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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for mood disorders?

['(A) Psychological risks', '(B) Genetic predisposition', '(C) Social stigma on seeking help', '(D) Social supports', '(E) Neurobiological factors']

(D) Social supports are actually a protective factor regarding mood disorders. The quality of relationships can play a part if people develop mood disorders. Additionally, social supports can assist people in getting access to care if they need it, and they can help people when initial warning signs develop.

Which category of mental disorders is the most common in the United

['(A) Mood disorders', '(B) Anxiety disorders', '(C) Thought disorders', '(D) Personality disorders', '(E) Substance abuse disorders']

(B) Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorder in the United States. There are many types of anxiety disorders, and some are more common than others.

Which of the following are considered positive symptoms of

['(A) Anhedonia and social withdrawal', '(B) Hallucinations and social withdrawal', '(C) Catatonia and social withdrawal', '(D) Catatonia and anhedonia', '(E) Hallucinations and delusions']

(E) Both hallucinations and delusions are considered positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Positive symptoms are those symptoms that are in excess to one’s typical functioning. For example, a delusion is an additional symptom that an individual experiences. Negative symptoms are areas of functioning that one with schizophrenia lacks. For example, an individual with schizophrenia may lack the desire for social interaction.

Which disorder diagnosed in childhood is characterized by marked

['(A) Mental retardation', '(B) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder', '(C) Enuresis', '(D) Autism', '(E) Anorexia nervosa']

(D) Autism is diagnosed in childhood but does persevere throughout adulthood. Individuals with autism display deficiencies in behavior, communication, and socialization. Autism is a spectrum-based disorder, meaning there are many different levels of functioning and symptom presentation within the autism diagnosis.

A young adult female finds her mind wandering while studying,

['(A) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder', '(B) Generalized anxiety disorder', '(C) Panic disorder', '(D) Autism', '(E) Learning disorder']

(A) This particular young adult female appears to be experiencing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is characterized by inattention and impulsivity. Individuals who experience ADHD often do not perform to their potential due to the attention issues.

Claire has a cognitive schema that the world is a dangerous place

['(A) Specific phobia', '(B) Panic disorder with agoraphobia', '(C) Panic disorder without agoraphobia', '(D) Obsessive compulsive disorder', '(E) Generalized anxiety disorder']

(B) Agoraphobia is an experience of intense fear around situations in public, crowds, or circumstances that involve a loss of a security of some sort. This fear is often accompanied by panic attacks. Those who experience this kind of panic attack may feel safe and secure only at home. Therefore, they spend most to all of their time at home and may eventually become cut off from the world. Agoraphobia is not a diagnosis in itself; it is always accompanied by panic disorder.

All of the following are symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder

['(A) flashbacks', '(B) compulsions', '(C) dissociation', '(D) nightmares', '(E) rapid heartbeat when reminded of stressor']

(B) Compulsions are not an explicit symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An individual with PTSD may have some or all of the other symptoms listed. Symptoms of PTSD include intrusive symptoms, avoidant symptoms, and symptoms of physiological arousal.

Which disorder that involves the emergence of distinctly different

['(A) Borderline personality disorder', '(B) Dissociative identity disorder', '(C) Posttraumatic stress disorder', '(D) Dissociative fugue', '(E) Schizophrenia']

(B) Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is characterized by distinct personalities within one person, which emerge at different times and frequently without recognition or memory of each other. This disorder is controversial and must be diagnosed only by very seasoned therapists with attention to the suggestibility of individuals who present with dissociative symptoms.

An individual who experiences a physical symptom with no physical

['(A) somatoform disorder', '(B) thought disorder', '(C) mood disorder', '(D) developmental disorder', '(E) adjustment disorder']

(A) Somatoform disorders are mental disorders, but one suffering from a somatoform disorder experiences the difficulty as physical. Therefore, somatoform disorders include physical difficulty without physical causes. Individuals suffering from a somatoform disorder may visit many doctors without getting answers about their conditions.

Marcia refuses to ride elevators, only takes stairs or escalators,

['(A) Generalized anxiety disorder', '(B) Agoraphobia', '(C) Social phobia', '(D) Specific phobia', '(E) Panic disorder']

(D) Marcia likely suffers from a specific phobia, in her case, a phobia of elevators. Because of her avoidant behavior, this phobia does appear to impair her functioning in certain ways. For example, instead of choosing the best doctor for her condition, she may choose one who is accessible without an elevator.

Obsessions are to __________________ as compulsions are to

['(A) feelings; behaviors', '(B) behaviors; feelings', '(C) thoughts; behaviors', '(D) behaviors; thoughts', '(E) thoughts; feelings']

(C) Obsessions are disturbing and repetitive thoughts, while compulsions are repetitive behaviors. Obsessions and compulsions are related in that compulsions are frequently a way to deal with or diminish the obsessive thoughts that one experiences.

Which psychological disorder may be a result of classical

['(A) Generalized anxiety disorder', '(B) Posttraumatic stress disorder', '(C) Bipolar disorder', '(D) Major depressive disorder', '(E) Phobias']

(E) Phobias can be a result of classical conditioning. For example, if an individual experiences a panic attack while flying on a plane, he or she may then associate the panic with flying and develop a fear of planes. In reality, the panic may have been a result of physiological hyperarousal or have an unknown origin.

