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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Moreover, although we lacked specific phylogenetic information for our species, the general patterns we observed were robust to topological uncertainty, and equal branch lengths are associated with fewer errors than other topological approaches (Ackerly 2000). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:by the ICMJE [16], and none limited inclusion to trials completed after the 2007 U. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The presence of the SWI/SNF and RSC chromatin remodeling complexes at the HIR-dependent histone genes has been previously reported to be dependent on the Hir proteins [22,23]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:There are now several papers (for instance [12, 3, 4, 5, 6]) with bounds polynomial in the number of variables concerning the quadratic case. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Here, we rely on the freely available implementation of the Haar face detector that ships with the OpenCV library [3]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:aureus according to conventional methods, including Gram staining, colony morphology, hemolysis, catalase and tube coagulase test, as well as 16S rRNA, coa and nuc gene sequence analysis, as described [6, 10]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:We adopted the Th.o.m.a.s., an interview aimed at an articulated exploration of ToM (Bosco et al., 2009a; Castellino et al., 2011) and an advanced ToM test, namely the Strange Stories test (Happé et al., 1999), aiming to provide a complete assessment of such complex cognitive ability. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:We used lipid/biomass ratios and tissue thickness as measures of coral health at the time of collection [25,44]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Furthermore, curcumin has been shown to be a potent immunomodulatory agent that can modulate the activation of T cells, B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells (Allam 2009). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The manifold assumption states that input samples with equal class labels are located on manifolds or subspaces, respectively, of the input space (Belkin et al. (2006), Bilenko et al. (2004)). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:An example of the OR request model is a read request for a replicated data object, where reading any copy of the data satisfies the request [16]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The NE turnover rate is calculated as the product of k times the endogenous concentration of NE at time 0 (1). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:9 for a normalized kinetic energy of = 12 ( p= Y)v 2 0 = 0:2, corresponding to the Berkeley experiments wherein a steel ball impacts Ti–6Al–4V at v0 = 300 m=s (Peters et al., 2000, 2002; Boyce et al., 2001b). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:1b), such as triglycerides, sphingomyelins and phosphatidylcholines, encompassing many lipids associated with risk for developing type II diabetes (Floegel et al. 2012; Rhee et al. 2011). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:fast growing and nutrient sensitive) bacteria in seawater recruiting to the mucus matrix and increasing rapidly in abundance (Allers et al. 2008). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The median operative time in our study was 82 minutes for LA, which is relatively longer than that reported by other studies.[20-22] This Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The importance of reliable M-shell Fe DR data has also been shown by the analyses of recent Chandra and XMM AGN spectra. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Minimizing the first two terms of equation 6.7, which are 7 This mechanism was proposed in Amari (1977) and Pouget and Zhang (1997). of order 1, determines that the stable state is on the line attractor. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:(1986) using 5S rDNA probes obtained by PCR from Prochilodus genomic DNA using the primers A (5_-TACGCCCGATCTCG TCCGATC-3_) and B (5_-CAGGCTGGTATGGCCGTAAGC-3_) (Pendás et al., 1994). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Online retrieval for SNP genotype information from NCBI using SNP ID and gene input is similar to the function described in the SNP-Flankplus [17] and SNP ID-info [18]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The factors associated with the increased rate of anastomotic dehiscence are: atherosclerosis, anemia, low anastomosis site, diabetes, advanced age, bowel perforation or obstruction, and total mesorectal excision (TME) [6, 9]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:A modified version of the ”Maze Game”, devised by Garrod and Anderson (1987) was developed. This task creates a recurrent need for pairs of participants to produce location descriptions. These descriptions can be reliably classified into four broad categories (see below). Alignment of the category of description used by participants can then be used as an index of semantic coordination (Garrod and Anderson, 1987; Garrod and Doherty, 1994). To support turn-level experimental manipulations of the dialogues the chat-tool technique described by Healey, Purver, King, Ginzburg, and Mills (2003) was used. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:RAG-mediated cleavage of oligonucleotide substrates, PCR-generated long DNA fragments, or plasmid DNA was analyzed using an in vitro cleavage assay described previously [24]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Given the statistical advantages to using age- and sex-specific BMI Z-scores (Must & Anderson, 2006), we chose to test hypotheses using BMI Z-scores as the dependent variable. