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|Cooperating Organizations||FAO/RNE, IFAD, WFP, GIZ, Egypt (Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, National Water Research Centre and Agricultural Research Centre) The

|Cooperating Organizations||FAO/RNE, IFAD, WFP, GIZ, Egypt (Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, National Water Research Centre and Agricultural Research Centre) The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture (SOLAW), recently published by FAO, notes that food production has been associated with inappropriate management practices that have degraded the land and water systems. This degradation constitutes an important threat for the entire ecosystem in addition for the human society especially in the Near East region. This region is characterized by intense scarcity of land and water. With more than 70% of the total area located under desert and arid conditions, social and economic development in general and food security and agricultural production in particular are highly dependent on water availability. Recently, the Near East Region priority framework identified the scarcity of natural resources, particularly land and water, as the first priority that needs support from both Member Countries and FAO. The optimal management of these resources is being a key for sustainable agriculture and food security for the region. highlighting and building on major achievements and impacts of FAO, IFAD, WFP and GIZ land and water programmes and projects implemented by Member Countries in the region through the exchange of success stories, lessons learned, good approaches and practices, Drawing conclusions and recommendations for follow-up actions to improve the impact and effectiveness of land and water projects, initiatives and programmes in the region.

After Major Patrick Ferguson's threat to the men who had settled in the mountainous areas of present-day Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia and South Carolina was received, Colonels Isaac Shelby, John Sevier and William Campbell met and organized several

After Major Patrick Ferguson's threat to the men who had settled in the mountainous areas of present-day Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia and South Carolina was received, Colonels Isaac Shelby, John Sevier and William Campbell met and organized several militia companies. They were later joined by Benjamin Cleaveland's company and John Winston's Company as well as militia troops from South Carolina and Georgia. See Overmountain Victory March. These troops chased Ferguson and finally met up with him 7 Oct 1780 at Kings Mountain. Kings Mountain, a mountain on the edge of the Blue Ridge near present-day Blacksburg, South Carolina, has a plateau at the top of it shaped like a shoe or boot. Ferguson had gathered all of his wagons in the center and had spread his men, 1075 Tories (also called Loyalists, colonial settlers who were loyal to the King of England). The ba

The aceramic culture of Khirokitia - is dated by the C-14 method to the sixth millennium B C (6020, 5850 and 5800 B C). In spite of this comparatively late date - perhaps the

The aceramic culture of Khirokitia - is dated by the C-14 method to the sixth millennium B C (6020, 5850 and 5800 B C). In spite of this comparatively late date - perhaps the natural result of its comparative isolation - this culture in many respects resembles such Natufian sites as Ain Mallaha or Pre-Pottery A Jericho. The origins of the culture are utterly unknown, but earlier phases remain to be discovered, if not in Cyprus itself, then somewhere on the Asiatic mainland. Its distribution roughly covers the island and the import of obsidian points to contact with Anatolia. The discovery of a site of this period at the very end of the dagger-like Karpas peninsula is significant, for it points straight at the mouth of the Calycadnus valley, the old trade route from the Anatolian Plateau to the Mediterranean coast. It also points to Ras Shamra, another early maritime site in north Syria and to the Amuq (plain of Antioch) where a stone vessel of Khirokitia type was found in levels of the Amuq A period (before 6000 BC). Seafaring was evidently established at this period and one of the sites, Petra tou Limniti, was established on a small island in Morphou Bay. Two features of the culture have no parallels elsewhere; a flint industry of peculiar type which is not microlithic, possibly a descendant of the Upper Palaeolithic, and secondly a round-headed (brachycephalic) population at Khirokitia itself, perhaps the result of isolation or a habit of cranial deformation. Khirokitia is not a mound, but a hill site about 2 5 0 metres in diameter situated within a bend of the Maroniou river. It commands a view down to the south coast, which is a few miles away. A paved stone road running for about 2oo metres through the settlement was traced leading down the hill towards the river. Forty-eight round houses of tholos type were excavated, a small proportion of the entire settlement, which may have contained a thousand houses and a population running into the thousands, for Khirokitia was evidently more than a village. Three main levels of buildings were found and the extremely solid construction of the houses indicates a considerable duration of the settlement. These round houses, varying in diameter from 3 to 4 and 7 to 8 metres, frequently had double walls, built of local limestone. Their superstructure consisted of a dome of stone, brick or light materials. In the larger houses two solid stone pillars probably supported an upper storey or wooden floor, reached by a ladder and it was here that people probably slept. Similar arrangements prevailed in the workshops of Beidha. Hearths, platforms for sleeping, and pits in the floor are frequent. Seats, windows and cup-boards were found in the wall or in the stone pillars. The doorways had high thresholds, to keep out rain and mud, and a few stone steps led down into the room. Several compounds were found consisting of one large beehive house, and several others used as kitchens, workshops for grinding corn, etc. Courtyards were often paved with flat stones and circular tables show where the food was eaten. Some corridors appear to have been roofed and access to the courtyards was gained by ramps leading from the central street. The general impression is one of great efficiency and good organisation. These people practised burial among the houses or below the floors, and single contracted burials appear to have been the rule. Objects were deposited with the dead; stone bowls, frequently ceremonially broken, and necklaces with women, and pins and other offerings with men or children. From the rich burial gifts of the women it may be deduced that they were man's equal. Something is known about the dress of these Neolithic people. Weaving is attested by the presence of spindlewhorls and garments were probably of wool. They were fastened with bone pins, and sewn with needles. Personal ornament is represented by stone beads, pendants and bracelets; and necklaces of dentalia shells, carnelian and greyish-green pikrite. Bone was used for handles of stone tools, for awls, pins and needles. Maces of polished stone were used as weapons. Reconstruction of the Early Neolithic settlement of Khirokitia in Cyprus showing domed houses, corridors, workshops and main road lea

Thirty minutes of activity a day lowers your risk of developing a major chronic disease. Physical activity includes the full range of human movement, from competitive sport and exercise to active hobbies, walking, cycling or activities of daily living, such as housework and

Thirty minutes of activity a day lowers your risk of developing a major chronic disease. Physical activity includes the full range of human movement, from competitive sport and exercise to active hobbies, walking, cycling or activities of daily living, such as housework and DIY. Adults should do a minimum of 30 minutes moderate-intensity physical activity, at least five days a week. For children and young people the target is at least 60 minutes a day. You don't have to do the whole 30 minutes in one go. Your half-hour could be made up of three 10-minute bursts of activity spread out through the day. This can include a lifestyle activity (e.g. walking to the shops or taking the dog out), a structured exercise or sport, or a combination of these. You can find lots more information on the NHS Choices website The British Heart Foundation website has additional information on how to keep your heart healthy. Wiltshire County Council publishes lots of information about local recreational facilities and so does the Dorset for You website

It seems that every time the Department of Homeland Security's Threat Level changes colors, legions of not-so-clever newspaper headline writers seize the opportunity to trot out another variation of the phrase "Duck and Cover." One prominent example of this journalistic

It seems that every time the Department of Homeland Security's Threat Level changes colors, legions of not-so-clever newspaper headline writers seize the opportunity to trot out another variation of the phrase "Duck and Cover." One prominent example of this journalistic laziness followed the infamous government endorsement of duct tape and plastic sheeting as a means of preparedness for chemical and biological attack. Never mind that this advisory was quickly retracted by then Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge, the headline "DUCT AND COVER" appeared for weeks afterward. Just how did the term "Duck and Cover" become universal shorthand for the paranoid excesses of the Cold War and for every geo-political panic attack since? How did the image of a pith-helmet-wearing cartoon turtle named Bert become as lasting a symbol of this dark era as the yellow and black fallout shelter signs that still adorn many buildings around the United States? Nearly everyone with even the slightest sense of irony appreciates the inherent camp value of Bert and his titular mantra to terrified or just plain confused 1950's school children. But few if any know anything at all about the origin of this turtle and how he became so famous. The film (there was also a radio program and a government pamphlet) DUCK AND COVER is, after all, the CITIZEN KANE of American civil defense motion pictures. Clips from this movie are used almost every time a news piece is produced on the 1950's or the Cold War. DUCK AND COVER, which is a public domain film, has also been slapped on numerous VHS and DVD video compilations with little regard for its true legacy. It struck CONELRAD as odd that so little was known about the origins of a work that has had such a reverberating impact on the culture. Indeed, in an age where film scholars study Tom Cruise movies, the lack of ba

Models of Professional Development It was during the Clinton-Gore administration that education technology began to play an important role in improving student achievement and influencing school improvement. In 1995, the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment produced a landmark report titled "Teachers

Models of Professional Development It was during the Clinton-Gore administration that education technology began to play an important role in improving student achievement and influencing school improvement. In 1995, the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment produced a landmark report titled "Teachers and Technology: Making the Connection" (online at www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1995/9541_n.html ),which discovered that most teachers did not feel prepared to use technology effectively. A key finding of the report revealed that 30% of the technology budget should be used for teacher training. The focus up to that point had been mostly on purchasing hardware and software. This report helped bring the importance of effective professional development for teachers to the forefront. It is not surprising that during 1995, the Technology Innovation Challenge Grant (TICG) program funded the first 19 grants, which set the stage for the 91 that followed. From 1995-2000, 100 projects from 46 states and a total of $609.9 million invested have produced some of the most impressive, innovative education technology products, models and curriculum. This article will focus on the models of professional development used by a variety of U.S. TICG programs. You will notice that a large number of 1998 projects are highlighted. This is because for that year's competition, grant guidelines specifically mandated professional development by providing support to consortia that had developed programs, or were adapting or expanding existing programs, for technology training. The models to be explored are coaching and mentoring, face-to-face, train-the-trainer, and Web-based training. Coaching & Mentoring Coaching and mentoring is a research-based, highly effective professional development model that has been used extensively by Project Venture (1998, www.creighton.k12.az.us/projectventure/index.html) in Ph'enix, which is a diverse consortium consisting of urban, suburban and rural school districts. At the heart of the districts' professional development model are 21 Technology Mentor Teachers (TMTs) who work with more than 330 teachers across the consortium. TMTs are highly trained, certified teachers on assignment who use coaching and modeling techniques to help teachers effectively integrate technology in their classes. TMTs work one-on-one with teachers who are chosen through a rigorous application process, and receive five computers and a presentation system in their classroom. They build important relationships with their teachers that allow for the planning, modeling and reflecting of technology integration techniques with a focus on core curriculum and state standards. This model has built great capacity and created a natural process of sustainability by having a significant number of highly trained teachers who are becoming technology leaders in their schools. Our project's evaluator, De

A variety of physical disabilities result from neuro-muscular and orthopedic impairments. These disabilities may be congenital or they may be the result of an accident or illness. They may include conditions such as spinal cord injury, paralysis, cerebral

A variety of physical disabilities result from neuro-muscular and orthopedic impairments. These disabilities may be congenital or they may be the result of an accident or illness. They may include conditions such as spinal cord injury, paralysis, cerebral palsy, severe forms of arthritis, polio/post-polio, spina bifida, orthopedic injury, amputation, cardiac conditions, cystic fibrosis, later stages of AIDS, stroke, and muscular dystrophy. The range of disabilities in this category is large. Functional abilities and limitations will vary widely, even within one disability group. Some conditions are such that the person experiences pain, spasticity, or lack of coordination. In other conditions there are intermittent flare-ups (when a student might be absent from class) and periods of remission, where the students seems to have no impairment of function (e.g., multiple sclerosis). A number of students who use wheelchairs are able to st

Chester Commodore Papers, 1914-2004 36 linear feet (70 boxes) |Provenance:||Papers of Chester Commodore, African-American cartoon artist and Chicago Defender cartoon editor, were donated to the Harsh

Chester Commodore Papers, 1914-2004 36 linear feet (70 boxes) |Provenance:||Papers of Chester Commodore, African-American cartoon artist and Chicago Defender cartoon editor, were donated to the Harsh Collection by Lorin Nails-Smooté, step-daughter of Chester Commodore, and other family members, July 2007.| |Size:||36 linear feet (70 boxes)| |Repository:||Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Carter G. Woodson Regional Library (Chicago Public Library), 9525 S. Halsted Street, Chicago, Illinois 60628| |Access to Collection||The materials in this collection are not restricted.| |Citation:||When quoting material from this collection, the preferred citation is: Chester Commodore Papers, [Box #, Folder #], Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Chicago Public Library| |Processed by:||Beverly Cook, Assistant Curator; Jeanie Child, intern| Nearly all the materials in this collection were created or collected by Chester Commodore as he carried out his work and family life. A few items were added by Lorin Nails-Smooté after Commodore's death (i.e., obituary information, materials relating to a Commodore biography). Also added were few original cartoons accessioned in other archival collections held at the Chicago Public Library. During processing of this collection, copies of published Commodore cartoons whose originals are no longer available (primarily 1948-1968) were produced from digital images and added to the papers at the request of the donor. Chester Commodore was one of the most influential and acclaimed African-American cartoonists of the twentieth century. During the nearly 50 years his cartoons appeared in the Chicago Defender, Commodore used his art to advocate for racial justice, human rights, and equality of opportunity. From the 1954 appearance of his world-famous first editorial cartoon (on the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education, featuring a hammer breaking chains); his work reached an international audience. More than that, his widely-seen cartoons helped to bridge the gulf between the two "parallel universes" representing the separate worlds of Blacks and Whites in the twentieth century. Through his realistic and non-stereotyped depiction of human subjects, Commodore helped to end the "eight-ball" caricature that white cartoonists had used to depict African-Americans. Chester Commodore was born in Racine, Wisconsin, on August 22, 1914, to Pascal and Elizabeth (Bessie Fite) Commodore, along with five siblings-- Aletha (a half-sister), Blanche, Josephine, Louis, and Ruth. His parents and sisters moved to Chicago in 1923, but Chester and his older brother, Louis stayed with his maternal grandmother, Della Fite, in her Racine boarding house. His earliest memories centered on his love of drawing, and he was encouraged by John Prophet, who boarded at the house. In Grandmother Fite's music room Commodore mingled with notable African-American musicians, artists, and other cultured travelers who were denied accommodation in white-owned establishments in Chicago and Milwaukee. Always the boy observed and watched the living panorama he would later reproduce so effectively. In 1927 Commodore joined his family in Chicago. He enrolled in Tilden Technical High School with the intention of studying drawing but instead found most art classes already filled. He needed no permission to practice drawing whenever he could, but he found few buyers for his work. Frustrated, he took h

Aging & Health A to Z Coronary Artery Disease, Angina Diagnosis & Tests Tests used to diagnose coronary artery disease are typically conducted by a specially trained technician or a heart specialist (cardiologist). Below are

Aging & Health A to Z Coronary Artery Disease, Angina Diagnosis & Tests Tests used to diagnose coronary artery disease are typically conducted by a specially trained technician or a heart specialist (cardiologist). Below are some common cardiac tests. Cardiac Catheterization (Angiogram) The heart specialist threads a tiny tube (catheter) through an artery in your arm or leg into the arteries of your heart. He or she injects a dye into the tube that can be seen on an x-ray as the dye travels through your heart chambers and arteries. This shows the pumping action and circulation of blood through your heart, and any blockages you might have in your coronary arteries. Your heart specialist will tell you if you need to change your diet or medications before or after the test. A large machine containing a strong magnet and radio waves creates a picture of the inside of your heart. This test can provide more detailed information about how your heart valves and other parts of your heart are working. A chest x-ray can show whether parts of your heart are enlarged, or if there’s fluid buildup in your lungs. These can be signs of heart failure, a heart valve problem, or thickening of the heart muscle. Coronary Calcium Scan In coronary artery disease (CAD), calcium builds up in “plaques” in the walls of arteries, narrowing the blood vessels and raising your risk of a heart attack. Healthcare professionals can estimate your heart attack risk by checking your coronary calcium “score”—even when you have no symptoms. During the scan, you will lie on a table for a few minutes. You may have electrodes attached to your chest and be injected with a dye. Coronary calcium scans use electron beam computerized tomography (EBCT or “ultra-fast CT”), an advanced type of x-ray technique that exposes you to the same amount of radiation as 33 chest x-rays. Repeated scans may raise your cancer risk. This procedure is not recommended if you are either at low or high risk for a heart attack, in which case you should already be taking medications and making lifestyle changes. It is recommended for persons at “moderate” risk who have a 10–20 percent chance of having a heart attack within the next 10 years. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) and ECG Stress Test This simple, painless test measures the electrical activity of your heart using electrodes (wires) placed on the chest and other parts of your body. You might have the test lying down, or while you’re exercising on a treadmill or bicycle to monitor how your heart responds to increasing levels of physical activity. If you can’t exercise, your health care professional might give you a drug that makes your heart pump harder. To test your heart activity over a period of time, your cardiac specialist might give you a portable monitor to use at home. While you wear the monitor on your shoulder (much like a shoulder bag), you can perform all your normal activities, except for showering. You usually wear the monitor for a day or two and then return it to your healthcare professional’s office for analysis. Nuclear Stress Test If you have symptoms like chest pain or shortness of breath, your healthcare professional may order a nuclear stress test. You will receive an injection of radioactive dye and images will be taken of your heart while you are at rest. Afterwards, you may be asked to exercise on a treadmill or stationary bicycle, or you may receive an injection to speed up your heart. Another dose of radioactive dye may be given during the test through a small intravenous (IV) tube, and your blood pressure and heartbeat (ECG) will be monitored during the test. Another set of images will be taken at that time. After resting for a prescribed time you might have another set of images taken. The nuclear stress test shows the specialist who is interpreting your images if there are any damaged areas in your heart. The images may also show whether the arteries that bring blood to your heart muscle are blocked or narrowed, or if your heart is enlarged. It also measures how well your heart is pumping blood (called the ejection fraction). Updated: March 2012 Posted: March 2012

This refers to the article “The power to pardon” (April 18). The Constitution has conferred the power only on the President, not the Prime Minister or Parliament. Due to changes in the political system and the emergence of coalition politics, the

This refers to the article “The power to pardon” (April 18). The Constitution has conferred the power only on the President, not the Prime Minister or Parliament. Due to changes in the political system and the emergence of coalition politics, the election of President is used by political parties to advance their agenda. Again, the Supreme Court imposes the death penalty only in the “rarest of rare” crimes, and the onus of deciding what is the rarest of rare lies on judges. In the light of these two facts, India should abolish the death penalty, as even a minor error on the part of judges or the President can prove costly. K. Narsingh Rao, With more than half of India unlettered after 60-plus years of independence, and an overwhelming majority of the population emotionally driven, what is required is demonstrable justice. The bedrock aphorism “let the punishment fit the crime” simply means the punishment for a misdeed or wrongdoing should be reasonable and proportionate to the severity of the crime. When the cases referred to the President for pardon are the rarest of rare, it is patently unfair and inconsistent to argue for commutation. Aruna Shanbaug is in a permanent vegetative state whereas the person responsible for her condition served just seven years in jail before leading a life he wished. Was justice delivered?

Comprehensive DescriptionRead full entry | Common names: brotula (English), brótula (Espanol) | Ogilbia davidsmithi Moller, Schwarzhans & Nielsen 2005 Body elongate,

Comprehensive DescriptionRead full entry | Common names: brotula (English), brótula (Espanol) | Ogilbia davidsmithi Moller, Schwarzhans & Nielsen 2005 Body elongate, slender, and somewhat compressed; snout rounded; head wide (usually > 10% of SL) and low (height ~ 13.8% of SL); narrow between eyes; top jaw bone expanded vertically at rear, rear end relatively low; rear 3 pores on low jaw large, circular, about size of rear nostril; a sharp spine on opercle that has 1 tip; eye relatively large (1.6-2.3% of SL); preopercle with 3 pores at lower rear corner, upper part with a pore; gill rakers 12-20, 2-4 long rakers in angle of arch; origin of dorsal fin at level of middle of pectoral fins; pelvic fins inserted below rear part of head; dorsal rays 66-76; anal rays 50-61; origin of anal under dorsal rays 20-26; pectoral rays 17-21; tail fin rays 14-16; lateral line indistinct, continuous, complete; body covered with overlapping scales, about 110 in midlateral series; patch of cheek scales with 8 (5-10) vertical rows of scales; belly with scales; penis curved, abruptly tapering to tip; 2 pairs of large pseudoclaspers associated with penis, outer pair ~ as long as penis, with spine-like, extruding, often bent rear supporter and a much shorter front supporter, inner pair slender, short, points backward, tip broadened and with a small fleshy appendage. Preserved fish brown. Size: reaches 11 cm. Inhabits shallow reefs and tide pools. Depth: 0-30 m. The W and NE Gulf of California.