An individual who undergoes a break from reality is experiencing

['(A) neurosis', '(B) psychosis', '(C) paranoia', '(D) delusions', '(E) schizophrenia']

(B) Psychosis is known as a break from reality and is characterized by delusions (D) and hallucinations. Although psychosis is sometimes a symptom of schizophrenia (E), schizophrenia is a mental disorder and psychosis is a symptom.

Which disorder is characterized by binge eating and compensatory

['(A) Body dysmorphic disorder', '(B) Anorexia nervosa', '(C) Bulimia nervosa', '(D) Binge eating disorder', '(E) Compulsive overeating']

(C) Bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating and compensatory behaviors. Compensatory behaviors include purging, excessive exercising, or other behaviors done after a binge to avoid weight gain.

Which disorders may be associated with trauma, typically involve

['(A) Fugue disorders', '(B) Dissociative disorders', '(C) Personality disorders', '(D) Amnesic disorders', '(E) Mood disorders']

(B) Dissociative disorders include dissociative fugue, dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization disorder. These disorders are thought to result as an adaption to very difficult circumstances during or after which an individual dissociates in order to manage the difficulty.

Which statement is true about schizophrenia?

['(A) The negative symptoms are more difficult to identify and treat.', '(B) The positive symptoms are more difficult to identify and treat.', '(C) The organic symptoms are more difficult to identify and treat.', '(D) All of the symptoms are treated with typical or atypical', '(E) Antipsychotic medications have few side effects.']

(A) Generally, the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are more difficult to identify or treat. Individuals frequently talk about and share their positive symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations. Medications are typically designed to lessen the positive symptoms but not the negative symptoms.

Betty visits doctors weekly and is constantly concerned that she is

['(A) Conversion disorder', '(B) Somatoform disorder', '(C) Substance abuse disorder', '(D) Thought disorder', '(E) Anxiety disorder']

(B) Betty is likely experiencing a somatoform disorder, or a physical ailment without a physical cause. Specifically, Betty is likely experiencing hypochondriasis. Although the experience for Betty may cause anxiety (E) and have an anxious element, the physical ailment without physical cause is the primary symptom.

Which type of mental disorder results in pervasive patterns of

['(A) Disorder of childhood', '(B) Developmental disorder', '(C) Personality disorder', '(D) Learning disorder', '(E) Thought disorder']

(C) Personality disorders are thought to be pervasive and quite difficult to change. Personality disorders have a large impact on the way people interact in the world and particularly with others.

Which disorder impacts children and adults with regard to

['(A) ADHD', '(B) PDD', '(C) Borderline personality disorder', '(D) Bipolar disorder', '(E) Depression']

(A) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is typically apparent in childhood but may be diagnosed in either childhood or adulthood. Key symptoms of ADHD include impulsiveness, inattention, and hyperactivity.

A five-year-old boy who does not speak, makes no eye contact,

['(A) Mental retardation', '(B) Panic disorder', '(C) Autism', '(D) Conduct disorder', '(E) Attention deficit disorder']

(C) This boy displays symptoms of autism. His lack of eye contact and language skills are missing developmental markers, and they speak to his difficulty in communication and socialization. Repetitive behavioral activities and sensory sensitivity are also sometimes symptoms of autism. Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with autism.

According to twin studies on schizophrenia, schizophrenia appears

['(A) cause decreased serotonin in the synaptic cleft', '(B) have no impact on brain structures', '(C) have a genetic link', '(D) cause increased firing of neurons', '(E) have no genetic link']

(C) Schizophrenia does appear to have a genetic link. Identical twins are both likely to either have or not have schizophrenia, but discordant pairs of identical twins are rarely found.

Which perspective on somatoform disorders considers the benefits

['(A) Biological perspective', '(B) Cognitive-behavioral perspective', '(C) Psychodynamic perspective', '(D) Freudian perspective', '(E) Systems perspective']

(B) The cognitive-behavioral perspective on somatoform disorders would consider the benefits of the belief that one is sick, or the benefits one gets from behaving in certain ways. For example, one who has symptoms of hyperarousal when in public may choose to stay at home and, therefore, get many visitors and a great deal of attention due to the person’s perceived illness. This is a cognitive-behavioral perspective.

Which of the following is NOT true about anorexia nervosa?

['(A) It is more common in females.', '(B) It is culturally determined.', '(C) It is characterized by binging and purging.', '(D) It is characterized by refusal to maintain body weight.', '(E) It is more common in individuals with genetically related relatives']

(D) There are two different subtypes of anorexia nervosa; the restricting type is characterized by food restriction, whereas binging and purging characterize the binge-eating-purging type. Therefore, anorexia nervosa is not always characterized by binging and purging. The other choices are accurate statements about anorexia nervosa.

The fact that an underacting thyroid gland can lead to depressed

['(A) Cognitive-behavioral model', '(B) Psychoanalytic model', '(C) Diathesis-stress model', '(D) Biopsychosocial model', '(E) Biological model']

(E) The biological model of mental disorders identifies biochemical or other physiological deficiencies as the root of mental disorders. In this case, a thyroid problem is physiological and its symptoms are in part psychological.