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:00D between the right and left eyes.[8,14,18] Although photorefraction is not able to accurately determine refractive measurements in eyes with myopia>7. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The high-resolution crystal structures of AChBP–neonicotinoid complexes with IMI and THIA reported here, and in earlier findings for an EPIoccupied AChBP crystal structure (4) and its nicotinic agonist relatives (11), are generally consistent with the results of photoaffinity labeling in a physiological condition with 5-azido-6chloropyridin-3-yl IMI, THIA, and EPI probes (12–14). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Little is known about the ranges at which toothed whales detect prey in the wild (Au et al. 2004, Madsen et al. 2004), but the extensive studies on trained delphinids in target detection experiments may offer a useful framework to estimate the range at which a squid of known TS can be detected. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Other sources of MF and SB input to the GCD are the lateral reticular nucleus, the pontine nuclei and inferior olive (Weinberg and Rustioni, 1987; Zhou and Shore, 2004; Ryugo et al., 2003), as well as the contralateral CN (Zhou et al., 2010). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:[17] described that lower gestational age had more chance of colonization, but in contrast to their findings, we found that gestational age was not significant for colonization. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Expression values for PIF3 were calculated using the equation 2-ΔΔCt, and 18S rRNA served as the control (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001; Pfaffl, 2001). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Parameters are chosen as in Abeler et al. (2010) such that higher effort by agents is always socially efficient, but principals and agents have immediate material incentives to free-ride and avoid the cost of paying high wages or effort costs, respectively. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Although standard economic models based on the idea of utility maximization take more choice to be unambiguously welfare-enhancing, scholars have argued that availability and use of certain products can in reality be detrimental to the society (Crane et al., 2014; Karnani, 2007). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:These results seem to contradict previous findings indicating that alcohol-related harm is closely related to prices on distilled spirits [7-12]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:…and Sieving 1995; Frishman et al. 1996), but during rod vision, neural adaptation is apparent at light intensities too low to cause adaptation of rod phototransduction (Barlow and Levick 1969; Enroth-Cugell and Shapley 1973; Frishman and Sieving 1995; Naarendorp et al. 2001; Saszik et al. 2002). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:In studies examining dose–response relationships between knee-straining work activities and degenerative knee disorders, retrospective exposure assessment has usually been based on self-reports (Felson et al. 1991; Vingard et al. 1991; Coggon et al. 2000; Sandmark et al. 2000; Seidler et al. 2008; Muraki et al. 2009; Klussmann et al. 2010). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:In addition, there are continued new developments in lowcost, light-weight, and long-duration UAVs (Lucieer et al. 2014). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:In this experiment, we also use the 10-fold cross validation, and we also use the F-score, AUROC, and RPBEP performance measures. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Longini et al. (2004) used values that were similar to these estimates in a stochastic simulation model of pandemic influenza to show that the targeted use of oseltamivir in close contact groups could slow the transmission of influenza on the community level. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The values of the free parameters mij ∈ [0, 2], bij ∈ [0, 1], and aij ∈ [−2, 2] are searched to find a betterperformed fuzzy predictor. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:These results support those of Good et al. (2001) who also found that, compared with men, adult women had higher WM density bilaterally within the internal capsule. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The Newman index of degree assortativity (Newman 2002) is equal to 0.24 implying that highly intra-collaborative researchers moderately tend to be directly connected among themselves. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The process capture was facilitated by considering a modelling case study based on the development of a model for a field campaign that took place in Tasmania, SOAPEX [4]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:To control for access to other home- and community-based services (HCBS), at the market level, defined by county boundaries, I controlled for home care capacity using the number of home health agencies per 1,000 people aged 65+ in the county (Hahn et al., 2011). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:…multiple genes interact with psycho-socio-cultural factors in determining an individual’s overall liability to develop these disorders [Dick and Foroud, 2003; Higuchi et al., 2006], genetic factors alone may account for up to 50–60% of the variance in the population [Tyndale, 2003; McGue, 1999]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:But concurrently, Amazon competes with Apple on the device layer with its own Kindle eBook readers and tablets [57]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Elsewhere, I demonstrate that non-breeders avoid becoming actual competitors for reproduction, and thereby avoid eviction, by modifying their growth and remaining small (Buston 2003b). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:These values are consistent with previous studies (Akiyama et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2009; Wilson et al. 2011). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Finally, our results indicate that sustainability planning focused on securing additional funds and aligning the program with the implementing organization is a key predictor of sustainability across program types, thus supporting sustainability theory (Johnson et al. 2004) and previous empirical work with this sample (Tibbits et al. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:…813 ± 82 831 ± 55 a aa, amino acids. b Based on within-vertebrate divergence times. c Based on animal–fungus divergence times. invertebrate divergence time is more reliable than theirs, because mitochondrial genes they used are not evolving in a clocklike fashion in vertebrates (Nikoh et al. 1997). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Also in data centric storage (DCS) [24, 27, 42, 56], the election of storage nodes may not be possible if the hashed location for a certain event is within certain holes. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:…a 15-mm sphere functional ROI for dorsal pons [2 30 32] was derived from previous work demonstrating its sensitivity to first order representations of bodily state (Critchley et al., 2001), implicating it in anger processing (Damasio et al., 2000) and core aspects of emotion (Damasio, 2010). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:In barley roots, using GGT inhibitors in association with the thiol oxidizing molecule diamide resulted in a net glutathione extrusion and accumulation in the extracellularmedium (Ferretti et al., 2009). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:A number of studies have delineated in DAFC-66D the 320bp Amplification Control Element on the third chromosome, ACE3, required for high levels of amplification (Figure 3C) (de Cicco and Spradling, 1984; Delidakis and Kafatos, 1989; Orr-Weaver et al., 1989; Orr-Weaver and Spradling, 1986). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:To fulfill these functions, Hsp90 interacts with its cofactors and cochaperones including Hsp70, immunophilins, and p23, to form the Hsp90based chaperone complex.(1,2) Natural compounds such as geldanamycin and radicicol bind the ATP-binding pocket of Hsp90, and disrupt its chaperone function. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Our extensive sampling of the first exon of bindin over the entire species range has confirmed the finding of McCartney and Lessios (2004) from Panamanian populations that selection is acting on this molecule in E. lucunter. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:In Igf2mutantmice, nutrient transporters are initially upregulated when there is first evidence of maldevelopment of the interhaemal compartment in the placental labyrinth layer (Constância et al. 2002; Sibley et al. 2004). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:an XX/XY or ZZ/ZW system, respectively), individuals of the heterogametic sex possess sexspecific genomic regions for which sex-specific molecular genetic markers can be developed (Gamble 2016; Griffiths and Tiwari 1993). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Antibiotic production is perceived to provide a fitness benefit to the producer by inhibiting the growth of competing microbes (Williams and Vickers, 1986; Firn and Jones, 2000; Davelos et al., 2004a). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:previously hypothesized that disturbance in the pseudoautosomal regions may disrupt pairing of the sex chromosomes during meiosis [13]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:In the Pascal VOC Part dataset [3], we used four parts for the bird category. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The other potential source of discrepancy in the results between the two studies is the experimental task – in the study of Todd et al. (2004) the subjects had to specify the position of the local extrema of the depth function on a single scan line while in the present experiment the subjects had… Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:We consider as unknown true system the half-load model of the flexible transmission system used as a benchmark in a special issue of the European Journal of Control (Landau et al., 1995b). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Exercise has been recommended for the prescription but the exact intensity of physical activity is still unclear (Duschek and Schandry, 2007). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Our results agree with previous 19 reports showing that a single exposure to dexamethasone rapidly stimulated Sgk1 mRNA in cell cultures (Wang et al., 2007) and that a single injection of DEX in vivo resulted in increased Fkbp5 mRNA in mice (Scharf et al., 2011). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:…of the most abundant synaptic proteins, Ca2+/calmodulindependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), is concentrated at postsynaptic densities (PSDs) in spines (Kennedy et al., 1983), along with downstream substrates, including NMDA receptors (NMDA-Rs) and AMPA-receptors (AMPA-Rs) (Yoshimura et al., 2000). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:We use Minimum Error Rate Training (MERT) [17] for tuning the lambda values for all systems, and we report results in terms of BLEU score [18] on lowercased output with tokenized punctuation. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Concerning age, other studies that included dogs treated with trilostane or mitotane have reported similar results.