Back to home October 2013 Oral Hygiene Affects Heart Health “There is no definitive conclusion as to the link, but studies show that more than 50 percent of patients who are missing teeth also have heart disease,” says cardi

Back to home October 2013 Oral Hygiene Affects Heart Health “There is no definitive conclusion as to the link, but studies show that more than 50 percent of patients who are missing teeth also have heart disease,” says cardiologist Jian Xin Qin, M.D. “There may be a correlation with bacteria from the mouth getting into the bloodstream, which can cause inflammation of the arteries, leading to a build-up of plaque and resulting in heart disease.” Patients who have a heart condition have an important reason to maintain good oral hygiene, one that could have a long-lasting effect on their overall health: The effect it has on dental procedures. Some dentists contact a patient’s cardiologist before completing an invasive procedure, like drilling into a tooth, pulling a tooth or any procedure that might involve cutting into mouth tissue. “This way the patient can receive antibiotics before the procedure so they don’t end up with an infection to his/her heart; on the other hand, some are sent to the dentist and get their dental work completed before elective heart surgery to prevent later infection to the heart,” Dr. Qin says. Many patients who have experienced a stroke or heart disease take anticoagulant drugs to reduce the chances of blood clots. However, these drugs then limit the extent of treatment a dentist can perform. “If a patient has had a heart condition that requires him or her to be on blood thinning medications, we have to know about dental procedures before they happen,” Dr. Qin says. “We can suspend blood thinners for a few days before a procedure and then resume the medication after the dental procedure is complete. Other medications have bigger consequences, such as heart attack or even death, if stopped prematurely. The patient has to be on them for at least six months to one year after stent placement. That is the first choice of treatment for heart attack. For that reason, the patient’s cardiologist has to be contacted before stopping those blood thinners.” Dentists who need to complete a procedure that comes with extra risk because a patient is on a blood thinning medication sometimes opt for general anesthesia for the patient, and co

Items im this article refer to research in: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, myotonic muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. Injecting genes for the muscle protein utrophin may

Items im this article refer to research in: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, myotonic muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. Injecting genes for the muscle protein utrophin may be a viable strategy to pursue for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), say researchers at McGill University in Montreal. MDA grantees George Karpati, Basil Petrof and Josephine Nalbantoglu were part of a team that injected genes for utrophin into the leg muscles of mice missing the closely related dystrophin protein. These dystrophin-deficient mice have a disease resembling human DMD. The advantage to injecting utrophin instead of dystrophin genes is that the immune systems of at least some children and adolescents may reject the new dystrophin as a foreign protein, while they will almost certainly accept extra utrophin, since people with DMD already make utrophin, and it won’t be foreign to them. Newborn and adult mice showed evidence of utrophin production in the injected muscles, as well as better resistance to contraction-related damage and in some cases better force generation than on the uninjected side of the body. However, in both groups, the beneficial effects diminished over the course of a few months to a year after injection. “A critical issue is to determine the minimum amount of utrophin that is sufficient to successfully ‘pinch-hit’ for dystrophin,” Karpati said, noting that utrophin is normally found in muscle fibers only at the places where they intersect with nerve fibers (the synapse) and that utrophin throughout the fiber membrane will be necessary to successfully treat DMD. The other problem that must be solved is “the substantial decline of the amount of extrasynaptic [outside the synapse] utrophin over time,” Karpati added. He said it does not appear to be a problem of immune system rejection. The authors, who published their results online July 31 in Molecular Therapy, say that utrophin therapy might be optimized by combining utrophin gene transfer with a compound that increases protein production from the patient’s own utrophin genes. MDA is supporting research on the latter strategy (see ID of Utrophin Brake, Research Updates, September-October 2007), as well as a clinical trial to test the effects of a muscle injection of dystrophin genes into boys with DMD. A new “consensus statement” on clinical care in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), published in the August issue of the Journal of Child Neurology, aims to improve and standardize the management of this disease with respect to diagnosis, pulmonary care, gastrointestinal and nutritional issues, orthopedics and rehabilitation, and end-of-life decisions. Establishing standards of SMA care was identified as a priority by a patient advocacy group of the International Coordinating Committee (ICC) for Spinal Muscular Atrophy Clinical Trials. This committee was formed in January 2005 under the auspices of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Discussions at an NIH-sponsored conference in 2004, in which the goal was to formulate strategies for future clinical trials in SMA

Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition. Artists: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly "Artists: The Good, The Bad and the Ugly"

Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition. Artists: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly "Artists: The Good, The Bad and the Ugly" is a web site about Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso, and Duane Hanson. We love art and we wanted other students to see three very different artists and kinds of artwork so they could think about what they like in art work. The site takes students to the artists life and art work. These three artists are all very important in Art History. We want students to know that learning and looking at art is fun, especially on the computer. 19 & under Arts & Entertainment > Artists

eReaders (or eBook readers) are hand held devices mainly meant for reading text files and books. Most popular brands of eReaders include (but are not limited to) the Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble Nook, and the Sony

eReaders (or eBook readers) are hand held devices mainly meant for reading text files and books. Most popular brands of eReaders include (but are not limited to) the Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble Nook, and the Sony Reader. Despite being in tablet form, eReaders often use less power than their tablet computer counterparts. This can usually be attributed to their use of electronic ink, rather than an LED-backlit display. Where tablets have multiple functions and generally rely on apps to be productive, eReaders specifically focus on displaying text for the user to read and interact with. How eReaders Work eReaders are able to hold many different forms of text files, specific compatibility will differ by device. For most eReaders, there is a designated online store where users can buy e-book

The views expressed in articles on this channel do not necessarily reflect the views of AAAHC. Staff Education Tool: Hand Hygiene Training Course From CDC The CDC provides a free, web-based hand hygiene training course. The course, and associated promotional

The views expressed in articles on this channel do not necessarily reflect the views of AAAHC. Staff Education Tool: Hand Hygiene Training Course From CDC The CDC provides a free, web-based hand hygiene training course. The course, and associated promotional materials, reviews key concepts of hand hygiene and other standard precautions to prevent healthcare-associated infections. Topics addressed include: - What are standard precautions? - Why is hand hygiene important? - Why are standard precautions important? - What are some other concerns surrounding standard precautions? The course also provides questions about hand hygiene which participants are required to answer to promote thought about current practices and to encourage proper hand hygiene. To participate in the training course, visit the CDC Hand Hygiene Resource webpage. Note: View our database providing more than 125 reports that link to free, downloadable and adaptable tools for use in surgery centers, hospitals and other organizations by clicking here. Related Articles on Hand Hygiene: © Copyright ASC COMMUNICATIONS 2012. Interested in LINKING to or REPRINTING this content? View our policies by clicking here.

A modern dictionary of Catholic terms, both common and obscure. Find accurate definitions of words and phrases. The art and science of investigating and expressing the true sense of Sacred Scripture. Its function is to find out what exactly a given passage of the Bible

A modern dictionary of Catholic terms, both common and obscure. Find accurate definitions of words and phrases. The art and science of investigating and expressing the true sense of Sacred Scripture. Its function is to find out what exactly a given passage of the Bible says. Its rules are governed by the science of hermeneutics, whose practical application is concern of exegesis. Given the depth and complexity of the biblical text, biblical exegesis has been practiced from pre-Christian times. (Etym. Greek ex_g_sis, interpretation.) All items in this dictionary are from Fr. John Hardon's Modern Catholic Dictionary, © Eternal Life. Used with permission.

Wheat is grown across more of the world's farmland than any other cereal, and researchers said Friday they're posting its genetic code on the Internet in the hope that farmers can use it as a tool to improve their harvests. The discovery

Wheat is grown across more of the world's farmland than any other cereal, and researchers said Friday they're posting its genetic code on the Internet in the hope that farmers can use it as a tool to improve their harvests. The discovery could also prove handy to genetic engineers. University of Liverpool scientist Neil Hall said that the code would serve as "the reference — the starting point that new technology and new science can be built upon." He said that, for example, the information could help farmers better identify genetic variations responsible for disease resistance, drought tolerance and yield. Although the genetic sequence being published Friday remains a rough draft, and additional strains of wheat need to be analyzed for the work to be truly useful, Hall predicted it wouldn't take long for his work to make an impact in the field. "Hopefully the benefit of this work will come through in the next five years," he said. Among the potential benefits of tougher strains of wheat: Lower prices for bread and greater food security for the world's poor. Wheat is a relative latecomer to the world of DNA mapping. This year marks the 10th anniversary of the date the human genome was laid bare. Other crops have had their genetic codes unscrambled within the past few years — rice in 2005, corn in 2009, and soybeans earlier this year. The reason for the delay in analyzing wheat's genetic code, Hall said, was that the code is so massive — far larger than corn or rice and five times the length of the one carried by humans. One reason for the size is that strains such as the Chinese spring wheat analyzed by Hall's team carry six copies of the same gene (most creatures carry two.) Another is that wheat has a tangled ancestry, tracing its descent from three different species of wild grass. But sequencing techniques have improved dramatically over the past decade, and scientists were able to draw up their draft of the code in about a year. Although the code may yet see use by genetic engineers hoping to craft pesticide-resistant strains of wheat, Hall was at pains to stress the conventional applications of his work. Until now, breeders seeking to combine the best traits of two strains of wheat would cross pollinate the pair, grow the hybrid crop and hope for the best. Once they know which genetic markers to look for, Hall said, new forms of wheat could be rolled out far faster. The cracking of wheat's code comes at a time when prices have shot up in the wake of crop failures in Russia, highlighting how the vagaries of world food production can hit import-dependent countries such as Egypt. Concerns over climate change, water shortages and population growth have loomed in the background for years. New risks include a destructive mutant form of stem rust. The reddish, wind-borne fungus — known to scientists as Ug99 — has devastated wheat crops in places such as Kenya, where up to 80 percent of the wheat in afflicted farmers' fields have been ruined. Alexander Evans, an expert in resource scarcity issues at New York University, welcomed the announcement as something that would be "really helpful in helping farmers producing food that will meet those challenges." But, as one British paper hailed the announcement as the most significant breakthrough in wheat farming for 10,000 years, Evans warned against putting too much faith in genetics, saying that reforming the politics and economics of food distribution was easily as important. "We have to be very careful about saying that science will feed the world," he said.

Is it King Richard III? DNA Tests to Reveal the Mystery Monday The skeleton of an adult male excavated last September by a team of archaeologists from the University of Leicester is thought to belong to England's lost King Richard who ruled the

Is it King Richard III? DNA Tests to Reveal the Mystery Monday The skeleton of an adult male excavated last September by a team of archaeologists from the University of Leicester is thought to belong to England's lost King Richard who ruled the country from 1483-1485. Like Us on Facebook Richard III was painted after his death as evil and brutal and also was accused of murdering his two nephews. He ruled during a period known as the War of Roses and was killed by Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king to die in battle. For over 528 years, nobody knew where the monarch was buried. Rumors following his death claimed that his remains were left into the river, some stated that his body was taken by the Franciscans and some say his body was buried near the high altar of the Grey Friars Church, exactly where the skeleton was found

The roots of Emory University trace back to Emory College, which was granted a charter by the State Legislature of Georgia on December 10, 1836. The founders, Georgia Methodists, opened the school in Oxford, Georgia, named

The roots of Emory University trace back to Emory College, which was granted a charter by the State Legislature of Georgia on December 10, 1836. The founders, Georgia Methodists, opened the school in Oxford, Georgia, named for a young Methodist bishop John Emory, from Maryland. After more than fifty years, Asa Candler, the founder of The Coca-Cola Company and brother to former Emory President Warren Candler, helped the church decide that the new university should be built in Atlanta. Writing to the Educational Commission of the church on June 17, 1914, Asa Candler offered "the sum of one million dollars" and a subsequent gift of seventy-two acres of land in September 1914, the first unit of the university-the School of Theology-began classes in downtown Atlanta. Within a year marble buildings were under construction six miles northeast of downtown Atlanta, and within four years by September 1919, Emory College had joined the schools of theology, law, medicine, business, and graduate studies at the University's muddy new campus. Emory University today bears as little physical resemblance to its fledgling ancestor as Atlanta does to the Georgia frontier. Surrounded by one of Atlanta¿s historic and more popular suburbs, the tree-shaded campus belies the short distance of the University from the downtown commercial and cultural hub of the Southeast. It is home to a number of facilities including EmTech Bio, developed by Emory and the Georgia Institute of Technology in association with the Georgia Research Alliance. The Alliance is a state institution that invests in Emory research for the molecular screening of new drugs, nanotechnology vaccines, genomics, biomedical and tissue engineering, cancer, imaging, and neuroscience. Overall, U.S. News & World Report ranks Emory among the top twenty research universities in the country. The University awards more than 3,000 degrees annually, and its enrollment exceeds 12,000. Among the centers for specialized research and study are the Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, the Emory Winship Cancer Institute, the Center on Health Outcomes and Quality, the Center for Ethics, a

Ghosts have fascinated believers and nonbelievers alike for centuries. They have provided ample material for conversations, movies, stories, poems, novels, songs, and so on. The debate as to whether ghosts exist of not still rages as fiercely

Ghosts have fascinated believers and nonbelievers alike for centuries. They have provided ample material for conversations, movies, stories, poems, novels, songs, and so on. The debate as to whether ghosts exist of not still rages as fiercely as it did several centuries ago. Nearly half the population believes in ghosts, while the other half comprises rationalists who say that everything on earth can be explained by science. Definition Of Ghost The term "ghost" is widely used to describe the soul or spirit of a deceased person who finds it difficult to leave the earthly plane and move to higher dimensions. The spirit might have refused to leave owing to strong attachment to people, places, or things or unfinished jobs. For example, the victim of a murder might hang around long enough to see his murderer being sent to the gas chamber. People also consider demons and other astral beings to be ghosts. Ghosts are usually believed to haunt ancient homes, cemeteries, places where they died, or places that were of great significance to them. For hundreds of years, haunting, spirit communication, apparitions, and other paranormal activities have been carefully recorded. Studying ghosts is not that simple. Ghosts usually keep to themselves and hardly interfere with the doings of the living. You cannot summon a ghost at will with the purpose of studying a haunting. However, some spirits might choose to show themselves and contribute to a study made on them. In other words, you cannot see or interact with a ghost unless the ghost is willing to interact with you. Devices Used To Study Ghosts Technology has provided a wide range of devices to make a study of ghosts easier. Ghost hunters have used infrared sensors, Geiger counters, thermal cameras, and digital voice recorders to collect evidence to prove the existence of ghosts. The data collected by using these instruments is of great help to the students of the paranormal. Spirit mediums, on the other hand, can study ghosts without the help of technology and devices. They are born with a special gift of sixth sense that can enable them to understand the paranormal and see things that the average person cannot. Although science cannot prove whether the experiences of a medium are real or imaginary, mediums do contribute a lot to research on the supernatural. The existence of ghosts cannot be proved with the assistance of science and logical thinking. Although ghosts have been studied for centuries, no convincing evidence for the existence of ghosts has turned up. Just as there is a body of evidence to support the claims of the believers, there are many stories to prove the point made by the nonbelievers. Ultimately, everything depends on what you believe and have experienced. About the Author: I am a Professional Domain Seller. Engaged in selection and registration of high quality hand picked Generic keyword domains for online Business.If you visit the home page of my website :www.goacres.com you can get a fair idea about domain name purchase. All my domains are short, sexy, memorable, generic, keyword embedded and hand picked. So all my domains are showcase domains. Even though i have a strong customer base, i wish to add new domain buyers in my database portfolio.I concentrate on a domain name which is relative to the product or service. Hence they have a high value embedded in them

It’s not easy to understand all the subtleties of climate change. We experience weather on a daily basis and have memories of longer-term patterns—it was a rainy spring last year, or there was a brutally cold winter a few years back.

It’s not easy to understand all the subtleties of climate change. We experience weather on a daily basis and have memories of longer-term patterns—it was a rainy spring last year, or there was a brutally cold winter a few years back. But over longer periods of time, it’s difficult to truly see what’s happening with our changing climate, especially because the change is slow compared to human experience. And have no doubt, over time the global temperatures are warming. Our own daily experience fails us, and looking at a graph leaves a lot of people cold (so to speak). However, sometimes converting a simple graph into some different form of information can deliver the message far better, and more effectively, than dots on a page. University of Minnesota undergrad Daniel Crawford did something very clever: He took surface air temperature data and converted them into musical notes, one for each year from 1880 to 2012, and played them on his cello. The result is, in a word, haunting: Amazing, and eerie. Because the piece is short, it’s easy to hear how the average note gets higher and higher with time. In this music, because of the way it’s played and the notes themselves, it’s easy to associate the overall rising pitch to feelings of tension, fear, and escalation. The odd intervals (difference between pitches) from note to note in the piece are also unsettling. The aspect that drills into me the most distressingly is how the final few notes are at a pitch that is disturbingly and clearly higher than the rest of the notes in the piece. That’s because the past few years have been the hottest on average since measurements have started being taken. That’s why they call it global warming. I think this is an effective tool to show people that our planet is changing, warming. This has ramifications, and they aren’t good. Loss of Arctic ice, animal and plant extinctions, increased number of and devastation by wildfires, and more. It’s way past time we take these issues seriously. Steps are being taken by the White House, but I hope these are just the very first tiny steps compared to what’s to come. We need to make sure to hold our governments accountable and make sure they take action. I hope this video helps get that message across.

NASA to launch planet-hunting telescope Friday CAPE CANAVERAL, Florida CAPE CANAVERAL, Florida (Reuters) - A NASA telescope was cleared to launch on Friday on a mission to look for Earth-like planets around other stars

NASA to launch planet-hunting telescope Friday CAPE CANAVERAL, Florida CAPE CANAVERAL, Florida (Reuters) - A NASA telescope was cleared to launch on Friday on a mission to look for Earth-like planets around other stars and determine whether there are places that could support human-like life beyond our solar system. Liftoff of the Kepler telescope is scheduled for 10:49 p.m. EST on Friday from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. "This is a historical mission," NASA's space science chief Ed Weiler told reporters on Thursday. "It really attacks some basic human questions that have been asked since that first man or woman looked up in the sky and asked, 'Are we alone?'" Once in orbit, Kepler will be aimed at a star-rich swath of sky between the constellations Cygnus and Lyra in our own Milky Way galaxy. The telescope has two main tasks on its three-year mission:

WISE — A bat collected this month near the town of Pound was identified by the Wise County Health Department as being positive for rabies, the Virginia Department of Health said Wednesday. The bat was reportedly discovered and collected earlier this month by Wise health officials

WISE — A bat collected this month near the town of Pound was identified by the Wise County Health Department as being positive for rabies, the Virginia Department of Health said Wednesday. The bat was reportedly discovered and collected earlier this month by Wise health officials from a private residence in the Pound area. The rabies testing was carried out by the Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services. Lenowisco Health District Director Eleanor Cantrell, MD, characterized rabies as a “real threat” in Southwest Virginia due to the fact rabid bats have been previously identified in the Lenowisco District, which encompasses Lee, Wise and Scott counties and the city of Norton. Cantrell said preventative measures are the best ways to avoid contracting the deadly virus. In order to avoid potential exposure to rabies, the VDH recommends that pets and livestock be vaccinated and those vaccinations be kept current. Health officials also recommend not feeding wild animals and avoiding all sick or strange-acting animals. Other tips include covering garbage cans and not leaving food outside, not keeping wild animals as pets and not touching or picking up dead animals, which includes bats. Health officials also warn that pets should not be allowed to play with bats and recommend homes be “bat-proofed” with the use of screens, or by covering any openings. Also, anyone bitten by an animal should contact their doctor, or a veterinarian if their pet is bitten by another animal. Cantrell said that it is critical to immediately report any exposure to saliva, brain or spinal tissue from a domestic or wild mammal to the health department since the rabies virus is found in these fluids and tissues. Because bats have sharp teeth, health officials said people may not even notice being bitten. As a result, simply finding a bat in a room with an infant or child is considered a possible exposure. The same applies with adults who are sleeping, unconscious or impaired, or unable to communicate well when a bat is found in their room. If someone is exposed to rabies, health officials recommend beginning treatment immediately, even before symptoms appear. Once symptoms develop, the infection is almost always fatal, Cantrell said.

T1 Bacteriophages ("Phages") Bacteriophages ("bacteria eaters") are viruses that attack bacteria: the name is commonly shortened to just "phage". Phages attach to the outside membrane of bacteria by

T1 Bacteriophages ("Phages") Bacteriophages ("bacteria eaters") are viruses that attack bacteria: the name is commonly shortened to just "phage". Phages attach to the outside membrane of bacteria by means of the thin "tail". The round "head" contains DNA surrounded by a protein coat. Early biochemical and genetic studies of phage are the foundations of modern molecular biology.

Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Engineering (IRISE) It will take a new generation of scientists and engineers practiced in working in interdisciplinary teams to meet the major challenges of the 21st century. Rice University has a tradition of collaboration between these two

Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Engineering (IRISE) It will take a new generation of scientists and engineers practiced in working in interdisciplinary teams to meet the major challenges of the 21st century. Rice University has a tradition of collaboration between these two groups, who combined their expertise to develop the first artificial heart and made the Nobel-Prize winning discovery of the buckyball. These game-changing breakthroughs catalyzed subsequent innovations in medical technology and biology and opened up the new field of nanotechnology. Continuing this rich tradition, Rice University announces IRISE, an initiative for educating this generation of scientists and engineers whose diversity of expertise will enable them to conduct innovative research and create technologies that will protect our natural resources and improve human lives. Funded by the National Science Foundation, the IRISE program will provide the support for highly motivated graduate students to conduct interdisciplinary research focused on addressing issues critical to our nation and the world. Rice offers terrific opportunities for research at the many interfaces within the biological and physical sciences and engineering: - Groundwater pollution: Physicists, chemical engineers, and chemists are developing palladium-gold catalysts to remove from our groundwater trichloroethene, one of the world's most pervasive and toxic pollutants. - Protein and cellular functioning: Chemical engineers and biochemists are engineering light-triggered bionanoparticles for regulating protein activity and reprogramming cells. - Cancer treatment: Chemists, biochemists, and physicists are using functionalized gold nanoparticles in the fight against cancer, with clinical trials already underway. - Neurobiology and movement disorders: Biochemists, engineers and computational scientists have designed robotics to analyze how animal movements are controlled, and to gain new insights into the genes involved in diseases such as Parkinson's and Huntington's. - Environmental impact of nanomaterials : Chemists, biochemists, and engineers are elucidating how plants, critical in the ecosystem, take up, accumulate and biotransform nanomaterials together with the resultant effects on plant physiology. These efforts will further the sustainable and responsible development and applicati

IPCC (1996) provided time-series plots and global maps depicting trends of precipitation and temperature. This Annex extends and updates these records for a broader number of contiguous regions. Two data sets are used to represent near-surface air temperature change.

