the", "human", "dignity", "of", "the", "person", "concerned.", "44.", "The", "Court", "reiterates", "that", "implicit", "in", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "are", "the", "subjective", "rights", "to", "vote", "and", "to", "stand", "for", "election", "(", "see", "Mathieu-Mohin", "and", "Clerfayt", "v.", "Belgium", ",", "2", "March", "1987", ",", "§", "51", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "113", ")", ",", "which", "it", "considers", "crucial", "to", "establishing", "and", "maintaining", "the", "foundations", "of", "an", "effective", "and", "meaningful", "democracy", "governed", "by", "the", "rule", "of", "law", "(", "see", "Hirst", "v.", "the", "United", "Kingdom", "(", "no.", "2", ")", "[", "GC", "]", ",", "no.", "74025", "/", "01", ",", "§", "58", ",", "ECHR", "2005IX", ")", ".", "It", "further", "reiterates", "that", ",", "as", "important", "as", "those", "rights", "are", ",", "they", "are", "not", ",", "however", ",", "absolute.", "In", "their", "internal", "legal", "orders", "the", "Contracting", "States", "make", "the", "rights", "to", "vote", "and", "to", "stand", "for", "election", "subject", "to", "conditions", "which", "are", "not", "in", "principle", "precluded", "under", "Article", "3.", "They", "have", "a", "wide", "margin", "of", "appreciation", "in", "this", "sphere", ",", "but", "it", "is", "for", "the", "Court", "to", "determine", "in", "the", "last", "resort", "whether", "the", "requirements", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "have", "been", "complied", "with", ";", "it", "has", "to", "satisfy", "itself", "that", "the", "conditions", "do", "not", "curtail", "the", "rights", "in", "question", "to", "such", "an", "extent", "as", "to", "impair", "their", "very", "essence", "and", "deprive", "them", "of", "their", "effectiveness", ";", "that", "they", "are", "imposed", "in", "pursuit", "of", "a", "legitimate", "aim", ";", "and", "that", "the", "means", "employed", "are", "not", "disproportionate", "(", "see", "Gitonas", "and", "Others", "v.", "Greece", ",", "1", "July", "1997", ",", "§", "39", ",", "Reports", "of", "Judgments", "and", "Decisions", "1997IV", ";", "Aziz", "v.", "Cyprus", ",", "no.", "69949", "/", "01", ",", "§", "25", ",", "ECHR", "2004V", ";", "and", "Hirst", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "62", ")", ".", "45.", "In", "the", "instant", "case", "the", "Court", "observes", "that", "the", "impugned", "measure", "was", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "law", ",", "namely", "Article", "2", "§", "1", "(", "a", ")", "of", "Presidential", "Decree", "no.", "223", "of", "20", "March", "1967", "–", "as", "amended", "by", "Law", "no.", "15", "of", "16", "January", "1992", "–", "which", "provides", "essentially", "for", "the", "suspension", "of", "the", "bankrupt", "'s", "electoral", "rights", "for", "the", "duration", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "and", ",", "in", "any", "event", ",", "for", "a", "period", "not", "exceeding", "five", "years", "from", "the", "date", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "order.", "46.", "It", "is", "quite", "clear", "that", "this", "measure", "amounted", "to", "interference", "with", "the", "applicant", "'s", "electoral", "rights", "guaranteed", "by", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1.", "Further", "personal", "restrictions", "flow", "from", "the", "restriction", "of", "electoral", "rights", ",", "for", "instance", "a", "prohibition", "on", "occupying", "public-sector", "posts.", "47.", "The", "Court", "also", "notes", "that", "the", "applicant", "'s", "electoral", "rights", "were", "suspended", "from", "30", "June", "1997", "to", "30", "June", "2002", "and", "that", "the", "elections", "of", "13", "May", "2001", "were", "held", "during", "that", "period.", "48.", "As", "to", "the", "aim", "pursued", "by", "the", "measure", ",", "the", "Court", "reiterates", "that", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "does", "not", ",", "like", "other", "provisions", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "specify", "or", "limit", "the", "aims", "which", "a", "measure", "must", "pursue.", "A", "wider", "range", "of", "purposes", "may", "therefore", "be", "compatible", "with", "Article", "3", "(", "see", "Hirst", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "74", ",", "and", ",", "by", "way", "of", "example", ",", "Podkolzina", "v.", ",", "no.", "46726", "/", "99", ",", "§", "33", ",", "ECHR", "2002II", ")", ".", "The", "Court", "also", "notes", "that", ",", "in", "Hirst", "(", "loc.", "cit.", ")", ",", "the", "Grand", "Chamber", "found", "that", "the", "restriction", "of", "prisoners", "'", "voting", "rights", "could", "be", "said", "to", "pursue", "the", "aim", "of", "preventing", "crime", "and", "enhancing", "civic", "responsibility", "and", "respect", "for", "the", "rule", "of", "law.", "The", "Court", "emphasises", "that", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "in", "question", "fell", "within", "the", "sphere", "of", "civil", "and", "not", "criminal", "law.", "As", "a", "result", ",", "the", "facts", "of", "the", "case", "do", "not", "imply", "any", "deceit", "or", "fraud", "on", "the", "part", "of", "the", "person", "declared", "bankrupt", ";", "were", "this", "not", "the", "case", ",", "the", "issue", "at", "stake", "would", "be", "the", "offence", "of", "negligent", "or", "fraudulent", "bankruptcy", "under", "sections", "216", "and", "217", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act.", "The", "Court", "further", "observes", "that", "the", "restriction", "of", "bankrupts", "'", "electoral", "rights", "is", "an", "essentially", "punitive", "measure", "designed", "to", "belittle", "and", "punish", "the", "persons", "concerned", ",", "demeaning", "them", "as", "individuals", "for", "no", "other", "reason", "than", "their", "having", "been", "the", "subject", "of", "civil", "bankruptcy", "proceedings.", "49.", "In", "view", "of", "these", "considerations", ",", "the", "Court", "takes", "the", "view", "that", "the", "measure", "provided", "for", "by", "Article", "2", "of", "Presidential", "Decree", "no.", "223", "of", "20", "March", "1967", "has", "no", "purpose", "other", "than", "to", "belittle", "persons", "who", "have", "been", "declared", "bankrupt", ",", "reprimanding", "them", "simply", "for", "having", "been", "declared", "insolvent", ",", "irrespective", "of", "whether", "they", "have", "committed", "an", "offence", "(", "see", ",", "mutatis", "mutandis", ",", "Sabou", "and", "Pircalab", "v.", "Romania", ",", "no.", "46572", "/", "99", ",", "§", "48", ",", "28", "September", "2004", ")", ".", "It", "does", "not", "therefore", "pursue", "a", "legitimate", "aim.", "The", "Court", "also", "stresses", "that", "voting", "is", "not", "a", "privilege", "but", "a", "right", "guaranteed", "by", "the", "Convention", "(", "see", "Hirst", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "75", ")", ".", "This", "conclusion", "renders", "it", "unnecessary", "for", "the", "Court", "to", "consider", "in", "the", "instant", "case", "whether", "the", "means", "of", "achieving", "the", "aim", "pursued", "were", "disproportionate.", "There", "has", "therefore", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1.", "III.", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "8", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "AS", "REGARDS", "THE", "APPLICANT", "'S", "RIGHT", "TO", "RESPECT", "FOR", "HER", "PRIVATE", "LIFE", "50.", "Relying", "on", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "the", "applicant", "complained", "that", "her", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "private", "life", "had", "been", "infringed", ",", "as", "she", "was", "unable", "to", "engage", "in", "any", "professional", "or", "business", "activity", "on", "account", "of", "the", "entry", "of", "her", "name", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register.", "She", "further", "complained", "of", "the", "fact", "that", "under", "section", "143", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "an", "application", "for", "rehabilitation", ",", "putting", "an", "end", "to", "the", "personal", "restrictions", ",", "could", "not", "be", "made", "until", "five", "years", "after", "termination", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings.", "51.", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "provides", ":", "“1.", "Everyone", "has", "the", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "his", "private", "...", "life", "...", "2.", "There", "shall", "be", "no", "interference", "by", "a", "public", "authority", "with", "the", "exercise", "of", "this", "right", "except", "such", "as", "is", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "law", "and", "is", "necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society", "in", "the", "interests", "of", "national", "security", ",", "public", "safety", "or", "the", "economic", "well-being", "of", "the", "country", ",", "for", "the", "prevention", "of", "disorder", "or", "crime", ",", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "health", "or", "morals", ",", "or", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "the", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "of", "others.”", "A.", "Admissibility", "52.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "this", "complaint", "is", "not", "manifestly", "ill-founded", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "3", "of", "the", "Convention.", "No", "other", "ground", "for", "declaring", "it", "inadmissible", "has", "been", "established.", "It", "must", "therefore", "be", "declared", "admissible.", "B.", "Merits", "1.", "Applicability", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "53.", "The", "Court", "observes", "that", "private", "life", "“encompasses", "the", "right", "for", "an", "individual", "to", "form", "and", "develop", "relationships", "with", "other", "human", "beings", ",", "including", "relationships", "of", "a", "professional", "or", "business", "nature”", "(", "see", "C.", "v.", ",", "7", "August", "1996", ",", "§", "25", ",", "Reports", "1996III", ")", ".", "It", "also", "considers", "that", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "“protects", "a", "right", "to", "personal", "development", ",", "and", "the", "right", "to", "establish", "and", "develop", "relationships", "with", "other", "human", "beings", "and", "the", "outside", "world”", "(", "see", "Pretty", "v.", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ",", "no.", "2346", "/", "02", ",", "§", "61", ",", "ECHR", "2002III", ")", "and", "that", "the", "notion", "of", "“private", "life”", "does", "not", "exclude", "in", "principle", "activities", "of", "a", "professional", "or", "business", "nature.", "It", "is", ",", "after", "all", ",", "in", "the", "course", "of", "their", "working", "lives", "that", "the", "majority", "of", "people", "have", "a", "significant", "opportunity", "of", "developing", "relationships", "with", "the", "outside", "world", "(", "see", "Niemietz", "v.", ",", "16", "December", "1992", ",", "§", "29", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "251B", ")", ".", "Finally", ",", "the", "Court", "refers", "to", "its", "recent", "finding", "that", "a", "farreaching", "ban", "on", "taking", "up", "private-sector", "employment", "did", "affect", "“private", "life”", "(", "see", "Sidabras", "and", "Džiautas", "v.", "Lithuania", ",", "nos.", "55480", "/", "00", "and", "59330", "/", "00", ",", "§", "47", ",", "ECHR", "2004VIII", ")", ",", "particularly", "in", "view", "of", "Article", "1", "§", "2", "of", "the", "European", "Social", "Charter", ",", "which", "came", "into", "force", "in", "respect", "of", "Italy", "on", "1", "September", "1999", ",", "and", "which", "states", "“", "[", "w", "]", "ith", "a", "view", "to", "ensuring", "the", "effective", "exercise", "of", "the", "right", "to", "work", ",", "the", "Parties", "undertake", "...", "to", "protect", "effectively", "the", "right", "of", "the", "worker", "to", "earn", "his", "living", "in", "an", "occupation", "freely", "entered", "upon”.", "54.", "In", "the", "instant", "case", "the", "Court", "notes", "that", "the", "entry", "of", "a", "person", "'s", "name", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "entails", "a", "series", "of", "personal", "restrictions", "prescribed", "by", "law", ",", "such", "as", "a", "prohibition", "on", "being", "appointed", "as", "a", "guardian", "(", "Article", "350", "of", "the", "Civil", "Code", ")", ",", "a", "prohibition", "on", "being", "appointed", "as", "the", "director", "or", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "of", "a", "commercial", "or", "cooperative", "company", "(", "Articles", "2382", ",", "2399", ",", "2417", "and", "2516", "of", "the", "Civil", "Code", ")", ",", "exclusion", "ex", "lege", "from", "membership", "of", "a", "company", "(", "Articles", "2288", ",", "2293", "and", "2318", "of", "the", "Civil", "Code", ")", ",", "and", "the", "prohibition", "on", "carrying", "on", "the", "occupations", "of", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "(", "Article", "393", "of", "the", "Civil", "Code", ")", ",", "stockbroker", "(", "section", "57", "of", "Law", "no.", "272", "of", "1913", ")", ",", "auditor", "(", "Article", "5", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "228", "of", "1937", ")", ",", "or", "arbitrator", "(", "Article", "812", "of", "the", "Code", "of", "Civil", "Procedure", ")", ".", "Further", "restrictions", "flow", "from", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "bankrupt", ",", "since", "he", "or", "she", "no", "longer", "enjoys", "full", "civil", "rights", ",", "can", "not", "be", "registered", "as", "a", "member", "of", "certain", "professions", "(", "for", "instance", "as", "a", "lawyer", ",", "notary", "or", "business", "adviser", ")", ".", "In", "the", "Court", "'s", "view", ",", "restrictions", "of", "this", "kind", ",", "which", "would", "have", "affected", "the", "applicant", "'s", "ability", "to", "develop", "relationships", "with", "the", "outside", "world", ",", "undoubtedly", "fall", "within", "the", "sphere", "of", "her", "private", "life", "(", "see", ",", "mutatis", "mutandis", ",", "Sidabras", "and", "Džiautas", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "48", ")", ".", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "is", "therefore", "applicable", "in", "the", "instant", "case.", "2.", "Compliance", "with", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "55.", "The", "Government", "submitted", "that", "the", "restrictions", "resulting", "from", "entry", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "related", "solely", "to", "the", "exercise", "of", "the", "functions", "of", "guardian", "and", "company", "director", "and", "certain", "public-sector", "posts.", "It", "was", "not", "desirable", "for", "bankrupts", "to", "be", "in", "charge", "of", "managing", "other", "people", "'s", "possessions", "unless", "they", "had", "been", "rehabilitated", "and", "thus", "demonstrated", "themselves", "fit", "for", "the", "task", "(", "meritevole", ")", ".", "With", "that", "in", "mind", ",", "rehabilitation", "was", "granted", "by", "the", "courts", "only", "on", "condition", "that", "the", "information", "gathered", "by", "the", "police", "was", "favourable", "and", "there", "had", "been", "no", "judgments", "or", "legal", "proceedings", "against", "the", "bankrupt", "person.", "56.", "The", "applicant", "contended", "that", "the", "entry", "of", "her", "name", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "and", "the", "obstacles", "to", "her", "rehabilitation", "had", "been", "disproportionate", "to", "the", "aim", "of", "protecting", "her", "creditors.", "Entry", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "and", "the", "numerous", "restrictions", "arising", "out", "of", "it", "dated", "back", "to", "Renaissance", "times", ",", "when", "a", "declaration", "of", "bankruptcy", "had", "been", "of", "an", "essentially", "criminal", "nature.", "57.", "The", "Court", "observes", "that", "interference", "with", "the", "exercise", "of", "an", "Article", "8", "right", "will", "not", "be", "compatible", "with", "paragraph", "2", "unless", "it", "is", "“in", "accordance", "with", "the", "law”", ",", "has", "an", "aim", "or", "aims", "that", "is", "or", "are", "legitimate", "under", "that", "paragraph", "and", "is", "“necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society”", "for", "the", "aforesaid", "aim", "or", "aims", "(", "see", "Dudgeon", "v.", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ",", "22", "October", "1981", ",", "§", "43", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "45", ")", ".", "58.", "In", "view", "of", "the", "above", "considerations", ",", "the", "Court", "observes", "that", "the", "restrictions", "in", "question", "quite", "clearly", "amounted", "to", "interference", "with", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "private", "life.", "It", "notes", "that", "this", "interference", "was", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "law", ",", "namely", "section", "50", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "and", "the", "specific", "legislation", "set", "forth", "in", "part", "above.", "59.", "As", "to", "the", "aim", "pursued", ",", "the", "Court", "has", "doubts", "as", "to", "the", "legitimacy", "of", "the", "specific", "legislation", ",", "as", "most", "of", "the", "restrictions", "referred", "to", "amount", "to", "moral", "sanctions", ",", "a", "fact", "implicitly", "acknowledged", "by", "the", "Government.", "60.", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "the", "Court", "accepts", "that", "some", "of", "the", "restrictions", "pursue", "the", "aim", "of", "protecting", "the", "rights", "of", "others.", "This", "is", "the", "case", ",", "for", "example", ",", "for", "the", "exclusion", "ex", "lege", "from", "a", "company", "of", "a", "bankrupt", "member", ",", "a", "measure", "designed", "to", "protect", "a", "company", "which", "is", "solvent", "against", "the", "effects", "of", "the", "personal", "insolvency", "of", "one", "of", "its", "members", "(", "see", "Court", "of", "Cassation", "judgment", "no.", "75", "of", "1991", ")", ".", "61.", "The", "Court", "considers", "that", "the", "large", "volume", "of", "specific", "legislation", "in", "this", "sphere", "makes", "it", "difficult", "to", "conduct", "an", "exhaustive", "analysis", "of", "the", "objectives", "of", "each", "restriction.", "62.", "Even", "if", "it", "is", "assumed", "that", "the", "aims", "of", "section", "50", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "and", "the", "specific", "legislation", "in", "this", "sphere", "are", "legitimate", ",", "the", "interference", "in", "question", "must", "be", "“necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society”", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "8", "§", "2", "of", "the", "Convention.", "63.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "the", "restrictions", "in", "question", "do", "not", "result", "from", "a", "court", "decision", "but", "are", "the", "automatic", "consequence", "of", "the", "bankruptcy.", "Furthermore", ",", "in", "contrast", "to", "certain", "restrictions", "aimed", "at", "protecting", "the", "bankrupt", "'s", "creditors", "(", "such", "as", "restrictions", "on", "the", "rights", "to", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "one", "'s", "possessions", ",", "respect", "for", "one", "'s", "correspondence", "and", "freedom", "of", "movement", ")", "which", "begin", "with", "the", "bankruptcy", "order", "and", "cease", "once", "the", "proceedings", "are", "terminated", ",", "the", "restrictions", "arising", "out", "of", "entry", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "do", "not", "cease", "until", "such", "time", "as", "the", "bankrupt", "'s", "name", "is", "removed", "from", "the", "register.", "64.", "Removal", "from", "the", "register", "occurs", "when", "the", "bankrupt", "is", "granted", "rehabilitation.", "In", "addition", "to", "the", "requirement", "for", "the", "bankrupt", "to", "have", "paid", "his", "or", "her", "debts", "in", "full", "and", "to", "have", "complied", "with", "the", "terms", "of", "the", "composition", "with", "creditors", ",", "an", "application", "for", "rehabilitation", "can", "be", "made", "only", "by", "a", "bankrupt", "who", "has", "shown", "proof", "of", "“effective", "and", "consistent", "good", "conduct”", "for", "at", "least", "five", "years", "after", "termination", "of", "the", "proceedings", "(", "section", "143", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", ")", ".", "In", "the", "latter", "case", ",", "which", "applied", "to", "the", "applicant", ",", "the", "aim", "is", "not", "to", "protect", "creditors", ",", "but", "rather", "to", "make", "good", "the", "damage", "to", "the", "public", "welfare", "caused", "by", "the", "bankruptcy.", "The", "expression", "“good", "conduct”", "should", "be", "taken", "to", "mean", "morally", "correct", "conduct", "on", "the", "part", "of", "the", "bankrupt", "vis-à-vis", "society", "(", "see", "La", "crisi", "d'impresa", ",", "il", "fallimento", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "p.", "748", ")", ".", "The", "removal", "of", "the", "personal", "restrictions", "on", "the", "applicant", "therefore", "depended", "on", "an", "essentially", "moral", "judgment", "as", "to", "her", "worthiness.", "65.", "While", "reiterating", "that", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "in", "question", "fell", "within", "the", "sphere", "of", "civil", "law", "and", "not", "criminal", "law", ",", "the", "Court", "notes", "that", "it", "has", "in", "the", "past", "found", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "with", "regard", "to", "the", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "family", "life", "on", "account", "of", "the", "automatic", "and", "absolute", "nature", "of", "an", "ancillary", "penalty", "–", "in", "the", "form", "of", "a", "prohibition", "on", "exercising", "parental", "rights", "–", "imposed", "on", "all", "persons", "serving", "a", "prison", "sentence", "without", "there", "being", "any", "possibility", "of", "review", "by", "the", "courts", "(", "see", "Sabou", "and", "Pircalab", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "48", ")", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "in", "the", "Hirst", "case", "(", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "82", ")", ",", "the", "Court", "criticised", "the", "measure", "depriving", "prisoners", "of", "the", "right", "to", "vote", "on", "the", "ground", "that", "it", "amounted", "to", "a", "general", ",", "automatic", "and", "indiscriminate", "restriction", "on", "a", "Convention", "right.", "Lastly", ",", "the", "Court", "refers", "to", "the", "case", "of", "P.G.", "v.", "Italy", "(", "no.", "22716", "/", "93", ",", "Commission", "'s", "report", "of", "26", "June", "1996", ",", "unpublished", ")", "concerning", "the", "bankruptcy", "of", "a", "company", "existing", "de", "facto", "between", "a", "father", "and", "his", "son", ",", "who", "was", "a", "minor", "at", "the", "time.", "In", "its", "report", ",", "the", "Commission", "concluded", "that", "there", "had", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "with", "regard", "to", "the", "child", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "his", "private", "life.", "It", "took", "the", "view", "that", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "court", "had", "rejected", "his", "application", "for", "rehabilitation", "on", "the", "sole", "ground", "that", "the", "period", "of", "five", "years", "following", "termination", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "had", "not", "elapsed", "amounted", "to", "interference", "which", "was", "disproportionate", "to", "the", "aim", "of", "protecting", "creditors.", "The", "Commission", "considered", "that", "the", "court", "should", "have", "taken", "account", "of", "the", "specific", "circumstances", "of", "the", "case", ",", "in", "particular", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "applicant", "had", "been", "a", "minor", "at", "the", "time", "and", "that", "his", "father", "had", "run", "the", "business", "which", "was", "subsequently", "declared", "bankrupt.", "66.", "The", "Court", "therefore", "considers", "that", ",", "on", "account", "of", "the", "fact", "that", "entry", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "was", "automatic", "and", "that", "the", "application", "of", "the", "resulting", "restrictions", "was", "not", "examined", "or", "reviewed", "by", "the", "courts", ",", "and", "given", "the", "length", "of", "time", "before", "rehabilitation", "could", "be", "obtained", ",", "the", "interference", "under", "section", "50", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "with", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "private", "life", "was", "not", "“necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society”", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "8", "§", "2", "of", "the", "Convention.", "There", "has", "therefore", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention.", "IV.", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "13", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "67.", "Relying", "on", "Article", "13", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "the", "applicant", "complained", "that", "she", "had", "had", "no", "effective", "remedy", "by", "which", "to", "complain", "of", "the", "restrictions", "on", "her", "property", "and", "personal", "rights", "which", "were", "imposed", "throughout", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "and", "remained", "in", "force", "until", "she", "had", "been", "rehabilitated.", "Article", "13", "provides", ":", "“Everyone", "whose", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "as", "set", "forth", "in", "[", "the", "]", "Convention", "are", "violated", "shall", "have", "an", "effective", "remedy", "before", "a", "national", "authority", "notwithstanding", "that", "the", "violation", "has", "been", "committed", "by", "persons", "acting", "in", "an", "official", "capacity.”", "A.", "Admissibility", "68.", "In", "the", "Government", "'s", "submission", ",", "the", "applicant", "could", "have", "applied", "under", "section", "18", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "to", "have", "the", "bankruptcy", "order", "set", "aside", "and", "thus", "challenged", "the", "resulting", "restrictions", "on", "her", "property", "and", "personal", "rights.", "She", "could", "also", "have", "lodged", "an", "appeal", "under", "section", "26", "or", "section", "36", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act.", "69.", "The", "applicant", "submitted", "that", "an", "application", "to", "have", "the", "judgment", "set", "aside", "did", "not", "constitute", "an", "effective", "remedy", "by", "which", "to", "complain", "of", "the", "prolonged", "restrictions", "on", "bankrupts", "'", "personal", "and", "property", "rights.", "70.", "The", "Court", "reiterates", "that", "it", "has", "consistently", "interpreted", "Article", "13", "as", "requiring", "a", "remedy", "in", "domestic", "law", "only", "in", "respect", "of", "grievances", "which", "can", "be", "regarded", "as", "“arguable”", "in", "terms", "of", "the", "Convention.", "Article", "13", "guarantees", "the", "availability", "at", "national", "level", "of", "a", "remedy", "to", "enforce", "the", "substance", "of", "the", "Convention", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "in", "whatever", "form", "they", "might", "happen", "to", "be", "secured", "in", "the", "domestic", "legal", "order.", "This", "Article", "therefore", "requires", "the", "provision", "of", "a", "domestic", "remedy", "allowing", "the", "“competent", "national", "authority”", "both", "to", "deal", "with", "the", "substance", "of", "the", "relevant", "Convention", "complaint", "and", "to", "grant", "appropriate", "relief.", "The", "remedy", "must", "be", "“effective”", "in", "practice", "as", "well", "as", "in", "law", "(", "see", "Soering", "v.", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ",", "7", "July", "1989", ",", "§", "120", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "161", ",", "and", "Rotaru", "v.", "Romania", "[", "GC", "]", ",", "no.", "28341", "/", "95", ",", "§", "67", ",", "ECHR", "2000V", ")", ".", "71.", "As", "to", "the", "part", "of", "the", "complaint", "relating", "to", "the", "prolonged", "restriction", "of", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "correspondence", "(", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ")", ",", "her", "right", "to", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "her", "possessions", "(", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", ")", "and", "her", "freedom", "of", "movement", "(", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", ")", ",", "the", "Court", "refers", "to", "its", "finding", "that", "there", "has", "been", "no", "violation.", "Accordingly", ",", "it", "takes", "the", "view", "that", ",", "since", "these", "are", "not", "“arguable”", "complaints", "under", "the", "Convention", ",", "this", "part", "of", "the", "application", "must", "be", "rejected", "as", "being", "manifestly", "ill-founded", "in", "accordance", "with", "Article", "35", "§§", "3", "and", "4", "of", "the", "Convention.", "72.", "As", "to", "the", "part", "of", "the", "complaint", "concerning", "the", "personal", "restrictions", "which", "arise", "out", "of", "entry", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "and", "are", "maintained", "until", "rehabilitation", ",", "the", "Court", "notes", "that", "it", "is", "not", "manifestly", "illfounded", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "3", "of", "the", "Convention.", "No", "other", "ground", "for", "declaring", "it", "inadmissible", "has", "been", "established.", "It", "must", "therefore", "be", "declared", "admissible.", "B.", "Merits", "73.", "The", "Court", "refers", "to", "its", "finding", "of", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "with", "regard", "to", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "private", "life", "on", "account", "of", "the", "personal", "restrictions", "which", "stemmed", "from", "the", "entry", "of", "her", "name", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "and", "lasted", "until", "she", "had", "been", "granted", "rehabilitation.", "This", "complaint", "is", "therefore", "unquestionably", "“arguable”", "under", "the", "Convention.", "Accordingly", ",", "the", "applicant", "was", "entitled", "to", "have", "available", "to", "her", "an", "effective", "domestic", "remedy", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "13", "of", "the", "Convention.", "74.", "The", "Court", "observes", "that", "an", "application", "to", "have", "the", "bankruptcy", "order", "set", "aside", "under", "section", "18", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "allows", "the", "bankrupt", "to", "apply", "to", "the", "court", "within", "fifteen", "days", "of", "being", "properly", "apprised", "of", "the", "judgment", "in", "question", "in", "order", "to", "challenge", "its", "legitimacy", "and", "have", "it", "overturned.", "In", "the", "Court", "'s", "view", ",", "this", "does", "not", "constitute", "an", "effective", "remedy", "by", "which", "to", "complain", "of", "the", "personal", "restrictions", "which", "remain", "in", "place", "until", "rehabilitation", "has", "been", "granted", ",", "particularly", "in", "view", "of", "the", "length", "of", "time", "allowed", "for", "lodging", "such", "an", "application", "(", "see", "Neroni", "v.", "Italy", ",", "no.", "7503", "/", "02", ",", "§", "35", ",", "22", "April", "2004", ")", ".", "75.", "Moreover", ",", "the", "Court", "observes", "that", ",", "although", "section", "26", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "allows", "the", "bankrupt", "to", "lodge", "an", "appeal", "with", "the", "courts", ",", "such", "an", "appeal", "can", "relate", "only", "to", "the", "decisions", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge.", "Accordingly", ",", "it", "can", "not", "constitute", "an", "effective", "remedy", "against", "the", "maintenance", "of", "the", "restrictions", ",", "which", "are", "a", "direct", "consequence", "not", "of", "any", "decision", "by", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge", "but", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "order", "or", "the", "entry", "of", "the", "person", "'s", "name", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register.", "Section", "36", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", ",", "meanwhile", ",", "makes", "it", "possible", "to", "apply", "to", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge", "to", "complain", "of", "measures", "taken", "by", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy.", "However", ",", "the", "Court", "observes", "that", "this", "remedy", "concerns", "the", "administration", "of", "the", "bankrupt", "'s", "assets", "by", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "until", "the", "assets", "have", "been", "sold", "and", "creditors", "'", "claims", "have", "been", "met.", "It", "is", "not", "therefore", "in", "any", "sense", "capable", "of", "remedying", "the", "prolongation", "of", "the", "restrictions", "on", "the", "bankrupt", "(", "see", "Bottaro", "v.", "Italy", ",", "no.", "56298", "/", "00", ",", "§", "45", ",", "17", "July", "2003", ",", "and", "Ceteroni", "and", "Magri", "v.", "Italy", ",", "nos.", "22461", "/", "93", "and", "22465", "/", "93", ",", "Commission", "decision", "of", "17", "October", "1994", ",", "unreported", ")", ".", "76.", "The", "Court", "also", "observes", "that", "it", "has", "in", "the", "past", "found", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "13", "of", "the", "Convention", "on", "account", "of", "the", "absence", "in", "domestic", "law", "of", "an", "effective", "remedy", "by", "which", "to", "complain", "of", "the", "prolonged", "monitoring", "of", "a", "bankrupt", "'s", "correspondence", "(", "see", "Bottaro", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§§", "41-46", ")", ".", "77.", "In", "view", "of", "the", "foregoing", ",", "the", "Court", "concludes", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "13", "of", "the", "Convention.", "V.", "APPLICATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "41", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "78.", "Article", "41", "of", "the", "Convention", "provides", ":", "“If", "the", "Court", "finds", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "the", "Convention", "or", "the", "Protocols", "thereto", ",", "and", "if", "the", "internal", "law", "of", "the", "High", "Contracting", "Party", "concerned", "allows", "only", "partial", "reparation", "to", "be", "made", ",", "the", "Court", "shall", ",", "if", "necessary", ",", "afford", "just", "satisfaction", "to", "the", "injured", "party.”", "A.", "Damage", "79.", "The", "applicant", "submitted", "an", "expert", "report", "assessing", "pecuniary", "damage", "at", "25,847.05", "euros", "(", "EUR", ")", ",", "corresponding", "to", "the", "minimum", "wage", "(", "pensione", "sociale", ")", "which", "she", "should", "have", "been", "paid", "since", "the", "date", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "order.", "She", "also", "claimed", "EUR", "500,000", "for", "non-pecuniary", "damage.", "80.", "The", "Government", "contested", "these", "claims.", "81.", "As", "it", "fails", "to", "perceive", "any", "causal", "link", "between", "the", "findings", "of", "violations", "and", "the", "pecuniary", "damage", "alleged", ",", "the", "Court", "dismisses", "the", "first", "claim.", "As", "to", "non-pecuniary", "damage", ",", "it", "considers", "that", ",", "regard", "being", "had", "to", "all", "the", "circumstances", "of", "the", "case", ",", "the", "findings", "of", "violations", "in", "the", "present", "judgment", "constitute", "in", "themselves", "sufficient", "just", "satisfaction.", "B.", "Costs", "and", "expenses", "82.", "The", "applicant", "claimed", "EUR", "19,979.39", "for", "costs", "and", "expenses", "before", "the", "Court", "and", "EUR", "1,757.55", "for", "experts", "'", "expenses.", "83.", "The", "Government", "objected", "to", "these", "claims.", "84.", "According", "to", "the", "Court", "'s", "established", "case-law", ",", "an", "award", "can", "be", "made", "in", "respect", "of", "costs", "and", "expenses", "only", "in", "so", "far", "as", "they", "have", "been", "actually", "and", "necessarily", "incurred", "by", "the", "applicant", "and", "are", "reasonable", "as", "to", "quantum.", "In", "the", "instant", "case", ",", "on", "the", "basis", "of", "the", "information", "in", "its", "possession", "and", "the", "aforementioned", "criteria", ",", 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8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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"the", "Italian", "Republic", "and", "the", "Government", "of", "the", "United", "States", "of", "America", "(", "“the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty”", ")", ",", "which", "had", "been", "ratified", "by", "Law", "no.", "224", "of", "1984.", "The", "aim", "of", "the", "rogatory", "letters", "was", "for", "questions", "to", "be", "put", "to", "G.", ",", "his", "father", "(", "Mr", "D.", ")", "and", "Miss", "F.", ",", "the", "doctor", "in", "whom", "G.", "had", "first", "confided.", "The", "public", "prosecutor", "set", "out", "in", "detail", "the", "questions", "which", "he", "considered", "should", "be", "put", "to", "the", "witnesses", "and", "the", "manner", "in", "which", "the", "record", "of", "interview", "should", "be", "drafted.", "He", "added", "that", "no", "lawyer", "should", "be", "present", "during", "the", "interview.", "9.", "On", "Mr", "D.", "was", "questioned", "by", "a", "police", "officer.", "No", "lawyer", "was", "present", "at", "the", "interview.", "In", "essence", ",", "he", "confirmed", "that", "his", "son", "had", "said", "that", "he", "had", "been", "fondled", "by", "the", "applicant.", "On", "26", "May", "1992", "the", "Italian", "Consulate-General", "in", "San", "Francisco", "(", "United", "States", ")", "received", "the", "record", "of", "the", "interview", "from", "the", "American", "authorities", "with", "two", "documents", "containing", "written", "statements", "by", "G.’s", "mother", "(", "Mrs", "D.", ")", "and", "Mrs", "N.", ",", "a", "child", "psychotherapist", "who", "was", "treating", "G.", "for", "the", "behavioural", "disorders", "he", "presented.", "In", "their", "statements", ",", "Mrs", "N.", "recited", "the", "events", "that", "G.", "had", "related", "to", "her", "and", "the", "traumatic", "effects", "they", "had", "had", ",", "while", "Mrs", "D.", "confirmed", "her", "husband’s", "version", "of", "events.", "The", "documents", "were", "then", "translated", "into", "Italian", "and", "sent", "to", "the", "public", "prosecutor.", "10.", "The", "applicant", "was", "committed", "for", "trial", "before", "the", "Florence", "Criminal", "Court.", "11.", "On", "the", "public", "prosecutor", "applied", "to", "the", "President", "of", "the", "Criminal", "Court", "for", "permission", "to", "summons", "G.", ",", "Mr", "and", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", "to", "appear", "at", "a", "public", "hearing", "on", "for", "questioning.", "The", "case", "file", "does", "not", "reveal", "whether", "that", "application", "was", "granted", "or", "whether", "the", "witnesses", "concerned", "were", "served", "with", "summonses", "to", "attend.", "Whatever", "the", "position", ",", "none", "of", "them", "appeared", "at", "the", "trial", "before", "the", "Criminal", "Court", "and", "the", "examination", "requested", "by", "the", "public", "prosecutor", "did", "not", "take", "place.", "12.", "On", "two", "police", "officers", "from", "were", "questioned.", "They", "indicated", "that", "they", "had", "received", "G.’s", "complaint", "from", "the", "American", "authorities", "and", "gave", "a", "description", "of", "the", "hall", "of", "residence", "where", "the", "applicant", "had", "been", "working", "at", "the", "material", "time.", "13.", "At", "the", "request", "of", "the", "public", "prosecutor", "and", "despite", "opposition", "by", "the", "applicant", ",", "the", "Criminal", "Court", "ordered", "that", "the", "documents", "received", "from", "the", ",", "in", "particular", "the", "record", "of", "the", "interview", "with", "Mr", "D.", "and", "the", "statements", "of", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", ",", "should", "be", "read", "out.", "That", "decision", "was", "taken", "pursuant", "to", "Article", "512", "bis", "of", "the", "Code", "of", "Criminal", "Procedure", "(", "CCP", ")", ",", "which", "provides", ":", "“On", "application", "by", "a", "party", "and", "having", "regard", "to", "the", "other", "evidence", ",", "the", "judge", "may", "order", "that", "the", "records", "of", "the", "statements", "made", "by", "a", "foreign", "national", "living", "outside", "the", "Italian", "territory", "be", "read", "out", "if", "either", "that", "person", "has", "not", "been", "summonsed", "to", "appear", "or", ",", "having", "been", "so", "summonsed", ",", "has", "failed", "to", "appear.”", "The", "applicant", "and", "the", "defence", "witnesses", "gave", "evidence", "that", "same", "day.", "14.", "In", "a", "judgment", "of", ",", "which", "was", "deposited", "with", "the", "registry", "on", ",", "the", "court", "imposed", "a", "two-year", "suspended", "sentence", "on", "the", "applicant.", "That", "decision", "was", "taken", "on", "the", "basis", "of", "the", "complaint", "lodged", "by", "G.", "with", "the", "Department", "of", "Public", "Safety", "in", "and", "the", "statements", "made", "by", "Mr", "and", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", ",", "which", "the", "court", "found", "to", "be", "credible", "and", "consistent.", "15.", "On", "the", "applicant", "appealed", "to", "the", "Florence", "Court", "of", "Appeal.", "He", "argued", ",", "inter", "alia", ",", "that", "the", "acts", "performed", "pursuant", "to", "the", "rogatory", "letters", "were", "invalid.", "In", "that", "connection", ",", "he", "noted", "that", "G.", "had", "never", "been", "interviewed", "and", "that", "evidence", "had", "been", "taken", "from", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", "–", "whom", "the", "public", "prosecutor", "had", "not", "sought", "to", "interview", "–", "without", "authority.", "Furthermore", ",", "they", "had", "not", "been", "questioned", "but", "had", "merely", "made", "written", "statements.", "As", "regards", "Mr", "D.’s", "interview", ",", "the", "American", "police", "officer", "who", "had", "conducted", "it", "had", "been", "acting", "without", "authority", ",", "given", "that", "the", "international", "rogatory", "letters", "had", "been", "sent", "to", "the", "District", "Court", "in", ".", "Moreover", ",", "no", "lawyer", "had", "been", "present", "when", "the", "interviews", "and", "statements", "were", "obtained", "and", "the", "persons", "concerned", "had", "not", "been", "asked", "to", "take", "the", "oath", ",", "which", "showed", "that", "the", "documents", "did", "not", "constitute", "“testimony”", ",", "but", "merely", "“preliminary", "investigative", "acts”.", "As", "such", ",", "they", "should", "not", "have", "been", "used", "by", "the", "Florence", "Criminal", "Court", "as", "evidence", "of", "the", "accused’s", "guilt.", "Lastly", ",", "the", "applicant", "contended", "that", "Article", "512", "bis", "CCP", "was", "not", "applicable", "in", "the", "instant", "case", "as", "that", "provision", "referred", "only", "to", "statements", "made", "in", "Italy.", "16.", "In", "a", "judgment", "of", ",", "which", "was", "deposited", "with", "the", "registry", "on", ",", "the", "Court", "of", "Appeal", "upheld", "the", "judgment", "of", "the", "Criminal", "Court.", "It", "observed", "that", "by", "virtue", "of", "the", "locus", "regit", "actum", "principle", ",", "acts", "performed", "under", "rogatory", "letters", "had", "to", "be", "regulated", "by", "the", "law", "of", "the", "foreign", "State", "to", "which", "the", "Italian", "authorities", "had", "referred", ",", "provided", "that", "the", "foreign", "law", "was", "not", "incompatible", "with", "Italian", "public", "order", "and", "in", "particular", "“defence", "rights”.", "In", "the", "instant", "case", ",", "the", "procedure", "followed", "by", "the", "Seattle", "authorities", "could", "not", "be", "regarded", "as", "having", "infringed", "those", "rights", "as", "Article", "512", "bis", "CCP", "allowed", "statements", "made", "in", "Italy", "or", "elsewhere", "by", "foreign", "nationals", "resident", "outside", "the", "national", "territory", "to", "be", "read", "out.", "As", "regards", "the", "fact", "that", "G.", "had", "not", "been", "questioned", ",", "the", "Court", "of", "Appeal", "considered", "that", "it", "was", "quite", "understandable", "that", "the", "American", "police", "should", "have", "wished", "to", "prevent", "the", "minor", ",", "who", "had", "been", "affected", "psychologically", "by", "the", "violence", "he", "had", "endured", ",", "from", "suffering", "any", "further", "trauma.", "17.", "On", "the", "applicant", "appealed", "to", "the", "Court", "of", "Cassation.", "Referring", "to", "the", "arguments", "he", "had", "raised", "before", "the", "Court", "of", "Appeal", ",", "he", "repeated", "his", "case", "that", "the", "documents", "obtained", "through", "rogatory", "letters", "should", "not", "have", "been", "used", "to", "decide", "his", "guilt.", "He", "also", "maintained", "that", "Article", "431", "§", "1", "(", "d", ")", "CCP", ",", "which", "requires", "that", "a", "record", "of", "acts", "performed", "outside", "the", "Italian", "territory", "by", "rogatory", "letters", "be", "lodged", "on", "the", "judge’s", "file", "(", "fascicolo", "per", "il", "dibattimento", ")", ",", "was", "unconstitutional.", "He", "considered", "in", "particular", "that", "that", "provision", "was", "incompatible", "with", "Articles", "3", "and", "24", "of", "the", "Italian", "Constitution", ",", "which", "respectively", "guarantee", "the", "equality", "of", "all", "citizens", "before", "the", "law", "and", "the", "right", "to", "defend", "oneself", "at", "every", "stage", "of", "the", "proceedings.", "In", "that", "connection", ",", "he", "stressed", "that", "he", "had", "been", "given", "no", "opportunity", "to", "question", "Mr", "D.", ",", "Mrs", "D.", "or", "Mrs", "N.", ",", "whose", "statements", "had", "formed", "the", "basis", "of", "his", "conviction.", "18.", "In", "a", "judgment", "of", ",", "which", "was", "deposited", "with", "the", "registry", "on", ",", "the", "Court", "of", "Cassation", "cited", "the", "provisions", "of", "Article", "512", "bis", "CCP", ",", "which", "it", "held", "to", "be", "applicable", "in", "the", "instant", "case", ",", "and", "declared", "the", "issue", "of", "constitutionality", "raised", "by", "the", "applicant", "irrelevant.", "Finding", "that", "the", "reasons", "given", "by", "the", "Florence", "Court", "of", "Appeal", "on", "all", "the", "issues", "in", "dispute", "had", "been", "cogent", "and", "correct", ",", "it", "dismissed", "the", "applicant’s", "appeal.", "II.", "RELEVANT", "DOMESTIC", "LAW", "19.", "Under", "the", "terms", "of", "Article", "1", "of", "the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty", ",", "the", "signatory", "States", "undertake", "to", "afford", "each", "other", "mutual", "assistance", "in", "criminal", "investigations", "and", "proceedings.", "Such", "assistance", "includes", "in", "particular", "the", "hearing", "of", "witnesses", "in", "the", "territory", "of", "the", "State", "to", "which", "the", "request", "is", "addressed.", "In", "that", "connection", ",", "Article", "14", "of", "the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty", "provides", "notably", ":", "“A", "person", "from", "whom", "evidence", "is", "sought", "shall", ",", "if", "necessary", ",", "be", "compelled", "to", "appear", "and", "testify", "to", "the", "same", "extent", "as", "would", "be", "required", "in", "criminal", "investigations", "or", "proceedings", "in", "the", ".", "Upon", "request", ",", "the", "shall", "specify", "the", "date", "and", "place", "of", "the", "taking", "of", "testimony.", "The", "shall", "permit", "the", "presence", "[", "at", "the", "hearing", "]", "of", "an", "accused", ",", "counsel", "for", "the", "accused", ",", "and", "persons", "charged", "with", "the", "enforcement", "of", "the", "criminal", "laws", "to", "which", "the", "request", "relates.", "The", "executing", "authority", "shall", "provide", "persons", "permitted", "to", "be", "present", "[", "at", "the", "hearing", "]", "the", "opportunity", "to", "question", "the", "person", "whose", "testimony", "is", "sought", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "laws", "of", "the", ".", "The", "executing", "authority", "shall", "provide", "persons", "permitted", "to", "be", "present", "[", "at", "the", "hearing", "]", "the", "opportunity", "to", "propose", "additional", "questions", "and", "other", "investigative", "measures.", "Testimonial", "privileges", "under", "the", "laws", "of", "the", "shall", "not", "apply", "in", "the", "execution", "of", "a", "request", ",", "but", "such", "questions", "of", "privilege", "shall", "be", "preserved", "for", "the", ".”", "THE", "LAW", "I.", "Alleged", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "6", "§§", "1", "AND", "3", "(", "d", ")", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "20.", "The", "applicant", "complained", "that", "the", "criminal", "proceedings", "against", "him", "had", "been", "unfair", "and", "that", "he", "had", "not", "been", "given", "an", "opportunity", "to", "examine", "or", "have", "examined", "Mr", "and", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", "He", "relied", "on", "Article", "6", "§§", "1", "and", "3", "(", "d", ")", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "the", "relevant", "parts", "of", "which", "provide", ":", "“1.", "In", "the", "determination", "of", "...", "any", "criminal", "charge", "against", "him", ",", "everyone", "is", "entitled", "to", "a", "fair", "...", "hearing", "...", "by", "[", "a", "]", "tribunal", "...", "...", "3.", "Everyone", "charged", "with", "a", "criminal", "offence", "has", "the", "following", "minimum", "rights", ":", "(", "d", ")", "to", "examine", "or", "have", "examined", "witnesses", "against", "him", "...", "”", "21.", "The", "applicant", "contested", "the", "domestic", "courts’", "construction", "of", "Article", "512", "bis", "CCP", "as", "meaning", "that", "that", "provision", "was", "also", "applicable", "to", "statements", "made", "outside", "Italian", "territory.", "He", "further", "argued", "that", "the", "acts", "performed", "pursuant", "to", "the", "rogatory", "letters", "were", "invalid", ",", "alleged", "that", "the", "only", "items", "of", "evidence", "on", "which", "his", "conviction", "had", "been", "based", "were", "the", "statements", "of", "Mr", "and", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", "and", "maintained", "that", "the", "fact", "that", "they", "had", "been", "read", "out", "at", "his", "trial", "before", "the", "Criminal", "Court", "had", "denied", "him", "any", "opportunity", "to", "examine", "his", "accusers.", "As", "to", "the", "possibility", "of", "seeking", "examination", "of", "the", "witnesses", "under", "the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty", ",", "the", "applicant", "contended", "that", "the", "rogatory", "letters", "had", "been", "issued", "without", "his", "knowledge", "and", "that", ",", "as", "a", "result", ",", "he", "had", "been", "unable", "to", "exercise", "the", "rights", "and", "liberties", "afforded", "by", "Article", "14", "of", "that", "Treaty.", "22.", "The", "Government", "explained", "that", "under", "the", "Italian", "legal", "system", "all", "evidence", "must", "in", "principle", "be", "given", "at", "an", "adversarial", "hearing", "before", "the", "court", "having", "jurisdiction.", "However", ",", "in", "order", "to", "enable", "that", "court", "to", "establish", "the", "facts", "of", "the", "case", ",", "it", "was", "possible", "in", "some", "circumstances", "and", "subject", "to", "compliance", "with", "the", "conditions", "laid", "down", "by", "law", ",", "to", "use", "evidence", "acquired", "during", "preliminary", "investigations", "as", "a", "basis", "for", "the", "decision", ",", "in", "particular", "where", "such", "evidence", "could", "not", "be", "“repeated”", "at", "trial.", "Under", "Article", "512", "bis", "CCP", "the", "court", "could", "order", "that", "statements", "made", "by", "a", "foreign", "national", "be", "read", "out", "provided", "they", "did", "not", "constitute", "the", "only", "evidence", "against", "the", "accused.", "In", "the", "instant", "case", ",", "the", "applicant", "–", "who", "had", "raised", "a", "number", "of", "objections", "aimed", "at", "having", "the", "statements", "made", "in", "the", "declared", "inadmissible", "in", "evidence", "(", "inutilizzabili", ")", "–", "had", "not", "requested", "the", "examination", "of", "Mr", "and", "Mrs", "D.", "and", "Mrs", "N.", "in", "the", "presence", "of", "his", "lawyers", ",", "as", "permitted", "by", "Italian", "law", "and", "the", "provisions", "of", "the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty.", "Furthermore", ",", "the", "Government", "pointed", "out", "that", "the", "use", "of", "depositions", "taken", "during", "the", "initial", "investigative", "phase", "was", "not", "in", "itself", "contrary", "to", "the", "Convention", "and", "that", "the", "rights", "relied", "upon", "by", "a", "witness", "in", "order", "to", "avoid", "appearing", "before", "the", "court", "should", "not", "result", "in", "the", "proceedings", "being", "halted.", "They", "accordingly", "considered", "that", "the", "applicant", "had", "had", "a", "“fair", "trial”", ",", "especially", "as", "his", "conviction", "had", "been", "based", "on", "other", "items", "of", "evidence", "gathered", "by", "the", "national", "authorities.", "23.", "As", "the", "requirements", "of", "Article", "6", "§", "3", "are", "to", "be", "seen", "as", "particular", "aspects", "of", "the", "right", "to", "a", "fair", "trial", "guaranteed", "by", "Article", "6", "§", "1", ",", "the", "Court", "will", "examine", "the", "complaints", "under", "Article", "6", "§§", "1", "and", "3", "(", "d", ")", "taken", "together", "(", "see", ",", "among", "many", "other", "authorities", ",", "the", "Van", "Mechelen", "and", "Others", "v.", "the", "Netherlands", "judgment", "of", "23", "April", "1997", ",", "Reports", "of", "Judgments", "and", "Decisions", "1997-III", ",", "p.", "711", ",", "§", "49", ")", ".", "24.", "The", "Court", "reiterates", "that", "the", "admissibility", "of", "evidence", "is", "primarily", "a", "matter", "for", "regulation", "by", "national", "law", "and", "as", "a", "general", "rule", "it", "is", "for", "the", "national", "courts", "to", "assess", "the", "evidence", "before", "them.", "The", "Court’s", "task", "under", "the", "Convention", "is", "not", "to", "give", "a", "ruling", "as", "to", "whether", "statements", "of", "witnesses", "were", "properly", "admitted", "as", "evidence", ",", "but", "rather", "to", "ascertain", "whether", "the", "proceedings", "as", "a", "whole", ",", "including", "the", "way", "in", "which", "evidence", "was", "taken", ",", "were", "fair", "(", "see", ",", "among", "other", "authorities", ",", "the", "Van", "Mechelen", "and", "Others", "judgment", "cited", "above", ",", "p.", "711", ",", "§", "50", ",", "and", "the", "Doorson", "v.", "the", "Netherlands", "judgment", "of", "26", "March", "1996", ",", "Reports", "1996-II", ",", "p.", "470", ",", "§", "67", ")", ".", "25.", "In", "addition", ",", "all", "the", "evidence", "must", "normally", "be", "produced", "at", "a", "public", "hearing", ",", "in", "the", "presence", "of", "the", "accused", ",", "with", "a", "view", "to", "adversarial", "argument.", "There", "are", "exceptions", "to", "this", "principle", ",", "but", "they", "must", "not", "infringe", "the", "rights", "of", "the", "defence", ";", "as", "a", "general", "rule", ",", "paragraphs", "1", "and", "3", "(", "d", ")", "of", "Article", "6", "require", "that", "the", "defendant", "be", "given", "an", "adequate", "and", "proper", "opportunity", "to", "challenge", "and", "question", "a", "witness", "against", "him", ",", "either", "when", "he", "makes", "his", "statements", "or", "at", "a", "later", "stage", "(", "see", "the", "Van", "Mechelen", "and", "Others", "judgment", "cited", "above", ",", "p.", "711", ",", "§", "51", ",", "and", "the", "Lüdi", "v.", "Switzerland", "judgment", "of", "15", "June", "1992", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "238", ",", "p.", "21", ",", "§", "49", ")", ".", "In", "particular", ",", "the", "rights", "of", "the", "defence", "are", "restricted", "to", "an", "extent", "that", "is", "incompatible", "with", "the", "requirements", "of", "Article", "6", "if", "the", "conviction", "is", "based", "solely", ",", "or", "in", "a", "decisive", "manner", ",", "on", "the", "depositions", "of", "a", "witness", "whom", "the", "accused", "has", "had", "no", "opportunity", "to", "examine", "or", "to", "have", "examined", "either", "during", "the", "investigation", "or", "at", "trial", "(", "see", "the", "Van", "Mechelen", "and", "Others", "judgment", "cited", "above", ",", "p.", "712", ",", "§", "55", ";", "the", "Saïdi", "v.", "France", "judgment", "of", "20", "September", "1993", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "261-C", ",", "pp.", "56-57", ",", "§§", "43-44", ";", "and", "the", "Unterpertinger", "v.", "Austria", "judgment", "of", "24", "November", "1986", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "110", ",", "pp.", "14-15", ",", "§§", "31-33", ")", ".", "26.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "in", "convicting", "the", "applicant", "in", "the", "instant", "case", "the", "domestic", "courts", "relied", "solely", "on", "the", "statements", "made", "in", "the", "before", "trial", "and", "that", "the", "applicant", "was", "at", "no", "stage", "in", "the", "proceedings", "confronted", "with", "his", "accusers.", "27.", "As", "to", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "applicant", "could", "have", "requested", "the", "examination", "of", "the", "witnesses", "under", "the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty", ",", "it", "should", "be", "noted", "that", "in", "his", "international", "rogatory", "letters", "of", ",", "the", "public", "prosecutor", "informed", "the", "American", "authorities", "that", "no", "lawyer", "was", "to", "be", "allowed", "to", "attend", "the", "requested", "examinations.", "In", "addition", ",", "the", "Government", "have", "not", "produced", "any", "court", "decision", "showing", "how", "the", "Treaty", "is", "applied.", "Accordingly", ",", "the", "Court", "considers", "that", "it", "has", "not", "been", "established", "that", "the", "procedure", "offered", "the", "accessibility", "and", "effectiveness", "required", "by", "Article", "14", "of", "the", "Mutual", "Assistance", "Treaty.", "28.", "Under", "these", "circumstances", ",", "the", "applicant", "can", "not", "be", "regarded", "as", "having", "had", "a", "proper", "and", "adequate", "opportunity", "to", "challenge", "the", "witness", "statements", "that", "formed", "the", "basis", "of", "his", "conviction.", "He", "therefore", "did", "not", "have", "a", "fair", "trial", "and", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "6", "§", "1", "taken", "together", "with", "Article", "6", "§", "3", "(", "d", ")", ".", "II.", "APPLICATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "41", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "29.", "Article", "41", "of", "the", "Convention", "provides", ":", "“If", "the", "Court", "finds", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "the", "Convention", "or", "the", "Protocols", "thereto", ",", "and", "if", "the", "internal", "law", "of", "the", "High", "Contracting", "Party", "concerned", "allows", "only", "partial", "reparation", "to", "be", "made", ",", "the", "Court", "shall", ",", "if", "necessary", ",", "afford", "just", "satisfaction", "to", "the", "injured", "party.”", "A.", "Damage", "30.", "The", "applicant", "said", "that", "he", "had", "lost", "his", "job", "as", "a", "caretaker", "as", "a", "result", "of", "his", "conviction.", "His", "health", "had", "also", "deteriorated.", "As", "a", "result", ",", "he", "alleged", "pecuniary", "damage", "resulting", "from", "the", "violation", "of", "the", "Convention", "of", "1,022,000,000", "Italian", "lire", "(", "ITL", ")", ".", "He", "also", "sought", "ITL", "300,000,000", "for", "non-pecuniary", "damage.", "31.", "In", "the", "Government’s", "submission", ",", "the", "applicant", "had", "not", "duly", "established", "any", "pecuniary", "damage.", "As", "to", "non-pecuniary", "damage", ",", "a", "judgment", "finding", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "6", "would", "constitute", "sufficient", "just", "satisfaction.", "32.", "Whilst", "the", "Court", "can", "not", "speculate", "as", "to", "the", "outcome", "of", "the", "proceedings", "concerned", "had", "there", "been", "no", "violation", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "it", "considers", "that", "the", "applicant", "suffered", "a", "loss", "of", "real", "opportunity", "(", "see", "Pélissier", "and", "Sassi", "v.", "France", "[", "GC", "]", ",", "no.", "25444", "/", "94", ",", "§", "80", ",", "ECHR", "1999-II", ")", ".", "It", "also", "finds", "that", "the", "applicant", "suffered", "actual", "non-pecuniary", "damage.", "Having", "regard", "to", "the", "circumstances", "of", "the", "case", "and", "ruling", "on", "an", "equitable", "basis", "as", "required", "by", "Article", "41", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "it", "decides", "to", "award", "him", "the", "sum", "of", "ITL", "50,000,000.", "B.", "Costs", "and", "expenses", "33.", "The", "applicant", "also", "sought", "reimbursement", "of", "ITL", "4,000,000", "for", "sundry", "costs", "incurred", "in", "the", "proceedings", "before", "the", "domestic", "courts", "and", "ITL", "837,900", "for", "costs", "incurred", "before", "the", "Commission", "and", "the", "Court.", "34.", "The", "Government", "left", "the", "matter", "to", "the", "Court’s", "discretion.", "35.", "The", "Court", "observes", "that", "on", "several", "occasions", "during", "the", "domestic", "proceedings", "the", "applicant", "had", "submitted", "that", "he", "was", "entitled", "to", "examine", "the", "prosecution", "witnesses.", "It", "therefore", "considers", "that", "the", "costs", "incurred", "before", "the", "domestic", "courts", "were", "incurred", "in", "order", "to", "remedy", "the", "violation", "that", "has", "been", "found", "and", "that", "those", "costs", "must", "be", "reimbursed", "(", "see", ",", "for", "a", "case", "decided", "differently", "on", "the", "facts", ",", "Serre", "v.", "France", ",", "no.", "29718", "/", "96", ",", "§", "29", ",", "29", "September", "1999", ",", "unreported", ")", ".", "It", "is", "also", "appropriate", "to", "award", "him", "the", "sum", "claimed", "for", "the", "proceedings", "before", "the", "Commission", "and", "the", "Court.", "Consequently", ",", "the", "Court", "decides", "to", "award", "the", "applicant", "the", "amount", "claimed", "(", "ITL", "4,837,900", ")", ".", "C.", "Default", "interest", "36.", "According", "to", "the", "information", "available", "to", "the", "Court", ",", "the", "statutory", "rate", "of", "interest", "applicable", "in", "at", "the", "date", "of", "adoption", "of", "the", "present", "judgment", "is", "2.5", "%", "per", "annum.", "FOR", "THESE", "REASONS", ",", "THE", "COURT", "UNANIMOUSLY", "1.", "Holds", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "6", "§", "1", "taken", "together", "with", "Article", "6", "§", "3", "(", "d", ")", "of", "the", "Convention", ";", "2.", "Holds", "(", "a", ")", "that", "the", "respondent", "State", "is", "to", "pay", "the", "applicant", ",", "within", "three", "months", "from", "the", "date", "on", "which", "the", "judgment", "becomes", "final", "according", "to", "Article", "44", "§", "2", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "50,000,000", "(", "fifty", "million", ")", "Italian", "lire", "for", "damage", ",", "and", "4,837,900", "(", "four", "million", "eight", "hundred", "and", "thirty-seven", "thousand", "nine", "hundred", ")", "Italian", "lire", "for", "costs", "and", "expenses", ";", "(", "b", ")", "that", "simple", "interest", "at", "an", "annual", "rate", "of", "2.5", "%", "shall", "be", "payable", "from", "the", "expiry", "of", "the", "above-mentioned", "three", "months", "until", "settlement", ";", "3.", "Dismisses", "the", "remainder", "of", "the", "claim", "for", "just", "satisfaction.", "Done", "in", "French", ",", "and", "notified", "in", "writing", "on", ",", "pursuant", "to", "Rule", "77", "§§", "2", "and", "3", "of", "the", "Rules", "of", "Court.", "Erik", "Fribergh", "Christos", "Rozakis", "Registrar", "President" ]

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8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

1