(33,35) In contrast, age was not reported to be associated with survival in another study that included dogs treated with trilostane, and our results are consistent with theirs. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:…or slightly improved discrimination even when comparing our results to the subset of studies that used a GRS constructed with a similar set of SNPs (Brautbar et al., 2012; Hughes et al., 2012; Thanassoulis et al., 2012; Ganna et al., 2013; Thanassoulis et al., 2013; Tikkanen et al., 2013). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:While our objective, the symmetric difference, is similar to the one used in k-effector [21], our novel formulation does not require the knowledge of the number of infection sources k. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:It is to be noted that the theories for SNRe and CNRe (Varghese and Ophir 1997R, 1998) provide upper bounds on the corresponding values and, therefore, the simulation and experimental results are expected to be lower than the theoretical values. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Metaanalysis was undertaken using the meta command in PLINK [19] in the entire samples and in a sample limited to individuals treated with a serotonergic antidepressant. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The techniques used in this field [3], [4], [5] have to do with agent-based models and simulations. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The polydispersity value of 3.9 observed for the two-stage, OS7 derived lignin (Table 5) was relatively high when compared to previously reported values (Pan et al., 2006b). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Previously, we reported that HMGA1 is a novel target of ATM following DNA damage (Pentimalli et al., 2008). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:1986) and used to determine ptDNA copy number (Oldenburg and Bendich 2004; Zheng et al. 2011). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:17Recently, Davidsson & Sibbertsen (2002) introduced a model which nests the Error Duration model of Parke (1999). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Consistent with previous reports that acute in vitro exposure of brain slices to kynurenine enhances KYNA synthesis (Turski et al., 1989; Gramsbergen et al., 1997; Scharfman et al., 1999), incubation of rat hippocampal slices with 200 M kynurenine led to a continuous de novo synthesis of endogenous… Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Moreover, canids are the only known eutherian mammals to carry a Prdm9 which has acquired disruptive mutations (Mu~ noz-Fuentes et al. 2011; Ponting 2011; Axelsson et al. 2012) (a marsupial, the opossum Monodelphis domestica, has a Prdm9 which lacks zinc fingers; Ponting 2011). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The low level of Cd can be attributed to its continuous removal by leafy green plants grown in the designated areas (Yadav et al. 2013). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:…but moderately correlated with reaction time interpretation bias, suggesting that the two measures assess separate but related processes (Amir et al. 2012; Beard and Amir 2009).1 Given the intriguing but somewhat contradictory findings of these preliminary WSAP studies, we sought to… Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:In a third cross-sectional study of 680 elderly men in the US, long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution was associated with lower Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores as well as with lower global cognitive function (Power et al. 2011). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Such results may point out that ROS might be the major mechanism of the nanoHA– ZnO granules’ antibacterial effect, which is in good agreement with other reports [10, 28]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Other clinical scales used were the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) [34], the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) [72], the severity subscale of the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) [25], the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) [19], and the Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) [10]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Several practical, environmental, and biochemical characteristics of EOs make them a potential alternative for insect pest management [3,4]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:This is important because organisms seldom follow a single optimal path [43], and because redundant connections help to ensure continued connectivity in the face of unpredictable environmental changes [15]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Cells were analysed on a FACScan device (Becton Dickinson) as described previously (Hu et al., 2004). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Executive functioning or meta-cognition was examined using either the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive FunctionParent (BRIEF) [Gioia et al., 2000] or the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Adult Version (BRIEF-A) [Roth et al., 2005]. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:For the formal definition of safety an areaS was introduced in (Rüdiger et al., 2007a) and further discussed in (Rüdiger et al., 2007b), which leads to catastrophic consequences when left. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The conditions of the incubation reactions as well as the concentration of the substrate reaction probes utilized were established based on previous CYP450 inhibition studies by our group in human liver microsomes [20–24]. Category:

method

Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:[8,18] These signs as well as others could be used to help develop a diagnostic algorithm, as proposed by Nguena et al, to help clinicians identify OSSN and know when to appropriately refer for more specialized care.[8] Tumor depth could also provide a simple clinical measure to use in order to differentiate between high risk OSSN and benign lesions. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:The first experimental contribution to unravelling the molecular mechanism of CRISPR processing came from Escherichia coli studies (Brouns et al., 2008). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Generation of overlays to compare molecular shape and charge distribution with a known ligand In addition to property and pharmacophore-based filtering, Screenlamp invokes the ROCS [10] software to generate 3D molecular overlays to evaluate similarity in volumetric and chemistry (or “color” [69]). Category:

method

Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:This fact agrees with our previous data, which showed that ATP production after UV treatment is attributable to the metabolism of the DNA degradation products [2]. Category:

method

Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:This suggests a generalized reinforcement rule that is still in the class of EWA [12, 18] approaches: Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:In addition, I followed the approach pioneered by Brownlee et al. (1969) and Novotny et al. (1986, 1990b) and compiled examples of differences in composition between secretions (in the broadest sense, i.e. including urine, faeces, breath etc.) from different categories of mammal, (for example,… Category:

method

Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:A number of studies have been published recently, which analyze the location, orientation, and identity ofmacromolecular complexes, based on the outcome of template-matching (Brandt et al., 2009; Ortiz et al., 2010). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:…it has been recognized that Tertiary Neogene tectonic and palaeogeographical reorganization have also been important drivers of the origin of Neotropical (Pennington et al. 2004; Hoorn et al. 2010; Rull 2011) and temperate biodiversity (Quiroga & Premoli 2010; S ersic et al. 2011) in South America. Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:1998), to provide great £exibility in testing evolutionary hypotheses (Huelsenbeck & Rannala 1997), and simply to give excellent results in the inference of evolutionary relationships (Kuhner & Felsenstein 1994; Huelsenbeck 1995). Constraints imposed by computational complexity are becoming less restrictive as computers improve. Given the recognition of phylogenetic inference as being inherently statistical in nature, it is surprising that so little attention has been paid to experimental design. A number of topics of relevance to experimental design in phylogenetics have been discussed previously. There is something of a folklore surrounding the choice of genes or other genomic regions for investigating particular evolutionary questions, but almost no published quantitative results. It is widely accepted that sequences that have undergone very little evolutionary change since their divergence from a common ancestor, through low substitution rates or short evolutionary times, will exhibit too few di¡erences to contain useful evolutionary information. Equally, sequences that have undergone very large amounts of change (high rates or long times) become `saturated' with changes and no evolutionary signal is detectable amid the noise. Consequently, a happy medium is expected at some intermediate level of sequence divergence, but the àsymptotic' results (for extreme high and low levels of divergence) give no clue as to where this lies. Although there is considerable experience with particular genes and organisms (see Hillis et al. (1996, pp. 336^339) for an extensive list of studies), where comparisons among genes have been made they tend to be evaluated empirically by the congruence of the results obtained among themselves and with researchers'a priori expectations. In addition, a large laboratory e¡ort is needed before even these qualitative conclusions can be reached. The methods introduced in this paper can quantify the e¡ects of varying levels of divergence. They con¢rm the belief that intermediate levels of sequence divergence are most useful, and are able to give estimates of optimal levels of divergence. The necessary analyses can be done before any data are collected. The only other method for assessing which genomic regions are likely to be most useful in phylogenetic questions is that of Yang (1998). This uses simulation to estimate probabilities of successful tree-topology inference. The approach may be extremely time-consuming for realistic problems. The choice of taxa to include in phylogenetic studies has also rarely been discussed. Li et al. (1987) considered the e¡ects of adding outgroup taxa, and Ritland & Clegg (1990) and Maddison et al. Category:

method

Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:Measurements of pH and pepsin in the refluxate thus provide information helpful to an understanding of the pathophysiology in these patients (17, 23, 39). Category:

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Evaluate the collective function of references cited together in a given text segment. Classify their combined role into one of the following categories: 'method', 'background', or 'result'. Text:In addition to expression in the fetus, Igf2 is expressed by the placenta (Constância et al. 2002) and mice lacking the placenta-specific Igf2 transcript show IUGRaswell as placentas that are small and have altered nutrient transport (Constância et al. Category:

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