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As your personal Realtor, I will focus on your complete satisfaction. I am fully committed to meeting your real estate needs. Whether it''s finding the right home, or helping you get the most out of selling your home, I am happy to help. I will listen to your needs and will work hard to meet them. I believe communication is key in meeting your goals and building our relationship.
Please use my Website, www.StacySchwenk.com to find a wide range of information, including Local Services, finding a lender, finding a home, or learning how to prepare your home for sale. If I can be of service, please feel free to contact me at [email protected], or call 269-503-0204. Visit me on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/StacySchwenkREMAX/ and Like my Page!Giving Back:In addition to many local donations, I donate to Children's Miracle Network each time I sell a home. This money stays in Michigan to help local children's hospitals.
My Success Depends on the Satisfaction of My Clients and Customers. My satisfied clients are my best resource for new business. In this very competitive business of real estate, service makes the difference. If you are considering a real estate professional, please give me the opportunity to earn your business as well. I am confident you will be very happy! I am a college graduate, and have my Bachelor''s Degree in Business Administration. I grew up in the Leonidas/Colon area.Professional Designations: |
Ca2+- and voltage-dependent K+ conductance in dispersed parathyroid cells.
The membrane ionic conductances of dispersed parathyroid cells kept in primary culture were studied using the "whole-cell" and "inside-out excised patch" variants of the patch-clamp technique. The major component of the total current was a voltage-dependent outward K+ current without an appreciable inward current. The amplitude of the K+ current was markedly reduced when free internal Ca2+ was buffered by addition of 10 mM EGTA. Recordings of single-channel current in excised membrane patches revealed the presence of K+ channels with large unitary conductance (200 pS in symmetrical 130 mM K+ solutions) which were also activated by depolarization when internal Ca2+ concentration was about 10(-5)-10(-6) M. At any membrane voltage these channels were closed most of the time at internal Ca2+ concentrations lower than 10(-10) M. These results demonstrate the existence of a Ca2+- and voltage-dependent K+ permeability in parathyroid cells which may participate in the unusual membrane potential changes induced by alterations of external Ca2+ and, possibly, in the regulation of parathormone secretion. |
Philip Evans (headmaster)
Dr Ian Philip Evans OBE FRSC (born 1948) is a British educationalist and a former Headmaster of Bedford School.
Biography
Born on 2 May 1948 and educated in North Wales at Ruabon Boys Grammar school, Dr Philip Evans read Natural Sciences at Churchill College, Cambridge and obtained a doctorate in inorganic chemistry from Imperial College London, working in the laboratory of Professor Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson. He taught chemistry at St Paul's School, London and, in 1991, he was appointed as Headmaster of Bedford School, a position which he held until the summer of 2008. He was also appointed as a government advisor on education, from which post he retired in 1999, and was subsequently awarded an OBE for his work. He is currently an appointed member of the council of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Publications
I. P. Evans, A. Spencer, & G. Wilkinson "Dichlorotetrakis(dimethyl sulfoxide)ruthenium(II) and its use as a source material for new ruthenium(II) complexes" Jrnl. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. (1973) 204-209
References
[[Category:Welsh schoolteachers]
Category:Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
Category:Living people
Category:1948 births
Category:Alumni of Imperial College London
Category:Headmasters of Bedford School
Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry |
/(-6)*2*9/132
-2/11
(3/3)/(43/(-172))
-4
What is (-3)/1*-1*1?
3
Evaluate (-3)/((60/(-16))/5).
4
Calculate ((-14)/(-35))/(3/3*2).
1/5
Evaluate (-1)/(((-112)/21)/(-8)).
-3/2
Evaluate ((-8)/(-40))/(-1*1).
-1/5
Evaluate ((-6)/(-1))/(2/(-4)*-4).
3
Calculate (1*5/(-1))/(-1).
5
(385/10)/(-11)*24/(-14)
6
What is the value of (-238)/119*(-2)/(-12)?
-1/3
1/((-5)/(-4))*(-2)/(-4)
2/5
What is 6/((315/(-6))/(-5))?
4/7
What is 12/14*(-28)/(-16)?
3/2
Calculate 3*2*(-1)/3.
-2
(((-48)/54)/4)/((-8)/6)
1/6
Evaluate 2*(-5)/30*3.
-1
Calculate ((-1)/((-2)/(-4)))/((-28)/56).
4
Calculate 4/(40/(-10))*0/1.
0
What is the value of (3*4/(-6))/11?
-2/11
What is the value of ((150/(-8))/(-15))/((-1)/(-4))?
5
What is the value of 1*1*-3*1/3?
-1
Evaluate (3/2)/((-228)/304).
-2
Evaluate ((-1)/34)/(2/(-24)*3).
2/17
Evaluate (6/120*5)/((-40)/32).
-1/5
(-15)/21*(-14)/(-35)*2
-4/7
Calculate (5/((-100)/15))/(-3*1).
1/4
What is (-3)/((-9)/30*(-285)/3)?
-2/19
What is the value of ((-3)/(-7))/((-39)/(-182))?
2
((-721)/206)/(7/(-12))
6
What is the value of (10/135)/(6/18)?
2/9
15*((-70)/(-21))/(-10)
-5
What is the value of 2*4*((-182)/13)/(-112)?
1
(1/(-3))/(7/(-14))
2/3
Calculate (-7)/(63/(-3))*3/4.
1/4
What is 4*(-6)/(-312)*2?
2/13
What is 12/(-408)*-17*-2*8?
-8
(-1)/(-4)*24*26/(-195)
-4/5
What is 24/(-24)*1/1?
-1
What is 1890/(-180)*12/(-14)?
9
What is the value of (-30)/300*(-2)/(-3)*-15?
1
What is the value of (-4)/27*(-75)/(-50)?
-2/9
What is the value of (24/96)/(2/(-2))?
-1/4
Evaluate (-1)/(-1)*(-24)/180.
-2/15
Evaluate 4/(-126)*-6*-3.
-4/7
What is the value of (10/50)/((-6)/(-5))?
1/6
What is 54/(-4)*(-6)/(-72)*8?
-9
((-2)/(-9))/(2/(-27)*-6)
1/2
What is 2*(-15)/10*14/(-6)?
7
Evaluate -1*(-10)/(-4)*(-54)/(-45).
-3
224/28*(-1)/4
-2
What is 14/(-7)*(-15)/(-30)?
-1
Evaluate (-6)/12*-8*6/204.
2/17
5/(-15)*-2*3/(-6)
-1/3
9/((-882)/35)*(-8)/10
2/7
Evaluate (1/((-4)/(-12)))/((-1)/(-1)).
3
What is the value of ((-2)/(-10))/((-776)/485)?
-1/8
Evaluate ((-1)/10*2)/(52/390).
-3/2
What is (-9*(-8)/144)/((-5)/(-6))?
3/5
What is (-11)/(((-84)/(-14))/6)?
-11
(1/(-39))/(((-1659)/(-126))/79)
-2/13
What is the value of (-4)/6*3*(-1)/13?
2/13
(-216)/(-90)*(-15)/(-4)
9
What is ((-14)/(-5))/((-3)/(135/(-18)))?
7
Calculate 126/84*4/(-6)*-7.
7
Calculate (-35)/(-14)*18/(-15).
-3
What is (2/10)/(((-72)/(-10))/9)?
1/4
Evaluate (24/(-40))/(((-9)/(-6))/1).
-2/5
What is the value of (-45)/(-18)*((-72)/(-15))/3?
4
Evaluate ((-8)/16)/(6/84).
-7
What is (-9)/((-27)/6)*(-21)/6?
-7
20/30*(-6)/8*2
-1
(-30)/(-12)*(-52)/195
-2/3
What is -5*((-12)/(-3))/(-20)?
1
(((-12)/(-9))/((-2)/(-9)))/3
2
What is (-30)/(-5)*(-16)/48?
-2
Evaluate ((99/11)/(-54))/(1/(-8)).
4/3
(-1)/(4/(40/5))
-2
Evaluate ((-65)/(-130))/(-1*(-10)/(-4)).
-1/5
8*-1*5/8
-5
What is the value of (8/(-12))/((-238)/51)?
1/7
((-132)/154)/(3/9*3)
-6/7
Calculate (4/40)/(-4*(-6)/(-60)).
-1/4
What is (-63)/(-105)*(-30)/(-2)?
9
Evaluate 4/5*6/(-12).
-2/5
6/14*(-2)/24*-4
1/7
Evaluate ((-20)/18)/(9/((-81)/6)).
5/3
What is 6/(-4)*(-24)/18?
2
What is ((-84)/90)/(-14)*-3?
-1/5
What is the value of (-1)/((-1)/(-24)*-3*-2)?
-4
What is 0/(((-210)/(-10))/7)?
0
(-141)/(-470)*15/(-12)
-3/8
((-1)/(-36)*6)/(-1)
-1/6
What is the value of (-16)/24*7/35?
-2/15
What is ((-12)/(-8))/((-5)/(-50)*3)?
5
((-4)/10)/(5/(-5)*2)
1/5
Calculate (152/(-57))/((-5)/((-60)/8)).
-4
What is the value of ((-66)/693)/(6/7)?
-1/9
Calculate -1*-5*15/(-25).
-3
Calculate (182/(-26))/(7/(-2)).
2
((-6)/(-30))/((-1)/5)
-1
(-8)/2*5/(300/(-6))
2/5
Evaluate ((-1)/((-18)/9)*-2)/(-1).
1
20/(-40)*(-8)/78*-3
-2/13
4/(-30)*45/9
-2/3
(-18)/(-12)*42/(-9)
-7
Evaluate ((-8)/28)/(2*(-1)/8).
8/7
Evaluate -2*(-3)/(-4)*(-20)/(-15).
-2
Evaluate (1*16/(-4))/((-9)/18).
8
((-12)/(-72))/((-3)/9)
-1/2
(-5)/70*-2*2
2/7
Calculate 1*(48/(-160))/(3/(-2)).
1/5
What is (((-3)/(-2))/(63/168))/10?
2/5
Evaluate ((-1)/(-2))/((-3)/12).
-2
Calculate (4/(-12))/((3/36)/1).
-4
Evaluate 4/(-8)*-5*(-6)/30.
-1/2
(-6)/18*0/(-6)
0
((6/(-3))/(2/(-4)))/2
2
Evaluate (-1)/2*8/(-2).
2
Evaluate 4/(-8)*-6*3/9.
1
Evaluate ((-27)/72)/(1*4/16).
-3/2
-1*(-12)/(-3)*-1
4
Calculate ((4/(-2))/2)/((-33)/165).
5
Evaluate 10/((-240)/3)*2.
-1/4
Calculate ((-72)/60)/((-2)/10).
6
Calculate 9/54*-7*-6.
7
What is 12/8*(-8)/30?
-2/5
Calculate (-8)/(-12)*279/434.
3/7
((-11)/(165/(-10)))/((-4)/24)
-4
Calculate ((-24)/16)/(-3*4/(-24)).
-3
1/(-6)*(-15)/20*10
5/4
What is the value of (10*10/200)/((-2)/3)?
-3/4
Calculate 36/(-3)*(-5)/15.
4
What is 6/(-5)*(-200)/120?
2
What is (48/66)/((-20)/110)?
-4
What is the value of (49/28)/(((-9)/12)/(-3))?
7
What is 0/(-3*(-24)/18)?
0
Calculate (-29)/(-29)*0/(1/1).
0
What is the value of 20/(-12)*(-2)/(15*2)?
1/9
What is the value of 5/((-70)/(-6))*1?
3/7
What is the value of 15/(-12)*2*-2?
5
Calculate ((-8)/(-48))/((-1)/((-18)/4)).
3/4
Calculate -2*7/14*(-5)/1.
5
(-1*4)/(70/(-15)*3)
2/7
What is the value of (-14)/(-24)*(-111)/(-518)?
1/8
Calculate (2/20*-2)/(9/(-27)).
3/5
What is the value of ((-10)/8)/1*324/(-81)?
5
What is the value of ((-2)/(-4))/((-7)/56)?
-4
18/162*(-6)/(-1)
2/3
Evaluate 70/7*(-2)/(-24).
5/6
1/(-6)*120/(-110)
2/11
Calculate ((119/14)/(-17))/(1/2).
-1
What is the value of ((576/(-84))/12)/((-4)/(-2))?
-2/7
48/36*((-21)/(-2))/(-7)
-2
What is -2*4/(-48)*3*6?
3
Evaluate (-6*1/2)/(-3).
1
Calculate (2/(-22))/(178/(-712)).
4/11
Calculate (-3)/((-4)/(8/2)).
3
4/(-1)*111/148
-3
What is (1*-1)/(((-25)/(-5))/(-5))?
1
Evaluate (-6)/(12/16*4/2).
-4
Evaluate (-30)/(-2)*(-132)/330.
-6
What is (0*(-3)/(-9))/(2*-1)?
0
Evaluate (-1375)/110*4/(-10).
5
What is 1/(-50)*-5*4/1?
2/5
What is the value of 55/(-11)*4/10?
-2
Calculate (0/(28/7))/1.
0
Evaluate (3/3*-1)/(-2).
1/2
What is ((-18)/(-3)*-1)/(6/(-4))?
4
What is the value of (0/1)/(-4*5/(-20))?
0
What is the value of (-3)/2*20/45*-3?
2
What is 2/((48/20)/(-6))?
-5
4*3/(-6)*6/4
-3
Calculate ((-2)/(-42)*3)/(-1).
-1/7
(-2)/8*2*-10
5
What is the value of (((-2)/3)/(-1))/(2/12)?
4
Evaluate 32/(-48)*2/34*-3.
2/17
Calculate (-1)/(-2)*(-20)/5.
-2
Calculate (1/3)/((-28)/(-24)).
2/7
Evaluate (-90)/60*(-8)/(-18).
-2/3
Calculate ((-60)/(-8))/((-63)/84).
-10
Calculate (((-4)/2)/(-6))/((-20)/(-24)).
2/5
((-1)/5*-1)/((-117)/(-65))
1/9
What is the value of ((-9)/((-135)/(-24)))/((-6)/15)?
4
What is the value of ((-25)/(-225))/(2/18*-3)?
-1/3
What is 8/20*10/6?
2/3
Calculate 2/(-8)*12*1.
-3
5/(-3)*(-5)/5
5/3
What is ((-390)/(-520))/(9/(-2))?
-1/6
2/((-6)/3*7)
-1/7
Calculate 3*4/4*(-1)/1.
-3
(27/((-135)/2))/((-9)/(-5))
-2/9
What is the value of ((-16)/52)/4*(-6)/3?
2/13
What is the value of ((-192)/(-120))/(2/5)?
4
Evaluate (-7)/2*(-20)/(-35).
-2
Evaluate 44/33*(-9)/(-15).
4/5
What is the value of 45/(-39)*12/(-30)?
6/13
Calculate 0/6*2/4.
0
Calculate ((-84)/98)/((-2)/(-21)*-3).
3
What is the value of (6/(-3*1))/((-300)/30)?
1/5
What is 2/4*((-100)/(-1))/(-10)?
-5
Calculate (-4)/(-2)*6/12.
1
(-36)/2*(-20)/(400/10)
9
Calculate (6/(-108))/((-3)/12).
2/9
Calculate -21*(80/(-15))/16.
7
Evaluate 6*4/(-540)*3.
-2/15
2*(10/(-44))/(-5)
1/11
((-4)/10)/(1*(-4)/(-20))
-2
(24/(-21))/(3/(-21))
8
Evaluate ((4/25)/(-2))/(222/370).
-2/15
Calculate (-2)/8*(-3)/6*-2.
-1/4
Calculate ((-1)/4)/(-6*14/112).
1/3
What is (-3*(-12)/(-162))/(-2)?
1/9
(17/((-34)/(-24)))/(-2)
-6
What is the value of (-3)/((26/65)/(16/60))?
-2
What is the value of ((-20)/(-25))/((-3)/15)?
-4
What is the value of 12/240*16/(-6)?
-2/15
Evaluate (9/12)/(4/32).
6
Calculate (1/1*-2)/(13/(-26)).
4
Calculate (-10)/(-8)*(-20)/45*-9.
5
Evaluate (0/(-1))/(26/26).
0
Evaluate ((-4)/(-5))/(-16*(-12)/(-480)).
-2
Calculate 2*3*10/(-15).
-4
Calculate (5/((-30)/27))/((-135)/180).
6
4/16*-3*(-3)/18
1/8
Calculate (12/14)/((-69)/(-322)).
4
Calculate 3/(12*(-10)/(-40)).
1
Calculate (2/(-5))/(7/7).
-2/5
Evaluate ((-1)/(-12))/(38/(-114)).
-1/4
What is 9*((-6)/(-75))/((-18)/(-15))?
3/5
-1*1*(-44)/(-44)
-1
What is the value of 8/4*5/240*-4?
-1/6
What is the value of ((-1)/9)/(1/6)?
-2/3
What is 1/(12/16)*6/(-52)?
-2/13
Evaluate 1*-1*(-26)/78.
1/3
Evaluate (-16)/(-10)*(-385)/(-308).
2
Evaluate (6/2)/(-6)*0/(-7).
0
Evaluate (8/42*3)/((-2)/(-2)).
4/7
Evaluate ((-3)/(-4)*-4)/((-9)/15).
5
Evaluate -5*-3*3/27*-3.
-5
(1*2)/(((-90)/5)/(-6))
2/3
What is 2/(63/(35/5))*-9?
-2
Calculate ((-3)/(-5))/((2/2)/5).
3
What is the value of (18/(-2))/(189/(-42))?
2
4/14*-3*(-35)/(- |
You are here:
Yes I'm a newb to the Turnkey Linux thing, as well as EC2. All I'm trying to do is open up a different port to run a virtual host. I've added port 85 to the EC2 security group, and added an accept rule to the Linux Firewall for port 85 coming from any address. I've also created a virtual host that responds to any inbound address on port 85. However, the connection is getting refused.
Since multiple things could be going wrong, it's best to try and diagnose the issue by progressing incrementally. By default the firewall is disabled so unless you enabled it, that shouldn't be an issue which leaves the web server and the EC2 security groups.
Test the EC2 security groups first. Use netcat to listen on port 85 and then make sure you can connect to it remotely. If that doesn't work (and you don't have a firewall up) you know it's the EC2 group. |
Marginal improvement in Assam situation
Last updated on: November 21, 2003 13:13 IST
An uneasy calm prevails in Assam with no major incident of violence reported overnight while curfew in worst-hit Tinsukia town was relaxed for two hours from 11.30 a.m. to enable people to buy essential commodities.
Official sources in Guwahati said the fear of reprisal continues to stalk some residents of Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, Dhubri, Bongaigaon and Nalbari towns. In Nalbari, curfew was suspended for 10 hours from 6 am.
The curfew in Tinsukia and Dibrugarh districts has hit train services. The districts have a sizeable Bihari population but many opted to leave the state and made a beeline for railway stations.
Dibrugarh district Deputy Commissioner N Verma told PTI that the dusk-to-dawn curfew was clamped from 5 pm to 5 am in the oil town of Duliajan, the fertiliser town of Namrup, Tengakhat, Tingkhong and Moran to prevent any fresh outbreak of violence.
Prohibitory orders under Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code continued to remain in force in Bihari-dominated areas in Dibrugarh district. |
Q:
How do I move JQuery draggable element without mouse
Is there a different way of JQuery draggable element moving?
Think yourself as a spammer.
A:
it should not be such a big deal, only calling the correct sequence of: .mousedown(), .mousemove() and .mouseup()
as the official documentation says (http://api.jquery.com/mousedown/):
Bind an event handler to the "mousedown" JavaScript event, or trigger that event on an element.
the same is true for the other two jquery function descriptions
|
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Headache is the commonest neurological disorder in the community with variable intensity, ranging from a trivial nuisance to a severe, disabling, acute or chronic disorder, and may impose a substantial burden on sufferers and on society \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\]. It is one of the commonest reasons for visiting the neurology clinics worldwide \[[@CR3]--[@CR5]\], exerting significant burden on its sufferers and impairing daily function especially when accompanied by other symptoms, hence adversely affecting quality of life \[[@CR6]\]. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 1.7 -- 4% of the adult population of the world have headaches on 15 or more days every month \[[@CR7]\] and a lifetime prevalence of more than 90% has been attributed to headache disorders in most populations of the world \[[@CR8]\].
It is known that Africans have a higher threshold for pain and may not present to the clinic just for an 'ordinary headache' \[[@CR9]\]. Local experiences show that patients suffering from other chronic neurological disorders present very late to doctors and sometimes never do so \[[@CR9]\]. Chronic headaches produce individual and societal burdens, the former referring to its effect on family, social and recreational activities and the latter referring to effects on healthcare cost (direct costs) and work and function (indirect costs), including absenteeism and reduced effectiveness \[[@CR10]\].
There is limited data for headache prevalence in Africa. In 2004, the 1-year prevalence of headache from a door-to-door survey of rural south Tanzania was 23.1% (18.8% males and 26.4% females) \[[@CR11]\]. Getahu and colleagues in Ethiopia found a 1-year prevalence rate of 73.2% \[[@CR12]\]. A 1992 study from Ibadan, South West Nigeria, found the crude life-time prevalence for at least one episode of headache to be 51% \[[@CR13]\].
In Nigeria, there is a paucity of data on the national prevalence and burden of chronic headaches \[[@CR14]\] despite the fact that it is the commonest presenting neurological disorder in the authors' environment \[[@CR1], [@CR3]\], and therefore the possibility that a big headache problem exists in Nigeria. There are also no known studies of the prevalence and characterization of headache among Nigerian healthcare workers or healthcare workers in South East Nigeria hence the relevance of this study.
Aim of the study {#Sec2}
----------------
The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the frequency and pattern of headaches among a population of healthcare workers in a tertiary health institution located in South East Nigeria.
Methods {#Sec3}
=======
This was an epidemiological sampling-based study (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}) using a semi-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was pre-tested in another health facility at Nsukka (a local government area similar to the study area) for content validity. English language was used to reduce cross- cultural misinterpretations and wrong understanding of terms.Figure 1**Flow chart of research activities.**
The questionnaire was self- administered to all various cadres of health workers in medical unit of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, a tertiary health institution located in Enugu, South- East Nigeria, over a 3- month period from September -- November 2013, selected by simple random method out of the various units in the hospital e.g. surgical, medical, laboratory, physiotherapy, nutrition, administrative, laundry, transport, security, and medical record. Within these are various cadres of hospital staff: physicians, nurses, pharmacists and cleaners. Out of a total of 141 only 133 gave consent and hence were studied, giving a response rate of 94.3%. To ascertain the overall prevalence of headache, subjects were asked if they have ever had a headache within the previous six months and to note any association. They were to rate the severity of headache based on a scale of mild, moderate and severe. The impact of these severe headaches on the daily activity and the number of days they occur in a month were recorded. The character of the pain, location, duration, and the total numbers of times in the 6 months preceding the date of administering the questionnaire were also noted.
Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16 was used in statistical analysis. Comparison of multiplex groups was carried out with One Way ANOVA test. On the other hand comparison of two distinct groups was carried out with student t test. Chi-square test (and/or Fisher's exact test) was used in analysis of categorical variables. The results were revealed as mean ± SD. P value \<0.05 was interpreted as statistically meaningful. Ethical approval was obtained from the hospital ethics committee.
Results {#Sec4}
=======
Of the 2,450 hospital employees (450 medical doctors, 630 nurses, 50 pharmacists, and 1320 laboratory and administrative staff), 141 were selected using simple random method from the employment register and eventually only 133 health workers (71 males and 62 females) gave informed consent and were studied (response rate 94.3%). More of the respondents were males (53.4%) and most were within the 25 - 34 years age group (46.6%). Most of the workers had worked for only ≤5 years (72.9%). Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} illustrates.Table 1**Demographic distribution and work experience of health workers**VariableFrequencyPercent***Sex***Male7153.4Female6246.6Total133100.0***Age Group***15 -- 24139.825 -- 346246.635 -- 443627.145 -- 541511.355 -- 6464.565 and above10.7Total133100.0***Number of years worked***1 -- 59772.96 -- 101813.511 -- 1575.316 -- 2043.021 -- 2553.826 -- 3021.5Total133100.0
The prevalence of headache in the past 6 months was 88.0% (among males the prevalence was 87.3% while in females it was 88.7%). There was no significant difference observed between the sexes (p = 0.806). In both sexes, primary headaches were more prevalent (71.0% in males and 76.4% in females). There was also no significant difference in the prevalence of the primary headaches among the sexes (p = 0.509). See Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}.Table 2**Prevalence of headache among the health workers**General prevalence of headache in the past 6 monthsVariablesFrequencyPercentHeadache present11788.0Headache absent1612.0**Sex prevalence of headache**Male (%)Female (%)Headache present62 (87.3)55 (88.7)Headache absent9 (12.7)7 (11.3)Total71 (100.0)62 (100.0)χ^2^ = 0.060; P value = 0.806Type of headachePrimary44 (71.0)42 (76.4)\*Secondary18 (29.0)13 (23.6)Total62 (100.0)55 (100.0)χ^2^ = 0.436; P value = 0.509\*Secondary headache is headache with a definitive and identifiable cause found for it i.e. those with pre-existing conditions that may cause the headache e.g. hypertension, cervical spondylosis, refractive error, sleep apnoea, malaria and other febrile conditions \[[@CR15]\].
Most respondents reported ≤5 episodes of headache in the last 6 months (74.4%) and these were typically of short-lasting durations, \<60 minutes (44.4%). There was no observed periodicity to the headaches in 57.3% of cases (see Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). Most of the headaches were not located in any particular part of the head or side-locked (71.7%); were described as mildly severe in 59.8% of cases while 88.0% of respondents did not suffer any sleep disruption. The headaches were often not significantly disabling (73.4%) and in 93.2% of respondents did not lead to absenteeism or affect productivity at work (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}).Table 3**Characterization of the headaches**Variable/CharacteristicsFrequency (N =117)Percent***Number of episodes in past 6 months***1 -- 58774.46 -- 102521.411 -- 1532.616 -- 2021.6**Usual duration of headaches**Seconds1916.2Minutes5244.4Hours3630.9Days108.5***Usual time of day of the headache***Morning1815.4Afternoon1512.8Night1311.1Continuous43.4No particular time6757.3***Is the headache becoming stronger, last longer or occur more frequent?***Yes2218.8No9581.2**What is the commonest nature of the headache?**Throbbing/exploding4336.8Sharp43.4Tightness54.3Dull65.1Aching2420.5Pressure in head3227.3Grinding32.6Table 4**Usual location and severity of the headache*Usual Location of headache***FrequencyPercentLeft side32.6Forehead97.7Around the head/ill-defined119.4Right side21.7Both Temples21.7Top of the head10.9Neck21.7Back of head32.6No particular side8471.7***Severity of headache***Mild7059.8Moderate4538.5severe21.7***Is the headache strong enough to wake you from sleep?***Yes1412.0No10388.0***Effect of headache on daily activities***No significant disability1613.7Mild disability8673.4Moderate32.6Severe disability1210.3***Headache --related work absenteeism or reduced productivity?***Yes86.8No10993.2
Stress (35.0%) and head trauma/illness/infection (18.8%) were the commonest predisposing conditions to the headache (Table [5](#Tab5){ref-type="table"}). Refractive errors were present in 16.2% of respondents with headaches. In 25.6% there were headache prodromes and these included irritability (10.3%) and fatigue (5.1%). During the headaches, associated symptoms occurred in 30.8% of respondents and these included nasal congestion, redness of eyes, sinusitis or allergies (26.5%) as depicted in Table [6](#Tab6){ref-type="table"}. In most cases, there was no known family history of migraines or other chronic headaches (Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}).Table 5**Predisposing conditions to the headache**Factors preceding the headacheFrequency (N =117)PercentAccident, illness or infection2218.8Odours54.3Fatigue3429.1School21.7Hunger1714.5Noise43.4Stress4135.0Exercise10.9Family problem21.7Menstrual flow21.7Lack of sleep86.8Hot weather21.7None4941.9**Existing chronic medical conditions that may cause headache**Hypertension108.5Cervical spondylosis32.6Refractive errors1916.2Diabetes mellitus21.7Sleep apnoea10.9None9782.9Note that some respondents filled more than one option.Table 6**Headache prodromes and other features associated with the headaches**Frequency (N =117)Percent***Presence of warning signs before headache***Yes3025.6No8774.4***Warning signs***Pallor10.9Mood swing65.1Irritability1210.3Dizziness32.6Tired/sleepy65.1Rings around the eyes10.9Hyperactivity10.9Eye problems21.7None10488.9Other symptoms associated with the headaches***Presence of other symptoms during the headaches***Yes3630.8No8169.2Nasal congestion, redness of eyes, sinusitis or allergies associated with the headache3126.5Nausea.21.7Stomach pain97.7Vomiting10.9Confusion32.6Numbness in arms and legs65.1Diarrhoea10.9Dropping of the eyes10.9Fever1210.3Note that some respondents filled more than one option.Figure 2**Family member with history of headaches, migraines, sick headaches, motion sickness or had trouble taking birth control pills because of headaches.**
Management of headache was varied among respondents. In most cases (47.9%) no intervention was required. However in other instances, investigations (11.1%) and eye checks (7.7%) were done. The over-the counter- available analgesic, paracetamol, (83.8%) was the commonest treatment received (Table [7](#Tab7){ref-type="table"}).Table 7**Management received for the last headache episode**Management actionsFrequency (N =117)Percent*Headache was managed by --*Health worker1916.2Self4235.9No treatment received5647.9*A. Investigations done*Laboratory1311.1Eye check97.7*B. Treatment received*Anti-malaria76.0Ergotamine10.9Food10.9Ibuprofen54.3Other NSAIDs\*21.7Paracetamol9883.8Tramadol (narcotic analgesic)10.9Eye glasses were prescribed1613.7Relaxation10.9*Other actions that relieve the headaches*Cold compress1311.1Eating2017.1Massage32.6Moving around32.6Relaxation4740.2Sleep3126.5Vomiting10.9Others10.9\*NSAIDs = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.Note that some respondents filled more than one option.
The health workers' ages did not significantly affect both the presence and treatment of headache (p = 0.483 and 0.293 respectively) but significantly affected the type of headache (p = 0.005) i.e. whether it was primary or secondary headache (Table [8](#Tab8){ref-type="table"}). Years of working in the hospital did not significantly affect the prevalence of headache (P = 0.123), type of headache (P = 0.423) or treatment of the headaches (P = 0.535) as shown in Table [9](#Tab9){ref-type="table"}. There was no correlation between the number of headache episodes and the number of years worked in the hospital \[Pearson Correlation (r) = - 0.066\] or age of the health worker \[r = 0.001\].Table 8**Age group and management of headache**Age group in yearsVariables15 -2425 - 3435 - 4445 - 5455 - 64≤ 65***Presence of headache***Yes12(92.3)53(85.5)34(94.4)13(86.7)4(66.7)1(100.0)No1(7.7)9(14.5)2(5.6)2(23.3)2(33.3)0(0.0)Total13 (100.0)62(100.0)36(100.0)15(100.0)6(100.0)1(100.0)Likelihood-ratio χ^2^ = 4.480; P value = 0.483***Type of headache***Primary7(58.3)45(84.9)27(79.4)6(46.2)1(33.3)0(0.0)Secondary5(41.7)8(15.1)7(20.6)7(53.8)3(66.7)1(100.0)Total12(100.0)53(100.0)34(100.0)13(100.0)4(100.0)1(100.0)Likelihood-ratio χ^2^ = 16.995; P value = 0.005 (significant)***Treatment of headache***Other health worker10(83.3)33(62.3)18(52.9)10(76.9)3(66.7)1(100.0)Self2(16.7)20(37.7)16(47.1)3(23.1)1(33.3)0(0.0)Total12(100.0)53(100.0)34(100.0)13(100.0)4(100.0)1(100.0)Likelihood-ratio χ^2^ = 6.135; P value = 0.293Table 9**Number of years worked in the hospital and management of headache**Number of years worked in the hospitalVariables1 - 1011 - 2021 - 30***Presence of headache***Yes101(87.8)11(100.0)5(71.4)No14(12.2)0(0.0)2(28.6)Total115(100.0)11(100.0)7(100.0)Likelihood-ratio χ^2^ = 4.199; P value =0.123***Type of headache***Primary75(65.2)8(72.7)3(42.9)Secondary40(34.8)3(27.3)4(57.1)Total115(100.0)11(100.0)7(100.0)Likelihood-ratio χ^2^ = 1.719; P value = 0.423***Treatment of headache***Other health worker78(67.8)7(63.6)6(85.7)Self37(32.2)4(36.4)1(14.3)Total115(100.0)11(100.0)7(100.0)Likelihood-ratio χ^2^ = 1.250; P value = 0.535
Discussion {#Sec5}
==========
Headache is the commonest presenting neurological disorder in most communities and clinical settings worldwide \[[@CR2], [@CR12]\]. Studies from Nigeria, including Enugu, also support this \[[@CR1], [@CR3], [@CR13]\]. The prevalence of headache in health care workers has been variously reported from Western countries \[[@CR16], [@CR17]\] but there is a paucity of similar data from Nigeria and Africa. There was an inability to assess headaches as distinctly experienced in the various cadres of hospital workers and it was also not possible in this study to ascertain distinct headache entities and their roles. Other limitations of this study were its small sample size, the possibility of recall bias arising from patients' answers to occurrences of headaches in the past 6 months, and use of a 3-point pain scale instead of the 10-point Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) which has greater scale refinement and discrimination power. VAS has been noted to be a valid instrument for measurement of pain intensity in patients with headaches \[[@CR18]\].
A prevalence of 88.0% was obtained for headaches amongst the hospital workers, with slightly higher rates in females than males. Though the study periods vary, the figure compares favourably with the rate of 84.4% obtained amongst from health workers in the United States \[[@CR16]\] but is significantly higher than the 54.7% and 27.1% prevalence rates obtained from Italian and Turkish health workers respectively \[[@CR16], [@CR19]\]. A survey of headache in Ethiopian textile workers found a prevalence of 73% \[[@CR12]\]. The headache prevalence of 88% for hospital workers in this study compares favourably with the 88.3% prevalence found in a study of medical students in the same locality \[[@CR20]\]. The prevalence is also higher than the community prevalence rates of 51% and 23.1% seen in Ibadan, South West Nigeria and rural south Tanzania respectively \[[@CR11], [@CR13]\]. It is possible that the different figures may reflect a combination of environmental challenges, durations of study and varied survey instruments used.
It is well noted that females tend to have higher rates for headache prevalence across cultures and continents \[[@CR1], [@CR3], [@CR12], [@CR16], [@CR17], [@CR19]\] and while this seemed to be the case in our study, the difference was not statistically significant. Reasons adduced for the higher female prevalence include the influence of oestrogens and progesterone on headaches after menarche and the greater propensity for females to seek medical attention for headaches \[[@CR21]\].
Most of our subjects had probable primary headaches although no further attempts were made in this study to distinguish between the various different types (which include the trigeminal associated cephalalgias (TACs), migraine and tension- type headaches). Headaches were of short duration (\<60 minutes) and were not side --locked in most instances unlike the longer duration (\>6 hours) migraine headaches noted in the Turkish study \[[@CR19]\]. Migraine headache prevalence rate is uniformly low across much of Africa but was found to be significantly high in a cohort of textile mill workers in Ethiopia \[[@CR12], [@CR22]\].
Stress, probably related to challenges in the work environment, played the greatest role (35.0%) in this study and this reflected in the calming role attributed to relaxation techniques utilized by the health workers (40.2%) to manage their headaches. Besides life and work stress, personality traits such as aggression, anger and type A behaviour are factors that may aggravate stress and are frequently found in headache patients but were not sought for in this study \[[@CR22]--[@CR24]\].
There was no significant association or correlation found between the prevalence of headaches and years of working experience in this study. Non-pharmacological treatment was suitable for almost half of respondents (47.9%) while the over-the --counter medicine, paracetamol, was the most utilised drug treatment. This finding is essentially similar to that of health workers with headaches in the Unites States but contrasts with the use of NSAIDs in a Turkey study \[[@CR17], [@CR19]\]. Despite working in a health facility, self-medication was commonly practised (35.9%) but this was even more significant among Turkish health workers (54.6%) \[[@CR19]\].
