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Folk, Rain, and Lap are all types of what?

Four Traditional Mexican Folk Dances - PrivateIslandParty.com Blog Four Traditional Mexican Folk Dances by Geoffrey Stanton posted on 4/17/13 Mexico is a country with a myriad of rich traditions, stemming from both the pre-Hispanic indigenous cultures and the influence of their European conquerors. Baile Folklorico, or folk dancing, is a prominent part of Mexican culture today. These dances come in so many forms that it would be a challenge to elucidate them all. So instead, below are four interesting styles of Mexican folk dancing, their histories and meanings. Enjoy! Also, for further information on this subject please check out Mexican Folk Dances (World Dance Series) Concheros Known alternately as Huehuenches, Chichimecas, Aztecas and Mexicas, the Concheros dance is one of the oldest dances in Mexico—dating back to shortly after the conquest of the Aztec Empire by the invading Spanish. The Concheros dance represents a compromise between various influences—it is meant to preserve the heritage of Mexico’s indigenous pre-Hispanic population, and is based on the indigenous “mitote” dance, but was adapted during the Spanish Conquest to take on a Catholic meaning. It is typically performed by dancers in exceedingly elaborate costumes that are meant to resemble the garb of the defeated Aztecs (although influences from other indigenous cultures, including some originating in the current United States, has inevitably crept in over the centuries.) Danza de los Voladores The Danza de los Voladores is another indigenous dance, although its specific origins remain obscure. It is thought to have originated with Nahua, Huastec and Otomi peoples of central Mexico, but the legends and traditions of the dance in its modern form are more closely associated with the Totonac people. According to Totonac myth, the ritual was first performed in response to a severe drought hundreds of years ago. In order to please the rain god Xipe Totec, the village chose five young, chaste men to cut down the largest tree in the forest, erect it in the center of the village and climb to its peak. Four of the men then proceeded to jump from the top of the trunk, while the fifth remained, dancing and playing music. The core of this basic practice remains intact in modern times, with four young men jumping from the pole (safely fastened to its peak with ropes) while the fifth dances atop it, but the more complex religious and ritual elements of the ceremony have been lost to history. La Conquista In stark contrast to the previous two, La Conquista is decidedly NOT a dance with any indigenous origin whatsoever. It depicts the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and involves two groups of dancers —one that represents the indigenous Aztecs, and the other that represents the Spanish Conquistadors, each in distinctive forms of dress—feathers and “skins” for the Aztecs, arquebuses (rifles) and shining helmets for the Conquistadors. Some versions of the dance even include dancers who represent such key figures as Hernan Cortes and Emperor Montezuma, and end with either the slaying of the king or the baptism of his Aztec subjects. It’s a fascinating, if a bit disturbing, legacy of the Spanish eradication of pre-Hispanic cultures and peoples. Jarabe Tapatio Sometimes known as the “Mexican Hat Dance”, the Jarabe Tapatio is probably the most widely-known and recognizable of all the Mexican folk dances. Originating in the late 18th century, the dance is meant to illustrate the courtship ritual—the man makes advances toward the woman, who rejects them at first, but is eventually swayed and accepts the man as a partner. Because of its undeniable sexual overtones, the Jarabe Tapatio was roundly condemned by the Roman Catholic Church, and was originally only performed between two female partners. It was even banned outright by the Spanish colonial government, because it was considered immoral and perceived as a challenge to colonial authority. After the Mexican Revolution, however, it was adopted as the “national dance” of Mexico as a way of representing cultural unity for the fledgling nation. Since then, the dance has shifted its connotations away from the erotic and toward the patriotic, with the dancers adopting more traditional Mexican outfits. Related Links

Dance

“Wocka Wocka Wocka” was the catchphrase of the Muppet Fozzie, who was what kind of animal?

Folk Dances Of India - Indian Folk Dances - Indian Folk Dance Forms - Indian Folk Dance Types Cultural India : Indian Dance : Folk Dances of India Folk Dances of India India is a land of varied cultures and traditions. Diversities in all spheres make the Indian culture quite unique. Indian folk and tribal dances are product of different socio-economic set up and traditions. Indian folk and tribal dances are simple and are performed to express joy. In India we have festivals and celebrations virtually every day. This has added to the richness of Indian culture. Since every festival is accompanied by celebration, folk dances have become an integral part of our social milieu. While there are numerous folk and tribal dances, they are constantly improved. The skill and the imagination of the dances influence the performance. Folk dances are performed for every possible occasion, to celebrate the arrival of seasons, birth of a child, a wedding and festivals. The folk dances are extremely simple with minimum of steps or movement. Indian folk dances are full of energy and vitality. Some dances are performed separately by men and women while in some performances men and women dance together. On most occasions, the dancers sing themselves, accompanied by artists with instruments. Each form of folk dance has a specific costume and rhythm. Most of the costumes, worn for folk dances, are colorful with extensive jewels and designs. Central India Gaur dance is a popular folk dance of Madhya Pradesh dances. Gaur dance is popular in the Sing Marias or Tallaguda Marias of South Bastar. Men put head-dresses with stringed 'cowries' and plumes of peacock feathers and make their way to the dancing ground. Women ornamented with brass fillets and bead necklaces with their tattooed bodies also join the gathering. The men beat the drums, tossing the horns and feathers of their head-gears to the rising tempo that gives the dance a wilder touch. East India Chhau is a popular folk dance of Bihar. Since masks form an important feature of this dance it is called 'Chhau', which means mask. All the Chhau performers hold swords and shields while performing. The stages are decorated and brightly lit by torches, lanterns and flickering oil lamps. The musical instruments used are the Dhol (a cylindrical drum), Nagara (a huge drum) and Shehnai (reed pipes). The Chhau dance is performed by men and boys. Chhau dance is full of energy and strength. It is interesting to note that the entire body of the dancer is engaged as a single unit. This body language of the dancer has to be poetic and powerful. North East India Bihu is a popular folk dance of Assam is called Bihu. The Bihu dance is an integral part of the Bihu festival of Assam. The Bihu festival is celebrated in mid-April, during the harvesting time and lasts for about a month. Young men and girls perform the Bihu dance together to the accompaniment of drums and pipes. Love forms the subject matter of the songs that are sung during the performance. The dances are performed in circles or parallel rows. North India Dumhal is a popular dance of Kashmir. This dance is performed with long colorful robes, tall conical caps (studded with beads and shells). Dumhal dance is accompanied by songs which the performers themselves sing. It is supported by drums. There is an interesting tradition associated with Dumhal dance where the performers of this dance place a banner into the ground at a fixed location and they begin to men dance around this banner. South India Padayani is one of the most colorful and popular dances of Southern Kerala. Padayani is associated with the festival of certain temples, called Padayani or Paddeni. Such temples are in Alleppey, Quilon, Pathanamthitta and Kottayam districts. The main Kolams (huge masks) displayed in Padayani are Bhairavi (Kali), Kalan (god of death), Yakshi (fairy) and Pakshi (bird). South West India Dollu Kunitha is a popular drum dance of Karnataka state. In the Dollu Kanitha dance, large drums are adorned with colored clothes and hang around the necks of men. The songs used in this dance usually have religious and battle fervor. The main emphasis is on quick and light movement of the feet and legs. The Dollu Kunitha dance forms a part of the ritualistic dances of the Dodavas of Karnataka. West India Dandiya is a popular folk dance of Rajasthan. Dressed in colorful costumes the performers play skillfully with big sticks in their hands. Dandiya dance is accompanied by the musical instrument called the 'Meddale' played by the drummer in the centre. The Bhil tribal of Rajasthan perform a variety of dances. All these folk dances correspond to the agricultural cycle. The Ghumer dance, Raika and Jhoria are some examples of this type of dance. The Gher dance is a favorite and popular dance of the Mina tribe who are similar to the Bhils while Valar is typical dance of the Garasias of Rajasthan.

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Sept 25, 1981 saw which Arizona judge appointed the first female member of the US Supreme Court?

O’Connor takes seat on Supreme Court - Sep 25, 1981 - HISTORY.com O’Connor takes seat on Supreme Court Share this: O’Connor takes seat on Supreme Court Author O’Connor takes seat on Supreme Court URL Publisher A+E Networks Sandra Day O’Connor becomes the first female U.S. Supreme Court justice in history when she is sworn in by Chief Justice Warren Burger. Sandra Day was born in El Paso, Texas, in 1930. She grew up on her family’s cattle ranch in southeastern Arizona and attended Stanford University, where she studied economics. A legal dispute over her family’s ranch stirred her interest in law, and in 1950 she enrolled in Stanford Law School. She took just two years to receive her law degree and was ranked near the top of her class. Upon graduation, she married John Jay O’Connor III, a classmate. Because she was a woman, no law firm she applied to would hire her for a suitable position, so she turned to the public sector and found work as a deputy county attorney for San Mateo, California. In 1953, her husband was drafted into the U.S. Army as a judge, and the O’Connors lived for three years in West Germany, with Sandra working as a civilian lawyer for the army. In 1957, they returned to the United States and settled down in Phoenix, Arizona, where they had three children in the six years that followed. During this time, O’Connor started a private law firm with a partner and became involved in numerous volunteer activities. In 1965, she became an assistant attorney general for Arizona and in 1969 was appointed to the Arizona State Senate to occupy a vacant seat. Subsequently elected and reelected to the seat, she became the first woman in the United States to hold the position of majority leader in a state senate. In 1974, she was elected a superior court judge in Maricopa County and in 1979 was appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals by Governor Bruce Babbitt, a Democrat. Two years later, on July 7, 1981, President Ronald Reagan nominated her to the Supreme Court to fill the seat of retiring justice Potter Stewart, an Eisenhower appointee. In his 1980 presidential campaign, Reagan had promised to appoint a woman to the high court at one of his earliest opportunities, and he chose O’Connor, out of a group of some two dozen male and female candidates, to be his first appointee to the high court. O’Connor, known as a moderate conservative, faced opposition from anti-abortion groups, who criticized her judicial defense of legalized abortion on several occasions. Liberals celebrated the appointment of a woman to the Supreme Court but were critical of some of her views. Nevertheless, at the end of her confirmation hearings on Capitol Hill, the Senate voted unanimously to endorse her nomination. On September 25, 1981, she was sworn in as the 102nd justice–and first woman justice–in Supreme Court history. Initially regarded as a member of the court’s conservative faction, she later emerged from William Rehnquist’s shadow (chief justice from 1986) as a moderate and pragmatic conservative. On social issues, she often votes with liberal justices, and in several cases she has upheld abortion rights. She is known for her dispassionate and carefully researched opinions on the bench and is regarded as a prominent justice because of her tendency to moderate the sharply divided Supreme Court. On July 1, 2005, O’Connor announced her retirement from the U.S. Supreme Court. She was replaced by Justice Samuel Alito in January 2006. Related Videos

Sandra Day O'Connor

Which president survived two assassination attempts, both by women, in a 17 day period?