[ "SECOND", "SECTION", "CASE", "OF", "BATTISTA", "v.", "ITALY", "(", "Application", "no.", "43978", "/", "09", ")", "JUDGMENT", "STRASBOURG", "2", "December", "2014", "FINAL", "02", "/", "03", "/", "2015", "This", "judgment", "has", "become", "final", "under", "Article", "44", "§", "2", "of", "the", "Convention.", "It", "may", "be", "subject", "to", "editorial", "revision.", "In", "the", "case", "of", "Battista", "v.", "Italy", ",", "The", "European", "Court", "of", "Human", "Rights", "(", "Second", "Section", ")", ",", "sitting", "as", "a", "Chamber", "composed", "of", ":", "Işıl", "Karakaş", ",", "President", ",", "Guido", "Raimondi", ",", "András", "Sajó", ",", "Nebojša", "Vučinić", ",", "Helen", "Keller", ",", "Egidijus", "Kūris", ",", "Robert", "Spano", ",", "judges", ",", "and", "Stanley", "Naismith", ",", "Section", "Registrar", ",", "Having", "deliberated", "in", "private", "on", "4", "November", "2014", ",", "Delivers", "the", "following", "judgment", ",", "which", "was", "adopted", "on", "that", "date", ":", "PROCEDURE", "1.", "The", "case", "originated", "in", "an", "application", "(", "no.", "43978", "/", "09", ")", "against", "the", "Italian", "Republic", "lodged", "with", "the", "Court", "under", "Article", "34", "of", "the", "Convention", "for", "the", "Protection", "of", "Human", "Rights", "and", "Fundamental", "Freedoms", "(", "“the", "Convention”", ")", "by", "an", "Italian", "national", ",", "Mr", "Alessandro", "Battista", "(", "“the", "applicant”", ")", ",", "on", "6", "August", "2009.", "2.", "The", "applicant", "was", "represented", "by", "Mr", "A.", "Battista", ",", "a", "lawyer", "practising", "in", "Naples.", "The", "Italian", "Government", "(", "“the", "Government”", ")", "were", "represented", "by", "their", "Agent", ",", "Ms", "E.", "Spatafora.", "3.", "On", "11", "April", "2011", "the", "application", "was", "communicated", "to", "the", "Government.", "THE", "FACTS", "I.", "THE", "CIRCUMSTANCES", "OF", "THE", "CASE", "4.", "The", "applicant", "was", "born", "in", "1967", "and", "lives", "in", "Naples.", "5.", "While", "he", "was", "in", "judicial", "separation", "proceedings", "from", "his", "wife", "(", "D.L.", ")", ",", "a", "provisional", "residence", "order", "was", "issued", "to", "both", "parents", "in", "respect", "of", "the", "couple’s", "two", "children", "(", "G.L.", "and", "M.T.", ")", ".", "6.", "On", "29", "August", "2007", "the", "applicant", "asked", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "to", "issue", "him", "with", "a", "new", "passport", ",", "requesting", "that", "the", "name", "of", "his", "son", ",", "G.L.", ",", "also", "be", "entered", "in", "it.", "His", "former", "wife", "objected", ",", "arguing", "that", "the", "applicant", "was", "not", "making", "the", "maintenance", "payments", "ordered", "by", "the", "president", "of", "the", "court", "at", "the", "time", "of", "the", "judicial", "separation.", "7.", "By", "a", "decree", "of", "18", "September", "2007", ",", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "rejected", "the", "applicant’s", "request", ",", "holding", "that", "it", "was", "inappropriate", "to", "issue", "the", "requested", "passport", ",", "given", "the", "imperative", "of", "protecting", "the", "children’s", "right", "to", "receive", "the", "maintenance", "payments.", "In", "this", "regard", ",", "he", "emphasised", "that", "the", "applicant", ",", "who", "was", "supposed", "to", "make", "a", "maintenance", "payment", "of", "600", "euros", "(", "EUR", ")", "per", "month", ",", "paid", "only", "a", "small", "amount", "(", "EUR", "45", "to", "90", ")", "and", "that", "there", "was", "a", "risk", "that", "he", "would", "shirk", "his", "obligation", "completely", "if", "he", "were", "to", "travel", "abroad.", "8.", "By", "a", "decision", "of", "26", "October", "2007", ",", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "ordered", "that", "M.T.’s", "name", "be", "removed", "from", "the", "applicant’s", "passport.", "9.", "On", "31", "October", "2007", "the", "Naples", "Police", "Commissioner", "(", "questore", ")", "ordered", "the", "applicant", "to", "hand", "in", "his", "passport", "to", "the", "police", "station", "and", "amended", "his", "identity", "card", ",", "making", "it", "invalid", "for", "foreign", "travel.", "10.", "The", "applicant", "appealed", "to", "the", "Naples", "Court", "against", "the", "guardianship", "judge’s", "decision.", "He", "alleged", "that", ":", "–", "under", "the", "measures", "ordered", "by", "the", "president", "of", "the", "court", "at", "the", "time", "of", "the", "judicial", "separation", ",", "the", "children", "had", "been", "due", "to", "spend", "the", "period", "of", "10", "to", "26", "August", ",", "during", "the", "school", "holidays", ",", "with", "him", ";", "on", "that", "basis", ",", "he", "had", "planned", "to", "take", "them", "to", "Sicily", "by", "plane", ";", "however", ",", "this", "required", "that", "the", "names", "of", "his", "two", "children", "be", "included", "in", "his", "passport", ";", "–", "on", "account", "of", "his", "former", "wife’s", "objection", "and", "the", "guardianship", "judge’s", "decree", ",", "he", "and", "his", "children", "had", "been", "unable", "to", "go", "on", "holiday", ";", "–", "the", "children’s", "names", "were", "included", "in", "the", "mother’s", "passport", ";", "–", "the", "dismissal", "of", "his", "request", "amounted", "to", "a", "penalty", "that", "was", "not", "prescribed", "by", "law.", "11.", "On", "7", "February", "2008", "the", "applicant", "asked", "the", "Naples", "guardianship", "judge", "to", "issue", "him", "with", "a", "new", "passport", ",", "explaining", "that", "his", "former", "wife", "had", "retained", "his", "identity", "card", "and", "his", "passport", "in", "the", "family", "home.", "12.", "By", "a", "decree", "of", "29", "February", "2008", ",", "the", "Naples", "guardianship", "judge", "dismissed", "the", "applicant’s", "request", "on", "the", "ground", "that", "he", "had", "not", "paid", "the", "maintenance", "sums", "due", "in", "respect", "of", "his", "children", ",", "and", "that", "it", "was", "to", "be", "feared", "that", "he", "was", "leaving", "the", "country", "only", "in", "order", "to", "evade", "his", "obligation", "entirely.", "The", "applicant", "also", "appealed", "against", "that", "decision", "to", "the", "Naples", "Court", ",", "alleging", "a", "breach", "of", "his", "right", "to", "freedom", "of", "movement.", "13.", "By", "a", "decision", "of", "5", "February", "2009", ",", "the", "Naples", "Court", "joined", "the", "appeals", "and", "dismissed", "them.", "The", "court", "noted", ",", "firstly", ",", "that", "the", "legal", "basis", "for", "the", "guardianship", "judge’s", "decision", "was", "Law", "no.", "1185", "of", "21", "November", "1967", ",", "as", "amended", "by", "the", "Passports", "Act", "2003", "(", "Law", "no.", "3", ")", ".", "14.", "The", "court", "found", "that", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "did", "indeed", "have", "jurisdiction", "to", "rule", "on", "the", "applicant’s", "request", "for", "a", "passport", "and", "on", "the", "inclusion", "in", "it", "of", "his", "son’s", "name.", "As", "to", "the", "merits", "of", "the", "appeal", ",", "the", "court", "noted", "that", "the", "applicant", "was", "not", "complying", "with", "his", "obligation", "to", "pay", "maintenance", "and", "that", "this", "circumstance", "was", "one", "of", "the", "lawful", "grounds", "for", "refusing", "to", "issue", "a", "passport", ",", "in", "the", "children’s", "interests", ",", "in", "accordance", "with", "section", "12", "of", "the", "Passports", "Act.", "15.", "On", "4", "November", "2008", "D.L.", "was", "ordered", "to", "pay", "a", "fine", "of", "EUR", "100", "for", "failing", "to", "bring", "the", "children", "to", "an", "appointment", "with", "the", "applicant.", "16.", "By", "a", "decree", "of", "8", "April", "2009", ",", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "issued", "D.L.", ",", "at", "her", "request", ",", "with", "a", "passport", "in", "which", "the", "names", "of", "the", "two", "children", "were", "included.", "17.", "On", "21", "August", "2012", "the", "applicant", "asked", "the", "Naples", "guardianship", "judge", "to", "issue", "individual", "passports", "to", "his", "children", ",", "in", "application", "of", "Legislative", "Decree", "no.", "135", "of", "2009.", "18.", "D.L.", "objected", ",", "arguing", "that", "the", "children", "did", "not", "need", "these", "passports", ";", "that", "the", "applicant", "had", "made", "no", "maintenance", "payments", "since", "2007", ";", "and", "that", ",", "indeed", ",", "criminal", "proceedings", "were", "pending", "in", "that", "regard.", "19.", "By", "a", "decision", "of", "3", "October", "2012", ",", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "rejected", "the", "applicant’s", "request.", "He", "considered", "that", "the", "proceedings", "for", "the", "separation", "of", "the", "applicant", "and", "D.L.", "were", "still", "pending", "and", "that", ",", "in", "the", "light", "of", "the", "considerations", "put", "forward", "by", "D.L.", ",", "with", "whom", "the", "children", "resided", ",", "it", "was", "appropriate", "to", "stay", "any", "issue", "of", "passports", "to", "the", "children.", "The", "applicant", "did", "not", "appeal", "against", "that", "decision.", "II.", "RELEVANT", "DOMESTIC", "AND", "INTERNATIONAL", "LAW", "20.", "Law", "no.", "1185", "of", "21", "November", "1967", ",", "as", "amended", "by", "the", "Passports", "Act", "2003", "(", "Law", "no.", "3", ")", ",", "provides", ":", "Section", "3", "“A", "passport", "can", "not", "be", "delivered", ":", "(", "a", ")", "to", "children", "who", "are", "subject", "to", "parental", "authority", ",", "where", "the", "parents", "do", "not", "consent", ",", "or", ",", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "parental", "authority", ",", "where", "the", "guardianship", "judge", "does", "not", "consent", ";", "(", "b", ")", "to", "parents", "of", "minor", "children", ",", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "authorisation", "by", "the", "guardianship", "judge.", "Such", "authorisation", "shall", "not", "be", "necessary", "if", "consent", "has", "been", "given", "by", "the", "other", "parent", ",", "or", "if", "one", "of", "the", "two", "parents", "has", "sole", "custody", "...", "Section", "12", "A", "passport", "may", "be", "withdrawn", "from", "a", "person", "who", "is", "abroad", "and", "is", "unable", "to", "prove", "that", "he", "or", "she", "has", "made", "maintenance", "payments", "as", "ordered", "by", "a", "court", "decision", "in", "respect", "of", "his", "or", "her", "minor", "children", "...", "”", "21.", "In", "practice", ",", "there", "are", "two", "exceptions", "in", "which", "a", "passport", "may", "nonetheless", "be", "issued", ":", "where", "the", "person", "concerned", "has", "shown", "the", "necessity", "for", "medical", "care", "in", "another", "country", ",", "or", "where", "he", "or", "she", "must", "travel", "abroad", "for", "professional", "reasons.", "22.", "Legislative", "decree", "no.", "135", "of", "2009", "made", "it", "obligatory", "for", "minor", "children", "to", "hold", "individual", "passports.", "Since", "25", "November", "2009", "it", "has", "therefore", "no", "longer", "been", "possible", "to", "include", "minor", "children", "on", "their", "parents’", "passports.", "Entries", "made", "prior", "to", "that", "date", "remain", "valid", ",", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "arrangements", "provided", "for", "in", "the", "legislation", "then", "in", "force.", "The", "validity", "of", "minor", "children’s", "passports", "varies", "depending", "on", "the", "child’s", "age", ":", "three", "years", "from", "children", "aged", "under", "three", ",", "and", "five", "years", "for", "children", "aged", "from", "three", "to", "eighteen.", "23.", "Regulation", "(", "EC", ")", "no.", "4", "/", "2009", "of", "18", "December", "2008", "on", "jurisdiction", ",", "applicable", "law", ",", "recognition", "and", "enforcement", "of", "decisions", "and", "cooperation", "in", "matters", "relating", "to", "maintenance", "obligations", "proposes", "a", "series", "of", "measures", "aimed", "at", "facilitating", "the", "payment", "of", "maintenance", "claims", "in", "cross-border", "situations.", "24.", "The", "Hague", "Convention", "of", "23", "November", "2007", "on", "the", "International", "Recovery", "of", "Child", "Support", "and", "Other", "Forms", "of", "Family", "Maintenance", "establishes", "a", "system", "of", "administrative", "cooperation", "between", "the", "authorities", "of", "the", "Contracting", "States", "and", "a", "system", "for", "the", "recognition", "and", "enforcement", "of", "maintenance", "decisions", "and", "agreements.", "25.", "The", "New", "York", "Convention", "on", "the", "Recovery", "Abroad", "of", "Maintenance", "was", "adopted", "and", "opened", "for", "signature", "on", "20", "June", "1956", "by", "the", "United", "Nations", "Conference", "on", "Maintenance", "Obligations", ",", "convened", "pursuant", "to", "Resolution", "572", "(", "XIX", ")", "of", "the", "United", "Nations", "Economic", "and", "Social", "Council", ",", "adopted", "on", "17", "May", "1955.", "THE", "LAW", "I.", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "2", "OF", "PROTOCOL", "No.", "4", "TO", "THE", "CONVENTION", "26.", "The", "applicant", "complained", "of", "an", "interference", "with", "his", "private", "life", "and", "his", "freedom", "of", "movement.", "In", "particular", ",", "he", "alleged", "that", "there", "was", "no", "statutory", "rule", "preventing", "parents", "who", "did", "not", "make", "maintenance", "payments", "from", "holding", "a", "passport", "or", "from", "having", "their", "children’s", "names", "added", "to", "it.", "He", "relied", "on", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "to", "the", "Convention", ",", "which", "provides", ":", "“1.", "Everyone", "lawfully", "within", "the", "territory", "of", "a", "State", "shall", ",", "within", "that", "territory", ",", "have", "the", "right", "to", "liberty", "of", "movement", "and", "freedom", "to", "choose", "his", "residence.", "2.", "Everyone", "shall", "be", "free", "to", "leave", "any", "country", ",", "including", "his", "own.", "3.", "No", "restrictions", "shall", "be", "placed", "on", "the", "exercise", "of", "these", "rights", "other", "than", "such", "as", "are", "in", "accordance", "with", "law", "and", "are", "necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society", "in", "the", "interests", "of", "national", "security", "or", "public", "safety", ",", "for", "the", "maintenance", "of", "ordre", "public", ",", "for", "the", "prevention", "of", "crime", ",", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "health", "or", "morals", ",", "or", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "the", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "of", "others.", "4.", "The", "rights", "set", "forth", "in", "paragraph", "1", "may", "also", "be", "subject", ",", "in", "particular", "areas", ",", "to", "restrictions", "imposed", "in", "accordance", "with", "law", "and", "justified", "by", "the", "public", "interest", "in", "a", "democratic", "society.”", "27.", "The", "Government", "contested", "the", "applicant’s", "arguments.", "A.", "Admissibility", "28.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "this", "complaint", "is", "not", "manifestly", "ill-founded", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "3", "(", "a", ")", "of", "the", "Convention.", "It", "further", "notes", "that", "it", "is", "not", "inadmissible", "on", "any", "other", "grounds.", "It", "must", "therefore", "be", "declared", "admissible.", "B.", "Merits", "1.", "The", "parties’", "submissions", "29.", "The", "applicant", "submitted", "that", "there", "was", "no", "legal", "basis", "for", "the", "authorities’", "refusal", "to", "issue", "him", "with", "a", "passport.", "In", "particular", ",", "he", "argued", "that", "he", "had", "never", "been", "convicted", "for", "a", "violation", "of", "the", "obligations", "to", "assist", "one’s", "family", "(", "violazione", "degli", "obblighi", "di", "assistenza", "familiare", ")", ",", "an", "offence", "punishable", "under", "Article", "570", "of", "the", "Criminal", "Code", ",", "and", "that", "no", "court", "had", "convicted", "him", "for", "failure", "to", "pay", "the", "sums", "due", "in", "maintenance.", "He", "also", "submitted", "that", "he", "had", "no", "criminal", "record.", "30.", "The", "Government", "pointed", "out", "that", "Article", "16", "of", "the", "Constitution", "provided", "that", "the", "freedom", "of", "a", "citizen", "to", "leave", "the", "territory", "of", "the", "Republic", "was", "subject", "to", "compliance", "with", "the", "obligations", "provided", "for", "law.", "31.", "They", "further", "considered", "that", "the", "interference", "in", "the", "applicant’s", "right", "was", "specifically", "provided", "for", "by", "law", ",", "namely", "section", "3", "(", "a", ")", "and", "(", "b", ")", "of", "Law", "no.", "1185", "of", "1967", ",", "and", "explained", "that", "it", "was", "intended", "to", "protect", "the", "children", ":", "it", "was", "intended", "to", "ensure", "that", "the", "applicant", "made", "his", "maintenance", "payments", "and", "to", "prevent", "the", "commission", "of", "an", "offence.", "In", "the", "Government’s", "opinion", ",", "this", "interference", "met", "the", "criterion", "of", "being", "“necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society”", ",", "especially", "in", "the", "light", "of", "the", "Court’s", "case-law", "on", "unpaid", "debts.", "32.", "In", "this", "connection", ",", "the", "Government", "pointed", "out", "that", "the", "Naples", "Court", "had", "decided", "to", "transmit", "its", "decision", "of", "22", "October", "2008", "to", "the", "public", "prosecutor", ",", "in", "order", "to", "establish", "whether", "a", "judicial", "investigation", "could", "be", "opened", "for", "a", "violation", "of", "the", "obligations", "to", "assist", "one’s", "family", ",", "an", "offence", "punishable", "under", "Article", "570", "of", "the", "Criminal", "Code.", "33.", "The", "Government", "indicated", "that", "the", "Constitutional", "Court", ",", "in", "its", "judgment", "no.", "464", "of", "1997", ",", "had", "stated", "that", "the", "essence", "of", "the", "relevant", "section", "of", "Law", "no.", "1185", "of", "1967", "was", "“to", "ensure", "that", "the", "parent", "fulfils", "his", "or", "her", "obligations", "towards", "his", "or", "her", "children”.", "They", "added", "that", ",", "under", "the", "Court", "of", "Cassation’s", "case-law", ",", "the", "guardianship", "judge’s", "decision", "in", "this", "area", "was", "a", "measure", "of", "“non-contentious", "proceedings”", ",", "that", "is", ",", "it", "was", "not", "intended", "to", "settle", "a", "conflict", "between", "the", "parents’", "subjective", "rights", "in", "a", "final", "manner.", "34.", "The", "Government", "referred", "to", "the", "Court’s", "case-law", "on", "restrictions", "on", "freedom", "of", "movement", "in", "situations", "involving", "pending", "criminal", "trials", ",", "bankruptcy", "or", "violations", "of", "obligations", "with", "regard", "to", "military", "service.", "2.", "The", "Court’s", "assessment", "35.", "The", "Court", "observes", "at", "the", "outset", "that", "the", "present", "case", "raises", "a", "novel", "issue", ",", "in", "that", "it", "has", "not", "previously", "had", "occasion", "to", "consider", "measures", "restricting", "the", "freedom", "to", "leave", "a", "country", "on", "account", "of", "the", "existence", "of", "particularly", "significant", "debts", "to", "a", "third", "party", ",", "such", "as", "maintenance", "payments.", "36.", "In", "previous", "cases", "examined", "under", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", ",", "the", "Court", "or", "the", "former", "European", "Commission", "of", "Human", "Rights", "considered", "such", "bans", "imposed", "in", "connection", "with", ",", "for", "example", ":", "–", "pending", "criminal", "proceedings", "(", "see", "Schmidt", "v.", "Austria", ",", "no.", ",", "Commission", "decision", "of", "9", "July", "1985", ",", "Decisions", "and", "Reports", "(", "DR", ")", "44", ",", "p.", "195", ";", "Baumann", "v.", "France", ",", "no.", ",", "ECHR", "2001V", ";", "Földes", "and", "Földesné", "Hajlik", "v.", "Hungary", ",", "no.", ",", "ECHR", "2006XII", ";", "Sissanis", "v.", "Romania", ",", "no.", ",", "25", "January", "2007", ";", "Bessenyei", "v.", "Hungary", ",", "no.", ",", "21", "October", "2008", ";", "A.E.", "v.", "Poland", ",", "no.", ",", "31", "March", "2009", ";", "Iordan", "Iordanov", "and", "Others", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "2", "July", "2009", ";", "Makedonski", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "20", "January", "2011", ";", "Pfeifer", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "17", "February", "2011", ";", "Prescher", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "7", "June", "2011", ";", "and", "Miażdżyk", "v.", "Poland", ",", "no.", ",", "24", "January", "2012", ")", ";", "–", "enforcement", "of", "criminal", "sentences", "(", "see", "M.", "v.", "Germany", ",", "no.", ",", "Commission", "decision", "of", "6", "March", "1984", ",", "DR", "37", ",", "p.", "113", ")", ";", "–", "the", "criminal", "conviction", "of", "the", "applicant", ",", "until", "such", "time", "as", "he", "had", "been", "rehabilitated", "(", "see", "Nalbantski", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", "30943", "/", "04", ",", "10", "February", "2011", ")", ";", "–", "pending", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "(", "see", "Luordo", "v.", "Italy", ",", "no.", ",", "ECHR", "2003IX", ")", ";", "–", "refusal", "to", "pay", "customs", "penalties", "(", "see", "Napijalo", "v.", "Croatia", ",", "no.", ",", "13", "November", "2003", ")", ";", "–", "failure", "to", "pay", "taxes", "(", "see", "Riener", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "23", "May", "2006", ")", ";", "–", "failure", "to", "pay", "judgment", "debts", "to", "private", "persons", "(", "see", "Ignatov", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "2", "July", "2009", ";", "Gochev", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", ",", "26", "November", "2009", ";", "and", "Khlyustov", "v.", "Russia", ",", "no.", "28975", "/", "05", ",", "11", "July", "2013", ")", ";", "–", "knowledge", "of", "“State", "secrets”", "(", "see", "Bartik", "v.", "Russia", ",", "no.", ",", "ECHR", "2006XV", ")", ";", "–", "failure", "to", "comply", "with", "military", "service", "obligations", "(", "see", "Peltonen", "v.", "Finland", ",", "no.", ",", "Commission", "decision", "of", "20", "February", "1995", ",", "DR", "80A", ",", "p.", "38", ",", "and", "Marangos", "v.", "Cyprus", ",", "no.", ",", "Commission", "decision", "of", "20", "May", "1997", ",", "unpublished", ")", ";", "–", "mental", "illness", "of", "the", "person", "concerned", ",", "coupled", "with", "a", "lack", "of", "arrangements", "for", "appropriate", "care", "in", "the", "destination", "country", "(", "see", "Nordblad", "v.", "Sweden", ",", "no.", ",", "Commission", "decision", "of", "13", "October", "1993", ",", "unpublished", ")", ";", "–", "court", "orders", "prohibiting", "minor", "children", "from", "being", "removed", "to", "a", "foreign", "country", "(", "see", "Roldan", "Texeira", "and", "Others", "v.", "Italy", "(", "dec.", ")", ",", "no.", ",", "26", "October", "2000", ",", "and", "Diamante", "and", "Pelliccioni", "v.", "San", "Marino", ",", "no.", ",", "27", "September", "2011", ")", ";", "–", "ban", "prohibiting", "a", "Bulgarian", "from", "leaving", "the", "territory", "of", "Bulgaria", "for", "two", "years", "on", "account", "of", "breaches", "of", "the", "immigration", "laws", "of", "the", "United", "States", "(", "see", "Stamose", "v.", "Bulgaria", ",", "no.", "29713", "/", "05", ",", "ECHR", "2012", ")", ".", "The", "Court", "considers", "that", "in", "spite", "of", "the", "differences", "between", "those", "cases", "and", "the", "present", "case", ",", "the", "principles", "laid", "down", "in", "them", "are", "also", "applicable", "here.", "37.", "Article", "2", "§", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "guarantees", "to", "any", "person", "the", "right", "to", "leave", "any", "country", "for", "any", "other", "country", "of", "that", "person’s", "choice", "to", "which", "he", "or", "she", "may", "be", "admitted.", "The", "domestic", "courts’", "refusal", "to", "issue", "the", "applicant", "with", "a", "passport", "and", "the", "decision", "to", "invalidate", "his", "identity", "card", "for", "foreign", "travel", "constituted", "an", "interference", "with", "that", "right", "(", "see", "the", "decision", "in", "Peltonen", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "p.", "43", ",", "and", "the", "above-cited", "judgments", "in", "Baumann", ",", "§§", "62-63", ";", "Napijalo", ",", "§§", "69-73", ";", "and", "Nalbantski", ",", "§", "61", ")", ".", "It", "must", "therefore", "be", "determined", "whether", "that", "interference", "was", "“in", "accordance", "with", "law”", ",", "pursued", "one", "or", "more", "of", "the", "legitimate", "aims", "set", "out", "in", "Article", "2", "§", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", ",", "and", "whether", "it", "was", "“necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