The low rate of medical consultation for headache in hospital workers is of interest. In this study centre, headache ranks low among the disorders seen at both the Pain Clinic and Neurology Clinic accounting for only 2.7% of all neurological cases seen in the latter and 9^th^ of the top 10 disorders encountered \[[@CR3]\]. Some reasons adduced for the low rate of presentations to clinics for headaches as well as low rates of success in headache treatment amongst Africans include underdiagnoses or misdiagnoses due to lack of adequate knowledge by healthcare professionals, headache sufferers being ignorant of effective prophylaxis and treatment, perception of headaches as a trivial problem, and great tolerance to pain \[[@CR25]--[@CR29]\]. Other reasons include poor healthcare facilities \[[@CR30]\], low economic power \[[@CR25]\], gender/child discrimination \[[@CR28]\], and unavailability of effective medication \[[@CR28], [@CR29]\]. The authors are of the opinion that African patients' preference for/reliance on non-drug options (complementary and alternative medicine, CAM) \[[@CR25], [@CR28], [@CR30]\] for pain relief may also be contributory.
Of important economic interest is the rarity of absenteeism from work or loss of productive time as reported in this study. These factors are important because many headache sufferers are at the peak of their work-productive life \[[@CR26]\]. Employers may lose an average of 12 days per year because of an employee headache syndrome \[[@CR27]\]. The authors relate reason for the rarity of work absenteeism and loss of productive time to the majority of headaches being of a mild nature with low disabling rates. A similar negligible rate of absenteeism was the outcome among Italian health workers with headache \[[@CR16]\].
Conclusion {#Sec6}
==========
This preliminary study has revealed headaches to be common in this community of healthcare workers. However, the seemingly low effect of headache on health workers productivity in this study, despite its high prevalence rate and contrary to views \[[@CR28]\] from other African studies, is of notable relief in a developing economy like Nigeria where health indicators are unimpressive and medical services still face huge challenges. In addition, presentation to Pain or Neurology clinic for headache disorders by respondents in this study has been shown to be low, demonstrating the need for increased and continuous health awareness on headache disorders as well as enhanced occupational health services in Nigerian hospitals. By the findings of this work, the authors encourage more robust studies on headache disorders among healthcare workers in African countries with a view to informing better practice decisions and reducing the global headache burden.
**Competing interest**
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
**Authors' contributions**
TO and IO conceptualised the study; TO, IO, EA, BE, OE and EO designed the questionnaire and collected data; TO, EA and IO analysed the data; all authors participated in drafting the manuscript; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors are grateful to Dr. Ada Shirley for her co-operation with data collection.
**Declaration**
This study was not supported by a grant.
|
Jalalabad, Ardabil
Jalalabad (, also Romanized as Jalālābād) is a village in Shal Rural District, Shahrud District, Khalkhal County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 82, in 14 families.
References
Category:Towns and villages in Khalkhal County |
Phospholipid spherules (liposomes) as a model for biological membranes.
This review describes the properties of artificial spherules composed of phospholipids and various long-chain anions or cations. The lipids, which are in the liquid-crystal state, trap aqueous solutes such as cations, anions, glucose, or glycine in aqueous compartments between a series of lipid bilayers. The diffusion of these solutes from the spherules can be studied in the same way that diffusion across biological membranes is studied. The spherules exhibit many of the properties of natural membrane-bounded structures: they are capable of ion-discrimination, osmotic swelling, and response to a variety of physiologic and pharmacologic agents. These agents (steroids, drugs, toxins, antibiotics) accelerate or retard diffusion of ions or molecules from the spherules in a way that qualitatively mimics their action on erythrocytes, lysosomes, or mitochondria. Thus the spherules constitute a valuable model system with which to study the properties of biological membranes that may be dependent on their lipid components. |
Low-maintenance management: using a simple classification to rate employees' productivity and support requirements.
Employees vary in their productivity and their need for guidance, support, and other inputs that may be called "maintenance." This article provides a guide to classifying your team members by a gross ratio of perceived managerial inputs to productivity outputs. It also gives some approaches to understanding your own reactions and dealing with the needs of each group. |
Menu
The Freedom of Choice
In every moment we have a choice. The freedom to choose our actions that create our day, month and year all adding up to the life we are creating for ourself. Even if you think are not choosing, you are. No decision is a decision. The choices we make either support our goals and the life we truly want to live or they are taking us further away. Our choices cause us to feel great pleasure in our life or they are creating pain and suffering. Without focusing on the past too much, reflect back on the last couple of days, the last week or even the last month. What choices have you made that led you to where you are or allowed you to stay stagnant with no growth at all? What do you want to accomplish? How do you want to feel? If you’re not sure what choices you have made, then just look at your actions.
If you want to lose weight and you choose to not work out or eat fast food, than the choices you are making do not support your goal. Every time you look in the mirror and see no progress you create pain and suffering for yourself. If you want a new job, but you don’t update your résumé, network or apply for jobs, than your choices are not supporting your goal and everyday when you go to work at a job you don’t want to be at, you create pain and suffering for yourself. If you are unhappily in a relationship and you choose to complain to everyone around you, rather than communicating to your partner to see how they feel, make an effort to improve your relationship by working on you or decide to end the relationship, than you create pain and suffering for yourself and your partner. How about anytime you need to drive somewhere you have never been and are unfamiliar with. If your goal is to arrive at your destination, you can choose to put the address into the navigation on your phone, print out directions, use a map, or you could just get in the car and drive, hoping that you get there. Which choice will allow you to arrive at your destination? Which choice do you think will give you more pleasure than pain?
You can take this formula and apply it to any part of your life. The formula to feeling pleasure is not complicated, but it’s also very easy to feel pain and suffering. So you have a choice, what do you want to feel, pleasure or pain? Choice is a decision to take action or not.Tony Robbins said, “A real decision is measured by the fact that you’ve taken a new action. If there is no action, you haven’t truly decided.” So whatever your goals are, whatever life you want to create for yourself, the first thing you have to do is choose to take actions that will support your goal so you can ultimately feel more pleasure and less pain. |
Portasystemic shunt fraction quantification using transrectal administration of iodine-123 iodoamphetamine in dogs with chronic bile duct ligation and after propranolol administration.
Following transrectal administration, 123I iodoamphetamine (IMP) has been shown in both animal and patient studies to be capable of detecting the presence of portasystemic shunting (PSS). However, the ability of this method to actually quantitate PSS in the presence of cirrhosis and propranolol has not been demonstrated. We studied nine dogs with hitologically proven cirrhosis induced by chronic bile duct ligation. After intravenous injection of propranolol, PSS were measured with both the IMP method and the standard of portal vein infusion of 99mTc macroaggregated albumin (MAA) given through a mesenteric vein catheter. Based on linear regression, a close relationship was seen, given by the equation: MAA = IMP 0.9 + 0.035, with correlation coefficient of 0.99. Thus, in dogs with cirrhosis secondary to chronic bile duct ligation and after propranolol administration, PSS can be quantitated with the transrectal IMP method. |
Effects of intestinal bacteria on the development of colonic neoplasm II. Changes in the immunological environment.
To study the effects of intestinal bacteria on the development of colonic neoplasm, we have established gnotobiotic mice with a single species of intestinal bacteria. In the previous study, the incidence of colonic adenoma induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in the gnotobiotic mice with Lactobacillus acidophilus, gnotobiotic mice with Escherichia coli and germ-free mice were 30, 50 and 74%, respectively. In this study, 7-week-old mice in each group were sacrificed without the administration of DMH to examine the constituents of immuno-competent cells in various mouse organs using flow cytometry. In the gnotobiotic mice, CD3 intermediate interleukin (IL)-2Rbeta positive cells were observed predominantly in the liver. In the gnotobiotic mice with L. acidophilus, Mac-1 positive Gr-1 positive cells were observed predominantly in the colonic lamina propria. The activation of extrathymic T cells in the liver and granulocytes in the colonic mucosa may be related to anti-neoplastic effects of L. acidophilus in this experimental model. |
Roosevelt High School (Roosevelt, New York)
Roosevelt High School is a four-year public high school located in Roosevelt as part of the Roosevelt School District, serving students in grades 9 through 12. It is located in the hamlet of Roosevelt in the Town of Hempstead, Nassau County, New York, U.S. After years of failing test scores, Roosevelt High School is the first high school in New York to be taken over by the state.
As of the 2014-15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 964 students and 56.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 17.0:1. There were 247 students (25.6% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 46 (4.8% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
Academics
Roosevelt High School has a grading and promotion policy. In order for a student to be admitted to the ninth grade, a student must pass 3 of the 4 major subject areas each year:
English
Mathematics
Science
Social Studies
The student can fail no more than the equivalent of 1 credit in
minor subjects each year (i.e. Technology 1/2 credit, Home Career 1/2 credit, etc.)
To be promoted from grade 9 to 10, a student must earn 4 units of credit.
These units must include: 1 in English and 1 in Social Studies. To be promoted from grade 10 to grade 11, a student must have earned 9 units of credit. These units must include: 2 units in English, 2 units in Social Studies, 1 unit in Mathematics, 1 unit in Science.
A student must receive a minimum grade of 70 in order to advance.
Demographics
The student body in the 2007-2008 school year consisted of:
2 American Indian or Alaska Native students or 0% of the student body
615 Black or African American students or 77% of the student body
181 Hispanic or Latino students or 23% of the student body
1 Asian or Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander students or 0% of the student body
0 White students or 0% of the student body
0 Multiracial students or 0% of the student body
Notable alumni
Notable Roosevelt Junior-Senior High School alumni include:
Chuck D, political activist and member of the hip hop group Public Enemy.
Eddie Murphy, comedian and actor.
Julius Erving, otherwise known as "Dr. J", member of the Basketball Hall of Fame who played for the Philadelphia 76ers until his retirement.
Howard Stern, radio personality.
Gabriel Casseus, Actor (New Jersey Drive, Fallen, Their Eyes Were Watching God), Writer & Producer (Takers).
Melvyn M. Sobel, James V. Petrungaro and David D. Weinberg, Members of the Long Island Rock & Roll Band known as The Ravens, popular from 1965-1969.
References
External links
Great Schools Web site information on Roosevelt High School
Category:Public high schools in New York (state)
Category:Schools in Nassau County, New York
Category:Educational institutions established in 1956 |
---
abstract: 'Let $(R,{\mathfrak{m}})$ be a complete Noetherian local ring and let $M$ be a finite $R$–module of positive Krull dimension $n$. It is shown that any subset $T$ of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$ can be expressed as the set of attached primes of the top local cohomology module ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)$ for some ideal ${\mathfrak{a}}$ of $R$. Moreover if ${\mathfrak{a}}$ is an ideal of $R$ such that the set of attached primes of ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)$ is a non–empty proper subset of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$, then ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)\cong{\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{b}}(M)$ for some ideal ${\mathfrak{b}}$ of $R$ with ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R (R/{\mathfrak{b}})=1$.'
address:
- |
Mohammad T. Dibaei\
Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran, and Institute for Theoretical Physics and Mathematics (IPM), Tehran, Iran.
- |
Raheleh Jafari\
Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
author:
- 'Mohammad T. Dibaei'
- Raheleh Jafari
title: |
Top local cohomology modules\
with specified attached primes
---
Introduction
============
Throughout $(R,{\mathfrak{m}})$ is a commutative Noetherian local ring with maximal ideal ${\mathfrak{m}}$, $M$ is a non-zero finite (i.e. finitely generated) $R$–module with positive Krull dimension $n:={\mbox{dim}\,}_R(M)$ and ${\mathfrak{a}}$ denotes an ideal of $R$. Recall that for an $R$–module $N$, a prime ideal ${\mathfrak{p}}$ of $R$ is said to be an [*attached prime*]{} of $N$, if ${\mathfrak{p}}={\mbox{Ann}\,}_R(N/K)$ for some submodule $K$ of $N$ (see [@MS]). The set of attached primes of $N$ is denoted by ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R(N)$. If $N$ is an Artinian $R$–module so that $N$ admits a reduced secondary representation $N=N_1+\cdots+N_r$ such that $N_i$ is ${\mathfrak{p}}_i$–secondary, $i=1,\ldots,r$, then ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R(N)=\{{\mathfrak{p}}_1,\ldots,{\mathfrak{p}}_r\}$ is a finite set.
Denote by ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)$ the $n$th right derived functor of $$\Gamma_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)=\{x\in M|\, {\mathfrak{a}}^rx=0 \ \mbox{for some positive
integer} \ r \}$$ applied to $M$. It is well-known that ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)$ is an Artinian module. Macdonald and Sharp, in [@MS], studied ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{m}}(M)$ and showed that ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{m}}(M))= {\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$ where ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M):=\{{\mathfrak{p}}\in
{\mbox{Ass}\,}_R(M)|\, {\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/{\mathfrak{p}})=n\}$. It is shown in [@DY1 Theorem A], that for any arbitrary ideal ${\mathfrak{a}}$ of $R$, ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M))=\{{\mathfrak{p}}\in{\mbox{Ass}\,}_R(M)|\, {\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(R/{\mathfrak{p}})\neq 0\}$ which is a subset of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$. In [@DY2], the structure of ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)$ is studied by the first author and Yassemi and they showed that, in case $R$ is complete, for any pair of ideals ${\mathfrak{a}}$ and ${\mathfrak{b}}$ of $R$, if ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M))={\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{b}}(M))$, then ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M) \cong {\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{b}}(M)$. They also raised the following question in [@DY3 Question 2.9] which is the main object of this paper.
[**Question.**]{} For any subset $T$ of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$, is there an ideal ${\mathfrak{a}}$ of $R$ such that ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)) = T$?
This paper provides a positive answer for this question in the case $R$ is complete.
Main Result
===========
In this section we assume that $R$ is complete with respect to the ${\mathfrak{m}}$–adic topology. As mentioned above, ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{m}}(M)) =
{\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$ and ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_R(M)) = \emptyset$ is the empty set. Also ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)) \subseteq {\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$ for all ideals ${\mathfrak{a}}$ of $R$. Our aim is to show that as ${\mathfrak{a}}$ varies over ideals of $R$, the set ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M))$ takes all possible subsets of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$ (see Theorem 2.8). In the following results we always assume that $T$ is a non–empty proper subset of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$
In our first result we find a characterization for a subset of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R (M)$ to be the set of attached primes of the top local cohomology of $M$ with respect to an ideal ${\mathfrak{a}}$.
Assume that $n:={\mbox{dim}\,}_R(M)\geq 1$ and that $T$ is a proper non-empty subset of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$. Set ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)\setminus
T=\{{\mathfrak{q}}_1,\ldots,{\mathfrak{q}}_r\}$. The following statements are equivalent.
1. There exists an ideal ${\mathfrak{a}}$ of $R$ such that ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M))=T$.
2. For each $i,\,1\leq i\leq r$, there exists $Q_i\in {\mbox{Supp}\,}_R(M)$ with ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/Q_i)=1$ such that $$\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T}{\bigcap}{\mathfrak{p}}\nsubseteq Q_i \quad \mbox{and}
\quad {\mathfrak{q}}_i\subseteq Q_i.$$
With $Q_i,\, 1\leq i\leq r$, as above, ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M))=T$ where ${\mathfrak{a}}=\bigcap\limits_{i=1}^rQ_i$.
$(i)\Rightarrow (ii)$. By [@DY1 Theorem A], ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(R/{\mathfrak{p}})\neq 0$ for all ${\mathfrak{p}}\in T$, that is ${\mathfrak{a}}+{\mathfrak{p}}$ is ${\mathfrak{m}}$–primary for all ${\mathfrak{p}}\in T$ (by [Lichtenbaum-Hartshorne Theorem]{}). On the other hand, for $1\leq i\leq r, {\mathfrak{q}}_i\notin T$ which is equivalent to say that ${\mathfrak{a}}+{\mathfrak{q}}_i$ is not an ${\mathfrak{m}}$–primary ideal. Hence there exists a prime ideal $Q_i\in {\mbox{Supp}\,}_R(M)$ such that ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/Q_i)=1$ and ${\mathfrak{a}}+{\mathfrak{q}}_i\subseteq Q_i$. It follows that $\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in
T}{\bigcap}{\mathfrak{p}}\nsubseteq Q_i$.\
$(ii)\Rightarrow (i)$. Set ${\mathfrak{a}}:=\bigcap\limits_{i=1}^rQ_i$. For each $i, 1\leq i\leq r$, ${\mathfrak{a}}+{\mathfrak{q}}_i\subseteq Q_i$ implies that ${\mathfrak{a}}+{\mathfrak{q}}_i$ is not ${\mathfrak{m}}$–primary and so ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(R/{\mathfrak{q}}_i)= 0$. Thus ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R{\mbox{H}\, }_{\mathfrak{a}}^n(M)\subseteq T$. Assume ${\mathfrak{p}}\in T$ and $Q\in
{\mbox{Supp}\,}(M)$ such that ${\mathfrak{a}}+{\mathfrak{p}}\subseteq Q$. Then $Q_i\subseteq Q$ for some $i, 1\leq i\leq r$. Since ${\mathfrak{p}}\nsubseteq Q_i$, we have $Q_i\neq
Q$, so $Q={\mathfrak{m}}$. Hence ${\mathfrak{a}}+ {\mathfrak{p}}$ is ${\mathfrak{m}}$–primary ideal. Now, by [Lichtenbaum-Hartshorne Theorem]{}, and by [@DY1 Theorem A], it follows that ${\mathfrak{p}}\in{\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M))$.
If ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)\not=o$ then there is an ideal ${\mathfrak{b}}$ of $R$ such that ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/{\mathfrak{b}})\leq 1$ and ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)\cong{\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{b}}(M)$.
If ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M))= {\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$, then ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)=
{\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{m}}(M)$. Otherwise $n\geq 1$ and ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M))$ is a proper subset of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$. Set ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)\setminus
{\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)):=\{{\mathfrak{q}}_1, \cdots, {\mathfrak{q}}_r\}$. By Proposition 2.1, there are $Q_i\in {\mbox{Supp}\,}_R(M)$ with ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/Q_i)= 1, \ i=1, \cdots,
r$, such that ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M))= {\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{b}}(M))$ with ${\mathfrak{b}}= {\bigcap\limits_{i=1}^rQ_i}$. Now, by [@DY2 Theorem 1.6], we have ${\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M)\cong {\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{b}}(M)$. As ${\mbox{dim}\,}(R/{\mathfrak{b}})= 1$, the proof is complete.
If ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R(M)=1$ then any subset $T$ of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$ is equal to the set ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^1_{\mathfrak{a}}(M))$ for some ideal ${\mathfrak{a}}$ of $R$.
With notations as in Proposition 2.1, we take $Q_i={\mathfrak{q}}_i$ for $i=1,\cdots, r$.
By a straightforward argument one may notice that the condition “complete" is superficial, for if $T$ is a non–empty proper subset of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$, then $T={\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^1_{\mathfrak{a}}(M))$, where ${\mathfrak{a}}=\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in{\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)\setminus T}{\cap}{\mathfrak{p}}$.
The following is an example to Proposition 2.1.
Set $R=k[[X,Y,Z,W]]$, where $k$ is a field and $X,Y,Z,W$ are independent indeterminates. Then $R$ is a complete Noetherian local ring with maximal ideal ${\mathfrak{m}}=(X,Y,Z,W)$. Consider prime ideals $${\mathfrak{p}}_1=(X,Y) \quad , \quad {\mathfrak{p}}_2=(Z,W)\quad , \quad {\mathfrak{p}}_3=(Y,Z)
\quad , \quad {\mathfrak{p}}_4=(X,W)$$ and set $\displaystyle
M=\frac{R}{{\mathfrak{p}}_1{\mathfrak{p}}_2{\mathfrak{p}}_3{\mathfrak{p}}_4}$ as an $R$–module, so that we have ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)=\{{\mathfrak{p}}_1,{\mathfrak{p}}_2,{\mathfrak{p}}_3,{\mathfrak{p}}_4\}$ and ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R(M)=2$. We get $\{{\mathfrak{p}}_i\}={\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^2_{{\mathfrak{a}}_i}(M))$, where ${\mathfrak{a}}_1={\mathfrak{p}}_2,
{\mathfrak{a}}_2={\mathfrak{p}}_1, {\mathfrak{a}}_3={\mathfrak{p}}_4, {\mathfrak{a}}_4={\mathfrak{p}}_3$, and $\{{\mathfrak{p}}_i,{\mathfrak{p}}_j\}={\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^2_{{\mathfrak{a}}_{ij}}(M))$, where $$\begin{array}{l}
{\mathfrak{a}}_{12}=(Y^2+YZ,Z^2+YZ,X^2+XW,W^2+WX),\\
{\mathfrak{a}}_{34}=(Z^2+ZW,X^2+YX,Y^2+YX,W^2+WZ),\\
{\mathfrak{a}}_{13}=(Z^2+XZ,W^2+WY,X^2+XZ),\\
{\mathfrak{a}}_{14}=(W^2+WY,Z^2+ZY,Y^2+YW),\\
{\mathfrak{a}}_{23}=(X^2+XZ,Y^2+WY,W^2+ZW),\\
{\mathfrak{a}}_{24}=(X^2+XZ,Y^2+WY,Z^2+ZW).\\
\end{array}$$ Finally, we have $\{{\mathfrak{p}}_i,{\mathfrak{p}}_j,{\mathfrak{p}}_k\}={\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^2_{{\mathfrak{a}}_{ijk}}(M))$, where ${\mathfrak{a}}_{123}=(X,W,Y+Z)$, ${\mathfrak{a}}_{234}=(X,Y,W+Z)$, ${\mathfrak{a}}_{134}=(Z,W,Y+X)$.\
Assume that $n:={\mbox{dim}\,}_R(M)\geq 2$, and that $T$ is a non-empty subset of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$ such that $\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T}{\bigcap} {\mathfrak{p}}\nsubseteq \underset
{{\mathfrak{q}}\in {\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(R/\sum\limits_{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T'}{\mathfrak{p}})}{\bigcap} {\mathfrak{q}}$, where $T'={\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)\setminus T$. Then there exists a prime ideal $Q\in {\mbox{Supp}\,}_R(M)$ with ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/Q)=1$ and ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_Q(M))=T.$
Set $s:={\mbox{ht}\,}_M(\sum\limits_{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T'}{\mathfrak{p}})$. We have $s\leq n-1$, otherwise ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(R/\sum\limits_{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T'}{\mathfrak{p}})= \{{\mathfrak{m}}\}$ which contradicts the condition $\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T}{\bigcap} {\mathfrak{p}}\nsubseteq \underset
{{\mathfrak{q}}\in {\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(R/\sum\limits_{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T'}{\mathfrak{p}})}{\bigcap} {\mathfrak{q}}$. As $R$ is catenary, we have ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/\sum\limits_{{\mathfrak{p}}\in
T'}{\mathfrak{p}})=n-s$. We first prove, by induction on $j$, $0\leq j\leq
n-s-1$, that there exists a chain of prime ideals $Q_0 \subset Q_1
\subset \cdots \subset Q_j \subset {\mathfrak{m}}$ such that $Q_0\in{\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(R/\sum\limits_{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T'}{\mathfrak{p}})$, ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/Q_j)=n-s-j$ and $\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T}{\bigcap}{\mathfrak{p}}\nsubseteq Q_j$. There is $Q_0\in{\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(R/\sum\limits_{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T'}{\mathfrak{p}})$ such that $\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T}{\bigcap}{\mathfrak{p}}\nsubseteq Q_0$. Note that ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/Q_0)={\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/\sum\limits_{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T'}{\mathfrak{p}})=n-s$. Now, assume that $0<j\leq n-s-1$ and that we have proved the existence of a chain $Q_0 \subset Q_1 \subset \cdots \subset Q_{j-1}$ of prime ideals such that $Q_0\in{\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(R/\sum\limits_{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T'}{\mathfrak{p}})$, ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/Q_j)=n-s-(j-1)$ and that $\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in
T}{\bigcap}{\mathfrak{p}}\nsubseteq Q_{j-1}$. Note that we have $n-s-(j-1)=n-s+1-j\geq 2$. Therefore the set $V$ defined as\
$$\begin{array}{ll}
V= \{{\mathfrak{q}}\in {\mbox{Supp}\,}_R(M) |& Q_{j-1}\subset {\mathfrak{q}}\subset {\mathfrak{q}}'\subseteq
{\mathfrak{m}}, {\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/{\mathfrak{q}})=n-s-j,\\ &
{\mathfrak{q}}'\in{\mbox{Spec}\,}(R)\, \mbox{and}\, {\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/{\mathfrak{q}}')=n-s-j-1\}
\end{array}$$\
is non-empty and so, by Ratliff’s weak existence theorem [@M Theorem 31.2], is not finite. As $\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in
T}{\bigcap}{\mathfrak{p}}\nsubseteq Q_{j-1}$, we have $Q_{j-1}\subset
Q_{j-1}+\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T}{\bigcap}{\mathfrak{p}}$. If, for ${\mathfrak{q}}\in V$, $\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T}{\bigcap}{\mathfrak{p}}\subseteq {\mathfrak{q}}$, then ${\mathfrak{q}}$ is a minimal prime of $Q_{j-1}+\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T}{\bigcap}{\mathfrak{p}}$. As $V$ is an infinite set, there is $Q_j\in V$ such that $\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in
T}{\bigcap}{\mathfrak{p}}\nsubseteq Q_j$. Thus the induction is complete. Now by taking $Q:=Q_{n-s-1}$ and by Proposition 2.1, the claim follows.
Assume that $n:={\mbox{dim}\,}_R(M)\geq 2$ and $T$ is a non-empty subset of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$ with $|T|=|{\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)|-1$. Then there is an ideal ${\mathfrak{a}}$ of $R$ such that ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M))=T$.
Note that ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)\setminus T$ is a singleton set $\{{\mathfrak{q}}\}$, say, and so ${\mbox{ht}\,}_M({\mathfrak{q}})=0$ and $\underset{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T}{\bigcap}{\mathfrak{p}}\nsubseteq
{\mathfrak{q}}$. Therefore, by Lemma 2.5, the result follows.
Assume that $n:={\mbox{dim}\,}_R(M)\geq 2$ and ${\mathfrak{a}}_1$ and ${\mathfrak{a}}_2$ are ideals of $R$. Then there exists an ideal ${\mathfrak{b}}$ of $R$ such that ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{b}}(M))={\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{{\mathfrak{a}}_{1}}(M))\cap{\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{{\mathfrak{a}}_{2}}(M))$.
Set $T_{1}={\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{{\mathfrak{a}}_{1}}(M))$ and $T_{2}={\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{{\mathfrak{a}}_{2}}(M))$. We may assume that $T_1\bigcap
T_2$ is a non–empty proper subset of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$. Assume that ${\mathfrak{q}}\in {\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)\setminus (T_1\bigcap T_2)=({\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)\setminus
T_1)\bigcup({\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)\setminus T_2) $. By Proposition 2.1, there exists $Q\in {\mbox{Supp}\,}_R(M)$ with ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R(R/Q)=1$ such that ${\mathfrak{q}}\subseteq Q$ and $\bigcap_{{\mathfrak{p}}\in T_1\bigcap T_2}{\mathfrak{p}}\nsubseteq
Q$. Now, by Proposition 2.1, again there exists an ideal ${\mathfrak{b}}$ of $R$ such that ${\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{b}}(M))=T_1\bigcap T_2$.
Now we are ready to present our main result.
Assume that $T\subseteq {\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$, then there exists an ideal ${\mathfrak{a}}$ of $R$ such that $T={\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{\mathfrak{a}}(M))$.
By Corollary 2.3, we may assume that ${\mbox{dim}\,}_R(M)\geq 2$ and that $T$ is a non-empty proper subset of ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)$. Set $T=\{{\mathfrak{p}}_1,\ldots,{\mathfrak{p}}_t\}$ and ${\mbox{Assh}\,}_R(M)\setminus
T=\{{\mathfrak{p}}_{t+1},\ldots,{\mathfrak{p}}_{t+r}\}$. We use induction on $r$. For $r=1$, Corollary 2.6 proves the first step of induction. Assume that $r>1$ and that the case $r-1$ is proved. Set $T_1=\{{\mathfrak{p}}_1,\ldots,{\mathfrak{p}}_t,{\mathfrak{p}}_{t+1}\}$ and $T_2=\{{\mathfrak{p}}_1,\ldots,{\mathfrak{p}}_t,{\mathfrak{p}}_{t+2}\}$. By induction assumption there exist ideals ${\mathfrak{a}}_1$ and ${\mathfrak{a}}_2$ of $R$ such that $T_1={\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{{\mathfrak{a}}_1}(M))$ and $T_2={\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{{\mathfrak{a}}_2}(M))$. Now by the Lemma 2.7 there exists an ideal ${\mathfrak{a}}$ of $R$ such that $T=T_1\bigcap T_2={\mbox{Att}\,}_R({\mbox{H}\, }^n_{{\mathfrak{a}}}(M))$.
(See [@C Corollary 1.7]) With the notations as in Theorem 2.8, the number of non-isomorphic top local cohomology modules of $M$ with respect to all ideals of $R$ is equal to $2^{|{\mbox{Assh}\,}_R (M)|}$.
It follows from Theorem 2.8 and [@DY2 Theorem 1.6].
[**Acknowledgment.**]{}The authors would like to thank the referee for her/his comments.
[10]{}
F. W. Call, *On local cohomology modules*, J. Pure Appl. Algebra **43** (1986), no. 2, 111–117.
M. T. Dibaei and S. Yassemi, *Some regidity results for highest order local cohomology modules*, Algebra Colloq., to appear.
M. T. Dibaei and S. Yassemi, *Top local cohomology modules*, Algebra Colloq., to appear.
M. T. Dibaei and S. Yassemi, *Attached primes of the top local cohomology modules with respect to an ideal*, Arch. Math. (Basel) **84** (2005), no. 4, 292–297.
I. G. Macdonald and R. Y. Sharp, *An elementary proof of the non-vanishing of certain local cohomology modules*, Quart. J. Math. Oxford **23** (1972), 197–204.
H. Matsumura, *Commutative ring theory*, Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 8. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.
|
Q:
Is there any way to break on the next line of code executed in Visual Studio?
I'm trying to track down a bug that occurs when I click a particular element on an aspx page...
In the past I've had to track down the class that handles that particular event and put a break point on the line that I think should be hit. Often it takes me several tries before I finally find the correct class....especially if the class is a user control buried somewhere...
So it's left me wondering if there is any way to get Visual Studio to break at the next line of code executed after I click an element (say a button) on an aspx page. I know there is a way to break on any exception that is thrown so I'm thinking maybe there is something similar that could help me.
If this sort of feature isn't a possibility, perhaps someone could suggest a better way for me to quickly find the class I want to debug...
A:
Have you tried the Debug > Break All ("pause") button? (Ctrl+Break)
It'll usually break somewhere pretty low on the stack, like at Show() for your main form in a WinForms app, but if you then Step Into to get past that, it'll often work pretty well for this sort of thing.
A:
Are you looking for the Step Into (F11) or Step Over (F10) ?
-- Edit
Do you also know about the Call Stack window? It can help you determine your location, and what is happening.
|
Oxford Instruments - Trading Update
Oxford Instruments plc, a leading provider of high technology products and services to industrial companies and scientific research communities, is today issuing a trading update.
Given the current uncertainty from Covid-19 and the impact on trading, Oxford Instruments plc is issuing its pre-close for the financial year 2019/20 earlier than usual.
The severe disruption as a result of Covid-19 has impacted our customers, with a number of product shipments and installations in the final quarter of the financial year being delayed, in addition to an enforced site closure in California. While we are seeing some re-opening of customer sites in China, the situation in Europe and North America is deteriorating. As a result, the Group currently expects adjusted operating profit for the full year of between £47m to £50m.
Looking ahead, we expect current events to adversely impact trading during the first half of the financial year 2020/21, but at this stage there remains considerable uncertainty. The Group has a strong balance sheet and substantial liquidity, with net cash of over £50m. We operate in robust markets with a well-positioned portfolio of products and solutions for attractive end markets. We remain committed to our strategy and would expect trading to recover in line with a reduction in disruption from Covid-19.
Oxford Instruments' results for the year ended 31 March 2020 will be released on 9 June 2020.
Note: Oxford Instruments compiled consensus analyst forecast for adjusted operating profit (year to 31 March 2020) is £53.3m. This excludes analysts that have not updated forecasts following the disposals of OI Healthcare and our share in Scienta Omicron.
Enquiries:
Oxford Instrumentsplc Tel: 01865 393200
Ian Barkshire, Chief Executive
Gavin Hill, Group Finance Director
MHP CommunicationsTel: 020 3128 8100
Rachel Hirst/Alice McLaren
- Ends -
Issued for and on behalf of Oxford Instruments plc
Notes to Editors
About Oxford Instruments plc
Oxford Instruments designs, supplies and supports high-technology tools and systems with a focus on research and industrial applications. Innovation has been the driving force behind Oxford Instruments' growth and success for 60 years, supporting its core purpose to address some of the world's most pressing challenges.
The first technology business to be spun out from Oxford University, Oxford Instruments is now a global company and is listed on the FTSE250 index of the London Stock Exchange (OXIG). Its strategy focuses on being a customer-centric, market-focused Group, understanding the technical and commercial challenges faced by its customers. Key market segments include Semiconductor & Communications, Advanced Materials, Healthcare & Life Science, and Quantum Technology.
Their portfolio includes a range of core technologies in areas such as low temperature and high magnetic field environments; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; X-ray, electron, laser and optical based metrology; atomic force microscopy; optical imaging; and advanced growth, deposition and etching.
Oxford Instruments is helping enable a greener economy, increased connectivity, improved health and leaps in scientific understanding. Their advanced products and services allow the world's leading industrial companies and scientific research communities to image, analyse and manipulate materials down to the atomic and molecular level, helping to accelerate R&D, increase manufacturing productivity and make ground-breaking discoveries.
This information is provided by RNS, the news service of the London Stock Exchange. RNS is approved by the Financial Conduct Authority to act as a Primary Information Provider in the United Kingdom. Terms and conditions relating to the use and distribution of this information may apply. For further information, please contact [email protected] or visit www.rns.com.
END
TSTKKOBKKBKBFND
Quick facts: Oxford Instruments PLC
Price:
1334
Market: AIM
Market Cap: £766.23 m
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Q:
Parse php associative array to javascript object
I want to have a javascript array of "country" objects which at this stage will have only two attributes: name, and geonameId.
I get these countries from a database like so:
$sql = "SELECT name, geonameId FROM countryinfo";
$result = $conn->query($sql);
if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
$rows = array ();
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
$country["geonameId"]);
$rows[$row['geonameId']] = $row['name'];
}
}
$conn->close();
?>
I then have this javascript script which turns the php array into a javascript one:
<script type="text/javascript">
var allCountries = <? echo json_encode($rows); ?>;
console.log(allCountries);
</script>
I just want to turn that array of key/value pairs into an array of objects so I have easier access to new attributes that I may add in the future. At the moment the javascript array logs to the console like this:
Object {0: "Netherlands Antilles", 49518: "Rwanda", 51537: "Somalia", 69543: "Yemen", 99237: "Iraq", 102358: "Saudi Arabia", 130758: "Iran", 146669: "Cyprus", 149590: "Tanzania", 163843: "Syria", 174982: "Armenia", 192950: "Kenya", 203312:...
How do I convert that array of key/value pairs to an array from javascript objects (with refactoring, I will be adding a Country class and the array will contain Country objects).
A:
My relevant code was changed to this to get it to work:
$sql = "SELECT name, geonameId FROM countryinfo";
$result = $conn->query($sql);
$allCountries = [];
if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
$rows = array ();
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
$country = array(
"name" => $row['name'],
"geonameId" => $row['geonameId']
);
$allCountries[] = $country;
}
}
$conn->close();
?>
<script type="text/javascript">
var allCountries = <?php echo json_encode($allCountries, JSON_PRETTY_PRINT) ?>;
console.log(allCountries)
</script>
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an intake device of an internal combustion engine.
2. Description of the Related Art
In order to create a swirl motion in the combustion chamber when the engine is operating under a light load and to obtain a high volumetric efficiency when the engine is operating under a heavy load at a high speed, it is well known, to equip each cylinder in an engine with a pair of intake valves, and to arrange a fuel injection in an intake passage. The intake passage is divided into two branch intake passages at a position downstream of the fuel injector, and these branch intake passages are connected to the combustion chamber via the corresponding intake valves. A control valve which is closed when the engine is operating under a light load is arranged in one of the branch intake passages (See Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 57-70914). In the above arrangement, when the engine is operating under a light load, and since the control valve is closed, air is fed into the combustion chamber from only one of the branch intake passages, thus creating a swirl motion in the combustion chamber. Conversely, when the engine is operating under a heavy load, and since the control valve is open, air is fed to the combustion chamber from both branch intake passages, and a high volumetric efficiency can be obtained. However, since the fuel injector is arranged upstream of the control valve, some of the fuel injected from the fuel injector when the control valve is closed adheres to the control valve. Therefore, since all of the fuel injected from the fuel injector is not instantaneously fed into the combustion chamber, a good accelerating operation cannot be obtained.