Sandra Day O'Connor Sandra Day O'Connor Associate Justice Judicial Offices: Sandra Day O'Connor was elected judge of the Maricopa County Superior Court, Phoenix, Arizona and served from 1975 to 1979. Appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals by Governor Bruce Babbitt, serving from 1979 to 1981. O'Connor was nominated by President Reagan to become Associate Justice on July 7, 1981 and was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 21, 1981. The first woman ever appointed to the United States Supreme Court, she took oath on September 25, 1981. Family: Sandra Day O'Connor was born on March 26, 1930 in El Paso, Texas, the daughter of Harry A. Day and Ada Mae Wilkey Day, but grew up in southeaster Arizona on a cattle ranch owned by her parents. She married John Jay O'Connor III in 1952 and has three sons, Scott, Brian, and Jay. Education: Sandra attended the Radford School, from kindergarten until 12th grade in El Paso; she graduated with good marks. Following graduation from the private academy in Texas, she continued her studies at Stanford University, where she earned a B.A. in Economics in 1950, graduating magna cum laude. Subsequently, she attended Stanford Law School earning her LL.B. 1952, graduating third in her class in only two years (as opposed to the customary three years most require). Along the way, she served on Board of Editors for the Stanford Law Review and was a member of the prestigious Order of the Coif Legal society. Legislative Offices Appointed Arizona State Senator in 1969 and subsequently reelected to two two-year terms, serving in the Arizona State Senate from 1969 to 1974; elected twice as Senate Majority Leader, 1973-1974; served as Chairman of the State, County, and Municipal Affairs Committee in 1972 and 1973; also served on the Legislative Council, on the Probate Code Commission, and on the Arizona Advisory Council on Intergovernmental Relations. O'Connor was elected to the Maricopa County Superior Court in 1975 and appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979, serving until 1981 when appointed to the United States Supreme Court. Legal Positions : O'Connor accepted the position as Deputy County Attorney of San Mateo County, California, 1952 to 1953, and Civilian Attorney for Quartermaster's Market Center, Frankfurt, Germany, 1954 to 1957. When O'Connor returned to the U.S. in 1957, she and her husband decide to settle in Phoenix, where she started her own firm with a single partner from 1958 to 1960. She took five years off to raise her children, and then returned as Assistant Attorney General, Arizona, 1965 to 1969. When Arizona Governor Jack Williams resigned in Washington D.C., O'Connor was appointed the seat and held the senate position for more than two terms, meanwhile becoming the majority leader. Civic Activities: O'Connor was a member of the Board of Directors of the Phoenix Historical Society, (1974-78), a member of Board of Junior Achievement, Arizona (1975 -79), a member and secretary of the Arizona Academy (1969-75), a member of the Board of Trustees of Stanford University (1976-81), a member of the Advisory Board and Vice President of the National Conference of Christians and Jews, Maricopa County (1977- 81), a member of the Liaison Committee on Medical Education in 1981, a member of the Board of Visitors of Arizona State University Law School in 1981, a member and later Vice President of the Soroptimist Club of Phoenix (1978-81), a member of the Salvation Army Advisory Board (1975-81), a President, and member of the Board of Trustees for The Heard Museum (1968-74, 1976-81), and a member of the National Board of the Smithsonian Associates, 1981 to present. Other Activities: Sandra was a member of the Maricopa County Board of Adjustments and Appeals, (1963-64), Chairman of the Maricopa County Bar Association Lawyer Referral Service (1960-62), member, State Bar of Arizona Committees on Legal Aid, Public Relations, Lower Court Reorganization, Continuing Legal Education; Chairman, Maricopa County Juvenile Detention Home Visiting Board (1963-64), a member of the Arizona State Personnel Commission (1968-69), a Chairman of the Arizona Supreme Court Committee to Reorganize Lower Courts (1974-75), a member of the Arizona Criminal Code Commission (1974-76), a member of the National Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (1974-76), Chairman of the Maricopa County Superior Court Judges' Training and Education Committee (1977-79), Vice Chairman of the Arizona Select Law Enforcement Review Commission (1979-80), and a member of the Anglo-American Exchange (1980-). Memberships in Professional Organizations: O'Connor is a member of the American Bar Association, State Bar of Arizona, State Bar of California, Maricopa County Bar Association, Arizona Judges' Association, National Association of Women Judges, Arizona Women Lawyers' Association. Literature:

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How many points are awarded for a safety in a football game?

How are Points Scored in Football? (with pictures) Law How are Points Scored in Football? Originally Written By: Leo J Revised By: A. Joseph Last Modified Date: 18 December 2016 Copyright Protected: Adorable animal families that will make you "aww" There are three main ways for a team to score points in American football: by carrying the ball across the opponent's goal line, by possessing the ball or tackling an opposing ballcarrier in the opponent's end zone or by kicking the ball through the opponent's goalposts. It also is possible for a team to score points under certain circumstances when the opponent commits a penalty in its own end zone or fumbles the ball out of bounds in its own end zone. Each way of scoring has a name and is worth a specific number of points. A touchdown is worth six points, a field goal is worth three points, a safety usually is worth two points, and a try is worth either one or two points. Touchdowns A touchdown is scored when a player has possession of the football and it crosses the opposing team's goal line or when a player gains possession of the ball in the opponent's end zone. When the ball is possessed in the field of play, any part of the ball touching an imaginary plane over the goal line results in a touchdown. For example, a player who is being tackled near the goal line can reach out with the ball and score a touchdown if it crosses the goal line before the player is down. When a player who is already in the end zone gains possession of the ball, such as catching a pass or recovering a fumble, it is a touchdown as long as the player was legally in bounds when he gained possession of the ball. Tries After a touchdown, the scoring team is given one play to score again from near the goal line. This is called a try and is worth one or two points, depending on how the team scores. At most levels of football, kicking the ball through the goalposts on a try— called an extra-point kick or point-after-touchdown (PAT) — is worth one point, and running or passing the ball into the end zone is worth two points and usually is called a two-point conversion. In some leagues, such as those for youth players, the points awarded for tries are switched, because kicking the ball through the goalposts is considered to be a more difficult task for young players. Other leagues might award one point for a run and two for a pass. At many levels, it also is possible for the defensive team to score a two-point conversion by gaining possession of the ball on a try attempt and carrying the ball into the opponent's end zone. Field Goals If the team that has the ball — the offense — does not score a touchdown, it might be able to kick a field goal. This is the same as an extra-point kick but usually is from a greater distance. A team usually will attempt a field goals only after exhausting its chances to score a touchdown while still in possession of the ball. One exception is when the team is trailing by three points or less near the end of the game. For example, in the final minute of a game that is tied, the offensive team might not try to score a touchdown if it already is close enough to attempt a relatively easy field goal. Safeties A safety is the least common scoring play in football, and it usually is scored by the team that does not have possession of the ball — the defense. It occurs when an offensive player who has the ball is tackled or goes out of bounds in the offense's own end zone, when a ball that was fumbled or batted by a team goes out of bounds in its own end zone or when the offensive team commits a penalty in its own end zone. It is not a safety, however, if a player gains possession of the football in his team's own end zone and is tackled or goes out of bounds before advancing out of the end zone. One-Point Safeties Another, little-known way of scoring can occur only on a try attempt and is known as a one-point safety. This happens when the play normally would result in a safety against the defense. For example, if the team that is attempting the try fumbles the ball and a defensive player bats the ball through the defense's end zone and out of bounds, the offensive team would be awarded a one-point safety. Another example would be a defensive player intercepting a pass on a two-point conversion attempt, then running into his own end zone and being tackled. One-point safeties are extremely rare, and some leagues do not even allow them. Ad

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A hero to the Swiss, William Tell shot what from the head of his son in a feat of crossbow marksmanship?

Rules - Standard Scoring System Rules - Standard Scoring System comment In a standard league, the eight players on a team's active roster earn points based on the statistics they generate in actual NFL games. These fantasy points are added together for a weekly team score. Statistics from bench players do NOT earn fantasy points. The winner of an fantasy football game is the team with more points earned for the week (two weeks for playoff games). In the event that both you and your opponent accumulate the same number of points, a tie will be awarded. No playoff game can end in a tie (see the Playoffs page for more information). Offense: Quarterbacks (QB), Running Backs (RB), Wide Receivers (WR), Tight Ends (TE) 6 pts per rushing or receiving TD 6 pts for player returning kick/punt for TD 6 pts for player returning or recovering a fumble for TD 4 pts per passing TD 2 pts per rushing or receiving 2 pt conversion (note: teams do not receive points for yardage gained during the conversion) 2 pts per passing 2 pt conversion 1 pt per 10 yards rushing or receiving 1 pt per 25 yards passing Bonus Points 2 pts per rushing or receiving TD of 40 yards or more 2 pts per passing TD of 40 yards or more (note: the player must score a touchdown to score the points) Penalty Points -2 pts per intercepted pass -2 pts per fumble lost Kickers (K) 5 pts per 50+ yard FG made 4 pts per 40-49 yard FG made 3 pts per FG made, 39 yards or less 2 pts per rushing, passing, or receiving 2 pt conversion 1 pt per Extra Point made Penalty Points -2 pts per missed FG (0-39 yds) -1 pt per missed FG (40-49 yds) (note: a missed FG includes any attempt that is blocked, deflected, etc.) Defensive/Special Teams (D) 3 pts per defensive or special teams TD 2 pts per interception 2 pts per fumble recovery (Note: includes a fumble by the opposing team out of the end zone) 2 pts per blocked punt, PAT, or FG (Note: a deflected kick of any kind does not receive points) 2 pts per safety

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Robert's Rules of Order is considered to be the ultimate authority on what?

The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site Robert's Rules of Order and its up-to-date current edition, Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised ( RONR ) [ click here for a summary list of Notable Changes in the 11th Edition] ; the short book that provides a simple introduction to parliamentary procedure, Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief ( RONRIB ); the authors who have created the leading manual of parliamentary procedure; and how you can use Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised to help your organization run more smoothly. The CD-ROM version of the Eleventh Edition of Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised is now available. The CD is designed for installation on Windows PCs. Features include: Full searchable texts of RONR (11th ed.) and RONRIB (2nd ed.), including all notes, charts, tables, lists, and indexes Hyperlinked section and page cross-references -- within each book and from one book to the other Browse by chapter and section or subsection headings, or go directly to any page number Search an entire book, or restrict to selected portions Perform simple keyword or phrase searches, or use advanced search features: Boolean, wildcard, word forms/stems, proximity Create your own bookmarks, highlighters, and notes Additional bonus materials on the CD include: Sample Rules for Electronic Meetings drafted by the authors of RONR to address various scenarios. Contains four complete sets of rules. Understanding Secondary Amendments, a chapter written in the simplified style of RONRIB and designed as an intermediate step between the explanation of primary amendments in Chapter 5 of RONRIB and the full treatment of amendments in §12 of RONR Ballot Voting rule summaries, checklists, tally sheets, and Tellers' Report forms, including an interactive PDF form for elections that automatically calculates the number of votes cast and the majority Timekeepers' Guide with instructions, tables, and forms Forms for motions, roll-call votes, regular and special meeting notices, and convention credentials and registration The Robert's Rules of Order CD-ROM may be purchased from American Legal Publishing.

Parliamentary procedure

What cookies are commonly used in making banana pudding?