society”", "for", "the", "achievement", "of", "such", "an", "aim.", "38.", "With", "regard", "to", "the", "lawfulness", "of", "the", "measure", ",", "the", "Court", "reiterates", "its", "settled", "case-law", "according", "to", "which", "the", "expression", "“in", "accordance", "with", "law”", "not", "only", "requires", "that", "the", "impugned", "measure", "should", "have", "some", "basis", "in", "domestic", "law", ",", "but", "also", "refers", "to", "the", "quality", "of", "the", "law", "in", "question", ",", "requiring", "that", "it", "should", "be", "accessible", "to", "the", "person", "concerned", "and", "foreseeable", "as", "to", "its", "effects", "(", "see", "Rotaru", "v.", "Romania", "[", "GC", "]", ",", "no.", ",", "§", "52", ",", "ECHR", "2000-V", ")", ".", "In", "order", "for", "the", "law", "to", "meet", "the", "criterion", "of", "foreseeability", ",", "it", "must", "set", "forth", "with", "sufficient", "precision", "the", "conditions", "in", "which", "a", "measure", "may", "be", "applied", ",", "to", "enable", "the", "persons", "concerned", "–", "if", "need", "be", ",", "with", "appropriate", "advice", "–", "to", "regulate", "their", "conduct.", "39.", "As", "the", "Government", "have", "emphasised", ",", "the", "interference", "was", "based", "on", "section", "12", "of", "the", "Passports", "Act", "1967", "(", "Law", "no.", "1185", "of", "21", "November", "1967", ")", ",", "as", "amended", "by", "Law", "no.", "3", "of", "2003", ",", "regard", "being", "had", "to", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "applicant", "was", "failing", "to", "make", "the", "maintenance", "payments", "which", "he", "was", "required", "to", "pay", "for", "his", "children.", "The", "interference", "thus", "clearly", "had", "a", "legal", "basis", "in", "national", "law.", "In", "this", "regard", ",", "the", "Court", "also", "notes", "that", "the", "Constitutional", "Court", ",", "in", "its", "judgment", "no.", "464", "of", "1997", ",", "stated", "that", "the", "essence", "of", "the", "relevant", "section", "of", "Law", "no.", "1185", "of", "1967", "is", "to", "“to", "ensure", "that", "the", "parent", "fulfils", "his", "or", "her", "obligations", "towards", "his", "or", "her", "children”.", "40.", "The", "Court", "also", "considers", "that", "the", "imposition", "of", "the", "impugned", "measure", "was", "intended", "to", "guarantee", "the", "interests", "of", "the", "applicant’s", "children", "and", "that", "in", "principle", "it", "pursued", "a", "legitimate", "aim", ",", "namely", "the", "protection", "of", "the", "rights", "of", "others", "–", "in", "the", "present", "case", ",", "the", "children’s", "right", "to", "receive", "the", "maintenance", "payments.", "41.", "With", "regard", "to", "the", "proportionality", "of", "a", "restriction", "imposed", "on", "account", "of", "unpaid", "debts", ",", "the", "Court", "reiterates", "that", "such", "a", "measure", "is", "justified", "only", "so", "long", "as", "it", "furthers", "the", "pursued", "aim", "of", "guaranteeing", "recovery", "of", "the", "debts", "in", "question", "(", "see", "Napijalo", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§§", "78", "to", "82", ",", "13", "November", "2003", ")", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "even", "were", "it", "justified", "at", "the", "outset", ",", "a", "measure", "restricting", "an", "individual’s", "freedom", "of", "movement", "may", "become", "disproportionate", "and", "breach", "that", "individual’s", "rights", "if", "it", "is", "automatically", "extended", "over", "a", "long", "period", "(", "see", "Luordo", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "96", ",", "ECHR", "2003-IX", ",", "and", "Földes", "and", "Földesné", "Hajlik", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "35", ")", ".", "42.", "In", "any", "event", ",", "the", "domestic", "authorities", "are", "under", "an", "obligation", "to", "ensure", "that", "a", "breach", "of", "an", "individual’s", "right", "to", "leave", "his", "or", "her", "country", "is", ",", "from", "the", "outset", "and", "throughout", "its", "duration", ",", "justified", "and", "proportionate", "in", "view", "of", "the", "circumstances.", "They", "may", "not", "extend", "for", "long", "periods", "measures", "restricting", "an", "individual’s", "freedom", "of", "movement", "without", "regular", "re-examination", "of", "their", "justification", "(", "see", "Riener", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "124", ",", "and", "Földes", "and", "Földesné", "Hajlik", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "35", ")", ".", "Such", "review", "should", "normally", "be", "carried", "out", ",", "at", "least", "in", "the", "final", "instance", ",", "by", "the", "courts", ",", "since", "they", "offer", "the", "best", "guarantees", "of", "the", "independence", ",", "impartiality", "and", "lawfulness", "of", "the", "procedures", "(", "see", "Sissanis", "v.", "Romania", ",", "no.", ",", "§", "70", ",", "25", "January", "2007", ")", ".", "The", "scope", "of", "the", "judicial", "review", "should", "enable", "the", "court", "to", "take", "account", "of", "all", "the", "factors", "involved", ",", "including", "those", "concerning", "the", "proportionality", "of", "the", "restrictive", "measure", "(", "see", ",", "mutatis", "mutandis", ",", "Le", "Compte", ",", "Van", "Leuven", "and", "De", "Meyere", "v.", "Belgium", ",", "23", "June", "1981", ",", "§", "60", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "43", ")", ".", "43.", "Turning", "to", "the", "circumstances", "of", "the", "present", "case", ",", "the", "Court", "notes", "that", "the", "applicant", "has", "not", "had", "a", "passport", "or", "an", "identity", "card", "which", "is", "valid", "for", "foreign", "travel", "since", "2008.", "It", "notes", "that", "he", "was", "refused", "a", "passport", "or", "an", "identity", "card", "which", "was", "valid", "for", "foreign", "travel", "on", "account", "of", "failure", "to", "make", "maintenance", "payments.", "The", "domestic", "courts", "(", "see", "paragraphs", "11-12", "above", ")", "emphasised", "that", "the", "applicant", "had", "not", "made", "the", "required", "maintenance", "payments", "in", "respect", "of", "his", "children", ",", "and", "that", "there", "was", "a", "risk", "that", "he", "would", "make", "no", "further", "payments", "if", "he", "travelled", "abroad.", "44.", "As", "shown", "by", "the", "documents", "in", "the", "case", "file", ",", "and", "especially", "the", "relevant", "domestic", "decisions", ",", "the", "national", "courts", "did", "not", "consider", "it", "necessary", "to", "examine", "the", "applicant’s", "personal", "situation", "or", "his", "ability", "to", "pay", "the", "amounts", "due", ",", "and", "applied", "the", "impugned", "measure", "automatically.", "There", "seems", "to", "have", "been", "no", "attempt", "to", "balance", "the", "rights", "at", "stake.", "The", "only", "factor", "taken", "into", "consideration", "was", "the", "property", "interests", "of", "the", "maintenance", "recipients.", "45.", "Moreover", ",", "the", "Court", "notes", "that", "there", "has", "been", "civil-law", "cooperation", "at", "European", "and", "international", "level", "on", "the", "issue", "of", "the", "recovery", "of", "maintenance", "payments.", "It", "points", "out", "that", "there", "exist", "methods", "for", "obtaining", "recovery", "of", "debts", "outside", "national", "boundaries", ",", "in", "particular", "Council", "Regulation", "(", "EC", ")", "no.", "4", "/", "2009", "of", "18", "December", "2008", "on", "jurisdiction", ",", "applicable", "law", ",", "recognition", "and", "enforcement", "of", "decisions", "and", "cooperation", "in", "matters", "relating", "to", "maintenance", "obligations", ",", "the", "Hague", "Convention", "of", "23", "November", "2007", "on", "the", "International", "Recovery", "of", "Child", "Support", "and", "Other", "Forms", "of", "Family", "Maintenance", ",", "and", "the", "New", "York", "Convention", "on", "the", "Recovery", "Abroad", "of", "Maintenance.", "Those", "instruments", "were", "not", "taken", "into", "account", "by", "the", "authorities", "when", "applying", "the", "impugned", "measure.", "They", "had", "merely", "emphasised", "that", "the", "applicant", "could", "have", "travelled", "abroad", "using", "his", "passport", "and", "thus", "succeeded", "in", "evading", "his", "obligation.", "46.", "The", "Court", "further", "observes", "that", ",", "in", "the", "present", "case", ",", "the", "restriction", "imposed", "on", "the", "applicant", "did", "not", "ensure", "payment", "of", "the", "sums", "due", "in", "maintenance.", "47.", "Accordingly", ",", "it", "considers", "that", "the", "applicant", "was", "subjected", "to", "measures", "of", "an", "automatic", "nature", ",", "with", "no", "limitation", "as", "to", "their", "scope", "or", "duration", "(", "see", "Riener", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "127", ")", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "the", "domestic", "courts", "have", "not", "carried", "out", "any", "fresh", "review", "of", "the", "justification", "for", "and", "proportionality", "of", "the", "measure", ",", "having", "regard", "to", "the", "circumstances", "of", "the", "case", ",", "since", "2008.", "48.", "In", "the", "light", "of", "the", "foregoing", ",", "the", "Court", "does", "not", "consider", "that", "the", "automatic", "imposition", "of", "such", "a", "measure", "for", "an", "indeterminate", "period", "without", "any", "regard", "to", "the", "individual", "circumstances", "of", "the", "person", "concerned", "can", "be", "described", "as", "necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society.", "49.", "It", "follows", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4.", "II.", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "8", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "50.", "The", "applicant", "alleged", "that", "the", "refusal", "to", "issue", "him", "with", "a", "passport", "amounted", "to", "interference", "with", "his", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "his", "private", "life", "as", "guaranteed", "by", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "which", "provides", ":", "“1.", "Everyone", "has", "the", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "his", "private", "and", "family", "life", ",", "his", "home", "and", "his", "correspondence.", "2.", "There", "shall", "be", "no", "interference", "by", "a", "public", "authority", "with", "the", "exercise", "of", "this", "right", "except", "such", "as", "is", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "law", "and", "is", "necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society", "in", "the", "interests", "of", "national", "security", ",", "public", "safety", "or", "the", "economic", "well-being", "of", "the", "country", ",", "for", "the", "prevention", "of", "disorder", "or", "crime", ",", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "health", "or", "morals", ",", "or", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "the", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "of", "others.”", "51.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "this", "complaint", ",", "as", "put", "to", "it", "by", "the", "applicant", ",", "is", "closely", "linked", "to", "the", "complaint", "under", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", ",", "examined", "above", ",", "and", "must", "likewise", "be", "declared", "admissible.", "52.", "Having", "regard", "to", "its", "conclusions", "under", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "(", "see", "paragraphs", "48", "and", "49", "above", ")", ",", "the", "Court", "does", "not", "consider", "it", "necessary", "to", "examine", "it", "separately.", "III.", "OTHER", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATIONS", "53.", "The", "applicant", "alleged", "that", "the", "mother", "of", "his", "children", "received", "preferential", "treatment", "in", "that", ",", "unlike", "him", ",", "she", "had", "been", "able", "to", "have", "the", "children’s", "names", "entered", "on", "her", "passport", ",", "a", "fact", "which", ",", "he", "submitted", ",", "was", "in", "breach", "of", "Article", "5", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "7", "to", "the", "Convention.", "54.", "The", "Court", "notes", "at", "the", "outset", "that", "the", "applicant", "has", "failed", "to", "substantiate", "this", "complaint.", "In", "so", "far", "as", "it", "raises", "a", "separate", "issue", "from", "that", "examined", "above", "and", "in", "so", "far", "as", "it", "has", "jurisdiction", "to", "examine", "the", "allegations", ",", "the", "Court", "has", "not", "found", "any", "appearance", "of", "a", "breach", "of", "the", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "guaranteed", "by", "the", "Convention.", "Accordingly", ",", "it", "declares", "this", "complaint", "inadmissible.", "IV.", "APPLICATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "41", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "55.", "Article", "41", "of", "the", "Convention", "provides", ":", "“If", "the", "Court", "finds", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "the", "Convention", "or", "the", "Protocols", "thereto", ",", "and", "if", "the", "internal", "law", "of", "the", "High", "Contracting", "Party", "concerned", "allows", "only", "partial", "reparation", "to", "be", "made", ",", "the", "Court", "shall", ",", "if", "necessary", ",", "afford", "just", "satisfaction", "to", "the", "injured", "party.”", "A.", "Damage", "56.", "The", "applicant", "claimed", "EUR", "30,000", "in", "respect", "of", "the", "non-pecuniary", "damage", "that", "he", "alleged", "he", "had", "sustained", ",", "on", "his", "own", "behalf", "and", "on", "behalf", "of", "his", "children", ",", "as", "a", "result", "of", "the", "fact", "that", "it", "was", "impossible", "to", "travel", "abroad.", "57.", "The", "Government", "contested", "this", "claim.", "They", "considered", "that", "the", "amount", "claimed", "was", ",", "in", "any", "event", ",", "excessive", "and", "that", "it", "did", "not", "correspond", "to", "the", "criteria", "used", "by", "the", "Court.", "58.", "The", "Court", "considers", "it", "appropriate", "to", "award", "the", "applicant", "EUR", "5,000", "in", "respect", "of", "non-pecuniary", "damage.", "B.", "Costs", "and", "expenses", "59.", "The", "applicant", "also", "claimed", "EUR", "20,000", "for", "the", "costs", "and", "expenses", "incurred", "before", "the", "domestic", "courts", "and", "before", "the", "Court", ",", "without", "however", "submitting", "any", "supporting", "documents.", "60.", "The", "Government", "considered", "this", "sum", "excessive", "and", "submitted", "that", "the", "applicant", "had", "not", "shown", "that", "the", "alleged", "costs", "and", "expenses", "had", "been", "necessary", "and", "reasonable.", "61.", "According", "to", "the", "Court’s", "case-law", ",", "an", "applicant", "is", "entitled", "to", "the", "reimbursement", "of", "costs", "and", "expenses", "only", "in", "so", "far", "as", "it", "has", "been", "shown", "that", "these", "have", "been", "actually", "and", "necessarily", "incurred", "and", "are", "reasonable", "as", "to", "quantum.", "In", "the", "present", "case", ",", "noting", "that", "the", "applicant", "did", "not", "produce", "any", "documents", "in", "support", "of", "his", "claims", ",", "the", "Court", "decides", "not", "to", "award", "any", "sum", "under", "this", "head.", "C.", "Default", "interest", "62.", "The", "Court", "considers", "it", "appropriate", "that", "the", "default", "interest", "rate", "should", "be", "based", "on", "the", "marginal", "lending", "rate", "of", "the", "European", "Central", "Bank", ",", "to", "which", "should", "be", "added", "three", "percentage", "points.", "FOR", "THESE", "REASONS", ",", "THE", "COURT", ",", "1.", "Declares", ",", "unanimously", ",", "the", "application", "admissible", "in", "respect", "of", "the", "complaints", "under", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "to", "the", "Convention", "and", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ";", "2.", "Declares", "by", "a", "majority", ",", "the", "remainder", "of", "the", "application", "inadmissible", ";", "3.", "Holds", ",", "unanimously", ",", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "to", "the", "Convention", ";", "4.", "Holds", ",", "unanimously", ",", "that", "there", "is", "no", "need", "to", "examine", "the", "complaint", "under", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ";", "5.", "Holds", ",", "unanimously", ",", "(", "a", ")", "that", "the", "respondent", "State", "is", "to", "pay", "the", "applicant", ",", "within", "three", "months", "from", "the", "date", "on", "which", "the", "judgment", "becomes", "final", "in", "accordance", "with", "Article", "44", "§", "2", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "EUR", "5,000", "(", "five", "thousand", "euros", ")", ",", "plus", "any", "tax", "that", "may", "be", "chargeable", ",", "in", "respect", "of", "non-pecuniary", "damage", ";", "(", "b", ")", "that", "from", "the", "expiry", "of", "the", "above-mentioned", "three", "months", "until", "settlement", "simple", "interest", "shall", "be", "payable", "on", "the", "above", "amount", "at", "a", "rate", "equal", "to", "the", "marginal", "lending", "rate", "of", "the", "European", "Central", "Bank", "during", "the", "default", "period", "plus", "three", "percentage", "points", ";", "6.", "Dismisses", ",", "by", "six", "votes", "to", "one", ",", "the", "remainder", "of", "the", "applicant’s", "claim", "for", "just", "satisfaction.", "Done", "in", "French", ",", "and", "notified", "in", "writing", "on", "2", "December", "2014", ",", "pursuant", "to", "Rule", "77", "§§", "2", "and", "3", "of", "the", "Rules", "of", "Court.", "Abel", "Campos", "Işıl", "Karakaş", "Deputy", "Registrar", "President", "In", "accordance", "with", "Article", "45", "§", "2", "of", "the", "Convention", "and", "Rule", "74", "§", "2", "of", "the", "Rules", "of", "Court", ",", "the", "statement", "of", "dissent", "of", "Judge", "Kūris", "is", "annexed", "to", "this", "judgment.", "A.I.K.", "A.C.", "STATEMENT", "OF", "DISSENT", "BY", "JUDGE", "KŪRIS", "I", "voted", "against", "points", "2", "and", "6", "of", "the", "operative", "part", "of", "the", "judgment.", "In", "my", "opinion", ",", "the", "issue", "touched", "upon", "in", "paragraphs", "53", "and", "54", "of", "the", "judgment", "merits", "scrutiny", "under", "Article", "5", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "7", "to", "the", "Convention.", "Consequently", ",", "this", "part", "of", "the", "application", "should", "have", "been", "declared", "admissible", "." ]

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8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

2

[ "THIRD", "SECTION", "CASE", "OF", "CAMPAGNANO", "v.", "(", "Application", "no.", "77955", "/", "01", ")", "JUDGMENT", "23", "March", "2006", "FINAL", "03", "/", "07", "/", "2006", "In", "the", "case", "of", "Campagnano", "v.", ",", "The", "European", "Court", "of", "Human", "Rights", "(", "Third", "Section", ")", ",", "sitting", "as", "a", "Chamber", "composed", "of", ":", "Boštjan", "M.", "Zupančič", ",", "President", ",", "Lucius", "Caflisch", ",", "Margarita", "Tsatsa-Nikolovska", ",", "Vladimiro", "Zagrebelsky", ",", "Egbert", "Myjer", ",", "David", "Thór", "Björgvinsson", ",", "Ineta", "Ziemele", ",", "judges", ",", "and", "Vincent", "Berger", ",", "Section", "Registrar", ",", "Having", "deliberated", "in", "private", "on", "5", "January", "and", "2", "March", "2006", ",", "Delivers", "the", "following", "judgment", ",", "which", "was", "adopted", "on", "the", "last-mentioned", "date", ":", "PROCEDURE", "1.", "The", "case", "originated", "in", "an", "application", "(", "no.", "77955", "/", "01", ")", "against", "the", "lodged", "with", "the", "Court", "under", "Article", "34", "of", "the", "Convention", "for", "the", "Protection", "of", "Human", "Rights", "and", "Fundamental", "Freedoms", "(", "“the", "Convention”", ")", "by", "an", "Italian", "national", ",", "Mrs", "Emilia", "Campagnano", "(", "“the", "applicant”", ")", ",", "on", "6", "September", "2001.", "2.", "The", "applicant", "was", "represented", "before", "the", "Court", "by", "Mr", "G.", "Beatrice", ",", "a", "lawyer", "practising", "in", ".", "The", "Italian", "Government", "(", "“the", "Government”", ")", "were", "represented", "by", "their", "Agent", ",", "Mr", "I.M.", "Braguglia", ",", "their", "coAgent", ",", "Mr", "F.", "Crisafulli", ",", "and", "their", "deputy", "co-Agent", ",", "Mr", "N.", "Lettieri.", "3.", "The", "applicant", "alleged", "a", "violation", "of", "Articles", "8", "and", "10", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", ",", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", ",", "Articles", "6", "§", "1", "and", "13", "of", "the", "Convention", "and", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1.", "4.", "The", "application", "was", "allocated", "to", "the", "First", "Section", "of", "the", "Court", "(", "Rule", "52", "§", "1", "of", "the", "Rules", "of", "Court", ")", ".", "Within", "that", "Section", ",", "the", "Chamber", "that", "would", "consider", "the", "case", "(", "Article", "27", "§", "1", "of", "the", "Convention", ")", "was", "constituted", "as", "provided", "in", "Rule", "26", "§", "1.", "5.", "By", "a", "decision", "of", "13", "May", "2004", ",", "the", "Chamber", "declared", "the", "application", "partly", "inadmissible", "and", "decided", "to", "communicate", "to", "the", "Government", "the", "complaints", "under", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", ",", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", ",", "Article", "13", "of", "the", "Convention", "and", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1.", "Under", "the", "provisions", "of", "Article", "29", "§", "3", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "it", "decided", "to", "examine", "the", "merits", "of", "the", "application", "at", "the", "same", "time", "as", "its", "admissibility.", "6.", "On", "1", "November", "2004", "the", "Court", "changed", "the", "composition", "of", "its", "sections", "(", "Rule", "25", "§", "1", ")", ".", "This", "case", "was", "assigned", "to", "the", "newly", "composed", "Third", "Section", "(", "Rule", "52", "§", "1", ")", ".", "7.", "The", "applicant", "and", "the", "Government", "each", "filed", "observations", "on", "the", "merits", "(", "Rule", "59", "§", "1", ")", ".", "THE", "FACTS", "I.", "THE", "CIRCUMSTANCES", "OF", "THE", "CASE", "8.", "The", "applicant", "was", "born", "in", "1933", "and", "lives", "in", "Amorosi", "(", ")", ".", "9.", "In", "a", "judgment", "deposited