What category of psychological disorders is characterized by sexual

['(A) Sexual arousal disorders', '(B) Orgasmic disorders', '(C) Sexual desire disorders', '(D) Paraphilias', '(E) Erectile disorders']

(D) Paraphilias include things such as frotteurism (touching or rubbing someone in public without consent) or voyeurism (desire to watch others in sexual circumstances or in stages of undress). Paraphilias can cause problems in functioning within the mores and laws of society.

Brett, a 20-year-old man, is in prison for violent crimes against

['(A) Schizophrenia', '(B) Bipolar disorder', '(C) Personality disorder', '(D) Generalized anxiety disorder', '(E) Dissociative disorder']

(C) The question describes a pattern of interacting, and it has been pervasive since childhood. Therefore, it describes Brett as suffering from a personality disorder. The specific symptoms described make it likely that Brett suffers from antisocial personality disorder.

Which type of professional does NOT provide psychological treatment

['(A) Clinical psychologist', '(B) Psychiatrist', '(C) Clinical social worker', '(D) Internist', '(E) Marriage and family counselor']

(D) An internist is a physician who specializes in internal medicine or general medicine. This type of doctor may assess a patient for psychological disorders. If a patient indicates any psychological difficulty, an internist may make a referral to another type of professional to provide psychological treatment. Generally, there are many categories of professions, all with different levels and types of training, who provide psychological intervention to individuals.

All of the following conditions may influence someone to seek

['(A) a diagnosable mental disorder', '(B) symptoms of a mental disorder, but not a full diagnosis', '(C) relationship problems', '(D) literacy issues', '(E) difficulty with decision making']

(D) Literacy issues specifically would not cause someone to seek psychological treatment. An individual who would like to be more literate may seek a reading specialist. That said, one may seek psychological treatment in order to explore feelings related to his or her literacy. Overall, individuals do not need to have a diagnosable disorder in order to seek psychological treatment.

Regardless of theoretical orientation, it is critical that a mental

['(A) a license to practice', '(B) an educational transcript', '(C) cultural competence', '(D) political awareness', '(E) experience as a client']

(C) Cultural competence is critical when providing psychological interventions. People from different cultures may demonstrate different symptom presentation and may respond differently to interventions. Therefore, acknowledgment and awareness of individuals from varying cultures is critical to mental health practice.

Mary sees her therapist as a mother figure and frequently responds

['(A) Projection', '(B) Transference', '(C) Psychodynamics', '(D) Free association', '(E) Symptom']

(B) Transference is a critical piece in psychodynamic psychotherapies. Transference is the transfer of feelings from one part of a client’s life to the therapist. Many times transference is unconscious. Transference helps demonstrate a client’s patterns in relationships.

All of the following are considered insight-oriented therapies

['(A) brief psychodynamic psychotherapy', '(B) psychoanalysis', '(C) gestalt therapy', '(D) interpersonal therapy', '(E) exposure therapy']

(E) Exposure therapy is not an insight-oriented therapy. It is a behavioral therapy. Exposure therapy involves hierarchical exposure to distressing stimuli in order to reduce symptoms related to the stimuli.

Fritz Perls is associated with which type of therapy?

['(A) Gestalt therapy', '(B) Client-centered therapy', '(C) Psychoanalysis', '(D) Cognitive-behavioral therapy', '(E) Group therapy']

(A) Fritz Perls founded gestalt therapy. Perls was trained as both a psychiatrist and a psychotherapist. His wife, Laura Perls, was also involved in the early days of gestalt therapy.

Which type of psychotherapy includes active listening and

['(A) Psychoanalysis', '(B) Rational emotive therapy', '(C) Client-centered therapy', '(D) Cognitive therapy', '(E) Gestalt therapy']

(C) Two tenets of client-centered therapy are active listening and unconditional positive regard. Active listening includes listening attentively, interacting, and demonstrating an understanding of the client. Unconditional positive regard includes maintaining a position of acceptance and lack of judgment.

Which two types of therapies target irrational beliefs and negative

['(A) Cognitive therapy and exposure therapy', '(B) Cognitive therapy and rational emotive therapy', '(C) Exposure therapy and interpersonal therapy', '(D) Rational emotive therapy and extinction', '(E) Interpersonal therapy and extinction']

(B) Cognitive therapy and rational emotive therapy have a focus on people’s ways of thinking about themselves and about the world. Although there are some differences within these two models of therapy, the basic foundations are similar.

Which type of professional provides both psychological and

['(A) Marriage and family counselor', '(B) Clinical social worker', '(C) Psychiatrist', '(D) Clinical psychologist', '(E) Pastoral counselor']

(C) A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who is trained specifically in biomedical and psychological interventions for mental disorders. Therefore, a psychiatrist may provide psychotherapy and prescribe medications for individuals with mental disorders. The other choices are professions that provide psychological interventions but do not administer biological interventions.

All of the following techniques are based in classical conditioning

['(A) systematic desensitization', '(B) token economy', '(C) flooding', '(D) aversive conditioning', '(E) extinction']

(B) Token economy is a therapy technique based on the principles of operant conditioning rather than classical conditioning. Token economy includes rewarding positive behaviors with a token-based system within which the tokens can be traded for rewards.