IPCC (1996) provided time-series plots and global maps depicting trends of precipitation and temperature. This Annex extends and updates these records for a broader number of contiguous regions. Two data sets are used to represent near-surface air temperature change. Over land this includes a near-surface air temperature data set developed by Jones (1994), and over the oceans a sea-surface temperature data set developed by Folland and Parker (1995). Both of these data sets provide the basis for calculating global temperature change as reported in the IPCC Second Assessment Report (1996). Parker et al. (1994) describe the methodology used to aggregate land and ocean temperatures for grid cells that span both regions. Precipitation changes are also calculated from two data sets. Land-surface precipitation data are derived and updated from Hulme (1991) and from Eischeid et al. (1995); the latter is referred to as the GHCN (version 1) data set in IPCC (1996). Both data sets were available with a resolution of 5°x5°. Since two data sets were used, a procedure was needed to integrate the data. A simple equal weighting scheme was used when both data sets had data available. For some grid cells, data were available from only one data set, and this provided additional coverage relative to the use of a single data set. In Figures A-1 and A-2, the magnitude of the trends of precipitation and temperature for each 5°x5° grid cell is given by the area of circle centered in each cell; brown and blue circles reflect decreasing trends, and green and red circles increasing trends. Trends are given in %/century for precipitation and °C/century for temperature. Precipitation trends are expressed in percent relative to the 1961-90 average precipitation. Time-series plots of the annual anomalies of precipitation and temperature (relative to 20th

What is Valuation? Knowing what an asset is worth and what determines that value is a pre-requisite for intelligent decision making -- in choosing investments for a portfolio, in deciding on the appropriate price to pay or receive in a takeover and in making

What is Valuation? Knowing what an asset is worth and what determines that value is a pre-requisite for intelligent decision making -- in choosing investments for a portfolio, in deciding on the appropriate price to pay or receive in a takeover and in making investment, financing and dividend choices when running a business. The premise of valuation is that we can make reasonable estimates of value for most assets, and that the same fundamental principles determine the values of all types of assets, real as well as financial. Some assets are easier to value than others, the details of valuation vary from asset to asset, and the uncertainty associated with value estimates is different for different assets, but the core principles remain the same. This introduction lays out some general insights about the valuation process and outlines the role that valuation plays in portfolio management, acquisition analysis and in corporate finance. It also examines the three basic approaches that can be used to value an asset. A postulate of sound investing is that an investor does not pay more for an asset than it is worth. This statement may seem logical and obvious, but it is forgotten and rediscovered at some time in every generation and in every market. There are those who are disingenuous enough to argue that value is in the eyes of the beholder, and that any price can be justified if there are other investors willing to pay that price. That is patently absurd. Perceptions may be all that matter when the asset is a painting or a sculpture, but we do not and should not buy most assets for aesthetic or emotional reasons; we buy financial assets for the cashflows we expect to receive from them. Consequently, perceptions of value have to be backed up by reality, which implies that the price we pay for any asset should reflect the cashflows it is expected to generate. Valuation models attempt to relate value to the level of, uncertainty about and expected growth in these cashflows. There are many aspects of valuation where we can agree to disagree, including estimates of true value and how long it will take for prices to adjust to that true value. But there is one point on which there can be no disagreement. Asset prices cannot be justified by merely using the argument that there will be other investors around who will pay a higher price in the future. That is the equivalent of playing a very expensive game of musical chairs, where every investor has to answer the question, "Where will I be when the music stops?” before playing. The problem with investing with the expectation that there will be a bigger fool around to sell an asset to, when the time comes, is that you might end up being the biggest fool of all. There are two extreme views of the valuation process. At one end are

ESA and the EU The European Commission (EC) and ESA share a common aim: to strengthen Europe and benefit its citizens. The two organisations are linked by a strong and growing relationship and a Framework Agreement providing the legal basis for cooperation between the

ESA and the EU The European Commission (EC) and ESA share a common aim: to strengthen Europe and benefit its citizens. The two organisations are linked by a strong and growing relationship and a Framework Agreement providing the legal basis for cooperation between the two institutions entered into force in May 2004, for a period of four years. ESA is an intergovernmental organisation with no formal organic link to the EC, indeed the two institutions have different Member States and are governed by different rules and procedures. However, in recent years the ties between the two institutions have been reinforced by the increasing role that space plays in strengthening Europe’s political and economic role, and in supporting European policies. To facilitate relations between the two organisations, ESA set up a liaison office in Brussels, the site of the EC. Raising political awareness The need to reinforce Europe’s capabilities in space is becoming ever more apparent as Europeans rely on satellites for communication, navigation, monitoring the environment, developing innovative technology and increasing scientific knowledge. Beyond the development of joint initiatives between the two institutions, the EC has a major role to play in heightening political awareness of space and in ensuring a regulatory framework to support the development of space activities. Closer ties and an increase in cooperation between ESA and the EC will bring substantial benefits to Europe by guaranteeing Europe’s full and unrestricted access to services provided by space systems for its policies, and encouraging the increasing use of space to improve the lives of its citizens. Recent joint initiatives include the European global navigation satellite system called Galileo, as well as the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security services, known as GMES, that was endorsed by ESA’s December 2005 Ministerial Council in Berlin. New European dimension In May 2007, 29 European countries unveiled the new European Space Policy, unifying the approach of ESA with those of the individual European Union member states. Jointly drafted by the European Commission and ESA’s Director General, Jean-Jacques Dordain, the European Space Policy sets out a basic vision and strategy for the space sector, and tackles issues like security and defence, access to space and exploration. This approach will better equip Europe for space exploration and bring a new dimension to the EU's international relations. Through this document, the EU, ESA and its Member States all commit to increasing coordination of their activities and programmes and to organising their respective roles relating to space. Last update: 17 November 2008

It has been a time of ups and downs for Delhi, which has emerged as the largest urban area (area of continuous urban development) in India. By a quirk in the Census of India definitions, an urban area (urban agglom

It has been a time of ups and downs for Delhi, which has emerged as the largest urban area (area of continuous urban development) in India. By a quirk in the Census of India definitions, an urban area (urban agglomeration) may not cross a state or territorial boundary. As a result, Delhi continues to be the second largest urban area in India according to the Census of India. However, as a Population Reference Bureau reported, the population of the urban expanse of Delhi had exceeded that of Mumbai by 2007 to become the largest urban area. In 2007, the Population Reference Bureau noted that the continuous urbanization of Delhi extended into the adjacent states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (which has largest population of any sub-national jurisdiction in the world). In 2010, the United Nations placed the Delhi urban area population above that of all other urban areas in the world with the exception of Tokyo. This second ranking position was only temporary, since new census data showed stronger growth in Jakarta (Jabotabek) and Seoul. These developments, along with a smaller than anticipated population in the interstate Delhi urban

Solar storms: Two breakthroughs could lead to better warnings The solar storms that cause blackouts and damage satelites have always been hard to predict, but two new methods of monitoring them could lead to much more accurate forecasts. Intense solar

Solar storms: Two breakthroughs could lead to better warnings The solar storms that cause blackouts and damage satelites have always been hard to predict, but two new methods of monitoring them could lead to much more accurate forecasts. Intense solar storms can disrupt satellites, airline and electric-utility operations, and, in the case of astronauts on orbit, directly endanger lives.Skip to next paragraph Subscribe Today to the Monitor Thursday, independent teams of researchers unveiled a pair of storm-tracking techniques that could significantly improve forecasts of "space weather" storms, the researchers say. One team's approach tracks magnetic fields while they are still taking shape nearly 40,000 miles below the sun's surface, well before they form and corral groups of sunspots on the solar surface. These sunspot groups represent active regions that spawn coronal-mass ejections – outbursts that can send up to 1 billion tons of hot plasma hurtling through space at up to 1 million miles an hour. The second team used a pair of sun-watching satellites to build detailed images of a coronal-mass ejection and its evolution as it traveled from the sun to Earth. Until now, researchers had been able to track these eruptions in detail for only about the first 20 percent of the trip, yet a cloud's structure and speed, among other traits, can change markedly across the missing 80 percent of the trip. Between the two projects, the teams have developed tools to track some of the most severe types of space weather from gestation within the sun to delivery at Earth's doorstep. For federal space-weather forecasters, these techniques could lead to substantial improvements in the accuracy of their forecasts. The largest coronal-mass ejections most often come from active, sunspot-dotted regions of the solar surface. "It is pretty exciting to be able to look underneath the sun and try to predict when an active region will appear," says Alysha Reinard, a research scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Space Weather Prediction Center in Boulder, Colo. With the new ability to track in detail a coronal-mass ejection along its complete trip, it should be possible to predict effects at Earth to within eight hours of its arrival, as opposed to today's 12- to 14-hour window, she says. Such an improvement could, for instance, allow airliners flying intercontinental routes to travel along the most fuel efficient routes longer before they have to change course to avoid air space subject to radio blackouts, which solar storms can bring. The developments come as two scientists in Britain suggest that over the next several decades, solar storms could become a more significant problem than they are today. And it isn't just because of the spread of vulnerable technologies, such as power grids. If the sun is entering a prolonged phase when the peak sunspot activity is relatively weak to nonexistent, solar storms would become fewer in number but more powerful when they do occur. Their conclusions appeared in the May 11 issues of the Journal of Geophysical Research and is based on Antarctic-ice-core reconstructions of past solar activity.

Network ports are a mild abstraction of TCP sockets. They are a subtype of ports. This proposal depends on SettingsListsCowan. Settings lists passed to procedures in this proposal MUST NOT contain the path key, but MAY contain the keys host and port

Network ports are a mild abstraction of TCP sockets. They are a subtype of ports. This proposal depends on SettingsListsCowan. Settings lists passed to procedures in this proposal MUST NOT contain the path key, but MAY contain the keys host and port defined below. The procedures in this section take a specification for a TCP socket and return a input/output port connected to the socket. Returns an input/output port connected to the host and port specified by settings-list. Returns an opaque listener object (which may be of any type) that will accept connections to the port and host (which must be a local address) specified in settings-list. If the host is not specified, the listener will accept connections that are made to port on any local address. Waits for a client to connect to listener, and returns an input/output port connected to that client. When the port is closed, this procedure may be invoked again on the same listener. Close listener and abandon any further attempts to listen for collections. Implementations MUST support the following keys: Specifies the host as a string. It may be an IPv4 dotted-decimal address, an IPv6 colon-hexadecimal address if supported by the operating system, or a host name to be looked up according to whatever operating system conventions exist, if any. Appropriate strings may refer to broadcast or multicast addresses. The host can also be specified as a bytevector of length 4 or 16. Specifies the port number as an exact integer or the port name as a string. The meaning of a string is implementation-dependent, but is intended to be a standardized service name. Specifies both the host and the port number in the form of a network endpoint object. See NetworkEndpointsCowan.

Anthony Rabe was just seventeen when Luther posted his 95 theses. The boy was born at Warburg castle on this day, February 27, 1501. Like many humanist scholars, he adopted a Latin form in place of

Anthony Rabe was just seventeen when Luther posted his 95 theses. The boy was born at Warburg castle on this day, February 27, 1501. Like many humanist scholars, he adopted a Latin form in place of his birth name, which meant Raven. And so we know him as Anthony Corvinus. Anthony became a monk. At first, he wanted nothing to do with Luther's new ideas. But reading the great Reformer's works and observing his bold stand at the Diet of Worms, changed his mind. He even sent Luther a drink of beer for his refreshment! Anthony was ousted from his monastery because of his Lutheran leanings. He became an enthusiastic supporter of the Reformation, preaching and organizing in Goettingen, Nordheim, Hildesheim, and Calenberg. The task he had set himself was a dangerous one. Reformation preachers were often hunted men. Threats of heavy penalties hung over their heads. He won the confidence of Landgrave Philip of Hesse. (A landgrave is a high level count.) During most of the 1530s, Anthony was at the landgrave's side. Philip consulted him on many occasions, so that Anthony attended almost all of the important conferences of the early Reformation. Philip granted Anthony permission to preach in Goettingen and Hanover. Efforts to bring the Gospel there had resulted in the preachers being hunted. Anthony enjoyed considerable success. The Duchess Elizabeth, governing for her under-age son, Erich, supported the Reformation. She wrote Luther for assistance. He sent Anthony. This cleared the way for the Gospel in the southern Lower Saxony. Anthony brought the Reformation to Northeim, which had seemed a stronghold of Catholicism. However, the Duke of Goettingen-Kalenberg sided with Rome. Anthony opposed the Augsburg Interim, a temporary doctrinal formula arranged by Emperor Charles. The Interim made a few concessions to the Lutheran position, such as allowing the clergy to marry and permitting the cup as well as the bread in communion. But for the most part, Lutherans did not feel it went far enough. As far as they were concerned, the real issues were penance, confession and the doctrine of justification. Angered by Anthony's resistance, the Duke threw him into prison. For almost three years, he suffered there. His health broke. He died in April 1553, "a true and faithful Lutheran Christian" just a few months after his release. His motto in his last years was, "My hope is Christ." - "Antonius Corvinus, the Reformer of Northeim." http://corvinusgemeinde.northeim.bei.t- online.de/geschi/geschich.htm - "Corvinus, Antonius." Kirchenlexikon. - "Corvinus." Schaff-Herzog Dictionary of Christian Knowledge. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1954. - Various internet articles. Last updated June, 2007

Events for all Levels and InterestsStay Jump Start Your Career GrowthStay Get on the Higher Ed IT MapStay Uncommon Thinking for the Common Good™Stay Case Study 20: Transforming Education with Research that Makes a Difference

Events for all Levels and InterestsStay Jump Start Your Career GrowthStay Get on the Higher Ed IT MapStay Uncommon Thinking for the Common Good™Stay Case Study 20: Transforming Education with Research that Makes a Difference Wednesday, May 2, 2012 A case study from Game Changers J. D. Walker, Charles D. Dziuban, and Patsy D. Moskal Positive change in education happens when faculty gain insight into the relationship between student learning and their teaching behaviors through systematic research that they conduct, present, and publish. This grounded research can improve teaching and learning and create a positive return on investment for faculty innovation and student engagement. Such research can be game changing. Technology frequently inspires pedagogical change, encouraging faculty to rethink their approach to teaching in light of what new digital tools can do. Faculty-driven research into the effectiveness of technological innovations can positively enhance this change, supporting and guiding it in constructive ways. First, creating new, technology-enhanced learning activities is difficult. One consistent finding from fifty years of educational research is that small details of design and implementation can significantly impact the effectiveness of teaching methods. Every instructor is familiar with the great variability in student reactions and performance across semesters that makes it difficult to assess effectiveness through unsystematic observations. Second, changing teaching methods requires effort. Incorporating more active, student-centered methods is not easy, particularly for those instructors who are most comfortable lecturing. Without solid evidence that new pedagogical approaches benefit students, change may not be sustainable, as many faculty may revert to older methods. In this chapter, we present a case study of five faculty from the University of Minnesota (UM) and University of Central Florida (UCF) who have used classroom-based research to investigate the impact their creative uses of technology have had on their students and their instruction. Their experiences serve as models for others in the classroom and illustrate the value in researching the impact of technology on education. The University of Minnesota Initiative Professor Sehoya Cotner of UM's biology program faced the first challenge just described when she created video podcasts, or "vodcasts," which combined custom animation and video segments with music and faculty voice-over, and which were designed to address topics known to be difficult for her introductory biology students. Initial reactions to the vodcasts were positive, but did they really help students learn? Dr. Cotner partnered with researchers to study their effectiveness using a comparative research design. One section of her introductory biology course received vodcasts while the other section had access to "class captures," which combined the output of the classroom's digital projector with a recording of the instructor's voice. Dr. Cotner found that student reception of the custom vodcasts was more enthusiastic than reception of the class captures. Additionally, after controlling for potential confounding variables, including students' overall grade point average (GPA), major, gender, ethnic background, high school rank, year in college, composite ACT scores, and initial level of evolution knowledge, students who used the custom vodcasts achieved significantly higher scores on an end-of-term test of evolution knowledge than students who used the class captures. Professor Catherine Solheim of the Department of Family Social Science utilized newly constructed "active learning classrooms" with physical layout and technological affordances designed to facilitate active, student-centered approaches to teaching and learning. Here, recent research shows that, when compared to traditional classrooms and while holding pedagogical approach constant, such new learning spaces can alter instructor and student behavior and improve student learning.1 So space matters. When Dr. Solheim's introductory class was first scheduled in a new learning space, she taught using her usual lecture-based pedagogy. After that experience, she participated in an eighteen-month faculty-development program designed to encourage and enabl

Thursday, December 06, 2012 It isn't often these days that Scientific American gets anything right but as the saying goes "even the blind squirrel..." The intense rainstorms sweeping in from the Pacific Ocean began to pound central California on

Thursday, December 06, 2012 It isn't often these days that Scientific American gets anything right but as the saying goes "even the blind squirrel..." The intense rainstorms sweeping in from the Pacific Ocean began to pound central California on Christmas Eve in 1861 and continued virtually unabated for 43 days. The deluges quickly transformed rivers running down from the Sierra Nevada mountains along the state’s eastern border into raging torrents that swept away entire communities and mining settlements. The rivers and rains poured into the state’s vast Central Valley, turning it into an inland sea 300 miles long and 20 miles wide. Thousands of people died, and one quarter of the state’s estimated 800,000 cattle drowned. Downtown Sacramento was submerged under 10 feet of brown water filled with debris from countless mudslides on the region’s steep slopes. California’s legislature, unable to function, moved to San Francisco until Sacramento dried out—six months later. By then, the state was bankrupt. -----Worse, even Wikipedia contributes useful historical perspective: The city of Sacramento suffered the worst damage due to its levee, which lay in a wide and flat valley at the junction of the American and Sacramento Rivers. When the floodwaters entered from the higher ground on the East, the levee acted as a dam to keep the water in the city rather than let it flow out. Soon the water level was 10 feet higher inside than the level of the Sacramento River on the outside. Dozens of wood houses, some two stories high, were simply lifted up and carried off by the flood, as was "all the firewood, most of the fences and sheds, all the poultry, cats, rats and many of the cows and horses". A chain gang was sent to break open the levee, which, when it finally broke, allowed the waters to rush out of the city center and lowered the level of the flooding by five to six feet. Eventually the waters fell to a level on a par with the lowest part of the city. The SciAm article even includes a graphic of what the Central Valley lake would cover today. I was also impressed by the almost offhand observation that overdrafting the aquifers has reduced AGL by 30 feet. Note: I am of two opinions wrt to Wikipedia. Fine for most name/date events. Not so good when it comes to why. This entirely natural event would be a centerpiece of a CAGW claim if it had happened recently.

Members of the weasel family, there are four species of skunks in North America: striped, hooded, spotted and hog-nosed. The most common are striped skunks, measuring 20 to 30 inches long (including the tail

Members of the weasel family, there are four species of skunks in North America: striped, hooded, spotted and hog-nosed. The most common are striped skunks, measuring 20 to 30 inches long (including the tail) and weigh approximately 6 to 10 pounds with two wide stripes on the back that meet on the head. Nocturnal by nature, skunks have a litter of 1-7 young in late April through early June. Skunks are slow-moving animals but have strong forefeet and long nails which make them excellent diggers. Skunks will usually only attack when cornered or defending their young. Spraying is not the first method of defense. Skunks will growl, spit, fluff their fur, shake their tail, and stamp the ground. If the intruder does not leave, they will lift their tail and spray their famous skunk odor. The spray is a sulfur compound that has a range of up to 15 feet. The glands that hold the spray hold enough for 5-6 sprays. Skunk control can be tricky since you want to avoid getting sprayed. Skunks are found throughout the US, Canada and Mexico. Skunks like warm dry, dark defensible locations. They have adapted to building dens in decks, trash dumps and woodpiles. When foraging for food, skunks will often travel 5-10 miles. Skunks are omnivorous. Their diet typically consists of beetles, larvae and earthworms. Skunks are also know to eat field mice, small rodents, lizards, garbage, eggs, and fallen fruit. Problems arise with skunks when they determine that your yard is the best plac

Got Questions? We've got answers from experts and parents who've been there. Pregnancy is one time in your life when you should be packing on pounds, but it's important to gain slowly and keep your weight within healthy range for your

Got Questions? We've got answers from experts and parents who've been there. Pregnancy is one time in your life when you should be packing on pounds, but it's important to gain slowly and keep your weight within healthy range for your body type. Here are some general guidelines. Be sure to ask your healthcare provider for specific recommendations. • Underweight before pregnancy: 28-40 pounds • Normal weight before pregnancy: 25-35 pounds • Overweight before pregnancy: 15-25 pounds • Obese before pregnancy: 15 pounds • Carrying twins: 35-45 pounds • Carrying triplets: 50 pounds You should gain more weight toward the middle and end of your pregnancy than at the beginning. Most normal-weight women can expect to put on about two to four pounds total in the first trimester and three to four pounds a month in the second and third trimesters. If you're concerned about whether you're gaining too much or too little weight, talk to your doctor. He or she can help you make healthier nutrition and fitness choices or refer you to a nutritionist for extra help. The answers from our experts are for educational purposes only. Please always refer to your child's pediatrician and mental health expert for more in-depth advice.

patient information; and explicit partnerships between various agencies to ensure access to and receipt of needed services (NICE, 2004). An estimated 5–9 percent of patients in primary care settings meet criteria for having major depression (Pignone

patient information; and explicit partnerships between various agencies to ensure access to and receipt of needed services (NICE, 2004). An estimated 5–9 percent of patients in primary care settings meet criteria for having major depression (Pignone et al., 2002), and many people with depression are treated in primary care as opposed to mental health settings (Kessler et al., 2005). In addition to its direct effects on health and well-being, depression affects the utilization of and adherence to treatment for general medical conditions (discussed in Chapter 2). Although treatment of depression does not encompass all psychosocial health services, problems encountered in providing high-quality mental health care for depression in primary care settings are similar to problems encountered in detecting and managing the broader array of psychosocial health problems seen in oncology settings. Both situations involve an attempt to provide for specialty services in an environment not intended primarily for the delivery of those services. Models for ensuring care for depression in primary care settings have been developed and tested through research and a number of major initiatives. These models can inform strategies for delivering the broader array of psychosocial health services. Although the term “collaborative care” is used to refer to a variety of types of interventions, one model of collaborative care developed by Katon and colleagues that has been tested in randomized controlled trials consists of a systematic approach to the structured involvement of mental health specialists in primary care. This approach employs (1) a negotiated definition of the clinical problem in terms that both patient and physician understand; (2) joint development of a care plan with goals, targets, and implementation strategies; (3) provision of support for self-management training and cognitive and behavioral change; and (4) active sustained follow-up using visits, phone calls, e-mail, and web-based monitoring and decision-support systems (Katon, 2003). In an initial randomized controlled trial of this intervention (supplemented by increased frequency of primary care visits in the first 6 weeks of treatment and scheduled visits with psychiatrists) involving 199 patients with depression seen at a primary care clinic over a 12-month period, intervention patients with major depression (but not those with minor depression) showed significantly greater improvement in symptoms than patients who received usual care (Katon et al., 1995). These findings were repeated in successive trials (Katon et al., 1996, 1999).

We have two responses for you. This is two linear equations with two unknowns. To solve the problem, solve each equation for y on the left-hand-side ( y = some expression of x). Then the two right hand sides must be equal

We have two responses for you. This is two linear equations with two unknowns. To solve the problem, solve each equation for y on the left-hand-side ( y = some expression of x). Then the two right hand sides must be equal to each other, since they both equal y. So just write them down as equal to each other and solve for x. Once you have x, put its value into either one of the original equations and solve for y. Hope this helps, Stephen La Rocque. First of all, you know since the exponent on the x's and y's is 1, your equations represent two lines, so at most there will be one intersection point (there would be none if the lines are parallel). So, if you find one intersection point, you don't have to worry that you missed another along the way somewhere! Let's say the two lines intersect at the point (a,b) in the coordinate plane. Since this point is on both of the lines, the coordinates must satisfy the equations for both lines. That means: 2a - 3b = -8 and 3a - 5b = -13 To solve this system of two equations with two unknowns, you can use the first equation to solve for a (get an expression for a in terms of b), and then substitute this expression into the second equation where you see a. Another method you can use is illustrated in this previous question: http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.00/dean1.html

North East of England The North East of England is a region of the United Kingdom. It covers Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear, and Teesside (including parts of North Yorkshire). The only cities in the region are

North East of England The North East of England is a region of the United Kingdom. It covers Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear, and Teesside (including parts of North Yorkshire). The only cities in the region are Durham, Newcastle upon Tyne and Sunderland. This provides a 20% boost to food and food raw material production in the country which controls it, provided the region is connected to the nation's capital region and they do not already have access to another of the same resource. Members of Parliament The current Members of Parliament for the North East of England are: The North East of England is located in moving zone A3. North East of England is neighbored by following regions: |Regions of UK| East Midlands · East of England · London · North East of England · North West of England · Northern Ireland · Scotland · Sorlandet · South East of England · South West of England · Wales · West Midlands · Yorkshire & Humberside

Sylvia Earle is born, and Eisenhower signs the Atomic Energy Act of 1954. Fri, Aug 30, 2013 at 6:00 AM Aug. 30, 1935: Sylvia Earle

Sylvia Earle is born, and Eisenhower signs the Atomic Energy Act of 1954. Fri, Aug 30, 2013 at 6:00 AM Aug. 30, 1935: Sylvia Earle is born in Gibbston, N.J. A record-setting diver and renowned marine explorer, Earle (at right in 2010) is christened “Her Deepness” for her passionate calls for ocean protection. Aug. 30, 1954: A U.S. law ushers in the notion of the "peaceful atom." President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 , stating “the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to promote world peace, improve the general welfare, increase the standard of living, and strengthen free competition in private enterprise." Aug. 30, 2010: New Yorker reporter Jane Mayer publishes an investigative report on Charles and David Koch, scions of a $100 billion oil and paper products empire. The piece alleges that the Koch brothers have lavishly funded climate science deniers, the Tea Party movement and front groups working to undermine environmental regulation. Koch Industries’ response to the story is here The opinions expressed by MNN Bloggers and those providing comments are theirs alone, and do not reflect the opinions of MNN.com. While we have reviewed their content to make sure it complies with our Terms and Conditions, MNN is not responsible for the accuracy of any of their information.

12 July 2012 A growing threat A growing threat: coral cores reveal the impact of bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef Coral bleaching is a serious threat to coral reefs across the globe. Scientists from the Australian Institute of

12 July 2012 A growing threat A growing threat: coral cores reveal the impact of bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef Coral bleaching is a serious threat to coral reefs across the globe. Scientists from the Australian Institute of Marine Science have used coral cores to track and better understand the responses of corals to documented bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Using cores extracted from massive, long-lived corals at four sites across the GBR, Dr Neal Cantin and Dr Janice Lough were able to measure changes in coral growth characteristics between annual growth bands. Growth bands are formed as the coral puts down its skeleton; a process known as calcification that is critical to the persistence of tropical reef ecosystems. Dr Neal Cantin will be a speaker at the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium in Cairns where he will present data extracted from these coral cores. The data show that these corals exhibit a marked slowdown in growth after severe bleaching events, especially at sites that were subject to the highest levels of thermal stress. "Coral cores provide an important window into the past," says Dr Cantin, "not only are we able to determine typical rates of growth for these corals, but by using these biological recorders, we gain insight into how and why growth slowed during times of stress. "There are three clear growth responses to biological stress in corals. A decline in the extension rates of coral tissue, which itself causes a decline in the extension of the coral skeleton. This in turn leads to growth bands that are unusually dense, as the production of new skeleton occurs in the same physical space for a longer period of time than under normal conditions." Through the study of these coral cores, the scientists have also been able to assess the recovery times of corals from severe bleaching events, as Dr Lough explains: "Coral growth rates take approximately three years to recover to pre-blea

Second, an additional task brought to this committee through its legislative charge was the determination of whether additional studies of Vietnam veterans are feasible. Drawing upon the committee's evaluation of the available literature and upon information on the military use of herbicides (see Chapter

Second, an additional task brought to this committee through its legislative charge was the determination of whether additional studies of Vietnam veterans are feasible. Drawing upon the committee's evaluation of the available literature and upon information on the military use of herbicides (see Chapter 3), this chapter summarizes what is known about exposure to herbicides in Vietnam in comparison to other populations with widely different types of exposure (e.g., in factories, of professional herbicide sprayers, from environmental accidents). Valid measures of exposure are critical to further epidemiologic studies, and this chapter proposes a method for developing such a measure for future studies of Vietnam veterans. A third and related reason for the committee's concern about exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies is that these data are needed to draw inferences on the health effects of exposure in Vietnam veterans from studies of those occupationally and environmentally exposed. Studies of these other groups address the issue of whether herbicides are associated with particular health outcomes, but they have only an indirect bearing on the question of associations in veterans themselves. Exposure data in all groups are needed to translate the results of occupational and environmental studies to estimates of increased risk for Vietnam veterans. When epidemiologists assess the potential health risks of exposure to a toxic chemical, they compare the disease experience of groups of people with different levels of exposure to the substance of interest. Accurate risk estimates depend on the ability to accurately identify those who are "exposed" and those who are not. When the concern is with low-level, possibly intermittent exposure to a chemical such as an herbicide, it becomes

This section contains 30 daily lessons. Each one has a specific objective and offers at least three (often more) ways to teach that objective. Lessons include classroom discussions, group and partner activities, in-class handouts, individual writing assignments, at

This section contains 30 daily lessons. Each one has a specific objective and offers at least three (often more) ways to teach that objective. Lessons include classroom discussions, group and partner activities, in-class handouts, individual writing assignments, at least one homework assignment, class participation exercises and other ways to teach students about the text in a classroom setting.

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Adoption |←Adoptianism||1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1 |See also Adoption on Wikipedia; Adoption on Wiktionary; and our

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Adoption |←Adoptianism||1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1 |See also Adoption on Wikipedia; Adoption on Wiktionary; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.| ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptatio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself), the act by which the relations of paternity and filiation are recognized as legally existing between persons not so related by nature. Cases of adoption were very frequent among the Greeks and Romans, and the custom was accordingly very strictly regulated in their laws. In Athens the power of adoption was allowed to all citizens who were of sound mind, and who possessed no male offspring of their own, and it could be exercised either during lifetime or by testament. The person adopted, who required to be himself a citizen, was enrolled in the family and demus of the adoptive father, whose name, however, he did not necessarily assume. In the interest of the next of kin, whose rights were affected by a case of adoption, it was provided that the registration should be attended with certain formalities, and that it should take place at a fixed time—the festival of the Thargelia. The rights and duties of adopted children were almost identical with those of natural offspring, and could not be renounced except in the case of one who had begotten children to take his place in the family of his adoptive father. Adopted into another family, children ceased to have any claim of kindred or inheritance through their natural father, though any rights they might have through their mother were not similarly affected. Among the Romans the existence of the patria potestas gave a peculiar significance to the custom of adoption. The motive to the act was not so generally childlessness, or the gratification of affection, as the desire to acquire those civil and agnate rights which were founded on the patria potestas. It was necessary, however, that the adopter should have no children of his own, and that he should be of such an age as to preclude reasonable expectation of any being born to him. Another limitation as to age was imposed by the maxim adoptio imitatur naturam, which required the adoptive father to be at least eighteen years older than the adopted children. According to the same maxim eunuchs were not permitted to adopt, as being impotent to beget children for themselves. Adoption was of two kinds according to the state of the person adopted, who might be either still under the patria potestas (alieni juris), or his own master (sui juris). In the former case the act was one of adoption proper, in the latter case it was styled adrogation, though the term adoption was also used in a general sense to describe both species. In adoption proper the natural father publicly sold his child to the adoptive father, and the sale being thrice repeated, the maxim of the Twelve Tables took effect, Si pater filium ter venunduit, filius a patre liber esto. The process was ratified and completed by a fictitious action of recovery brought by the adoptive father against the natural parent, which the latter did not defend, and which was therefore known as the cessio in jure. Adrogation could be accomplished originally only by the authority of the people assembled in the Comitia, but from the time of Diocletian it was effected by an imperial rescript. Females could not be adrogated, and, as they did not possess the patria potestas, they could not exercise the right of adoption in either kind. The whole Roman law on the subject of adoption will be found in Justinian's Institutes, lib. i. tit. II. In Hindu law, as in nearly every ancient system, wills were formerly unknown, and adoptions took their place. (See INDIAN LAW.) Adoption is not recognized in the laws of England, Scotland or the Netherlands, though there are legal means by which one may be enabled to assume the name and arms and to inherit the property of a stranger. (See NAME.) In France and Germany, countries which may he said to have embodied the Roman law in their jurisprudence, adoption is regulated according to the principles of Justinian, though with several more or less important modifications, rendered necessary by the usages of these countries respectively. Under French law the rights of adoption can be exercised only by those who are over fifty years of age, and who, at the time of adoption, have neither children nor legitimate descendants. They must also be fifteen years older than the person adopted. In German law the person adopting must either be fifty years of age, or at least eighteen years older than the adopted, unless a special dispensation is obtained. If the person adopted is a legitimate child, the consent of his parents must be obtained; if illegitimate, the conse

The use of antidepressants had always been associated with abnormalities of dna in deaths of newborns. But a new study reveals that the use of antidepressants during pregnancy is not associated with higher risk of infant mortality at birth, according to the study.

The use of antidepressants had always been associated with abnormalities of dna in deaths of newborns. But a new study reveals that the use of antidepressants during pregnancy is not associated with higher risk of infant mortality at birth, according to the study. A Swedish study was conducted on nearly 30,000 women and observed 1.6 million births in five countries. Researchers found that 1.79 per cent of mothers who used SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) have an increased risk of infant mortality in childbirth higher than those not using SRRI. However, this is known as a result of mental illness such as depression, and not caused by drugs. Meanwhile, smoking habits and old age in women is also often associated with high rates of stillbirths. In this case, mothers who uses SRRI are known to have the same risk with mothers who do not use SRRI. “SRRI use during pregnancy is not associated with increased infant mortality at birth,” said lead researcher Olof Stephansson, from the Karolinska Insitutet in Stockholm, as reported by the NY Daily News. Even so, Adam Urato, an expert from Tufts University School of Medicine pleaded that he is not overly convinced by the research. According to him, the study did not look at the use of drugs consumed by patients, and observed a completely different number.

At the Federal level, there is a fair amount of information available at no cost. Some good web sites include: Thomas for Federal information, including pending legislation and laws GPO Access for links to the full Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations

At the Federal level, there is a fair amount of information available at no cost. Some good web sites include: Thomas for Federal information, including pending legislation and laws GPO Access for links to the full Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations, as well as committee hearings, public laws, the U.S. Code (laws), administrative decisions, Commerce Business Daily, and other government information U.S. EPA's Laws and Regulations page, which includes their Federal Register Environmental Subset, as well as links to dockets, codified regulations, and current legislation. The National Library for the Environment, sponsored by the National Council for Science and the Environment (formerly the Committee for the National Institute for the Environment) includes links to Congressional Research Reports and the Pace University School of Law Virtual Environmental Law Law Library. U.S. EPA maintains a list of major environmental laws with links to full-text sources on the laws & regulations section of their web site. They also maintain a more comprehensive list (without links) as part of their Introduction to Laws and Regulations. In addition, the National Library for the Environment maintains Summaries of Environmental Laws Administered by the EPA. Each summary includes background information and plain-English discussions of the provisions of the statutes that form the legal basis for EPA's programs. If you're not sure which of the many EPA documents your method is in, the U.S. EPA Region 1 Library has compiled an Index to EPA Test Methods. The index is organized by chemical/name. The print version is also organized by method number. The index also includes Sources of EPA Test Methods, and Links to Sources of EPA Test Methods on the Internet. The National Environmental Methods Index, a cooperative effort of the U.S. EPA and the U.S. Geological Survey, is an excellent online source for test methods. Users can search by analyte, CAS number, or method number. Users can also browse by general method and locate test methods approved for regulatory use. The Environmental Defense Fund's Scorecard site produces local reports by combining scientific, geographical, technical, and legal information from over 150 electronic databases. Local reports include contact information for legislators and decision makers. Another good source is U.S. EPA's Envirofacts page. It's a single point of access for environmental data collected by the agency. EPA also offers a "search by zip code" feature on their Your Community page.

Homeowners may save a substantial amount of money by learning how to repair rot and decay on wooden windows. The process involves putting on a primer, adding an epoxy, and finishing with paint or stain, and a waterproof sealer. Windows will look

Homeowners may save a substantial amount of money by learning how to repair rot and decay on wooden windows. The process involves putting on a primer, adding an epoxy, and finishing with paint or stain, and a waterproof sealer. Windows will look as good as new, instead of feeling spongy and soft, and crumbly when touched. Rot may be caused by either sun, or moisture. Both elements are abundantly present in nature, and moisture is typically the more dangerous of the two. Moist, airtight conditions, such as those between a bead of caulk and a wood frame, provide the perfect environment for fungal growth, and dry rot. Failed caulking, damaged finish, and excessive moisture are all reasons that a window might begin to decay. Removing the rotten wood is the first step in repairing the window. With either a knife or a paint scraper, homeowners should dig out old paint, and decayed wood, until they uncover a layer of new wood. Homeowners then need to dry and sand the new wood, because paint needs a dry, coarse surface, for adherence. Applying primer prepares the surface for further repair. Different brands may use the term “primer, ” while others will use the term “consolidant.” The material usually contains two equal parts of two different liquids, which the homeowner will mix together. The primer’s job is to pre-treat the surface and to soak well into the grain of the wood. Homeowners may have to drill holes into the frame. If dry rot goes all the way down, then drilling small, sloping holes, will help the consolidant to cover all of the gaps in the wood. When the primer has been applied, it should be given sufficient time to cure, as written in the manufacturer’s directions. When the consolidant has completely cured, the epoxy may be applied. The best application tool is a trowel, so that the epoxy may be pressed into all gaps in the wood’s surface, and into all damaged areas. When cured, according to the manufacturer’s instructions, the epoxy should be sanded, and then either primed and painted, or stained. After painting or staining has been completed, the wood should be covered with waterproof sealer. A rotten window is both an eyesore, and a beacon for fungal growth and moisture problems. Homeowners who learn how to repair rot and decay on wooden windows, however, will easily be able to fix this cosmetic problem. Learning this simple repair will also allow homeowners to save a substantial amount on labor costs.

||This article possibly contains original research. (June 2009)| Test preparation (abbreviated test prep) or exam preparation is an educational course, tutoring service, educational material or a learning tool designed to increase students' performance on standardized tests

||This article possibly contains original research. (June 2009)| Test preparation (abbreviated test prep) or exam preparation is an educational course, tutoring service, educational material or a learning tool designed to increase students' performance on standardized tests. Examples of these tests include entrance examinations used for admissions to institutions of higher education, such as college (e.g. the SAT and ACT), business school (the GMAT), law school (the LSAT), medical school (the MCAT), and graduate school (the GRE) and qualifying examinations for admission to gifted education programs. Major companies offering test preparation services include: - Club Z! In-Home Tutoring Services - College Board - C2 Education - Kaplan, Inc. - Manhattan Review - The Princeton Review - Revolution prep - Sylvan Learning Most companies and educators that offer test preparation services also offer traditional (hard copy) and technology-based learning tools, such as books and other printed matter, software, websites, hand-held devices, or content for such devices. So do most test makers, publishers of self-help, instructional and educational materials, and makers of hardware and software. - ACT, Inc. - publisher of the ACT - American Council on Education (ACE) - publisher of the GED test - Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) - publisher of the MCAT test - College Board - publisher of the SAT test - Educational Testing Service (ETS) - publisher of the GRE and TOEFL tests - Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC) - publisher of the GMAT - Harcourt Assessment - publisher of the Miller Analogies Test (MAT) - Law School Admissions Council (LSAC) - publisher of the LSAT test - Barron's Educational Series - publisher of books and educational materials - CliffsNotes - a publisher of study guides - The Complete Idiot's Guides - publisher of instructional reference books - For Dummies - publisher of instructional/reference books - Gary Gruber - educator and author - McGraw-Hill - publisher of books and educational materials - Peterson's - publisher of books and educational materials - SparkNotes - a publisher of study guides - Texas Instruments - technology company that offers test-maker approved calculators and a variety of test preparation and test-taking tools Some test-preparation programs have been proven to help students improve test scores, but others may have little effect. Test preparation for the SAT is a highly lucrative field. - Jenny Anderson (February 17, 2013). "Schools Ask: Gifted or Just Well-Prepared?". The New York Times. Retrieved February 28, 2013. - American Book Company Validation Study |This article relating to education in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

By Jared L. Olar The English surname "Underwood" is a relatively common one, originating during the Middle Ages as a topographical designation, denoting families that resided "under," that is, near but downhill from, a