", "with", "the", "court", "'s", "registry", "on", "30", "June", "1997", ",", "the", "Benevento", "District", "Court", "made", "a", "winding-up", "order", "in", "respect", "of", "the", "applicant", "'s", "company", ",", "a", "beverage", "company", ",", "and", "also", "declared", "the", "applicant", "personally", "bankrupt.", "10.", "On", "15", "October", "1997", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "filed", "a", "report.", "11.", "On", "9", "April", "1998", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge", "(", "“the", "judge”", ")", "checked", "the", "statement", "of", "liabilities", "of", "the", "bankrupt", "estate", "and", "on", "7", "June", "1999", "declared", "it", "judicially", "established", "(", "esecutivo", ")", ".", "12.", "On", "1", ",", "5", "and", "9", "July", "1999", "respectively", "the", "companies", "C.D.O.", ",", "C.C.C.", "and", "F.C.", "instituted", "proceedings", "contesting", "the", "statement", "of", "liabilities.", "13.", "At", "a", "hearing", "held", "on", "14", "April", "2000", ",", "the", "judge", "ordered", "the", "striking", "out", "of", "the", "action", "brought", "by", "the", "company", "F.C.", "as", "being", "out", "of", "time.", "14.", "On", "18", "December", "2000", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "requested", "the", "creditors", "'", "committee", "to", "give", "its", "opinion", "on", "the", "possible", "sale", "of", "two", "lorries", "in", "very", "poor", "condition", "which", "were", "listed", "in", "the", "statement", "of", "assets.", "15.", "On", "8", "January", "2001", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "requested", "the", "judge", "to", "declare", "the", "lorries", "unfit", "for", "sale", "(", "illiquidabili", ")", "so", "that", "the", "proceedings", "could", "be", "terminated.", "16.", "On", "5", "February", "2001", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "filed", "the", "revenue", "and", "expenditure", "account", ",", "which", "the", "judge", "approved", "on", "12", "March", "2001.", "17.", "By", "a", "decision", "deposited", "with", "the", "registry", "on", "20", "March", "2001", ",", "the", "judge", "terminated", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "for", "lack", "of", "any", "further", "assets", "to", "distribute.", "18.", "The", "decision", "was", "posted", "in", "the", "District", "Court", "on", "23", "March", "2001.", "It", "became", "final", "on", "7", "April", "2001.", "II.", "RELEVANT", "DOMESTIC", "LAW", "AND", "PRACTICE", "19.", "The", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "(", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", ")", "provides", ",", "inter", "alia", ":", "Section", "26", "“An", "appeal", "shall", "lie", "against", "the", "decisions", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge", "...", "to", "the", "district", "court", "within", "three", "days", "of", "their", "adoption", ",", "and", "may", "be", "lodged", "by", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", ",", "the", "bankrupt", ",", "the", "creditors", "'", "committee", "or", "any", "other", "person", "with", "an", "interest.", "The", "district", "court", "shall", "deliberate", "in", "private", "and", "give", "a", "reasoned", "decision.", "The", "appeal", "shall", "not", "have", "suspensive", "effect", "in", "relation", "to", "the", "impugned", "decision.”", "Section", "36", "“An", "appeal", "shall", "lie", "against", "measures", "taken", "by", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy.", "Such", "appeals", "may", "be", "lodged", "by", "the", "bankrupt", ",", "or", "any", "other", "person", "with", "an", "interest", ",", "with", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge", ",", "who", "shall", "give", "a", "reasoned", "decision.", "An", "appeal", "against", "that", "decision", "may", "be", "lodged", "within", "three", "days", "with", "the", "district", "court.", "That", "court", "shall", "give", "a", "reasoned", "decision", "after", "hearing", "evidence", "from", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "and", "the", "appellant.”", "Section", "42", "“The", "bankruptcy", "order", "shall", "divest", "the", "bankrupt", "of", "the", "rights", "to", "administer", "or", "to", "deal", "with", "assets", "that", "were", "in", "existence", "at", "the", "date", "of", "the", "said", "order.", "...", "”", "Section", "48", "“Correspondence", "addressed", "to", "the", "bankrupt", "shall", "be", "passed", "to", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", ",", "who", "shall", "be", "empowered", "to", "retain", "correspondence", "concerning", "property", "interests.", "The", "bankrupt", "may", "consult", "the", "correspondence.", "The", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "shall", "keep", "the", "content", "of", "correspondence", "not", "relating", "to", "such", "interests", "confidential.”", "Section", "49", "“The", "bankrupt", "may", "not", "leave", "his", "place", "of", "residence", "without", "the", "authorisation", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge", "and", "must", "report", "to", "that", "judge", ",", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "or", "the", "creditors", "'", "committee", "each", "time", "he", "is", "duly", "summoned", ",", "except", "where", "he", "is", "unable", "to", "appear", "on", "legitimate", "grounds", "and", "the", "judge", "gives", "him", "leave", "to", "send", "a", "representative.", "If", "the", "bankrupt", "fails", "to", "comply", "with", "a", "summons", ",", "the", "judge", "may", "order", "that", "he", "be", "brought", "by", "the", "police.”", "Section", "50", "“A", "public", "register", "of", "the", "names", "of", "bankrupts", "shall", "be", "held", "at", "the", "registry", "of", "each", "district", "court.", "Names", "shall", "be", "deleted", "from", "the", "register", "by", "order", "of", "the", "district", "court.", "A", "bankrupt", "shall", "be", "subject", "to", "the", "restrictions", "laid", "down", "by", "law", "until", "such", "time", "as", "his", "name", "is", "deleted", "from", "the", "register.”", "Section", "119", "“The", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "shall", "be", "terminated", "by", "means", "of", "a", "reasoned", "decision", "of", "the", "court", "...", "An", "appeal", "against", "that", "decision", "may", "be", "lodged", "with", "the", "court", "of", "appeal", "within", "fifteen", "days", "of", "its", "being", "posted", "in", "the", "court", "...", "”", "Section", "143", "“Rehabilitation", "may", "be", "granted", "to", "bankrupts", "who", "1.", "have", "paid", "in", "full", "the", "debts", "included", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", ",", "including", "interest", "and", "expenses", ";", "2.", "have", "complied", "with", "the", "terms", "of", "the", "composition", "with", "creditors", "if", "the", "court", "considers", "them", "eligible", "for", "such", "a", "measure", ",", "taking", "into", "account", "the", "causes", "and", "circumstances", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", ",", "the", "terms", "of", "the", "composition", "and", "the", "percentage", "agreed.", "Rehabilitation", "may", "not", "be", "granted", "in", "cases", "where", "the", "percentage", "agreed", "for", "unsecured", "creditors", "is", "below", "25", "%", "...", ";", "3.", "have", "shown", "proof", "of", "effective", "and", "consistent", "good", "conduct", "for", "at", "least", "five", "years", "following", "the", "end", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings.”", "20.", "Article", "2", "§", "1", "(", "a", ")", "of", "Presidential", "Decree", "no.", "223", "of", "20", "March", "1967", ",", "as", "amended", "by", "Law", "no.", "15", "of", "16", "January", "1992", ",", "provides", "essentially", "for", "the", "suspension", "of", "the", "bankrupt", "'s", "electoral", "rights", "for", "the", "duration", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "and", ",", "in", "any", "event", ",", "for", "a", "period", "not", "exceeding", "five", "years", "from", "the", "date", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "order.", "21.", "Legislative", "Decree", "(", "decreto", "legislativo", ")", "no.", "5", "of", "9", "January", "2006", "on", "the", "reform", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "provides", ",", "inter", "alia", ",", "as", "follows", ":", "Article", "45", "–", "Replacement", "of", "Article", "48", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", "“Article", "48", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", "is", "hereby", "replaced", "by", "the", "following", ":", "'Article", "48", "(", "correspondence", "addressed", "to", "bankrupts", ")", ":", "Entrepreneurs", "who", "are", "declared", "bankrupt", "and", "the", "directors", "or", "liquidators", "of", "companies", "or", "corporations", "which", "are", "the", "subject", "of", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "shall", "be", "required", "to", "hand", "over", "to", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "all", "correspondence", ",", "and", "in", "particular", "electronic", "correspondence", ",", "concerning", "property", "interests", "[", "rapporti", "]", "included", "in", "the", "bankruptcy.", "'", "”", "Article", "46", "–", "Replacement", "of", "Article", "49", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", "“Article", "49", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", "is", "hereby", "replaced", "by", "the", "following", ":", "'Article", "49", "(", "obligations", "of", "bankrupts", ")", ":", "Entrepreneurs", "who", "are", "declared", "bankrupt", "and", "the", "directors", "or", "liquidators", "of", "companies", "or", "corporations", "which", "are", "the", "subject", "of", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "shall", "be", "required", "to", "inform", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "of", "any", "change", "of", "residence", "or", "address.", "Where", "information", "or", "clarification", "is", "needed", "for", "the", "conduct", "of", "the", "proceedings", ",", "the", "above-mentioned", "individuals", "must", "report", "in", "person", "to", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge", ",", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "or", "the", "creditors", "'", "committee.", "If", "they", "are", "unable", "to", "do", "so", ",", "the", "judge", "may", "give", "leave", "to", "the", "entrepreneur", "or", "the", "legal", "representative", "of", "the", "company", "or", "corporation", "which", "is", "the", "subject", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "to", "send", "a", "representative.", "'", "”", "Article", "47", "–", "Repeal", "of", "Article", "50", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", "“Article", "50", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "267", "of", "16", "March", "1942", "is", "hereby", "repealed.”", "Article", "152", "–", "Repealing", "provisions", "concerning", "personal", "restrictions", "imposed", "on", "bankrupts", "“The", "following", "provisions", "are", "hereby", "repealed", ":", "(", "a", ")", "Article", "2", "§", "1", "(", "a", ")", "...", "of", "Presidential", "Decree", "no.", "223", "of", "20", "March", "1967", ";", "...", "”", "22.", "According", "to", "legal", "commentators", ",", "the", "institution", "of", "bankruptcy", "has", "its", "origins", "in", "the", "Middle", "Ages", "(", "thirteenth", "century", ")", ",", "an", "era", "when", "merchants", "(", "in", "the", "broad", "sense", ",", "encompassing", "traders", ",", "entrepreneurs", "and", "bankers", ")", "formed", "the", "nucleus", "of", "a", "new", "social", "class.", "In", "this", "context", ",", "in", "which", "the", "public", "interest", "coincided", "at", "times", "with", "the", "interests", "of", "the", "merchant", "class", ",", "bankruptcy", "was", "designed", "to", "impose", "stringent", "measures", "on", "insolvent", "merchants.", "Hence", ",", "bankruptcy", "was", "subject", "to", "criminal", "penalties", "(", "such", "as", "banishment", ",", "arrest", "and", ",", "in", "some", "cases", ",", "torture", "or", "death", ")", "or", "civil", "penalties", "such", "as", "the", "entry", "of", "the", "bankrupt", "'s", "name", "in", "a", "register", ",", "forcing", "bankrupts", "to", "wear", "distinguishing", "marks", "(", "such", "as", "a", "green", "beret", ")", ",", "loss", "of", "citizenship", ",", "and", "other", "restrictions", "(", "see", "A.", "Jorio", ",", "La", "crisi", "d'impresa", ",", "il", "fallimento", ",", "Guiffré", ",", "2000", ",", "p.", "364", ";", "S.", "Bonfatti", "and", "P.F.", "Censoni", ",", "Manuale", "di", "diritto", "fallimentare", ",", "Cedam", ",", "2004", ",", "pp.", "1-2", "and", "72-73", ";", "and", "L.", "Guglielmucci", ",", "Lezioni", "di", "diritto", "fallimentare", ",", "G.", "Giappichelli", ",", "Turin", ",", "2004", ",", "p.", "122", ")", ".", "THE", "LAW", "I.", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "8", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "(", "AS", "REGARDS", "RESPECT", "FOR", "THE", "APPLICANT", "'S", "CORRESPON-DENCE", ")", ",", "ARTICLE", "1", "OF", "PROTOCOL", "No.", "1", "AND", "ARTICLE", "2", "OF", "PROTOCOL", "No.", "4", "23.", "Relying", "on", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "and", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "respectively", ",", "the", "applicant", "complained", "of", "a", "violation", "of", "her", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "correspondence", "and", "her", "right", "to", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "her", "possessions", ",", "and", "of", "the", "restrictions", "placed", "on", "her", "freedom", "of", "movement", ",", "notably", "on", "account", "of", "the", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings.", "24.", "The", "Articles", "in", "question", "provide", ":", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "“1.", "Everyone", "has", "the", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "his", "...", "correspondence.", "2.", "There", "shall", "be", "no", "interference", "by", "a", "public", "authority", "with", "the", "exercise", "of", "this", "right", "except", "such", "as", "is", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "law", "and", "is", "necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society", "in", "the", "interests", "of", "national", "security", ",", "public", "safety", "or", "the", "economic", "well-being", "of", "the", "country", ",", "for", "the", "prevention", "of", "disorder", "or", "crime", ",", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "health", "or", "morals", ",", "or", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "the", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "of", "others.”", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "“Every", "natural", "or", "legal", "person", "is", "entitled", "to", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "his", "possessions.", "No", "one", "shall", "be", "deprived", "of", "his", "possessions", "except", "in", "the", "public", "interest", "and", "subject", "to", "the", "conditions", "provided", "for", "by", "law", "and", "by", "the", "general", "principles", "of", "international", "law.", "The", "preceding", "provisions", "shall", "not", ",", "however", ",", "in", "any", "way", "impair", "the", "right", "of", "a", "State", "to", "enforce", "such", "laws", "as", "it", "deems", "necessary", "to", "control", "the", "use", "of", "property", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "general", "interest", "or", "to", "secure", "the", "payment", "of", "taxes", "or", "other", "contributions", "or", "penalties.”", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", "“1.", "Everyone", "lawfully", "within", "the", "territory", "of", "a", "State", "shall", ",", "within", "that", "territory", ",", "have", "the", "right", "to", "liberty", "of", "movement", "and", "freedom", "to", "choose", "his", "residence.", "2.", "Everyone", "shall", "be", "free", "to", "leave", "any", "country", ",", "including", "his", "own.", "3.", "No", "restrictions", "shall", "be", "placed", "on", "the", "exercise", "of", "these", "rights", "other", "than", "such", "as", "are", "in", "accordance", "with", "law", "and", "are", "necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society", "in", "the", "interests", "of", "national", "security", "or", "public", "safety", ",", "for", "the", "maintenance", "of", "ordre", "public", ",", "for", "the", "prevention", "of", "crime", ",", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "health", "or", "morals", ",", "or", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "the", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "of", "others.", "...", "”", "A.", "Admissibility", "25.", "The", "Government", "submitted", "first", "of", "all", "that", "the", "applicant", "had", "failed", "to", "exhaust", "domestic", "remedies.", "As", "her", "complaints", "related", "to", "the", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings", ",", "she", "should", "have", "lodged", "an", "appeal", "with", "the", "relevant", "appellate", "court", "in", "accordance", "with", "Law", "no.", "89", "of", "24", "March", "2001", "–", "“the", "Pinto", "Act”.", "26.", "The", "Government", "further", "referred", "to", "Court", "of", "Cassation", "judgment", "no.", "362", "of", "2003", "upholding", "a", "Venice", "Court", "of", "Appeal", "decision", "on", "an", "appeal", "under", "the", "Pinto", "Act", "concerning", "the", "length", "of", "bankruptcy", "proceedings.", "In", "its", "judgment", ",", "the", "Court", "of", "Cassation", "had", "stated", "that", "“the", "non-pecuniary", "damage", "results", "from", "the", "distress", "suffered", "by", "the", "appellant", "owing", "to", "the", "fact", "that", "his", "bankrupt", "status", ",", "with", "the", "attendant", "restrictions", "on", "his", "freedom", "of", "movement", ",", "electoral", "rights", "and", "possibility", "of", "practising", "a", "profession", ",", "continued", "beyond", "the", "time", "which", "could", "be", "considered", "reasonable", "for", "the", "proceedings.", "Compensation", "for", "this", "damage", "can", "be", "afforded", "only", "by", "means", "of", "an", "equitable", "assessment", "which", "takes", "account", "not", "just", "of", "the", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings", "but", "also", "of", "the", "particular", "nature", "of", "the", "personal", "rights", "which", "were", "infringed", "wholly", "or", "in", "part.”", "27.", "The", "applicant", "maintained", "that", "the", "Government", "'s", "observations", "had", "been", "submitted", "out", "of", "time", "for", "the", "purposes", "of", "Rule", "38", "of", "the", "Rules", "of", "Court.", "28.", "The", "Court", "notes", "firstly", "that", "it", "set", "an", "initial", "deadline", "of", "9", "August", "2004", "for", "submission", "of", "the", "Government", "'s", "observations.", "At", "the", "latter", "'s", "request", ",", "it", "subsequently", "extended", "the", "deadline", "until", "17", "September", "2004.", "The", "Government", "'s", "observations", "were", "sent", "on", "that", "date.", "29.", "Secondly", ",", "it", "observes", "that", "the", "Court", "of", "Cassation", ",", "in", "its", "judgment", "no.", "362", "of", "2003", "deposited", "with", "the", "registry", "on", "14", "January", "2003", ",", "acknowledged", "for", "the", "first", "time", "that", "compensation", "for", "non-pecuniary", "damage", "resulting", "from", "the", "length", "of", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "must", "take", "into", "account", ",", "inter", "alia", ",", "the", "prolongation", "of", "the", "restrictions", "arising", "out", "of", "the", "person", "'s", "bankrupt", "status.", "30.", "As", "to", "the", "complaint", "under", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", ",", "the", "Court", "points", "out", "that", "in", "Mascolo", "v.", "Italy", "(", "(", "dec.", ")", ",", "no.", "68792", "/", "01", ",", "16", "October", "2003", ")", "it", "found", "that", "the", "violation", "of", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "of", "property", "had", "been", "“linked", "specifically", "to", "the", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings", ",", "of", "which", "it", "[", "was", "]", "an", "indirect", "consequence”", "and", "that", "therefore", "“the", "same", "remedy", "under", "the", "Pinto", "Act", "provide", "[", "d", "]", "the", "most", "likely", "means", "by", "which", "applicants", "[", "could", "]", "raise", "their", "claims", "concerning", "the", "financial", "effects", "of", "the", "excessive", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings", "on", "their", "right", "of", "property”.", "Furthermore", ",", "in", "Provvedi", "v.", "Italy", "(", "(", "dec.", ")", ",", "no.", "66644", "/", "01", ",", "2", "December", "2004", ")", ",", "the", "Court", "found", "that", "“an", "action", "under", "the", "'Pinto", "Act", "'", "constitutes", "a", "remedy", "of", "which", "applicants", "must", "avail", "themselves", "...", "in", "order", "to", "satisfy", "the", "requirements", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "1", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "not", "only", "in", "respect", "of", "allegations", "under", "Article", "6", "§", "1", "but", "also", "in", "respect", "of", "those", "under", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1”.", "31.", "The", "Court", "reiterates", "its", "previous", "finding", "that", ",", "from", "14", "July", "2003", "onwards", ",", "the", "public", "should", "have", "been", "aware", "of", "the", "existence", "of", "judgment", "no.", "362", "of", "2003", ",", "and", "that", "it", "was", "from", "that", "point", "on", "that", "applicants", "should", "be", "required", "to", "avail", "themselves", "of", "the", "remedy", "in", "question", "for", "the", "purposes", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "1", "of", "the", "Convention", "(", "see", "Sgattoni", "v.", "Italy", ",", "no.", "77132", "/", "01", ",", "§", "48", ",", "6", "October", "2005", ")", ".", "32.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "the", "decision", "terminating", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "became", "final", "on", "7", "April", "2001", ",", "fifteen", "days", "after", "it", "had", "been", "posted", "in", "the", "District", "Court", ",", "in", "accordance", "with", "section", "119", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act.", "The", "applicant", "had", "six", "months", "from", "that", "date", ",", "that", "is", ",", "until", "7", "October", "2001", ",", "to", "lodge", "an", "appeal", "under", "the", "Pinto", "Act.", "33.", "In", "view", "of", "the", "above", "considerations", ",", "the", "Court", "observes", "that", ",", "at", "that", "time", ",", "the", "applicant", "could", "not", "have", "complained", "effectively", "of", "the", "restrictions", "arising", "out", "of", "her", "bankruptcy", ",", "notably", "on", "account", "of", "the", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings.", "The", "Government", "'s", "preliminary", "objection", "should", "therefore", "be", "dismissed", "(", "see", "Sgattoni", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§§", "44-49", ")", ".", "34.