Cognitive therapy is to _____________ as client-centered therapy is

['(A) Freud; Rogers', '(B) Rogers; Freud', '(C) Freud; Beck', '(D) Rogers; Beck', '(E) Beck; Rogers']

(E) Cognitive therapy was created by Aaron Beck, while Carl Rogers created client-centered therapy. Freud is known for psychoanalytic therapy.

All of the following describe circumstances in which psychological

['(A) Alison seeks treatment for a recurrent major depressive disorder', '(B) Alison seeks treatment to gain insight about her role in', '(C) Alison seeks treatment related to her diet to manage an iron', '(D) Alison seeks treatment related to high workplace stress', '(E) Alison seeks treatment after witnessing a traumatic event']

(C) An individual seeking diet advice related to an iron deficiency would likely seek nutritional counseling of some sort rather than psychological treatment. There may be some psychologists or counselors who specialize in nutrition and eating, but a nutritional deficiency by itself does not warrant psychological treatment.

In which approach to psychotherapy does the therapist remain

['(A) Psychoanalysis', '(B) Psychodynamic psychotherapy', '(C) Interpersonal therapy', '(D) Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy', '(E) Gestalt therapy']

(A) A therapist who is psychoanalytically oriented, sometimes called an analyst, remains neutral when working with the client. This allows a “blank slate” from which a client can do the work.

Andrea has an intense fear of public speaking. During her course of

['(A) Behavioral therapy', '(B) Exposure therapy', '(C) Flooding', '(D) Psychodynamic therapy', '(E) Client-centered therapy']

(B) Exposure therapy involves gradual exposure to distressing stimuli. In Andrea’s case, she will likely be exposed to the least fear-inducing circumstances first. Then she will gradually move to exposure to the most fear-inducing stimuli. The gradual exposure may allow for the client to feel that he or she can handle the fear-inducing stimuli with less discomfort than he or she had imagined.

A therapist who works with a client about unconscious conflicts and

['(A) Client-centered therapy', '(B) Behavioral therapy', '(C) Humanistic therapy', '(D) Psychodynamic therapy', '(E) Exposure therapy']

(D) Psychodynamic psychotherapy does have a lens toward the unconscious and toward defenses. But it is also focused on present-day experiences and relationships. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is an outgrowth of the work of Freud and the psychoanalysts.

According to psychotherapy research, which type of psychotherapy is

['(A) Cognitive therapy', '(B) Psychodynamic therapy', '(C) Behavioral therapy', '(D) Client-centered therapy', '(E) None of the above']

(E) No one type of psychotherapy is better than another type all of the time. The therapeutic relationship that a client and therapist build is shown to be more important than therapeutic orientation. Many therapists may practice an eclectic approach to psychotherapy, using interventions from different modalities.

Assigning feelings related to childhood authority figures to the

['(A) transference', '(B) projection', '(C) introjection', '(D) countertransference', '(E) defenses']

(A) Transference is a key part of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Transference can provide data related to patterns or relationships. Countertransference (D) refers to a therapist’s assignment of feelings to the client, or what the client brings up in the therapist that reminds the therapist of other parts of his or her life.

Which category of psychotherapy is client-centered therapy?

['(A) Behavioral therapies', '(B) Humanistic therapies', '(C) Psychoanalytic therapies', '(D) Cognitive therapies', '(E) Family therapies']

(B) Humanistic therapies, including client-centered therapy, have a lens toward personal strength and responsibilities. Therapists who practice in these modalities focus on positive qualities of the individuals.

A client who has frequent problems in relationships and

['(A) Client-centered psychotherapy', '(B) Cognitive therapy', '(C) Exposure therapy', '(D) Interpersonal therapy', '(E) Gestalt therapy']

(D) Interpersonal therapy is insight-oriented and focused on the quality of relationships that individuals have with others in their lives. The four areas of concern within the interpersonal psychotherapy model include role disputes, role transitions, interpersonal deficits, and loss.

The behavioral technique of driving through tunnels repeatedly to

['(A) exposure therapy', '(B) systematic desensitization', '(C) flooding', '(D) extinction', '(E) token economy']

(C) Flooding involves exposing someone to his or her feared or discomforting stimuli. When a person is flooded with the stimuli, it is thought that eventually that person will be able to use relaxation or coping skills to learn that he or she can deal with the fearful stimuli.

Which type of therapy is rooted in the idea that activating events

['(A) Interpersonal therapy', '(B) Cognitive therapy', '(C) Rational emotive therapy', '(D) Gestalt therapy', '(E) Psychodynamic therapy']

(C) Rational emotive therapy, originated by Albert Ellis, is founded in the belief that activating events are influenced by someone’s beliefs, which then influence the consequences. This phenomenon explains why different people react much differently to the same external events.

A depressed man believes he is not worthy of finding a partner and

['(A) Psychoanalytic therapy', '(B) Exposure therapy', '(C) Client-centered therapy', '(D) Interpersonal therapy', '(E) Cognitive therapy']

(E) Cognitive therapy has proven to be an effective way to treat depression. In addition, cognitive therapy targets negative thoughts one has about oneself, circumstances, and the world at large. This particular man demonstrates these negative thinking patterns.