By Jared L. Olar The English surname "Underwood" is a relatively common one, originating during the Middle Ages as a topographical designation, denoting families that resided "under," that is, near but downhill from, a forest or wood. Naturally, then, there are numerous Underwood families, and most of them are not related to each other at all. In Lucien Marcus Underwood's posthumously published work, "The Underwood Families of America" (1913), the work's editor, Howard J. Banker, discusses the origin of the Underwood surname as follows (pages xiv-xv, emphasis added): "The name Underwood appears on the face of it to have arisen from some locality where the family lived and very probably originated independently in connection with different families who happened to live in similar surroundings. The origin of the name is even more apparent in some of the more ancient forms in which it appears. In old records it is written in several ways as Underwode, Underode, Underwoode, and even as Under-the-wode, and Under-the-wood. "Where the name originated and with what particular 'wood' it is impossible to tell and it is very probable that more than one locality has supplied the families of Underwood with their name. The earliest trace of the name in documents is found as far back as 1177 in the Pedigree of Underwood of Bixley, Norfolk, in the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum. In 1476 Underwood from Hertfordshire is mentioned in the 'Visitation of London.' At the Herald's College, London, there is a Pedigree of Underwood from Weston, Hertfordshire, signed by Robert Underwood in 1634, who makes the following note: 'Vide Visitation of Hertfordshire where the family hath remained 300 years.' This would put the date of the Weston family back to about 1334. "The principal families in England by the name of Underwood of whom there are more or less extensive pedigrees preserveare the Underwoods of Weston, Hertfordshire, of which there are several branches, the Underwoods of Hereford, a branch of an Oxfordshire family, and the Underwoods of Bixley and Hevringham, Norfolk. Besides these there is also an Irish family the extent of whose pedigree cannot be stated. The Duchess of Inverness, morganatic wife of the Duke of Sussex, uncle to Queen Victoria, was descended through her mother from the Irish line and assumed the name and arms of Underwood. Two of the above families, that of Weston, Hertfordshire, and that of Bixley and Hevringham, Norfolk, have their pedigrees registered at the Herald's College and bear arms presumably by prescriptive right since there is no record of a grant extant. "The arms in all these families are strikingly alike and would seem to indicate a possible common origin. All are characterized by a fess ermine between three annulets, a lion passant gardant. The crest is usually a hind's head, but in the Irish families the crest is a lion's gamb holding a thistle or a lion passant gardant." Despite being a century old, Lucien Marcus Underwood's work remains a foundational and often helpful resource for genealogical research of American Underwood families. At the time this work was compiled, genealogists had identified six distinct and probably unrelated Underwood families who had settled in New England during the 1600s, in addition to several other Underwood families who settled in the southern colonies. Four of the six New England families were descendants of colonists who had settled initially in Massachusetts, while the other two families settled in New Hampshire and Rhode Island. Lucien Marcus Underwood designated these Underwood families as the Watertown family, the Lincoln family, the Chelmsford family, the Boston family, the Newcastle, N.H., family, and the Rhode Island family. As for our own Underwood ancestors, genealogical research indicates that they are a branch of the Boston family (though Lucien Marcus Underwood proposed that our Underwoods may have belonged to the Natick-Sudbury, Massachusetts, branch of the Watertown family). Lucien Marcus Underwood's 1913 Underwood Families of America necessarily provides the basic groundwork for the following account of our Underwood genealogy. This account also incorporates the work of Underwood researcher Sheri Nye, who descended from this line and is thus a distant cousin. Most of the ma

Carried by Aboriginal hunters and sometimes used in battle, a woomera , or spear thrower, was used to effectively lengthen the arm and in turn increase the velocity and range of the spear. It has a narrow tip that is

Carried by Aboriginal hunters and sometimes used in battle, a woomera , or spear thrower, was used to effectively lengthen the arm and in turn increase the velocity and range of the spear. It has a narrow tip that is embedded in the hollow end of the weapon, while the opposite end works as a counterweight. These two spear throwers are decorated with carved abstract patterns that traditionally represent the creator ancestors and their activities. Illustrating common motifs found in Western Australia, one woomera is engraved with a diamond and zigzag design, while the other has three registers filled with herringbone patterns. These spear throwers are excellent examples of complex Aboriginal decorative carving and demonstr

The Unpuncliegut (Hunzpunzliegut) Indians, who probably spoke Coahuiltecan, lived on the southern part of the Texas coast. In the middle eighteenth century their settlements were along the mainland

The Unpuncliegut (Hunzpunzliegut) Indians, who probably spoke Coahuiltecan, lived on the southern part of the Texas coast. In the middle eighteenth century their settlements were along the mainland shore of the Laguna Madre in the area of present Cameron and Willacy counties. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Gabriel Saldivar, Los Indios de Tamaulipas (Mexico City: Pan American Institute of Geography and History, 1943). Thomas N. Campbell This information comes from the Texas State Historical Association Handbook of Texas Online. Back to Main

Breast Cancer Awareness Tuesday, 13 March 2012 Breast Cancer Awareness The best way to find breast cancer early is with a mammogram. If you are a woman age 50 years or older, be sure to have

Breast Cancer Awareness Tuesday, 13 March 2012 Breast Cancer Awareness The best way to find breast cancer early is with a mammogram. If you are a woman age 50 years or older, be sure to have a screening mammogram every two years. Is breast cancer the most common cause of death for women?No. Although many women get breast cancer, it is not a common cause of death. Heart disease is the number one cause of death among women age 40 and above, followed by stroke, lung cancer, and lung diseases. Breast cancer is the fifth leading cause of death. In 2007 (the latest year for which statistics are available), 202,964 women were diagnosed with breast cancer, and 40,598 women died from the disease.1 What are the symptoms of breast cancer?When breast cancer starts out, it is too small to feel and does not cause signs and symptoms. As it grows, however, breast cancer can cause changes in how the breast looks or feels. Symptoms may include— - New lump in the breast or underarm (armpit). - Thickening or swelling of part of the breast. - Irritation or dimpling of breast skin. - Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or the breast. - Pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area. - Nipple discharge other than breast milk, including blood. - Any change in the size or the shape of the breast. - Pain in any area of the breast. What is a mammogram?A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast. Doctors use a mammogram to look for early signs of breast cancer. Having regular mammograms can lower the risk of dying from breast cancer. If you are age 50 to 74 years, be sure to have a screening mammogram every two years. If you are age 40–49 years, talk to your doctor about when and how often you should have a screening mammogram. Why should I have a mammogram?Regular mammograms are the best tests doctors have to find breast cancer early, sometimes up to three years before it can be felt. When their breast cancer is found early, many women go on to live long and healthy lives. Where can I go to get screened?Most likely, you can get screened for breast cancer at a clinic, hospital, or doctor's office. If you want to be screened for breast cancer, call your doctor's office. They can help you schedule an appointment. Most health insurance companies pay for the cost of breast cancer screening tests. Are you worried about the cost? The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) offers free or low-cost mammograms. Find out if you qualify. How can I lower my risk of breast cancer? - Control your weight and exercise. - Know your family history of breast cancer. If you have a mother, sister, or daughter with breast cancer, ask your doctor what is your risk of getting breast cancer and how you can lower your risk. - Find out the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy. - Limit the amount of alcohol you drink.

The Pebble and the Penguin A National Geographic documentary inspired this animated fable about a bashful bachelor penguin named Hubie, who's partial to a pretty female named Marina. Ancient penguin ritual dictates that males present a pebble to

The Pebble and the Penguin A National Geographic documentary inspired this animated fable about a bashful bachelor penguin named Hubie, who's partial to a pretty female named Marina. Ancient penguin ritual dictates that males present a pebble to their intended, then mate for life. Hubie finds a spiffy stone, but before he can bestow it on Marina, dastardly rival Drake tosses him into the churning sea, and Hubie gets swept away. Can he make it home before Drake swoops in?

December 9, 2011 (LifeSiteNews.com) - The European Parliament, the European Union’s representative body, has passed a resolution urging the use of abortion and contraception to stop the spread of AIDS, while making no mention of ab

December 9, 2011 (LifeSiteNews.com) - The European Parliament, the European Union’s representative body, has passed a resolution urging the use of abortion and contraception to stop the spread of AIDS, while making no mention of abstinence education. The document, coded “B7-0615/2011,” which was passed December 1, addresses the European Union’s “response to HIV/AIDS in the EU and in neighboring countries,” and lists a number of measures to combat the deadly disease. According to the document, the European Parliament “calls on the Commission and Council to ensure access to high-quality, comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services, information and supplies,” which should include “equitable and affordable access to contraceptives, including access to emergency contraception; safe and legal abortion, including post-abortion care.” The document does not mention abstinence or abstinence education, which medical experts say is the most effective way to prevent HIV transmission. The document admits that homosexual sexual behavior is the primary cause of HIV transmission, but laments “the social exclusion, stigma and discrimination resulting from HIV status, as well as the silence and denial surrounding the infection and the failure to respect the basic human rights of people living with HIV in general, and those belonging to vulnerable groups (men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs)...” The European Parliament also recommends “sex education” and “access to means of protection, such as male and female condoms, and a strengthening of the rights and autonomy of women in sexual relationships,” as means of fighting HIV. As LifeSiteNews has reported previously, the United Nations admits that condoms have a ten percent failure rate, while some medical experts acknowledge that increased condom use is associated with higher rather than lower rates of AIDS.

Massive Seed Swap Keeps Biodiversity Growing Image credit: Seedy Sunday I guess spring really is on its way. From collecting fruit tree scions to community-run seed libraries to seed libraries in libraries, biodiversity in the garden seems to

Massive Seed Swap Keeps Biodiversity Growing Image credit: Seedy Sunday I guess spring really is on its way. From collecting fruit tree scions to community-run seed libraries to seed libraries in libraries, biodiversity in the garden seems to be a hot topic right now. I've just come across a story about what might just be the mother of all seed swaps. Based in Brighton, England, Seedy Sunday is an annual event that claims to have "blazed the trail for UK seed swaps over the past decade". Held on the first Sunday of February every year, the seed swap attracts well over 1000 visitors who, in return for a donation or in exchange for seed they have saved, can choose seeds from dozens of traditional varieties of garden vegetables to take home and grow. Seed Swapping as Protest Movement Although the physical conservation and evolution of cherished seed varieties is a crucial part of the event, Seedy Sunday is also about education and fun, and it is an opportunity for gardeners to protest at the corporatization of the world's seed supply. Peter Giovannini talks about his experiences of Seedy Sunday, painting a picture of gardeners struggling against the systemic "outlawing" of non-approved seed varieties because of European Union legislation: "The industrialisation of agriculture has caused an erosion of the diversity of crop varieties. Agrobiodiversity is declining at an alarming rate because growers are increasingly relying on purchased seeds, and the dynamic process that produces and conserves agrobiodiversity has been suddenly interrupted. EU seed marketing regulations have also contributed to this decline by imposing criteria for the commercialisation of seed varieties that are rarely met by locally adapted varieties or landraces. Indeed, seed swappers refer to the seed varieties that are not admitted in the national official lists, which list the varieties that can be sold, as "outlawed"." The next Seedy Sunday is only just over a week away. Get your garden plan ready. More on Seed Swapping and Biodiversity in the Garden A Community-Run Seed Library: Shouldn't Every Library Loan Seeds? (Video) How to Collect Scions for Growing Rare Fruit (Video) Growing Apple Trees from Seed Untouchable Organic Seed Bank: Saving Seeds and Empowering Women Saving Seeds is Critical to Fighting Climate Change Seed Libraries Prove Tough to Sprout Massive Russian

From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository English: New Fort York was built, commencing in the 1840s, to replace Toronto's original Fort York (now commonly known as "Old Fort York" as the primary military base for

From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository English: New Fort York was built, commencing in the 1840s, to replace Toronto's original Fort York (now commonly known as "Old Fort York" as the primary military base for Toronto. Located on what is now the Canadian National Exhibition grounds, New Fort York was renamed the Stanley Barracks in 1893 after the Governor General of Canada at that time, Lord Stanley of Preston. After the Second World War, most of the buildings became vacant. The Stanley Barracks were mostly demolished in 1953. Today only one of the original buildings survives, the Officers' Quarters, which is currently generally called the 'Stanley Barracks'. Category:Stanley Barracks pertains to the one Officers' Quarters building, while Category:New Fort York pertains to the overall New Fort York.

University of Alberta scientists say they have determined, in part, how patterns on leaves are formed. "For years people have been trying to understand this beautiful formation," said Enrico Scarpella of the U of A's Department of Biological Sciences. "

University of Alberta scientists say they have determined, in part, how patterns on leaves are formed. "For years people have been trying to understand this beautiful formation," said Enrico Scarpella of the U of A's Department of Biological Sciences. "We were able to connect the mechanism responsible for the initiation of the veins in the leaf with that of formation of the shoot and root. "With our piece of the puzzle added," he said, "it indeed seems the same mechanism is responsible for all these events." What Scarpella and his research team discovered has interested scientists around the world. It has been known for several years that a hormone called auxin stimulates the formation of the veins. "However, the theory argued that in each individual vein, auxin could only run one way at any given time, making them sort of alternate one-way street," Scarpella said. By labeling the protein that transports auxin with a fluorescent tag, he could watch how auxin was transported during vein formation. That approach allowed the team to identify cells within individual veins that transport the hormone auxin in two opposite directions. The study is detailed in the journal Genes and Development. Copyright 2006 by United Press International Explore further: Europe's largest badger study finds rare long-distance movements

Should grade school students be allowed to use calculators? Asked at Massachusetts Street on January 7, 2002 “I know I use a calculator a lot in math, but at a grade school we couldn’t use them as much. Kids

Should grade school students be allowed to use calculators? Asked at Massachusetts Street on January 7, 2002 “I know I use a calculator a lot in math, but at a grade school we couldn’t use them as much. Kids should be offered the technology we have, but don’t let them overuse it.” “From what I remember in elementary school, we just did basic arithmetic. I think that at that age they shouldn’t use calculators as much, so they can develop basic skills.” “I don’t think they should be able to use calculators because they need to learn how to add and subtract.” “I think it’s best to learn math by quantity first and numerals last. So if you come in with calculators, you’re introducing digits, and I don’t think that’s good for younger children.”

'USS Constitution (’Old Ironsides’) sails again - photo Steven Senne/AP' It put up only four sails, but it was the symbolism that counted. The U.S. Navy's oldest commissioned warship sailed under its own

'USS Constitution (’Old Ironsides’) sails again - photo Steven Senne/AP' It put up only four sails, but it was the symbolism that counted. The U.S. Navy's oldest commissioned warship sailed under its own power for just the second time in more than a century Sunday to commemorate the battle that won it the nickname 'Old Ironsides,' CBS station WBZ-TV reports. The USS Constitution, which was first launched in 1797, was tugged from its berth in Boston Harbor Sunday morning to the main deepwater pathway into the harbor. It then set out to open seas for a 17-minute cruise at a top speed of 3.1 knots. The Constitution's crew of about 65, accompanied by 150 sailors selected to be part of event, unfurled four of its 36 sails. The tug boats stood by as a precaution when the Constitution sailed on its own. The short trip marked the day two centuries ago when the Constitution bested the British frigate HMS Guerriere in a fierce battle dur

|Written by veryatlantic™| How to Use the Excel Autonumber feature. Scenario:  you need to quickly create a list of numbers from 1 to 500, and you don't have time to type them

|Written by veryatlantic™| How to Use the Excel Autonumber feature. Scenario:  you need to quickly create a list of numbers from 1 to 500, and you don't have time to type them.  In this example, I will only number from 1 to 5, but the principle is the same for larger numbers.  The correct name for this feature is auto-fill, but auto-number is more descriptive for learning. 1. Select the first cell you wish to auto-number, in this case I show Cell A1.  Type the first number of your series.  I have used the number 1 as shown below. 2. Move to Cell A2, and enter the second number of your series, in this case I have used the number 2.  This tells Excel what increment you are using, in this case, you are incrementing by "1" each time. Note that in the figure shown, I have filled cells in both directions to show that the auto-number works both vertically and horizontally. 3. Highlight the two cells A1 and A2, noticing the small black square in the lower right corner of your selection. 4. Click and drag the small black square (called a "handle") to your destination cell.  Then release the handle and your series will fill in instantly. 5. The following shows that the auto-fill can work with other common series as well. 6. Watch close.  Once a column to the left is filled, you can double-click the handle of the next column to the right, and the auto-fill will AUTOMATICALLY stop the the bottom of the list.  This is hard to describe, so try it and see. In the final example shown, notice my leftmost column has leading zeros.  If you are not sure how to accomplish this, please visit my article, How To: Print Leading Zeros in Excel and other spreadsheets. Experiment using dif

The narration in the story is third person, but definitely centered on, and in, the explorer. The explorer's thoughts and feelings are described by the narrator, while the other characters are described from the outside, as they "look" or "

The narration in the story is third person, but definitely centered on, and in, the explorer. The explorer's thoughts and feelings are described by the narrator, while the other characters are described from the outside, as they "look" or "seem." A certain distance is maintained between the explorer and the narrator, however, in that the narrator almost never allows the explorer to think in the first-person – it's always "he thought." And the narrator's continual understatement distances us from the explorer's emotions (see "Writing Style"). Although, it might just be that the explorer doesn't really have much in the way of emotions himself. In fact, a lot of the time it's probably that.

The word "fractal" has two related meanings. In colloquial usage, it denotes a shape that is recursively constructed or self-similar, that is, a shape that appears similar at all scales of magnification and is therefore often referred

The word "fractal" has two related meanings. In colloquial usage, it denotes a shape that is recursively constructed or self-similar, that is, a shape that appears similar at all scales of magnification and is therefore often referred to as "infinitely complex." In mathematics a fractal is a geometric object that satisfies a specific technical condition, namely having a Hausdorff dimension greater than its Lebesgue covering dimension. The term fractal was coined in 1975 by Benoît Mandelbrot, from the Latin fractus, meaning "broken" or "fractured." Objects that are now called fractals were discovered and explored long before the word was coined. In 1525, the German Artist Albrecht Durer published The Painter's Manual, in which one section is on "Tile Patterns formed by Pentagons." The Durer's Pentagon largely resembled the Sierpinski carpet, but based on pentagons instead of squares. The idea of "recursive self similarity" was originally developed by the philosopher Leibniz and he even worked out many of the details. In 1872, Karl Weierstrass found an example of a function with the non-intuitive property that it is everywhere continuous but nowhere differentiable — the graph of this function would now be called a fractal. In 1904, Helge von Koch, dissatisfied with Weierstrass's very abstract and analytic definition, gave a more geometric definition of a similar function, which is now called the Koch snowflake. The idea of self-similar curves was taken further by Paul Pierre Lévy who, in his 1938 paper Plane or Space Curves and Surfaces Consisting of Parts Similar to the Whole, described a new fractal curve, the Lévy C curve. Georg Cantor gave examples of subsets of the real line with unusual properties — these Cantor sets are also now recognised as fractals. Iterated functions in the complex plane had been investigated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Henri Poincaré, Felix Klein, Pierre Fatou, and Gaston Julia. However, without the aid of modern computer graphics, they lacked the means to visualize the beauty of many of the objects that they had discovered. In the 1960s, Benoît Mandelbrot started investigating self-similarity in papers such as How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension. This built on earlier work by Lewis Fry Richardson. In 1975, Mandelbrot coined the word fractal to denote an object whose Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension is greater than its topological dimension. (Please refer to the articles on these terms for precise definitions.) He illustrated this mathematical definition with striking computer-constructed visualizations. These images captured the popular imagination; many of them were based on recursion, leading to the popular meaning of the term "fractal". A relatively simple class of examples is the Cantor sets, in which short and then shorter (open) intervals are struck out of the unit interval [0, 1], leaving a set that might (or might not) actually be self-similar under enlargement, and might (or might not) have dimension d that has 0 < d < 1. A simple recipe, such as excluding the digit 7 from decimal representations, is self-similar under 10-fold enlargement, and also has dimension log 9/log 10 (this value is the same, no matter what logarithmic base is chosen), showing the connection of the two concepts. Additional examples of fractals include the Lyapunov fractal, Sierpinski triangle and carpet, Menger sponge, dragon curve, space-filling curve, limit sets of Kleinian groups, and the Koch curve. Fractals can be deterministic or stochastic (i.e. non-deterministic). Chaotic dynamical systems are sometimes associated with fractals. Objects in the phase space of a dynamical system can be frac

In This Momentary Marriage, Piper begins by demonstrating from Scripture how marriage is foundationally the doing of God and ultimately the display of God. Every marriage exists to display Christ’s covenant with the church – even marriages between people who do not know or

In This Momentary Marriage, Piper begins by demonstrating from Scripture how marriage is foundationally the doing of God and ultimately the display of God. Every marriage exists to display Christ’s covenant with the church – even marriages between people who do not know or acknowledge Jesus Christ. Since marriage exists to display God’s glory, “staying married is not mainly about staying in love. It’s about covenant-keeping” (p. 31). In Genesis 2, the picture emerges of a relationship unashamed because of covenant love. When sin is present, shame unavoidably results from the broken covenant. God provides what Adam and Eve inadequately tried to provide for themselves

Q: I am a 45-year-old woman. Although my overall health is good, I have suffered from chronic insomnia for more than 15 years. I am concerned that lack of sleep may increase my risk of developing major illnesses. Is there

Q: I am a 45-year-old woman. Although my overall health is good, I have suffered from chronic insomnia for more than 15 years. I am concerned that lack of sleep may increase my risk of developing major illnesses. Is there a connection between chronic insomnia and the development of disease? What can I do to achieve good, restful sleep? I have heard that prescription sleep aids carry side effects—are there any other solutions for my insomnia? A: Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, or non-restorative sleep. Insomnia that occurs most nights and lasts a month or more is considered chronic insomnia. In Western societies, chronic sleep disorders and sleep deprivation are common. The daily life cycle, or circadian rhythm, includes periods of sleep and wakefulness. This circadian (meaning “about a day”) rhythm is commonly referred to as the biological clock, and helps regulate different bodily functions. While humans are programmed for daytime activity and nighttime rest, a large proportion of the adult population suffers from difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, or early awakening. In industrialized societies, most people spend the majority of their time indoors, and thus have limited exposure to natural light. While electric lighting is generally sufficient to allow for normal visual perception, it may not adequately support normal neuroendocrine rhythms, such as circadian rhythms. Insomnia related to shift work has become an important health problem. For example, recent studies have found that very few night workers regularly experience restful and restorative daytime sleep. Sleep is not a luxury, but rather an important component of health. A healthy amount of sleep is crucial for a vibrant and productive lifestyle. It is widely believed that seven to eight hours of sleep a night is optimal for good health. With so many Americans suffering from chronic insomnia, prescriptions for pharmaceutical sleep aids are at an all-time high. Unfortunately, these drugs can lead to dependence and sometimes produce adverse side effects. We will now examine the numerous health problems associated with insomnia, factors that contribute to sleep disorders, and strategies you can use to achieve healthy and restful sleep. Insomnia: A Risk Factor for Disease Although chronic sleep disorders are common today, many people are unaware of the potentially grave health effects of inadequate amounts of sleep. This may be because the medical community has only recently focused on the importance of sleep in promoting good health. Emerging scientific evidence indicates that insufficient sleep may have deleterious effects on health. A gr

Then and Now Blend of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, San Franciscans woke up to a quick shake. For the next 20-25

Then and Now Blend of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, San Franciscans woke up to a quick shake. For the next 20-25 seconds, everything was silent. And then the great earthquake broke loose. Buildings fell, the city’s downtown crumbled and broken gas lines burst into flame. The city burned for three days and over 80% of San Francisco was destroyed. Now, more than 100 years later, photographer Shawn Clover decided to combine the photos taken right after the 1906 earthquake with the modern-day San Fransisco. He tried to find the exact spot the photographer stood, the equivalent focal length and the same high off the ground where the camera was. Unfortunately, he found that it was impossible to replicate many of the original photos because they were taken in places where new buildings stand today. Nevertheless, Shawn created a striking series of composite photographs, entitled “1906 + 2010: The Earthquake Blend”. Here are some of our favorite photos. A women opens the door to her Mercedes on Sacramento Street while horses killed by falling rubble lie in the street. Pedestrians cross Jones St towards a pile of rubble on Market Street. The Hibernia Bank building is burned out, but still standing strong. Two girls stand before the partially destroyed Sharon Building in Golden Gate Park while students work on their art projects inside. A cable car heads towards the California St incline while shocked residents walk aimlessly through street amidst the devastation. Passing cable cars offer a view of the destruction of California Street. Old St. Marys Cathedral has escaped destruction. Cable car #455 rests halfway in the partially-destroyed cable car barn. People walk up California St amid charred scraps of lumber. People stroll by the original adobe Mission Dolores which survived, while the brick church next door was destroyed. Horse carriages and cars park in front of Lafayette Park while a destroyed city looms in the background. A bicyclist rides towards the fallen Valencia St. Hotel and a huge sinkhole that has opened up in the street. A woman walks dangerously close to a pit of rubble on 5th St by the US Mint. The Mint has done a remarkable job surviving the quake. Cars park in front of the brand new US Courthouse which faired well in the quake.