Also, since a swirl motion is created in the combustion chamber when the engine is operating under a light load, the burning velocity of the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber can be improved. However, in the above arrangement, ignitability is neglected.
Also, well known is an engine in which each cylinder is equipped with a pair of intake valves and a pair of independently arranged intake passages. A control valve which is closed when the engine is operating under a light load is arranged in one of the intake passages. The intake passages are interconnected via a connecting hole at a position downstream of the control valve, and the fuel injector is arranged in the connecting hole (See Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 57-105534). In this engine, when the engine is operating under a heavy load, and since the control valve is open, air is fed to the combustion chamber from both intake passages, and a high volumetric efficiency can be obtained. In addition, since the fuel injector is arranged downstream of the control valve, there is no danger that fuel injected from the fuel injector will adhere to the control valve.
However, in this engine, since the intake passages are interconnected at a position downstream of the control valve, air is fed to the combustion chamber from both intake passages even if the control valve is closed when the engine is operating under a light load. As a result, the velocity of the air flowing into the combustion chamber is inevitably reduced, and, since it is difficult to create a strong swirl motion in the combustion chamber, it is impossible to sufficiently increase the burning velocity of the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. In this engine, also ignitability is neglected. |
Divergent ontogeny of sigma and phencyclidine binding sites in the rat brain.
The postnatal developmental patterns of sigma (sigma) and phencyclidine (PCP) binding sites were compared in the rat brain. The results show diametrically different ontogenic patterns for the sites. While both the affinity and the density of sigma sites remain constant throughout the developmental period tested (postnatal day 1 to 1 year), the density of PCP binding sites increases from the time of birth, reaching the adult level by postnatal day 14. The differences in developmental patterns provide evidence for distinctive properties of cerebral sigma and PCP binding sites. |
Only 25% of Internet Users Trust the Cloud – Survey - pain_perdu
https://medium.com/@intelligentvox/we-live-in-the-big-cloud-and-we-hate-it-is-it-time-for-hipster-it-1f130a44d2b8#.axo45awhb
======
flukus
Judging by the conversations I've had on HN, a lot of people here will be
surprised by this. Personally I'm slowly moving away from the cloud, it simply
doesn't give me enough options to do what I want with my data.
The most likely effect phrases like "cloud based" and "web app" have is to
make me lose interest.
|
NEXBOX has recently unveiled its new TV Box model, NEXBOX N9. This model comes with a Rockchip RK3229 Quad-core Cortex A7 1.5GHz 64bit chipset. The model also includes a penta-core HD graphics. Coupled with 1 GB of RAM, the chipset delivers stellar performance for using the device along with the HDTV as a mini PC.
NEXBOX N9 runs with Android 4.4 OS which is very stable and allows the user to freely install desired apps like YouTube and Facebook. If users like Google apps, they can install the required apps through third-party app stores. The device supports XBMC, and can deliver amazing entertainment through movies, TV shows and music.
“Rockchip RK3229 is 2016’s new chipset, and we use it to make our N9 TV Box. We’re more than delighted to share the new products and happiness with our customers. N9 TV Box can change your traditional TV & LCD Monitor into a intelligent platform via WiFi & LAN. This device also allows you to watch lots of free videos, movies and play popular games without monthly bills and restrictions. It will bring you much fun and convenience,” the spokesman of the business said.
Now, NEXBOX N9 has been available with a promotional price about $30. Power plugs are provided for different markets like the U.S., the U.K., Australia and Europe. Customers across the world can purchase NEXBOX N9 Android TV box through online retailers and enjoy free shipping service.
Moreover, NEXBOX has also introduced its new TV Box model, Amlogic S905X Processor TV Box featuring 64bit VP9 decoding. This new models is equipped with the latest Amlogic S905X, which is a Quad-core CPU with a frequency of clock of 2.0 GHz.
NEXBOX specializes in manufacturing and developing popular consumer electronics for global users. The business’ brand is NEXBOX which is well-known for stable premium quality at affordable prices. From hot styles of TV Boxes and Mini PCs， customers are sure to find their own must-have models at iNEXBOX.com |
MotoGP French Grand Prix
Just days after announcing that he will retire at the end of the 2012 season, Aussie ace Casey Stoner will be out to show that he is still the best rider in the world when he contests the French Grand Prix on Sunday night (AEST). Stoner holds a one point championship lead over Spanish ace Jorge Lorenzo three races into the season and will be confident of extending his lead by adding to his victory around the Le Mans circuit last year.
Dani Pedrosa has finished on the podium alongside Lorenzo and Stoner in each of the three races this season and will be bidding for his first victory of 2012, while Andrea Dovizioso will be bidding to go one better than last year, when he finished second to Stoner. |
1. Field
The disclosed and claimed concept pertains generally to handheld electronic devices and, more particularly, to handheld electronic devices including a first input component and a separate second touch sensitive input component. The disclosed and claimed concept also pertains to methods of outputting the selection of input members of a handheld electronic device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Numerous types of handheld electronic devices are known. Examples of such handheld electronic devices include, for instance, personal data assistants (PDAs), handheld computers, two-way pagers, cellular telephones, and the like. Many handheld electronic devices also feature wireless communication capability, although many such handheld electronic devices are stand-alone devices that are functional without communication with other devices. Wireless handheld electronic devices are generally intended to be portable, and thus are of a relatively compact configuration in which keys and other input structures often perform multiple functions under certain circumstances or may otherwise have multiple aspects or features assigned thereto.
As a practical matter, the keys of a keypad can only be reduced to a certain small size before the keys become relatively unusable. In order to enable text input, however, a keypad must be capable of entering all twenty-six letters of the Roman alphabet, for instance, as well as appropriate punctuation and other symbols.
One way of providing numerous letters in a small space has been to provide a “reduced keyboard” in which multiple letters, symbols, and/or digits, and the like, are assigned to any given key. In order to enable a user to make use of the multiple letters, symbols, digits, and the like on any given key, numerous keystroke interpretation systems have been provided. For instance, a “multi-tap” system allows a user to substantially unambiguously specify a particular character on a key by pressing the same key a number of times equivalent to the position of the desired character on the key. For example, a telephone key includes the letters “ABC”. If the user desires to specify the letter “C”, then the user will press the key three times. While such multi-tap systems have been generally effective for their intended purposes, they nevertheless can require a relatively large number of key inputs compared with the number of characters that ultimately are output. Another example keystroke interpretation system is key chording, of which various types exist. For instance, a particular character can be entered by pressing two keys in succession or by pressing and holding a first key while pressing a second key. Still another keystroke interpretation system is a “press-and-hold/press-and-release” interpretation function in which a given key provides a first result if the key is pressed and immediately released, and provides a second result if the key is pressed and held for a short period of time.
Another keystroke interpretation system that has been employed is a software-based text disambiguation function. In such a system, a user typically presses keys to which one or more characters have been assigned, generally pressing each key one time for each desired letter, and the disambiguation software attempts to predict the intended input. Numerous different systems have been proposed. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2006/0007120 and 2006/0007121 assigned to the same assignee as the instant application; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,953,541. For example, as a user enters keystrokes, the device provides output in the form of a default output and a number of variants from which a user can choose. The output is based largely upon the frequency, i.e., the likelihood that a user intended a particular output, but various features of the device provide additional variants that are not based solely on frequency and rather are provided by various logic structures resident on the device.
When the key and keypad sizes shrink because of the form factor on the handheld electronic device, typing error rate increases. Hence, as the size of keypads becomes smaller and smaller, the issue of multiple key presses becomes more and more important to keypad design. One of the reasons is that the user's thumb and fingers are simply too big for the relatively small sized keys. Therefore, it becomes more likely that the user accidentally hits a nearby key, or even several keys at the same time.
On some handheld electronic devices, a key adjacent to an activated key does not respond to stimuli until a set time lag has passed. This prevents unintended sequential pressing of adjacent keys on the keypad. This time lag is one method to reduce the error rate of rapid keying; however, this relatively short delay may impede on users who are intentionally typing adjacent keys in relatively quick succession.
There is room for improvement in handheld electronic devices.
There is also room for improvement in methods of outputting the selection of input members of a handheld electronic device.
Similar numerals refer to similar parts throughout the specification. |
How Much Does it Cost
For those not qualifying for the $10 surgery, we have other low income options available. Check the chart to see whether or not you qualify for our low income program which offers the surgery at $20 for males and $25 for females.
If you are feeding or caring for a feral or stray cat, please contact the Feral Cat Coalition of Oregon at (503) 797-2606 to make an appointment. You can also click here to visit their website for more information. Feral cat caregivers do not need to qualify under the Spay & Save guidelines.
There are no limits to the numbers of cats and kittens that can be brought in per household. |
Supermen (anthology)
Supermen is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Isaac Asimov, Martin H. Greenberg and Charles G. Waugh as the third volume in their Isaac Asimov's Wonderful Worlds of Science Fiction series. It was first published in paperback by Signet/New American Library in October 1984. The first British edition was issued in paperback by Robinson in 1988.
The book collects twelve novellas, novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, together with an introduction by Asimov.
Contents
"Introduction: Super" (Isaac Asimov)
"Angel, Dark Angel" (Roger Zelazny)
"Worlds to Kill" (Harlan Ellison)
"In the Bone" (Gordon R. Dickson)
"What Rough Beast?" (Damon Knight)
"Death by Ecstasy" (Larry Niven)
"Un-Man" (Poul Anderson)
"Muse" (Dean R. Koontz)
"Resurrection" (A. E. van Vogt)
"Pseudopath" (Philip E. High)
"After the Myths Went Home" (Robert Silverberg)
"Before the Talent Dies" (Henry Slesar)
"Brood World Barbarian" (Perry A. Chapdelaine)
Notes
Category:1984 short story collections
Category:Science fiction anthologies
Category:Martin H. Greenberg anthologies |
This pattern is what we call the progress principle: of all the positive events that influence inner work life, the single most powerful is progress in meaningful work; of all the negative events, the single most powerful is the opposite of progress—setbacks in the work. We consider this to be a fundamental management principle: facilitating progress is the most effective way for managers to influence inner work life. Even when progress happens in small steps, a person’s sense of steady forward movement toward an important goal can make all the difference between a great day and a terrible one. This pattern became increasingly obvious as the diaries came in from all the teams in our study. People’s inner work lives seemed to lift or drag depending on whether or not their projects moved forward, even by small increments. Small wins often had a surprisingly strong positive effect, and small losses a surprisingly strong negative one. We tested our impressions more rigorously in two ways. Each confirmed the power of progress to dominate inner work life.
And this can spur innovation:
On days when people have made real progress in work that matters to them, they end the day feeling more intrinsically motivated—turned by their interest in and enjoyment of the work. There’s plenty of research showing that, when people are more intrinsically motivated, they are more likely to be creative. This means that when your subordinates have pulled off a real accomplishment, they may be more open to new, challenging work that calls for creativity. In other words, they should be particularly eager to take on vexing problems and find creative solutions following days of notable progress. |
Liushan
Liushan may refer to these places in China:
Liushan Subdistrict (刘山街道), a subdistrict of Xinfu District, Fushun, Liaoning
Towns
Liushan, Guangxi (流山), in Liuzhou, Guangxi
Liushan, Henan (留山), in Nanzhao County, Henan
Liushan, Shandong (柳山), in Linqu County, Shandong
See also
Liu Shan (207–271), Shu Han emperor
Liu Shan (Ming dynasty) (died 1427), Ming dynasty general |
Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) is a 125 kDa tyrosine kinase that is localized to contact points between cells and their extracellular matrix. We have demonstrated that FAK overexpression and upregulation occurred in early stages of tumorigenesis. We have also shown that FAK overexpression suppresses apoptosis, thus providing a survival signal to human cancer cells. Furthermore, our data has recently shown that the amino-terminus of FAK can induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells and can bind to a death domain containing serine-threonine kinase, Receptor Interacting Protein, (RIP). In addition, we have identified peptides that bind to the carboxy-terminus of FAK and cause apoptosis. 1 of these peptides contained a sequence homologous to the vascular endothelial growth receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) protein that we have shown to bind FAK. This proposal focuses on the biology of FAK in the development of cancer and on the biological mechanism by which attenuation of amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal FAK signaling causes tumor cell apoptosis. The first specific aim is to define the critical components of the amino terminus of FAK (FAKNT) that are responsible for its pro-apoptotic properties. We will define the portion(s) of FAK-NT that induce loss of adhesion in breast cancer cells and bind to RIP. Next, we will perform functional analyses of different peptides that bind the carboxy-terminus of FAK (FAK-CD), inhibit FAK function, and induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells. We will define their biological effects in different tumor cell lines to determine if they can induce apoptosis, perform initial binding studies using NMR spectroscopy, and perform site directed mutagenesis to determine which amino acids are critical for interaction with FAK-CD. Finally, we will define the physical interaction between FAK and VEGFR-3, determine the mechanism of survival signaling mediated by this interaction, and examine the relationship between levels of expression of FAK and VEGFR-3 in translational studies of primary human breast cancers. By defining the mechanism of interaction between FAK and its critical binding partners, we will identify novel sites for molecular targeting to induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. |
#!/bin/bash
# WINDOWS PACKAGING SCRIPT FOR NAEV
# Requires NSIS, and python3-pip to be installed
#
# This script should be run after compiling Naev
# It detects the current environment, and builds the appropriate NSIS installer
# into the root naev directory.
#
# Checks if argument(s) are valid
if [[ $1 == "--nightly" ]]; then
echo "Building for nightly release"
NIGHTLY=true
# Get Formatted Date
BUILD_DATE="$(date +%m_%d_%Y)"
elif [[ $1 == "" ]]; then
echo "No arguments passed, assuming normal release"
NIGHTLY=false
elif [[ $1 != "--nightly" ]]; then
echo "Please use argument --nightly if you are building this as a nightly build"
exit -1
else
echo "Something went wrong."
exit -1
fi
# Check if we are running in the right place
if [[ ! -f "naev.6" ]]; then
echo "Please run from Naev root directory."
exit -1
fi
# Rudementary way of detecting which environment we are packaging..
# It works, and it should remain working until msys changes their naming scheme
if [[ $PATH == *"mingw32"* ]]; then
echo "Detected MinGW32 environment"
ARCH="32"
elif [[ $PATH == *"mingw64"* ]]; then
echo "Detected MinGW64 environment"
ARCH="64"
else
echo "Welp, I don't know what environment this is... Make sure you are running this in an MSYS2 MinGW environment"
exit -1
fi
VERSION="$(cat $(pwd)/VERSION)"
BETA=false
# Get version, negative minors mean betas
if [[ -n $(echo "$VERSION" | grep "-") ]]; then
BASEVER=$(echo "$VERSION" | sed 's/\.-.*//')
BETAVER=$(echo "$VERSION" | sed 's/.*-//')
VERSION="$BASEVER.0-beta.$BETAVER"
BETA=true
else
echo "could not find VERSION file"
exit -1
fi
# Download and Install mingw-ldd
echo "Update pip"
pip3 install --upgrade pip
echo "Install mingw-ldd script"
pip3 install mingw-ldd
# Move compiled binary to staging folder.
echo "creating staging area"
mkdir -p extras/windows/installer/bin
# Move data to staging folder
echo "moving data to staging area"
cp -r dat/ extras/windows/installer/bin
cp AUTHORS extras/windows/installer/bin
cp VERSION extras/windows/installer/bin
# Collect DLLs
if [[ $ARCH == "32" ]]; then
for fn in `mingw-ldd naev.exe --dll-lookup-dirs /mingw32/bin | grep -i "mingw32" | cut -f1 -d"/" --complement`; do
fp="/"$fn
echo "copying $fp to staging area"
cp $fp extras/windows/installer/bin
done
elif [[ $ARCH == "64" ]]; then
for fn in `mingw-ldd naev.exe --dll-lookup-dirs /mingw64/bin | grep -i "mingw64" | cut -f1 -d"/" --complement`; do
fp="/"$fn
echo "copying $fp to staging area"
cp $fp extras/windows/installer/bin
done
else
echo "Aw, man, I shot Marvin in the face..."
echo "Something went wrong while looking for DLLs to stage."
exit -1
fi
echo "copying naev binary to staging area"
if [[ $NIGHTLY == true ]]; then
cp src/naev.exe extras/windows/installer/bin/naev-$VERSION-$BUILD_DATE-win$ARCH.exe
elif [[ $NIGHTLY == false ]]; then
cp src/naev.exe extras/windows/installer/bin/naev-$VERSION-win$ARCH.exe
else
echo "Cannot think of another movie quote."
echo "Something went wrong while copying binary to staging area."
exit -1
fi
# Create distribution folder
echo "creating distribution folder"
mkdir -p dist/release
# Build installer
if [[ $NIGHTLY == true ]]; then
if [[ $BETA == true ]]; then
makensis -DVERSION=$BASEVER.0 -DVERSION_SUFFIX=-beta.$BETAVER-$BUILD_DATE -DARCH=$ARCH extras/windows/installer/naev.nsi
elif [[ $BETA == false ]]; then
makensis -DVERSION=$VERSION -DVERSION_SUFFIX=-$BUILD_DATE -DARCH=$ARCH extras/windows/installer/naev.nsi
else
echo "Something went wrong determining if this is a beta or not."
fi
# Move installer to distribution directory
mv extras/windows/installer/naev-$VERSION-$BUILD_DATE-win$ARCH.exe dist/release/naev-win$ARCH.exe
elif [[ $NIGHTLY == false ]]; then
if [[ $BETA == true ]]; then
makensis -DVERSION=$BASEVER.0 -DVERSION_SUFFIX=-beta.$BETAVER -DARCH=$ARCH extras/windows/installer/naev.nsi
elif [[ $BETA == false ]]; then
makensis -DVERSION=$VERSION -DVERSION_SUFFIX= -DARCH=$ARCH extras/windows/installer/naev.nsi
else
echo "Something went wrong determining if this is a beta or not."
fi
# Move installer to distribution directory
mv extras/windows/installer/naev-$VERSION-win$ARCH.exe dist/release/naev-win$ARCH.exe
else
echo "Cannot think of another movie quote.. again."
echo "Something went wrong.."
exit -1
fi
echo "Successfully built Windows Installer for win$ARCH"
# Package zip
cd extras/windows/installer/bin
zip ../../../../dist/release/naev-win$ARCH.zip *.dll *.exe
cd ../../../../
echo "Successfully packaged zipped folder for win$ARCH"
echo "Cleaning up staging area"
rm -rf extras/windows/installer/bin
|
Pharmacological activation of PPAR gamma ameliorates vascular endothelial insulin resistance via a non-canonical PPAR gamma-dependent nuclear factor-kappa B trans-repression pathway.
Vascular endothelial insulin resistance (IR) is a critically initial factor in cardiocerebrovascular events resulted from diabetes and is becoming a worldwide public health issue. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are clinical insulin-sensitizers acting through a canonical peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-dependent insulin trans-activation pathway. However, it remains elusive whether there are other mechanisms. In current study, we investigated whether TZDs improve endothelial IR induced by high glucose concentration or hyperglycemia via a non-canonical PPARγ-dependent nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) trans-repression pathway. Our results showed that pre-treatment with TZDs dramatically decrease the susceptibility of endothelial cell to IR, while post-treatment notably improve the endothelial IR both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, TZDs substantially increase the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inhibitory κB alpha (IκBα), whereas decrease those of the phosphorylated inhibitory κB kinase alpha/beta (phosphor-IKKα/β) and the cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), suggesting that TZDs act indeed through a PPARγ-dependent NF-κB trans-repression pathway. These findings highlighted a non-canonical mechanism for TZDs to ameliorate endothelial IR which might provide a potential strategy to prevent and treat the diabetic vascular complications clinically. |
Demographics near Evesham Twp, NJ
Evesham Twp is located in New Jersey.
Evesham Twp, New Jersey has a population of22,990.
The median household income in Evesham Twp, New Jersey is
$78,523.
The median household income for the surrounding county is $68,620
compared to the national median of $49,877.
The median age of people living in Evesham Twp is
42.1 years.
Evesham Twp Weather
The average high temperature in July is 87.8
degrees, with an average low temperature in January of 23.2 degrees.
The annual precipitation is
48.25. |
Phytoplasma: phytopathogenic mollicutes.
During the past decade, research has yielded new knowledge about the plant and insect host ranges, geographical distribution, and phylogenetic relationships of phytoplasmas, and a taxonomic system has emerged in which distinct phytoplasmas are named as separate "Candidatus phytoplasma species." In large part, this progress has resulted from the development and use of molecular methods to detect, identify, and classify phytoplasmas. While these advances continue, research has recently begun on the phytoplasma genome, how phytoplasmas cause disease, the role of mixed phytoplasmal infections in plant diseases, and molecular/genetic phenomena that underlie symptom development in plants. These and other recent advances are laying the foundation for future progress in understanding the mechanisms of phytoplasma pathogenicity, organization of the phytoplasma genome, evolution of new phytoplasma strains and emergence of new diseases, bases of insect transmissibility and specificity of transmission, and plant gene expression in response to phytoplasmal infection, as well as the design of novel approaches to achieve effective control of phytoplasmal diseases. |
Severe demodexfolliculorum-associated oculocutaneous rosacea in a girl successfully treated with ivermectin.
There is a limited therapeutic armamentarium for recalcitrant cases of childhood rosacea. We report the case of a 12-year-old girl who presented with severe ocular and cutaneous rosacea unresponsive to oral doxycycline, oral isotretinoin, and topical tacrolimus. A biopsy specimen showed numerous mites within the folliculosebaceous unit. Treatment with a single dose of oral ivermectin achieved resolution of her symptoms. The causative role of Demodex folliculorum should be considered in immunocompetent children with rosacea or rosacea-like refractory eruptions. In such cases, treatment with ivermectin can be beneficial. |
7 divide v?
False
Let u be (-22)/(-187) - (-925)/85. Does 27 divide (u/(-33))/(3/9)*-262?
False
Let a = -4883 + 6676. Is 45 a factor of a?
False
Let b be (-2)/((-4)/12*3). Suppose r + r - b = 0. Is 3 a factor of 2/(r - (-5)/(-15))?
True
Let a(u) = 4*u + 22. Let o be a(0). Is 9 a factor of 2*5/20*o*15?
False
Let i = -978 + 2038. Suppose a - 41 = -5*n + 1735, -3*n = 2*a - i. Is 53 a factor of n?
False
Suppose 13*w - 48 = 381. Suppose -4*n + 47 + 17 = -o, -n - 4*o + w = 0. Let b = n - -3. Is b a multiple of 4?
True
Let b = 1208 - -618. Does 16 divide b?
False
Let i(z) be the first derivative of z**4/4 + 10*z**3/3 - 4*z**2 - 10*z - 4. Let j = -222 - -212. Is 14 a factor of i(j)?
True
Suppose -3*r - 12 = d, 5*d + 10 = 352*r - 357*r. Suppose 0 = -5*c + 5*m + 396 + 234, -630 = -5*c + 2*m. Is 2 a factor of 20/d + -7*(-6)/c?
False
Let f be (-403 + 9)*-2*(-3)/(-6). Let n = f - 212. Is n a multiple of 14?
True
Let l = 17590 - 9791. Does 91 divide l?
False
Let y = -1398 - -4385. Is 29 a factor of y?
True
Suppose q + 2*u = 3091 + 1350, 4*u + 22219 = 5*q. Is q a multiple of 37?
False
Let v(g) = 2*g + 1. Let u be v(2). Suppose -j = 5*z - 10, u*z = z + 3*j + 27. Suppose -5*n + 350 = z*q, -2*q + 3*q = 4*n + 145. Is q a multiple of 19?
False
Let p(n) = -3*n**3 - 11*n**2 + 6. Let q be p(-3). Let y(c) = c**3 + 13*c**2 + 11*c - 11. Let x be y(q). Is 26 a factor of 8 - (x - (-12)/4) - -126?
True
Let i = 180 + -173. Suppose -2776 + 235 = -i*d. Is 11 a factor of d?
True
Let o(v) = 10*v**2 + 4*v - 2. Let i be -6*(-4)/36*-18. Let q = -14 - i. Is 6 a factor of o(q)?
True
Is (17 - 16)/((-3)/(-31413)) a multiple of 72?
False
Is 10 - (-58284)/45 - (-12)/15 a multiple of 12?
False
Let g = 261 - 258. Suppose 4*m = p - 9, p + g*p + 5*m - 99 = 0. Is p a multiple of 3?
True
Suppose -8*p + 9873 = -17455. Is 7 a factor of p?
True
Suppose -6*b = 3 + 3. Let t be -10*(3 + (b - -1 - 4)). Suppose -6*q = -t*q + 372. Is 31 a factor of q?
True
Let s(g) = 32*g + 15*g - 1 - 35*g + 4*g**2. Suppose -t + 4*z = -11 - 4, 0 = 4*t - z + 15. Is 13 a factor of s(t)?
True
Let s be ((-6)/4 - -1)*(-11 - -1). Suppose 2992 = s*g + 2*w, 16 + 0 = -4*w. Is g a multiple of 20?
True
Let w be 72/198 - (-51)/11. Suppose -5*j + 8*j - 1197 = -w*u, -1 = j. Is 60 a factor of u?
True
Let a be (-4)/(-6)*(29 + 1). Suppose 0 = -a*q + 19*q - 6. Is 35 a factor of ((-34)/q)/(2/72)?
False
Suppose 2*v + 43*x - 4482 = 42*x, 2259 = v + 5*x. Let l = -1327 + v. Is 16 a factor of l?
True
Suppose -4*x - 2*j - 28 = 0, -9*j + 5*j - 21 = x. Does 10 divide 6/42*2*x*-21?
True
Let z = 25 + -22. Suppose 0 = -3*y + z*g - 294, -y + 2*g + 110 = -2*y. Is (4 + 48/(-9))*y/4 a multiple of 5?
False
Let h be (1 - -2 - 4)*(-4 - 0). Let s(b) = 130*b - 44. Is 9 a factor of s(h)?
False
Let m(d) be the third derivative of d**4 - d**3/2 - 9*d**2 + 12*d. Suppose 3*u + u = 12. Is 23 a factor of m(u)?
True
Suppose 66785 + 35138 = 4*u - 5*i, -25480 = -u + 2*i. Is 28 a factor of u?
False
Suppose -73 + 107 = 2*s. Let m = 23 - s. Is 3 a factor of (-5)/((-10)/m) - -28?
False
Let a be 7 + (-7 - -7) + 1*-2. Suppose -a*r + 318 = -4*v, -5*r - 2*v + 72 = -4*r. Does 9 divide (19/2 - 8) + r/4?
True
Let o = 33 + -31. Suppose 3*t - 6*f + 123 = -o*f, -f = -2*t - 82. Let b = t - -53. Is b a multiple of 3?
True
Let s = -95 + 98. Suppose s*h - 335 = -5*j, -9*h + 5*j + 625 = -4*h. Is h a multiple of 16?
False
Let o(a) = 271*a + 2101. Is 15 a factor of o(-4)?
False
Suppose 6*s + 3*j - 1763 = s, -5*s = 5*j - 1755. Suppose -5*g - s = -90. Let w = g - -117. Is 32 a factor of w?
True
Let n(v) = -v**2 + 25*v - 6. Suppose 2*q = i + 2*i - 49, -2*q = 4*i - 42. Is 6 a factor of n(i)?
True
Let s(z) = -2*z + 18. Let o be s(7). Suppose -o*g + 3*u = -25, 2*g + 0*u = -5*u - 7. Is 15 a factor of (g + 320/25)*(-25)/(-2)?
True
Suppose 8*w - 38125 - 1001 = 2*w. Is w a multiple of 3?
False
Let i(b) = b**3 - 6*b**2 + 7*b - 14. Let m be i(6). Let w(k) = -9*k**2 + k - 1. Let g be w(1). Let t = g + m. Is 13 a factor of t?
False
Let j = -61 - -64. Suppose -u - 5*r + 66 = u, 4*u + j*r = 104. Is 7 a factor of u?
False
Suppose 4*w = 5*f - 1416, -2*w = -15*f + 20*f - 1392. Does 5 divide f?
True
Let w(t) = -t**2 + 7*t + 7. Let h be w(6). Suppose -9 = 16*b - 19*b. Suppose -4*i = -12, -32 = -b*y - i + h. Is 14 a factor of y?
True
Is (-14 + 97)/(-7*36/64 - -4) a multiple of 37?
False
Suppose 2*t = 3*a + 1110, 2*t - 4*a = 611 + 497. Is 18 a factor of t?
True
Is -2*(1 - 3) - 5944/(-4) a multiple of 14?
False
Let b be 1012/10 + 56/70. Suppose b*s - 104*s = -34. Does 10 divide s?
False
Is 26 a factor of ((-22)/3 + 8)/(22/202125)?
False
Let j be (-5)/2 - (-438)/(-12). Is (-14948)/(-12) + (-13)/j a multiple of 45?
False
Let r(a) = -65*a - 230. Let h(d) = -2*d - 107. Let j be h(-47). Does 12 divide r(j)?
False
Let h(b) = 2*b**2 - 3*b + 3. Suppose -5*c + 3*c = 6. Does 10 divide h(c)?
True
Suppose -84*p = 59337 - 385761. Does 58 divide p?
True
Suppose -10*p + 17*p = 8*p + 5*p. Let t(n) = -n**2 - n. Let f(d) = 2*d**2 + 4*d - 47. Let u(k) = -f(k) - 4*t(k). Does 17 divide u(p)?
False
Let k be 15/(45/(-2)) - (-16)/6. Suppose -5*p + k = -q - 2, p - 5 = 0. Is 2 a factor of q?
False
Let r be (8/(-10) + 4 + -4)*-30. Let o = -28 + r. Let p = 1 - o. Does 2 divide p?
False
Suppose 5*j - 13 = 3*z - 0, 1 = -z + j. Let f(v) = -8*v + z*v - v**3 + 14*v - v + 11 - 8*v**2. Is 13 a factor of f(-10)?
False
Let g = 471 + 7836. Let c = g - 5711. Suppose 0 = 4*f + 7*f - c. Is f a multiple of 21?
False
Is 6 a factor of 435/(-25)*(-220)/11?
True
Let m(l) = -l**2 - 12*l + 32. Let c be 83/3 - (-1)/(-6)*4. Suppose -3*n + c = 66. Is m(n) a multiple of 2?
False
Suppose 140 = 9*u - 5*u. Suppose -9 = -d - u. Let w = d + 116. Is w a multiple of 45?
True
Let j = -525 + 528. Does 33 divide (j/(-5))/(56/(-10920))?
False
Is 40 a factor of (-2 - 12336/(-7)) + 158/(-553)?
True
Let q = 1219 + -863. Suppose -3*m - 182 = -j - 2*m, -2*m = 2*j - q. Is 27 a factor of j?
False
Let c(y) = y**2 - 4*y - 2. Let d be c(4). Let l(q) = -741*q**2 + 3 - 743*q**2 - 1 - q**3 + 1483*q**2. Is l(d) a multiple of 6?
True
Let f be 0 + 3 + 0 + 2. Suppose 0 = -h - f*z + 8, 2*h - 4*z - 51 = -7*z. Suppose 2*b + 0*b - 5*k = h, 0 = 3*b + 3*k - 60. Does 17 divide b?
False
Let m(b) be the third derivative of -29*b**4/8 + 3*b**3 + b**2 - 2. Is 33 a factor of m(-5)?
False
Let v(a) = 4*a**2 - 12*a - 2. Let y(t) = 2*t + 14. Let g be y(-10). Is 27 a factor of v(g)?
False
Let d = -40 + 172. Suppose -2*r + 4*o = 94, -3*r - 4*o + o - d = 0. Let h = 15 - r. Does 10 divide h?
True
Let u be (4/(-6))/(15/((-2025)/30)). Suppose -u*f - f = -3200. Is 5 a factor of f?
True
Let f = 73 - 61. Is -1 - f/(-2) - -355 a multiple of 30?
True
Let d be (-2)/4 - (-3 + (-2964)/8). Suppose 14*w - d = 131. Does 12 divide w?
True
Does 69 divide (-1382670)/(-378) + (-30)/35?
True
Let x(l) = 21*l + 48. Let u be x(-2). Is 88 a factor of 1074 + 90/u + -7?
False
Let u = 358 - 104. Let b = 282 - u. Is 18 a factor of b?
False
Does 7 divide (2/(-4))/(40/(-30)) - (-2114383)/472?
True
Let d(s) = -4*s - 21. Let g be d(-6). Suppose -m - g*p = -436, -5*m + p + 872 = -3*m. Does 8 divide m?
False
Let i = 1520 + -1011. Let f be 7 + -9 + 1/(3/1998). Suppose 0 = -5*p + 3*z + f, 4*p = 2*z - 7*z + i. Is 32 a factor of p?
False
Suppose 3*b = 5*b + 12. Let i be (2 - (-44)/b)/(12/108). Is (i/(-5))/(19/190) a multiple of 12?
True
Suppose 7*o - 409 = 893. Let k = o + -163. Is 11 a factor of k?
False
Let k(q) = -5*q**3 - q**2 + 36*q - 11. Is 19 a factor of k(-6)?
True
Let i(y) = 157*y + 9. Let l be i(5). Suppose 9*h - l = 1942. Is 18 a factor of h?
False
Let h = 439 - 441. Let s(z) = -99*z + 49. Is 13 a factor of s(h)?
True
Suppose 4*t + 6 - 2 = 0, -t = -i + 3. Does 29 divide (i - (-2 - 2)) + 23?
True
Let u(i) = 3*i**2 + 16*i + 18. Let z be u(9). Let r = 863 - z. Is r a multiple of 20?
False
Is (-1)/(5 - (-216)/(-42)) - -975 a multiple of 10?
False
Let h = -3496 + 8835. Is 92 a factor of h?
False
Is 159 a factor of (102*1/(-2))/(13/(-1183))?
False
Suppose 30 = -5*q - 5*a, -q + 4*q - a + 6 = 0. Let l(r) = 24*r**2 + 11*r + 39. Does 7 divide l(q)?
False
Suppose -66*x + 6*x - 62*x + 1001742 = 0. Is x a multiple of 51?
True
Let p = 536 - 536. Suppose -2*s + 3*y + 1764 + 1005 = p, -y = -s + 1387. Is 12 a factor of s?
True
Suppose 5*o + 4* |
Direct-shift gearbox
A direct-shift gearbox (), commonly abbreviated to DSG, is an electronically controlled dual-clutch multiple-shaft gearbox in a transaxle design, with automatic clutch operation and with fully automatic or semi-manual gear selection. The first actual dual-clutch transmissions were derived from Porsche in-house development for their Model 962 racing cars in the 1980s.
In simple terms, a DSG automates two separate "manual" gearboxes (and clutches) contained within one housing and working as one unit. It was designed by BorgWarner and is licensed to the Volkswagen Group, with support by IAV GmbH. By using two independent clutches, a DSG can achieve faster shift times and eliminates the torque converter of a conventional epicyclic automatic transmission.
Overview
Transverse DSG
At the time of launch in 2003, it became the world's first automated dual-clutch transmission in a series-production car, in the German-market Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32, and shortly afterwards worldwide, in the original Audi TT 3.2. and the 2004+ New Beetle TDI. For the first few years of production, this original DSG transmission was only available in transversely oriented front-engine, front-wheel-drive and Haldex Traction-based four-wheel-drive vehicle layouts.
The first DSG transaxle that went into production for the Volkswagen Group mainstream marques had six forward speeds (and one reverse) and used wet/submerged multi-plate clutch packs (Volkswagen Group internal code: DQ250, parts code prefix: 02E). It has been paired to engines with up to of torque. The two-wheel-drive version weighs . It is manufactured at Volkswagen Group's Kassel plant, with a daily production output of 1,500 units.
At the start of 2008, another world-first seven-speed DSG transaxle (Volkswagen Group internal code: DQ200, parts code prefix: 0AM) became available. It differs from the six-speed DSG, in that it uses two single-plate dry clutches (of similar diameter). This clutch pack was designed by LuK Clutch Systems, Gmbh. This seven-speed DSG is used in smaller front-wheel-drive cars with smaller-displacement engines with lower torque outputs, such as the latest Volkswagen Golf, Volkswagen Polo Mk5, and the new SEAT Ibiza. It has been paired to engines with up to . It has considerably less oil capacity than the six-speed DQ250; this new DQ200 uses just of transmission fluid.
In September 2010, VW launched a new seven-speed DSG built to support up to , the DQ500.
Audi longitudinal DSG
In late 2008, an all-new seven-speed longitudinal S tronic version of the DSG transaxle went into series production (Volkswagen Group internal code: DL501, parts code prefix: 0B5). Initially, from early 2009, it is only used in certain Audi cars, and only with longitudinally mounted engines. Like the original six-speed DSG, it features a concentric dual wet multi-plate clutch. However, this particular variant uses notably more plates – the larger outer clutch (for the odd-numbered gears) uses 10 plates, whereas the smaller inner clutch (driving even-numbered gears and reverse) uses 12 plates. Another notable change over the original transverse DSGs is the lubrication system – Audi now utilise two totally separate oil circuits. One oil circuit, consisting of , lubricates the hydraulic clutches and mechatronics with fully synthetic specialist automatic transmission fluid (ATF), whilst the other oil circuit lubricates the gear trains and front and centre differentials with of conventional hypoid gear oil. This dual circuit lubrication is aimed at increasing overall reliability, due to eliminating cross-contamination of debris and wear particles. It has a torque handling limit of up to , and engine power outputs of up to . It has a total mass, including all lubricants and the dual-mass flywheel of .
This was initially available in their quattro all-wheel-drive variants, and is very similar to the new ZF Friedrichshafen-supplied Porsche Doppel-Kupplung (PDK).
List of DSG variants
Operational introduction
The internal combustion engine drives two clutch packs. The outer clutch pack drives gears 1, 3, 5 (and 7 when fitted), and reverse – the outer clutch pack has a larger diameter compared to the inner clutch, and can therefore handle greater torque loadings. The inner clutch pack drives gears 2, 4, and 6. Instead of a standard large dry single-plate clutch, each clutch pack for the six-speed DSG is a collection of four small wet interleaved clutch plates (similar to a motorcycle wet multi-plate clutch). Due to space constraints, the two clutch assemblies are concentric, and the shafts within the gearbox are hollow and also concentric. Because the alternate clutch pack's gear-sets can be pre-selected (predictive shifts enabled via the unloaded section of the gearbox), un-powered time while shifting is avoided because the transmission of torque is simply switched from one clutch-pack to the other. While the DSG has one of the fastest shift times on the market, the claim that the DSG takes only about 8 milliseconds to upshift is un-proven with 3-party data nor claimed by the manufacturer.
DSG controls
The direct-shift gearbox uses a floor-mounted transmission shift lever, very similar to that of a conventional automatic transmission. The lever is operated in a straight 'fore and aft' plane (without any 'dog-leg' offset movements), and uses an additional button to help prevent an inadvertent selection of an inappropriate shift lever position.
P
P position of the floor-mounted gear shift lever means that the transmission is set in park. Both clutch packs are fully disengaged, all gear-sets are disengaged, and a solid mechanical transmission lock is applied to the crown wheel of the DSG's internal differential. This position must only be used when the motor vehicle is stationary. Furthermore, this is the position which must be set on the shift lever before the vehicle ignition key can be removed.
N
N position of the floor-mounted shift lever means that the transmission is in neutral. Similar to P above, both clutch packs and all gear-sets are fully disengaged; however, the parking lock is also disengaged.
D mode
Whilst the motor vehicle is stationary and in neutral (N), the driver can select D for drive (after first pressing the foot brake pedal). The transmission's reverse gear is selected on the first shaft K1, and the outer clutch K2 engages at the start of the bite point. At the same time, on the alternate gear shaft, the reverse gear clutch K1 is also selected (pre-selected), as the gearbox doesn't know whether the driver wants to go forward or reverse. The clutch pack for second gear (K2) gets ready to engage. When the driver releases the brake pedal, the K2 clutch pack increases the clamping force, allowing the second gear to take up the drive through an increase of the bite point, and thereby transferring the torque from the engine through the transmission to the drive shafts and road wheels, causing the vehicle to move forward. Depressing the accelerator pedal engages the clutch and causes an increase of forward vehicle speed. Pressing the throttle pedal to the floor (hard acceleration) will cause the gearbox to "kick down" to first gear to provide the acceleration associated with first, although there will be a slight hesitation while the gearbox deselects second gear and selects first gear. As the vehicle accelerates, the transmission's computer determines when the second gear (which is connected to the second clutch) should be fully used. Depending on the vehicle speed and amount of engine power being requested by the driver (determined by the position of the throttle pedal), the DSG then up-shifts. During this sequence, the DSG disengages the first outer clutch whilst simultaneously engaging the second inner clutch (all power from the engine is now going through the second shaft), thus completing the shift sequence. This sequence in a fraction of a second (aided by pre-selection), and can happen even with full throttle opening, and as a result, there is minimal power loss.
Once the vehicle has completed the shift to second gear, the first gear is immediately de-selected, and third gear (being on the same shaft as 1st and 5th) is pre-selected, and is pending. Once the time comes to shift into 3rd, the second clutch disengages and the first clutch re-engages. This method of operation continues in the same manner for the remaining forward gears.
Downshifting is similar to up-shifting but in reverse order, and is slower, at 600 milliseconds, due to the engine's Electronic Control Unit, or ECU, needing to 'blip' the throttle so that the engine crankshaft speed can match the appropriate gear shaft speed. The car's computer senses the car slowing down, or more power required (during acceleration), and thus engages a lower gear on the shaft not in use, and then completes the downshift.
The actual shift points are determined by the DSG's transmission ECU, which commands a hydro-mechanical unit. The transmission ECU, combined with the hydro-mechanical unit, are collectively called a mechatronics unit or module. Because the DSG's ECU uses fuzzy logic, the operation of the DSG is said to be adaptive; that is, the DSG will "learn" how the user drives the car, and will progressively tailor the shift points accordingly to suit the habits of the driver.
In the vehicle instrument display, between the speedometer and tachometer, the available shift-lever positions are shown, the current position of the shift-lever is highlighted (emboldened), and the current gear ratio in use is also displayed as a number.
Under "normal", progressive and linear acceleration and deceleration, the DSG shifts in a sequential manner; i.e., under acceleration: 1st → 2nd → 3rd → 4th → 5th → 6th, and the same sequence reversed for deceleration. However, the DSG can also skip the normal sequential method, by missing gears, and shift two or more gears. This is most apparent if the car is being driven at sedate speeds in one of the higher gears with a light throttle opening, and the accelerator pedal is then pressed down, engaging the kick-down function. During kick-down, the DSG will skip gears, shifting directly to the most appropriate gear depending on speed and throttle opening. This kick-down may be engaged by any increased accelerator pedal opening, and is completely independent of the additional resistance to be found when the pedal is pressed fully to the floor, which will activate a similar kick-down function when in Manual operation mode. The seven-speed unit in the 2007 Audi variants will not automatically shift to 6th gear; rather, it stays at 5th to keep power available at a high RPM while cruising.
When the floor-mounted gear selector lever is in position D, the DSG works in fully automatic mode, with emphasis placed on gear shifts programmed to deliver maximum fuel economy. That means that shifts will change up and down very early in the rev-range. As an example, on the Volkswagen Golf Mk5 GTI, sixth gear will be engaged around , when initially using the DSG transmission with the default ECU adaptation; although with an "aggressive" or "sporty" driving style, the adaptive shift pattern will increase the vehicle speed at which sixth gear engages.
S mode
The floor selector lever also has an S position. When S is selected, sport mode is activated in the DSG. Sport mode still functions as a fully automatic mode, identical in operation to D mode, but upshifts and downshifts are made much higher up the engine rev-range. This aids a more sporty driving manner, by utilising considerably more of the available engine power, and also maximising engine braking. However, this mode does have a detrimental effect on the vehicle fuel consumption, when compared to D mode. This mode may not be ideal to use when wanting to drive in a sedate manner; nor when road conditions are very slippery, due to ice, snow or torrential rain – because loss of tire traction may be experienced (wheel spin during acceleration, and may also result in road wheel locking during downshifts at high engine rpms under closed throttle). On 4motion or quattro-equipped vehicles this may be partially offset by the drivetrain maintaining full-time engagement of the rear differential in S mode, so power distribution under loss of front-wheel traction may be marginally improved.
S is highlighted in the instrument display, and like D mode, the currently used gear ratio is also displayed as a number.
R
R position of the floor-mounted shift lever means that the transmission is in reverse. This functions in a similar way to D, but there is just one reverse gear. When selected, R is highlighted in the instrument display.
Manual mode
Additionally, the floor shift lever also has another plane of operation, for manual mode, with spring-loaded + and − positions. This plane is selected by moving the stick away from the driver (in vehicles with the driver's seat on the right, the lever is pushed to the left, and in left-hand drive cars, the stick is pushed to the right) when in D mode only. When this plane is selected, the DSG can now be controlled like a manual gearbox, albeit only under a sequential shift pattern.
In most (VW) applications, the readout in the instrument display changes to 6 5 4 3 2 1, and just like the automatic modes, the currently used gear ratio is highlighted or emboldened. In other versions (e.g., on the Audi TT) the display shows just M followed by the gear currently selected; e.g., M1, M2, etc.
To change up a gear, the lever is pushed forward (against a spring pressure) towards the +, and to change down, the lever is pulled rearward towards the −. The DSG transmission can now be operated with the gear changes being (primarily) determined by the driver. This method of operation is commonly called tiptronic. In the interests of engine preservation, when accelerating in Manual/tiptronic mode, the DSG will still automatically change up just before the redline, and when decelerating, it will change down automatically at very low revs, just before the engine idle speed (tickover). Furthermore, if the driver calls for a gear when it is not appropriate (e.g., requesting a downshift when engine speed is near the redline) the DSG will not change to the driver's requested gear.
Current variants of the DSG will still downshift to the lowest possible gear ratio when the kick-down button is activated during full throttle whilst in manual mode. In Manual mode this kick-down is only activated by an additional button at the bottom of the accelerator pedal travel; unless this is pressed the DSG will not downshift, and will simply perform a full-throttle acceleration in whatever gear was previously being utilised.
Paddle shifters
Initially available on certain high-powered cars, and those with a "sporty" trim level – such as those using the 2.0 T FSI and 3.2/3.6 VR6 engines – steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters were available. However, these are now being offered (either as a standard inclusive fitment, or as a factory optional extra) on virtually all DSG-equipped cars, throughout all model ranges, including lesser power output applications, such as the 105 PS Volkswagen Golf Plus.
These operate in an identical manner as the floor mounted shift lever when it is placed across the gate in manual mode. The paddle shifters have two distinct advantages: the driver can safely keep both hands on the steering wheel when using the Manual/tiptronic mode; and the driver can temporarily manually override either of the automatic programmes (D or S), and gain instant manual control of the DSG transmission (within the above described constraints).
If the paddle-shift activated manual override of one of the automatic modes (D or S) is used intermittently the DSG transmission will default back to the previously selected automatic mode after a predetermined duration of inactivity of the paddles, or when the vehicle becomes stationary. Alternatively, should the driver wish to immediately revert to fully automatic control, this can be done by activating and holding the + paddle for at least two seconds.
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
Better fuel economy (up to 15% improvement) than conventional planetary geared automatic transmission (due to lower parasitic losses from oil churning) and for some models with manual transmissions;
No loss of torque through the transmission from the engine to the driving wheels during gear shifts;
Short up-shift time of 8 milliseconds when shifting to a gear the alternate gear shaft has preselected;
Smooth gear-shift operations;
Consistent down-shift time of 600 milliseconds, regardless of throttle or operational mode;
Disadvantages
Unreliable: By design, it is not possible to make it as reliable as a conventional torque-converter automatic transmission. The slipping clutch mechanism has a limited lifespan;
Marginally worse overall mechanical efficiency compared to a conventional manual transmission, especially on wet-clutch variants (due to electronics and hydraulic systems);
Expensive specialist transmission fluids/lubricants with dedicated additives are required, which need regular changes;
Relatively expensive to manufacture, and therefore increases new vehicle purchase price;
Relatively lengthy shift time when shifting to a gear ratio which the transmission control unit did not anticipate (around 1100 ms, depending on the situation);
Torque handling capability constraints perceive a limit on after-market engine tuning modifications (though many tuners and users may exceed the official torque limits notwithstanding); (Later variants have been fitted to more powerful cars, such as the 300 bhp/350 Nm VW R36 and the 272 bhp/350 Nm Audi TTS.)
Heavier than a comparable Getrag conventional manual transmission ( vs. );
While the first generation DSG fuel economy was up to 15% worse than a manual, the second generation DSG (current) gets better fuel economy than the manual transmission.
Applications
Volkswagen Group vehicles with the DSG gearbox include:
Audi
After originally using the DSG moniker, Audi subsequently renamed their direct-shift gearbox to S tronic.
Audi TT
Audi A1
Audi A3
Audi S3
Audi A4 (B8)
Audi A4 (B9)
Audi S4 (B8)
Audi S5 (B8)
Audi A5
Audi A6
Audi A7
Audi A8 (D4)
Audi Q2
Audi Q3
Audi Q5
Audi R8 facelift
Bugatti
Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4 (developed by Ricardo rather than Borg Warner)
Škoda
Škoda Fabia
Škoda Kodiaq
Škoda Karoq
Škoda Octavia
Škoda Rapid (2012)
Škoda Roomster
Škoda Superb II
Škoda Yeti
Škoda Scala
Volkswagen Passenger Cars
Volkswagen Ameo
Volkswagen Vento
Volkswagen Polo
Volkswagen Golf, GTI, GTD, GTE, TDI, R32, R
Volkswagen Jetta GLI, TDI, TSI(Brazil)
Volkswagen Eos
Volkswagen Touran
Volkswagen New Beetle
Volkswagen New Beetle Convertible
Volkswagen Passat and R36
Volkswagen CC
Volkswagen Sharan
Volkswagen Scirocco
Volkswagen Tiguan 2011
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
Volkswagen Caddy car-derived van
Volkswagen Transporter (T5) medium van
Problems and recalls of DSG-equipped vehicles
The 7-speed DQ200 and 6-speed DQ250 gearboxes sometimes suffer from power-loss (gear disengaging) due to short-circuiting of wires caused by a build-up of sulphur in the transmission oil.
United States of America
In August 2009, Volkswagen of America issued two recalls of DSG-equipped vehicles. The first involved 13,500 vehicles, and was to address unplanned shifts to the neutral gear, while the second involved similar problems (by then attributed to faulty temperature sensors) and applied to 53,300 vehicles. These recalls arose as a result of investigations carried out by the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), where owners reported to the NHTSA a loss of power whilst driving. This investigation preliminary found only 2008 and 2009 model year vehicles as being affected.
Australia
In November 2009, Volkswagen recalled certain Golf, Jetta, EOS, Passat & Caddy models equipped with 6-speed DQ250 DSG transmission because the gearbox may read the clutch temperature incorrectly, which leads to clutch protection mode, causing a loss of power.
China
Since 2009 there have been widespread concerns from Chinese consumers particularly among the online community, who expressed that Volkswagen has failed to respond to complaints about defects in its DSG-equipped vehicles. Typical issues associated with 6-speed DSG include abnormal noise and inability to change gear; while issues associated with 7-speed DSG include abnormal noise, excessive shift shock, abnormal increase in engine RPM, flashing gear indicator on the dashboard as well as inability to shift to even-numbered gears. In March 2012 China's quality watchdog the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) said that it had been in contact with Volkswagen (China) and urged the carmaker to probe the issues. In a survey held by Gasgoo.com (China) of 2,937 industry experts and insiders, 83% of respondents believed that the carmaker should consider a full vehicle recall. In March 2012 Volkswagen Group China admitted that there could be an issue in its seven-speed DSG gearboxes that may affect approximately 500,000 vehicles from its various subsidiaries in China. A software upgrade has since been offered for the affected vehicles in an attempt to repair the problem.
According to 163.com - one of China's most popular web portals - in March 2012 about a quarter of the complaints about problems found in cars in China's automotive market were made against DSG-equipped vehicles manufactured by Volkswagen. The top five models that dominate those complaints were:
Volkswagen Magotan - 6%
Volkswagen Bora - 5.3%
Volkswagen Sagitar - 5.3%
Volkswagen Touareg - 4.7%
Volkswagen Golf - 4%
Would be worth noting that Touareg has never been fitted with a DSG transmission.
On 15 March 2013, China Central Television aired a program for the World Consumer Rights Day. The program criticized the issue associated with DSG-equipped vehicles manufactured by Volkswagen. On 17 March 2013 Volkswagen Group China announced on its official Weibo that it will voluntarily recall vehicles equipped with DSG boxes. Some sources have estimated the failure rate of DSG-equipped vehicles sold in China to be greater than 20,000 per million sold.
Sweden
VW Sweden stopped selling the Passat EcoFuel DSG as a taxi after many cars had problems with the 7 speed DSG gearbox. They instead offered the Touran EcoFuel DSG, which is using an updated version of the same DSG gearbox.
Japan
The recall has been extended to Japan with 91,000 (VW and Audi using the same DSG) being recalled.
Malaysia
13 days after the Singapore recall, Volkswagen Malaysia also announced a recall for the 7-speed DSG. No official statement was released by the company, but it was stated that a total of 3,962 were involved in the unit recall exercise - units produced between June 2010 and June 2011, with affected vehicles being Golf, Polo, Scirocco, Cross Touran, Passat and Jetta models equipped with the transmission.
Worldwide recall
14 November 2013, Volkswagen Group announced a major worldwide recall over problems with the 7-speed DSG gearbox (model: DQ200) which might lead to loss of power, covering some 1.6m cars including those carrying the Audi, Skoda and SEAT badges. Overall, once above 100k miles, repair may be needed immediately whenever strong vibration or gear up-shift/down-shift hesitation is detected.
Australian recall
15 October 2019, Australia recall of DSG 7-speed gearboxes.
Due to a production fault, over time a crack in the transmissions pressure accumulator can occur.
If the pressure accumulator cracks, oil and pressure is lost in the hydraulic system of the gearbox. As a result, the transmission of engine power via the gearbox is interrupted. The experience of this symptom would be comparable to depressing the clutch in a vehicle fitted with a manual transmission. This could increase the likelihood of an accident affecting the occupants of the vehicle and other road users.
See also
Volkswagen 01M transmission
List of ZF transmissions
List of Aisin transmissions
List of GM transmissions
List of Ford transmissions
Multimode manual transmission
Automatic manual transmission
References
External links
Dual Clutch Transmission - DCT Facts (not implemented yet)
Official links
Volkswagen AG corporate website
Independent links
Pictures and diagrams of DQ250 DSG at WorldCarFans.com.
Reviews, videos, and explanation of DSG transmission
First Drive: Audi TT 3.2 DSG review at VWvortex.com.
European interest in dual clutch technology shifts up a gear, an informative article from Just-Auto.com.
Computer-controlled Meccano model of a DSG Transmission by Alan Wenbourne of the South East London Meccano Club (SELMEC).
Video of Alan Wenbourne's Meccano DSG in operation at YouTube.com.
Category:Volkswagen Group
Category:Automatic transmission tradenames
Category:Automotive transmission technologies
Category:Automotive technology tradenames
Category:Borg-Warner transmissions
de:Doppelkupplungsgetriebe
sv:DSG-växellåda |
23:30, 15 December 2009 206.169.172.212@enwiki (talk | contribs | logs) edited Orly Taitz(Removed reference to media outlets calling her "cross between Joan of Arc and Paul Revere" since the article referenced clearly states that "Some within the birther movement consider her to be ...") |
Stern John
Stern John, CM (born 30 October 1976) is a Trinidadian football manager and former player who is currently managing Central F.C. in the TT Pro League. He previously played for a number of American and English football clubs that included Columbus Crew, Bristol City, Nottingham Forest, Birmingham City, Sunderland, Southampton, Crystal Palace, Coventry City and Derby County.
Club career
Early Career in US
John was born in Tunapuna, Trinidad and Tobago and moved to the United States to attend Mercer County Community College in 1995. He joined the Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer (MLS) from the now-defunct New Orleans Riverboat Gamblers of the A-League for the 1998 season. On the recommendation of his older cousin, Columbus Crew defender and Trinidad and Tobago international, Ansil Elcock, John received a try-out with Crew, where he became one of the most prolific scorers in league history. In 1998, John led the league with 26 goals, a record that currently puts him tied for fifth in MLS for goals in one season, and also with 57 points to be named the MLS Scoring Champion. He was named to the MLS Best XI that year as well, and tied for the lead with 18 goals in 1999.
Nottingham Forest
After the 1999 season with Columbus, John was acquired by Nottingham Forest of the English First Division for a fee of £1.5 million. However, eventual financial difficulties at Forest following the team's failed bid at promotion forced John's sale to Birmingham City in February 2002, then pushing for promotion to the Premier League, for the sum of £100,000. John scored 18 goals in 49 starts for Forest.
Birmingham City
At Birmingham, John rarely played, although he had some memorable moments in the blue shirt of Birmingham, such as his turn and finish away at West Ham in 2002; his last minute equaliser at Villa Park in the Birmingham derby; and his last minute goal away at Millwall which put Birmingham through to the Playoff Final in 2002. He then scored one of the penalties in the play-off final shootout to help them get promoted to the Premier League. Popular with the Birmingham fans for his crucial and sometimes brilliant goals, he nonetheless fell out of favour with management, and was sold to Coventry City on 14 September 2004.
Coventry City
In his first season with Coventry, John finished second in team scoring with 12 goals despite starting in barely half of Coventry's games.
Derby County
At the start of the 2005–06 season, following the signing of James Scowcroft, John found himself outside of manager Micky Adams's first-team plans. As a result, he was loaned to Derby County on 16 September 2005. He rejoined Coventry three months later.
Sunderland
On 29 January 2007, John was transferred to Sunderland for an undisclosed fee. The signing was Sunderland manager Roy Keane's sixth signing of the 2006–07 season January transfer window. He scored his first goals against Southend United in a 4–0 victory on 17 February 2007.
Southampton
On 29 August 2007, John moved to Southampton as part of a deal that took his international teammate Kenwyne Jones in the opposite direction.
He scored his first goals with two in a 3–2 win against West Bromwich Albion on 6 October 2007. From then on he scored regularly for "The Saints", with nine goals in his first fifteen appearances, including a second half hat trick against Hull City on 8 December 2007. He finished the 2007–08 season fourth highest scorer in the Championship with 19 goals for Southampton. (He had also scored once for Sunderland in the Premier League prior to his transfer.) Before being sent off for a second bookable offence, John scored two goals, including the match winner, in Southampton's final game of the season against Sheffield United, as the Saints narrowly avoided relegation to League One.
Bristol City
John was loaned to Bristol City in October 2008 until the end of the 2008–09 season. John made his first Bristol City appearance, coming on as a substitute, against Barnsley in a 0–0 draw. John scored his first goal for Bristol City in a 4–1 defeat to Reading at Ashton Gate Stadium on 1 November 2008.
Crystal Palace
On 29 July 2009 John signed for Crystal Palace on a year-long deal after turning down an offer to stay at Southampton. He made his debut on the opening day of the season against Plymouth Argyle, he had to come off after 35 minutes due to an injury. He returned in mid-October, but joined Ipswich Town on a one-month loan at the end of November. He scored his first goal for Ipswich in a 3–2 win over Coventry City on 16 January 2010. Upon his return to Palace he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 win at Watford on 30 March 2010.
New Palace manager George Burley had hoped to discuss the player's future at the end of the season, but no discussion occurred, and John left the club.
Solihull Moors
In August 2012, after two seasons out of English football, John returned, signing for Solihull Moors. However, as of November 2012, he had yet to make an appearance in any competition for the club.
WASA FC
John retired and moved back to his native Trinidad and Tobago after his spell at Solihull Moors. He came out of retirement a second time in order to join WASA FC of the National Super League of Trinidad and Tobago in January 2014. He scored on his debut
Central F.C.
John came out of retirement once again in 2016 when he was appointed as player-coach of Central F.C. in the TT Pro League.
International career
John made his international debut for Trinidad and Tobago national football team on 15 February 1995 against Finland in a Friendly match at the Queen's Park Oval, scoring one goal on his debut. John has been a vital player for the Soca Warriors, currently the team's all-time leading scorer with 70 goals in 115 caps (as of 9 February 2011), and is also the 7th highest international goalscorer according to the list of Top international association football goal scorers by country, behind Pelé, Ferenc Puskás and Ali Daei. He is also the all-time top CONCACAF goal scorer. He was instrumental in helping his country qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup and played in all three of his country's World Cup group matches at Germany 2006. In Germany, he scored an offside goal. He was also named Trinidad and Tobago Football Federation Player of the Year in 2002. John is currently the second most capped Trinidad and Tobago international behind former teammate Angus Eve. He was the only player to score in 12 consecutive international matches, from 1998 to 1999.
Honours
1998 MLS Scoring Champion
1998 MLS Golden Boot
1998 MLS Best XI
2002 Division 1 Play-offs Winner's Medal
2002 Trinidad and Tobago Football Federation Player of the Year
2007 Championship Winners' Medal with Sunderland
Career statistics
Club statistics
International goals
Scores and results list Trinidad and Tobago's goal tally first.
Notes
References
External links
Player profile from Southampton F.C. website (via archive.org)
Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Tunapuna–Piarco
Category:Trinidad and Tobago footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Mercer County Community College alumni
Category:Carolina Dynamo players
Category:New Orleans Riverboat Gamblers players
Category:Columbus Crew SC players
Category:Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Category:Birmingham City F.C. players
Category:Coventry City F.C. players
Category:Derby County F.C. players
Category:Sunderland A.F.C. players
Category:Southampton F.C. players
Category:Bristol City F.C. players
Category:Crystal Palace F.C. players
Category:Ipswich Town F.C. players
Category:North East Stars F.C. players
Category:Solihull Moors F.C. players
Category:USISL players
Category:USL First Division players
Category:Major League Soccer players
Category:Major League Soccer All-Stars
Category:Premier League players
Category:English Football League players
Category:TT Pro League players
Category:Trinidad and Tobago international footballers
Category:1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Category:2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Category:2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players
Category:FIFA Century Club
Category:Trinidad and Tobago expatriate footballers
Category:Trinidad and Tobago expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Category:Trinidad and Tobago expatriate sportspeople in England
Category:Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Category:Expatriate footballers in England
Category:Trinidad and Tobago football managers
Category:Central F.C. managers
Category:TT Pro League managers
Category:Recipients of the Chaconia Medal |
LibreOffice Draw
LibreOffice Draw is a free and open source vector graphics editor. It is one of the applications included in the LibreOffice office suite, developed by The Document Foundation.
LibreOffice Draw can be used to create complicated figures using shape tools, straight and curved tools, polygon tools, among other features.
Like the other components of LibreOffice, Draw can be run on Linux, MacOS and Microsoft Windows.
LibreOffice Draw natively uses Open Document Format for Office Applications (ODF) (.odg graphics extension) which is an international standard file format established by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS).
Features
Draw can be used to make flowcharts, technical drawings, brochures, posters, photo galleries and albums.
Draw includes a spellchecker, autocorrect, thesaurus, hyphenation mode and color replacing. It has a gallery of shapes and drawings. It also supports as macro execution with Java, extensions and has configurable XML filter settings.
Import and export function
Import, edit, export PDFs
Import Microsoft Visio .vsd files
Import Microsoft Publisher .pub files.
Import from OTT, STW, OTH, OTS, STC, OTP, STI, OTG, STD and VOR formats
Export to BMP, EPS, GIF, JPEG, PNG, SVG, WMF, as well as create HTML, XHTML, PDF and SWF files
Reception
In a 2014 review, Elena Opris wrote in Softpedia, "The Good: LibreOffice's best features are applicable in all modules. Draw sports numerous options and configuration parameters for defining each part of the graphical plan as well as for the general elements in the interface (such as toolbars and keyboard shortcuts). The styles and formatting presets simplify the entire layout designing process. The document recovery feature usually comes to the rescue when experiencing system crashes." Opris noted, "The Bad: The program often takes a while to paste pictures as well as to load some features. It froze several times during our evaluation when inserting files with unsupported formats, which eventually led us to restarting Draw."
Writing in December 2017 for It's FOSS, Ankush Das, said, "LibreOffice Draw module is one of the best open source alternatives to Microsoft Visio. With the help of it, you can either choose to make a quick sketch of an idea or a complex professional floor plan for presentation. Flowcharts, organization charts, network diagrams, brochures, posters, and what not! All that without even requiring to spend a penny."
PAT Research described Draw in a 2018 review, "LibreOffice Draw is a powerful office and flowchart software that provides a clean interface and tools that enable users to unleash their creativity and enhance their productivity".
GoFree wrote, "it is simply amazing that a free vector graphics editor like this can deliver such professional results."
References
External links
Category:Free vector graphics editors
Category:LibreOffice |
[Can the urine dipstick be used in the diagnosis of urinary bacterial colonizations in a preoperative urological assessment?].
The use of the dipstick urinalysis has been validated for the diagnosis of symptomatic urinary infections, cystitis and pyelonephritis thanks to an excellent negative predictive value. For prostatitis, it is rather its positive predictive value that is interesting. The aim of this study is to validate its use in the screening of urinary colonizations in the preoperative assessment in urology. A monocentric prospective study was carried out for one year in 2011 comparing the data from the urine dipstick test with a fresh-voided midstream urinary examination and culture performed on the day of admission with the same urine sample in 598 asymptomatic patients programmed for a urological procedure. The gold standard to diagnose a microbiological-confirmed urinary tract infection or colonization was uropathogen growth of ≥10(3) colony-forming units per ml (cfu/mL) with or without leucocyturia. The study disclosed 5% of colonized patients. The urine dipstick test had a 65% sensitivity and a 97% negative predictive value. However, the low sensitivity of the urine dipstick test entailed 34% of false negatives. In spite of a good negative predictive value linked to a low prevalence of colonized patients (5%), the low sensitivity of the urine dipstick test entails a non-negligible number of false negatives. Its use as a single test of preoperative screening would expose colonized patients to the prospect of an operation, which seems to be unacceptable for some of them, notably endoscopic ones. 4. |
Q:
Automatically add an Order column into tablix in Local Report?
I can populate my own Order column in the DataSource and pass this DataSource to Tablix. But if there is a way to automatically an Order column right in Tablix at design time (such as using some variable or expression), it would be better. Here is what I want:
Order | Column 1 | Column 2
1
2
3
...
The Order column can be added at design time easily, but how to populate it with ordinal numbers when refreshing report (of course, I don't want to populate it from data source). I want some way to populate it via expression or something like that right in Local Report designer.
Your help would be highly appreciated!
Thank you very much in advance!
A:
Yes,
Put expression =RowNumber(nothing) in Order column.
and if you want to show row number differently for group try =RowNumber("GroupName1")
|
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The Essential Air Fryer Cookbook
by Bruce Weinstein
With more than 7 million sold in America, air fryers are the next Instant Pot: the new hot kitchen appliance home cooks have to have–and Bruce Weinstein and Mark Scarbrough are here to help you make the most of it.
Initially conceived as a way of producing crispy “fried” foods with half the calories and fat, the air fryer is more than just a diet trick. It’s also the best, easiest way to cook with the power of a commercial convection oven at home, producing the crispiest roasted vegetables, perfectly-cooked chicken with crunchy skin, and, yes, the most delicious french fries you’ll ever make without digging out a deep fryer.
With more than 300 delicious, unpretentious, and totally customisable recipes for everything from entire meals cooked inside the air fryer to party snacks, healthy sides, and delicious desserts, this book will be the go-to resource for this year’s hottest home cooking appliance. |
Home > US 10-year Treasury yields are flat to down slightly; NZD has ended up one of the better performers as short-positions were likely pared; the weaker USD since this time yesterday likely reflects a reduction in long positioning
US 10-year Treasury yields are flat to down slightly; NZD has ended up one of the better performers as short-positions were likely pared; the weaker USD since this time yesterday likely reflects a reduction in long positioning
Following yesterday’s rout in global equities a risk-off tone remains evident, with the S&P500 making further losses overnight, while US 10-year Treasury yields are flat to down slightly. Despite the fall in risk appetite, the NZD has ended up one of the better performers as short-positions were likely pared.
After we went to print yesterday, US equities lunged further into negative territory and this spilled over into global markets, with NZ’s high-flying equity market ending down a chunky 3.6%. No single trigger can adequately explain the sudden plunge in equity markets but a number of factors can be pointed at, including US rates having reached a tipping point late into the cycle, worries about the impact of higher oil prices, escalating US-China tensions (not just on trade but at a military level as well), an over-valued tech sector and allegations of Chinese chip-makers including devices in products to spy on their overseas customers, to name a few.
Overnight, President Trump blamed the Fed for the market rout saying “The Fed is out of control…I think what they’re doing is wrong”, but adding that he wasn’t going to fire Fed Chair Powell. This followed his comments yesterday that the Fed has gone crazy and was making a mistake.
The S&P500 has spent most of the session so far in negative territory, down as much as 1½% recently and currently down about 1%, to sit just below its 200-day moving average. Earlier in the year the index broke down through that technical indicator a number of times but not for very long and recovered each time. Another lurch lower could well feed on itself, while a bounce would get the buy-the-dip brigade back into action, so we’re currently at an interesting juncture.
Of some relief, US CPI inflation was lower than expected for the second month in a row, with the annual core measure staying steady at 2.2% y/y. The market still thinks another rate hike is likely in December as the tighter labour market forewarns future inflationary pressure, but the softer inflation data supports the Fed’s gradual approach to raising rates.
In other news, Dow Jones reported that President Trump is going to meet with his Chinese counterpart Xi at the G20 meeting next month. Later, Larry Kudlow told reporters he "can't officially" confirm Trump and Xi are planning to meet, saying only it's under discussion.
US Treasury yields have settled in a 3.14-3.19% range since the open of the Asian trading session, following the 8bps decline in late NY trading yesterday. Despite the softer inflation data, the 2-year rate shows some upward drift and is up 2bps from the NZ close compared to the flat 10-year rate. The market is taking the view that equity markets would have to show a much larger downward correction to sway the Fed from its gradual tightening path.
In currency markets, the NZD has outperformed despite the weaker risk appetite environment and has blasted up over 1% through the 0.65 mark and is higher on all the crosses. While this is unusual, in a big risk-off event the natural behaviour of traders is to shut down or reduce positions. Positioning in the NZD has been significantly short – the greatest on record according to CFTC data for non-commercial positions in the futures market – so NZD strength at a time like this suggests some short covering. Indeed, currency movements over the past 24 hours or so tells us a lot about positioning. The AUD has also outperformed but not to the extent of the NZD. The AUD has blasted up through 0.71, while NZD/AUD is up to 0.9160. With positioning a key factor behind the moves we wouldn’t read too much into them or want to extrapolate the move too far into the future.
The weaker USD since this time yesterday likely reflects a reduction in long positioning, although Trump’s outburst against the Fed and the softer CPI data haven’t helped either. USD indices are down around 0.4-0.5% for the day. EUR is up 0.6% to 1.1590 while GBP is flat around the 1.32 mark. Brexit headlines remain confusing and conflicting. Italy remains a focus for the market and rates are modestly higher there ahead of Italy submitting its Budget. EU economy chief Moscovici said he’ll try to bring Italy “closer” to EU spending rules in negotiations over the country’s 2019 budget.
Finally, oil prices have retreated again. Alongside data showing some inventory build, OPEC cut its estimate for global demand for its crude next year by 900k barrels per day due to weakening economic growth and higher output from rivals, notably US shale drillers. Brent crude is down 3% to $80.60 and well down from the $86.70 peak of mid-last week. |
Settler Theology & Israel's Future
Over the years, the West Bank olive harvest has become an annual low-level battle, with settlers stealing from and ravaging Palestinian groves and with outpost settlers as prime suspects. But finding these ideas printed in a glossy manifesto, starkly presented as religious principles, was more than I'd expected. |
Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape
The Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape (also ... District or ... Lake District, ) is a natural region in Saxony. It runs from a line between Wittichenau and Kamenz for roughly 60 kilometres in an east-west direction as far as the River Neisse. Its width between the bordering natural regions of the Upper Lusatian Gefilde and Eastern Upper Lusatia to the south and the Muskau Heath and Upper Lusatian Mining Region to the north is between 15 and 20 kilometres.