In a residential treatment facility for adolescents, the

['(A) Exposure therapy', '(B) Flooding', '(C) Extinction', '(D) Token economy', '(E) Contingency management']

(D) Token economy is a behavioral intervention based on rewards. It is rooted in operant conditioning. Token economy involves reward for good behavior that can be exchanged for items of value to the individuals in the system.

Courtney is working in psychotherapy on better integrating the

['(A) Psychoanalysis', '(B) Client-centered therapy', '(C) Gestalt therapy', '(D) Exposure therapy', '(E) Cognitive therapy']

(C) Gestalt therapy is focused on integrating a person’s many different aspects. In this process, the entire gestalt of the person is recognized. One technique of gestalt therapy is called the “empty chair.”

Which approach does a family therapist typically take when looking

['(A) The problems are a result of one family member.', '(B) The problems are a result of each family member.', '(C) The problems are a result of external systems the family has access', '(D) The problems are a result of the entire family system.', '(E) The problems are a result of the children’s behaviors.']

(D) Family therapists typically view the family system and its functioning as a point of intervention. Therefore, although behaviors or functioning of individuals may bring families into therapy, intervening in the entire family system is a classic family therapy approach.

A therapist who demonstrates to a client a way of thinking that

['(A) Flooding', '(B) Virtual reality exposure', '(C) Token economy', '(D) Modeling', '(E) Transference']

(D) Modeling involves demonstrating other ways of behaving or thinking. In this case, the therapist demonstrates a way of thinking. Different types of modeling are present in many types of therapy, but modeling originates as behavioral intervention.

Which of the following describes the basic tenet of behavioral

['(A) Behavior is based on unconscious drives.', '(B) Behavior is learned.', '(C) Behavior is based on feelings of self.', '(D) Behavior is based in biological roots.', '(E) None of the above']

(B) The basis of behavioral therapies is that behavior is learned. Therefore, behavioral therapies tend to focus on unlearning old behaviors or learning new behaviors.

On an inpatient psychiatric unit, patients are given bonus points

['(A) Token economy', '(B) Active listening', '(C) Transference', '(D) Countertransference', '(E) Contingency management']

(A) Token economy involves rewarding certain behaviors. The idea behind this strategy is that the presence of the reward will increase the likelihood of the positive behavior.

The therapist is generally neutral in_____________, whereas the

['(A) gestalt therapy; psychodynamic psychotherapy', '(B) cognitive therapy; psychoanalysis', '(C) psychodynamic psychotherapy; psychoanalysis', '(D) cognitive therapy; gestalt therapy', '(E) psychoanalysis; gestalt therapy']

(E) In psychoanalysis, the analyst or therapist takes a neutral stance with the client. In gestalt therapy the therapist takes a very active stance. Both of these therapies are considered insight-oriented.

Ellis is to ______________ as Beck is to ________________.

['(A) rational emotive therapy; cognitive therapy', '(B) cognitive therapy; rational emotive therapy', '(C) rational emotive therapy; behavioral therapy', '(D) behavioral therapy; rational emotive therapy', '(E) cognitive therapy; psychodynamic therapy']

(A) Albert Ellis is the founder of rational emotive therapy, whereas Aaron Beck is the founder of cognitive therapy. These approaches to therapy are similar and are rooted in thinking and changing maladaptive thinking.

Which of the following psychotherapies is NOT considered an

['(A) Psychodynamic psychotherapy', '(B) Psychoanalysis', '(C) Gestalt therapy', '(D) Systematic desensitization', '(E) Client-centered therapy']

(D) Systematic desensitization is considered a behavioral therapy approach. Insight-oriented therapies are focused on learning more about oneself. Behavioral approaches are also learning-based, but they are generally more cognitive and focused on changing behaviors.

Which type of group therapy is Alcoholics Anonymous?

['(A) Psychotherapy group', '(B) Psychoeducation group', '(C) Self-help group', '(D) Family therapy', '(E) Music therapy']

(C) Alcoholics Anonymous is a form of self-help group. One characteristic of this group is it is member-led rather than being led by a clinician. This type of group is focused on providing mutual support to members.

What is the most common theoretical orientation of therapists in

['(A) Psychoanalysis', '(B) Rational emotive therapy', '(C) Client-centered therapy', '(D) Cognitive therapy', '(E) Eclectic approaches to therapy']

(E) It is more common in this decade for therapists to use more than one approach in their work with patients. This may be that therapists use particular approaches for different patients, or that they use strategies and interventions from different approaches with one patient.

What is a benefit of using a manualized psychotherapy intervention?

['(A) It is more beneficial to patients.', '(B) It lends itself to research.', '(C) It provides patients with homework.', '(D) It is difficult to learn.', '(E) It is generally more effective.']

(B) A manualized treatment lends itself to clinical research because in theory all clinicians are following the same treatment guidelines, therefore providing the same treatment. For this reason manualized forms of treatment are frequently used in clinical research.