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "this", "part", "of", "the", "application", "is", "not", "manifestly", "illfounded", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "3", "of", "the", "Convention.", "No", "other", "ground", "for", "declaring", "it", "inadmissible", "has", "been", "established.", "It", "must", "therefore", "be", "declared", "admissible.", "B.", "Merits", "35.", "The", "Government", "considered", "that", "the", "restrictions", "imposed", "on", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "her", "possessions", ",", "her", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "correspondence", "and", "her", "freedom", "of", "movement", "were", "proportionate", "to", "the", "need", "to", "protect", "her", "creditors.", "36.", "They", "observed", "that", ",", "in", "any", "event", ",", "the", "duration", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", ",", "namely", "three", "years", "and", "nine", "months", ",", "could", "not", "be", "considered", "excessive.", "37.", "In", "the", "applicant", "'s", "submission", ",", "the", "application", "related", "not", "to", "the", "length", "of", "the", "proceedings", "but", "to", "the", "disproportionate", "nature", "of", "the", "State", "'s", "interference", "with", "her", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "correspondence", ",", "her", "right", "to", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "her", "possessions", "and", "her", "freedom", "of", "movement", ",", "notably", "on", "account", "of", "the", "proceedings.", "38.", "The", "Court", "observes", "that", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "commenced", "on", "30", "June", "1997", "and", "ended", "on", "20", "March", "2001", ",", "the", "date", "on", "which", "the", "decision", "terminating", "the", "proceedings", "was", "deposited", "with", "the", "registry.", "They", "therefore", "lasted", "for", "over", "three", "years", "and", "eight", "months.", "In", "the", "Court", "'s", "view", ",", "this", "length", "of", "time", "did", "not", "upset", "the", "balance", "to", "be", "struck", "between", "the", "general", "interest", "in", "ensuring", "that", "the", "applicant", "'s", "creditors", "were", "paid", "and", "the", "applicant", "'s", "interest", "in", "securing", "respect", "for", "her", "correspondence", ",", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "her", "possessions", "and", "her", "freedom", "of", "movement", ",", "particularly", "in", "view", "of", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "Court", "sees", "no", "evidence", "of", "any", "delay", "on", "the", "part", "of", "the", "judicial", "authorities", "in", "dealing", "with", "the", "case", "(", "see", ",", "mutatis", "mutandis", ",", "Luordo", "v.", ",", "no.", "32190", "/", "96", ",", "ECHR", "2003IX", ",", "and", "Sgattoni", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§§", "63-65", ")", ".", "39.", "Accordingly", ",", "there", "has", "been", "no", "violation", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "(", "as", "regards", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "correspondence", ")", ",", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "or", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4.", "II.", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "3", "OF", "PROTOCOL", "No.", "1", "40.", "The", "applicant", "complained", "of", "the", "restriction", "of", "her", "electoral", "rights", ",", "arguing", "that", "it", "constituted", "a", "repressive", "and", "outdated", "measure", "which", "had", "no", "legitimate", "justification", "and", "was", "designed", "to", "punish", "and", "marginalise", "bankrupts.", "She", "relied", "on", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", ",", "which", "provides", ":", "“The", "High", "Contracting", "Parties", "undertake", "to", "hold", "free", "elections", "at", "reasonable", "intervals", "by", "secret", "ballot", ",", "under", "conditions", "which", "will", "ensure", "the", "free", "expression", "of", "the", "opinion", "of", "the", "people", "in", "the", "choice", "of", "the", "legislature.”", "A.", "Admissibility", "41.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "this", "complaint", "is", "not", "manifestly", "ill-founded", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "3", "of", "the", "Convention.", "It", "further", "notes", "that", "no", "other", "ground", "for", "declaring", "it", "inadmissible", "has", "been", "established.", "It", "must", "therefore", "be", "declared", "admissible.", "B.", "Merits", "42.", "The", "Government", "argued", "that", "States", "were", "left", "a", "wide", "margin", "of", "appreciation", "in", "laying", "down", "the", "conditions", "governing", "the", "electoral", "rights", "guaranteed", "by", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "and", "that", ",", "in", "any", "event", ",", "the", "restriction", "in", "question", "was", "limited", "to", "five", "years", "following", "the", "bankruptcy", "order.", "43.", "The", "applicant", "considered", "that", "the", "restriction", "of", "bankrupts", "'", "electoral", "rights", "was", "based", "on", "the", "notion", "that", "the", "bankrupt", "was", "criminally", "liable", "for", "his", "or", "her", "bankruptcy.", "The", "measure", ",", "which", "had", "no", "purpose", "other", "than", "to", "punish", "the", "bankrupt", ",", "was", "anti-democratic", "in", "a", "modern", "context", "and", "diminished", "the", "human", "dignity", "of", "the", "person", "concerned.", "44.", "The", "Court", "reiterates", "that", "implicit", "in", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "are", "the", "subjective", "rights", "to", "vote", "and", "to", "stand", "for", "election", "(", "see", "Mathieu-Mohin", "and", "Clerfayt", "v.", "Belgium", ",", "2", "March", "1987", ",", "§", "51", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "113", ")", ",", "which", "it", "considers", "crucial", "to", "establishing", "and", "maintaining", "the", "foundations", "of", "an", "effective", "and", "meaningful", "democracy", "governed", "by", "the", "rule", "of", "law", "(", "see", "Hirst", "v.", "the", "United", "Kingdom", "(", "no.", "2", ")", "[", "GC", "]", ",", "no.", "74025", "/", "01", ",", "§", "58", ",", "ECHR", "2005IX", ")", ".", "It", "further", "reiterates", "that", ",", "as", "important", "as", "those", "rights", "are", ",", "they", "are", "not", ",", "however", ",", "absolute.", "In", "their", "internal", "legal", "orders", "the", "Contracting", "States", "make", "the", "rights", "to", "vote", "and", "to", "stand", "for", "election", "subject", "to", "conditions", "which", "are", "not", "in", "principle", "precluded", "under", "Article", "3.", "They", "have", "a", "wide", "margin", "of", "appreciation", "in", "this", "sphere", ",", "but", "it", "is", "for", "the", "Court", "to", "determine", "in", "the", "last", "resort", "whether", "the", "requirements", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "have", "been", "complied", "with", ";", "it", "has", "to", "satisfy", "itself", "that", "the", "conditions", "do", "not", "curtail", "the", "rights", "in", "question", "to", "such", "an", "extent", "as", "to", "impair", "their", "very", "essence", "and", "deprive", "them", "of", "their", "effectiveness", ";", "that", "they", "are", "imposed", "in", "pursuit", "of", "a", "legitimate", "aim", ";", "and", "that", "the", "means", "employed", "are", "not", "disproportionate", "(", "see", "Gitonas", "and", "Others", "v.", "Greece", ",", "1", "July", "1997", ",", "§", "39", ",", "Reports", "of", "Judgments", "and", "Decisions", "1997IV", ";", "Aziz", "v.", "Cyprus", ",", "no.", "69949", "/", "01", ",", "§", "25", ",", "ECHR", "2004V", ";", "and", "Hirst", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "62", ")", ".", "45.", "In", "the", "instant", "case", "the", "Court", "observes", "that", "the", "impugned", "measure", "was", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "law", ",", "namely", "Article", "2", "§", "1", "(", "a", ")", "of", "Presidential", "Decree", "no.", "223", "of", "20", "March", "1967", "–", "as", "amended", "by", "Law", "no.", "15", "of", "16", "January", "1992", "–", "which", "provides", "essentially", "for", "the", "suspension", "of", "the", "bankrupt", "'s", "electoral", "rights", "for", "the", "duration", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "and", ",", "in", "any", "event", ",", "for", "a", "period", "not", "exceeding", "five", "years", "from", "the", "date", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "order.", "46.", "It", "is", "quite", "clear", "that", "this", "measure", "amounted", "to", "interference", "with", "the", "applicant", "'s", "electoral", "rights", "guaranteed", "by", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1.", "Further", "personal", "restrictions", "flow", "from", "the", "restriction", "of", "electoral", "rights", ",", "for", "instance", "a", "prohibition", "on", "occupying", "public-sector", "posts.", "47.", "The", "Court", "also", "notes", "that", "the", "applicant", "'s", "electoral", "rights", "were", "suspended", "from", "30", "June", "1997", "to", "30", "June", "2002", "and", "that", "the", "elections", "of", "13", "May", "2001", "were", "held", "during", "that", "period.", "48.", "As", "to", "the", "aim", "pursued", "by", "the", "measure", ",", "the", "Court", "reiterates", "that", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "does", "not", ",", "like", "other", "provisions", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "specify", "or", "limit", "the", "aims", "which", "a", "measure", "must", "pursue.", "A", "wider", "range", "of", "purposes", "may", "therefore", "be", "compatible", "with", "Article", "3", "(", "see", "Hirst", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "74", ",", "and", ",", "by", "way", "of", "example", ",", "Podkolzina", "v.", ",", "no.", "46726", "/", "99", ",", "§", "33", ",", "ECHR", "2002II", ")", ".", "The", "Court", "also", "notes", "that", ",", "in", "Hirst", "(", "loc.", "cit.", ")", ",", "the", "Grand", "Chamber", "found", "that", "the", "restriction", "of", "prisoners", "'", "voting", "rights", "could", "be", "said", "to", "pursue", "the", "aim", "of", "preventing", "crime", "and", "enhancing", "civic", "responsibility", "and", "respect", "for", "the", "rule", "of", "law.", "The", "Court", "emphasises", "that", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "in", "question", "fell", "within", "the", "sphere", "of", "civil", "and", "not", "criminal", "law.", "As", "a", "result", ",", "the", "facts", "of", "the", "case", "do", "not", "imply", "any", "deceit", "or", "fraud", "on", "the", "part", "of", "the", "person", "declared", "bankrupt", ";", "were", "this", "not", "the", "case", ",", "the", "issue", "at", "stake", "would", "be", "the", "offence", "of", "negligent", "or", "fraudulent", "bankruptcy", "under", "sections", "216", "and", "217", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act.", "The", "Court", "further", "observes", "that", "the", "restriction", "of", "bankrupts", "'", "electoral", "rights", "is", "an", "essentially", "punitive", "measure", "designed", "to", "belittle", "and", "punish", "the", "persons", "concerned", ",", "demeaning", "them", "as", "individuals", "for", "no", "other", "reason", "than", "their", "having", "been", "the", "subject", "of", "civil", "bankruptcy", "proceedings.", "49.", "In", "view", "of", "these", "considerations", ",", "the", "Court", "takes", "the", "view", "that", "the", "measure", "provided", "for", "by", "Article", "2", "of", "Presidential", "Decree", "no.", "223", "of", "20", "March", "1967", "has", "no", "purpose", "other", "than", "to", "belittle", "persons", "who", "have", "been", "declared", "bankrupt", ",", "reprimanding", "them", "simply", "for", "having", "been", "declared", "insolvent", ",", "irrespective", "of", "whether", "they", "have", "committed", "an", "offence", "(", "see", ",", "mutatis", "mutandis", ",", "Sabou", "and", "Pircalab", "v.", "Romania", ",", "no.", "46572", "/", "99", ",", "§", "48", ",", "28", "September", "2004", ")", ".", "It", "does", "not", "therefore", "pursue", "a", "legitimate", "aim.", "The", "Court", "also", "stresses", "that", "voting", "is", "not", "a", "privilege", "but", "a", "right", "guaranteed", "by", "the", "Convention", "(", "see", "Hirst", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "75", ")", ".", "This", "conclusion", "renders", "it", "unnecessary", "for", "the", "Court", "to", "consider", "in", "the", "instant", "case", "whether", "the", "means", "of", "achieving", "the", "aim", "pursued", "were", "disproportionate.", "There", "has", "therefore", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1.", "III.", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "8", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "AS", "REGARDS", "THE", "APPLICANT", "'S", "RIGHT", "TO", "RESPECT", "FOR", "HER", "PRIVATE", "LIFE", "50.", "Relying", "on", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "the", "applicant", "complained", "that", "her", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "private", "life", "had", "been", "infringed", ",", "as", "she", "was", "unable", "to", "engage", "in", "any", "professional", "or", "business", "activity", "on", "account", "of", "the", "entry", "of", "her", "name", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register.", "She", "further", "complained", "of", "the", "fact", "that", "under", "section", "143", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "an", "application", "for", "rehabilitation", ",", "putting", "an", "end", "to", "the", "personal", "restrictions", ",", "could", "not", "be", "made", "until", "five", "years", "after", "termination", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings.", "51.", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "provides", ":", "“1.", "Everyone", "has", "the", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "his", "private", "...", "life", "...", "2.", "There", "shall", "be", "no", "interference", "by", "a", "public", "authority", "with", "the", "exercise", "of", "this", "right", "except", "such", "as", "is", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "law", "and", "is", "necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society", "in", "the", "interests", "of", "national", "security", ",", "public", "safety", "or", "the", "economic", "well-being", "of", "the", "country", ",", "for", "the", "prevention", "of", "disorder", "or", "crime", ",", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "health", "or", "morals", ",", "or", "for", "the", "protection", "of", "the", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "of", "others.”", "A.", "Admissibility", "52.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "this", "complaint", "is", "not", "manifestly", "ill-founded", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "3", "of", "the", "Convention.", "No", "other", "ground", "for", "declaring", "it", "inadmissible", "has", "been", "established.", "It", "must", "therefore", "be", "declared", "admissible.", "B.", "Merits", "1.", "Applicability", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "53.", "The", "Court", "observes", "that", "private", "life", "“encompasses", "the", "right", "for", "an", "individual", "to", "form", "and", "develop", "relationships", "with", "other", "human", "beings", ",", "including", "relationships", "of", "a", "professional", "or", "business", "nature”", "(", "see", "C.", "v.", ",", "7", "August", "1996", ",", "§", "25", ",", "Reports", "1996III", ")", ".", "It", "also", "considers", "that", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "“protects", "a", "right", "to", "personal", "development", ",", "and", "the", "right", "to", "establish", "and", "develop", "relationships", "with", "other", "human", "beings", "and", "the", "outside", "world”", "(", "see", "Pretty", "v.", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ",", "no.", "2346", "/", "02", ",", "§", "61", ",", "ECHR", "2002III", ")", "and", "that", "the", "notion", "of", "“private", "life”", "does", "not", "exclude", "in", "principle", "activities", "of", "a", "professional", "or", "business", "nature.", "It", "is", ",", "after", "all", ",", "in", "the", "course", "of", "their", "working", "lives", "that", "the", "majority", "of", "people", "have", "a", "significant", "opportunity", "of", "developing", "relationships", "with", "the", "outside", "world", "(", "see", "Niemietz", "v.", ",", "16", "December", "1992", ",", "§", "29", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "251B", ")", ".", "Finally", ",", "the", "Court", "refers", "to", "its", "recent", "finding", "that", "a", "farreaching", "ban", "on", "taking", "up", "private-sector", "employment", "did", "affect", "“private", "life”", "(", "see", "Sidabras", "and", "Džiautas", "v.", "Lithuania", ",", "nos.", "55480", "/", "00", "and", "59330", "/", "00", ",", "§", "47", ",", "ECHR", "2004VIII", ")", ",", "particularly", "in", "view", "of", "Article", "1", "§", "2", "of", "the", "European", "Social", "Charter", ",", "which", "came", "into", "force", "in", "respect", "of", "Italy", "on", "1", "September", "1999", ",", "and", "which", "states", "“", "[", "w", "]", "ith", "a", "view", "to", "ensuring", "the", "effective", "exercise", "of", "the", "right", "to", "work", ",", "the", "Parties", "undertake", "...", "to", "protect", "effectively", "the", "right", "of", "the", "worker", "to", "earn", "his", "living", "in", "an", "occupation", "freely", "entered", "upon”.", "54.", "In", "the", "instant", "case", "the", "Court", "notes", "that", "the", "entry", "of", "a", "person", "'s", "name", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "entails", "a", "series", "of", "personal", "restrictions", "prescribed", "by", "law", ",", "such", "as", "a", "prohibition", "on", "being", "appointed", "as", "a", "guardian", "(", "Article", "350", "of", "the", "Civil", "Code", ")", ",", "a", "prohibition", "on", "being", "appointed", "as", "the", "director", "or", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "of", "a", "commercial", "or", "cooperative", "company", "(", "Articles", "2382", ",", "2399", ",", "2417", "and", "2516", "of", "the", "Civil", "Code", ")", ",", "exclusion", "ex", "lege", "from", "membership", "of", "a", "company", "(", "Articles", "2288", ",", "2293", "and", "2318", "of", "the", "Civil", "Code", ")", ",", "and", "the", "prohibition", "on", "carrying", "on", "the", "occupations", "of", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "(", "Article", "393", "of", "the", "Civil", "Code", ")", ",", "stockbroker", "(", "section", "57", "of", "Law", "no.", "272", "of", "1913", ")", ",", "auditor", "(", "Article", "5", "of", "Royal", "Decree", "no.", "228", "of", "1937", ")", ",", "or", "arbitrator", "(", "Article", "812", "of", "the", "Code", "of", "Civil", "Procedure", ")", ".", "Further", "restrictions", "flow", "from", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "bankrupt", ",", "since", "he", "or", "she", "no", "longer", "enjoys", "full", "civil", "rights", ",", "can", "not", "be", "registered", "as", "a", "member", "of", "certain", "professions", "(", "for", "instance", "as", "a", "lawyer", ",", "notary", "or", "business", "adviser", ")", ".", "In", "the", "Court", "'s", "view", ",", "restrictions", "of", "this", "kind", ",", "which", "would", "have", "affected", "the", "applicant", "'s", "ability", "to", "develop", "relationships", "with", "the", "outside", "world", ",", "undoubtedly", "fall", "within", "the", "sphere", "of", "her", "private", "life", "(", "see", ",", "mutatis", "mutandis", ",", "Sidabras", "and", "Džiautas", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "48", ")", ".", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "is", "therefore", "applicable", "in", "the", "instant", "case.", "2.", "Compliance", "with", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "55.", "The", "Government", "submitted", "that", "the", "restrictions", "resulting", "from", "entry", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "related", "solely", "to", "the", "exercise", "of", "the", "functions", "of", "guardian", "and", "company", "director", "and", "certain", "public-sector", "posts.", "It", "was", "not", "desirable", "for", "bankrupts", "to", "be", "in", "charge", "of", "managing", "other", "people", "'s", "possessions", "unless", "they", "had", "been", "rehabilitated", "and", "thus", "demonstrated", "themselves", "fit", "for", "the", "task", "(", "meritevole", ")", ".", "With", "that", "in", "mind", ",", "rehabilitation", "was", "granted", "by", "the", "courts", "only", "on", "condition", "that", "the", "information", "gathered", "by", "the", "police", "was", "favourable", "and", "there", "had", "been", "no", "judgments", "or", "legal", "proceedings", "against", "the", "bankrupt", "person.", "56.", "The", "applicant", "contended", "that", "the", "entry", "of", "her", "name", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "and", "the", "obstacles", "to", "her", "rehabilitation", "had", "been", "disproportionate", "to", "the", "aim", "of", "protecting", "her", "creditors.", "Entry", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "and", "the", "numerous", "restrictions", "arising", "out", "of", "it", "dated", "back", "to", "Renaissance", "times", ",", "when", "a", "declaration", "of", "bankruptcy", "had", "been", "of", "an", "essentially", "criminal", "nature.", "57.", "The", "Court", "observes", "that", "interference", "with", "the", "exercise", "of", "an", "Article", "8", "right", "will", "not", "be", "compatible", "with", "paragraph", "2", "unless", "it", "is", "“in", "accordance", "with", "the", "law”", ",", "has", "an", "aim", "or", "aims", "that", "is", "or", "are", "legitimate", "under", "that", "paragraph", "and", "is", "“necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society”", "for", "the", "aforesaid", "aim", "or", "aims", "(", "see", "Dudgeon", "v.", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ",", "22", "October", "1981", ",", "§", "43", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "45", ")", ".", "58.", "In", "view", "of", "the", "above", "considerations", ",", "the", "Court", "observes", "that", "the", "restrictions", "in", "question", "quite", "clearly", "amounted", "to", "interference", "with", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "private", "life.", "It", "notes", "that", "this", "interference", "was", "in", "accordance", "with", "the", "law", ",", "namely", "section", "50", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "and", "the", "specific", "legislation", "set", "forth", "in", "part", "above.", "59.", "As", "to", "the", "aim", "pursued", ",", "the", "Court", "has", "doubts", "as", "to", "the", "legitimacy", "of", "the", "specific", "legislation", ",", "as", "most", "of", "the", "restrictions", "referred", "to", "amount", "to", "moral", "sanctions", ",", "a", "fact", "implicitly", "acknowledged", "by", "the", "Government.", "60.", "At", "the", "same", "time", ",", "the", "Court", "accepts", "that", "some", "of", "the", "restrictions", "pursue", "the", "aim", "of", "protecting", "the", "rights", "of", "others.", "This", "is", "the", "case", ",", "for", "example", ",", "for", "the", "exclusion", "ex", "lege", "from", "a", "company", "of", "a", "bankrupt", "member", ",", "a", "measure", "designed", "to", "protect", "a", "company", "which", "is", "solvent", "against", "the", "effects", "of", "the", "personal", "insolvency", "of", "one", "of", "its", "members", "(", "see", "Court", "of", "Cassation", "judgment", "no.", "75", "of", "1991", ")", ".", "61.", "The", "Court", "considers", "that", "the", "large", "volume", "of", "specific", "legislation", "in", "this", "sphere", "makes", "it", "difficult", "to", "conduct", "an", "exhaustive", "analysis", "of", "the", "objectives", "of", "each", "restriction.", "62.", "Even", "if", "it", "is", "assumed", "that", "the", "aims", "of", "section", "50", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "and", "the", "specific", "legislation", "in", "this", "sphere", "are", "legitimate", ",", "the", "interference", "in", "question", "must", "be", "“necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society”", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "8", "§", "2", "of", "the", "Convention.", "63.", "The", "Court", "notes", "that", "the", "restrictions", "in", "question", "do", "not", "result", "from", "a", "court", "decision", "but", "are", "the", "automatic", "consequence", "of", "the", "bankruptcy.", "Furthermore", ",", "in", "contrast", "to", "certain", "restrictions", "aimed", "at", "protecting", "the", "bankrupt", "'s", "creditors", "(", "such", "as", "restrictions", "on", "the", "rights", "to", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "one", "'s", "possessions", ",", "respect", "for", "one", "'s", "correspondence", "and", "freedom", "of", "movement", ")", "which", "begin", "with", "the", "bankruptcy", "order", "and", "cease", "once", "the", "proceedings", "are", "terminated", ",", "the", "restrictions", "arising", "out", "of", "entry", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "do", "not", "cease", "until", "such", "time", "as", "the", "bankrupt", "'s", "name", "is", "removed", "from", "the", "register.", "64.", "Removal", "from", "the", "register", "occurs", "when", "the", "bankrupt", "is", "granted", "rehabilitation.", "In", "addition", "to", "the", "requirement", "for", "the", "bankrupt", "to", "have", "paid", "his", "or", "her", "debts", "in", "full", "and", "to", "have", "complied", "with", "the", "terms", "of", "the", "composition", "with", "creditors", ",", "an", "application", "for", "rehabilitation", "can", "be", "made", "only", "by", "a", "bankrupt", "who", "has", "shown", "proof", "of", "“effective", "and", "consistent", "good", "conduct”", "for", "at", "least", "five", "years", "after", "termination", "of", "the", "proceedings", "(", "section", "143", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", ")", ".", "In", "the", "latter", "case", ",", "which", "applied", "to", "the", "applicant", ",", "the", "aim", "is", "not", "to", "protect", "creditors", ",", "but", "rather", "to", "make", "good", "the", "damage", "to", "the", "public", "welfare", "caused", "by", "the", "bankruptcy.", "The", "expression", "“good", "conduct”", "should", "be", "taken", "to", "mean", "morally", "correct", "conduct", "on", "the", "part", "of", "the", "bankrupt", "vis-à-vis", "society", "(", "see", "La", "crisi", "d'impresa", ",", "il", "fallimento", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "p.", "748", ")", ".", "The", "removal", "of", "the", "personal", "restrictions", "on", "the", "applicant", "therefore", "depended", "on", "an", "essentially", "moral", "judgment", "as", "to", "her", "worthiness.", "65.", "While", "reiterating", "that", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "in", "question", "fell", "within", "the", "sphere", "of", "civil", "law", "and", "not", "criminal", "law", ",", "the", "Court", "notes", "that", "it", "has", "in", "the", "past", "found", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "with", "regard", "to", "the", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "family", "life", "on", "account", "of", "the", "automatic", "and", "absolute", "nature", "of", "an", "ancillary", "penalty", "–", "in", "the", "form", "of", "a", "prohibition", "on", "exercising", "parental", "rights", "–", "imposed", "on", "all", "persons", "serving", "a", "prison", "sentence", "without", "there", "being", "any", "possibility", "of", "review", "by", "the", "courts", "(", "see", "Sabou", "and", "Pircalab", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "48", ")", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "in", "the", "Hirst", "case", "(", "cited", "above", ",", "§", "82", ")", ",", "the", "Court", "criticised", "the", "measure", "depriving", "prisoners", "of", "the", "right", "to", "vote", "on", "the", "ground", "that", "it", "amounted", "to", "a", "general", ",", "automatic", "and", "indiscriminate", "restriction", "on", "a", "Convention", "right.", "Lastly", ",", "the", "Court", "refers", "to", "the", "case", "of", "P.G.", "v.", "Italy", "(", "no.", "22716", "/", "93", ",", "Commission", "'s", "report", "of", "26", "June", "1996", ",", "unpublished", ")", "concerning", "the", "bankruptcy", "of", "a", "company", "existing", "de", "facto", "between", "a", "father", "and", "his", "son", ",", "who", "was", "a", "minor", "at", "the", "time.", "In", "its", "report", ",", "the", "Commission", "concluded", "that", "there", "had", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "with", "regard", "to", "the", "child", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "his", "private", "life.", "It", "took", "the", "view", "that", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "court", "had", "rejected", "his", "application", "for", "rehabilitation", "on", "the", "sole", "ground", "that", "the", "period", "of", "five", "years", "following", "termination", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "had", "not", "elapsed", "amounted", "to", "interference", "which", "was", "disproportionate", "to", "the", "aim", "of", "protecting", "creditors.", "The", "Commission", "considered", "that", "the", "court", "should", "have", "taken", "account", "of", "the", "specific", "circumstances", "of", "the", "case", ",", "in", "particular", "the", "fact", "that", "the", "applicant", "had", "been", "a", "minor", "at", "the", "time", "and", "that", "his", "father", "had", "run", "the", "business", "which", "was", "subsequently", "declared", "bankrupt.", "66.", "The", "Court", "therefore", "considers", "that", ",", "on", "account", "of", "the", "fact", "that", "entry", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "was", "automatic", "and", "that", "the", "application", "of", "the", "resulting", "restrictions", "was", "not", "examined", "or", "reviewed", "by", "the", "courts", ",", "and", "given", "the", "length", "of", "time", "before", "rehabilitation", "could", "be", "obtained", ",", "the", "interference", "under", "section", "50", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "with", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "private", "life", "was", "not", "“necessary", "in", "a", "democratic", "society”", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "8", "§", "2", "of", "the", "Convention.", "There", "has", "therefore", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention.", "IV.", "ALLEGED", "VIOLATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "13", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "67.", "Relying", "on", "Article", "13", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "the", "applicant", "complained", "that", "she", "had", "had", "no", "effective", "remedy", "by", "which", "to", "complain", "of", "the", "restrictions", "on", "her", "property", "and", "personal", "rights", "which", "were", "imposed", "throughout", "the", "bankruptcy", "proceedings", "and", "remained", "in", "force", "until", "she", "had", "been", "rehabilitated.", "Article", "13", "provides", ":", "“Everyone", "whose", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "as", "set", "forth", "in", "[", "the", "]", "Convention", "are", "violated", "shall", "have", "an", "effective", "remedy", "before", "a", "national", "authority", "notwithstanding", "that", "the", "violation", "has", "been", "committed", "by", "persons", "acting", "in", "an", "official", "capacity.”", "A.", "Admissibility", "68.", "In", "the", "Government", "'s", "submission", ",", "the", "applicant", "could", "have", "applied", "under", "section", "18", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "to", "have", "the", "bankruptcy", "order", "set", "aside", "and", "thus", "challenged", "the", "resulting", "restrictions", "on", "her", "property", "and", "personal", "rights.", "She", "could", "also", "have", "lodged", "an", "appeal", "under", "section", "26", "or", "section", "36", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act.", "69.", "The", "applicant", "submitted", "that", "an", "application", "to", "have", "the", "judgment", "set", "aside", "did", "not", "constitute", "an", "effective", "remedy", "by", "which", "to", "complain", "of", "the", "prolonged", "restrictions", "on", "bankrupts", "'", "personal", "and", "property", "rights.", "70.", "The", "Court", "reiterates", "that", "it", "has", "consistently", "interpreted", "Article", "13", "as", "requiring", "a", "remedy", "in", "domestic", "law", "only", "in", "respect", "of", "grievances", "which", "can", "be", "regarded", "as", "“arguable”", "in", "terms", "of", "the", "Convention.", "Article", "13", "guarantees", "the", "availability", "at", "national", "level", "of", "a", "remedy", "to", "enforce", "the", "substance", "of", "the", "Convention", "rights", "and", "freedoms", "in", "whatever", "form", "they", "might", "happen", "to", "be", "secured", "in", "the", "domestic", "legal", "order.", "This", "Article", "therefore", "requires", "the", "provision", "of", "a", "domestic", "remedy", "allowing", "the", "“competent", "national", "authority”", "both", "to", "deal", "with", "the", "substance", "of", "the", "relevant", "Convention", "complaint", "and", "to", "grant", "appropriate", "relief.", "The", "remedy", "must", "be", "“effective”", "in", "practice", "as", "well", "as", "in", "law", "(", "see", "Soering", "v.", "the", "United", "Kingdom", ",", "7", "July", "1989", ",", "§", "120", ",", "Series", "A", "no.", "161", ",", "and", "Rotaru", "v.", "Romania", "[", "GC", "]", ",", "no.", "28341", "/", "95", ",", "§", "67", ",", "ECHR", "2000V", ")", ".", "71.", "As", "to", "the", "part", "of", "the", "complaint", "relating", "to", "the", "prolonged", "restriction", "of", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "correspondence", "(", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ")", ",", "her", "right", "to", "the", "peaceful", "enjoyment", "of", "her", "possessions", "(", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", ")", "and", "her", "freedom", "of", "movement", "(", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", ")", ",", "the", "Court", "refers", "to", "its", "finding", "that", "there", "has", "been", "no", "violation.", "Accordingly", ",", "it", "takes", "the", "view", "that", ",", "since", "these", "are", "not", "“arguable”", "complaints", "under", "the", "Convention", ",", "this", "part", "of", "the", "application", "must", "be", "rejected", "as", "being", "manifestly", "ill-founded", "in", "accordance", "with", "Article", "35", "§§", "3", "and", "4", "of", "the", "Convention.", "72.", "As", "to", "the", "part", "of", "the", "complaint", "concerning", "the", "personal", "restrictions", "which", "arise", "out", "of", "entry", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "and", "are", "maintained", "until", "rehabilitation", ",", "the", "Court", "notes", "that", "it", "is", "not", "manifestly", "illfounded", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "35", "§", "3", "of", "the", "Convention.", "No", "other", "ground", "for", "declaring", "it", "inadmissible", "has", "been", "established.", "It", "must", "therefore", "be", "declared", "admissible.", "B.", "Merits", "73.", "The", "Court", "refers", "to", "its", "finding", "of", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "with", "regard", "to", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "private", "life", "on", "account", "of", "the", "personal", "restrictions", "which", "stemmed", "from", "the", "entry", "of", "her", "name", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", "and", "lasted", "until", "she", "had", "been", "granted", "rehabilitation.", "This", "complaint", "is", "therefore", "unquestionably", "“arguable”", "under", "the", "Convention.", "Accordingly", ",", "the", "applicant", "was", "entitled", "to", "have", "available", "to", "her", "an", "effective", "domestic", "remedy", "within", "the", "meaning", "of", "Article", "13", "of", "the", "Convention.", "74.", "The", "Court", "observes", "that", "an", "application", "to", "have", "the", "bankruptcy", "order", "set", "aside", "under", "section", "18", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "allows", "the", "bankrupt", "to", "apply", "to", "the", "court", "within", "fifteen", "days", "of", "being", "properly", "apprised", "of", "the", "judgment", "in", "question", "in", "order", "to", "challenge", "its", "legitimacy", "and", "have", "it", "overturned.", "In", "the", "Court", "'s", "view", ",", "this", "does", "not", "constitute", "an", "effective", "remedy", "by", "which", "to", "complain", "of", "the", "personal", "restrictions", "which", "remain", "in", "place", "until", "rehabilitation", "has", "been", "granted", ",", "particularly", "in", "view", "of", "the", "length", "of", "time", "allowed", "for", "lodging", "such", "an", "application", "(", "see", "Neroni", "v.", "Italy", ",", "no.", "7503", "/", "02", ",", "§", "35", ",", "22", "April", "2004", ")", ".", "75.", "Moreover", ",", "the", "Court", "observes", "that", ",", "although", "section", "26", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", "allows", "the", "bankrupt", "to", "lodge", "an", "appeal", "with", "the", "courts", ",", "such", "an", "appeal", "can", "relate", "only", "to", "the", "decisions", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge.", "Accordingly", ",", "it", "can", "not", "constitute", "an", "effective", "remedy", "against", "the", "maintenance", "of", "the", "restrictions", ",", "which", "are", "a", "direct", "consequence", "not", "of", "any", "decision", "by", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge", "but", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "order", "or", "the", "entry", "of", "the", "person", "'s", "name", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register.", "Section", "36", "of", "the", "Bankruptcy", "Act", ",", "meanwhile", ",", "makes", "it", "possible", "to", "apply", "to", "the", "bankruptcy", "judge", "to", "complain", "of", "measures", "taken", "by", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy.", "However", ",", "the", "Court", "observes", "that", "this", "remedy", "concerns", "the", "administration", "of", "the", "bankrupt", "'s", "assets", "by", "the", "trustee", "in", "bankruptcy", "until", "the", "assets", "have", "been", "sold", "and", "creditors", "'", "claims", "have", "been", "met.", "It", "is", "not", "therefore", "in", "any", "sense", "capable", "of", "remedying", "the", "prolongation", "of", "the", "restrictions", "on", "the", "bankrupt", "(", "see", "Bottaro", "v.", "Italy", ",", "no.", "56298", "/", "00", ",", "§", "45", ",", "17", "July", "2003", ",", "and", "Ceteroni", "and", "Magri", "v.", "Italy", ",", "nos.", "22461", "/", "93", "and", "22465", "/", "93", ",", "Commission", "decision", "of", "17", "October", "1994", ",", "unreported", ")", ".", "76.", "The", "Court", "also", "observes", "that", "it", "has", "in", "the", "past", "found", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "13", "of", "the", "Convention", "on", "account", "of", "the", "absence", "in", "domestic", "law", "of", "an", "effective", "remedy", "by", "which", "to", "complain", "of", "the", "prolonged", "monitoring", "of", "a", "bankrupt", "'s", "correspondence", "(", "see", "Bottaro", ",", "cited", "above", ",", "§§", "41-46", ")", ".", "77.", "In", "view", "of", "the", "foregoing", ",", "the", "Court", "concludes", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "13", "of", "the", "Convention.", "V.", "APPLICATION", "OF", "ARTICLE", "41", "OF", "THE", "CONVENTION", "78.", "Article", "41", "of", "the", "Convention", "provides", ":", "“If", "the", "Court", "finds", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "the", "Convention", "or", "the", "Protocols", "thereto", ",", "and", "if", "the", "internal", "law", "of", "the", "High", "Contracting", "Party", "concerned", "allows", "only", "partial", "reparation", "to", "be", "made", ",", "the", "Court", "shall", ",", "if", "necessary", ",", "afford", "just", "satisfaction", "to", "the", "injured", "party.”", "A.", "Damage", "79.", "The", "applicant", "submitted", "an", "expert", "report", "assessing", "pecuniary", "damage", "at", "25,847.05", "euros", "(", "EUR", ")", ",", "corresponding", "to", "the", "minimum", "wage", "(", "pensione", "sociale", ")", "which", "she", "should", "have", "been", "paid", "since", "the", "date", "of", "the", "bankruptcy", "order.", "She", "also", "claimed", "EUR", "500,000", "for", "non-pecuniary", "damage.", "80.", "The", "Government", "contested", "these", "claims.", "81.", "As", "it", "fails", "to", "perceive", "any", "causal", "link", "between", "the", "findings", "of", "violations", "and", "the", "pecuniary", "damage", "alleged", ",", "the", "Court", "dismisses", "the", "first", "claim.", "As", "to", "non-pecuniary", "damage", ",", "it", "considers", "that", ",", "regard", "being", "had", "to", "all", "the", "circumstances", "of", "the", "case", ",", "the", "findings", "of", "violations", "in", "the", "present", "judgment", "constitute", "in", "themselves", "sufficient", "just", "satisfaction.", "B.", "Costs", "and", "expenses", "82.", "The", "applicant", "claimed", "EUR", "19,979.39", "for", "costs", "and", "expenses", "before", "the", "Court", "and", "EUR", "1,757.55", "for", "experts", "'", "expenses.", "83.", "The", "Government", "objected", "to", "these", "claims.", "84.", "According", "to", "the", "Court", "'s", "established", "case-law", ",", "an", "award", "can", "be", "made", "in", "respect", "of", "costs", "and", "expenses", "only", "in", "so", "far", "as", "they", "have", "been", "actually", "and", "necessarily", "incurred", "by", "the", "applicant", "and", "are", "reasonable", "as", "to", "quantum.", "In", "the", "instant", "case", ",", "on", "the", "basis", "of", "the", "information", "in", "its", "possession", "and", "the", "aforementioned", "criteria", ",", "the", "Court", "considers", "the", "sum", "of", "EUR", "2,000", "for", "costs", "and", "expenses", "for", "the", "proceedings", "before", "the", "Court", "to", "be", "reasonable", "and", "awards", "the", "applicant", "that", "amount.", "C.", "Default", "interest", "85.", "The", "Court", "considers", "it", "appropriate", "that", "the", "default", "interest", "should", "be", "based", "on", "the", "marginal", "lending", "rate", "of", "the", "European", "Central", "Bank", ",", "to", "which", "should", "be", "added", "three", "percentage", "points.", "FOR", "THESE", "REASONS", ",", "THE", "COURT", "UNANIMOUSLY", "1.", "Declares", "the", "application", "admissible", "in", "respect", "of", "the", "complaints", "under", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", ",", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", ",", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "and", ",", "as", "regards", "the", "personal", "restrictions", "resulting", "from", "the", "entry", "of", "the", "applicant", "'s", "name", "in", "the", "bankruptcy", "register", ",", "Article", "13", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "and", "the", "remainder", "of", "the", "application", "inadmissible", ";", "2.", "Holds", "that", "there", "has", "been", "no", "violation", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "(", "with", "regard", "to", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "correspondence", ")", ",", "Article", "1", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "or", "Article", "2", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "4", ";", "3.", "Holds", "that", "there", "has", "been", "a", "violation", "of", "Article", "8", "of", "the", "Convention", "(", "with", "regard", "to", "the", "applicant", "'s", "right", "to", "respect", "for", "her", "private", "life", ")", ",", "Article", "3", "of", "Protocol", "No.", "1", "and", "Article", "13", "of", "the", "Convention", ";", "4.", "Holds", "that", "the", "findings", "of", "violations", "constitute", "in", "themselves", "sufficient", "just", "satisfaction", "for", "the", "non-pecuniary", "damage", "sustained", "by", "the", "applicant", ";", "5.", "Holds", "(", "a", ")", "that", "the", "respondent", "State", "is", "to", "pay", "the", "applicant", ",", "within", "three", "months", "from", "the", "date", "on", "which", "the", "judgment", "becomes", "final", "in", "accordance", "with", "Article", "44", "§", "2", "of", "the", "Convention", ",", "EUR", "2,000", "(", "two", "thousand", "euros", ")", "in", "respect", "of", "costs", "and", "expenses", ",", "plus", "any", "tax", "that", "may", "be", "chargeable", ";", "(", "b", ")", "that", "from", "the", "expiry", "of", "the", "above-mentioned", "three", "months", "until", "settlement", "simple", "interest", "shall", "be", "payable", "on", "the", "above", "amount", "at", "a", "rate", "equal", "to", "the", "marginal", "lending", "rate", "of", "the", "European", "Central", "Bank", "during", "the", "default", "period", "plus", "three", "percentage", 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