The landscape is a transition zone between the hilly southern part of Upper Lusatia and Lower Lusatia. Its central part takes in the Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape Biosphere Reserve, whose core zone is a nature reserve.
The region is part of the Saalian glaciation meltwater valley or urstromtal. Valley sands close to the groundwater level at heights of between 130 and 150 metres alternate with stretches of valley bottom over 500 metres wide and only a few metres lower. Dry areas lie next to waterlogged or even boggy areas.
Almost 10% of the area is made up of 335 ponds, which makes the Upper Lusatian Heath and Lake District the largest economically utilized pond region in Europe.
Part of the original landscape was destroyed by the brown coal open-cast mine around the Boxberg Power Station, however the pits left behind have been flooded and now form a new part of the countryside.
The potential natural vegetation (pnV) is birch and oak-pine woods, with alder and ash woods in the water meadows.
References
External links
Large scale grouping, subdivisions and overview map as part of the Upper Lusatia-Lower Silesia Planning Region, retrieved 11 March 2012
Category:Natural regions of Saxony
Category:Upper Lusatia
Category:Ponds of Germany |
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World of final fantasy - The five Cogna lords Port Besaid & Nibelheim Ep80
In the main story we need to face the five Cogna lords that are currently running rampant across the world of Grymoire. Firstly we tackle the Cogna residing in Port Besaid which is a very easy airborne enemy but the one afterwards in Nibelheim was not so easy! He did look awesome though :D
World of Final Fantasy is a role-playing video game which utilizes a turn-based battle system. It is is primarily set in the world of Grymoire, a land populated by classic Final Fantasy characters and monsters from across the series, while being unconnected to any other series entry. Lann and Reynn suffer from amnesia and hold the power in one of their arms to capture and wield Mirages, the monsters of Grymoire. They travel to Grymoire to recover their memories.
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Miss Multi-Console. (MMC) |
Tân Phước District
Tân Phước is a rural district (huyện) of Tien Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 53,125. The district covers an area of 343 km². The district capital lies at Mỹ Phước.
References
Category:Districts of Tiền Giang Province |
Q:
How do I get vim omnicompletion to support php class methods using ::
Using vim + php + ctags I can get fairly good php auto-completion. But one part really eludes me: getting vim to auto-complete class methods. Here's an example:
The full method is
CVarDumper::dumpAsString
And I want it to complete if I type this:
CVarDumper::d<tab>
The double-colon does not work. However, if I replace the :: with a . then it does autocomplete:
CVarDumper.d<tab>
I see the c++ omnifunc function has an option to allow for :: completion:
let OmniCpp_MayCompleteScope = 1 " autocomplete after ::
Is there an equivalent for the ft-php-omni function, or a way to hack this feature in?
Update:
Turns out the problem was the supertab plugin, specifically this option in my .vimrc
" SuperTab option for context aware completion
let g:SuperTabDefaultCompletionType = "context"
After removing that option supertab + phpcomplete allows for completion of php class methods.
A:
Try this alternative phpcomplete script. It is better than the default one in every possible ways, including the fact that it supports static completion.
|
I think your team is lacking power. Outside of Ortiz you dont have much power. OF is suspect. Delmon will give you decent numbers across the board. Rowand isn't going to put up last years numbers, so I would lower your expectations if you haven't done so already. Hamilton should put up some power numbers, but not completely sold on him. Pitching looks good. I would keep an eye on Pena just in case Lyon slips up. |
Annie Lapin
Annie Lapin (born 1978) is an American artist who lives and works in Los Angeles, California. Her abstract paintings are grounded in representation.
Early life and education
Although born in Washington D.C., Lapin spent most of her early years in Kentucky. She received her BA from Yale University in 2001, and completed an MFA at the University of California, Los Angeles, in 2007.
Exhibitions
Lapin has had solo exhibitions at Grand Arts in Kansas City, Missouri (2008), at the Pasadena Museum of California Art (2009), at the Museum of Contemporary Art Santa Barbara (2012), and at the Weatherspoon Art Museum of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, where was Falk Visiting Artist in 2013–2014.
Notes
Further reading
Los Angeles Times Review: Annie Lapin's Various Peep Shows
Priscilla Frank (January 25, 2014). Annie Lapin's Newest Painting Exhibition Combines Instant Attraction and a Slow Burn. Huffington Post.
External links
Video: New American Paintings x Future Shipwreck: Annie Lapin
Category:1978 births
Category:American artists
Category:Living people |
The present invention relates in general to teleservice messages within a telecommunications network. More particularly, the present invention relates to reporting the capabilities and features of a mobile station within such a network.
There are many features defined in the mobile stations specifications, such as the ANSI-136 standard. Some of these features are optional while most of them are required per the standard. Each mobile station within a telecommunications network, such as the ANSI-136 network, supports a protocol version (PV) that defines the capability of the mobile station. The different PVs cover the different revisions and capability sets of the standard.
Different PVs support different items, with some items being xe2x80x9cmandatoryxe2x80x9d and some items being xe2x80x9coptionalxe2x80x9d. Typical features for PV0 and PV1 are shown in Table 1.
Typically, PVs are backward compatible, meaning that if a telephone is PV1, then it has all of the PV1 features as well as the PV0 features.
In order that the mobile network will know what revision of the standard that a mobile station supports, the mobile station provides its PV to the mobile network via an (air) interface message such as a registration message or the capability report. Typically, when a mobile station, such as a telephone, registers on a system, it provides its PV in a message to the system.
Wireless operators and infrastructure vendors need to know what capabilities are supported by the customer premises equipment (CPE), including the mobile station, in order to know what messages, physical channel capabilities, and features can be assigned and sent to the CPE. It is contemplated that each mobile station that is registered as a certain PV supports all of the mandatory features. However, many CPE vendors do not support all xe2x80x9cmandatoryxe2x80x9d capabilities of the standard, and the conventional, standardized capability report does not account for mandatory features, only optional features. Thus, the wireless operator and infrastructure vendor cannot be sure of what features and capabilities a mobile station may or may not support.
In order for a mobile station to indicate that it supports a particular PV, all mandatory items for that particular PV must be supported by the mobile station. However, in commercial practicality there are situations where a infrastructure vendor and a wireless operator may choose to provide support for one or more features in a PV prior to the ability to support all of the other mandatory features of the PV.
Conventionally, the base station sends a message to the mobile station requesting its capability. The mobile station responds with a list of the optional features that it supports. It is assumed that the mobile station supports all the required features. However, oftentimes not all the PV features, even the mandatory ones, are in the telephone. The conventional capability reporting services only allow indication of support for features defined in the standard as optional. They do not allow any indication from the mobile station to the infrastructure of support for standardized feature sets which are mandatory in a particular protocol version.
Also, in the ANSI-136 standard, the conventional capability report is a layer 3 message. The wireless operator is dependent on the infrastructure vendor to provide a conduit from the CPE to the wireless operator""s information database. This leads to development costs to the infrastructure vendor and the wireless operator.
The standard does support many optional capabilities. These optional capabilities are not subject to the requirement of the PVs but rather may be optionally implemented in any revision of the standard later than the revision of the optional capability. In order to know that these features are supported by the mobile station, the standard supports a reporting mechanism called a Capability Report and the Capability Update on the digital control channel (DCCH) and the digital traffic channel (DTC), respectively.
The Capability Report may be requested from the mobile station by the base station by a Capability Request flag on the DCCH. The Capability Update may be requested from the mobile station by the base station by sending a Capability Update Request on the forward DTC. Both of these services indicate the protocol and service capability of the mobile station.
There is a need to allow support for select mandatory features without the mobile station having to indicate complete support for a particular PV level. Therefore, there is a need to determine which features, both mandatory and optional, are implemented in a telephone, and which features are not.
The present invention is directed to a mobile station capability message and a system and method for generating a mobile station capability message. The mobile station capability message comprises data indicative of at least one mandatory feature supported by the mobile station. The capability storage message also can comprise data indicative of at least one optional feature supported by the mobile station. The features are each associated with a protocol version that is either the latest protocol version supported by the mobile station or an earlier protocol version. According to one aspect of the present invention, the features are part of the ANSI-136 standard.
An embodiment of the present invention comprises a system and method for generating a capability request message at a remote site, transmitting the capability request message to the mobile station, and generating a mobile station capability message responsive to the capability request message, the capability message comprising data indicative of at least one mandatory feature supported by the mobile station, the at least one mandatory feature being associated with a protocol version. The remote site is one of a base station, a mobile switching center, and a non-base station entity.
According to further aspects of the invention, the capability message is transmitted to the remote site from the mobile station, via an interface comprising, for example, point to point or broadcast mechanisms. The capability request message and the capability message can be part of respective ANSI-136 R-data messages.
According to other aspects of the invention, the capability message is stored in a storage device that can be accessed by the remote site, and receipt of the capability request message at the mobile station is acknowledged.
The foregoing and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. |
United Kingdom
The look on Mim’s face said it all; “That is one of the best things I’ve ever tasted”, she said gleefully, pushing the gloriously large yet somewhat daunting mac and cheese toasty across the table for Mark to taste. Were we in Manchester, or had we magically teleported back to our hometown of Melbourne for some top quality grub? Being from Melbourne, we’re kinda food snobs. When you’ve got access to so many incredible restaurants, it’s hard not to be.… |
Book Review: Crochet Saved My Life
Sunday, March 10, 2013
If you’ve ever turned to your hooks
and yarn when times were hard, you will probably see yourself in Crochet Saved My Life: The Mental and Physical Health Benefits of Crochet. Kathryn Vercillo, the blogger behind Crochet Concupiscence, has written and self-published this compelling
non-fiction book which tells the stories of 24 crocheters (including
herself) who attest to the healing power of crochet.
Kathryn’s personal experience using
crochet as part of a comprehensive plan to manage her depression
sparked her interest in researching the mental, physical, and social
benefits of crochet. The book takes a journalistic approach to
exploring research into the potential for using crochet as part of a
treatment plan for several physical and mental health conditions
(depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, addiction, post
traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, bipopular disorder,
Alzheimer’s and other age related memory conditions, and stress).
Kathryn also explores the use of crochet as part of pain management
and occupational therapy regimens.
Each chapter includes a clearly written
overview of research as well as existing programs using crochet (or
other needlecrafts) to treat these conditions. Kathryn’s writing
style is accessible and casual, but she has clearly done her homework
and documents her sources. She also peppers the anecdotal
experiences of the many crocheters she interviewed for the book
throughout the relevant chapters, so you can learn about how crochet
helped them manage their health.
The book includes appendices with
mindfulness activities, hand stretches, and other exercises for
crocheters. Kathryn also shares the complete story of each crafter
she interviewed in “Meet the Crafters” profiles. Crocheters who
are active online will recognize many of Kathryn’s interview
subjects, who include bloggers, Etsy sellers, and designers. The
profiles provide a personal touch and a window into the many ways
that crocheting, creativity, and a community of crafters can support
healing during difficult times.
Although the book is self-published, it
is well written and thoroughly edited. Other than the unconventional
font (which is highly readable), there is little to distinguish it
from a book produced by a major publishing house. Before picking up
the book, I feared it would be depressing, but it is actually quite
uplifting and inspiring. Through the profiles of these creative
women, the reader gets to experience the healing powers of crochet.
Fans of Kathryn’s blog will recognize her conversational tone and
enjoy the opportunity to learn more about other active members of the
online crochet community. This book would also make a delightful
gift for anyone in a helping profession or caregivers, since there
are some great suggestions for using crochet specifically and
needlecrafts in general to support healing.
Retail price:
$17.95 (paperback), $9.99 (Kindle edition). This book is also
available to borrow via the Kindle Lending Library for Amazon Prime
Members.
1 comment:
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About This Blog
CGOA Now! is the place to find book reviews, the latest news and information about CGOA, and general items of interest from the crochet community. The content of the blog is overseen by the Board of Directors and Chain Link editor Kim Guzman. |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
tools:context="it.tiwiz.rxjavacrunch.part9.Part9Activity">
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Retain configuration instance (value)" />
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android:id="@+id/currentValue"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textAppearance="?android:textAppearanceLarge"
android:padding="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:gravity="center"
tools:text="10"/>
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|
Q:
Qual é a definição de delete JavaScript
Me deparei com uma instrução onde o delete representa um tipo em JavaScript. Pelo menos foi o que eu entendi.
Gostaria da ajuda de vocês pois não encontrei nenhuma referencia na internet.
if (MvL.object.hasValue(domain.cpf) || MvL.object.hasValue(domain.cnpj)) {
delete domain.nome_cliente;
delete domain.cod_cgl;
delete domain.uf;
}
A:
delete não é um tipo, mas sim um operador remove uma propriedade de um objeto. No entanto, só irá funcionar em propriedades que possuam o atributo de propriedade [[Configurable]] definido como true. Veja:
const obj = {};
obj.name = 'Luiz';
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'lastName', {
enumerable: true,
configurable: false // Não irá permitir que deletemos a propriedade `name`.
});
console.log(obj);
delete obj.name;
delete obj.lastName;
console.log(obj);
No modo normal do JavaScript, se você tentar deletar uma propriedade não configurável, false será retornado. No entanto, se você estiver no modo estrito, um erro será lançado:
'use strict';
const obj = {};
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'lastName', {
enumerable: true,
configurable: false
});
delete obj.lastName; // Uncaught TypeError: Cannot delete property 'lastName'
Esse operador irá retornar true em todos os casos, exceto quando você tentar remover uma propriedade não configurável sem estar no modo estrito – já vimos que nesse último caso, um erro é lançado.
Se, mesmo no modo estrito, você quiser receber um booleano false se não tiver conseguido deletar a propriedade, você pode usar o método Reflect.deleteProperty:
'use strict';
const obj = {};
obj.name = 'Luiz';
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'lastName', {
enumerable: true,
configurable: false
});
console.log(obj);
console.log(Reflect.deleteProperty(obj, 'name')); // true
console.log(Reflect.deleteProperty(obj, 'lastName')); // false
console.log(obj);
Vale dizer que tanto delete quanto Reflect.deleteProperty retornarão true mesmo se a propriedade que você tentar deletar não existir.
|
The relationship between yogurt consumption, body weight, and metabolic profiles in youth with a familial predisposition to obesity.
This study examined the relationship between yogurt consumption, family history of obesity (FHO), and health determinants. Youth (n = 198; mean age: 20 ± 0.5 years) from the Québec Family Study were first classified based on their FHO, defined as the presence or absence of at least one obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) parent [with FHO (FHO+; n = 112) or without FHO (FHO-; n = 86)] and then on their yogurt consumption [yogurt consumers (YC+) n = 61 or non-consumers (YC-) n = 137]. A two-factor mixed ANOVA was performed to evaluate the association between FHO, YC, and their interaction with health determinant such as weight and body composition, metabolic and behavioral profiles. There was a main effect of FHO, but not YC, for weight and body composition, but no interaction between YC and FHO for these measures. However, a significant interaction between YC and FHO was observed for fasting insulin (P = 0.02), insulin area under the curve (AUC) (P = 0.02), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; P = 0.03) after adjustment for studied covariates. Specifically, lower fasting plasma insulin, insulin AUC, and HOMA-IR were observed in FHO+ and YC+ youth compared to YC- youth of the same group while no differences were found between the FHO- sub-groups. Consuming yogurt may protect against insulin resistance more specifically among youth at risk of obesity, and this relationship appears to be independent of body composition and lifestyle factors measured in this study. |
TCR down-regulation controls T cell homeostasis.
TCR and cytokine receptor signaling play key roles in the complex homeostatic mechanisms that maintain a relative stable number of T cells throughout life. Despite the homeostatic mechanisms, a slow decline in naive T cells is typically observed with age. The CD3gamma di-leucine-based motif controls TCR down-regulation and plays a central role in fine-tuning TCR expression and signaling in T cells. In this study, we show that the age-associated decline of naive T cells is strongly accelerated in CD3gammaLLAA knock-in mice homozygous for a double leucine to alanine mutation in the CD3gamma di-leucine-based motif, whereas the number of memory T cells is unaffected by the mutation. This results in premature T cell population senescence with a severe dominance of memory T cells and very few naive T cells in middle-aged to old CD3gamma mutant mice. The reduced number of naive T cells in CD3gamma mutant mice was caused by the combination of reduced thymic output, decreased T cell apoptosis, and increased transition of naive T cells to memory T cells. Experiments with bone marrow chimeric mice confirmed that the CD3gammaLLAA mutation exerted a T cell intrinsic effect on T cell homeostasis that resulted in an increased transition of CD3gammaLLAA naive T cells to memory T cells and a survival advantage of CD3gammaLLAA T cells compared with wild-type T cells. The experimental observations were further supported by mathematical modeling of T cell homeostasis. Our study thus identifies an important role of CD3gamma-mediated TCR down-regulation in T cell homeostasis. |
The 25% Discount that Cost Us $12,000 (Plus, a Big Announcement) - ph0rque
http://www.groovehq.com/blog/discounting
======
eterm
I'm confused, the article starts with "Don't do heavy discounting, don't give
away your stuff too easily" then ends up "Here's a load of discounts!".
What was the message you wanted to give?
~~~
mcintyre1994
They did say extended free trials did work for them, and while I struggle to
believe long-term free users convert better than discounted users, that's what
their data says. Most of their offers seem to be very extended free trials.
------
timje1
These article titles are very link-baity, regardless of their relevance to HN.
|
Q:
Add Password Requirements to Membership Provider
Do I need to make a Custom Membership Provider or is there another way?
I have a project using ASP.NET Forms Authentication and the Microsoft SQL Membership Provider. The website is DONE. I use this provider everywhere. (Register, Login, Forgot Password, etc...)
Until now, my website users have not needed complex passwords. The users' passwords were really just pins. The user could select anything for a password in the past. I had almost no restrictions for this website because none of the data is private or personal.
However I have received new requirements.
Here are the new password requirements:
Passwords must be at least 8 characters in length.
Passwords must be created using 3 of the following 4 character types:
Uppercase
Lowercase
Numeric
Punctuation
Do not use your name or User ID in the password.
Do not use old passwords again later.
Passwords must be changed at least every 60 days.
Passwords may not contain your User ID or any part of your full name.
Password history retention will prohibit use of the last 24 passwords.
Passwords may be changed by users only once in any 6-day period.
I realize I am going to have to modify all of the following pages: Register, Login, Forgot Password, etc... fortunately I stopped using the default controls a long time ago.
I appreciate your thoughts.
My first thought was that I need to write a Custom Membership Provider.
I don't know how to make the standard provider to do most of this. I could write code to do.
Do I modify the aspnet_membership table?
Should I add my own table aspnet_something?
Can the user profile table be used for this problem?
Do I need my own MembershipUser class?
Thanks.
A:
You need to listen to the ValidatingPassword event.
See ASP.NET Membership ChangePassword control - Need to check for previous password for sample code of how to do this.
|
Interregional correlation of cerebral glucose metabolism in unmedicated schizophrenia.
To investigate metabolic relationships between different brain regions in schizophrenia, we measured regional brain metabolism using positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in 15 unmedicated schizophrenic patients and 15 healthy subjects. We analyzed correlations between glucose metabolism data of multiple brain regions using factorial analysis and correlation coefficient comparisons. Absolute regional intercorrelations in schizophrenic brains were found to be significantly stronger than in controls, in relationship to the greater variability of metabolic rates in schizophrenic patients. Variability of normalized metabolic rates and regional intercorrelations were not significantly different between schizophrenic patients and control subjects. We conclude that a global metabolic factor accounts for the variability of metabolic data in untreated schizophrenia. |
Purification and characterization of sialyl-Le(a)-carrying mucins of human bile; evidence for the presence of MUC1 and MUC3 apoproteins.
Purification of sialyl-Le(a)-carrying mucins from primary human bile by trichloroacetic acid precipitation, delipidation, and gel filtration in guanidinium chloride gave three separable fractions, one of which was further purified by affinity chromatography. These fractions, named SBG1 (for soluble bile glycoprotein), SBG2, and SBG3 had molecular masses of > 1100, 800-950, and 100-250 kDa, respectively, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their mucin characteristics were indicated by a high carbohydrate content, ranging from 74 to 95%. The carbohydrate compositions indicated the presence of very long fucosylated polylactosamine chains. Amino acid analyses showed high abundance of serine and threonine in all three fractions (19-36%), confirming their mucin-like nature. Immunochemical analyses of deglycosylated samples detected the MUC1 mucin apoprotein in SBG2 and the MUC3 protein in SBG1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a MUC3 mucin being purified. This mucin showed no significant reduction in size upon trypsin treatment or disulfide bond reduction and alkylation. Gel filtration of three samples of secondary bile showed that the size distribution of sialyl-Le(a)-carrying glycoproteins was similar to that found in primary bile, and immunochemical analysis showed that the MUC1 protein was present in all three samples. In one sample an additional fraction was isolated, which was insoluble in 6 M guanidinium chloride, but was solubilized upon reduction and alkylation. mRNAs from gallbladder epithelia were analyzed in Northern blot hybridizations showing that the MUC1 and MUC3 but not the MUC2 mucin apoprotein genes were expressed. |
Power Cables
For large utility applications, providing power to large building developments means ensuring continuity of supply using the most robust of cables.
These include the installation of XLPE insulated (cross-linked polyethylene), PVC sheathed armoured cable usually underground.
These cables are maintenance-free, have low electrical losses, are environmentally friendly and unaffected by weather condition and are a solution particularly where power cables serve large densely populated ares. |
Inker
RECENT ACTIVITY
The passions of one of history's greatest artists are captured in this volume collecting the dark and provacative 10-issue Vertigo maxiseries. Framed around the story of Salai, a young man whose beauty entrances the great maestro, CHIAROSCURO follows the struggles and triumphs of da Vinci's illustrious career, from his early work in Florence and Milan to the painting of the Mona Lisa and his epochal rivalry with Michaelangelo. |
Life at the epicentre: my first year at North York General Hospital.
My inaugural year at NYGH neatly bisects, with the two halves marked by decidedly different challenges. The first six months brought its share of difficulties, and with it some tests of will on my part. But it all paled in comparison with what followed, as we coped with the outbreak of SARS. |
--- contrib/virt.te 2012-11-25 21:35:09.181247450 +0100
+++ contrib/virt.te 2012-11-25 21:34:09.223216815 +0100
@@ -281,7 +281,11 @@
userdom_search_user_home_dirs(virt_domain)
userdom_read_all_users_state(virt_domain)
-qemu_exec(virt_domain)
+ifdef(`distro_gentoo',`
+ optional_policy(`
+ qemu_exec(virt_domain)
+ ')
+')
tunable_policy(`virt_use_execmem',`
allow virt_domain self:process { execmem execstack };
|
Q:
How does MS Entity Framework map from the conceptual model to CLR types?
Given an Entity Data Model (EDMX) with "Code Generation Strategy" set to "None", how does EF determine which CLR types to map the conceptual model to?
I think I read somewhere that it just probes the assembly for types that match the conceptual model, but that was in reference to a CTP edition of EF. Is this still the case?
Can I control this process somehow?
In particular, I am in a scenario where I am moving a substantial codebase from using Linq2SQL to using POCO with EF 4.0. Thus, I have the Linq2SQL classes as well as my POCO classes, for now residing in the same assembly, but in different namespaces. I'm trying to have a smooth migration from L2S to EF so I would like to have the two frameworks run in parallel for a while. However, I get a runtime-error saying
The mapping of CLR type to EDM type is
ambiguous because multiple CLR types
match the EDM type 'SomeType'.
Previously found CLR type
'SomeNamespace.SomeType', newly found
CLR type 'SomeNamespace.POCO.SomeType'
where SomeNamespace is the namespace of the L2S entities. This error makes sense if EF is just probing for all types matching the conceptual model. Can I confine EF to only probe the SomeNamespace.POCO namespace? Or should I put my POCO objects in another assembly? Or should I take a third approach?
Thank you.
A:
Notice this comment from the ADO.NET team blog:
Jeff 25 Feb 2010 9:10 AM @Derek
This is intentional. You can put your
POCO classes in whatever namespace
you'd like. The Entity Framework's by
convention mechanism for detecting
which properties on the entity match
the properties of entities in your
model does not use Namespace. What
matters is that the type name (without
namespace) matches the EntityType name
in your model (edmx/csdl file).
One area to watch out for is if you
have multiple types with the same name
but in different namespaces. Because
we don't account for namespace, we
detect that we've found multiple types
and we throw an exception.
Jeff
See this article:
link text
|
Satin Printed Fit and Flare Homecoming Dress from JVN by Jovani
Options
Return Policy
Details
Be fun and flirty in the Satin Printed Fit and Flare Homecoming Dress from JVN by Jovani. This sassy style has a sweetheart neckline, a fitted bodice, and a tiered A-line skirt. Complete this adorable look with gemstone chandelier earrings and an embellished handbag. |
This issue was published in two versions, One by Marvel Comics, the other by Whitman Publishing.The Whitman version has the "W" logo replacing the Comics code logo, but the rest of the comic is the same. |
Q:
How do baby animals that primarily subsist on cellulose get their initial gut flora?
In the case of mammals like giraffes and koalas, is that bacteria common on the plants they eat so when a baby starts to try to stick something besides its mother's milk in its mouth, it can't digest the cellulose at all the first time, but along with the cellulose, into its mouth went some cellulose-digesting flora that then begins a lifelong colony in the animal's gut? Is that about how it happens?
A:
I would not expect this to be any different than other animals - they get the flora from the environment. Key components of the environment for newborns are:
Birth canal
Den / living quarters
Skin / fur of mother, especially near the teats
Diet
Feces of family members (animals sniff this and aren't so clean)
A:
I don't know about ruminants, but baby rabbits (and presumably other lagomorphs) apparently acquire the necessary intestinal flora by consuming their mother's cecotropes.[1]
[1] Johnson-Delaney, C.A. (2006), "Anatomy and Physiology of the Rabbit and Rodent
Gastrointestinal System" (PDF)
|
/*
Copyright 2018 The Kubernetes Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
// +k8s:deepcopy-gen=package
// +k8s:protobuf-gen=package
// +k8s:openapi-gen=true
// +groupName=coordination.k8s.io
package v1 // import "k8s.io/api/coordination/v1"
|
Paying for your BSN degree: five steps to success.
Registered nurses confronted with the necessity of financing their BSN degree need to develop a careful plan to get the needed monetary support. The use of a logical five step model will facilitate the process involved in earning financial assistance from the government or private sources. Nurses can be creative in designing their own financial sources and support packages. |
Q:
Anyone know whether there is a 5-star rating component on iPhone?
In Google groups and some other web sites, there is a 5-star rating component which is pretty neat, such as in this url:
http://groups.google.com/group/Google-Picasa-Data-API/browse_thread/thread/b5a346e6429a70a7?hl=en
I am wondering whether there is an existing 5-star rating component in the iPhone environment. Or if there is not, if anyone has clue where to start?
Thanks
A:
Here's another open source solution: https://github.com/dlinsin/DLStarRating
A:
UIView that allows you to build Rating components to provide the same kind of experience AppStore or Youtube applications on iPhone do.
http://code.google.com/p/s7ratingview/
A:
I'd go simpler. Subclass UIControl and implement the touchesBegan: touchesMoved: and touchesEnded: methods. You can determine which star the user pressed/dragged/let up on with the X coordinate of the touch. For example:
CGFloat relativeTouchLocation = [event locationInView:self] / self.bounds.size.width;
Then it's just up to you to determine which stars are illuminated based on that value. Oh, and to send a UIControlEventValueChanged event.
Obviously, you also override drawRect: to draw the stars in the view.
Although Jason's solution above will work, your user won't be able to slide her finger across the control to fine-tune her rating. This would also give you the option of doing half-stars or other fine adjustments.
|
Why knowing your purpose saves you so much time in life
I used to be a person who always wanted to please everyone in my life. The truth of it is that there is nothing wrong in wanting to make those around you proud however it becomes a barrier for your life when you do things just to please everyone around you. I would say that discovering your purpose early in life is one of the best things that you can do for yourself. It prevents you from so many unwanted obstacles that you could possible face.
When I was younger, I honestly thought that I knew what I wanted to do with my life. In fact, I was sure that was the correct profession for me because I loved it so much. No one forced me to think in that direction nor did I feel any pressure from society to want to pursue said career. To even prove my honest desire for this profession, I went to university to study a course that would eventually put me on the right track of this desire that I so long for since my youth. However to my surprise, I was wrong, very wrong about it all and what I never thought of doing in my life, not even for a second is exactly where I was thrown- by God.
My purpose is to educate! I am a teacher! I never wanted to be a teacher, I wanted to become a world class physician. I thought it was my purpose, the reason for my creation. I ate, slept, and breathe anything that would move me in the direction of becoming an awesome physician not knowing that I was journeying on a path that wasn’t my own. So I was thrown into teaching and I fought it for years. My first year was miserable only because I didn’t have an open mind nor did I think that I was called to be an educator. It wasn’t until my 4th year of teaching that I discovered that this was something that I didn’t mind doing actually and that I did very much enjoy it and not until my 7th year did I fully know that this was my purpose.
Discovering your purpose in life is crucial if you desire to live a happy, healthy and fulfilled life. I want to share 5 reasons why knowing/discovering your purpose saves you so much time (and money) in life.
WHEN YOU KNOW YOUR PURPOSE YOU THINK MORE CLEARLY
When you are unsure of the path to take in life everything will look fuzzy and hazy to you. You will think that you are doing the correct thing meanwhile you are not. This was me for years- I thought becoming a physician was what I was made for. It wasn’t until I was thrown into the field of teaching that I not only discovered that I wasn’t seeing clearly about my life but that indeed this was my purpose. When I eventually made that discovery, I was able to think so much more clearly, way more than the 7- 8 years that I was constantly thinking of many ways to become a physician. I didn’t have “foggy mind” syndrome any more because it was all so clear to me. I could see the potential of my growth while I was teaching because I no longer focused on what was not mine in the first place.Desire to think and see your purpose more clearly.
YOU BECOME MUCH MORE HAPPIER
I have to admit, when I didn’t know my purpose I was so unhappy. It was some of the darkest times of my life because I was pursuing something that wasn’t for me at all. I was confused as to why it was so hard for me. I was putting an insane amount of pressure on myself. I was sad that I felt like I was being left behind. I felt like a complete and total failure and disappointment. I was just bad and sad for me. However, the moment in which I slowing began to see that my calling and purpose was indeed to become a teacher so that I could later in life fulfill what God was calling me to do I found a new sense of peace and happiness. Ever since my discovery, I’ve been so happy about my calling, my purpose, my destiny. I wake up every morning with a smile knowing that I am able to teach my students something new that day. I love standing in front of students who are eager to learn and teach them all I know and I derive such great happiness and joy in knowing that I am able to shape the minds of the next generation.Do something that will make you happy!
YOU SAVE TONS OF MONEY
When you are unsure of what you are meant to do in life, it can be quite costly. I mean it is EXPENSIVE. I can tell you that I’ve spent hundreds of thousands of dollars pursuing a field that was not for me. It’s not fun to spend money where you don’t need to spend money. Everyone loves to save when and where they can. Knowing your purpose saves you tons of money.Don’t waste money on something you are not sure is for you.
IT TAKES YOU INTO YOUR DESTINY, EARLY!
For years, I thought I was going in the right direction to my destiny but I am so grateful that God re-routed me in the correct direction. Imagine driving on the highway without a GPS or navigation system to a location you’ve never been to in your life. Let’s say you were to exit on exit 5 but you kept driving to exit 50 only to discover that your exit was exit 5. How you would you feel? Bothered and annoyed I’m sure! That’s exactly what happens when we don’t know our purpose in life. We keep walking and pursuing other things aimlessly. Sometimes we have jobs that are giving us a temporary financial benefit and we stay the course for years only to be honest with ourselves after serving that company for 30 years of our life unfulfilled. When you know your purpose it takes you to your destiny, your exit quicker. You begin to operate in your destiny way quicker than if you had to wait for 30 years.Desire to get there without any delays.
YOU FEEL ACCOMPLISHED
When you know your purpose you will feel accomplished. Although your purpose will evolve as you grow and mature in life, you will have a sense of accomplishment when you are truly walking in your purpose. It can be super dreadful to be walking a path that is not meant for you. I constantly tell people especially my students that the one thing that you don’t want to do in life is to be walking on the wrong path and discover it when it’s too late. The only way that you will be accomplished is if you open yourself up to actively pursuing your purpose in life.Desire to discover your purpose today if you want to feel accomplished in life.
Do you know the purpose for your life? Share your thoughts with me down below. |
Q:
Put the correct image in the box according to the ID
I have a function that loads certain image data from the database. This data is later loaded into html through * ngFor.
In order to load the image referring to this data I need to get the ID of the function that carries the image information, and then perform the function to get image with that same ID.
I can get the ID and receive all the images, however at the time of preview all the different images are loaded into the boxes but they all have the same image. (If it has 10 images, it will show the 10 to load and will stop at the last) Only the last one is visible in all boxes.
The goal is in each box to fill the image with its ID.
Can anyone help me solve?
My HTML
<div class="row tab-pane Galeria">
<div *ngFor="let product of products" class="col-xl-2 col-lg-3 col-md-4 col-sm-6">
<div class="image-item" (click)="fillModal($event, product)">
<a class="d-block image-block h-100">
<homeImage>
<img *ngIf="Images && Images[product.id] && inView" [src]="Images" class="Images img-fluid" alt="">
</homeImage>
</a>
<div class="ImageText">{{product.name}}</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Component.ts
GetProducts() {
let self = this;
this.Global.refreshToken()
.subscribe(function (result) {
self.homeService.getProducts()
.then(function (resultado) {
if (resultado) {
self.products = resultado;
}
})
.then(() => {
if (self.products) {
return Promise.all(self.products.map((product) => self.ImageInfo(product.id)));
}
})
.catch((err) => console.error(err));
});
}
ImageInfo(id) {
var self = this;
this.Global.refreshToken().subscribe(function (result) {
self.homeService.getImage(id).then(function (resultado) {
if (resultado) {
self.Images=resultado;
}
}).catch();
});
}
A:
Obviously your last image will display as "Images: any " has been assigned values in each iteration of products. So the last product image will be the value of Images after iteration will get completed.
Image and product id as map
imagMap: Map<string, string> = new Map<string, string>();
and use them in [src]="imagMap.get(product.id)"
and in the service of image :-
ImageInfo(id) {
var self = this;
this.Global.refreshToken().subscribe(function (result) {
self.homeService.getImage(id).then(function (resultado) {
if (resultado) {
self.Images=resultado;
self.imagMap.set(id,resultado);
}
}).catch();
});
}
and this way it will keep track of every individual image being stored
|
alculate the remainder when 158 is divided by z(0).
52
Let q = 274 + 411. Suppose -2*w - 5*x = -q, 5*w - 1047 = 2*w - x. What is the remainder when w is divided by 27?
26
Let w(m) = 9562*m - 4821. Calculate the remainder when w(3) is divided by 204.
201
Let c = 199 + -194. Suppose -4*o = 5*s - 231 - 108, -5*s + c*o + 375 = 0. What is the remainder when s is divided by 38?
33
Suppose 3*f = 5*i + 5*f - 3564, 2*i - 4*f - 1440 = 0. Calculate the remainder when i is divided by 236.
6
Let s = -241 + -21. Let r = 337 + s. What is the remainder when 298 is divided by r?
73
Let n = -428 + 511. Calculate the remainder when 0/((-20)/(-5)) + n is divided by 43.
40
Let a be 9/(-6)*(-3 - 246/18). Calculate the remainder when 10/(a/20 + -1) is divided by 86/5 - 2/10.
6
Suppose 5*y + 5*o = -15, 4*y + 2*o + o = -8. What is the remainder when 368/(-12)*3/(-2) is divided by (12 - 6) + 1/y?
4
Let f = -180 + 132. Calculate the remainder when 87 is divided by (-7)/(42/f) + 2.
7
Let z(l) = -l**2 - 105*l - 1388. Let w(a) = -a**3 - 2*a**2 - a + 1. Calculate the remainder when z(-89) is divided by w(-2).
0
Let s = 745 - 503. Suppose -2*k - 1170 = -5*v - 0*v, v - 2*k = s. Calculate the remainder when v is divided by 18.
16
Suppose 28 = 8*c - 348. Let q = c - 45. Calculate the remainder when 8 is divided by q.