What term is used to describe all of the classes of medication that

['(A) Antidepressants', '(B) Psychotropics', '(C) Antipsychotics', '(D) Narcotics', '(E) Benzodiazepines']

(B) Psychotropics is the general category of drugs used to treat mental disorders. This type of drug generally targets emotions, behaviors, or other aspects of the mind. Choices (A), (C), and (E) are types of psychotropics. Narcotics (D) are a class of drugs generally involved in pain relief. They have addictive qualities.

Which type of treatment provider is involved in prescribing

['(A) Clinical social worker', '(B) Clinical psychologist', '(C) School psychologist', '(D) Psychiatrist', '(E) Professional counselor']

(D) A psychiatrist is a medical doctor, and medical doctors are licensed and trained to prescribe medications. All medical doctors can prescribe medications for mental disorders, but psychiatrists are trained specifically about these types of medications. In some states other professions, including nurse practitioners, have prescribing privileges.

Which type of medication acts by blocking dopamine receptors to

['(A) Antidepressants', '(B) Benzodiazepines', '(C) Psychostimulants', '(D) MAOIs', '(E) Antipsychotics']

(E) Antipsychotics act by blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine is thought to be a key neurotransmitter related to psychosis and, therefore, schizophrenia. Antipsychotics appear to act only on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and are associated with serious side effects.

Fluoxetine acts to prevent the reuptake of serotonin, leaving more

['(A) TCA', '(B) MAOI', '(C) SSRI', '(D) SNRI', '(E) Placebo']

(C) Fluoxetine, known by its brand name of Prozac, is an SSRI, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Fluoxetine is one of the first SSRIs and has been used to treat depression for many years.

Which naturally occurring substance is used to treat bipolar

['(A) Saint-John’s-wort', '(B) Lithium', '(C) Depakote', '(D) Cannabis', '(E) Folic acid']

(B) Lithium is a chemical element that is frequently used to treat bipolar disorder. Lithium does have side effects, including weight gain and dry mouth. Individuals who take lithium need to have regular blood tests, as too much lithium in the body can be quite dangerous.

What is a common side effect of electroconvulsive therapy?

['(A) Weight gain', '(B) Loss of libido', '(C) Memory loss', '(D) Dry mouth', '(E) Tardive dyskinesia']

(C) Memory loss is a common side effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Although ECT is somewhat controversial, it is still used as a treatment for various mental disorders (depression, mania, and psychosis) when other treatment regimens have been tried and found unsuccessful.

What is a common side effect of psychostimulants?

['(A) Loss of libido', '(B) Loss of appetite', '(C) Loss of ability to feel pleasure', '(D) Loss of concentration', '(E) Memory loss']

(B) Psychostimulants are associated with a loss of appetite. Because psychostimulants are commonly prescribed to children, nutritional intake for children on this medication must be closely monitored.

The “thorazine shuffle” and tardive dyskinesia are side effects of

['(A) antidepressants', '(B) antipsychotics', '(C) atypical antipsychotics', '(D) anxiolytics', '(E) mood stabilizers']

(B) Thorazine is a type of antipsychotic and is associated with a shuffling gate often seen in the institutionalized population, especially in the 1950s and 1960s when these medications were initially introduced. Thorazine and other antipsychotics are used less frequently since the introduction of atypical antipsychotics (C) because these medications have fewer side effects and do act on negative symptoms.

Which statement is NOT true of benzodiazepines?

['(A) One type of benzodiazepine is Valium.', '(B) They are used to minimize anxiety.', '(C) They stimulate the nervous system.', '(D) They have the potential for addiction.', '(E) Taking benzodiazepines and using alcohol can be a dangerous']

(C) Rather than stimulating the nervous system, benzodiazepines act by sedating, or slowing down, the nervous system. The other choices are true of benzodiazepines.

Which type of medication might be prescribed to someone with

['(A) An antipsychotic', '(B) An anxiolytic', '(C) A mood stabilizer', '(D) An antidepressant', '(E) A psychostimulant']

(C) Bipolar disorder is characterized by depressed mood states and manic or hypomanic mood states. Therefore, a mood stabilizer is often used to treat bipolar disorder. Atypical antipsychotics are also sometimes used to treat bipolar disorder, but traditional antipsychotics (A) are not.

Which biomedical treatment was found to severely impair cognitive

['(A) Prefrontal lobotomy', '(B) Shock therapy', '(C) Transcranial magnetic stimulation', '(D) Psychopharmacology', '(E) Vagal nerve stimulation']

(A) A prefrontal lobotomy, a type of psychosurgery, is a brain surgery procedure originally aimed at decreasing the pathology in an individual. After many prefrontal lobotomies were performed, the initial positive results gave way to very negative side effects. Although other psychosurgeries may reemerge in the future, this particular technique is rarely, if ever, used today.

A child with ADHD may be prescribed which type of medication?

['(A) An antidepressant', '(B) An anxiolytic', '(C) An antipsychotic', '(D) A psychostimulant', '(E) A benzodiazepine']

(D) Psychostimulants are commonly used to treat ADHD and include medications such as Ritalin and Adderall.

What is one of the main benefits of the second generation, atypical

['(A) They cause weight loss.', '(B) They target both negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia.', '(C) They eliminate hallucinations associated with schizophrenia.', '(D) They eliminate delusions associated with schizophrenia.', '(E) They have no side effects.']