Robert's Rules of Order, Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ VOTING Question: In determining the result of a vote, what constitutes a majority? Answer: The word "majority" in this context means, simply, more than half. The use of any other definition, such as 50 percent plus one, is apt to cause problems. Suppose in voting on a motion 17 votes are cast, 9 in favor and 8 opposed. Fifty percent of the votes cast are 8 1/2, so that 50 percent plus one would be 9 1/2. Under such an erroneous definition of a majority, one might say that the motion was not adopted because it did not receive fifty percent plus one of the votes cast, although it was, quite clearly, passed by a majority vote. Question: When a main motion is before the assembly, can an assembly require more than a majority vote in order for the motion to be approved, even if more than a majority vote is not required by either parliamentary law or the rules of order of the assembly? Answer: If an assembly wants to change the vote required for the adoption of a main motion, someone has to make a motion to suspend the rules. This needs a second. It requires a two-thirds vote because it is taking away rights from the members. The member making the motion can state: Member: I move to suspend the rules and have the vote taken on this main motion by a two-thirds vote. Member 2: Second. President: It is moved and seconded to suspend the rules and have the vote taken on this main motion by a two-thirds vote. All those in favor please rise. Be seated. Those opposed please rise. Be seated. The affirmative has it and the vote on this main motion will require a two-thirds vote. If the negative wins, the president says: President: There are less than two-thirds in the affirmative and the motion is lost. We will not suspend the rules and require a two-thirds vote on this main motion. The motion will be adopted by a majority vote. Question: Can we round to the nearest number in computing the result of a vote? For example, since two thirds of 101 are 67.3333, will 67 affirmative votes out of 101 votes cast meet the requirement of a two-thirds vote? Answer: No. The requirement of a two-thirds vote means at least two thirds. As a consequence, nothing less will do. If 101 votes are cast, 67 affirmative votes are not at least two thirds. It is less than two thirds, and will not suffice. Question: Do abstention votes count? Answer: The phrase "abstention votes" is an oxymoron, an abstention being a refusal to vote. To abstain means to refrain from voting, and, as a consequence, there can be no such thing as an "abstention vote." In the usual situation, where either a majority vote or a two-thirds vote is required, abstentions have absolutely no effect on the outcome of the vote since what is required is either a majority or two thirds of the votes cast. On the other hand, if the vote required is a majority or two thirds of the members present, or a majority or two thirds of the entire membership, an abstention will have the same effect as a "no" vote. Even in such a case, however, an abstention is not a vote. Question: Is it correct that abstentions are not counted as votes in determining the winner of an election requiring a majority? Are there any conditions where an absolute majority of eligible voters is necessary to declare a winner? In that case, can abstentions actually prevent a winner from being declared? Is the situation the same with invalid ballots, for example, someone voting for Jack The Ripper? Answer: You are correct that abstentions are not counted. An absolute majority of eligible voters is required only when your organization has rules to that effect. For example, such a rule may say that a vote requires "a majority of the entire membership." In this case, an abstention may prevent someone from getting elected. Look at this example: Your membership is 50. A majority of the membership is 26. Member X receives 25 votes. Member Y receives 23 votes. Two members abstain. No one is elected because no one has a majority of the entire membership. It takes 26 votes for election. Robert's Rules of Order considers invalid ballots illegal votes. A vote is illegal when: It has the name of someone who is not eligible to serve in the office. An obvious example is a fictional character such as Superman. A not-so-obvious example is a member who does not meet the requirements for office. The tellers can't read the name on the ballot. Two ballots are folded together, and each ballot has a name written on it. In this case, both ballots are counted together as one illegal ballot. If two ballots are folded together and one is blank, the blank is ignored. An illegal ballot can affect the outcome of an election because it is counted in the total number of votes cast. Consider this example: 30 votes are cast. Member A receives 15 votes. Member B receives 14 votes. There is 1 illegal ballot. Members have to vote again because no candidate received a majority vote. In this case, the illegal ballot did make a difference; it may have been cast for member A. Question: At a zoning board meeting, five votes were necessary to obtain a variance. By what authority was it specified that five votes were necessary to obtain a variance? I assumed that if an organization has no bylaws, any abstaining votes go to the majority vote, which means the majority opinion wins. Answer: If there is a state, city, or municipal law that says five votes are necessary for a variance, you follow that law. If not, a simple majority should be enough to adopt the variance. If an organization has no bylaws and its parliamentary authority is Robert's Rules of Order, any abstentions count as zero. If your state, city, or municipal laws indicate that it takes five votes to obtain any variance, it takes five votes in the affirmative. If only six members attend a meeting and the vote is four in favor and one opposed, the variance does not pass because an abstention is not a vote and is not counted either way. In this case, the person abstaining impacts the vote, in essence casting a no vote. Question: Is it true that the president can vote only to break a tie? Answer: No, it is not true that the president can vote only to break a tie. If the president is a member of the assembly, he or she has exactly the same rights and privileges as all other members have, including the right to make motions, speak in debate and to vote on all questions. However, the impartiality required of the presiding officer of an assembly (especially a large one) precludes exercising the right to make motions or debate while presiding, and also requires refraining from voting except (i) when the vote is by ballot, or (ii) whenever his or her vote will affect the result. Question: What is the proper way to break a tie during an election of officers? Should the president cast the tie-breaking vote? We recently had our yearly election, and there was a tie for one office. The president cast the tie-breaking vote after the ballots were counted. Should he have waited until the meeting came back to order, or was he right in casting the tie-breaking vote before the meeting resumed? Answer: According to Robert's Rules of Order, the president always votes in a ballot vote. Therefore, he cannot break a tie vote because he cannot vote twice. Your president should have announced that the vote was a tie vote and that the members would keep voting until someone received a majority vote. If an organization wants their president to be able to cast the tie-breaking ballot, if such a situation occurs, he or she must hold his or her ballot until the result of the vote is announced. The president then announces the result of the vote with his ballot. Question: I am aware that the president may vote to break a tie vote on a motion. Does the president have voting privileges on any other occasion or for any other reason? Answer: The president can vote to make or break a tie vote, can cast a ballot vote, and can vote in a roll call vote. The president does not vote at other times because his or her vote can influence the other members and how they vote. The president is to remain impartial. Because a ballot vote is secret, the president's vote can't influence others, which is why the president can vote at the same time as the members. In a roll call vote, the assembly demands that each member vote and that each state how he or she is voting for the record. When the president's vote will affect the result, the president has no choice but to vote in this vote, and his or her name is called last. However, he or she can choose to abstain. Keep in mind that the president can only make or break a tie vote if he or she has not already voted. For example, if the president participates in a ballot vote and the vote results in a tie, he or she cannot break the tie because he or she cannot vote a second time. Question: What happens when the president's vote will cause a tie to occur on a motion? If the president's vote causes a tie vote to occur, how is the matter resolved at that point? Answer: If the president's vote causes a tie vote, the motion is defeated. Robert's Rules of Order allows a president to vote to make a tie vote or break a tie vote. The president can also vote whenever his or her vote will affect the result. For example, the president can vote to cause a two-thirds vote or to prevent the attainment of a two-thirds vote. However, members can't force the president to vote if he or she wants to remain impartial. If the motion is a tie and the president does not want to vote, the motion is defeated. A tie vote is not a majority. A tie vote means that the motion is lost. What can you do in this situation? Another rule in parliamentary procedure is that members can't be asked to decide the same question twice at the same meeting unless they reconsider the vote. To reconsider the vote, a member must have voted on the prevailing side (in this case, the negative vote can move to reconsider). However, anyone can bring the motion before the assembly again at the next meeting; it is handled as if it is a new main motion. Question: I am the president of a volunteer fire company. We have recently had many discussions about the value of abstaining during the vote. We feel that an abstaining vote is actually a vote against the motion. Can you please provide the rules for how to handle this and tell us what alternatives we have? Answer: You need to find out the rules of your fire department regarding what constitutes a majority vote. If the rules state that all motions are adopted by a majority vote, that means a majority of those voting. An abstention means, "I am not voting." In this situation, an abstention does not affect the vote at all. If your rules say a "majority vote of those present," or a "majority vote of the entire membership," then an abstention can affect the vote. For example, say that you have ten members at your meeting. Your rules state that a vote can pass only by a "majority vote of those present." In this case, it takes six votes in the affirmative to adopt. So if five members voted for a motion, two voted against, and three abstained, the motion is lost. However, if the rules state "a majority vote," then, using the results of the previous vote, the motion carries because the majority is determined by those who voted, not by those present. The majority in that case is four. In taking the vote, the presiding officer takes only the aye and no votes. He or she does not ask for abstentions. If the meeting is a big one, how can you tell who abstained? The only way is to take a counted vote, roll call, or ballot vote. It is highly recommended that you have your rules or bylaws state "a majority vote," meaning a majority of those voting. However, if your group is a small board of fewer than ten members, having a rule that requires a majority vote of the entire board membership prevents a small group from getting together and pushing through business. For example, say a board has nine members, which means that five members is the quorum. If your rules require only a majority vote, then at a meeting of five members, it is possible for one or two people to adopt motions if others abstain. Having all action adopted by a majority of the entire membership guarantees that at least five members are always in agreement, and this fact can solve problems that arise during controversial issues. Question: Can the chair of a committee vote? Answer: The chairman of a committee is a member of the committee and has all the rights of other members including being able to vote. Usually, the chairman is the most active participant in the committee and is selected because of his or her knowledge or interest in the committee work. Question: Can ex-officio members of a committee vote, and are they counted in determining whether a quorum is present? Answer: "Ex officio" is a Latin term meaning "by virtue of office or position." Ex-officio members of boards and committees, therefore, are persons who are members by virtue of some other office or position that they hold. Conferring ex officio status on members is a way to have people serve on committees or boards without having to appoint or elect them. As an example, if the bylaws of an organization provide for a Committee on Finance consisting of the treasurer and three other members appointed by the president, the treasurer is said to be an ex-officio member of the finance committee, since he or she is automatically a member of that committee by virtue of the fact that he or she holds the office of treasurer. Without exception, ex-officio members of boards and committees have exactly the same rights and privileges as do all other members, including, of course, the right to vote. There are, however, two instances in which ex-officio members are not counted in determining the number required for a quorum or in determining whether or not a quorum is present. These two instances are: In the case of the president, whenever the bylaws provide that the president shall be an ex-officio member of all committees (except the nominating committee); and If the ex-officio member is not a member, officer, or employee of the organization (for example, when the governor of a state is made ex officio a member of a private college board). Again, however, it should be emphasized that in these instances the ex-officio member still has all of the rights and privileges of membership, including the right to vote. Question: If a quorum is not present at a meeting, can the organization use proxies to make up the quorum in order to take a vote? Answer: If an association's bylaws authorize voting by proxy, the quorum should be based on attendance at meetings in person or by proxy. Question: What is a vote of no confidence? Answer: The term "vote of no confidence" is not used or defined anywhere in Robert's Rules Of Order , and there is no mention of any motion for such a vote. However, this does not mean that an assembly cannot adopt a motion, if it wishes, expressing either its confidence or lack of confidence in any of its officers or subordinate boards or committees. Any such motion would simply be a main motion, and would have no effect other than to express the assembly's views concerning the matter. A vote of "no confidence" does not - as it would in the British Parliament - remove an officer from office. Question: Is it true that a member who has a conflict of interest with respect to a motion cannot vote on the motion? Answer: Under the rules no member can be compelled to refrain from voting simply because it is perceived that he or she may have some "conflict of interest" with respect to the motion under consideration. If a member has a direct personal or pecuniary (monetary) interest in a motion under consideration not common to other members, the rule is that he should not vote on such a motion, but even then he or she cannot be compelled to refrain from voting. Question: Should proxy votes be counted? Answer: A "proxy" is a means by which a member who expects to be absent from a meeting authorizes someone else to act in his or her place at the meeting. Proxy voting is not permitted in ordinary deliberative assemblies unless federal, state or other laws applicable to the organization require it, or the bylaws of the organization authorize it, since proxy voting is incompatible with the essential characteristics of a deliberative assembly. As a consequence, the answers to any questions concerning the correct use of proxies, the extent of the power conferred by a proxy, the duration, revocability, or transferability of proxies, and so forth, must be found in the provisions of the law or bylaws which require or authorize their use. Question: I am trying to find some sound guidelines to establish our method of proxy voting. Are there minimum requirements in order for proxy voting to be valid? Answer: The first thing you should do is consult the statutes regarding proxy voting in the state in which your organization is incorporated. If the state statutes allow proxy voting for your kind of organization, they may require certain procedures for conducting and counting the proxies. If you are not incorporated, check the statutes for the state in which you reside to see what they say about proxy voting. Second, check to make sure that your bylaws provide for proxy voting. Proxy voting is not permitted unless the bylaws state that it is, except in states whose statutes say that proxy voting must be allowed. Note that Robert's Rules of Order indicates that most organizations should not use proxy voting. However, proxy voting is an advisable method to use in organizations in which members have a financial interest, such as business corporations, homeowner's associations, and