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<s>[INST] What types of crops were produced by peasants [/INST] Food crops, cash crops, fruits, vegetables, and spices. </s> |
<s>[INST] What advanced agricultural techniques were practiced by peasants [/INST] Crop rotation, double cropping, three crop harvesting, fruit grafting, etc. </s> |
<s>[INST] How did peasants lift water for agricultural purposes [/INST] Various types of artificial water lifting devices were used. </s> |
<s>[INST] From where did the state derive the largest part of its income [/INST] Land revenue. </s> |
<s>[INST] Name three rulers who contributed to the development of land revenue administration.Alauddin Khalji, Sher Shah Suri, and Akbar. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who were the revenue intermediaries, and what role did they play [/INST] A powerful group between the state and the peasantry, assisting in land revenue collection with hereditary or state-granted rights. </s> |
<s>[INST] Why was the medieval Indian peasantry considered a hard-pressed lot [/INST] Due to the repressive nature of land tax, demands from intermediaries, and frequent natural calamities. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was not uncommon among the medieval Indian peasantry [/INST] Peasant revolts. </s> |
<s>[INST] Name some prominent crafts practiced during the medieval period.Textile, mining and metallurgy, ship-building, construction works, arms and armor manufacturing. </s> |
<s>[INST] Where was craft production organized during this period [/INST] At various levels of village, towns, and the state, including state-owned artisanal workshops (royal Karkhanas). </s> |
<s>[INST] What were some of the crafts produced in state-owned artisanal workshops [/INST] Commodities for the consumption of the ruling elite. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were India's trade links during the medieval period [/INST] Central Asia, China, Southeast Asia, and Europe. </s> |
<s>[INST] Which European trading companies influenced Indian commerce [/INST] Portuguese, English, Dutch, and French. </s> |
<s>[INST] What commercial practices emerged during the medieval period [/INST] Brokerage, hundi (bills of exchange), and bima (insurance). </s> |
<s>[INST] How did the expansion of trade and commerce impact commercial activities [/INST] It helped in the growth of commercial activities. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was the primary occupation of the majority of people during the medieval period in India [/INST] Agriculture. </s> |
<s>[INST] How did the state aim to increase agricultural production [/INST] Through the expansion of agriculture into newer areas as part of state policy. </s> |
<s>[INST] What types of crops were produced by peasants [/INST] Food crops, cash crops, fruits, vegetables, and spices. </s> |
<s>[INST] What advanced agricultural techniques were practiced by peasants [/INST] Crop rotation, double cropping, three crop harvesting, fruit grafting, etc. </s> |
<s>[INST] How did peasants lift water for agricultural purposes [/INST] Various types of artificial water lifting devices were used. </s> |
<s>[INST] From where did the state derive the largest part of its income [/INST] Land revenue. </s> |
<s>[INST] Name three rulers who contributed to the development of land revenue administration.Alauddin Khalji, Sher Shah Suri, and Akbar. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who were the revenue intermediaries, and what role did they play [/INST] A powerful group between the state and the peasantry, assisting in land revenue collection with hereditary or state-granted rights. </s> |
<s>[INST] Why was the medieval Indian peasantry considered a hard-pressed lot [/INST] Due to the repressive nature of land tax, demands from intermediaries, and frequent natural calamities. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was not uncommon among the medieval Indian peasantry [/INST] Peasant revolts. </s> |
<s>[INST] Name some prominent crafts practiced during the medieval period.Textile, mining and metallurgy, ship-building, construction works, arms and armor manufacturing. </s> |
<s>[INST] Where was craft production organized during this period [/INST] At various levels of village, towns, and the state, including state-owned artisanal workshops (royal Karkhanas). </s> |
<s>[INST] What were some of the crafts produced in state-owned artisanal workshops [/INST] Commodities for the consumption of the ruling elite. </s> |
<s>[INST] What types of coins were mainly in circulation for cash transactions [/INST] Silver and copper coins. </s> |
<s>[INST] During the Sultanate period, what was the main coinage for pure silver [/INST] Tanka with a fluctuating proportion of silver. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the copper coins during the Sultanate period [/INST] Jital and dang. </s> |
<s>[INST] How did the value of coinage fluctuate during the Sultanate period [/INST] It fluctuated with the change in the prices of metals. </s> |