(B) Atypical antipsychotic medications are known to target both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Previously developed antipsychotic medications act only on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Although the side effects of atypical antipsychotics are different from other antipsychotics, there are still known side effects.

The social policy that moved many patients with mental disorders

['(A) community mental health', '(B) National Mental Health Act', '(C) deinstitutionalization', '(D) managed care', '(E) health care reform']

(C) Deinstitutionalization occurred after the development of antipsychotic medication. The process began in the 1950s in the United States. The ability of community-based treatment to support former institutionalized individuals has been under scrutiny.

MAOIs, TCAs, SSRIs, and SNRIs are examples of which category of

['(A) Atypical antipsychotics', '(B) Antipsychotics', '(C) Anxiolytics', '(D) Antidepressants', '(E) Psychostimulants']

(D) MAOIs, TCAs, SSRIs, and SNRIs are examples of antidepressants. The more commonly used antidepressants at this point are SSRIs and SNRIs, but the others are sometimes used.

What type of biomedical intervention may be used after many

['(A) Intensive outpatient treatment', '(B) Electroconvulsive therapy', '(C) Group therapy', '(D) Hypnosis', '(E) Light box treatment']

(B) Electroconvulsive therapy is used to treat severe depression that is considered treatment resistant. For example, an individual with severe depression who has been on many different types of medications and has been actively involved in psychotherapy with no results, may benefit from electroconvulsive therapy. The other choices do not describe biomedical interventions.

Which type of medication might be prescribed to someone with

['(A) Antidepressant', '(B) Antipsychotic', '(C) Mood stabilizer', '(D) Psychostimulant', '(E) Anxiolytic']

(E) Anxiolytics are typically used to treat anxiety. Panic attacks are a manifestation of extreme anxiety, and panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder.

Which class of medications is used to treat both bipolar disorder

['(A) SSRIs', '(B) Psychostimulants', '(C) Atypical antipsychotics', '(D) Mood stabilizers', '(E) Anxiolytics']

(C) Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are both sometimes associated with psychosis and, therefore, are treated with atypical antipsychotics. Mood stabilizers (D) are associated with the treatment of bipolar disorder but not schizophrenia, and SSRIs (A) can sometimes be harmful to those with bipolar disorder.

Which type of investigation is typically used to explore efficacy

['(A) Single subject study', '(B) Randomized controlled trial', '(C) Semistructured interview', '(D) Ethnography', '(E) Meta-analysis']

(B) A randomized control consists of more than one intervention. For example, a study may be designed where one group receives psychotherapy and one receives medications. Participants are randomly assigned to a group, thus the name randomized controlled trial.

Which is the best way to operationalize levels of depression in a

['(A) Scores on the Beck Depression Index', '(B) Presence of at least one symptom of depression', '(C) Meeting diagnostic criteria for depression', '(D) Number of times an individual cries', '(E) Asking a yes or no question about depression']

(A) The Beck Depression Index is a well-researched tool to assess depression. Scores on the Beck Depression Index could operationalize depression for a study. The number of times someone cries may not be a valid way to operationalize depression, as someone may cry for reasons other than depression (e.g., happiness). The other choices do not address levels of depression, rather just presence of depression.

A sample of research participants is typically drawn from

['(A) cases', '(B) individual subjects', '(C) world representation', '(D) a population', '(E) a subsample']

(D) A sample is drawn from a population, which is a larger group with the characteristics that fit study criteria. Cases (A) and individual subjects (B) may be part of a sample, but a sample is drawn from a population.

Connie designed an experiment to explore if play therapy for

['(A) Play therapy', '(B) Children with siblings with disabilities', '(C) School performance', '(D) Performance in play therapy', '(E) Siblings’ school performance']

(A) Play therapy is the independent variable. An independent variable is the variable that is being examined to see if it has an impact on the dependent variable.

If a psychological test is repeatedly administered to a group of

['(A) consistency', '(B) reliability', '(C) validity', '(D) significance', '(E) variability']

(B) Reliability refers to the consistency of a test. In order for it to be reliable, a test that measures a particular quality of a group of individuals should yield similar results, even if the order of questions is changed.

Which is a limitation of survey methods for psychological research?

['(A) Reliance on self-report data', '(B) Access to large samples', '(C) Information about nonobservable behaviors', '(D) Relatively low cost', '(E) None of the above']

(A) The fact that survey methods rely on self-report data is a limitation rather than advantage of this type of methodology. Self-report data are not observable, and subjects may present biased information in their responses.

Study results showed that the greater amount of physical exercise

['(A) There is a large variance.', '(B) There is a small variance.', '(C) The variables are negatively correlated.', '(D) The variables are positively correlated.', '(E) There is no correlation between the variables.']

(D) The variables in this example both go in the same direction, in that more exercise is related to higher quality of life scores. Because the variables move in the same direction, they are considered positively correlated. To find the correlation coefficient, a statistical equation is used.