neighborhood associations. Here are questions to consider as you write your bylaws concerning proxy voting: Are proxies counted in the quorum and how? Will the proxy be a general proxy or a limited proxy? A general proxy gives the person holding the proxy the right to vote as the holder sees fit on all issues and motions. A limited proxy is a signed proxy in which the signer stipulates the way that the holder is to vote on specific issues; the proxy holder must cast the member's vote the way the signer designated on the proxy. The difference between a general proxy and a limited proxy is that a general proxy gives the proxy holder the discretion to cast a vote based on information discussed in the meeting. Who is in charge of validating the proxy? What is the procedure for counting the proxies with voting members present? What is the form of the proxy? Does your organization really need proxy voting? Will it complicate your meetings, or allow members to stay away so that they don't participate in the discussion? Can this method of voting ultimately put control of the organization into the hands of a few people? Is the proxy valid for one meeting, or does it expire after a short period of time? Is the proxy revocable? As you consider the preceding questions, remember why organizations have meetings - so members can meet face to face, discuss and debate the issues, and arrive at a reasonable agreement through a vote. Members often come to meetings thinking that their minds are already made up about certain issues, but after hearing the discussion, they change their minds and vote differently. Proxies cut out that process. Question: Can votes be taken in an executive session? Answer: Yes, votes can be taken in executive session. Proceedings in an executive session are secret, but are not restricted in any other way. Question: When a roll call vote is taken on a motion, what is the order of the roll call vote? In other words, who votes first, second, and so on? Does this order change from motion to motion? Answer: The secretary takes the roll call in alphabetical order, but the president's name is read last, and only when it will affect the vote. When a member's name is called, he or she can vote yes, no, abstain, or present (which also means to abstain). If a member is not ready to vote, he or she answers "pass." Once the secretary reads the roll, the secretary calls again the names of those members who answered "pass," giving them one more opportunity to vote. As the secretary calls each member's name, the secretary repeats how each member votes and marks it by the member's name. At the conclusion of the roll call, the president can ask if everyone who wants to vote has voted. At this time, members can also change their votes before the secretary tallies the votes and the president announces the result. The secretary gives the final number of those voting on each side and the number of those abstaining to the president. The president announces the result and declares the motion adopted or defeated. Question: At our monthly meeting we had a member come in late during the middle of a vote. Everyone stopped and explained to her the motion and discussion which ending up taking 15 minutes. The member then added in her vote to the others. Her interruption created confusion, with some people complaining they had lost track of what was occurring. What is the proper procedure when someone comes in during the middle of a vote? Answer: The proper procedure is to continue to take the vote. An interruption of a vote can happen only before any member votes. However, an exception is that members can transact other business during the counting of a ballot vote. It is unfair for a member to arrive late and then hold up the other members. This person knew what time the meeting began and chose to arrive late. That member should not expect other members to stop everything and explain what has transacted. A basic principle of democracy is government by the majority, not by one person. Question: Does a member have to vote? Answer: No. Choosing not to vote is abstaining. Even though having each member vote is in the best interest of the member and the organization, no one can compel a member to vote. Question: Is there a time when a member is not allowed to vote? Answer: Yes, when a motion is of direct personal or monetary interest to the member and to no one else, the member should not vote. Question: Is there a time when a member can vote on a motion that directly affects him or her? Answer: Yes, when the member is named with other members in a motion. For example, when the member is a delegate to a convention or when the member is nominated for an office. Question: Can a member vote if his or her dues are not paid? Answer: If a member has not been dropped from the rolls and is not under disciplinary action, the member still has the full rights of membership, including the right to vote, unless the bylaws specifically address this situation. Question: Can a member change his or her vote? Answer: Yes, a member has the right to change his or her vote until the result is announced. After the result is announced, however, the member can change his or her vote only by permission of the assembly. Permission can be granted by general consent or by a motion to grant permission which needs a second, is undebatable, and takes a majority vote to adopt. Question: Who makes the final decision on judging voting procedures? Answer: The assembly makes the final decision on judging voting procedures unless the bylaws state differently. For example, if the tellers are unsure about how a ballot is marked, they can bring it to the assembly to decide. Question: What is an illegal vote and how is it counted? Answer: An illegal vote refers only to a vote taken by ballot. An illegal vote is a ballot: That is unreadable. In which someone who is not a member of the organization has been voted for (for example, in an election if someone writes in "Batman"). In which a person who is a member but does not meet the eligiblility requirements to run for office has been voted for. In which two or more written ballots are folded together. However, if a blank ballot is folded inside a written ballot, it is not considered an illegal vote because blank ballots are not counted. In which someone votes for too many candidates for a given office (this part of the ballot is considered illegal but not necessarily the entire ballot). That has been cast by someone who is not eligible to vote. Question: What happens to an illegal ballot? Answer: An illegal ballot is not counted, but it is considered in the number for establishing the majority. It is listed on the ballot counter's report as an illegal ballot. For example, if 20 people vote, a majority is 11. If 10 people vote for candidate X, 8 people vote for candidate Y, and 2 votes are illegal (one is unreadable; the other voted for King Arthur), no one wins because no one received a majority vote. Another vote is required. Question: How should the ballot counters collect a ballot vote? Answer: There are three possible ways: Members can come to the front and drop their ballots in a ballot box under the charge of two ballot counters. Ballot counters can pass a receptacle to collect the ballots, with one ballot counter collecting the ballots and the other following to make sure that each member casts one ballot. Members can hand their ballots to a ballot counter, who feels to see that only one ballot is cast; the ballot counter then deposits the ballots in a container. NOMINATIONS AND ELECTIONS Question: Do you need a second on a nomination? For example, I nominate Jack Lloyd as chairman. Do I need a second before his name can be put on the ballot for this position? Answer: No second is required. On a ballot, you can write the name of any member who is eligible to serve. Also, Robert's Rules of Order clearly states that a person does not have to be nominated to be elected. Thus, on a written ballot someone can gain election through a write-in campaign. Question: Are there any rules, in Robert's Rules of Order or elsewhere, that forbid a person from running for two offices at the same time, such as president and vice president, or president and senator? This situation has come up during nominations for officers and directors at our conservation club, and we need clarification. Answer: There is no general parliamentary prohibition against a person being nominated for more than one office unless the bylaws of an organization prohibit it. However, it is usually understood that members hold only one office at a time. If a member is elected to two offices and he or she is present when the election takes place, the member should choose which office he or she wants to serve. If the member is not present, the other members can decide which office they want him or her to serve. If you can await the logical sequence of events, the situation may resolve itself. Perhaps the member will be elected to only one office. If not, the preceding information will help you decide what to do next. Question: After the floor is closed for nominations, can the president reopen the floor for nominations? And if so, in which cases or circumstances? Answer: Robert's Rules of Order says that a majority vote can reopen nominations for any reason. A member needs to make the motion to reopen the nominations, or the chair can assume a motion by stating: Chairman: Is there any objection to reopening the nominations? Hearing none, nominations are now reopened. If there is an objection, the chair takes a vote. Chairman: All those in favor say "Aye." Those opposed say "No." [Announce the vote.] One case for reopening nominations is when someone is elected to office and then immediately declines the position. Another case is when the assembly voted many times but no one received enough votes to be elected, and the members want to consider adding someone else's name to the list. Question: Does the nominating committee have the only right to nominate an officer, or can a member also nominate someone? And if a member can do it, what is the procedure for getting the floor and nominating someone? Answer: Check your organization's bylaws for specifics on the nominating and electing process. Those are the rules that the members must obey. However, in general parliamentary terms, any member should be able to nominate an officer. For example, if the nominating committee disagrees about a nomination, those on the committee who are in the minority may propose other nominees for some or all of the offices when the presiding officer asks for nominations from the floor (from the members). In Robert's Rules of Order, this is the general procedure for nominations: The nominating committee gives its report by stating the nominees for each office. The presiding officer repeats the nominations of the committee for each office and asks, President: Are there further nominations? At this time, any member can rise and nominate someone (a nomination does not need a second), unless your organization's bylaws state differently. The presiding officer repeats the nomination and asks if there are any further nominations. This continues until no one responds, and the presiding officer closes the nominations for that office and goes on to the next office. Robert's Rules of Order says that bylaws or standing rules should clearly state the procedure an organization follows. If your organization is not following this procedure of taking nominations from the floor, check the bylaws or standing rules to see whether they prohibit it. If there is no prohibition and the presiding officer does not ask for nominations from the floor, you can raise a point of order. However, talking to the presiding officer before the meeting and showing him or her the pages in Robert's Rules of Order that explain the procedure is better. If your organization takes the vote by ballot, you can also wage a write-in campaign. According to Robert's Rules of Order, a member does not have to be nominated to be elected, but the member does have to be eligible to serve. So, in the case of a ballot vote, writing in the name of someone who has not been nominated is possible. Question: Our church bylaws require the nominating committee to present "a slate of candidates" for the board of trustees (among other bodies). In terms of parliamentary procedure, does "a slate" mean only the number of candidates equal to the number of vacancies, or may it mean at least a number of candidates equal to the number of vacancies? (Webster's defines slate as "a list of candidates. . . .") Answer: A slate means a nominee for each office. If you have three offices to elect - president, secretary, and treasurer - a single slate is one nominee for each office. A multiple slate is more than one nominee for each office. From a parliamentary law point of view, it is best for the nominating committee to choose only one nominee (the best one) for each office. If the committee members are required to come up with more than one candidate, they may have to choose someone who isn't as qualified. If they choose two who are equally qualified, one is sure to lose, and the loser may decline to be nominated again. Electing officers in organizations is different than national elections where citizens always have two candidates from which to choose. In organizations, it is best not to make members compete against each other. Organizations need to promote cooperation. However, if the members feel that the nominating committee is playing politics and is not nominating the best candidate, the members should nominate someone else. QUORUM Question: Is it true that, once a quorum has been established, it continues to exist no matter how many members leave during the course of the meeting? Answer: No. Once a quorum at a meeting has been established, the continued presence of a quorum is presumed to exist only until the chair or any other member notices that a quorum is no longer present. If the chair notices the absence of a quorum, he or she should declare this fact, at least before taking any vote or stating the question on any new motion. Any member noticing the apparent absence of a quorum can and should make a Point of Order to that effect whenever another person is not speaking. It is dangerous to allow the transaction of substantive business to continue in the absence of a quorum. Although a Point of Order relating to the absence of a quorum is generally not permitted to affect prior action, if there is clear and convincing proof no quorum was present when business was transacted, the presiding officer can rule that business invalid (subject to appeal). Question: I am interested in the rules about quorums as set forth in Robert's Rules of Order. What is the least number needed to open the board of directors' meeting? Is it just one more than 50 percent? Answer: Your bylaws should specify the quorum. If they don't, Robert's Rules of Order states that a quorum is a majority (more than half) of all the members. In boards or committees, if the quorum is not established in the bylaws, by rule of a parent organization, or by state statutes, the quorum is a majority of the members of the board or committee. A board or a committee does not have the power to establish its own quorum unless the bylaws give that power. So, look at your bylaws carefully to make this determination. Question: I am looking for information on how many members must vote to form a quorum with committee sizes of five, seven, and nine. Answer: The members do not vote to form a quorum. Your governing documents, preferably your bylaws, should state the quorum of your committees. However, if no quorum is stated, Robert's Rules of Order says that the quorum is a majority of the members of the committee: The quorum of a five-member committee is three. The quorum of a seven-member committee is four. The quorum of a nine-member committee is five. THE PRESIDENT Question: Does a president of the board of directors have the authority to refuse to let an issue come before the board? Answer: No, a president does not have this authority unless your organization has a written rule that says otherwise. The president can rule a motion out of order if it conflicts with your bylaws; corporate charter; or national, state, or local laws. He or she can also "object to consideration of the question," but that does not prevent the motion from coming before the board. The rest of the board must vote on this motion. Question: Does the president of the board of directors have the right to deny a guest permission to speak at a board meeting? The guest is a club member. Answer: Board meetings are usually conducted in executive session, which means that only members of the board can attend. A guest would not be allowed to come to the meeting unless your board meetings are open meetings, or unless he or she was invited by the board to give input on an issue because the guest had special knowledge about the subject. In that case, after the guest had spoken and answered any questions, he or she would leave and would not be allowed to participate in the debate. Question: Our committee has seven members, and an extra person has just shown up. Can I refuse to let that person speak or take part in the discussion? Answer: Committee meetings are conducted in executive session, and only members of the committee can attend. Unless a member is an ex officio member of the committee, he or she has no right to just show up and ask to participate in the committee meeting. Politely escort the member to the door and explain that only committee members are allowed to attend. (This is true unless your organization has rules to the contrary.) Question: One of our members constantly causes