Dictionary Meaning and Definition on 'Settlers' Wikipedia Meaning and Definition on 'Settlers' A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there, often to colonize the area. Settlers

Dictionary Meaning and Definition on 'Settlers' Wikipedia Meaning and Definition on 'Settlers' A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there, often to colonize the area. Settlers are generally people who take up residence on land and cultivate it, as opposed to nomads. Settlers are sometimes termed "colonists" or "colonials" and—in the United States -- "pioneers". The term settler is not usually used in relation to the later histories of well-established and/or independent, post-colonial countries with continuing immigration, like the present-day United States, Canada or Australia, where terms like immigrants are preferred. However, Canadian First Nations people often refer to all non-natives as "settler peoples", or "settler populations". In almost every real historical case, settlers live on land which previously belonged to long-established peoples, known as indigenous people (often called "natives", "Aborigines" or, in the Americas, "Indians"). This land is usually settled against the wishes of the indigenes, and then controlled, defended and expanded by force, or it is bought or leased from indigenous people on terms highly favourable to the settlers, sometimes under a treaty (e.g. the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand). In some cases (such as Australia), the legal ownership of some lands is contested much later by indigenous people, who seek or claim traditional usage, land rights, native title and related forms of ownership or partial control.[See more about Settlers at Dictionary 3.0 Encyclopedia] Words and phrases related to 'Settlers' Settlers Sample Sentences in News - Israeli settlers stone AFP photographer's car in West Bank Ramallah (Palestinian Territories) (AFP) - Israeli settlers in the West Bank stoned the car of a Palestinian photographer working for AFP, slightly injuring him, as he was on his way to cover a story Friday. The photographer said several of around 100 settlers who were gathered at the side of the road threw stones at his car, cracking the windscreen and lightly in Read more on this news related to 'Settlers' - Najib: More Felda settlers can renovate their homes KUALA LUMPUR: More Felda settlers nationwide can now renovate their houses following an additional allocation of RM100mil under the agency’s interest-free home loans, says Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak. Read more on this news related to 'Settlers' - RM100m boost for 12,000 Felda homes KUALA LUMPUR: FELDA has set aside an additional RM100 million under its home expansion programme for 12,000 settlers this year. Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak said 100,000 had benefited from the zero interest Home Expansion Programme for Felda Settlers scheme introduced in 2005. "Settlers who have yet to apply can come forward and do so as I believe th Read more on this news related to 'Settlers'

The year 2012 is almost here. And so is the end of the world, if you believe myths about the Mayan calendar and certain science fiction movies and books. Solar flare activity is increasing and is expected to peak between 2012

The year 2012 is almost here. And so is the end of the world, if you believe myths about the Mayan calendar and certain science fiction movies and books. Solar flare activity is increasing and is expected to peak between 2012 and 2014 – around the time some believe the Mayan calendar ends. This has some people linking the flares to the End Times. But NASA scientists assure us that solar flares won’t destroy the Earth. “We have a very long record that shows that even the strongest flares can’t blow out the atmosphere,” said Antti Pulkkinen, a research scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “There is really no way that even the largest disruption can end the world.” Solar flares happen when a very large amount of electromagnetic energy is quickly released from the sun’s atmosphere. The sun also can kick out something called a coronal mass ejection, or CME, which carries billions of tons of charged particles into space. When these mammoth clouds hit Earth's upper atmosphere, they cause beautiful auroras. They also can disrupt satellites, cause power grids to go down and scramble electronic gadgets. The most intense CME on record, the Carrington Event in 1859, caused colorful auroras, even in the tropics, according to NASA. The storm also caused telegraphs – the high-tech electronic systems of the day – to go haywire. Nowadays, many of us are carrying around technology far more sophisticated than a telegraph. Should you worry that a solar flare will kill the iPhone’s virtual assistant Siri or fry your smartphone? Pulkkinen says probably not, but CMEs have caused blackouts and can disrupt GPS satellites. They also interfere with radio waves, making trouble for airline pilots, who rely on them to communicate with the ground. But even with all that power, NASA says the sun doesn’t have enough energy to hurl a fireball 93 million miles to destroy Earth. And Pulkkinen says scientists have made a lot of progress in predicting solar flares and CMEs, giving time for operators to power down their satellites and for you to buy a hand-crank emergency battery charger for your smartphone.

Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia |Earl of Mercia and Lord of Coventry| |Reign||1057 - 1062 AD| |Predecessor||Leofric, Earl of Mercia| |

Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia |Earl of Mercia and Lord of Coventry| |Reign||1057 - 1062 AD| |Predecessor||Leofric, Earl of Mercia| |Successor||Eadwyne, Earl of Mercia| Morcar, Earl of Northumbria Burgheard of Mercia Edith of Mercia Ælfgar gained from the exile of Earl Godwin of Wessex and his sons in 1051. He was given the Earldom of East Anglia, which had been that of Harold, son of Godwin. Earl Godwin and King Edward were reconciled the following year, so Harold was restored to his earldom—but not for long. At Easter 1053 Godwin died, so Harold became Earl of Wessex, and the earldom of East Anglia returned to Ælfgar. Ælfgar seems to have learned from the tactics Godwin used to put pressure on King Edward. When he was himself exiled in 1055, he raised a fleet of 18 ships in Ireland and then turned to Wales, where King Gruffydd agreed to join forces with him against King Edward. Two miles from Hereford, on 24 October, they clashed with the army of the Earl of Herefordshire, Ralph the Timid. The Earl and his men eventually took flight, and Gruffydd and Ælfgar pursued them, killing and wounding as they went, and enacting savage reprisals on Hereford. They despoiled and burnt the town, killing many of its citizens. King Edward ordered an army mustered and put Earl Harold in charge of it. This was more formidable opposition, and Ælfgar and Gruffydd fled to South Wales. However the issue was resolved by diplomacy and Earl Ælfgar was reinstated. Ælfgar is known to have had at least four children. One son, Burgheard, predeceased his father, expiring while returning from Rome early in 1061 and was buried at Reims. This led Ælfgar to give to Reims Abbey lands in Staffordshire and Shropshire, which became the endowment for Lapley Priory. He was survived by three children, two sons, Edwin, later Earl of Mercia, and Morcar, later Earl of Northumbria, and a daughter Ealdgyth, who was first married to Welsh king Gruffydd ap Llywelyn and later to Harold Godwinson, King of England. - Patrick W. Montague-Smith Letters: Godiva's family tree The Times, 25 January 1983 - Ann Williams, ‘Ælfgar, earl of Mercia (d. 1062?)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 18 April 2008 - The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. - The Chronicle of John of Worcester ed. and trans. R. R. Darlington, P. McGurk and J. Bray (Clarendon Press: Oxford 1995), pp.576-79; The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. - Baxter, Stephen (2008), "The death of Burgheard son of Ælfgar and its context", in Fouracre, Paul; Ganz, David, Frankland. The Franks and the world of the Early Middle Ages. Essays in honour of Dame Jinty Nelson, Manchester University Press, pp. 266–284, ISBN 978-0-7190-7669-5 |Earl of Mercia |Earl of East Anglia

|TNA ref: RG 26/6| A National Register was compiled throughout the United Kingdom in September 1939, on the outbreak of the Second World War. The information collected was used for a variety of purposes; identity cards,

|TNA ref: RG 26/6| A National Register was compiled throughout the United Kingdom in September 1939, on the outbreak of the Second World War. The information collected was used for a variety of purposes; identity cards, ration books, conscription into the armed forces and other services, and the evacuation of children. There is a great deal of background information in The National Archives about the administration of the system. Many of the documents can be found online at HISTPOP and there are some interesting details about the evacuation of children, including the map of Scotland, above. There is no corresponding map for England and Wales, but there is a county list. Every county was designated either as an evacuation area, from which children were to be removed, a neutral area, or a reception area. Links to the evacuation papers and other documents on National Registration can be found on the HISTPOP page Documents relating to National Registration, 1939

Once labeled the “African Miracle” for its position as one of the countries with the continent’s highest GDPs, Botswana now faces rampant desertification along with the looming evaporation of its groundwater supply. Welcome to Downstream. Water issues

Once labeled the “African Miracle” for its position as one of the countries with the continent’s highest GDPs, Botswana now faces rampant desertification along with the looming evaporation of its groundwater supply. Welcome to Downstream. Water issues affect us all, from the women who spend hours daily fetching water to political battles over international rivers to melting icepack and rising sea levels. We are all downstream. Worldwide, just under 900 million people lack reliable access to safe water that is free from disease and industrial waste. And forty percent do not have access to adequate sanitation facilities. The result is one of the world's greatest public health crises: 4,500 children die every day from waterborne diseases, more than from HIV-AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined. A robust economy depends on water. So does a thriving ecosystem. Enter politics, fulcrum of the water issue, weighing the fate of economies against the health of individuals and of the environment as a whole. Balance has been elusive. One fifth of the world's population lives in areas where water is physically scarce, and a quarter of the population faces shortages due to lack of infrastructure. As you learn about the water issue, consider how you affect those downstream and how those upstream affect you. We hope you'll join the conversation – through comments and questions and by uploading your own perspective on the "Your Stories" feature. Pulitzer Center journalists are in the field now covering the water issue as it unfolds, so check back often for new reports. The Downstream Gateway was produced by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting in partnership with National Geographic, PBS NewsHour, the Common Language Project, and the Under-Told Stories Project. Support provided by the Laird Norton Family Foundation and individual donors. Correction: The original post incorrectly stated that the total deaths from water and sanitation related disease is "more than the toll from HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined." The statement is true only for children under 14, not adults (see Safer Water, Better Health (WHO) and The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria). Corrections were made August 27, 2010.

Local epidemic curves during the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic were often characterized by multiple epidemic waves. Identifying the underlying cause(s) of such waves may help manage future pandemics. We investigate the hypothesis that these waves were caused by people

Local epidemic curves during the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic were often characterized by multiple epidemic waves. Identifying the underlying cause(s) of such waves may help manage future pandemics. We investigate the hypothesis that these waves were caused by people avoiding potentially infectious contacts—a behaviour termed ‘social distancing’. We estimate the effective disease reproduction number and from it infer the maximum degree of social distancing that occurred during the course of the multiple-wave epidemic in Sydney, Australia. We estimate that, on average across the city, people reduced their infectious contact rate by as much as 38%, and that this was sufficient to explain the multiple waves of this epidemic. The basic reproduction number, R₀, was estimated to be in the range of 1.6–2.0 with a preferred estimate of 1.8, in line with other recent estimates for the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic. The data are also consistent with a high proportion (more than 90%) of the population being initially susceptible to clinical infection, and the proportion of infections that were asymptomatic (if this occurs) being no higher than approximately 9%. The observed clinical attack rate of 36.6% was substantially lower than the 59% expected based on the estimated value of R₀, implying that approximately 22% of the population were spared from clinical infection. This reduction in the clinical attack rate translates to an estimated 260 per 100 000 lives having been saved, and suggests that social distancing interventions could play a major role in mitigating the public health impact of future influenza pandemics.

Earlier this year, Ohio State researchers found that “pretreating” adult stem cells with an anti-angina drug allows them to better adapt to the harsh environment of their transplantation site. Scientists are studying whether transplanted cells eliminate or slow the

Earlier this year, Ohio State researchers found that “pretreating” adult stem cells with an anti-angina drug allows them to better adapt to the harsh environment of their transplantation site. Scientists are studying whether transplanted cells eliminate or slow the tissue deterioration that would lead to heart failure. In research published in the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, adult stem cells from the bone marrow of rats were pretreated with the drug trimetazidine, or TMZ. The stem cells were then grown under low oxygen conditions to mimic their native and destination environments, and then exposed to stressful conditions that exist in the damaged heart tissue. The pretreated stem cells provided a substantially better therapeutic effect in restoring heart function. “Transplanted stem cells can repair many types of damaged tissue, including heart tissue,” says Dr. Periannan Kuppusamy, associate director of the Ohio State Medical Center’s Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute. “However, most of the stem cells transplanted in the heart die within a few days due t

Lawyers provide advice, write documents and conduct negotiations on legal matters, and may represent clients in court and tribunal proceedings. Lawyers are described as solicitors or barristers, depending on the work they do. A barrister provides legal advice and

Lawyers provide advice, write documents and conduct negotiations on legal matters, and may represent clients in court and tribunal proceedings. Lawyers are described as solicitors or barristers, depending on the work they do. A barrister provides legal advice and drafts documents in complex matters. They conduct negotiations and appear in courts and tribunal hearings on behalf of clients. Generally, the barrister's client is a solicitor, who briefs the barrister on behalf of a company or private person when a case requires specialist research or advocacy skills. A barrister may also undertake research and consult with clients and witnesses. A judge presides over civil and criminal proceedings in courts of law, making sure that trials are run fairly, according to the rules of law and evidence. A magistrate hears criminal matters to determine whether defendants will be committed for trial, and judges criminal offences without a jury. A solicitor may specialise in areas such as property, probate, workers' compensation, family law, personal injuries litigation, commercial or criminal law. The distinction between solicitors and barristers varies from state to state. In NSW, Victoria and Queensland, lawyers practise as either a solicitor or a barrister. In the ACT, the NT, SA, Tasmania and WA, the work of barristers and solicitors is usually combined, with many lawyers describing themselves as a 'barrister and solicitor'. - good oral and written communication skills - able to understand, analyse and use facts quickly and logically - able to work under pressure and deal with a variety of people - integrity and good character. Education and Training, Employment Opportunities and Additional Information Select the State/Territory you are interested in:

Moon Light World Map The map below shows where the Moon is visible from the Earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases. The white dot symbolizes the position of the Moon, and the yellow sun symbolizes the position of the sun.

Moon Light World Map The map below shows where the Moon is visible from the Earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases. The white dot symbolizes the position of the Moon, and the yellow sun symbolizes the position of the sun. View Day and Night Map - The bright part of the map shows where the moon is over the horizon on Sunday, October 13, 2013 at 20:50:00 UTC. - The Sun's position is marked with this symbol:. At this location, the Sun will be at its zenith (directly overhead) in relation to an observer. - The Moon's position is marked with this symbol:. At this location, the Moon will be at its zenith in relation to an observer. Note that the symbol is not showing the current phase of the Moon. Fraction of moon illuminated: 71% Position of the Moon On Sunday, October 13, 2013 at 20:50:00 UTC the Moon is at its zenith at these coordinates: |Latitude: ||11° 07' ||South| |Longitude: ||18° 40' ||West| The ground speed of the movement is currently 439.09 meters/second, 1580.7 km/hour, 982.2 miles/hour or 853.5 knots.The table below shows the Moon position compared to the time and date above: |Time||Longitude difference||Latitude difference||Total| |1 minute||0° 14' 28.1"||16.37 mi||west||0° 00' 09.7"||0.19 mi||north||16.37 mi| |1 hour||14° 28' 08.3"||982.15 mi||west||0° 09' 48.1"||11.23 mi||north||982.49 mi| |24 hours||12° 32' 25.6"||851.26 mi||east||4° 09' 50.5"||286.19 mi||north||903.11 mi| Locations with the moon near zenith The following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky. |Jamestown||Sun 8:50 PM||1498 km||931 miles||809 nm|| ESE| |Recife||Sun 5:50 PM||1812 km||1126 miles||978 nm|| W| |Monrovia||Sun 8:50 PM||2115 km||1314 miles||1142 nm|| NNE| |Salvador||Sun 5:50 PM||2168 km||1347 miles||1170 nm|| W| |Freetown||Sun 8:50 PM||2249 km||1398 miles||1215 nm|| NNE| |Fortaleza||Sun 5:50 PM||2344 km||1456 miles||1266 nm|| WNW| |Conakry||Sun 8:50 PM||2346 km||1457 miles||1267 nm|| NNE| |Abidjan||Sun 8:50 PM||2436 km||1514 miles||1315 nm|| NE| |Yamoussoukro||Sun 8:50 PM||2476 km||1539 miles||1337 nm|| NE| |Bissau||Sun 8:50 PM||2563 km||1593 miles||1384 nm|| N| Related time zone tools

Comprehensive career development helps students to discover their interests, talents, abilities, and the different ways these talents and abilities might be used. It also equips students with research skills to enable them to form a realistic picture of job opportunities. The skills

Comprehensive career development helps students to discover their interests, talents, abilities, and the different ways these talents and abilities might be used. It also equips students with research skills to enable them to form a realistic picture of job opportunities. The skills learned through comprehensive career development are also lifework planning skills because students will use them repeatedly over the co

A curable sexually transmitted infection (STI); it is the second most commonly reported bacterial STI in the United States following chlamydia. In 2006, 358,366 cases of gonorrhea were reported to the Centers

A curable sexually transmitted infection (STI); it is the second most commonly reported bacterial STI in the United States following chlamydia. In 2006, 358,366 cases of gonorrhea were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). When examining race and ethnicity, age, and gender, the highest rates of gonorrhea were found in African Americans, 20 to 24 years of age, and women, respectively. Gonorrhea can spread into the uterus and fallopian tubes, resulting in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID affects more than 1 million women in the U.S. every year and can cause tubal (ectopic) pregnancy and infertility in as many as 10 percent of infected women. In addition to gonorrhea playing a major role in PID, some health researchers think it adds to the risk of getting HIV infection. Cause of gonorrheaGonorrhea is caused by bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae. These bacteria can infect the genital tract, mouth, and rectum of both men and women. In women the opening to the uterus (cervix) is the first place of infection. Transmission of gonorrheaYou can get gonorrhea during vaginal, oral, or anal sex with an infected partner. If you are pregnant and have gonorrhea, you may give the infection to your baby as it passes through your birth canal during delivery. SymptomsThe bacteria are carried in semen and vaginal fluids and cause a discharge in men and women. A small number of people may be infected for several months without showing symptoms. For women, the early symptoms of gonorrhea often are mild. Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 10 days after sexual contact with an infected partner. When women have symptoms, the first ones may include Men have symptoms more often than women, including Symptoms of rectal infection include discharge, anal itching, and occasional painful bowel movements with fresh blood in the feces. Symptoms typically appear 2 to 5 days after infection but could appear as long as 30 days. DiagnosisHealth care providers usually use three laboratory tests to diagnose gonorrhea. You usually can get the staining test results while in your doctor's office or in a clinic. This test is quite accurate for men but not so in women. Only one in two women with gonorrhea has a positive stain. More often, health care providers use urine or cervical swabs for a new test that detects the genes of the bacteria. These tests are more accurate than culturing the bacteria. The laboratory culture test involves placing a sample of the discharge onto a culture plate. The health care provider also can take a culture to detect gonorrhea in the throat. Culture also allows testing for drug-resistant bacteria. TreatmentHealth care providers usually prescribe a single dose of one of the following antibi