0
Let y be (-4)/6 + (-4 - (-161)/21). Calculate the remainder when -1 + 62 + (-12 + 3)/y is divided by (-1)/(0 + (-3)/60).
18
Let m(x) = x + 6. Let d be m(0). Suppose 3*f = f - d, 0 = -3*u - 3*f + 45. Suppose -4*r + 51 - 7 = 0. Calculate the remainder when u is divided by r.
7
Suppose -f - 2*f = -315. Let u be 3 + 2/(-2*3/3). Suppose -n - 2*n = -4*k - 128, -u*n = -k - 77. What is the remainder when f is divided by n?
33
Calculate the remainder when 83 is divided by (1544/(-26))/(-4) - (-126)/819.
8
Let i(t) = -3*t + 14. Let k be i(8). Let q = -8 - k. Suppose -38 - 33 = -q*u - 5*d, 169 = 5*u + 4*d. What is the remainder when u is divided by 9?
6
Let k be 19215/36 - 5/(-20). Let b = -458 + k. What is the remainder when b is divided by 24?
4
Suppose 423*d - 287*d = -370*d + 143704. What is the remainder when d is divided by 19?
18
Let m = -13384 - -13857. What is the remainder when m is divided by 25?
23
Suppose 0 = 271*k - 266*k + 3*c - 4880, 5*c + 1952 = 2*k. Calculate the remainder when k is divided by 89.
86
Let h = -483 - -149. Calculate the remainder when 6/(-8) + h/(-8) + -2 is divided by 8.
7
Suppose 0 = -55*n - 1208 + 11493. Suppose -11*s = -n - 704. What is the remainder when 157 is divided by s?
76
Let b = 6311 + -6136. Calculate the remainder when b is divided by 86.
3
Let o be 1/3 - (105/(-9) - -9). Suppose 10*m - 91 = o*m. Calculate the remainder when 36 is divided by m.
10
Let y(o) = o**3 - 20*o**2 - 20*o - 19. Let q be y(21). Let g(c) = 5*c**2 + 5*c - 2. Calculate the remainder when g(q) is divided by 5.
3
Let u(c) = -2*c. What is the remainder when u(-6) is divided by ((-16)/(-6))/(-16*26/(-1560))?
2
Let g = -37093 - -37128. What is the remainder when 6433 is divided by g?
28
Let w be (-375)/20*(-40)/6. Suppose 3*y - 39 = -c, 5*c - 7*y + 8*y - w = 0. What is the remainder when 45 is divided by c?
21
Suppose 223 = 3*l - x + 3*x, -3*x = -2*l + 166. Suppose -77 = 4*k - 25. What is the remainder when l is divided by (-5)/(((-39)/(-12))/k)?
17
Let j(z) = 5*z - 41. Suppose 11*p - 8 - 91 = 0. Let a be j(p). Suppose 1 - 7 = -m - 2*g, -a*g = -3*m + 38. What is the remainder when 69 is divided by m?
9
What is the remainder when 6800/7 - 2/((-17)/2 - -5) is divided by 19?
3
Let x be (7/(-7 - -14))/((-3)/(-24)). Suppose -3936 = -24*o - x*o. Calculate the remainder when o is divided by 42.
39
Let j(y) = -4*y**3 + 40*y**2 + 323*y - 46. What is the remainder when j(-7) is divided by 12?
5
Let f = 329 - 312. Let m = 448 + -60. Suppose -3*k - k + m = 4*j, -2*j + 4*k + 212 = 0. Calculate the remainder when j is divided by f.
15
Let n(y) = 31*y**2 + 1486*y - 86. What is the remainder when 56 is divided by n(-48)?
6
Let b = -22635 - -22660. What is the remainder when 4070 is divided by b?
20
Suppose -515648 = 1395*x - 1427*x. What is the remainder when x is divided by 237?
235
Let g(x) be the second derivative of -4*x + x**3 + 0 + 2*x**2 - 1/6*x**4. What is the remainder when 4 is divided by g(3)?
0
Suppose 4*l = -13*h + 8*h + 2646, 2*h = 3*l + 1040. Suppose 3*n - h = n. What is the remainder when n is divided by 22?
21
Calculate the remainder when 0 + 79 + 1 + -2 is divided by (34/(-102)*(-6)/(-5))/((-15)/750).
18
Suppose 4*w - w - 167 = -2*a, -w - a = -57. Let k(s) = 65 - 2*s**2 - w - 40*s - 39. Calculate the remainder when 39 is divided by k(-19).
6
Let m(k) = 2*k**2 + 3*k - 3. Suppose 5*n = -2*n + 11*n - 884. Calculate the remainder when n is divided by m(-5).
29
Let r = 189 + -230. Calculate the remainder when 105 is divided by (-35)/((-63)/(-9)) - 1*r.
33
What is the remainder when 4/(-14) + (-36284490)/(-1386) is divided by 9?
7
Let s(v) = 298*v**3 + 4*v**2 + 7*v + 3. Let c be s(-1). Let i = c - -357. What is the remainder when i is divided by 33?
26
What is the remainder when 2031 is divided by 8*196/544 + 4/34?
0
Suppose 137*x = 3126 + 8108. Calculate the remainder when x is divided by 68.
14
Let n(s) = -s**3 - s**2 + 2*s + 11. Let v be n(0). Suppose v*x - 15*x - 16 = 0. Calculate the remainder when 44 - (39/15 - x/10) is divided by 15.
11
Let w = -78 + 81. Suppose 61 = w*p + i, 5*i - 3*i + 49 = 3*p. What is the remainder when 71 is divided by p?
14
Suppose 2*l = 4*z + 54, 0 = 27*z - 31*z + 8. What is the remainder when 2320 is divided by l?
26
Suppose -2*t = -o - 316 - 302, -630 = -2*t - 2*o. Calculate the remainder when t is divided by 303.
8
Suppose -3837 = -18*a + 357. Let k = -228 + a. What is the remainder when 18 is divided by k?
3
Let o = -30775 - -30952. What is the remainder when o is divided by ((-23)/(-3))/(2/12)?
39
Let w(u) = u**3 - 18*u**2 + 25*u - 3. Let r be w(18). Calculate the remainder when (-1)/(-7) - r/(-7) is divided by 35.
29
Let h be (-2)/5*(8 - (17 + 1)). Suppose -h*p - 5*a = 31, 5*p + 5 = -0*p + 5*a. Calculate the remainder when 133 is divided by 4 + (-2)/p*(-52)/(-2).
14
Let g = 37 - 45. Calculate the remainder when 3 + 14/(-4)*-16 is divided by ((-3)/12)/(-1) - 94/g.
11
Let d(o) = -2*o**3 + 2*o**2 + 2. Suppose -5*r = -3*r - 4. Let p be d(r). What is the remainder when (-4)/p - (-507)/9 is divided by 5?
2
Let n = 75 - 110. Let d = n - -25. Calculate the remainder when 19 is divided by (-141)/(-15) + (-6)/d.
9
Let b be 12*(-3)/(-9) - 21. Let p(n) = -6*n - 88. What is the remainder when 38 is divided by p(b)?
10
Let o = 185 - -816. What is the remainder when o is divided by 22?
11
Let g = -110386 + 110409. Let s = 155 - 67. Calculate the remainder when s is divided by g.
19
Let j be (-6)/4*4/(-3). Calculate the remainder when (-143)/22*(j + -4) is divided by 2.
1
Let t(w) = w + 2*w + 53 + 27 - 13. What is the remainder when 53 is divided by t(-20)?
4
Let n = 2125 - 2070. Suppose -j - j = r + 4, -16 = 2*j + 4*r. Suppose j = 3*c - 46 - 38. What is the remainder when n is divided by c?
27
Suppose -6*c - 264 = -2*c. Let g be ((-143)/(-33) + 5)*-3. Let f = g - c. Calculate the remainder when f is divided by 21.
17
What is the remainder when 268 is divided by (5/((-30)/8))/((-144)/2700)?
18
Calculate the remainder when (55 - 64) + (-2994)/(-4)*2 is divided by 136.
128
Suppose -8483514 = -528*c + 3305670. What is the remainder when c is divided by 154?
152
Let y = 1116 + -467. Let r = y + -585. Calculate the remainder when r is divided by 19.
7
Suppose 0 = -14*b + 11*b + 6. Let n be b/((-22)/24 - 3/(-12)). Let t(o) = -5*o**3 - 2*o**2 - 10. What is the remainder when t(n) is divided by 27?
26
Suppose -3*x = 79 - 91, -3443 = -5*q - 2*x. What is the remainder when q is divided by 46?
43
Let o(k) = -2*k**2 + 21*k + 20. Let q(y) be the second derivative of -2*y**3/3 - 9*y**2/2 + 4*y. What is the remainder when q(-11) is divided by o(11)?
8
Calculate the remainder when (((-2070)/(-150))/(-23))/((-2)/1070) is divided by (-4)/6 - (-394)/6.
61
Let a(h) = -h**3 - h**2 + 24*h + 167. Calculate the remainder when a(0) is divided by 6.
5
Suppose 27*f - 52*f - 55 = -30*f. What is the remainder when 2924 is divided by f?
9
Suppose 541 = -3*y + 4*y. Suppo |
Work machines, such as backhoes, are used in many industries, including the agricultural, construction, and forestry related industries. Typical work machines are employed for performing various heavy tasks, such as moving soil, and lifting and moving bales of hay, pallets, and other heavy items with a hydraulically actuated attachment, such as a bucket. In order to perform work using the attachment, hydraulic cylinders are employed, which are controlled by an operator using control devices, such as joystick levers. Generally, the hydraulic pump employed by work machines is driven by the work machine's engine, and thus, the amount of hydraulic flow deliverable by the hydraulic pump varies with the speed of the engine. In situations where the output of the pump falls below the amount of flow requested by the operator of the work machine, e.g., because engine speed selected by the operator is insufficient for the pump to generate the requested flow, operational difficulties may be encountered. For example instability of the hydraulic system may result, which may adversely affect hydraulic system load handling, and engine recovery and stability.
Hence, it is desirable to be able to control the hydraulic system of a work machine in a manner that promotes stable operation. |
John Wynne (died 1747)
John Wynne ( – 9 February 1747) was an Irish politician.
He sat in the House of Commons of Ireland from 1727 to 1747 as a Member of Parliament for Castlebar.
References
Category:1690 births
Category:Year of birth uncertain
Category:1747 deaths
Category:Irish MPs 1727–1760
Category:Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Mayo constituencies |
SYNOPSIS: The movie consists of a conversation between Andre Gregory and Wallace Shawn, both of whom were active in New York theater at the time of the movie. Two themes tie the entire dialog together: (1) should we live spontaneously in the moment, disconnecting ourselves from the purposes of our actions (a la Hindu Karma Yoga), and (2) what is the purpose of the theater. Andre answers yes to the first question and argues that experimental theater can help facilitate this. Wally answers no to the first question and argues that theater has the more modest task of awakening us to new views and issues. In spite of the movie’s dialogically-driven format, it nevertheless follows the standard three-act formula of movie making (i.e., beginning, middle, and end). In Act 1, Wally displays reluctance to meet with Andre, thus creating the tension that is carried throughout the film. For about a half hour, Andre, with brilliant story-telling ability, describes his quests around the world in an attempt to find meaning. In Act 2, Andre defends his philosophy of life (point 1 above), while Wally uncomfortably listens and politely even concedes some points. In Act 3, Wally reveals his true opinion of Andre’s views and, defending common sense, hammers away at Andre’s notions of purposeless action, outposts of enlightenment, and the supernatural. Andre listens graciously to the attack. Both leave the dinner unconvinced of the others’ views, but rewarded by the debate. Like philosophy itself, this movie is for selective audiences, which the filmmakers themselves clearly understood. The format of “My Dinner with Andre” has influenced two other philosophical movies. In “The Quarrel” (1991), a conservative and a liberal Jew discuss the moral implications of the Nazi Holocaust. In “Mind Walk” (1991), a poet, politician and physicist discuss the relation between quantum physics and environmentalism.
The specific stories and issues discussed in the film are as follows: Polish theatre director Gratovsky who organizes 40 people in a forest retreat and 100 people in the “bee hive”; the Little Prince; Japanese Buddhist monk Kozan who goes with Andre to the Sahara desert and later lives with Andre and family; the flag; the Scottish agricultural community; Halloween on Long Island; awareness that he is an intellectual creep; people not saying what they’re really feeling but simply play roles; breaking life’s habits and experiencing each moment anew; needing extraordinary experiences to get in touch with reality; contemporary culture turning us into robots and the need to create new centers to preserve life; science vs. the supernatural; perceiving death.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Andre describes hallucinations that he had, which, from the perspective of an impartial observer, suggest that he was schizophrenic. Does his intellectualism and association with the theatre legitimize his hallucinatory experiences – more so than if, for example, an accountant had similar hallucinations?
2. Although we might explain away Andre’s experiences as the product of schizophrenia, what are we to make of all the people who went through the same experiences with him – e.g., the Polish theatre group, Gratovsky, Kozan?
3. Now rejecting his extreme adventures, Andre compares himself to Nazi architect Albert Speer, a cultured man who didn’t think that ordinary rules of life applied to him. Is anything about this comparison appropriate?
4. According to Andre, Gratovsky gave up the theatre since he felt that people were performing so well in their lives that the theatre was superfluous. Do we really perform in our daily lives in the way that actors perform on the stage? If so, then why do most people seem so unnatural when they attempt to perform on stage?
5. Andre describes a Scottish mathematician who would attempt to “break the habits of living” through a series of exercises, such as doing things with his left hand rather than his right. This would force him to learn things. What are the benefits and disbenefits of breaking such habits of living?
6. The electric blanket: Wally finds it to be an important creature comfort, but Andre believes that it separates us from reality; that is, like a lobotomy, comfort can lull us into a dangerous tranquility. Who’s right?
7. Andre discusses Martin Buber’s book “On Hadism” which describes the Hasidic view that there are spirits chained in everything, and prayer is the act of liberating them. Each moment of our lives, then, should be a kind of prayerful sacrament. Wally, by contrast, states that he has to block out large sections of the real world – such as people starving in Africa – in order to be happy. Who’s right?
8. Wally believes that serious plays about human alienation may make people aware of reality. Andre believes that such serious plays do more harm than good by only reinforcing the views of alienation that people already have. Theatre, he believes, should be eye-opening, like some of his experiences with the Theatre group in Poland. What’s the purpose of theatre?
10. Wally asks whether we need an extraordinary experience such as a trip to Mount Everest in order to perceive reality. Is there any kind of literature or theatre that can do this without taking a dramatic trip?
11. Wally states near the end of the film that in the normal world of jobs, bills, and other responsibilities, there’s no need for the awareness-outposts that Andre describes. Happiness can be achieved within our routine. Is Wally correct, or is he just a content robot?
12. Wally attempts to debunk Andre’s various supernatural experiences in favor of scientific explanations. Andre asks what’s the difference if all facts are meaningless. Wally responds, “The meaningless fact of the fortune cookie or the turtles egg can’t possibly have any relevance to the subject you’re analyzing. Whereas a group of meaningless facts that are collected and interpreted in a scientific way might quite possibly be relevant, because the wonderful thing about scientific theories of things is that they are based on experiments that can be repeated.” Is Wally correct in his rejection of the supernatural?
13. Andre states that science has been held up as a magical force that will solve everything, when in fact it has destroyed everything, thus making it necessary to create awareness outposts. To what extent might science be responsible for the modern alienation that Andre describes?
14. Wally states his fundamental objection to Andre’s strange adventures: Andre and those he was with attempted to strip purpose away from all activity in an attempt to experience pure being. But, according to Wally, it is our nature to do things with purpose. Andre responds that we can do all sorts of things but still be completely dead inside. Can these two views be reconciled?
REVIEWS
My Dinner with Andre strikes me as a film which many wish to have seen, but few wish to see. Though I understand full well that, like philosophy itself, the film is meant for "selective audiences," and though I love philosophy, I simply could not bring myself to become engaged in the film. It is, to be blunt, about 30 minutes of interesting dialogue packed into a 110-minute film. Most of the film consists of Andre's blabbering forth syrupy pop-spirituality, which is meant to be legitimized somehow by his connection to the theatre community. Though Andre occasionally makes a good point, he consistently does so in the same annoying, patronizing manner, in which he treats Wally – who for most of the film plays the part of the audience – as though he were some poor simpleton who has never had the privilege of Andre's hippie-dippy enlightenment camps. By the third act, Wally finally begins to speak up and offers some criticisms of Andre's views; though I understand the purpose of the mounting tension released at this point, Wally simply did not offer enough bite in his replies to be satisfactory. In particular, I was most bothered by Andre's repeated (usually implied) insistence that his whacky adventures are necessary to get in touch with reality. As the film uses Wally as the audience's on-screen counterpart, I was thoroughly disappointed when he did not slap Andre in the face and inform him that all he has accomplished is getting in touch with whacky adventures, and thus has set himself up for precisely the same sort of alienation which he so thoroughly laments. -- Frezno Smooth
I would not recommend this movie, unless the philosophical issues of finding a persons purpose in life was worth watching a hour and half two guy chatting. The movie made some nice and interesting points. However, the movie was too long, a little boring, and the meaning of the movie was hard to pinpoint. Watching one person chat for 45 minutes in a motion picture is not my impression of entertaining. The philosophical issues of knowing ones purpose in life was interesting; however, the movie could have been shortened to half an hour, no more. The meaning of life and the pursuit of what it means to you is a worthy philosophical issue for a movie, and the way that Andre wanted to find his true self in the world was a rightful challenge. However, Andre picked an expensive restaurant, and the way he acted towards the waiter shows the true nature of a rich person not an individual. -- Ubermensch
This went on a little long. A lot of interesting concepts were touched on, and largely the movie served as a comparison between two lifestyles. Andre is an eccentric and a traveler, and Wallace is more of a settled type. Andre believes and argues that life should be lived in a spontaneous fashion, and that comforts that make one too sedentary should be discarded. Wallace seems to mostly be a background character throughout the film, asking questions to prompt Andre, and responding to his largely rhetorical questions. Now, don’t get me wrong, I’m not going to say the dialogue was boring. It wasn’t. There were numerous wonderful little tidbits of thought and ideas ripe for exploration. Andre Gregory seems like a terribly interesting guy. The problem here is one of choosing an appropriate medium. Visual mediums like painting, theater, and cinema, are best used when something is worth looking at. This production could have benefited enormously if, before anyone started wasting film or location scouting budgets, Andre Gregory would have said to himself, “Ya know what? Screw a movie, I’m just gonna write this stuff down. Maybe an essay or a short story.” As a text, I wouldn’t have been able to put this down. As a film, I had to continuously rock myself back and fourth in the little booth in the media center to keep my attention on the screen. I do not have ADD, but this film made me feel like it. The fact that they even credited someone as directing it stuck me as pretty bizarre. -- Reviewer from Hell |
Marianna Csörnyei
Marianna Csörnyei (born October 8, 1975 in Budapest) is a Hungarian mathematician who works as a professor at the University of Chicago. She does research in real analysis, geometric measure theory, and geometric nonlinear functional analysis. She proved the equivalence of the zero measure notions of infinite dimensional Banach spaces.
Education and career
Csörnyei received her doctorate from Eötvös Loránd University in 1999, supervised by György Petruska. She was a professor at the Mathematics Department of University College London between 1999–2011, and spent the 2009–2010 academic year at Yale University as visiting professor. Currently, she is at the University of Chicago.
She is contributing editor of the mathematical journal Real Analysis Exchange.
Awards and honors
Csörnyei won a 2002 Whitehead Prize and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award that same year.
She was also awarded the Philip Leverhulme Prize for Mathematics and Statistics in 2008 for her work in geometric measure theory.
She was an invited sectional speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians, in 2010.
External links
Csörnyei's faculty page at the University of Chicago
References
Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century Hungarian mathematicians
Category:Mathematical analysts
Category:Academics of University College London
Category:Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award holders
Category:Whitehead Prize winners
Category:21st-century women mathematicians |
Light regulation of plant gene expression by an upstream enhancer-like element.
Light regulates many varied physiological and developmental phenomena during plant growth and differentiation, including the formation of a photosynthetically competent chloroplast from a proplastid. The expression of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit (rbcS) genes is regulated by light in a development- and tissue-specific manner2,3. In some plant species, phytochrome has been demonstrated to mediate this response, and photoregulation of rbcS expression occurs at least in part at the level of transcription. We have shown previously that a 5'-noncoding fragment (4-973 base pairs (bp) upstream of the messenger RNA cap site) of the pea rbcS ss3.6 gene contains all of the nucleotide sequence information necessary to direct the photoregulated expression of a bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene in tobacco. Consistent with these findings, Morelli et al.11 have shown by deletion analysis of a second rbcS gene promoter, that the sequences required for photoregulated expression of rbcS E9 reside within the 5'-noncoding region. They identified an upstream region of approximately 700 bp needed for maximum transcription but not light-dark regulation, and a region from -35 to -2 bp which included the TATA box and contained the necessary information for light responsiveness. We now demonstrate that regulatory sequences 5' distal to the rbcS ss3.6 TATA box and transcriptional start site not only contain the information necessary for maximum expression, but also confer photoregulation. These upstream regulatory sequences function independently of orientation when fused to their homologous promoter or a heterologous promoter. |
Marie C. Couvent Elementary School
Marie C. Couvent Elementary was a historic elementary school in New Orleans, Louisiana named for Marie Couvent, an African American former slave who married successful African American businessman Bernard Couvent and deeded property for a school for orphans in her community (Institute Catholique). The school was built in 1940 in Faubourg Marigny and originally named Marigny Elementary School. It was renamed for Marie Couvent and renamed again in 1997 to A. P. Tureaud Elementary School because the Couvents had slaves.
History
In 1989 Sun Ra performed in front of the school. In the 1990s a campaign was launched to rename city public schools that venerated slaveholders. Since Couvent and her husband owned slaves, and the school changed its name in 1997 to A. P. Tureaud Elementary School for A.P. Tureaud. Manumission may have been illegal during the era they lived so their options to free people may have been limited. The school closed in 2013.
References
Category:Public elementary schools in Louisiana
Category:Defunct elementary schools in New Orleans
Category:1940 establishments in Louisiana |
/* eslint-disable eslint-comments/disable-enable-pair */
/* eslint-disable import/no-mutable-exports */
let CURRENT = 'NULL';
/**
* use authority or getAuthority
* @param {string|()=>String} currentAuthority
*/
const renderAuthorize = Authorized => currentAuthority => {
if (currentAuthority) {
if (typeof currentAuthority === 'function') {
CURRENT = currentAuthority();
}
if (
Object.prototype.toString.call(currentAuthority) === '[object String]' ||
Array.isArray(currentAuthority)
) {
CURRENT = currentAuthority;
}
} else {
CURRENT = 'NULL';
}
return Authorized;
};
export { CURRENT };
export default Authorized => renderAuthorize(Authorized);
|
The Samsung GALAXY Tab 7.0 Plus has been officially announced, which brings yet another Honeycomb-flavored tablet to the scene. What we are dealing with is a device meant to be a successor to the original 7-inch GALAXY Tab, which debuted about a year ago, and standing a tad below the recently unveiled Samsung GALAXY Tab 7.7 in terms of specs.
Just like the very first GALAXY Tab, the 7.0 Plus sports a 7-inch touchscreen display with 1024 by 600 pixels of resolution. This time, however, the display is of the PLS type, which should translate into superior viewing angles and a 10% boost in brightness when compared to IPS LCDs. The Samsung GALAXY Tab 7.0 Plus is also lighter and slimmer than its predecessor tipping the scales at 12.16 ounces (345 grams) and boasting a waistline of 0.39 inches (9.96 millimeters).
What provides the GALAXY Tab 7.0 Plus with processing power is a 1.2GHz dual-core chip accompanied by a gig of RAM. That should be enough processing punch to allow for 1080p HD video to play back smoothly. The tablet is also equipped with a 2-megapixel front-facing camera for video chats and a 3-megapixel main one capable of recording 720p footage.
In terms of software, the Samsung GALAXY Tab 7.0 Plus will come with Android 3.2 Honeycomb out of the box. Of course, Samsung's very own TouchWiz interface will be installed on top of it along with a bunch of handy apps provided by the company, namely Social Hub, Readers Hub, and Music Hub. Last but not least, the tablet will be equipped with a 21Mbps HSPA+ radio meaning that you will be able to stay connected to the web even when on the move.
Although folks in Indonesia and Austria will be the first ones to get a taste of the Samsung GALAXY Tab 7.0 Plus, which will happen by the end of October, the tablet is expected to become available in the US eventually. It will also be sold across Europe, Latin America, Southeast and Southwest Asia, CIS, Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, Japan and China.
source: Samsung
UPDATE: Our eagle-eyed readers have pointed out that the Samsung GALAXY Tab 7.0 Plus has a dialer icon on its home screen, which is a clear indication that it will be able to make phone calls like the old-school GALAXY Tab could. There also appears to be an earpiece above its display.
“Samsung pioneered the seven-inch tablet market with the launch of the GALAXY Tab, marking an innovation milestone in the mobile industry. Building on the success of the GALAXY Tab, we’re now delighted to introduce the GALAXY Tab 7.0 Plus reloaded with enhanced portability, productivity and a richer multimedia experience” said JK Shin, President and Head of Samsung’s Mobile Communications Business. He added “GALAXY Tab 7.0 Plus is for those who want to stay productive and in touch with work, friends and content anytime, anywhere.”
Enhanced Portability
With 7-inch display, GALAXY Tab 7.0 Plus provides enhanced portability, weighing just 345g and measuring at just 9.96mm thin. Enhanced portability ensures that it fits easily into an inside-jacket pocket or a handbag, making it an ideal device for those who need to stay productive and entertained while on-the-move.
Advanced Productivity
GALAXY Tab 7.0 Plus delivers a smooth and intuitive user experience with powerful performance powered by 1.2GHz dual core processor. Mini Apps allows seamless multitasking by consolidating 7 applications easily accessed from a bottom-side tray on main screen. Users can launch favorite features such as music player or calendar as pop-ups over full screen applications. Not only that, users can design an individualized up-to-the-minute interface through Live Panel.
Web browsing is also enhanced by Adobe Flash and super-fast HSPA+ connectivity, providing download speeds up to three times faster than a conventional HSPA connection. On top of that Wi-Fi Channel Bonding bonds two channels into one for improved network connection and data transfer at up to twice the speed.
Furthermore, the GALAXY Tab 7.0 Plus offers voice and video call support, with no need for a headset.
Users can see friends and family from anywhere in the world in high quality thanks to the device’s larger screen.
Rich Multimedia on-the-move
Full HD videos can be enjoyed on the 7-inch WSVGA PLS display, with DivX & multi codec support ensuring the device is capable of supporting a variety of different formats. An improved virtual clipboard, which stores text and images enabling easy copy and paste, further adds to these capabilities.
Additionally, the GALAXY Tab 7.0 Plus features Social Hub, Readers Hub and Music Hub services. Social Hub aggregates the user’s contacts, calendar and email along with instant messaging and social networking connections all within one easy-to-use interface. Readers Hub provides e-reading content such as e-books, newspapers and magazines. Music Hub enables access to over 13 million songs even when out and about.
GALAXY Tab 7.0 Plus will be available starting in Indonesia and Austria from end-October and gradually rolled out globally including Southeast and Southwest Asia, US, Europe, CIS, Latin America, Middle East, Africa, Japan and China.
5.liat2ajah (unregistered)
Wow, so Samsung will sell one of their first batch production of Galaxy Plus 7" in Indonesia? Hopefully trouble free hardware and software wise. If the release date is true as posted by PhoneArena, then we have two tablet launch in Indonesia. Samsung Indonesia already put an advertisement for launching aka first sale for Galaxy 8.9" in Jakarta, Indonesia tomorrow (Oct 1st)
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Q:
You don't need to take an algebraic closure twice in model theory
This is an exercise (1.4.11) from Marker. Fix a language $\mathcal L$ and $\mathcal L$-structure $\mathcal M$. For a subset $A \subseteq M$, an element of $M$ is algebraic over $A$ if it is a member of a finite $A$-definable subset of $M$. Let $\bar A$ denote the set of algebraic elements over $A$. We would like to show that $\bar {\bar A} = \bar A$.
Here's a failed attempt to solve the problem. Let a formula $\psi(x, b)$ defines a finite set with a parameter $b$ from $\bar A$ and $\phi (y, a)$ defines a finite set with a parameter $a$ from $A$ (for simplicity we assume the number of parameters is one). Then, naively, the formula $\exists z (\psi(x, z) \wedge \phi(z, a))$ will do the job. However, this formula is not known to define a finite set a priori.
I'd be grateful if you could help me in this problem.
A:
Let $b\in\textrm{acl}\big(\textrm{acl}(A)\big)$. Then there is an $a\in\textrm{acl}(A)$ and formula $\psi(x,y)\in L(A)$ such that $\exists^n x\,\psi(x,a)\wedge\psi(b,a)$ for some $n$
As $a\in\textrm{acl}(A)$, there is a formula $\varphi(y)\in L(A)$ such that $\exists^m y\,\varphi(y)\wedge\varphi(a)$ for some $m$.
The following is a formula over $A$ that has at most $n\cdot m$ solutions and among these $b$:
$$\exists y \Big[\psi(x,y)\wedge\varphi(y)\wedge\exists^n x\,\psi(x,y)\Big]$$
|
Relax With Confidence
(4) Take a deep breath and breathe easy knowing that we are doing everything in our power to free your friend or relative from jail. We will inform you as soon as the arrangement has been completed. If you have any further questions during this time, contact us or feel free to call us at (706) 549-7777 |
Celebrities are known for star power but they’re often admired for their generosity to charity’s and non profits. This infographic takes a look at the celebrities that donated money for education and exactly what and how much they donated. Source |
Honduras's Azcona: proud, conservative, and maybe surprising
Tegucigalpa, Honduras
— The man who almost certainly will be the next president of Honduras looks like the portrait of a 19th-century Central American statesman come to life. Tall, haughty, with a full head of straight, white hair brushed back from a wide expanse of forehead, Jos'e Azcona Hoyo, seems nothing if not presidential. A reputation for scrupulous financial integrity and a traditionally conservative ideology combined with an equally traditional concern for the poor, complete the idealized picture of a Latin founding father.
And yet, surprisingly, this man aroused some apprehension before the elections among right-wing groups in the oligarchy, Army, and United States government.
Mr. Azcona was distrusted in part because of his well-known pride, which his enemies call arrogance, and inflexibility, which many analysts here believe could make him a less reliable executor of US policies than the outgoing Honduran administration.
Azcona will be weakened in carrying out his programs, because he received only 30 percent of the popular vote and a minority of seats in the National Assembly. His main opponent, Liberal Party candidate Rafael Leonardo Callejas, won 40 percent of the vote. The electoral system provides that the leading candidate of the party with the most votes wins. Azcona's victory will probably be challenged in court by opposition leaders.
Outgoing President Roberto Suazo C'ordova has been widely perceived here as complying completely with US wishes to turn Honduras into a base from which US-backed Nicaraguan rebels, known as ``contras,'' launch attacks on neighboring Nicaragua's leftist Sandinista government. There is a strong US military presence in Honduras. The US has held military maneuvers here and has a large number of US troops in Palmerola.
Ultraconservatives distrust the group of advisers around Azcona, a group that covers a surprisingly broad gamut, ranging from traditional Liberal Party politicians to bankers who consider themselves socially progressive, to former Marxists rapidly moving to the right.
Extensive interviews with several of Azcona's top advisers make it clear that many important groups around the Honduran leader favor policies that the US opposes. But, given Honduras's extreme economic and military dependence on the US and the mixed nature of the group around Azcona, the big question is: To what extent will these controversial policies prevail?
The policies are based on:
The withdrawal of the contras from Honduras.
The strong opposition to the fiscal policy of devaluing the Honduran currency, the lempira. The policy is advocated by the US and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for third world countries struggling to pay back large foreign debts.
Several sources close to Azcona say neither the future president, who assumes office in January, nor most of his advisers are happy with the presence of the contras in Honduras. They feel uncomfortable with a foreign military presence that may grow to be as large as the Honduran armed services, which has roughly 22,000 troops. They also fear that the US might eventually back away from an unsuccessful contra policy, leaving Honduras stuck with the armed Nicaraguan exiles in its territory.
The problem, says a key Azcona adviser, is: ``How do we get rid of the contras without getting rid of US aid?''
Although the US shows no signs of budging from its insistence that Honduras serve as a contra base, some Liberal Party sources speculate that in a year or so, after finding that the contras are no closer to overthrowing the Sandinistas than they are now, the US might be willing to strike a deal. Such a deal, say these sources, might be the possible establishment of an official US naval base in the Honduran port town of Puerto Castilla, in exchange for the withdrawal of the contras. Other Liberal Party M DBRleaders believe that it is unrealistic to expect such a deal.
The chances that Azcona's economic policy will be somewhat independent of US dictates are greater than those of the outgoing administration. Washington and the IMF argue that devaluation makes a country's goods cheaper and thus easier to sell abroad.
But in a country that has little to export except bananas, devaluation is no panacea, say Honduran opponents of devaluation. Instead, devaluation leads to an endless round of inflation and further devaluation, says Azcona adviser Jaime Rosenthal.
Mr. Rosenthal is a leader of the Alipo faction. He says devaluation is inflationary, because much of the basic foodstuffs and mass industrial goods consumed in Honduras are imported. When their prices go up, wages must rise. Fears of further devaluation cause investors to keep their money in dollars and send it out of the country. The more liberal Alipo faction is expected to have a strong voice in Azcona's economic policies, as Alipo leader Jorge Bue-sos Arias will be Treasury Minister.
Those around Azcona want Hon-duras's foreign debt to be renegotiated with better terms of repayment and lower interest rates. The problem can be solved eventually, within the context of Latin American solidarity, they say.
Two other key politicians outside Alipo are close to Azcona. Jorge Madariaga, a young lawyer whose policies are slightly to the left of Alipo, and Carlos Montoya, a former Marxist who has become considerably more conservative. Political observers here see a potential power struggle developing between the two men.
Most analysts here say that, apart from some leftovers from the Liberal Party old guard, Azcona and his advisers will be more honest and efficient than the outgoing administration.
Azcona's group wants mass employment policies and to bring the stalled land-reform program back to life. Many analysts here doubt that the group will be able to carry out the kind of massive social change necessary to lift most Hondurans out of poverty.
``I don't think Azcona can make a big difference, because I don't think he can make deep structural changes here. Unfortunately, I believe that the groups behind the status quo, around him, in the Liberal Party, in the Army, and in the oligarchy will prevail,'' a foreigner working here in development projects says.
In an article on Honduras in Monday's Monitor, Rafael Leonardo Callejas was incorrectly identified as the presidential candidate of the Liberal Party. He was the National Party candidate. |
PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_____________
No. 16-1461
_____________
JOSE FRANCISCO TINEO
AKA Luis Alberto Padilla, AKA Jose Sanchez,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent
______________
On Petition for Review of a Decision of the
United States Department of Justice
Board of Immigration Appeals
(A040-015-082)
Immigration Judge: Walter A. Durling
______________
Argued January 19, 2018
______________
Before: SMITH, Chief Judge, GREENAWAY, JR., and
KRAUSE, Circuit Judges.
(Opinion Filed: September 4, 2019)
______________
OPINION
______________
Charles N. Curcio [ARGUED]
Curcio Law Firm
3547 Alpine Avenue NW
Suite 104
Grand Rapids, MI 49544
Attorney for Petitioner
Stefanie N. Hennes [ARGUED]
United States Department of Justice
Office of Immigration Litigation
P.O. Box 878
Ben Franklin Station
Washington, DC 20044
Attorney for Respondent
GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judge.
In plain terms, we are called to decide whether
precluding a father from ever having his born-out-of-wedlock
child derive citizenship through him can be squared with the
equal-protection mandate of the Due Process Clause of the
Fifth Amendment.
In not so plain terms, under the now repealed 8 U.S.C.
§ 1432(a)(2), a “child” born outside of the United States to
noncitizen parents became a citizen upon the naturalization of
2
her surviving parent if one of her parents was deceased.1
Section 1101(c)(1) in turn defined “child” as including a child
born out of wedlock only in so far as the child was legitimated
under the “law of the child’s residence or domicile” or “the law
of the father’s residence or domicile . . . except as otherwise
provided in . . .” § 1432. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(c)(1). Section
1432(a)(3) rounded out the triumvirate and exempted mothers
of born-out-of-wedlock children from the legitimation
requirement by expressly adding that “the naturalization of the
mother” was sufficient “if the child was born out of wedlock
and the paternity of the child has not been established by
legitimation . . . .” See § 1432(a)(3).