<s>[INST] Under which ruler was the purity of metals in coinage established for the first time [/INST] Sher Shah. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was the basic silver coin used for transactions during Sher Shah's time [/INST] Rupaya of silver, weighing 178 grains. </s> |
<s>[INST] What metals were used in coinage during Sher Shah's time [/INST] Gold, silver, and copper. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was the weight of the copper dam during the Mughal period [/INST] 323 grains. </s> |
<s>[INST] How did the value of silver rupee to copper dam fluctuate during Akbar's period [/INST] It fluctuated based on the availability or scarcity of silver. </s> |
<s>[INST] How many mints were there during Akbar's period for issuing gold coins [/INST] Four mints. </s> |
<s>[INST] How many mints were there during Akbar's period for issuing silver coins [/INST] Fourteen mints. </s> |
<s>[INST] How many mints were there during Akbar's period for issuing copper coins [/INST] Forty-two mints. </s> |
<s>[INST] How many mints issued gold coins during Aurangzeb's time [/INST] Information not provided. </s> |
<s>[INST] How many mints issued silver coins during Aurangzeb's time [/INST] Information not provided. </s> |
<s>[INST] How many mints issued copper coins during Aurangzeb's time [/INST] Information not provided. </s> |
<s>[INST] During which ruler's time did the number of rupee mints increase to 40 [/INST] Aurangzeb. </s> |
<s>[INST] What types of coins were mainly in circulation for cash transactions [/INST] Silver and copper coins. </s> |
<s>[INST] During the Sultanate period, what was the main coinage for pure silver [/INST] Tanka with a fluctuating proportion of silver. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the copper coins during the Sultanate period [/INST] Jital and dang. </s> |
<s>[INST] How did the value of coinage fluctuate during the Sultanate period [/INST] It fluctuated with the change in the prices of metals. </s> |
<s>[INST] Under which ruler was the purity of metals in coinage established for the first time [/INST] Sher Shah. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was the basic silver coin used for transactions during Sher Shah's time [/INST] Rupaya of silver, weighing 178 grains. </s> |
<s>[INST] What metals were used in coinage during Sher Shah's time [/INST] Gold, silver, and copper. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was the weight of the copper dam during the Mughal period [/INST] 323 grains. </s> |
<s>[INST] How did the value of silver rupee to copper dam fluctuate during Akbar's period [/INST] It fluctuated based on the availability or scarcity of silver. </s> |
<s>[INST] How many mints were there during Akbar's period for issuing gold coins [/INST] Four mints. </s> |
<s>[INST] How many mints were there during Akbar's period for issuing silver coins [/INST] Fourteen mints. </s> |
<s>[INST] How many mints were there during Akbar's period for issuing copper coins [/INST] Forty-two mints. </s> |
<s>[INST] How many mints issued gold coins during Aurangzeb's time [/INST] Information not provided. </s> |
<s>[INST] How many mints issued silver coins during Aurangzeb's time [/INST] Information not provided. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the main levels of internal trade during the medieval period in India [/INST] Local, regional, and inter-regional levels. </s> |
<s>[INST] Which regions were involved in trade relations with India through land routes [/INST] China, Arabia, Egypt, Central Asia, Afghanistan. </s> |
<s>[INST] Which European trading companies participated in Indian trade during this period [/INST] Portuguese, British, Dutch, French. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was the impact of European trading companies on Indian trade activities [/INST] Intensified trading activities. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the major commodities exported from India during the Mughal period [/INST] Textiles, saltpetre, sugar, opium, spices. </s> |
<s>[INST] Which Indian regions were important centers for inter-regional trade during the Mughal period [/INST] Bengal, Surat, Ahmadabad, Agra. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the major imports to India during the Mughal period [/INST] Silver, silk, porcelain, wine, carpets, perfume, glass, watches, silver utensils, horses. </s> |
<s>[INST] Name some important trading regions during the Mughal period.Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Multan, Bijapur, Hyderabad, Calicut, Cochin, Patna. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the new commercial activities that proliferated during this period [/INST] Money lending, brokerage, insurance. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the periodic markets held on fixed days in a week during the Mughal period [/INST] Hats or Penths. </s> |
<s>[INST] What commodities were available in local markets during the Mughal period [/INST] Food grain, salt, wooden and iron equipment, coarse cotton textile. </s> |