Ironically – since it helped provide the reason to start this series – I didn’t watch the Great Debate. I did post more than my fair share of links to commentary elsewhere, but today we’ll limit ourselves to stories not directly related to it

Ironically – since it helped provide the reason to start this series – I didn’t watch the Great Debate. I did post more than my fair share of links to commentary elsewhere, but today we’ll limit ourselves to stories not directly related to it. 1. The Solar System: Uranus, Jason Lisle, Acts & Facts, 1 February The orientation of Uranus’ magnetic field is quite unusual. Most planets have a magnetic field that is approximately aligned with their rotation axis. Not so with Uranus. The magnetic axis is offset from the rotation axis by an astonishing 60 degrees. Moreover, the magnetic axis does not pass through the center of the planet but is offset to one side by roughly one third the radius of the planet. From a secular perspective, it is mystifying that Uranus should have a magnetic field at all. Magnetic fields naturally decay with time and should be nonexistent in planets that are billions of years old. On the other hand, the magnetic field of Uranus fits perfectly with biblical creation. In 1984, creation physicist Russ Humphreys predicted the magnetic field of Uranus based on the amount of magnetic decay that would have happened on the planet in the 6,000 years since its creation.11 Voyager 2 confirmed this prediction. Although the presence of a strong magnetic field on any planet is a confirmation of recent creation, this is especially the case for Uranus. 2. Counting Sheep Since Jacob’s Day, Brian Thomas, Acts & Facts, 1 February Genesis presents the first written record of selective breeding when it describes Jacob inducing specific sheep to mate and then separating the “stronger livestock” from the “feeble.”1 There is every historical indication that this practice has continued unbroken from before Jacob’s time until today. How many years has this artificial selection been going on? 3. Early Man Findings Contradict Evolution, David Coppedge, Creation Evolution Headlines, 3 February PhysOrg reported a fossil claimed to be an ape-like Paranthropus that was supposedly evolving into Homo erectus, but if there was gene flow between Homo erectus and Neanderthals—as is now believed—it creates a severe break between the first two links. Moreover, the feet of the specimen show that this ape spent most of its life in the trees. It went extinct, the article says, not evolving into a human line. 4. Genetics — Not a Friend of Evolution, Bob Sorensen, Evolutionary Truth by Piltdown Superman, 5 February Evolution is an ancient pagan religion. After various attempts to make it appear scientific before and during the nineteenth century, Charles Darwin managed to popularize it in 1859 and 1871. People grabbed evolution as a means to reject God while appearing scientific and intellectual. Darwin taught that natural selection was the basis of changes in species. Creationists also believe in natural selection, as it eliminates organisms that are unfit for certain environments and is scientifically verified. However, traditional Darwinism had to abandon natural selection as a means of molecules-to-man evolution. (Surprisingly, some people are uninformed that they are holding to a belief system that has been left behind for decades; creationists often educate them. Or try to.) 5. Noah’s Journal, (Unknown), Answers in Genesis, 6 February Without having to use our imagination and relying instead on God’s Word, we read the account in Genesis 7 of the breaking apart of the fountains of the deep. This breaking up would have almost certainly tossed the Ark about. But because of its stable design due to its seaworthy proportions, the Ark would have ridden out the angry waters with confidence. After all, it was the Creator—the designer and builder of the world and all its magnificent complexities—who specified to Noah how the Ark was to be built.

Requests: If you need specific information on this remedy - e.g. a proving or a case info on toxicology or whatsoever, please post a message in the Request area www.homeovision.org/forum/ so that all users may contribute. The

Requests: If you need specific information on this remedy - e.g. a proving or a case info on toxicology or whatsoever, please post a message in the Request area www.homeovision.org/forum/ so that all users may contribute. The principal use of iridium is as a hardening agent in platinum alloys. Other uses; For making crucibles and devices that require high temperatures. Electrical contacts (notable example; Pt/Ir sparkplugs). Osmium/iridium alloys are used for ballpoint pen tips and for compass bearings. At one tim

The Swadeshi flag-hoisting ceremony by Sir Dadabhai Naoroji at the 22nd session of the Congress in Calcutta in 1906, evoked huge euphoria that left a permanent impact on Pingali Ven

The Swadeshi flag-hoisting ceremony by Sir Dadabhai Naoroji at the 22nd session of the Congress in Calcutta in 1906, evoked huge euphoria that left a permanent impact on Pingali Venkayya's mind, who was a delegate at the Congress session. Intrigued by the national flag, Pingali Venkayya (1876-1963), hailing from Masulipatam (Machilipatnam), founded the Indian National Flag Mission and relentlessly pursued his goal to give shape to

How Droplets Work Taking things a step further, however, is the concept of the Droplet. In Photoshop, the process of creating a series of batches to automate tasks can be a task in of itself. Having to click on File >

How Droplets Work Taking things a step further, however, is the concept of the Droplet. In Photoshop, the process of creating a series of batches to automate tasks can be a task in of itself. Having to click on File > Automate > Batch, select the images, specify a folderall of these things can become cumbersome when working with multiple images that require different treatments. To facilitate this, Photoshop gives you the option to turn a Batch that you’ve automated into a Droplet (see Figure 4). These are files that can reside on your computer, saving all of these preferences for you. Once you have created the Droplet file, you can move it anywhere on your computer. Usually when I am trying to process images quickly, I move a series of droplets for me to use on my desktop. Each droplet performs a specific function. To call on them to work, all I have to do is drag a folder or files on top of the droplet, and Photoshop takes care of the rest (see Figure 5).

SEOUL, Jan. 17 (Yonhap) -- A nuclear reactor at a South Korean nuclear power plant stopped operating Thursday due to what plant operators there called a problem with the reactor's energy system. The officials from the Korea Hydro &

SEOUL, Jan. 17 (Yonhap) -- A nuclear reactor at a South Korean nuclear power plant stopped operating Thursday due to what plant operators there called a problem with the reactor's energy system. The officials from the Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., however, said there was no immediate danger of any radiation leak at the Uljin Nuclear Power Plant. The Uljin-1 reactor at the plant, located 330 kilometers southeast of Seoul, was shut down at 11:15 a.m. An investigation was currently under way to identify the exact cause of the problem, they said. This is the second time in less than six months the Uljin-1 stopped operating due to problems. The Uljin-1 is a pressurized water reactor with a generation capacity of 950,000 kilowatts. It has been operating since September 1988. The Uljin power plant houses five other reactors, aged between 12 years to 30 years. South Korea currently operates 23 nuclear reactors that supply about 30 percent of its total electricity consumption. It plans to increase the number of reactors to 33 in 2020 and 39 in 2030. - Raising money top priority for incoming government - Park to boost smaller firms for S. Korea's economic revival - S. Korean consumer firms set to bask in China's economic recovery - Korean economy feared to slip into low growth - Korea seen to tighten macro-prudential steps amid won's gain - (News Focus) Samsung to face challenges over looming leadership change - Lee wraps up last overseas trip with focus on economic projects - Real challenges ahead for China's new leadership - China's power shift both boon and risk to S. Korean economy - Experts sound alarm bells for S. Korea's high household debt - Presidential candidates double down on chaebol refor

- page 1 of 1 - Q: HOW MANY PRISONER OF WAR CAMPS WERE ON TAIWAN (FORMOSA) IN WORLD WAR II? There were fourteen (14) actual prisoner of war camps on the

- page 1 of 1 - Q: HOW MANY PRISONER OF WAR CAMPS WERE ON TAIWAN (FORMOSA) IN WORLD WAR II? There were fourteen (14) actual prisoner of war camps on the island, set up and operated by the Imperial Japanese Army from the summer of 1942 to September 1945. Many of these camps were very severe and oppressive slave labour camps, a few were temporary camps set up to house prisoners en route from Singapore or the Philippines to Japan or Manchuria, and there were a couple of camps for the senior officers where conditions were not as bad. After the Japanese surrendered in August 1945, two temporary evacuation camps were set up in Taihoku (Taipei) to temporarily house POWs awaiting evacuation by Allied forces. They were only in use for about 10 days. Thus we count a total of sixteen (16) POW camps in all. Q: HOW MANY POWS WERE HELD ON TAIWAN DURING WWII? According to Japanese records, there were 4344 Allied POWs "resident" in the Taiwan POW camps from August 1942 to September 1945. There were also other POWs who arrived on hellships from Singapore and the Philippines who died shortly after arriving on the island and were thus never "resident" in any camp, but we are remembering them on our site. Finally, there were the American fighter pilots and bomber crews who were shot down or crashed and captured by the Japanese from October 1944 to May 1945. These men were not considered to be prisoners of war, but rather "war criminals" and as such were not held in the regular POW camps, but were incarcerated in the Taihoku (Taipei) Prison. When all these factors are taken into consideration, our Society is thus remembering a total of 4375 men. Q: HOW MANY PRISONERS OF WAR DIED ON TAIWAN DURING WORLD WAR II? According to the Japanese records, 430 Allied POWs died while being held as prisoners of war on Taiwan. This included those men who died shortly after arriving in Taiwan off the hellships, and also the fourteen American airmen executed by the Japanese in June 1945. In 2010 the Society received information from a fellow researcher which helped to confirm the complete details of death of all the Taiwan POWs, including the cause of death and the first burial place of the deceased. This information is available on a case by case basis to POWs or immediate family members, and can be obtained by contacting the Society. All of the POWs who died in camps on Taiwan are listed in the Honour Roll in the section "The Men". Each is listed with rank and regiment, date of death and a photo of their final resting place. In the Spring of 1946 the Imperial War Graves Commission (now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission) came to Taiwan and exhumed the remains of all the British, Australian and Dutch POWs from the various camp burial sites and re-interred them in the Sai Wan War Cemetery in Hong Kong where they now rest in peace. Shortly thereafter the American War Graves Recovery Team came to Tai

The history of Kodak: Pioneer of film and digital photography The first Kodak cameras Accompanying the new trademark, Eastman released The Kodak Camera in 1888. The camera came pre-loaded with a roll of paper

The history of Kodak: Pioneer of film and digital photography The first Kodak cameras Accompanying the new trademark, Eastman released The Kodak Camera in 1888. The camera came pre-loaded with a roll of paper film that could take 100 photos, and you had to send the camera back to Eastman to get it developed and re-loaded with more film. This camera effectively created the concept of amateur photography. Then, in 1900, Eastman released the Brownie, an incredibly cheap, cardboard-box camera that was cheap enough to buy ($1) and operate that it instantly became a mass market success; the first camera to do so. In essence, the Brownie was so cheap and easy to use that it invented the concept of a snapshot.

According to the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), medical physicists “assure the safe and effective delivery of radiation” in the diagnosis or treatment of a patient, as prescribed by a physician or other practitioner. Medical physicists protect

According to the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), medical physicists “assure the safe and effective delivery of radiation” in the diagnosis or treatment of a patient, as prescribed by a physician or other practitioner. Medical physicists protect the patient from over-exposure to radioactive materials, make sure that the equipment is running properly and is being utilized correctly, and help with the positioning of the patient for the best result. Mr. Schreuder provided some additional insight into the role of Medical Physicists: What Is a Typical Work Week For a Medical Physicist? What Are Some of the Basic Job Responsibilities? Radiation Oncology Physicists' duties are generally divided in three groups: - Beam measurements and quality assurance: Beam measurement and QA includes calibrating the radiation therapy equipment and ensuring the equipment functions correctly and safely. This ensures that the correct doses are delivered to the patients, and the equipment can be operated safely by the personnel. This group also deals with developing new treatment modalities and equipment. The base qualification is a Master's Degree that should include, or be supplemented by, a lot of specific courses in medical physics, anatomy and biology. After the masters degree, you need to qualify for the three American Board of Radiology (ABR) exams: - Part I: everybody with a master's degree,and the required course work will qualify. - Part II: This exam requires at least two years of experiential training beyond obtaining the Masters Degree. After 2012 you have to have completed a 2 year CAMPEP (Commission for the Accreditation of Medical Physics Educational Programs) approved residency program to qualify for the Part II exam. - Part III: This is an oral exam that you can take the year after you passed Part II. Part III exams are offered in June each year, while the written part I and II is offered in Aug/Sept each year. What Basic Skills Are Required to Be a Medical Physicist? Obviously, a good understanding of radiation physics is needed, including the principles of all kinds of radiation used in the medical arena. Good interpersonal skills are also very important, as medical physicists need to interact with a large team of radiation oncologists, therapists, nurses and dosimetrists, in addition to interacting with patients. What Do You Like Most About Being a Medical Physicist? The fact that you can help somebody to receive a cure for his or her cancer, hence creating hope. The tougher things about this role include the fact that you...work with very sick people that often may not have good prognoses or any significant life expectancy. The other challenge is that a single mistake by a medical physicist can certainly impact many patients' lives, so it’s an emotionally tough job. Salaries range between $140,000 and $250,000 for board certified medical physicists, depending on the number of years of experience beyond board certification.

Sun, the solar system's only star Stars are born. They take shape. They go through a turbulent adolescence, and then they live out their lives in a predictable pattern. Some have companions to provide for. Others rapidly decline and die.

Sun, the solar system's only star Stars are born. They take shape. They go through a turbulent adolescence, and then they live out their lives in a predictable pattern. Some have companions to provide for. Others rapidly decline and die. In some ways, stars are just like people. Our star, the Sun, is no exception. Once, people regarded it as a different sort of object than the stars. It ruled the day; stars adorned the night. But over the past few centuries astronomers have come to recognise that it is just one middle-aged member of the vast family of stars. From far away, the Sun would look just like any other star - a point of light. Like any other star it is mortal. The realisation that the Sun is a star has done wonders for astronomy. By studying the closest star, scientists have learned about all stars. Conversely, by studying the stars in all their variety, we have learned about the past and future of our Sun. The importance of the Sun to the Earth is one of the main reasons scientists want to understand it. In fact, the impetus for solar science early this century came not from astronomers, but from geologists. At the beginning of this century, they believed that the oldest rocks on the Earth are about 4 billion years old and that the Sun was 4.5 - 5 billion years old. The extreme age came as a surprise. They soon realised that known energy sources could only have kept the Sun alive for 20 million years. Other sources of energy - say, a huge fire - would burn out even quicker. The solution to this age discrepancy was the result of several disparate advances in science. First, astronomers knew that the Sun has to be extremely hot and dense in its centre if it is to support its own weight. Gas at a high temperature exerts a strong pressure, and this holds up the Sun's outer layers. Second, physicists had recently compared the weight of four atoms of hydrogen with that of one helium atom. Both the hydrogen quadruplet and the helium are composed of essentially the same number of subatomic particles. Yet the helium weighs less. Third, Albert Einstein's new theory of relativity showed that matter can be converted into energy (E=mc2). At first glance, these three ideas might seem totally unrelated. But from them, they deduced that the Sun's energy source was a process then unknown on Earth: the nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium. Deep in the Sun's hot and dense core hydrogen atoms are squeezed together or fused into helium atoms. A helium atom has less mass than the hydrogen energy from which it was created and this missing mass turns into energy. Few other methods can generate as much energy as nuclear fusion. A small amount of hydrogen can produce an immense amount of energy - which is why nuclear bombs are so destructive, and why the Sun can keep shining for billions of years. We are family How did the Sun become hot and dense to begin with? This is the secret of stellar birth. Though we weren't around to witness the birth of our provider, we can read its early life history in the stars. Specifically, we can look out into space and see new stars being born right now. The closest example is the Great Nebula in Orion, a pattern of bright stars easily visible to the naked eye. This is a stellar nursery - an enormous, lumpy cloud of cold gas and dust, which turns into hundreds of new blue baby stars. The gas is mostly hydrogen and the dust is something like the dust in a desert storm. Within the clouds are hundreds of condensed, cold lumps of gas and dust. A disturbance, such as a blast wave from a nearby stellar explosion, can cause each lump to begin collapsing under its own weight. When the temperature in the core reached several million degrees, the hydrogen atoms started to fuse together, more energy was released, and so on. A chain reaction started that will go on for billions of years. The outward pressure created by this nuclear fusion counterbalanced the inward pressure of gravity, and when the two cancelled each other out, the lump of dust and gas stopped collapsing. The Sun was born. We can see many examples of such star-forming regions. About two thirds of stars are actually born with nearby twins, but the Sun is alone. Depending on the size of the original lump of gas and dust, the process of stellar birth can give rise to different sorts of stars. A small lump never develops high enough pressures and temperatures to start nuclear fusion. It is doomed to remain a dark, dismal stellar failure - a brown dwarf star. A larger lump becomes a large star, so hot and bright that it burns itself out in a few tens of millions of years. A middle-sized lump, not too small and not too large, becomes a middling star such as the Sun. Which is good: if the Sun had been much smaller, Earth would have been a dark, dead world; much larger and the Earth would have been broiled. Lucky for us, it's the perfect size to sustain life on Earth. In it

Listen now 28 mins Ken Arnold explores how three European countries variously tell the history of mental illness. What do museums of madness tell us about who we were and who we are? Ken Arnold, Head of Public Programmes at the Well

Listen now 28 mins Ken Arnold explores how three European countries variously tell the history of mental illness. What do museums of madness tell us about who we were and who we are? Ken Arnold, Head of Public Programmes at the Wellcome Trust, visits three of Europe's old'mad houses' that are now museums in Aarhus in Denmark, Haarlem in the Netherlands and Ghent in Belgium. Two of these institutions still function as psychiatric hospitals. Each has unusual, beautiful and terrifying objects on show ranging from straight-jackets to lobotomy tools, and also collections of 'outsider art', but each is also strikingly successful at evoking for their visitors different (and sometimes wildly different) views of madness - strange, worrisome, extreme mental states. Ranging from a pitch-dark solitary confinement cell to the brightly coloured papier-mache dolls made by long term inmates, from the era of shackles to the era of the talking cure, the history of Europe's reaction to the madness in its midst as shown by these museums is long and still shifting. Britain doesn't yet have a national museum of mental illness or psychiatry. Bedlam Hospital in London will take on this role in years to come. What might we learn from the mad houses of Europe?