problems because he and his wife don't like the club president. What can we do to stop him? This problem wastes our time and energy. Answer: Your president was voted in by a majority of the members and deserves everyone's support. It sounds to me as if you have a democracy problem in your organization - members who don't understand the concepts of democracy, which require all members to abide by the majority rule even if they did not vote with the majority. The most diplomatic tactic is for you to talk with these people and try to persuade them to be cooperative and encourage them to work with the president. These members need to see how detrimental their actions are to the entire organization. Question: How can a member of an organization bring items to the floor if the president refuses to put them on the agenda? The agenda does not include "old or new business" or "unfinished business." It is also not customary for the association to approve the agenda at the beginning of the meeting. Can I ask for the approval of the agenda? Or can I make a motion at any time to include an item or items on the agenda? Answer: Yes, a member can bring items to the floor if the president does not put them on the agenda. The agenda is designed to serve the entire organization by bringing order to the meeting and helping members keep on track. It is not the president's agenda or his or her idea of what should go on at the meeting. The president has not been elected to enforce his or her will on the assembly. He or she has been elected to lead the organization and to be impartial and fair in conducting the meetings. The agenda should follow a standard order of business such as the one found in Robert's Rules of Order. It should include unfinished business if there is any. Unfinished business is business left pending at the last meeting or postponed to the current meeting. You can find any unfinished business in the minutes of the previous meeting. The secretary should read the minutes at the beginning of the meeting so that members know whether there is any unfinished business. If the president does not bring it up (the president and the secretary are responsible for putting it on the agenda), a member can bring up unfinished business by rising to a parliamentary inquiry: Member: Mr. President (or Madam President), I rise to a parliamentary inquiry. President: Please state your inquiry. Member: The minutes state that X motion was postponed to this meeting. I noticed that the agenda doesn't list any unfinished business. Will the president kindly inform this member when it will be presented to the assembly? The president is now responsible for telling you when motion X will be brought up. By using this technique, you alert the members that something has been left off the agenda, and you do so in a nice way. Is your president a dictator or just uninformed? If the president is uninformed, perhaps you can privately show him or her the order of the business meeting in your parliamentary authority. If the president is a tyrant who wants to do things his or her way, you have a bigger problem. After the minutes are read and before members transact any other business, rise to a parliamentary inquiry and ask why no unfinished business or new business is on the agenda. You can then ask that the following items be added to the agenda. If the president does not do this, make a motion to adopt the agenda with unfinished business and new business added to the agenda. This motion needs a second and requires a majority vote to adopt. If the president continues to ignore you, raise a point of order. If he or she ignores the point of order, make the motion again. If your motion is seconded, and the president still ignores the motion, you have the right to place the motion before the board, ask for discussion, and take the vote. You can use this technique anytime the president ignores a legitimate motion that has been seconded. However, you must exactly follow all the steps previously given. Question: What can members do when the president oversteps his or her role as facilitator, and how do you correct the mistake? Also, is the president solely responsible for appointing members of committees from the board? Answer: To correct the president during a meeting, the procedure is to stand and say: Member: Madam President (or Mr. President), I rise to a point of order. Or just stand and say: Member: Point of order. The president should respond: President: Please state your point. You now state the correct procedure. The chair then rules on your point. Either the chair agrees with your point and corrects what he or she is doing wrong, or the chair does not agree with your point and proceeds with what he or she is doing. President: Your point is well taken. or President: Your point is not well taken. If you don't agree with the chair's ruling, you can appeal from the decision of the chair. This needs a second. However, if the chair doesn't know the proper procedure, you should speak with him or her outside the meeting and share helpful information. You can find the answer to your second question in your organization's bylaws or standing rules. For the president to have the power to appoint committees, the bylaws must give him or her that authority. If the bylaws do not say who appoints committees, the assembly appoints them. Question: Can members conduct business after a meeting is officially adjourned? In this case, the meeting was adjourned, the office manager went to the door to ascertain that a certain leader left, and then the manager reconvened the meeting to do business. Answer: What was done was unethical, undemocratic, and unkind. Any business transacted after the meeting adjourned is null and void. When a meeting adjourns, it is over. Robert's Rules of Order states that the chair can call a meeting back to order in only one situation - when a member was trying to obtain the floor, before the chair declared the adjournment, for the purpose of Giving an important announcement. Making the motion to reconsider. Making the motion to reconsider and enter into the minutes. Giving previous notice about a motion to be made at the next meeting. Setting the time for an adjourned meeting. When the manager tried to reconvene the meeting, someone should have stopped him or her immediately. This group can't function harmoniously if members are purposely being left out of business and discussion. Question: Can a president make a motion or second a motion? Answer: It depends. In a board meeting of fewer than 12 members (unless you have rules to the contrary), a president can make motions, second motions, discuss motions, and vote on motions. In a general membership meeting, the president is to remain impartial; he or she should not make a motion or second it. However, there is an exception. For example, say the treasurer presents a bill to be paid. The president can assume a motion and say: President: The treasurer has presented a bill for X dollars. Is there any discussion? All those in favor say "Aye." Those opposed say "No." The president then announces the vote. This is a great way to expedite business. The other situation in which a president can make a motion is when he or she steps down from the chair and lets the vice president preside until the motion is dispensed. However, the best practice is for the president to find another member who is willing to present the motion. When someone is elected to the office of president, that person must remember that he or she serves all the members. The effective president in any organization is one that remains impartial in conducting the meetings. Question: At a recent city council meeting, the mayor said, "As chairman, I always have the last word in any discussion." He also said that he looked this up in Robert's Rules of Order. I have been a member of a real estate board for the past 13 years and have used Robert's Rules - I do not remember ever seeing that the chair always has the last word. Is there such a reference? Answer: Oh, if we could all have the last word! There is one time when the chair has the last word, and that is on a debatable appeal to the chair's ruling. According to parliamentary rules, in a debatable appeal, the presiding officer has the first right to speak to the appeal and the last right to speak to the appeal. The other time the presiding officer has the last word is when saying, "The meeting is adjourned" (and then only if the other members agree about adjourning!). THE SECRETARY AND MINUTES Question: Is it necessary to summarize matters discussed at a meeting in the minutes of that meeting in order for the minutes to be complete? Answer: Not only is it not necessary to summarize matters discussed at a meeting in the minutes of that meeting, it is improper to do so. Minutes are a record of what was done at a meeting, not a record of what was said. Question: With the advent of new technology, what is the appropriate method to use in binding minutes? Answer: You can purchase secretary's books of blank pages that secretaries can print on a computer and, when the book is finished, bind at a printer's. One of these books costs approximately $75. It includes the original hardcover book with paper, which is why it is expensive. It is refillable, however, so after the initial purchase, you only have to buy paper. After you type the minutes into the computer, remove the necessary number of blank pages in the book and use your printer to print the minutes on them. Replace the printed paper into the book. When you use up the paper, take all 150 pages to the printer's and have the book bound and labeled with a date. You can then order more paper and put it in the book. Any office supply store should be able to show you product options. Question: If minutes of a previous meeting are corrected, are the corrections entered in the minutes of the meeting at which the corrections were made? Answer: If corrections to minutes are made at the time when those minutes are originally submitted for approval, such corrections are made in the text of the minutes being approved. The minutes of the meeting at which the corrections are made should merely indicate that the minutes were approved "as corrected." If it becomes necessary to correct minutes after they have initially been approved, such correction can be made by means of the motion to Amend Something Previously Adopted. In this event, since the motion to Amend Something Previously Adopted is a main motion, the exact wording of that motion, whether adopted or rejected, should be entered in the minutes of the meeting at which it was considered. Question: Do you have any information on the proper form of minutes? What should they include? What can the secretary leave out? Is there a difference between a formal meeting and an informal one as far as minutes are concerned? I am responsible for the minutes of four different types of meetings and want to understand the proper and legal requirements that would apply to these. Answer: For the most part, the form of the minutes is the same. Minutes record what is done at the meeting, not what is said. However, if any of these organizations publish their minutes, you need a digital voice recorder because everything goes into the minutes word for word. Check with the Secretary of State's office in the state in which your company is incorporated to see if there are any specific guidelines for the legal requirements of minutes. If so, you need to follow them. The important thing to remember about minutes is that they are the legal document of the meeting. Ask yourself, "If we went to court, what would be most helpful to the judge or jury in deciding an issue?" Sometimes putting background information into the minutes is important because doing so helps explain why the assembly took a particular action. Recording a counted, roll call, or ballot vote may provide proof that a quorum was present. Question: What is the main job of the secretary? If the secretary isn't cooperating with the board, does the board have any controls over him or her? Can the board dismiss the present officer and elect a new one? If so, how do you carry that out? Answer: The role of a secretary is very important in any organization. Your organization's bylaws should state the duties of the secretary, but Robert's Rules of Order also lists the secretary's duties. In general, the secretary is responsible for: Keeping the list of all the members and all the records of the organization, including committee reports, on file. Notifying members of their election to office or appointment to committees and furnishing them with the proper documents. Notifying members of election or appointment to be a delegate at a convention and furnishing them with credentials. Signing all the minutes and other certified acts of the organization, unless the bylaws specify differently. Maintaining the official documents of the organization, including the bylaws, rules of order, standing rules, and minutes. The secretary keeps the bylaws and other governing documents up-to-date with any changes made through the amendment process and brings these documents to the meetings. Mailing to each member meeting notices. Taking minutes at all business and board meetings, handling the correspondence, and preparing the agenda for the meetings unless the president prefers to do so. The secretary must know how to call a meeting to order if the president and vice president are absent and know how to preside until the assembly elects a temporary chairman. The secretary should cooperate with all members and be of service to the entire organization. Your bylaws should provide you with the procedure to remove a secretary who is not cooperative (or any officer not performing his or her duties). If there is no provision for removing this officer, and if your bylaws do not state that the officer serves a certain period of time "or until the successor is elected," you must hold a trial for removal. If the bylaws provide for removal, follow that procedure. If your bylaws state "or until the successor is elected," you can rescind the election. This requires previous notice and a majority vote, or without previous notice, a two-thirds vote or majority of the entire membership. If the officer is removed, the members can fill the vacancy created by holding an election at the same meeting. OTHER OFFICERS Question: How can we get rid of officers we don't like before their term is up? Answer: It depends. If the bylaws just state a fixed term for the officer, such as "two years," or if they say the officer serves for a specified term "and until [the officer's] successor is elected" (or words to that effect), then the group must use formal disciplinary proceedings, which involve the appointment of an investigating committee, preferral of charges by such a committee, and the conduct of a formal trial. The procedure is complex. On the other hand, if the bylaws state a term for the office but add "or until [the officer's] successor is elected," or contain other wording explicitly indicating that the officer may be removed before the term expires, then the election can be rescinded and a successor then elected for the remainder of the term. Of course, if the bylaws themselves establish a procedure for removal from office, that procedure must be followed. Question: We are a small neighborhood association (20 members) with a president, vice president, recording secretary, corresponding secretary, treasurer, and chairman of the board. The bylaws don't spell out the chairman of the board's duties. Just what does a board chairman do? Answer: If your bylaws don't give the chairman any duties, his or her primary duty is conducting the board meetings; the association president conducts the membership meetings. Question: Is it possible to withdraw a resignation after it has been submitted? Answer: A resignation is a Request to Be Excused from a Duty. It may be withdrawn in the same manner as any motion may be withdrawn - that is to say, before the proposed resignation has been placed before the assembly by the chair stating the question on its acceptance, it may be withdrawn without the consent of the assembly, but it may not be withdrawn without permission of the assembly once it has been placed before the assembly for its approval. Question: Does the parliamentarian have a vote on motions, and can he or she speak to motions? Answer: If the parliamentarian is not a member of the organization, he or she is not entitled to vote or debate motions. If the parliamentarian is a member and sits in front by the president, he or she is not entitled to make motions, discuss motions, or vote. People look to the parliamentarian as an authority (and therefore impartial), and it is improper for him or her to sway the vote. However, the parliamentarian, if a member, can vote in a ballot vote just as the president can. If a member is considered the parliamentarian and sits with the assembly during the meetings (and does not advise the chair during the meetings), that person may have the right to make motions, discuss them, and vote. Question: Can you please give me some insight as to how the parliamentarian should act during a meeting? I want to know how much input this person is allowed during discussion on a particular matter. Answer: How the parliamentarian should act during a meeting is dependent on several things. If the parliamentarian is a member of the organization, he or she has all the rights of the members - to make motions, debate, and vote - except when he or she is seated in the front next to the president. When the parliamentarian is seated by the president, he or she gives up the right to make motions, debate, and vote (except in a ballot vote). The