A researcher who watches social behavior of children at a town pool

['(A) Case study', '(B) Naturalistic observation', '(C) Experimental design', '(D) Laboratory observation', '(E) Test']

(B) Naturalistic observation involves observing behaviors or interactions in the community with no researcher involvement or intervention. A limitation to this approach is the presence of the researcher. For example, although a researcher observing children would not interact with the children, the fact there is an adult researcher in the environment may alter behaviors.

In a psychological experiment, the response that an individual has

['(A) sample', '(B) independent variable', '(C) dependent variable', '(D) hypothesis', '(E) experimental group']

(C) The dependent variable is the response to the intervention. The intervention is the independent variable.

When the entire population has an equal chance of being chosen for

['(A) sampling', '(B) random sampling', '(C) random assignment', '(D) population sampling', '(E) population assignment']

(B) In random sampling, all members of the population have an equal chance of being chosen for the study.

Adrian wants to know if participation in psychoeducation groups

['(A) Alcohol use by college students', '(B) Psychoeducation group', '(C) Design of the psychoeducation group', '(D) Large state colleges', '(E) Alcohol-use levels before formation of group']

(B) The psychoeducation group is the independent variable. This study would seek to explore if participation in this type of group plays a factor in alcohol use.

A child development assessment that measures only language skills

['(A) Reliability', '(B) Test-retest', '(C) Consistency', '(D) Bias', '(E) Validity']

(E) Validity describes the extent an assessment tool or other procedure measures what it claims to or intends to measure.

A double-blind experiment can help limit which type of research

['(A) Sampling bias', '(B) Subject bias', '(C) Measurement bias', '(D) Experimenter bias', '(E) None of the above']

(D) Experimenter bias occurs when the researcher or a member of the research team interprets results in order to support the hypothesis or the expected outcomes. The experimenter may not do this consciously, but it may occur as a subconscious process. The possibility of experimenter bias must be considered when designing studies.

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of psychological research?

['(A) To further understand behaviors', '(B) To inform the practice of psychology', '(C) To describe all aspects of psychological phenomena', '(D) To better predict outcomes', '(E) To measure different psychological phenomena']

(C) Psychological phenomena overall is a broad subject, and describing all psychological phenomena is a large, insurmountable task. All other choices do describe purposes of psychological research.

The population of a town in Texas includes 1,000 adults more than

['(A) Snowball sampling', '(B) Convenience sampling', '(C) Random sampling', '(D) Systematic sampling', '(E) Accidental sampling']

(C) The population in this question is the 1,000 adults more than 50 years old in this town. Each of the adults has a 25 percent chance of being chosen for the study. Because all members of the population have an equal chance of being chosen, it is considered random sampling.

Which type of research methodology helps to establish

['(A) Experimental design', '(B) Naturalistic design', '(C) Survey design', '(D) Case study', '(E) Laboratory observation']

(A) An experimental design helps to establish cause-and-effect relationships. Experimental designs include independent and dependent variables. The impact of a certain psychological treatment versus no treatment on a population of individuals with schizophrenia could be explored using an experimental design.

Researchers must get _____________________ from research

['(A) A debriefing', '(B) Permission', '(C) Informed consent', '(D) Approval', '(E) Confidentiality']

(C) Informed consent is critical to all human subject research. Informed consent gives potential participants all of the relevant information about their participation and allows potential participants to opt out of participating. Informed consent is sometimes a signed form, and other times it is implied.

Which strategy is NOT an ethical research practice?

['(A) Reviewing study purposes', '(B) Explaining participant rights', '(C) Reviewing expectations of study', '(D) Having participants agree to stay in the study for the entire', '(E) Debriefing participants after the study']

(D) To remain ethically sound, a study must allow participants to withdraw if they feel the need or the desire to do so. Although this withdrawal will impact study outcomes, participants should not feel coerced into participation in the study at any point along the way.

What research technique is used to conceal the purpose of the

['(A) Deception', '(B) Informed consent', '(C) Double-blind', '(D) Placebo', '(E) Trickery']

(A) The method of concealing the study purpose is called deception. The use of deception is at times considered ethical if there is no other way to collect data and the deception will not cause harm to participants. There are some documented past research studies that involved deception and were harmful to participants.

Dr. Plumb must present her research for review for ethical

['(A) Dissertation committee', '(B) Provost office', '(C) Institutional review board', '(D) Ethics committee', '(E) Ombudsman']

(C) Institutional review boards (IRBs) are established at all universities that engage in human subjects research. These boards are responsible for reviewing research for ethical considerations. They may request that researchers make changes to the research methodology for ethical reasons.

Which ethically guided procedure makes potential subjects aware of

['(A) Approval', '(B) Informed consent', '(C) Anonymity', '(D) Confidentiality', '(E) None of the above']

(B) Informed consent is a critical process in psychology research, but informed consent can be gathered in different ways. Signed forms and implied consent by participation are two ways of getting informed consent.

During the Stanford Prison Experiment, participants acted in ways

['(A) Informed consent', '(B) Confidentiality', '(C) Do no harm', '(D) Anonymity', '(E) Approval']

(C) Human subject researchers are expected to do no harm. Human subject research seeks to explore various human experiences but not at a harmful cost to participants. During the Stanford Prison Experiment, the different levels of power given to the participants with little guidelines or intervention led to participant harm.