Keratomalacia (also called xerotic keratitis or xerophthalmia) is drying and clouding of the cornea (the clear layer in front of the iris and pupil) due to vitamin A deficiency and usually insufficient

Keratomalacia (also called xerotic keratitis or xerophthalmia) is drying and clouding of the cornea (the clear layer in front of the iris and pupil) due to vitamin A deficiency and usually insufficient protein and calories in the diet. The surface of the conjunctiva (the membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the white of the eye) and cornea dries, sometimes leading to corneal ulcers and bacterial infections. The tear glands are also affected, resulting in an inadequate tear film and dry eyes. People with extreme eye dryness can develop foamy spots (Bitot spots) on the conjunctiva. Night blindness (poor vision in the dark) may develop because of the effects of vitamin A deficiency on the retina. The diagnosis of keratomalacia is based on the presence of a dry or ulcerated cornea in an undernourished person. Antibiotic eye drops or ointments can help cure an infection, but correcting the vitamin A deficiency and undernutrition wit

Structuring the Oil Market California's landscape and culture today depend on petroleum. Millions of gasoline-powered cars and trucks daily roar along eight- to ten-lane highways. Gasoline-powered tractors plow agricultural lands, and petrochemical pesticides

Structuring the Oil Market California's landscape and culture today depend on petroleum. Millions of gasoline-powered cars and trucks daily roar along eight- to ten-lane highways. Gasoline-powered tractors plow agricultural lands, and petrochemical pesticides and fertilizers protect lucrative crops. Highways and automobiles link California's cities with world-renowned park and recreation sites, ranging from lush, towering Yosemite National Park in the north to the roller coasters and fantasy attractions of Disneyland in the south. When Californians cruise the Pacific Coast Highway, pull on nylon stockings, or savor a strawberry, they reap the benefits of petroleum. Stuck in traffic, breathing polluted air, or struggling with pesticide contamination and oil spills, they confront the oil economy's darker side. Close ties to oil similarly bind other states. Houston and Atlanta residents rely as heavily on their cars as do Los Angelenos. Oil spills have hit Alaska and the Atlantic coastline; community activists struggle against refinery pollution in New Jersey and Louisiana; and recreational skiers and hikers drive to the mountains of New England and Colorado. The economies of Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Alaska depend heavily on petroleum production, and Michigan relies equally on the automobile industry. California, as both a major producer and consumer of oil, thus offers a case history for the impact of oil on individual states and a microcosm of its penetration of the United States as a whole. How did California, and the United States more generally, become so wedded to petroleum? The fuel's versatility and its natural abundance are certainly key factors. Petroleum is fluid, combustible, and an excellent source of hydrocarbons for petrochemical innovation. Technological advances by scientists and engineers have enabled private industry to extract oil miles beneath the ocean, to increase the energy drawn from each barrel of oil, and to devise thousands of ways to use petroleum's valuable hydrocarbons. But most of all, oil is a relatively inexpensive way to make things go. The question we have rarely thought to ask is, why is oil so cheap? Generations of historians have viewed the United States' abundant natural resources as a key contributor to its prosperity and democratic institutions. In the 1890s, Frederick Jackson Turner credited "free land"; in the 1950s, David Potter described how a "people of plenty" built American democracy on a foundation of abundance; and in the 1990s, Gavin Wright used the nation's natural resource base to explain the "origins of American industrial advantage."1 Plentiful and well-situated agricultural land, fish, furs, forests, coal, and gold all have been seen as essential to our development. At first blush, the United States' petroleum history appears to fit this story line. At different moments in the past 150 years, oil gushers around the country, from Pennsylvania to Alaska, have flooded the market with oil. Observing the 1920s California oil craze, the economist John Ise described "growing stocks, overflowing tanks, and declining prices, frantic efforts to stimulate more low and unimportant uses... dozens of new wells, and more oil, more oil."2 Yet this abundance was made as much as discovered. In pre-World War II California, fragmented property rights in oil spurred an orgy of competition and production that rapidly depleted Los Angeles-area oil fields. Public land policies along the coast and in the San Joaquin Valley, enacted after fierce national and state-level lobbying, pushed more oil onto the market on terms generous to oil operators. Government regulation managed surplus production and contained the worst competitive excesses. A successful fight to protect highway funding helped spur the rapid expansion of major roads, creating a market for gasoline-powered vehicles. These are just some of the ways oil's abundance has been made. Politics and policy determined how rapidly oil moved onto the market in California and how avidly it was consumed.3 By shaping both oil supply and demand, politicians, bureaucrats, and judges influenced the price of oil. State, federal, and local governments decided who would benefit from the oil boom and what share of oil production the government would retain for the public treasury. Politicians and judges weighed oil's threat to the quality of the environment and to other local businesses against benefits for oil operators, workers, and consumers. These petroleum politics disrupted earlier patterns of public land disposal and government promotion of canals, railroads, and streetcars. Yet new oil land leasing programs and the highway projects also resembled their predecessors, particularly in the way they promoted rapid resource extraction and channeled economic development toward a dominant mode of transportation. Petroleum politics ultimately changed the map of California in the twentieth century, and the housing, e

A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America Volume 64 Number 6, November/December 2011 They are tiny and often faded and fragmented. But one abundant source of evidence for both international trade and the role of women in

A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America Volume 64 Number 6, November/December 2011 They are tiny and often faded and fragmented. But one abundant source of evidence for both international trade and the role of women in eastern Iran during the third millennium B.C. are the tiny images found on seals and sealings throughout this area. The small impressions were designed to mark ownership and control of goods, from bags of barley to a storeroom filled with oil jugs. Holly Pittman, an art historian at the University of Pennsylvania who has worked throughout the Middle East and Central Asia, is examining the fragile impressions. She is attempting to build a clearer picture of the lives of ancient inhabitants in large centers such as Shahr-i-Sokhta, Shahdad, and Konar Sandal, near today's modern city of Jiroft. Pittman now believes these people of eastern Iran shared common ideas and beliefs while also participating in the first age of long-distance exchange. Female deities with vegetation growing out of their bodies are one common element on the seals found in eastern Iran and, as on the Shahdad flag, figures confronting one another also appear Lasting Impression frequently. A distinctive type of white stone seals that have been found in Central Asia and the Indus appear to have been made in a similar style by eastern Iranians. "There are relationships between sites, and certainly this part of eastern Iran is participating in a global network," she says. "This is a world of merchants and traders." Pittman believes that by early in the third millennium B.C., the network linking Mesopotamia and southeastern Iran resulted in a mixing of cultures across this enormous area. Seals that were used to close storage rooms in Konar Sandal, for example, are of a specific Mesopotamian type common in the major Iraqi port of Ur. That hints strongly at the presence of Mesopotamian inhabitants in Konar Sandal who had almost certainly come from Ur. She also suggests that Mesopotamian artifacts absorbed style elements from southeastern Iran. Another example is the famous inlaid lyre found at Ur, which has the face of a bearded bull typical of eastern Iran. Other seals found in ruins such as Konar Sandal are Proto-Elamite in style, showing strong connections with western and central Iran, where the Proto-Elamite writing system is believed to have originated at the same time that Mesopotamian urban life began to flourish in the late fourth millennium B.C. Seals were powerful markers of economic, political, and social clout. At some eastern Iranian sites such as Shahr-i-Sokhta, they appear to have been largely in the hands of women. Marta Ameri, an archaeologist at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York, notes that two-thirds of the seals found in Shahr-i-Sokhta's graves are found in female burials. While the grander bronze seals are uncovered mostly in male tombs, the more common bone seals are more often associated with women. Based on remains of sealings made to doors, vases, bags, and other objects, the bone seals were in more frequent use than the bronze. This suggests, Ameri says, that women were in control of food storage and possibly trade goods as well. Until more intact graves are found at other sites such as Shahdad, "we at least have a tantalizing look at the roles women may have played," says Ameri. Andrew Lawler is a contributing editor at ARCHAEOLOGY. For our 1975 coverage of the excavations at Shahr-i-Sokhta, see archive.archaeology.org/iran.Share

Adults with ASD As we know, ASD is not simply a childhood disorder. Infants grow into children, children grow into adolescents, and adolescents grow into adults. For the adult with ASD, finding one's way through college, engaging in

Adults with ASD As we know, ASD is not simply a childhood disorder. Infants grow into children, children grow into adolescents, and adolescents grow into adults. For the adult with ASD, finding one's way through college, engaging in meaningful work, and living independently in the community all may prove difficult. We know that upon graduation from the public school system, many adults with ASD are left in limbo. Different services and supports are needed as they try to find a new routine in new environments, new homes, and new situations. The world of ASD and adulthood is changing though. Where before the only options focused on sheltered workshops and group homes, now we are seeing more and more employment and living opportunities for the adult with ASD. In fact, some of the work being done here at VCU-ACE and at the VCU-Research and Rehabilitation Training Center (VCU-RRTC) is helping to facilitate such meaningful employment opportunities. In this section of the website, you will find information about transitioning from the school system, transitioning into college or work, facilitating independence, and finding appropriate support. ACE-IT in College is a collaborative effort between the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center and the Partnership for People with Disabilities in the VCU School of Education. ACE-IT in College provides an inclusive, on campus, college experience for young adults with intellectual disabilities. The main outcome of the program is competitive employment in an area of interest for students, which is developed through VCU coursework, internships, and employment. The VCU Research and Training Center (VCU-RRTC) is a national center of excellence providing support for professionals, individuals with disabilities, and their representatives. VCU-RRTC hosts several research projects focusing on supported employment and workplace supports and offers web-based training on a variety of relative topics. Advancing Futures for Adults with Autism is a consortium of organizations with the goal of increasing both private and public support specifically for adults with ASD. AFAA's website has more information about their goals, resources and news, as well as links to an active Facebook page. Autism After 16 is a website for individuals with ASD and the families and professionals who support them. It includes extensive information about transition, postsecondary life, employment, housing, finance, health, and more. Autism Speaks highlights stories about employees with ASD and testimonials from their employers in their Autism in the Workplace section. The Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN) is a nonprofit

DEFINITION: "1 (a). Infliction of severe physical pain as a means of punishment or coercion. 1 (b). An instrument or a method for inflicting such pain. 2. Excruciating physical or

DEFINITION: "1 (a). Infliction of severe physical pain as a means of punishment or coercion. 1 (b). An instrument or a method for inflicting such pain. 2. Excruciating physical or mental pain; agony: the tort

Washington University Asthma Study (KTVI) – More than 300 million people in the world suffer from Asthma. It’s a condition in which the airways become inflamed and constrict. It can be managed but not cured.

Washington University Asthma Study (KTVI) – More than 300 million people in the world suffer from Asthma. It’s a condition in which the airways become inflamed and constrict. It can be managed but not cured. Some of the more common asthma drugs have side effects and Dr. Mario Castro from Washington University needs volunteers to help curb those side effects. The study would give lower doses of the medicine to people who have asthma. There are three drugs, each made by different companies: Dulera, Advair and Symbicort. Call 314-362-1000 to learn more about the study.

Skip to Content Home > Wellness > Health Library > Prerenal Acute Renal Failure acute renal failure (ARF) occurs when a sudden reduction in blood flow to the kidney (renal hypoperfusion) causes a loss

Skip to Content Home > Wellness > Health Library > Prerenal Acute Renal Failure acute renal failure (ARF) occurs when a sudden reduction in blood flow to the kidney (renal hypoperfusion) causes a loss of kidney function. In prerenal acute renal failure, there is nothing wrong with the kidney itself. Prerenal acute renal failure is the most common type of acute renal failure, accounting for about 55 out of 100 acute renal failure cases.1 It can be a complication of almost any disease, condition, or medicine that causes a decrease in the normal amount of blood and fluid in Causes of prerenal acute renal failure include: Treatment focuses on correcting the cause of the prerenal acute renal failure. Depending on the cause, the condition often reverses itself within a couple of days after normal blood flow to the kidneys has been restored. But if it is not reversed or treated successfully and quickly, prerenal acute renal failure can cause tissue death in the kidneys and lead to intrinsic (intrarenal) acute renal failure. Liu KD, Chertow GM (2008). Acute renal failure. In AS Fauci et al., eds., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1752–1761. New York: May 10, 2011 E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine & Tushar J. Vachharajani, MD, FASN, FACP - Nephrology How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Our interactive Decision Points guide you through making key health decisions by combining medical information with your personal information. You'll find Decision Points to help you answer questions about: Get started learning more about your health! Our Interactive Tools can help you make smart decisions for a healthier life. You'll find personal calculators and tools for health and fitness, lifestyle checkups, and pregnancy. Feeling under the weather? Use our interactive symptom checker to evaluate your symptoms and determine appropriate action or treatment. Genesis HealthCare System | 1-800-322-4762

(NaturalNews) In the 1920s, the US government found that animals fed a diet of white flour developed serious neurological diseases and died. Instead of banning this deadly product like they should have, the FDA declared that most white flour products

(NaturalNews) In the 1920s, the US government found that animals fed a diet of white flour developed serious neurological diseases and died. Instead of banning this deadly product like they should have, the FDA declared that most white flour products must be "enriched" with iron and a few vitamins to "correct" the problem. Unfortunately, this decision has helped create an even more insidious situation that results in diabetes, heart disease and cancer for millions of people. Gluten sensitivity is becoming a raging epidemic today. Gluten sensitivity is not a disease and therefore has no cure. Gluten sensitivity is triggered by eating products containing gluten. The only way to avoid its complications is to stay away from food products containing gluten. There are 35 diseases that can be caused by eating gluten listed in a review in the New England Journal of Medicine . Some of these symptoms are: arthritis, ADHD, depression, anxiety, IBS, lupus, frequent headaches, fatigue, eczema, loss of muscle coordination, osteoporosis, a weakened immune system, fungal overgrowth, organ inflammation, weight loss/weight gain, and malnutrition.Gluten sensitivity increases your risk for type 1 diabetes, obesity, gastrointestinal cancers, brain disorders, autism and thyroid disease. Gluten evils and woes Gluten is purposefully put in some products because it increases hunger signals to make you eat more of a product by increasing the ghrelin in the digestive tract to enhance feelings of hunger - leaving you hungry for more of that product. Gluten also interferes with leptin which tells your brain you're full and signals fat to break down. Leptin also normalizes pain sensations in the spinal cord. • Gluten sensitivity causes inflammation that harms the body tissues by causing an autoimmune response where the immune system ends up attacking the body • C-reactive proteins rise in response to inflammation; causing cholesterol levels to shoot up and calcium deposits to harden the arteries and blood pressure rise • Sugar cannot fuel cancer cells by itself. Gluten and the amino acid glutamine have been studied and found to play a critical role in the cancer process. • Gluten is an excitotoxin; which agitates and kills neuronal cells which like glutamate (think MSG), accelerates, activates, irritates and damages brain cells. A 2006 study took 131 children with ADHD and removed gluten from their diets and all 131 chi

Apple juice helps provide a variety of nutrients in low to moderate amounts. Not only does the juice contain natural fruit, the apple derived liquid also works to properly hydrate both athletes and semi active people of all ages. For every cup of apple juice

Apple juice helps provide a variety of nutrients in low to moderate amounts. Not only does the juice contain natural fruit, the apple derived liquid also works to properly hydrate both athletes and semi active people of all ages. For every cup of apple juice consumed, nearly 10 different vitamins and minerals will have entered the body. This sweet drink, without any added sugar, provides a moderate amount of carbohydrates, mostly through all natural fructose and glucose; eight ounces equals about 10% of the daily required intake of carbohydrates for a 2000 calorie diet. Apple juice contains minerals such as calcium, potassium, iron, manganese and magnesium. All-natural apple juice also provides vitamins C and B6. As a low glycemic carbohydrate, apples and apple juice allow the body to properly metabolize its caloric content into food energy. The natural sugars found in the beverage also provide a healthy source of energy and muscle hydration. Natural apple juice contains a very low amount of sodium at only 10 mg per each cup. Over consuming sodium, a nutrient found in most foods, increases blood pressure which often causes heart damage. This fruit juice variety contains no fats or unhealthy cholesterol either, both of which cause adverse health issues with prolonged consumption. The mineral combination found in apple juice help increase metabolic function, decrease the risk of bone disease, and work to increase heart health as well. The vitamin C in the fruit juice helps regulate the bodily functions such as the conversion of food energy into fuel for the muscles.

TADD Smart Decision in Maine Every day for six years, Barbara Gillibrand, pictured below, has driven the 20 miles on the same county road to work in Kennebunk. On a Wednesday in March 2010,

TADD Smart Decision in Maine Every day for six years, Barbara Gillibrand, pictured below, has driven the 20 miles on the same county road to work in Kennebunk. On a Wednesday in March 2010, her routine was interrupted. “It rained steadily all day Tuesday,” stated Barbara. “On my way home from work I wondered what the roads might be like the next morning especially near a creek that I usually cross.” A major rain storm brought heavy rain and flooding to parts of New England. Flood warnings and advisories were posted from the Carolinas to Maine. “Tuesday night it rained ungodly. It was all you could hear,” according to Barbara. “Driving to work the next day, I approached Chicks Creek on Emerys Bridge Road in South Berwick and I noticed water across the road. I could still make out the yellow line in the middle of the road, but I stopped because I didn’t know how deep the water was and I also thought about the road erosion I had seen the last time this area flooded. Then I saw some big brush and things coming down the creek and across the road. That was enough for me. Over the years, I had seen and heard the Turn around Don’t Drown safety promotion so I instinctively turned around and drove to work another way.” Barbara did the right thing. Each year, more than half of all flood related deaths are vehicular related. People think they will safely navigate their car, pickup or Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) across a flooded road way. Some people do. Many do not. Many need to be rescued or worse. The National Weather Service promotes a national campaign called, “Turn Around Don’t Drown" (see highway sign at right) to warn motorists of the hazards of driving across flooded roads. From Missouri, to Mississippi to Maryland, all across the country, yellow diamond-shaped Turn Around Don’t Drown warning signs, sanctioned by the Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, are being posted. “I was late for work”, stated Barbara, “but at least I was safe!”

Enables or disables the menu item. If the item is a submenu (or menu in a menu bar), the entire menu is disabled, but each submenu item’s method returns #f only if the item is specifically disabled (in

Enables or disables the menu item. If the item is a submenu (or menu in a menu bar), the entire menu is disabled, but each submenu item’s method returns #f only if the item is specifically disabled (in addition to the Returns the help string for the menu item, or #f if the item has no help string. When an item has a help, the string may be used to display help information to the user. Returns the item’s label. See also set-label and , except that s and tab characters in the label are stripped in the same way as for set-label Returns #t if the menu item is enabled, #f Normally called when the user clicks on the menu bar containing the item (before the user sees any menu items), just before the popup menu containing the item is popped up, or just before inspecting the menu bar containing the item for a shortcut key binding. for further details. A on-demand in menu-item-container<%> method can be overridden in such a way that the container does not call the on-demand method of its items. Calls the demand-callback procedure that was provided when the object was created. Sets the help string for

November is National Epilepsy Awareness Month (NEAM), which was established to “highlight the growing need for awareness about epilepsy” as a way to help “dispel myths about epilepsy, teach proper seizure first aid and improve the quality of life

November is National Epilepsy Awareness Month (NEAM), which was established to “highlight the growing need for awareness about epilepsy” as a way to help “dispel myths about epilepsy, teach proper seizure first aid and improve the quality of life for all individuals, families, and friends with epilepsy.” Epilepsy.com Editor-in-Chief Robert Fisher, MD, PhD, wrote in the November newsletter that epilepsy “remains the most prevalent serious disorder that is able to affect people across the full spectrum of ages.” People who have seizures not only experience pre- and post-seizure symptoms, they become afraid and embarrassed should they have a seizure in public. In a November 2000 issue of Epilepsy & Behavior, more than 1,000 epilepsy patients were asked what the worst thing is about having epilepsy, and the number-one answer was fear—fear of dying, losing their job, or having a seizure while driving—followed by humiliation. It doesn’t help that many neurologists will not prescribe generic versions of the more than 20 AEDs (if they’ve received FDA approval), because there may be a risk that their patients could have a “breakthrough” seizure due to “the disparity between how AEDs work and the FDA requirements for generic equivalents”; the FDA “allows for significant differences between [brand-name] and generic drugs.” This is where the cost of medication comes into play, as there are many patients who cannot afford the high cost of brand-name drugs. Because there are

The common law is created and refined by judges: a decision in the case currently pending depends on decisions in previous cases and affects the law to be applied in future cases. When there is no authoritative statement of the law, judges have the authority and

The common law is created and refined by judges: a decision in the case currently pending depends on decisions in previous cases and affects the law to be applied in future cases. When there is no authoritative statement of the law, judges have the authority and duty to make law by creating precedent. The body of precedent is called "common law" and it binds future decisions. In future cases, when parties disagree on what the law is, an idealized common law court looks to past precedential decisions of relevant courts. If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past, the court is bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision (this principle is known as stare decisis). If, however, the court finds that the current dispute is fundamentally distinct from all previous cases, it will decide as a "matter of first impression." Thereafter, the new decision becomes precedent, and will bind future courts under the principle of stare decisis. In practice, common law systems are considerably more complicated than the idealized system described above. The decisions of a court are binding only in a particular jurisdiction, and even within a given jurisdiction, some courts have more power than others. For example, in most jurisdictions, decisions by appellate courts are binding on lower courts in the same jurisdiction and on future decisions of the same appellate court, but decisions of non-appellate courts are only non-binding persuasive authority. Interactions between common law, constitutional law, statutory law and regulatory law also give rise to considerable complexity. However stare decisis, the principle that similar cases should be decided according to consistent principled rules so that they will reach similar results, lies at the heart of all common law systems. This is a broad statement however; in the UK for example, the Practice Statement of 1966 allows the House of Lords, in certain circumstances, to overule a previous decision made in the same House. Common law legal systems are in widespread use, particularly in those nations which trace their legal heritage to Britain, including the United Kingdom, most of the United States and Canada, and other former colonies of the British Empire. The term common law has three main connotations and several historical meanings worth mentioning: For most purposes, most jurisdictions, including the U.S. federal system and most states, have merged the two courts. Additionally, even before the separate courts were merged together, most courts were permitted to apply both law and equity (though under potentially different procedural law). Even so, the split survives and remains relevant for determining many issues in these classes. Other exceptions are discussed in "Common Law Systems," below. The common law is more malleable than statutory law. First, common law courts are not absolutely bound by precedent, but can (when extraordinarily good reason is shown) reinterpret and revise the law, without legislative intervention, to adapt to new trends in political, legal and social philosophy. Second, the common law evolves through a series of gradual steps, that gradually works out all the details, so that over a decade or more, the law can change substantially but without a sharp break, thereby reducing disruptive effects. In contrast, the legislative process is very difficult to get started: legislatures do not act until a situation is totally intolerable. Because of this, legislative changes tend to be large, jarring and disruptive (either positively or negatively). One example of the gradual change that typifies the common law is the gradual change in liability for negligence. For example, the traditional common law rule through most of the 19th century was that a plaintiff could not recover for a defendant's negligence unless the two were in privity of contract. Thus, only the immediate purchaser could recover for a product defect, and if a part was built up out of parts from parts manufacturers, the ultimate buyer could not recover for injury caused by a defect in the part. Winterbottom v. Wright, 10 M&W 109, 152 Eng.Rep. 402, 1842 WL 5519 (Exchequer of pleas 1842). In Winterbottom, the postal service had contracted with Wright to maintain its coaches. Winterbottom was a driver for the post. When the coach failed and injured Winterbottom, he sued Wright. The Winterbottom court recognized that there would be "absurd and outrageous consequences" if an injured person could sue any person peripherally involved, but could not find a good place to draw a line around the causal connection between the negligent conduct and the injury other than to limit liability to only the immediate person in contract with the negligent party. A first exception to this rule arose in Thomas v. Winchester, 6 N.Y. 397 (N.Y. 1852) which held that mislabeling a poison as an innocuous herb, and then selling the mislabeled poison through a dealer who would be expected to resell it, put "human life in imminent danger." Thomas used this as a reason to create an exception to the "privity" rule. In Statler v. Ray Mfg. Co., 195 N.Y. 478, 480 (N.Y. 1909) held that a coffee urn manufacturer was liable to a person injured when the urn exploded, because the urn "was of such a character inherently that, whe