parliamentarian is there only as an advisor. Any comments made to the president should be inconspicuous. He or she only gives advice; the president still makes the rulings. If the parliamentarian is a member of an organization that wants him or her to serve in that role, the member can choose not to sit by the president when serving as the parliamentarian. In this way, he or she doesn't give up the right to speak and vote. Note that this decision does not prevent the parliamentarian from meeting beforehand with the president to go over the agenda. In many cases, the parliamentarian can write a meeting script for the president to follow if the officer is not familiar with conducting meetings. Before the meeting, the parliamentarian can discuss with the president any controversial issues or any procedures with which the officer is unfamiliar. The parliamentarian and the president can then discuss ways to handle any problems that may arise during the meeting. If the members get lost in the meeting, the president can ask the parliamentarian to clarify the correct procedure. The parliamentarian can speak from where he or she is seated and tell the assembly the correct procedure. It is then the president's duty to decide what to do. (The president always makes the rulings.) A parliamentarian is an advisor; the position is not one of power. Unfortunately, this office is misused in many organizations. EX OFFICIO OFFICERS AND MEMBERS Question: I am the recording secretary for the Real Estate Advisory Board. We are trying to set up some bylaws. We are looking for a definition of ex officio member and need to know whether such a member has voting rights. Answer: You need to first adopt a parliamentary authority. Robert's Rules of Order is an example of a parliamentary authority. When you adopt an authority, it will help you define ex officio member. A person usually becomes an ex officio member of an organization by virtue of his or her office. Many times the president of an organization is an ex officio member of a board or committee. Perhaps you want someone in the community who works in a related field to be an ex officio member of your board. If that person leaves his or her position, he or she is no longer a member of your board, but whoever follows that person then becomes a member ex officio. An ex officio member has all the rights of membership: the right to make motions, debate, and vote. Members who are ex officio and who are also regular members of the organization are counted in the quorum. Those who are not members of the organization are not counted in the quorum, but they still have the rights of membership. Question: My church's bylaws provide for ex officio members on the various governing boards and committees. The bylaws are silent, however, regarding the voting rights of these ex officio members. Do ex officio members count toward a quorum? Answer: If the ex officio members are church members, they count in the quorum and have the right to make motions, debate, and vote. If the ex officio members are not members of the church, they have the right to make motions, debate, and vote, but they are not counted in the quorum. MEETINGS Question: Can we hold our board meetings by conference telephone call? Answer: You may hold board meetings by conference telephone call only if your bylaws specifically authorize you to do so. If they do, such meetings must be conducted in such a way that all members participating can hear each other at the same time, and special rules should be adopted to specify precisely how recognition is to be sought and the floor obtained during such meetings. It should be noted in this connection that the personal approval of a proposed action obtained from a majority of, or even all, board members separately is not valid board approval, since no meeting was held during which the proposed action could be properly debated. If action is taken by the board on the basis of individual approval, such action must be ratified by the board at its next regular meeting in order to become an official act. Question: What is the procedure for ensuring that items are not added to the agenda during the actual board meeting? Or, how do you prevent this from occurring? Answer: If the agenda is not adopted at the beginning of the meeting, any member can add items by making a motion to add an agenda item at the time when the chair calls for new business. If a majority vote adopts the agenda at the beginning, amending the agenda by adding something to it requires a two-thirds vote. The purpose of an agenda is to keep order, keep the meeting on track, and expedite business. The agenda should be flexible, enabling members to bring business before the assembly, not preventing them from bringing business. Only items requiring notice cannot be added. One reason for adopting an agenda may be that the meeting time is short; adopting the agenda thus expedites the business so that the organization can complete it all. An agenda should not be adopted for the purpose of excluding ideas. Likewise, the president should not impose his or her own agenda on the members. The president is to preside and see that the members' wishes are carried out and that all members have the right to bring business before the board. The chairman protects everyone's rights by preventing dilatory motions. Members should decide what comes before the board. Question: We are between sessions of a meeting that was adjourned to meet tomorrow. A controversial motion is on the floor, and we need to know who has a right to vote at the meeting on Friday. Our bylaws state that only members who are current in dues and who have attended at least three meetings in the previous twelve months can vote. The question is: Does the sign-in sheet for the first session on Wednesday serve as the sign-in for the second session? Or, if more qualified members attend, are they allowed to vote? Answer: An adjourned meeting is a legal continuation of a meeting. The meeting that happens tomorrow is therefore a legal continuation of the meeting held on Wednesday. It is not a second meeting. Therefore, the people who signed in at the Wednesday meeting are still considered present unless you mark them off the sheet as having left the meeting early. And, anyone coming to this meeting who wasn't at the meeting on Wednesday is signing in as someone who came in late to the meeting. Having a sign-in sheet entitled "Adjourned meeting" with Friday's date and then stapling it to the sign-in sheet of the Wednesday meeting may be wise. The rule for voting privileges at the adjourned meeting is the same as the rule at the regular meeting on Wednesday evening. The Friday meeting is not considered a separate meeting. Based on the information given in your question, if someone did not come to the meeting on Wednesday evening but attends tomorrow and is current in dues and has attended at least three meetings in the previous twelve months, that member is allowed to vote. It is as if the person came in late. Would you allow latecomers to vote if this meeting were held all in one day? If so, they can vote at this adjourned meeting. Question: How can I get an item on the agenda for a meeting? Answer: For a proposed agenda to become the official agenda for a meeting, it must be adopted by the assembly at the outset of the meeting. At the time that an agenda is presented for adoption, it is in order for any member to move to amend the proposed agenda by adding any item which the member desires to add, or by proposing any other change. It is wrong to assume, as many do, that the president "sets the agenda." It is common for the president to prepare a proposed agenda, but that becomes binding only if it is adopted by the full assembly, perhaps after amendments as just described. Question: We have received information that at an upcoming not-for-profit board meeting, some people plan to attend who are not duly elected but who are concerned. It seems logical that non-members cannot attend, because otherwise we would have a free-for-all at meetings. The organization's constitution is silent on the matter. Is there a source that answers this question? Answer: Robert's Rules of Order states that board meetings are customarily held in "executive session," which means that only the elected board members can attend. Do these members of the organization have a specific issue that they want to bring to the board? If they do, why not give them a hearing? After they've had their say, politely ask them to leave, or escort them graciously to the door, assuring them that the board will conscientiously consider their request and will make the board's decision known. Another course of action is for the board to ask the members of the organization to put their concerns in writing. The board can then take up their concerns at another meeting. If these people are curiosity seekers wanting to see what the board is up to, explain that the meeting is closed and is for board members only and that the full body of the organization will receive the board's report at the next regular membership meeting. Usually the board is authorized to handle business between membership meetings, with the members having the right to override board decisions unless duties are specifically given to the board in the bylaws. Question: Can the chair of a committee make a motion during the committee meeting? Answer: Yes, the chair can make motions, debate motions, and vote on motions. In committees, the chairman is usually the most active participant in the committee work. This is true for committees smaller than 12. If a committee is a public body, the rules may differ. If the committee is larger than 12, the chairman is more of a presiding officer at meetings, and the rules of formal meetings apply to committee work. That means that he or she can't make or debate motions and can vote only to make or break a tie vote, or in a ballot vote. Question: If a member of a board has a profound conflict of interest, should he or she leave the meeting during the time the area of conflict is under discussion? Is there a specific citation for a ruling? Answer: First you need a definition for conflict of interest. A conflict of interest is a question of direct personal or monetary interest that is not common to other members of the organization. However, if the member is being considered with other members in a motion or is being elected to office, he or she is allowed to vote. The general principle in parliamentary law is that when a member has a conflict of interest, he or she does not enter into the discussion or vote on the matter. However, there is no rule that says the member has to leave the room when others discuss the issue. The other principle of parliamentary law is that if the member is not allowed to vote, he or she is also not counted in the quorum. Be forewarned: If a member is not able to vote on an issue and his or her participation is needed for a quorum, members can't take a vote on the issue. MOTIONS Question: Does a resolution need to have a second? Answer: A resolution is a formal way of phrasing a main motion. If a single member proposes it, it needs a second. If a committee of more than one votes to present a resolution to the membership, it does not need a second. Question: Must debate on a motion stop immediately as soon as any member calls the question? Answer: It is a fairly common misconception that, after debate has continued for some time, if any member shouts out "Question!" or "I call the question!", debate must immediately cease and the chair must put the pending question to a vote. This is simply not the case. Any member who wishes to force an end to debate must first obtain the floor by being duly recognized to speak by the chair and must then move the Previous Question. Such a motion must be seconded, and then adopted by a two-thirds vote, or by unanimous consent. It is not in order to interrupt a speaker with cries of "Question" or "Call the Question," and even if no one is speaking, it is still necessary to seek recognition. Question: If a motion has been rejected, can members bring the same motion before the membership to vote on it again? Answer: A main motion that is defeated usually cannot be brought up again at the same meeting (unless someone who voted on the prevailing side moves to reconsider the vote, or unless time or circumstance change the motion). However, members can bring it up again at another meeting. This is called renewing the motion. Question: Is it always in order to move to table a motion to the next meeting? Answer: This question confuses the motion to Lay on the Table with the motion to Postpone to a Certain Time. The purpose of the motion to Lay on the Table is to enable an assembly, by majority vote and without debate, to lay a pending question aside temporarily in order to take up something else of immediate urgency. In regular organizations it is rarely needed, and hence seldom in order. Question: I have read many guides that tell you what to do but not exactly how to do it. For example, when someone makes a motion to do something, what are the exact words to say and what are the responses from the chair? Answer: When a person makes a motion, he or she should phrase it in the positive and say "I move to . . . " or "I move that . . . " and state what it is he or she wants to do. The chair says: Chairman: It is moved and seconded that . . . . [repeats the motion] Is there any discussion? If the motion does not get a second, the chair can ask for a second: Chairman: Is there a second? If no second is forthcoming, the motion is not before the assembly and the chair says: Chairman: Because there is no second, the motion is not before the assembly. Is there further business? Question: Can something be defeated by adopting a motion to table it? Answer: This is a common violation of fair procedure. Such a motion is not in order, because it would permit debate to be suppressed by a majority vote, and only a two-thirds vote can do that. The proper use of the motion to Lay on the Table is stated in the answer to a previous question above in this section. How can something be defeated without a direct vote on it? Before debate on an original (ordinary substantive) main motion has begun you may raise an Objection to Consideration of [the] Question, which is undebatable and can suppress the main question by a two-thirds vote against consideration. If debate on the main motion has begun and you want to get rid of that motion without a direct vote on it, use the motion to Postpone Indefinitely. That motion requires only a majority vote, but until it is adopted, it leaves the main question open to debate. If you feel that it is undesirable that debate take place, move the Previous Question immediately after moving to Postpone Indefinitely. If adopted by a two-thirds vote, this motion will cause an immediate vote on the motion to Postpone Indefinitely without further debate. Question: When a motion is made to table something and a second is made, does the full board then need to vote on the motion and the second? It is my interpretation that a vote is not needed when a motion is made and seconded to table something. Answer: A vote is taken on all motions made and seconded. The motion you asked about is the motion lay on the table. The correct procedure is to take a vote immediately on the motion to lay on the table; it is not debated. This motion should be used only to set business aside temporarily for more urgent business. If you want to "table it to the next meeting" or "to later in the meeting," the correct motion is postpone the motion, which needs a second and is debatable. To lay a motion on the table takes away the members' rights to debate without taking a two-thirds vote. It is an undemocratic motion unless used correctly. The member who makes the motion should give the reason for wanting to temporarily set aside the pending business. If the president does not agree that the business is urgent, the president can rule the motion out of order or restate the motion as the motion to postpone to a later time. Another important point about the motion to lay on the table is that it is recorded in the minutes, but the motion that has been temporarily put aside is not put on the agenda if it carries over to the next meeting. The motion is normally taken from the table during the same meeting. Because the members moved to put it on the table, the members are responsible for making the motion to take it from the table. The assembly must be careful that members don't use this motion as the motion to kill. If the intent is to kill the motion, the chair should rule it out of order. The proper motion to kill is postpone indefinitely. Question: How do you deal with a "friendly amendment"? Answer: On occasion, while a motion is being debated, someone will get up and offer what he or she terms a "friendly amendment" to the motion, the maker of the original motion will "accept" the amendment, and the chair will treat the motion as amended. This is wrong. Once a motion has been stated by the chair, it is no longer the property of the mover, but of the assembly. Any amendment, "friendly" or otherwise, must be adopted by the full body, either by a vote or by unanimous consent. If it appears to the chair that an amendment (or any other motion) is uncontroversial, it is proper for the chair to ask if there is "any objection" to adopting the amendment. If no objection is made, the chair may declare the amendment adopted. If even one member objects, however, the amendment is subject to debate and vote like any other, regardless of whether its proposer calls it "friendly" and regardless of whether the maker of the original motion endorses its adoption.