<s>[INST] Which community specialized in carrying grains from rural areas during the Sultanate period [/INST] Karwanis or Nayakas. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was the role of Banjaras during the Mughal period [/INST] They were a trading group involved in trade between villages and towns. </s> |
<s>[INST] Name the counterpart of Baniyas in Punjab and Komatis in Golconda during the Mughal period.Khatris and Komatis. </s> |
<s>[INST] Which community acted as moneylenders besides being involved in trade during the Mughal period [/INST] Baniyas. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was the function of Sarrafs during the Mughal period [/INST] They engaged in monetary transactions, including money changing, banking, and trading. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who were the merchants that played an important role in carrying grains during the Sultanate period [/INST] Karwanis or Nayakas. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was the role of Brokers during the Mughal period [/INST] They worked as middlemen in various commercial activities and transactions. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the functions of Sarrafs during the Mughal period [/INST] Money changers, bankers, traders dealing in gold, silver, and jewelry. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the new commercial practices that developed during the medieval period [/INST] Hundi and Insurance. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was Hundi in medieval commercial practice [/INST] It was a paper document promising payment of money after a fixed period at a certain place. </s> |
<s>[INST] Why did the practice of Hundi develop during the medieval period [/INST] To avoid the problems of carrying large amounts of cash from one place to another. </s> |
<s>[INST] What role did Sarrafs play in the Hundi system [/INST] They issued hundis to merchants after accepting the cash to be transferred. </s> |
<s>[INST] How did the Hundi system establish a safe method of transferring money [/INST] The hundi indicated the amount, period, and place of encashment. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was the role of Insurance during the Mughal period [/INST] Certain insurance firms took responsibility for safe passage and delivery of commercial goods. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who dominated the insurance firms during the Mughal period [/INST] Sarrafs. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was the liability of insurance firms in case of damage to goods in transit [/INST] They were liable to pay compensations. </s> |
<s>[INST] What commodities were included in the insurance cover during the Mughal period [/INST] Goods like textiles, saltpetre, sugar, opium, and spices. </s> |
<s>[INST] How did the commission rate for insurance vary [/INST] It varied according to different regions and goods. </s> |
<s>[INST] Which was higher, the rate for overseas transportation of goods or goods going overland [/INST] The rate for overseas transportation was higher. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the main levels of internal trade during the medieval period in India [/INST] Local, regional, and inter-regional levels. </s> |
<s>[INST] Which regions were involved in trade relations with India through land routes [/INST] China, Arabia, Egypt, Central Asia, Afghanistan. </s> |
<s>[INST] Which European trading companies participated in Indian trade during this period [/INST] Portuguese, British, Dutch, French. </s> |
<s>[INST] What was the impact of European trading companies on Indian trade activities [/INST] Intensified trading activities. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the major commodities exported from India during the Mughal period [/INST] Textiles, saltpetre, sugar, opium, spices. </s> |
<s>[INST] Which Indian regions were important centers for inter-regional trade during the Mughal period [/INST] Bengal, Surat, Ahmadabad, Agra. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the major imports to India during the Mughal period [/INST] Silver, silk, porcelain, wine, carpets, perfume, glass, watches, silver utensils, horses. </s> |
<s>[INST] Name some important trading regions during the Mughal period.Delhi, Agra, Lahore, Multan, Bijapur, Hyderabad, Calicut, Cochin, Patna. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the new commercial activities that proliferated during this period [/INST] Money lending, brokerage, insurance. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the periodic markets held on fixed days in a week during the Mughal period [/INST] Hats or Penths. </s> |
<s>[INST] How was craft production organized in villages and qasbas [/INST] Craft production was organized in villages, qasbas, and imperial Karkhanas. </s> |
<s>[INST] What were the imperial Karkhanas [/INST] Imperial Karkhanas were royal workshops that produced commodities for the consumption of the royal household and court. </s> |