As a result, §§ 1101(c)(1), 1432(a)(2) and (a)(3) treated
women and men differently: a naturalized mother could
transmit her citizenship to her out-of-wedlock child, regardless
of whether the father was alive; whereas a naturalized father in
the same position had the additional requirement of having to
legitimate the child in order to transmit his citizenship.
Our present concern is not with this differential
treatment, however. That affirmative steps to verify paternity,
including legitimation, may be taken if a citizen parent is an
unwed father has withstood constitutional scrutiny in the past,
on the basis that the relation between a mother and a child “is
verifiable from the birth itself,” and likewise “the opportunity
1
That is, provided that (1) the naturalization takes place
while the child is under eighteen years old, and (2) (a) the child
is residing in the United States as a lawful permanent resident
when the parent naturalizes or (b) thereafter begins to reside
permanently while under the age of eighteen. 8 U.S.C.
§ 1432(a)(4) & (5).
3
for the development of a relationship between citizen parent
and child . . . .” Nguyen v. INS., 533 U.S. 53, 62, 65 (2001);
see also Trimble v. Gordon, 430 U.S. 762, 771 (1977) (“The
more serious problems of proving paternity might justify a
more demanding standard for illegitimate children claiming
under their fathers’ estates than that required for [those]
claiming under their mothers’ estates . . . .” (emphasis added)).
Rather, like in Trimble, the present concern is with a father
being forever precluded from having his out-of-wedlock child
derive through him. This problem only arises where the child’s
mother is deceased, and the only avenue for legitimation under
the relevant law is through the marriage of the parents. In that
instance, naturalized fathers cannot transmit their citizenship
to their out-of-wedlock children as a result of the interplay
between §§ 1101(c) and 1432(a)(2), whereas naturalized
mothers can via at least § 1432 (a)(3).
Such is the case with the petition before us. Petitioner
Jose Francisco Tineo was born in the Dominican Republic to
unwed noncitizen parents who never married. His father
moved to the United States and naturalized. His noncitizen
mother soon after passed away. At the time, under the law of
either his or his father’s residence or domicile—the Dominican
Republic and New York—legitimation could only occur if his
birth parents married. So Tineo’s father was forever precluded
from having his son derive citizenship through him, despite
being a citizen and having cared for his son until the child was
21 years old. On the cusp of being removed from the United
States as a noncitizen, Tineo brings this Fifth Amendment
challenge to the relevant provisions on behalf of his now
deceased naturalized father. We hold that, in this
circumstance, the interplay of §§ 1101(c)(1), 1432(a)(2) and
(a)(3) cannot be squared with the equal-protection mandate of
4
the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. We will
therefore grant Tineo’s petition.
I. Background
A. Arrival in the United States
Tineo was born in the Dominican Republic on January
16, 1969. His parents, both citizens of the Dominican
Republic, never married. His father, Felipe Tineo, moved to
the United States and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in
1981. Two years later, his father married a legal permanent
resident.
Tineo came to live with his father once his birth mother
died in 1984. He was admitted to the United States as a lawful
permanent resident on June 15, 1985, pursuant to an alien
relative petition filed by his stepmother. He was 15 years old
at the time and lived with his father until he turned 21 in 1990.
B. Removal Proceedings
Felipe Tineo died an American in 2006. The question
of his son’s citizenship has come up on two occasions: once
before his death and once after. Both were in the context of
removal proceedings. This is in part because only noncitizens
may be removed. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(a)(1); see also Ng
Fung Ho v. White, 259 U.S. 276, 284 (1922) (“Jurisdiction in
the executive to order [removal] exists only if the person . . . is
a [noncitizen]. An assertion of U.S. citizenship is thus a denial
of an essential jurisdictional fact in a [removal] proceeding.”
(internal quotation marks omitted)) (quoted in Minasyan v.
Gonzales, 401 F.3d 1069, 1075 (9th Cir. 2005)); Gonzalez-
Alarcon v. Macias, 884 F.3d 1266, 1272 (10th Cir. 2018)
5
(noting that citizenship constitutes the denial of an essential
jurisdictional fact in a removal proceeding because only
noncitizens are removable). As a consequence, immigration
judges terminate removal proceedings where the government
cannot demonstrate that a petitioner is a removable noncitizen.
See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(3)(A); 8 C.F.R. § 240.8(a); see also
Dessouki v. Att’y Gen. of U.S., 915 F.3d 964, 966 (3d Cir.
2019) (“[T]he government failed to prove that Dessouki was [a
noncitizen]. So an immigration judge terminated his removal
proceedings.”).
1.
The first proceeding occurred when Tineo was
convicted for the sale of a controlled substance in New York
state court on October 19, 1993. He was issued a Notice to
Appear (“NTA”) dated April 20, 2000 and placed in removal
proceedings based on that conviction. The proceeding was
terminated on November 28, 2001, however, because, as proof
of his citizenship, Tineo produced a United States passport that
was issued to him in 2001.2
2
Some confusion exists in the record as to the status of
this passport. While the NTA charges that Tineo obtained this
passport by using fraudulent documents, there is no evidence
to support this claim. The passport application indicates that
the only documents attached as exhibits were Tineo’s birth
certificate, his mother’s death certificate, his father’s
naturalization certificate, and a “memo of law,” which is not in
the record before us. A.R. 302.
In addition, Tineo clearly disagreed with the IJ when the
IJ stated that he had “falsely represented that [he] was a [U.S.]
6
2.
The second occasion arose pursuant to an NTA issued
on October 14, 2014. The NTA charged several bases for
Tineo’s removal, stemming from three events.3
First, Tineo was convicted on July 8, 2002, of the sale
of a controlled substance in New York state court, thus making
him inadmissible pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II)
and (a)(2)(C).
citizen to gain entry to this country.” A.R. 111. Thus, we
cannot find support for the IJ’s statement that Tineo admitted
to obtaining this passport using fraudulent documents. While
not germane to our ultimate decision, we nonetheless wish to
note the lack of any evidence in the record of fraud in
connection with Tineo’s original passport application. As far
as we can discern, the issuance of this passport in 2001 did not
occur because of any fraudulent misrepresentations made by
Tineo.
3
Since, according to the government, Tineo was not
admitted in 2008 when he returned to the United States from a
trip abroad, the statutes cited in the NTA involve grounds for
inadmissibility. Because the Illegal Immigration Reform and
Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 eliminated separate
exclusion and deportation proceedings, creating instead a
single removal proceeding, Austin T. Fragomen, et al.,
Fragomen on Immigration Fundamentals: A Guide to Law and
Practice § 1:3.3[D] (PLI) (5th ed. 2019), this technicality does
not impact our analysis.
7
Second, on January 15, 2008, upon returning to the
United States after a trip abroad, Tineo presented the passport
issued to him in 2001. The NTA charged that “[i]n doing so,
[he] falsely represented [him]self to be a [U.S.] Citizen . . . to
gain entry into the United States,” thus violating §
1182(a)(6)(C)(i) and (ii). A.R. 890. The NTA also charged
Tineo as being an alien present in the United States without
being admitted or paroled, in violation of § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i).
This violation was based on the fact that, because Tineo used a
United States passport to enter the country and “U.S. Citizens
are not inspected, [Tineo] entered without being admitted or
paroled after inspection by an Immigration Officer.” A.R. 377.
The third event providing a basis for Tineo’s removal
was his conviction in 2014 of passport fraud and aggravated
identity theft in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. This
conviction arose when, after his passport expired, Tineo
attempted to obtain a new passport using the name Luis Padilla.
Tineo presented several identification documents in the name
Luis Padilla in support of his passport application. Based on
this conviction, the NTA charged Tineo as inadmissible,
pursuant to § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I).
C. Challenges to Removal
Appearing pro se before the immigration judge, Tineo
admitted to his criminal convictions, but challenged his
removability on the grounds that (1) he derived citizenship
through his father and (2) this was evinced by his legally
obtained first passport.4
4
Tineo also sought relief pursuant to the Convention
Against Torture but did not raise that claim in his opening brief
8
1.
His derivative citizenship claim was based on former 8
U.S.C. § 1432(a),5 which provides that:
A child born outside of the United States of alien
parents, or of an alien parent and a citizen parent
who has subsequently lost citizenship of the
United States, becomes a citizen of the United
States upon fulfillment of the following
conditions:
before this Court. It is therefore waived. See United States v.
Pelullo, 399 F.3d 197, 222 (3d Cir. 2005) (“It is well settled
that an appellant’s failure to identify or argue an issue in his
opening brief constitutes waiver of that issue on appeal.”)
(citations omitted).
5
As we have noted,
Congress repealed section 1432(a) by enacting
the Child Citizenship Act of 2000 [(“CCA”)], §
103, [8 U.S.C. §§ 1431–33 (2001)]. The [CCA]
became effective on February 27, 2001, 120 days
following its enactment. Because all relevant
events respecting [Petitioner]’s claimed
derivative citizenship occurred prior to the
[CCA]’s effective date, [§] 1432(a) controls our
analysis.
Brandao v. Att’y. Gen. of U.S., 654 F.3d 427, 428 n.1 (3d Cir.
2011).
9
(1) The naturalization of both parents; or
(2) The naturalization of the surviving parent if
one of the parents is deceased;[6] or
(3) The naturalization of the parent having legal
custody of the child when there has been a legal
separation of the parents or the naturalization of
the mother if the child was born out of wedlock
and the paternity of the child has not been
established by legitimation; and if
(4) Such naturalization takes place while such
child is under the age of eighteen years; and
(5) Such child is residing in the United States
pursuant to a lawful admission for permanent
residence at the time of the naturalization of the
parent last naturalized under clause (1) of this
subsection, or the parent naturalized under clause
(2) or (3) of this subsection, or thereafter begins
6
Read literally, § 1432(a)(2) appears to require that first
one parent has to die and then the second parent has to
naturalize. But the United States Citizenship and Immigration
Services (“USCIS”) has determined that the order of events
does not matter, so long as all events occur before the child’s
eighteenth birthday. Matter of Baires-Larios, 24 I. & N. Dec.
467, 470 (BIA 2008) (quoting Adjudicator’s Field Manual, ch.
71, § 71.1(d)(2), U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION
SERVICES, (Feb. 2008),
http://www.uscis.gov/propub/DocView/afmid/1/172). The
parties do not question this practice.
10
to reside permanently in the United States while
under the age of eighteen years.
8 U.S.C. § 1432(a) (repealed by Pub. L. No. 106-395, Title I,
§ 103(a), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1632) (emphasis added).
The statute defines “child” as meaning:
an unmarried person under twenty-one years of
age and includes a child legitimated under the
law of the child’s residence or domicile, or under
the law of the father’s residence or domicile,
whether in the United States or elsewhere . . . .
§ 1101(c)(1) (emphasis added).7
7
The definition continues to also include a child
adopted in the United States if, as to both adopted and
legitimated children and except as otherwise provided in
sections 1431 and 1432 of the title:
such legitimation or adoption takes place before
the child reaches the age of 16 years (except to
the extent that the child is described in
subparagraph (E)(ii) or (F)(ii) of subsection
(b)(1)), and the child is in the legal custody of the
legitimating or adopting parent or parents at the
time of such legitimation or adoption.
§ 1101(c)(1).
11
The United States Citizenship and Immigration
Services (“USCIS”) interpreted the language beginning with
“and includes” as restricting the meaning of child to exclude
children born out of wedlock who were not legitimated,
regardless of whether they were unmarried and under the age
of 21. When Tineo filed an application for a certificate of
citizenship—also known as a Form N-600—in 2007, USCIS
denied his application because he was “a child born out of
wedlock” and “had not been legitimated by his [U.S.] citizen
father . . . .” App 4. In denying Tineo’s derivative citizenship
claim, the Immigration Judge (IJ) stated that “[t]he CIS denial
letter [regarding the N-600 application] . . . correctly noted the
law.” App. 10. That is, “children born out of wedlock who
have not been legitimated are not included in the definition of
‘child’ under the INA.” App. 10.8
8
As Tineo points out, this reading is counterintuitive
and counter-textual, for it requires a tortured construction of
the phrase “and includes.” It also implies that a child born out
of wedlock that is seeking to derive citizenship through her
mother must also be legitimated under the law of her own
residence or domicile or that of her father. This implication
came to bear when Congress passed the CCA.
The CCA repealed former § 1432(a) and enacted §
1431(a) in its place. The new provision did away with §
1432(a)(3) such that it remained an open question as to whether
§ 1101(c)(1)’s legitimation requirement would extend to
mothers. The White House Office of Legal Counsel examined
the issue, labeled § 1101(c)(1) “poorly drafted,” and outlined a
number of permissible interpretations that would avoid
imposing a legitimation requirement on mothers. See
12
At the time Tineo was born, the only way a child could
be legitimated in the Dominican Republic was through the
marriage of the parents prior to the child’s sixteenth birthday.
New York also required marriage of the parents in order to
legitimate a child. Tineo attempted to establish that his
parents, who were never legally married, had a common law
marriage. He provided a letter from the Dominican Republic
consulate, noting that “common-law marriage is recognized by
our Supreme Court through a judgment dated October 17,
2001, in the case of a lawsuit against an insurance company
due to the death of a partner.” App. 11, A.R. 943. However,
there was no evidence that this decision was retroactive such
that it would apply to prior unions. The IJ thus determined that
Tineo’s parents did not have a common law marriage at the
relevant time.
The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed
the IJ’s decision. It found “no clear error in the Immigration
Judge’s factual finding that the respondent has not presented
evidence of legitimization . . . , such that he has not established
that he was a ‘child’ for purposes of deriving citizenship
through his father.” App. 6. Tineo argued that the definition
of “child” “creates an unconstitutional gender-based
distinction between mothers and fathers, in violation of the
equal protection clause of the Constitution.” Id. But the BIA
concluded that it lacked “jurisdiction to entertain such a
challenge.” Id.
Eligibility of Unlegitimated Children for Derivative
Citizenship, 27 O.L.C. 136 (2003).
13
2.
Tineo further argued that the IJ erred in not finding that
he was a U.S. citizen based on the issuance of his first passport.
Relying on Delmore v. Brownell, 236 F.2d 598 (3d Cir. 1956),
Matter of Villanueva, 19 I. & N. Dec. 101 (BIA 1984), and
Matter of Peralta, 10 I. & N. Dec. 43 (BIA 1962), Tineo’s view
was “that unless it is void on its face, a valid United States
passport issued to an individual as a citizen of the United States
is not subject to collateral attack in administrative immigration
proceedings, but constitutes conclusive proof of such person’s
[U.S.] citizenship.” App. 5. The BIA rejected this argument,
based on new precedent from this Court in United States v.
Moreno, 727 F.3d 255 (3d Cir. 2013). In Moreno, we held that
“a passport constitutes conclusive proof of citizenship only if
the passport was issued to a U.S. citizen.” Id. at 257.9
D. Petition for Review and Motion to Remand
Tineo filed a timely petition for review with this Court.
In lieu of filing a brief, the government moved to remand to
allow the BIA “to provide a more fulsome explanation as to
what weight should be afforded a previously-valid, but expired
passport in establishing citizenship.” Mot. to Remand 1. The
case was then stayed, pending the decision in Sessions v.
9
We also note that our precedent in Delmore did not
hold that a passport was conclusive proof of citizenship.
Rather, we stated that “[o]nce the United States has determined
that an individual is a citizen, it should be required to disprove
its own determination by clear, unequivocal, and convincing
evidence.” Delmore, 236 F.2d at 600 (internal quotation marks
omitted).
14
Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct. 1678 (2017). Upon issuance of
the Supreme Court’s decision, Tineo filed a new opening brief,
to which the government replied. In its brief, the government
noted that it no longer believed remand was necessary since the
only issues presented involved legal questions, which this
Court could address without input from the BIA. In light of
this admission, we deny the motion to remand.
II. Jurisdiction and Standard/Scope of Review
A. Jurisdiction
We have jurisdiction to decide a nationality claim under
8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(5)(A), since “no genuine [dispute] of
material fact about the petitioner’s nationality is presented.”
Dessouki, 915 F.3d at 966–67 (affirming that “§ 1252(b)(5)(A)
is best read as granting jurisdiction”). We also have
jurisdiction to review constitutional claims under §
1252(a)(2)(D).
That Tineo’s claim is premised on his father’s
constitutional rights is of no moment. Typically, a party has to
assert his own legal rights and cannot rely on the legal rights
of third parties. Morales-Santana, 137 S.Ct. at 1689. But, as
the Supreme Court articulated,
we recognize an exception where, as here, the
party asserting the right has a close relationship
with the person who possesses the right [and]
there is a hindrance to the possessor’s ability to
protect his own interests.
Id. (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)
(quoting Kowalski v. Tesmer, 543 U.S. 125, 130 (2004)). As
15
Felipe Tineo’s son, Tineo satisfies the “close relationship”
requirement, while his father’s death establishes the hindrance
to his father’s ability to assert this claim on his own. See id.
(considering the petitioner-child as the “obvious claimant” and
“best available proponent” of the equal protection rights of his
deceased father whose “failure to assert a claim in his own right
stem[med] from disability, not disinterest (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted)); see also Breyer v. Meissner, 214
F.3d 416, 423 (3d Cir. 2000) (holding that the petitioner could
assert his mother’s equal protection rights because “his own
alleged deprivation of citizenship as a result of discrimination
against his mother constitute[d] injury-in-fact, the closeness of
his relationship to his mother [was] obvious, and his mother’s
death most definitely constitute[d] a hindrance to her assertion
of her own rights”).
B. Standard and Scope of Review
Though he asks us to employ any number of
mechanisms to cure the constitutional infirmity he asserts,
Tineo’s challenge remains that, in conjunction with the
government’s construction of “child,” as defined in §
1101(c)(1), and the prior legitimation laws of New York and
the Dominican Republic, §§ 1432(a)(2) and (a)(3) prohibited a
father from transmitting his citizenship to his born-out-of-
wedlock child in his care when the child’s mother was
deceased, while allowing similarly situated mothers to so
transmit. Appellant’s Op. Br. 48. Tineo’s is thus a challenge
to a citizenship-determining “legislation that differentiate[d]
on the basis of gender,” Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct. at 1690,
and that did so in an allegedly unconstitutional manner in his
case.
1.
16
The standard of review for such a challenge is
intermediate scrutiny. That is, the legislation will only
withstand constitutional scrutiny if its defender shows “at least
that the challenged classification serves important
governmental objectives and that the discriminatory means
employed are substantially related to the achievement of those
objectives.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted).
This is not merely because the legislation differentiates
on the basis of gender. Indeed, because of Congress’s “broad
power to admit or exclude [noncitizens],” statutes governing
immigration benefits to noncitizens need only be supported by
a rational basis, even where they differentiate on the basis of
gender. See Fiallo v. Bell, 430 U.S. 787, 788–89, 792–96
(1977). Rather, it is also because, as was the case in Morales-
Santana, Tineo claims that “he is” and has for some time been
“a U.S. citizen.” See Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct. at 1693–94
(applying an “exacting standard of review” to “a claim of th[e
same] order”); see also Dent v. Sessions, 900 F.3d 1075, 1081
(9th Cir. 2018) (overturning prior ruling that rational basis
review applied even where the relevant statute governs who is
and is not a citizen in light of Morales-Santana). The
government concedes as much. See Resp’t Br. 33.
Similar to the Ninth Circuit, we previously assessed
whether “[f]ormer 8 U.S.C. § 1432’s restrictions on derivative
citizenship based solely on the father’s naturalization [were]
rationally related” to the reasons proffered by the government.
Catwell v. Att’y Gen. of U.S., 623 F.3d 199, 211 (3d Cir. 2010)
(emphasis added). Catwell did involve the slightly different
circumstance of a noncitizen challenging a citizenship-
conferring statute on his own behalf, id. at 210 (“Petitioner
17
contends that former 8 U.S.C. § 1432(a)(3) ‘unconstitutionally
discriminates against [him] based upon legitimacy and
gender.’”) (quoting Catwell’s Br. 53). That is enough to
distinguish it from Breyer, which applied intermediate scrutiny
where a noncitizen presented a gender-based equal protection
challenge to a citizenship-conferring statute because the
challenge was on behalf of his citizen parent. 214 F.3d at 423–
24. But not from Morales-Santana. This is because, unlike
Breyer, there is no indication that Morales-Santana’s
application of intermediate scrutiny was premised on anything
other than the fact that the petitioner’s challenge was gender-
based and he “claim[ed] he [was] . . . a U.S. citizen.” 137 S.
Ct. at 1693–94.
So we too must relent: in accordance with United States
v. Tann, 577 F.3d 533, 541 (3d Cir. 2009), based on intervening
Supreme Court precedent, this panel declines to follow our
Court’s precedential decision in Catwell. We will apply
intermediate scrutiny in this case and do so because Tineo
presents a gender-based equal protection challenge and claims
that he is a U.S. citizen.
2.
The scope of the challenge is as-applied. This entails a
concession that the statute at issue may be constitutional in
many of its applications but contends “that its application to a
particular person under particular circumstances deprived that
person of a constitutional right.” United States v. Marcavage,
609 F.3d 264, 273 (3d Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). In
contrast, a facial challenge “tests a law’s constitutionality
based on its text alone and does not consider the facts or
circumstances of a particular case.” Id. (citation omitted).
Properly understood, Tineo’s challenge turns on the particular
18
circumstances at hand: the statute’s interaction with the New
York and Dominican Republic laws and his particular family
circumstances.
By contrast, many jurisdictions have abolished
distinctions between legitimated and unlegitimated children or
eased the burden on unwed fathers to legitimate their children.
See, e.g., Brandao v. Att’y Gen. of U.S., 654 F.3d 427, 430 (3d
Cir. 2011) (abolished in Cape Verde); Anderson v. Holder, 673
F.3d 1089, 1101–02 (9th Cir. 2012) (eased in Arizona).
Indeed, in 2015, the BIA observed the “growing consensus—
both in the United States and abroad—against labeling children
[]‘legitimate’ and ‘illegitimate’ by virtue of the marital status
of their parents.” Matter of Cross, 26 I. & N. Dec. 485, 492
(BIA 2015). So it eased the burden on unwed fathers in some
jurisdictions by holding that, for the purposes of § 1101(c)(1),
a father need not follow the formal process required to
legitimate a child if that jurisdiction has eliminated all legal
distinctions between “legitimate” and “illegitimate” children.
Id.10 Additionally, as the government points out, as early as
1940, nearly half of all states permitted a father to take some
action other than marrying the child’s mother in order to
legitimate a child born out of wedlock. Resp’t Br. 41 (citing
Nationality Manual § 1041.861).
10
The burden still remains in jurisdictions that maintain
the distinction, since § 1101(c)(1) has not been amended.
19
III. Discussion
A. Challenge
Moving to the challenge itself, it is twofold. Tineo first
asks that we avoid the constitutional question by rejecting the
government’s construction of “child,” as defined in 8 U.S.C. §
1101(c)(1), and instead construe the provision as including
anyone who is unmarried and under the age of 21.
Alternatively, he asks that we deem the interplay between §§
1101(c)(1) and 1432(a) unconstitutional as applied to his
father.
1.
Section 1101(c)(1) is the linchpin of the denial of
Tineo’s constitutional avoidance argument. This is because §
1101(c)(1) has been interpreted to require that a child born out
of wedlock must be legitimated in order to be considered a
“child” as incorporated in § 1432(a). So read, it tethers
legitimation to the law of the residence or domicile of the father
or child. In the context of laws that only permit legitimation
through marriage, then, § 1101(c)(1) causes § 1432(a)(2) to
prevent a surviving father from ever transmitting citizenship to
his child “if the child remained unlegitimated at the time of the
mother’s death.” Pet’r’s Op. Br. 16. Further, “[t]he father
would be powerless to change this result by adopting or
legitimating the child, since adoption is unavailable to
biological fathers . . . .” Id. at 19–20. In contrast, a naturalized
mother may transmit citizenship to her “child [who] was born
out of wedlock and [whose] paternity . . . has not been
established by legitimation.” § 1432(a)(3).
20
We agree that the government’s construction of §
1101(c)(1) plays a role in the alleged constitutional violation,
but pinning it all on that provision in the way Tineo proposes
would be strong medicine for what is an otherwise narrow
infirmity.
Under the government’s construction, § 1101(c)(1)
merely imposes a legitimation requirement on the fathers of
children born out of wedlock. While this imposition engenders
a differentiation between women and men, it is akin to gender-
based differentiation that has withstood constitutional scrutiny.
Indeed, in Nguyen, the Supreme Court upheld imposing
affirmative steps, including legitimation, on unwed fathers but
not mothers so long as they were not “onerous” and did not
create “inordinate and unnecessary hurdles to conferral of
citizenship on the children of citizen fathers.” Nguyen, 533
U.S. at 62, 65, 70–71. This is because the relation between a
mother and a child “is verifiable from the birth itself,” and the
same is true of “the opportunity for the development of a
relationship between citizen parent and child . . . .” Id. at 62,
65. These same biological differences led the Court to opine
in Trimble that “[t]he more serious problems of proving
paternity might justify a more demanding standard for
illegitimate children claiming under their fathers’ estates than
that required for [those] claiming under their mothers’ estates .
. . .” 430 U.S. at 771 (emphasis added).
Assuming arguendo that we would be able to,
construing § 1101(c)(1) in the way Tineo proposes would
effectively invalidate the legitimation requirement in most
instances. Rather than applying in every case in which a child
is born out of wedlock and only the father naturalizes, the
requirement would only apply where this was true and the out-
of-wedlock child married or was over the age of 21. When
21
coupled with the requirement that the parent’s naturalization
needs to happen while the child is under eighteen years of age,
see § 1432(a)(4), the requirement would become a shell of its
former self. This effect is even broader when one considers
that § 1101(c)(1) continues to play a role in the renewed §
1431(a), which also requires that the child be “under the age of
eighteen years” when the parent naturalizes. § 1431(a)(2).
Regardless of the merits (or lack thereof) of imposing a
legitimation requirement on the fathers of children born out of
wedlock, invalidating a provision’s operation in a vast number
of instances across two different statutes, one of which is not
at issue, is too strong a medicine for avoiding or curing the
otherwise narrow infirmity Tineo has identified. Tineo’s father
was unable to have his born-out-of-wedlock child derive
citizenship through him, whereas a similarly situated mother
would have faced no such roadblock. Though § 1101(c)(1) sets
the stage for this disparate treatment, § 1432(a)(2) and (a)(3)
are the main acts. We therefore consider the infirmity alleged
by Tineo, with due attention to how the provisions operate in
concert.
2.
As we have noted in prior cases, “the standard of review
. . . is often outcome determinative.” Connelly v. Steel Valley
Sch. Dist., 706 F.3d 209, 213 (3d Cir. 2013). This case is no
different. To survive the challenge Tineo presents, the
government is required to show that §§ 1101(c)(1) and
1432(a)’s classification “serve an important governmental
interest today.” Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct. at 1690. This is
because, “in interpreting the Equal Protection Clause, the
[Supreme] Court has recognized that new insights and societal
understandings can reveal unjustified inequality . . . that once
22
passed unnoticed and unchallenged.” Obergefell v. Hodges,
135 S. Ct. 2584, 2603 (2015) (quoted in Morales-Santana, 137
S. Ct. at 1690). This is a tall order for the government, as it
requires justifying treating Tineo’s father as being so different
from a similarly situated mother of an out-of-wedlock child
that Tineo’s father ought to never be able to transmit his
citizenship to Tineo.
Unsurprisingly, the order is too tall: the government’s
justification is unavailing in these circumstances.
It proffers that the classification is a tailored means by
Congress to avoid “usurping the traditional province of states,
and foreign countries, to regulate domestic relationships.”
Resp’t Br. 35–36, 38. In essence, Congress wanted to “defer
to states’ laws on legitimacy” that “did not permit a[n
unlegitimated] child to inherit from his . . . father.” Id. at 40.
This justification is tantamount to asserting that the federal
government has an important interest in perpetuating
discrimination under state or foreign law against the fathers of
nonmarital children, a premise that is at odds with Supreme
Court precedent. See Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct. at 1700
n.25. As the Court observed, “[d]istinctions based on parents’
marital status . . . are subject to the same heightened scrutiny
as distinctions based on gender.” Id.; cf. Cabrera v. Att’y Gen.
of U.S., 921 F.3d 401, 404 (3d Cir. 2019) (applying rational
basis review to disparate treatment of biological and adoptive
children in the context of 8 U.S.C. § 1409). Permitting the
government to impose one dubious classification merely to
entrench another would be absurd.
Even if this interest did not equate to the perpetuation
of discrimination against unwed fathers, the government has
not articulated how deferring to state legitimation rules
23
constitutes an important governmental interest “today.” See id.
at 1690. Although some states have not formally abolished the
distinction between legitimated and unlegitimated children,
these classifications now have little import under state law:
long gone are the days when unlegitimated children simply
could not inherit. See, e.g., N.Y. Est. Powers & Trs. Law § 4-
1.2(2)(C) (allowing unlegitimated children to inherit if they
provide results from a paternity test or “evidence that the father
openly and notoriously acknowledged the child as his own”).
But, when coupled with the circumstances of Tineo’s case, §§
1101(c)(1) and 1432(a)’s legitimation rule turns these largely
meaningless vestiges of a bygone era into the defining
characteristic for whether naturalized fathers can ever transmit
citizenship to their born-out-of-wedlock children.
Our dissenting colleague would like us to cast this
reality aside because, “in legislating, Congress is not required
to anticipate every potential outcome that results from the
application of a statute in order for it to pass constitutional
muster.” Diss. Op. 5.11 The view originates from a passage in
11
To be clear, our colleague is not suggesting that
Congress need not consider the Constitution when legislating.
This proposition finds no support in our jurisprudence, the
Supreme Court’s, or that of any of our sister circuits. It is
elemental that Congress cannot legislate beyond the limits set
by the Constitution. Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 138
(1803) (“An act of congress repugnant to the constitution
cannot become law.” (emphasis added)). So, while it may well
be true that Congress is not required to anticipate every
potential outcome that results from the application of its
statutes, we are obliged to hold it accountable for those
applications that are unconstitutional. See, e.g., id. at 177–78
24
Nguyen. The Court had acknowledged the importance of
assuring the existence of a relationship between citizen parent
and child, both as a biological matter and in terms of the
opportunity for a true relationship to develop between the two.
Nguyen, 533 U.S. at 62, 65 (acknowledging that the biological
relationship between a mother and child is “verifiable from the
birth itself,” and “likewise the opportunity for the development
of a relationship between citizen parent and child”). In
response, the “petitioners assert[ed] that, although a mother
will know of her child’s birth, knowledge that one is a parent,
no matter how it is acquired, does not guarantee a relationship
with one’s child.” Id. at 69. The Court dismissed this assertion
on the ground that, “even [if] one conceive[d] of the interest
Congress pursue[d] as establishment of a real, practical
relationship of considerable substance between parent and
child in every case,” its chosen means would “meet[] the equal
protection standard . . . so long as it is substantially related to
the achievement of the governmental objective in question.”
Id. at 70 (emphases added) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted). It then clarified this point by explaining that
the means-end fit required to survive intermediate scrutiny
does not require that the means be “capable of achieving [the]
ultimate objective in every instance.” Id.
With this as the background, there is no disagreement
that the existence of a relationship between citizen parent and
child is an important governmental objective, particularly in
the “difficult context of conferring citizenship on a vast
(“[I]f a law be in opposition to the constitution [and] both the
law and the constitution apply to a particular case, . . . the court
must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the
case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty.”).
25
number of persons.” Id. at 70. We also agree that the means-
end fit required to survive intermediate scrutiny does not mean
that 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(c)(1) and 1432(a)(2) and (a)(3) have to
ensure that this relationship exists in every instance. But Tineo
does not contend otherwise: he simply asks us to determine
whether the means-end fit was sufficiently close when those
provisions did not permit his father to transmit citizenship to
him, without providing any practicable way for his father to
demonstrate that the requisite relationship existed between the
two.
To that effect, the Supreme Court has long recognized
that “laws treating fathers and mothers differently may not be
constitutionally applied . . . where the mother and father are in
fact similarly situated with regard to their relationship with the
child.” Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct. at 1693 n. 12 (2017)
(alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)
(quoting Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248, 267 (1983)). It thus
saw no equal protection problem where an unwed father who
“ha[d] never supported and rarely seen” his child complained
that he was entitled to receive notice of a proceeding to adopt
her. Lehr, 463 U.S. at 250. The Court concluded that “the New
York statutes adequately protected appellant’s inchoate
interest in establishing a relationship with [his daughter],” and
thus found “no merit in the claim that his constitutional rights
were offended.” Id. at 262–65; see also Morales-Santana, 137
S. Ct. at 1693 n.12 (explaining that “[t]he ‘similarly situated’
condition was not satisfied in Lehr, [because] the father in that
case had ‘never established any custodial, personal, or
financial relationship’ with the child”). Notably, the statutes
provided that the father would have been entitled to notice had
he done any one of the following: (1) filed his name in the
state’s putative father registry, (2) established paternity by
26
adjudication, (3) been identified as the child’s father on her
birth certificate, (4) openly lived with the child’s mother and
held himself out to be her father, (5) identified as the father in
a sworn statement, or (6) married the child’s mother before she
turned six months old. Id. at 251.
Tellingly, the Court took the opposite view with an
Illinois statute that outright terminated the custody rights of an
unwed father who had “lived with his children all their lives
and had lived with their mother for eighteen years,” and
thereby rendered “the nature of the actual relationship between
parent and child . . . completely irrelevant.” Lehr, 463 U.S. at
258–59. (emphasis added) (referring to Stanley v. Illinois, 405
U.S. 645, 655 (1972)). Specifically, the statute permitted the
state to “circumvent neglect proceedings on the theory that an
unwed father [was] not a ‘parent’ whose existing relationship
with his children must be considered.” Stanley, 405 U.S. at
649–50. As the Court put it, such a law “conclusively
presumed every father of a child born out of wedlock to be an
unfit person to have custody of his children.” Lehr, 463 U.S.
at 258 (emphasis added). The Court found this
“constitutionally repugnant,” because even if “most unmarried
fathers are unsuitable and neglectful parents . . . some are
wholly suited to have custody of their children,” and the “State
readily concede[d]” that there was no evidence that the father
“[was] or ha[d] been a neglectful father who ha[d] not cared
for his children.” Stanley, 405 U.S. at 649, 654–55.
Nothing in Nguyen suggests that the Court has departed
from this course. Like the New York statutes in Lehr, 8 U.S.C.
§ 1409(a)(4) imposed what the Court characterized as a
“minimal” burden on unwed fathers to demonstrate the
existence of a relationship with their child as a prerequisite for
transmitting citizenship. Nguyen, 633 U.S. at 70. The father
27
could take the “least onerous of . . . the[] simple steps and
alternatives” of legitimating the child under the law of the
child’s residence or domicile, acknowledging paternity in
writing under oath, or establishing paternity by adjudication of
a competent court. Id. at 59, 69–71 (emphases added). In
contrast, the burden imposed on Tineo’s father to demonstrate
the existence of a relationship to Tineo was not only onerous,
it was impossible. Indeed, like Stanley, the actual relationship
between Felipe Tineo and his child was rendered completely
irrelevant, and he was conclusively presumed to be unfit to
transmit citizenship to his child.
We thus maintain that, when applied to his
circumstance, the provisions from which such a burden and
presumption stem—§§ 1101(c)(1) and 1432(a)(2) and (a)(3)—
cannot be squared with the equal-protection mandate of the
Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
B. Remedy
Anticipating this result, the government suggests that
we “should not fashion a remedy and, instead, leave that work
to Congress.” Resp’t Br. 48. In so suggesting, the government
advances the view that we do not have the “power to provide
relief of the sort requested in this [petition]—namely, conferral
of citizenship on a basis other than that prescribed by
Congress.” Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct. at 1701 (Thomas, J.,
joined by Alito, J., concurring in part) (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted). We do not subscribe to this view.
See Breyer, 214 F.3d at 429 (finding an equal protection
violation in a derivative citizenship statute, and providing that,
pursuant to additional findings by the District Court, the
noncitizen petitioner would “be entitled to American
citizenship relating back to his birth”).