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September 29, 1966 saw the introduction of what Chevrolet muscle car, still in production today, whose name supposedly means "a small, vicious animal that eats Mustangs."?

$.Muscle Cars.$ $.Muscle Cars.$ Chevrolet Camaro. The Chevrolet Camaro is an automobile manufactured by the Chevrolet division of General Motors, classified as a pony car or muscle car.It went on sale on September 29, 1966 for the 1967 model year and was designed as a competing model to the Ford Mustang. The car shared its platform and major components with the Pontiac Firebird, also introduced for 1967. Four distinct generations of the car were developed before production ended in 2002. The nameplate was revived again on a concept vehicle that evolved into the fifth-generation Camaro, production started on March 16, 2009. Origin. Before any official announcement, reports began running in April 1965 within the automotive press that Chevrolet was preparing a competitor to the Ford Mustang, code-named Panther.On June 21, 1966, around 200 automotive journalists received a telegram from General Motors stating, "...Please save noon of June 28 for important SEPAW meeting. Hope you can be on hand to help scratch a cat. Details will follow...(signed) John L. Cutter – Chevrolet Public Relations – SEPAW Secretary." The following day, the same journalists received another General Motors telegram stating, "Society for the Eradication of Panthers from the Automotive World will hold first and last meeting on June 28...(signed) John L. Cutter – Chevrolet Public Relations SEPAW Secretary." These telegrams puzzled the industry. On June 28, 1966, General Motors held a live press conference in Detroit’s Statler-Hilton Hotel. It would be the first time in history that 14 cities were hooked up in real time for a press conference via telephone lines. Chevrolet General Manager Pete Estes started the news conference stating that all attendees of the conference were charter members of the Society for the Elimination of Panthers from the Automotive World and that this would be the first and last meeting of SEPAW. Estes then announced a new car line, project designation XP-836, with a name that Chevrolet chose in keeping with other car names beginning with the letter C such as the Corvair, Chevelle, Chevy II, and Corvette. He claimed the name, "suggests the comradeship of good friends as a personal car should be to its owner" and that "to us, the name means just what we think the car will do... Go!" The new Camaro name was then unveiled. Automotive press asked Chevrolet product managers, "What is a Camaro?" and were told it was "a small, vicious animal that eats Mustangs." The Camaro was first shown at a press preview in Detroit, Michigan on September 12, 1966 and then later in Los Angeles, California on September 19, 1966. The Camaro officially went on sale in dealerships on September 29, 1966 for the 1967 model year. First generation. The first-generation Camaro debuted in September 1966, for the 1967 model year, up to 1969 on a new rear-wheel drive GM F-body platform and would be available as a 2-door, 2+2 seating, coupe or convertible with a choice of 250 cu in (4.1 L) inline-6 and 302 cu in (4.9 L), 307 cu in (5.0 L), 327 cu in (5.4 L), 350 cu in (5.7 L), or 396 cu in (6.5 L) V8 powerplants. Concerned with the runaway success of the Ford Mustang, Chevrolet executives realized that their compact sporty car, the Corvair, would not be able to generate the sales volume of the Mustang due to its rear-engine design, as well as declining sales, partly due to bad publicity from Ralph Nader's book, Unsafe at Any Speed. Therefore, the Camaro was touted as having the same conventional rear-drive, front-engine configuration as Mustang and Chevy II Nova. In addition, the Camaro was designed to fit a variety of power plants in the engine bay. The first-generation Camaro would last until the 1969 model year and would eventually inspire the design of the new retro fifth-generation Camaro. Second generation. Introduced in February 1970, the second generation Camaro would remain in production through 1981. The car was somewhat larger and wider with the new styling, thus resulting in a heavier car.Still based on the F-body platform, the new Camaro was similar to its predecessor, with a unibody structure, front subframe, an A-arm front suspension and leaf springs to control the solid rear axle. The RS, SS and Z28 performance packages remained, though the Z28 received an engine upgrade to the LT-1 350 cu. in. unit; Road & Track magazine picked the 1971 SS350 as one of the ten best cars on the planet in August 1971. 1980 and 1981 Z28's included a rear facing intake, with an intake door that opened under full throttle. Third generation. The third generation Camaro was produced from 1982 to 1992. These were the first Camaros to offer modern fuel injection, Turbo-Hydramatic 700R4 four-speed automatic transmissions, five speed manual transmissions, 16 inch wheels, a standard 4 cylinder engine and versatile hatchback bodies. The cars were nearly 500 pounds lighter than the long running second generation model. The legendary IROC-Z was introduced in 1985. In 1987, the potent L98 5.7 V-8 engine was available in the Z28, paired with an automatic transmission. The "20th Anniversary Commemorative Edition" was offered in 1987 and a "25th Anniversary Heritage Package" in 1992. Beginning in 1988, the famed 1LE performance package was introduced, for the street models and for showroom stock racing in the U.S. and Canada. The B4C or "police" package was made available beginning in 1991. This basically created a Z28 in more subtle RS styling. Fourth generation. The fourth-generation Camaro debuted in 1993 on an updated F-body platform. It retained the same characteristics since its introduction in 1967: a coupe body style with 2+2 seating (with an optional T-top roof) or convertible (introduced in 1994), rear-wheel drive, and a choice of V-6 and V-8 engines. The standard powerplant from 1993-1995 was a 3.4 liter V-6. A more powerful 3.8 liter V-6 was introduced as an option in 1995 and made standard in 1996. The LT1 V-8 engine, which was introduced in the Corvette in 1992, was standard in the Z28. Optional equipment included all-speed traction control and a new six-speed T-56 manual transmission; a four-speed automatic transmission was also available. Anti-lock brakes were standard equipment on all Camaros. The 1997 model year included a revised interior, and the 1998 models included exterior styling changes, and a switch to GM's aluminum block LS1 used in the Corvette C5. The Camaro remained in production through the 2002 model year, marking 35 years of continuous production. Production of the F-Body platform was stopped due to slowing sales, a deteriorating market for sports coupes, and plant overcapacity. Fifth generation. Based on the 2006 Camaro Concept and 2007 Camaro Convertible Concept, and sharing the same chassis and suspension architecture as the Australian GM Holden VE rear wheel drive sedan, production of the fifth-generation Camaro was approved on 10 August 2006. Oshawa Car Assembly produces the new Camaro which went on sale in spring of 2009 as a 2010 model year vehicle. Production began on March 16, 2009. The 2010 Camaro is offered as a coupe only in LS, LT, and SS trim levels.[17][18] LS and LT models are powered by a 3.6 L (220 cu in) V6 producing 304 hp (227 kW) mated to either a 6-speed manual or a 6-speed automatic with manual shift. The SS is powered by the 6.2 L (380 cu in) LS3 V8 producing 426 hp (318 kW) and is paired with a 6-speed manual. The automatic SS gets the L99 V8 with 400 hp (300 kW). The RS appearance package is available on both the LT and SS. Racing. The Camaro was one of the prominent vehicles in the SCCA-sanctioned Trans-Am Series. Chevrolet contracted Roger Penske to operate their "unofficial" factory-backed Trans Am team, winning the title in 1968 and 1969 with Mark Donohue. Jim Hall's Chaparral team replaced Penske for the 1970 season. Warren Agor of Rochester, NY, was the series' leading Camaro privateer, his orange #13's often jousting with the factory cars. Maurice Carter of car dealer Maurice Carter Chevrolet-Oldsmobile in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada took a new Camaro off his lot and entered the 1970 Trans-Am Series. Carter earned the highest placed Canadian independent driver score of all the Trans-Am racers. Camaro were in use in Trans-Am until the late 1990s and won further titles in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1998. There was also another SCCA Trans-Am Series Camaro that wasn’t popular because of racing but because of its body modifications. This Camaro had been built and driven by Henry “Smokey” Yunick. It had proudly worn the number 13 and in later years would make people look back on it. Smokey Yunick was an innovator ahead of his time when building the 1968 Camaro. He brought a new style into the racing world in many ways. The Camaro had acid dipped body parts, thinner safety glass and other weight reducing devices. The Penske/Donohue Camaros also had the front sheet metal dropped, all four fenders widened, windshield laid back, front sub-frame “Z’d” to lower the car, the floor pan moved up and even the drip-rails were moved closer to the body. This Camaro had always kept its stock look and only had a 302 engine that was able to produce 482 horsepower. This Camaro had later on been bought by Vic Edelbrock. At this time he put it to use as a test car for new age Chevy small block performance part. One part that had come out of his testing was the Edelbrock Cross-Manifold. To this day the Smokey Yunick 1968 Camaro is owned by Vic Edelbrock Jr. Camaro Cup race car. Bob Jane won both the 1971 and 1972 Australian Touring Car Championships at the wheel of a Camaro. The Camaro was the official car of and used in the International Race of Champions starting in 1975 and lasting for 12 years until 1989. It was the first American car of the series succeeding the Porsche