28
As an initial matter, a judgment in Tineo’s favor “would
confirm [his] pre-existing citizenship rather than grant [him]
rights that [he] does not now possess.” Miller v. Albright, 523
U.S. 420, 432 (1998) (opinion of Stevens, J.). Or, more
precisely, what Tineo seeks is “severance of the offending
provisions so that the statute, free of its constitutional defect,
can operate to determine whether citizenship was transmitted”
by his father. Nguyen, 533 U.S. at 95–96 (O’Connor, J.,
dissenting) (citing Miller, 523 U.S. at 488–89) (Breyer, J.,
dissenting)); Oral Arg. Audio 9:38–10:04. Indeed, as long ago
as 1898, the Supreme Court invalidated the application of the
Chinese Exclusion Act to a man born in the United States and
who therefore, under the Fourteenth Amendment, had been a
citizen since birth. See United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169
U.S. 649, 704 (1898).
More to the point, the view espoused by the government
has never commanded a majority of the Supreme Court, and,
in fact, as the authoring Justice Scalia bemoaned, “[a] majority
of the Justices . . . concluded otherwise in” Miller and “the
Court . . . proceed[ed] on the same assumption” in Nguyen.
Nguyen, 533 U.S. at 73–74 (Scalia, J., joined by Thomas, J.,
concurring) (concluding that it was thus “appropriate . . . to
reach the merits of petitioners’ equal protection claims [and]
join the opinion of the Court”).
The principal case cited by the government—INS v.
Pangilinan, 486 U.S. 875, 883 (1988)—does not convince us
otherwise. That case involved the judicial conferral of
citizenship as an equitable remedy where there was no finding
that the statute was constitutionally infirm. Section 701 of the
1940 Nationality Act provided an avenue by which noncitizens
who served in World War II could naturalize without having to
meet a residency or English-proficiency requirement. Id. at
29
877–88. That pathway presumed that a representative would
be designated to receive petitions, conduct hearings, and grant
naturalizations overseas. Id. at 878. For foreign-policy
reasons, the Attorney General deprived the Philippine Islands
of such a representative for a nine-month period. Id. at 879–
80. This led to a stream of litigation by Filipino veterans who
did not naturalize before the 1940 Act expired. Id. at 880. Two
cases made it to the Ninth Circuit and were consolidated. Id.
The Ninth Circuit held that the deprivation of a representative
in the Philippines violated the mandate of the 1940 Act and
awarded an equitable remedy by retroactively conferring
citizenship. Id. at 882. The Supreme Court reversed because,
like the doctrine of equitable estoppel, equitable remedies
cannot “override a public policy established by Congress . . . .”
Id. at 883 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). That
is, “the power to make someone a citizen of the United States
has not been conferred upon the federal courts, like mandamus
or injunction, as one of their generally applicable equitable
powers.” Id. at 883–84 (emphasis added).
That statement and holding have no bearing where the
Constitution is concerned. See Nguyen, 523 U.S. at 95–96
(O’Connor, J., joined by Souter, Ginsburg, and Breyer, JJ.,
dissenting). In that instance, the notion that a court is not
empowered to fashion a remedy finds support in only an
exceedingly strict view of the plenary power doctrine. See
Miller, 523 U.S. at 455–56 (Scalia, J., concurring in the
judgment) (“It is in my view incompatible with the plenary
power of Congress over those fields for judges to speculate as
to what Congress would have enacted if it had not enacted what
it did . . . .”). It was not too long ago that a similarly strict
treatment of this doctrine resulted in the condonation of even
the most blatant discrimination. See, e.g., The Chinese
30
Exclusion Case, 130 U.S. 581, 610–11 (1889) (establishing the
modern plenary-power doctrine in upholding the Chinese
Exclusion Act); Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 149 U.S. 698,
732, 13 S. Ct. 1016, 1017 (1893) (holding that the political
branches could deport residents based solely on their race and
deem all people of “the Chinese race” incompetent to sign the
affidavit needed for Chinese immigrants to remain lawfully);
id. at 763 (Fuller, J., dissenting) (castigating the majority’s
decision as “incompatible with the immutable principles of
justice, inconsistent with the nature of our government, and in
conflict with the written constitution by which that government
was created, and those principles secured”); Boutilier v. INS,
387 U.S. 118, 122–24 (1967) (holding that Congress could
deem gay men excludable “as afflicted with a . . . psychopathic
personality” under the plenary-power doctrine).
Unsurprisingly, then, while continuing to recognize the
broad deference owed to Congress in immigration matters, the
Supreme Court has in recent years curtailed the plenary-power
doctrine’s excesses, both by clarifying that rational-basis
review still adheres upon its invocation and by limiting the
classes of persons subject thereto. See, e.g., Morales-Santana,
137 S. Ct. at 1693–94; INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 940–41
(1983) (rejecting the government’s invocation of the plenary-
power doctrine because the case concerned “whether Congress
has chosen a constitutionally permissible means of
implementing that power”). We, too, have recognized that the
plenary-power doctrine—while affording Congress great
discretion—“is subject to important constitutional limitations,”
and “it is the province of the courts” to enforce those
constraints. Osorio-Martinez v. Att’y Gen. of U.S., 893 F.3d
153, 175 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S.
31
678, 695 (2001)) (holding that children with special immigrant
juvenile status may invoke the Suspension Clause).
That curtailment is further apparent from the Court’s
remedy analysis in Morales-Santana. After finding an
unconstitutional infirmity with the provisions at issue, the
Court engaged in precisely the sort of “speculat[ion] as to what
Congress would have enacted if it had not enacted what it did”
Justice Scalia cautioned against in his concurrence in Miller.
The equal protection infirmity at issue was that the statute
retained a longer physical-presence requirement for unwed
citizen fathers to transmit citizenship to their children born
abroad to a noncitizen mother than for similarly situated unwed
citizen mothers. Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct. at 1698. The
petitioner asked the Court to extend the benefit of the shorter
physical-presence requirement to the unwed fathers that the
statute reserved for the unwed mothers. Id. The Court
expressly stated that it had the option of doing just that or
nullifying the benefit reserved for the unwed mothers such that
both classes of parents would have a longer physical presence
requirement. Id. Despite acknowledging that “extension,
rather than nullification, is the proper course” it chose
nullification because extension would have disrupted the
statutory scheme in a way that would have meant a shorter
physical-presence requirement for unwed fathers and mothers
than for their wed counterparts. Id. at 1700.
To our case, then, the “proper course” is proper. Indeed,
we are confronted with the same two remedial alternatives: we
can remedy the unequal treatment by extending the benefit that
8 U.S.C. § 1432(a)(3) confers on unwed mothers to Felipe
Tineo or by nullifying the benefit such that the benefit-
conferring clause in (a)(3) is excised. We choose the former,
and our choice is “governed by the legislature’s intent, as
32
revealed by the statute at hand.” Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct.
at 1699.
Gleaning that the proper course is extension is rather
straightforward in this case. On the one hand, nothing supports
nullification. This is because in the face of nullification—that
is, the possibility that § 1101(c)(1) could be read as imposing
a legitimation requirement on mothers of children born out of
wedlock—Congress spoke in as clear a manner as it could. It
said “a child born outside of the United States of [noncitizen
parents] . . . becomes a citizen [upon the] . . . the naturalization
of the mother if the child was born out of wedlock and the
paternity of the child has not been established by legitimation
. . . .” § 1432(a)(3). Even in the absence of this provision, the
government has maintained that no such legitimation
requirement exists for mothers. See Eligibility of
Unlegitimated Children for Derivative Citizenship, 27 O.L.C.
136 (2003); Memorandum of William Yates, Acting Assoc.
Dir., CIS, to Regional Directors, CIS (Sept. 26, 2003), 2003
WL 22334606, at *1.
On the other, there is no roadblock to granting
extension. There is little support for the view that Congress
intended that no unlegitimated child born out of wedlock
would ever derive citizenship through her father. Even if it did,
its enactment of a severability provision counsels against
considering that conviction as so strong as to warrant depriving
similarly situated mothers of the benefit in order to implement
it. See The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 § 406, 66
Stat. 163, 281 (“If any particular provision of this Act, or the
application thereof to any person or circumstance, is held
invalid, the remainder of the Act and the application of such
provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be
affected thereby.” (emphases added)).
33
In addition, contrary to the government’s suggestion,
Morales-Santana is no obstacle. The Court’s reluctance to
grant extension in Morales-Santana was driven by the fact that
it would result in ascribing a discriminatory intent to Congress:
that of “disadvantageous treatment of marital children in
comparison to nonmarital children.” 137 S. Ct. at 1700. There
is no argument that § 1101(c)(1)’s legitimation requirement
applies, or has ever applied, to the parents of children born in
wedlock. Thus, extending Felipe Tineo the same treatment that
§ 1432(a)(3) affords to similarly situated mothers would not
disrupt the statutory scheme in any significant way, nor will it
result in ascribing a discriminatory intent to Congress.
So we will: Jose Francisco Tineo became a U.S. citizen
when his father naturalized and he was “under the age of
eighteen years” and “residing in the United States pursuant to
a lawful admission for permanent residence . . . .” See §
1432(a)(4) & (a)(5). That is since June 15, 1985.
*****
We acknowledge that, like Morales-Santana before
him, Tineo does not engender much sympathy. He had other
options available to seek citizenship in his own right. See, e.g.,
8 U.S.C. § 1427. Although “[t]his option [might have] be[en]
foreclosed to [Tineo], [] any bar [would have been] due to the
serious nature of his criminal offenses, not to an equal
protection denial or to any supposed rigidity or harshness in the
citizenship laws.” Nguyen, 533 U.S. at 71.
But he is not the Tineo that is our focus here. The result
fostered by the gender classification at issue precluded Felipe
Tineo from ever having his child derive citizenship from him.
No matter how we attain it, the Constitution guarantees us the
34
rights and responsibilities that come with American
citizenship, regardless of gender, religious beliefs, or the color
of our skin. See J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B., 511 U.S. 127,
146 (1994). Felipe Tineo acquired citizenship and lived out its
responsibilities, so we cannot lend our imprimatur to his being
unconstitutionally denied one of its benefits. This is the focus
of Jose Tineo’s challenge, and the lens through which we view
him an American.
With this ruling, the consequence for Tineo’s offenses
is not removal, but rather what the law provides is permissible
for any other citizen who is convicted of the same offenses.
We will therefore grant the petition for review and vacate the
order of removal. This course obviates the need to reach
Tineo’s argument that the BIA should have found that his
passport established a presumption of citizenship that the
government may rebut only by showing that the passport was
fraudulently or illegally obtained. See Dessouki, 915 F.3d at
967 (citizenship finding mooted “lingering agency issues”).
35
SMITH, Chief Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in
part.
When Felipe Tineo became a naturalized United
States citizen, he acquired all the rights that adhere to that
status. At the relevant time, this included the right to pass
his citizenship to his children under the circumstances
described in 8 U.S.C. § 1432.1 Because we address the
claim that Felipe Tineo would have been able to pass his
citizenship to his son José pursuant to § 1432 but for a
gender-based classification preventing it, I concur with the
majority that we apply intermediate scrutiny in conducting
our review.2 Sessions v. Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct.
1678, 1689 (2017). Intermediate scrutiny requires that the
1
For simplicity, I refer only to § 1432. However, as the
majority correctly observes, the gender-based
classification at issue arises from the interaction of two
subsections of § 1432 with the definition of “child” in 8
U.S.C. § 1101(c)(1).
2
I likewise concur with the majority in its view that, to the
extent Catwell v. Attorney General, 623 F.3d 199, 211 (3d
Cir. 2010), applied rational basis review to a gender-based
equal protection challenge, we must decline to follow it in
light of the Supreme Court’s more recent decision in
Sessions v. Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct. 1678, 1689
(2017).
1
gender-based classification serve an important
governmental objective and be substantially related to
achievement of that objective. Id. at 1690. I part ways
with the majority because, in my view, § 1432 satisfies
that standard.3
The Government posits that § 1432 serves an
important governmental objective: as in Nguyen v. INS,
533 U.S. 53 (2001), the statute utilizes legitimation “as a
tailored means of ensuring that only those unwed fathers
who had achieved equal parental rights as those afforded
to mothers under the law of their state or country were
permitted to pass citizenship to their child.” Resp’t. Br.
35–36.
Recently, in Morales-Santana, the Supreme Court
reaffirmed that it correctly decided Nguyen. In Nguyen,
the parental acknowledgement requirement served the
important interest of establishing “the parent’s filial tie to
the child.” Morales-Santana, 137 S. Ct. at 1694. The
Supreme Court described the parental acknowledgement
requirement as “a justifiable, easily met means of ensuring
the existence of a biological parent-child relationship,
which the mother establishes by giving birth.” Id.
3
I further agree with the majority that, under United States
v. Moreno, 727 F.3d 255, 257 (3d Cir. 2013), Tineo’s first
passport does not constitute conclusive proof of
citizenship.
2
Nguyen recognized two important interests that are
served in establishing the existence of such a filial tie: (1)
the importance of assuring the existence of a biological
father-child relationship; and (2) the importance of
developing a true interpersonal relationship between the
child and the citizen parent who, in turn, has ties to the
United States. Nguyen, 533 U.S. at 62–65. The
differential treatment of mothers and fathers is based upon
genuine differences at the time of the birth of a child, and
does not rely on outdated stereotypes. See Nguyen, 533
U.S. at 68 (“There is nothing irrational or improper in the
recognition that at the moment of birth . . . the mother’s
knowledge of the child and the fact of parenthood have
been established in a way not guaranteed in the case of the
unwed father. This is not a stereotype.”).
The legitimation requirement in § 1432, like the
parental acknowledgment requirement in Nguyen, is
substantially related to the goal of ensuring that a
naturalized father’s citizenship passes automatically to his
child only in those cases where a genuine biological and
familial tie exists. “It is almost axiomatic that a policy
which seeks to foster the opportunity for meaningful
parent-child bonds to develop has a close and substantial
bearing on the governmental interest in the actual
formation of that bond.” Nguyen, 533 U.S. at 70. The fit
between the means and the important end is, as in Nguyen,
“exceedingly persuasive.” Id.
3
Section 1432 is actually more difficult to satisfy
than the statute in Nguyen because § 1432 is limited to
legitimation under local law, while the statute in Nguyen
permitted paternal acknowledgment via two additional
methods (a court order of paternity or a declaration of
paternity under oath). See Nguyen, 533 U.S. at 70–71. In
my view, this does not change the conclusion that Nguyen
applies. Even if § 1432 had included the other alternatives
described in Nguyen, none of them would be available to
José Tineo because there is no evidence that his father
acknowledged paternity or adjudicated paternity before
José turned 18. Moreover, as observed in Nguyen, José
Tineo could have sought citizenship in his own right, were
it not for his having committed serious criminal offenses.
See Nguyen, 533 U.S. at 71.
It need hardly be pointed out that we are not
permitted to override the will of Congress and select other
methods for designating the recipients of derivative
citizenship. Indeed, in Nguyen, the Supreme Court
rejected the suggestion that a DNA test should suffice,
observing that the “Constitution . . . does not require that
Congress elect one particular mechanism from among
many possible methods of establishing paternity.”
Nguyen, 533 U.S. at 63. Our review is limited to
consideration of whether Congress’s selection of state
legitimation law is substantially related to its goal of
establishing the existence of a true filial tie before
4
citizenship may pass from a father to his non-marital child.
As I see it, such a substantial relationship exists.
The majority is swayed by the outcome that José
Tineo is forever barred from receiving derivative
citizenship via his naturalized father because his mother
died when José was 15, and the laws of the relevant
jurisdictions (New York and the Dominican Republic)
offered no method for Felipe to legitimate José after her
death. For that reason, the majority dismisses the
Government’s primary justification for the statute. But in
legislating, Congress is not required to anticipate every
potential outcome that results from the application of a
statute in order for it to pass constitutional muster. See
Pierre v. Holder, 738 F.3d 39, 53–54 (2d Cir. 2013).
Congress legislated in the “difficult context of conferring
citizenship on vast numbers of persons.” Nguyen, 533 U.S.
at 70. We should therefore accept the means Congress
chose, so long as it does so within the bounds of the
constitution by legislating “in substantial furtherance of
important governmental objectives.” See id. I believe its
chosen course meets that test.4
4
In dismissing the government’s proffered justification,
the majority relies on decisions about the termination of
parental rights. In Lehr v. Robinson, 463 U.S. 248, 266–
68 (1983), for instance, the Supreme Court upheld a New
York law that prevented a biological father from vetoing
5
his daughter’s adoption by another man. Lehr, in turn,
cites Caban v. Mohammed, 441 U.S. 380, 389 (1979), a
case in which the Supreme Court rejected an earlier
version of the same New York statute because it too
broadly assumed that a father always has a lesser bond
than a mother. In Caban, the statute was structured in a
way that did not take into account the father’s relationship
with his biological child at all, and instead relied
exclusively on “overbroad generalizations” about a non-
marital father’s role. Id. at 394. Thus, Caban concerned
the sort of outdated gender stereotypes that do not underlie
the legislation before us today. And, after Caban, the New
York legislature amended the statute to provide methods
for an unwed father to establish the existence of a
relationship with his child. See Practice Commentary,
N.Y. Dom. Rel. Law § 111 (McKinney 2016). It was the
amended statute that survived scrutiny in Lehr.
Here, in contrast to Lehr and Caban, Congress was not
addressing the termination of parental rights in adoption,
but was legislating to ensure the existence of the father’s
filial tie for the specific purpose of passing on a citizenship
right. The Supreme Court spoke to this important interest
in Nguyen and upheld an analogous provision as
constitutional because it substantially served that
important interest. Nguyen, 533 U.S. at 67. In short, Lehr
and Caban arose in a distinct and distinguishable context
and do not undermine my conclusion that Nguyen controls.
6
Equal protection does not require that “the statute
under consideration must be capable of achieving its
ultimate objective in every instance.” Id. Thus, although
the result in the case we confront is that José Tineo cannot
acquire derivative citizenship under § 1432, such an
outcome does not mean that his father was deprived of the
equal protection of the law.
I therefore would deny the petition for review.
7
|
Q:
setting wallpaper through code
I was trying to make an app which also had the facility to let user select wallpaper he would like to set. I have managed this by calling the Gallery Intent. Once the user selects a specific image, the data path of the image is returned to me which then i preview to the user by setting the image onto an imageview.
The problem crops up when the image size (and/or resolution) is greater than what android expects. This results in failure of my module.
And as if this was not enough, wen the user tries to select some other wallpaper(and in my test case the "other" wallpaper was also of size >700kb) then the app crashes with the "OutOfMemoryException"...
Helppp me here guys!!!
For Gallery Intent i use:
Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.setType("image/*");
intent.setAction(Intent.ACTION_GET_CONTENT);
startActivityForResult(Intent.createChooser(intent, "Select Picture"),SELECT_IMAGE);
For setting the wallpaper i use:
InputStream is = getContentResolver().openInputStream(Uri.parse(uri_returned_from_intent));
Bitmap bgImage = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(is);//OutOfMemory error thrown here
setWallpaper(bgImage);
So i have 2 problems to deal with:
How to crop the image before setting it as wallpaper...
Cant understand y OutOfMemoryException is thrown, coz none of my image sizes exceed even 1mb... and i guess the VM budget in case Of N1 is 24Mb if m not mistaken...
A:
You should decode with inSampleSize option to reduce memory consumption.
Android: Strange out of memory issue while loading an image to a Bitmap object (stackoverflow)
Another option inJustDecodeBounds can help you to find correct inSampleSize value
How to get bitmap infomation before decode an image file? (Google Groups)
|
Jared Allen (quarterback)
Jared Allen (born August 26, 1981) is an American football coach and former player. He was the starting quarterback at FAU from 2001 to 2004 and also played professionally for the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe in 2006.
High school career
Allen attended Edmond Santa Fe High School in Edmond, Oklahoma. As a senior, he completed 171 of 282 passes for 1,973 yards and 18 touchdowns. As a junior, he connected on 145 of 232 attempts for 1,502 yards and 9 touchdowns. He was named a 1999 Blue Chip athlete. He earned first-team All-Edmond Area, All-Metro Conference, All-District 6A-1, all-city (Oklahoma City) and Oklahoma Coaches Association all-state honors. Allen was named to the Jim Thorpe All-Star Game and was selected MVP. He was a two-sport athlete (football and basketball).
College career
Allen started four years at Florida Atlantic and was named the team's MVP in 2003, the offensive MVP in 2002, and the team MVP in 2001. He played in 47 games and started 44 times. Throughout his collegiate career, he completed 570 of 1,003 passes for 8,100 yards and 50 touchdowns. He was redshirted in 2000 and majored in political science.
Professional career
2005 season
Allen signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent on May 5, 2005. He was released on August 31, 2005.
2006 season
Allen was re-signed on January 5, 2006 and was allocated to the NFL Europe's Amsterdam Admirals. He shared backup quarterback duties with Reggie Robertson playing one quarter per game every other week, until starting quarterback Gibran Hamdan broke his ankle. Jared Allen was then granted the starting job, leading the Amsterdam Admirals to one win (away vs. the Frankfurt Galaxy) and two losses during the remaining regular season games. The one win was sufficient to secure first place in the season and a spot in the World Bowl, which was lost to the Frankfurt Galaxy by 7–22. Allen was released on August 29.
Coaching career
In January, 2012 Allen was name the tight ends coach at Florida Atlantic University (FAU). After the 2013 season, Allen stepped back into an administrative role as director of player personnel and external relations. In 2015, he returned to a positional coach this time coaching running backs. Following the 2016 season, Allen stepped back from coaching for the 2017 season.
External links
FAU profile
Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:American football quarterbacks
Category:Amsterdam Admirals players
Category:Florida Atlantic Owls football coaches
Category:Florida Atlantic Owls football players
Category:Players of American football from Oklahoma
Category:Sportspeople from Edmond, Oklahoma |
4D Lorentz electron microscopy imaging: magnetic domain wall nucleation, reversal, and wave velocity.
Magnetization reversal is an important topic of research in the fields of both basic and applied ferromagnetism. For the study of magnetization reversal dynamics and magnetic domain wall (DW) motion in ferromagnetic thin films, imaging techniques are indispensable. Here, we report 4D imaging of DWs by the out-of-focus Fresnel method in Lorentz ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), with in situ spatial and temporal resolutions. The temporal change in magnetization, as revealed by changes in image contrast, is clocked using an impulsive optical field to produce structural deformation of the specimen, thus modulating magnetic field components in the specimen plane. Directly visualized are DW nucleation and subsequent annihilation and oscillatory reappearance (periods of 32 and 45 ns) in nickel films on two different substrates. For the case of Ni films on a Ti/Si(3)N(4) substrate, under conditions of minimum residual external magnetic field, the oscillation is associated with a unique traveling wave train of periodic magnetization reversal. The velocity of DW propagation in this wave train is measured to be 172 m/s with a wavelength of 7.8 microm. The success of this study demonstrates the promise of Lorentz UEM for real-space imaging of spin switching, ferromagnetic resonance, and laser-induced demagnetization in ferromagnetic nanostructures. |
Q:
Geometric Operations in GIS Systems
I have worked with 2D geometry for CAD - My questions are general and relate to understanding operations on geometric entities (lines).
Should geometric operations such as line-line intersection be done in the projected spaces (such as EPSG 3857) ?
I've had a brief look at the geos library, but it is unclear whether the inputs should be in a linear projected space.
If operations are done in projected space - does this introduce significant error in the result when the output is un-projected?
A:
Possible error of your geometric operation depends on:
overall size of the objects - bigger size increase errors,
projection that you use,
datum that you use (each datum suits some parts of the Earth more than the others)
quality of your data.
Generally you don't want to work with unprojected data at all unless there is some specific reasons like finding an orthodrome on a global scale (there is a Gnomonic projection for a regional scale) or you are working with global data in general (in this case you store data unprojected but project it for specific operations you need to perform: distance calculation, etc.). Note that there is no universal projection and for each task and the region of the world an appropriate projection (more precisely - CRS) have to be used for achieving the best results.
If your project demands to work with more than one projection you should pay a lot of attention to your data quality and integrity. Here a question: will a parallel and a meridian cross in any projection? The picture below is an unprojected image of the countries and a parallel and a meridian.
'Yes' would you say - they will cross in any projection. But I say - 'Nope if your data sucks ass'. Lets project our data into the Bonne projection:
Both parallel and meridian were defined only by 2 points each (start and end). That leaded to a disaster in specific projection. But if we know that we will use our lines in specific projection we can adapt our data to it. Lets add some nodes to our lines an project them again: much better result.
So when you are working with GIS, especially if you are going to modify your data - you have to understand the pros and cons of CRS. Don't be afraid to use projections - be afraid to use wrong one.
|
/*=============================================================================
Copyright (c) 2018 Kohei Takahashi
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
==============================================================================*/
#ifndef BOOST_FUSION_IS_NATIVE_FUSION_SEQUENCE
#define BOOST_FUSION_IS_NATIVE_FUSION_SEQUENCE
#include <boost/fusion/support/config.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/support/sequence_base.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/and.hpp>
#include <boost/type_traits/is_complete.hpp>
#include <boost/type_traits/is_convertible.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace fusion { namespace detail
{
template <typename Sequence>
struct is_native_fusion_sequence
: mpl::and_<
is_complete<Sequence>
, is_convertible<Sequence, detail::from_sequence_convertible_type>
>
{};
}}}
#endif
|
// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
// Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
//
// See https://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
// See https://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
// RUN: not %target-swift-frontend %s -emit-ir
protocol 0{class TextOutputStream
|
Do We Remember: ‘We Have Had Our Fall’
My first meaningful encounters with Mencken’s work came while we were in Dayton. Mencken approached his coverage of the Scopes Trial — and Dayton and its people — with the same quick-witted ferocity he was famous for.
In reading over his attacks of the South in Ralph C. Wood’s Flannery O’Connor and the Christ-Haunted South, though, I realized something: many of the arguments he made against the South, its critics still make today. As Wood quotes him:
Down there a poet is now almost as rare as an oboe player, a dry-point etcher of a metaphysician. It is, indeed, amazing to contemplate so vast a vacuity. . . . Nearly the whole of Europe could be lost in that stupendous region of fat farms, shoddy cities and paralyzed cerebrums. . . . And yet, for all its size and and all its wealth and all the ‘progress’ it babbles of, it is almost as sterile, artistically, intellectually, culturally, as the Sahara Desert.
And with Mencken’s attacks came the rise of the Agrarians — that class of Southern writers who resisted Mencken’s arguments and defended the South, warts and all, as a distinct and true region.
Wood points out that Flannery O’Connor took Mencken seriously at one particular point that the Agrarians may not have: Mencken’s recognition of fundamentalist Christianity as the lynchpin that held so much of the South together. Hence the double-edged nature of O’Connor’s fiction.
Wood gets into all those issues and weaves together, really, a masterful account, nuanced as the issues are in reality. If you’re interested, I encourage you to pick his book up.
But here’s the thing that nags me now: Mencken and others backed up their claims with sociological data that was hard to refute on its face. The Southern defenders’ best argument was that the “fixes” Northerners would have Southerners undertake burn away the South’s identity and render it like every other part of the country: indistinct.
Faced with many of the same sociological problems today (see, for example, lots of the data at www.datacenter.kidscount.org), does the South still possess its distinctiveness? Do we Southerners know today what makes us Southern?
Courtesy Kids Count Data Center
The cynic here would offer a caricature of Kim Davis and say that the South is as backwards as it ever has been, and as backwards as Mencken described it, save for the addition of “gay-hating” and “gun-toting” to the long list of adjectives.
The Agrarian defenders, in countering Mencken and others, pointed out the South’s penchant for politeness and manners, its honor code that rewarded moral behavior, its work ethic that in many cases was actually color blind. Many of them acknowledged the fact that the South’s loss in the Civil War instilled in its people a loss of innocence and understanding of reality. Wood says:
With its humiliating defeat in defense of an indefensible cause, the South acquired an ineradicable sense of the tragic: the awareness that even the best of cultures can go profoundly wrong, that seeming good can be built on massive evil, that many things broken cannot be mended, and that much evil must patiently be endured.
In O’Connor’s words, “We have had our fall.” Arguably until the Vietnam War or 9/11, no other pocket of the country knew of such.
My question: outside of a deceptive sentimentalism, do we today in the South still have this identity?
Perhaps this has always been true, but my sense of this is that very few have any clue of this identity, and few care to. In the rural areas, such as where I live, a remnant sense of identity — based as much in local communities as in the South itself — still clings to the hills and fields. My county, Greene County, was once one of the biggest producers of Burley tobacco in the South. Until his dying days right after I joined the staff, my newspaper’s much-loved columnist, Bob Hurley, still wrote of the smells that filled downtown Greeneville in December, when tobacco was put to market in the huge warehouses that peppered town.
But it wasn’t just the tobacco and its smell: it was the community’s recognition that it was very much a lifeblood of the local economy, and the work it took to harvest it kept families working together in the fields.
East Tennessee, thanks to its mountainous terrain and lack of plantations, was home to Union sympathizers. Our side of the state voted against secession. Greeneville was the home of Andrew Johnson, perhaps the most misunderstood and most scorned scorned son of the South.
A few weeks ago I helped interview two locals who attended Greeneville’s black high school before school integration in 1965. Here in Greeneville, there were virtually no issues when blacks began sitting in classrooms with whites. No protests, no fights, no scenes of police officers wielding fire hoses, or anything of the sort. When I asked these two people why that was — what made Greene County so different — they answered almost immediately that everyone was so poor — especially out in the county — and used to working, living, and playing with each other, no one harbored any ill will.
Memories like this are becoming scant, I fear. But these memories exist here (and I’m proud that stories like this are how I can help keep these memories alive).
Growing up in suburbia outside Chattanooga, I never heard much of who we Southerners were, outside of my father’s love of history. As Chattanooga has grown and finds itself as an up-and-coming locale for hipsters, Millennials, and anyone wanting a taste of the New South, I wonder if the values the Agrarians offered as rebuttals to Mencken resonate with folks there.
Do we still possess the virtues of the Old South?
The Southern writers of the early and mid-20th century had sturdy ground on which to stand when defending Southern virtues.
Do we today?
Elsewhere in his book, Wood points out that O’Connor, in her devout Catholicism, saw the importance of the sacraments in her theology. And her fiction. Those sacraments illustrate the length to which God sought His people — using the crude stuff He Himself fashioned in brining forgiveness and redemption, and they stand in stark opposition to the sort of gnosticism that hyper-spiritualized, fundamentalist Protestantism brought. The idea that one could be “so heavenly minded that he is no earthly good” is in part an indictment of the kind of fundamentalism that shuns enjoyment of the physical — intended for enjoyment, when regarded and used correctly —and supplants it with a pharisaical bent toward the judgmental.
I wonder if this fundamentalist gnosticism leads to the directionless poverty typified by the family Dylan Roof stayed with before killing nine black people in a church in Charleston. This fundamentalism no doubt has some Southern roots, but its effect is to divorce us from the tradition of hard work and genuine care for the well-being of others. And it grows like kudzu, creating a Southern void.
I’m aware some people reading this may not buy anything I have said that puts the South or Southerners in any kind of redeemable light. But I wholeheartedly believe that is a product of cynicism, formed by an almost nihilistic incivility. And I hope if any discussion starts here, we will steer clear of it.
Post navigation
One thought on “Do We Remember: ‘We Have Had Our Fall’”
Wonderful essay, Michael. I’m glad you agonize over these things; for some of us, they are important. The South is Flannery O’Connor’s Catholicism and Tennessee Williams’s whiskey-soaked Big Daddy (not to omit Brick, his closeted gay son). As the old folks depart this life, things do change. And, I must even admit that some of our elders have amended their ways without the Grim Reaper at their door. With their passing, holdovers of prejudice and bigotry leave, but so does some of the grace and gentility — as if to affirm that this region has always been a schizophrenic’s paradise. “Too heavenly minded to be any earthly good” only scratches the surface of our profound and cherished contradictions. To whit, that “gay-hating” thing is really too bad, but quite logical, as I have long speculated that the majority of gay men in the south are married to women. Mencken may have “hated the south,” but I think he must also have been grateful for its alien ways which presented him (on a rusty Ford hubcap) the imperative to exercise his formidable acerbity. I will definitely read Ralph Woods’s book. |
Marc has spent 25 years in the live entertainment industry. He became interested in comics in 6th grade, but he couldn't draw. With the advent of computer graphic programs, he's giving it a go after 5 years of trial & error (mostly error).
... full profile |
<vector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:width="24dp"
android:height="24dp"
android:viewportWidth="24.0"
android:viewportHeight="24.0">
<path
android:fillColor="#FF000000"
android:pathData="M21,6h-2v9L6,15v2c0,0.55 0.45,1 1,1h11l4,4L22,7c0,-0.55 -0.45,-1 -1,-1zM17,12L17,3c0,-0.55 -0.45,-1 -1,-1L3,2c-0.55,0 -1,0.45 -1,1v14l4,-4h10c0.55,0 1,-0.45 1,-1z"/>
</vector>
|
Q:
Nested List and For Loop
Consider this:
list = 2*[2*[0]]
for y in range(0,2):
for x in range(0,2):
if x ==0:
list[x][y]=1
else:
list[x][y]=2
print list
Result:
[[2,2],[2,2]]
Why doesn't the result be [[1,1],[2,2]]?
A:
Because you are creating a list that is two references to the same sublist
>>> L = 2*[2*[0]]
>>> id(L[0])
3078300332L
>>> id(L[1])
3078300332L
so changes to L[0] will affect L[1] because they are the same list
The usual way to do what you want would be
>>> L = [[0]*2 for x in range(2)]
>>> id(L[0])
3078302124L
>>> id(L[1])
3078302220L
notice that L[0] and L[1] are now distinct
|
Strictly Global
Strictly Global was an American weekly music-television program, which aired from November 19, 2004, to June 3, 2011. It showcased music videos covering every genre of music from every corner of the globe. The program highlights international artists as well as independent and ethnic American talent. The program was produced by MHz Networks, and was broadcast every Friday night on MHz WorldView.
History
The program premiered on November 19, 2004. Co-produced and co-hosted by Terrance Averett and Mike Leyva, it was originally launched as an hour-long program airing at 9 PM ET. When Levya left the station in May 2005, Averett became sole producer and host. In 2007, Averett became senior producer and A.C. Evans and Jennifer Roh became alternating hosts, with occasional appearances by Averett. In the same year, it expanded to a two-hour block and started airing at 8 PM and 11 PM ET.
Season 7 saw new hosts: Dawn Reed, Danni Rosner, and Christina Tkacik. The show was shot at the State Theatre, in Falls Church, Virginia. It is hosted in English, but music videos encompass a wide array of languages.
The program reached 30 million households across the U.S.
Hosts
Dawn Reed
Born March 2, 1981 in Misawa, Aomori, Japan, Reed is an American actress, model, director and television personality. She is most known as the hostess and VJ for the international music video television show Strictly Global. Reed joined the program in 2008, during its seventh season. She is also credited as an associate producer and editor for the show, and is a regular blogger for its website.
In 2009, Reed created a new segment called "Beat Kitchen" which showcases recipes inspired by music videos.
Danni Rosner
A multilingual singer who grew up in Tokyo, Rosner returned to the United States during high school. An alumna of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, she holds degrees in musical analysis and English and has worked as a television reporter in Italy, a touring blues singer, and has sung the National Anthem at major sports venues in D.C. (Nationals Park, RFK Stadium, Verizon Center).
Nextwave
In its sixth season, the show introduced the new segment, "Nextwave", that spotlights new independent artists and bands with culturally diverse sounds and perspectives. Footage of Nextwave artists is featured between music videos during Strictly Global, as well as online. The segment is introduced with a short biography of the artist or band followed by their music video.
Nextwave was launched on March 27, 2008, with singer-songwriter Sona Kay as the segment's first featured artist. Kay gave a short interview and performed two of her songs "Fight For Me" and "Contra Corriente" on the guitar.
The segment is shot at the 8101A Studio.
Cancellation
The program's last new episode was aired on June 3, 2011.
See also
List of American television series
References
External links
, Popmatters. (Article)
Category:2004 American television series debuts
Category:2011 American television series endings
Category:2000s American music television series
Category:2010s American music television series
Category:English-language television programs
Category:Falls Church, Virginia
Category:Music videos
Category:Pop music television series |