Carrera RSR. Today, Camaros are raced in many forms of auto racing throughout the world. They are a favorite in drag racing and can be currently found in several series from the National Hot Rod Association, International Hot Rod Association, and United States Hot Rod Association. Road racing Camaros can currently be found in the Sports Car Club of America's American Sedan series. They have also been the exclusive vehicle used in the Swedish Camaro Cup series since 1975. The Camaro not only participated in racing, but was bestowed the honor of Indianapolis 500 Pace Car duties in 1967, 1969, 1982, 1993, and 2009. The Camaro also paced races at Daytona, Watkins Glen, Mosport in Canada and Charlotte Motor Speedway. The Camaro was also a regular in the IMSA GT Series. The fifth-generation Camaro is expected to take to the tracks in 2010 in the GT class of the Grand Am Road Racing Championship. Stevenson Motorsports has announced it is seeking to run a two-car team of Pratt & Miller built cars, based on the same spaceframe as its existing Pontiac GXP-R. The team already runs Camaros in the Koni Challenge Series. Notable appearances. The Camaro has also made several notable appearances in film. One of the most popular movie Camaros was a black 1967 model driven by actor John Cusack in the 1985 film Better Off Dead. It also appeared in the music video for "Top back" by rapper T.I. featuring Young Dro, Young Jeezy, Big Kuntry and B.G. Bumblebee depicted as a 1976 and 5th-gen Camaro concept variant. In addition, the Camaro continues to find its way into modern day fiction. The vehicle mode of the character Bumblebee in the 2007 film, Transformers, is first a 1976 model Camaro and later a fifth-generation concept variant. A modified fifth-generation Camaro reprises the role of Bumblebee in the sequel, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. Postitaja: Classified kell 16:22 0 kommentaari kolmapäev, 18. november 2009 Oldsmobile 442 The Oldsmobile 442 (pronounced four-four-two) was a muscle car produced by the Oldsmobile division of General Motors. It was introduced as an option package for F-85 and Cutlass models sold in the United States beginning with the 1964 model year. It became a model in its own right from 1968 to 1971, then reverted to an option through the mid-1970s. Oldsmobile revived the name in the 1980s on the rear-wheel drive Cutlass Supreme and early 1990s as an option package for the new front-wheel drive Cutlass. 1964 The 442 was born out of the competition between Pontiac Division and Oldsmobile. It began as a hasty response to the Pontiac Tempest GTO, which had proved to be an unexpected success midway through the 1964 model year. Because of its late introduction (some three-fourths of the way through the model year) and the ambiguous nature of the GTO — which was technically a violation of GM policy limiting intermediate models to 330 in³ (5.4 L) — the Olds offering was a conservative package. Technically the "B09 Police Apprehender" option, it used the four-barrel carbureted 330 in³ (5.4 L) V8 with heavy-duty valve gear, posi trac, and a hotter camshaft, raising rated (SAE gross) output to 310 hp (231.3 kW) at 5200 rpm. Torque remained 355 lb·ft (481 N·m), although the torque peak rose from 2800 rpm to 3600 rpm. The package also included a stiffened frame, boxed rear suspension control arms, a heavy duty clutch and four-speed manual transmission, a heavy duty driveshaft, oversized brakes and the heavy-duty police-package suspension, with heavy duty wheels, higher-rate coil springs front and rear, heavy-duty shock absorbers, a larger front anti-roll bar, and an additional rear anti-roll bar. The package was dubbed 4-4-2 based on its combination of four-barrel carburetor, four-speed transmission, and two exhausts. Priced at $285.14, it was available on any F-85 or Cutlass model except the station wagon, although most were Cutlass hardtop coupés (Oldsmobile archives indicate that approximately 10 four-door sedans were built with the B09 option). Motor Trend tested an early 4-4-2 and found that the 3,440-lb (1,560 kg) car would run 0-60 mph (0–96 km/h) in 7.5 seconds, the standing quarter mile in 15.5 seconds at 90 mph (140 km/h), and reached a top speed of 116 mph (185.6 km/h). A total of 2,999 were sold. 1965 With the GTO receiving GM corporate sanction, Oldsmobile followed suit with a big-engine 442. The B09 option was renamed 442 and the price was lowered to $190.45 for F-85s and $156.02 for Cutlasses. The new 400 in³ (6.6 L) engine became standard, and the definition of "442" was restated as 400 cubic inches, 4 barrel carburator, 2 exhausts.(However, this was not always true to each vehicle due to the options available) Output for the big engine rose to 345 hp (257 kW) and 440 lb·ft (597 N·m). The standard transmission became a three-speed manual with the four-speed as an option, and Oldsmobile's two-speed Jetaway automatic transmission was added as an alternative. The '65 was the first 442 to use a Hurst shifter, which was included when the HD 3 speed manual transmission was ordered. The heavy duty 3 speed was a mid year introduction and used a floor shifter, unlike the early 3 speed that used a column shifter. Other touches added to the 65 were chrome body side scoops adorned with 442 badging, chambered dual exhaust pipes, chrome single snout air cleaner, and 442 badging on the dash. Late in the year option N98 was added, which were chrome reverse 14x6 wheels. Modern Rod tested a 1965 F85 442 with the four-speed manual, slicks, and headers and obtained a quarter mile acceleration of 13.78 seconds at 102.73 mph (165 km/h); Car Life's automatic '65 ran the quarter mile in 15.5 seconds at 89 mph (143 km/h), with a 0 to 60 time of 7.8 seconds. Sales rose to 25,003. 1966 The 1966 442 shared a modest facelift with other Cutlasses. Its major news was the addition of two new optional engines: the L69, with three two-barrel Rochester 2GC carburetors on a progressive linkage, rated at 360 hp (268 kW) and 440 lb·ft (597 N·m) of torque, and the rare W30. The standard engine, now dubbed L78, was rated 350 hp (261 kW)/440 ft·lbf with a single four-barrel carburetor. The W30 engine added an outside-air induction system (admitting cool air to the carburetors via tubing from the front bumper) and a hotter cam, rated—or, more likely, underrated—the same as the L69. The battery was relocated to the trunk to make room for the air hoses, which prevented the package from being ordered on convertible models. Only 54 W30s were built by the factory, although an additional 97 were produced for dealer installation. Car Life tested an L69 442 with four-speed transmission and obtained a 0-60 time of 6.3 seconds and a quarter mile of 14.8 seconds at 97 mph (156 km/h). Motor Trend's similar test car ran 0-60 in 7.2 seconds, with a quarter mile time of 15.2 seconds at 96.6 mph. Production slumped to 21,997. The 442 still constituted only about 10 percent of Cutlass sales, whereas Pontiac's GTO represented nearly a third of all Tempests sold. 1967 For 1967 the 442's styling and base engine remained the same, but the once optional automatic three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic became standard, replacing the two-speed Jetaway. Disc brakes were newly optional for the front wheels. A GM policy decision banning multiple carburetors for all vehicles except the Corvette saw the demise of the L69 with its triple carburetors. The W30 remained available, although a new four-barrel Quadrijet carburetor replaced the triple two-barrels. New red plastic inner fender liners became part of the W30 package. 502 factory W30 engines were built to meet NHRA homologation rules, along with an unknown number of dealer-installed packages. 4-way emergency flashers became standard as it did on all new GM models for 67. Cars tested a W30 442 with close-ratio four-speed and 4.33 rear axle, obtaining a quarter mile reading of 14.1 seconds at 103 mph (166 km/h) in completely stock form. 0-60 times were between 6.5 and 6.7 seconds. Production rallied somewhat from the previous year, rising to 24,833. 1968 The 442 became a separate model from 1968 through 1971. The wheelbase was 112 in, and over 33,000 were sold for 1968. Despite the engine displacement staying at 400 in³, the stroke was increased and the bore decreased to increase torque and improve emissions. However, its long stroke affected performance and they were deemed not as fast as the '67s. Car Life tested a 1968 442 with a 3.42:1 rear axle ratio and attained 0-60 times of 7.0 seconds, and a quarter mile time of 15.13 seconds at 92 mph (148 km/h). Top speed was reported as 115 mph (185 km/h). The base motor was still rated at 350 hp (261 kW), but only with the standard 3-speed and optional 4-speed; automatics were rated at 325 hp (242 kW). W-30s were rated again at 360 hp (268 kW). All standard 1968 442 engines are painted a bronze/copper color, as with the 1967s, topped with a fire red air cleaner. W-30 option cars were equipped with Ram Air intake hoses leading from a chrome topped dual snorkel black air cleaner to special under bumper air scoops and set off by bright red plastic fender wells. In addition, a Turnpike Cruiser option was made available with a 2bbl. carb; this was previously available on the Cutlass Supreme for 1967. 68 was the first year for side marker lights and the last year for vent windows on hardtops. 442's for 68 had unigue rear bumpers, with exhuast cut outs and special exhuast tips. It was in 1968 that Oldsmobile first partnered with Hurst Performance Research Corporation to create the Hurst/Olds rather than just adding Hurst shifters as with earlier models. The limited regular production run of 515 Hurst/Olds (459 Holiday Coupes/56 Sport Coupes) started out as regular 442s, but were treated to numerous distinct enhancements, both cosmetic and mechanical. All cars were painted Peruvian Silver (a Toronado color) with liberal black striping and white pinstripes, exterior and interior H/O badging (unique to '68), and a real walnut wood dash insert. Mechanically, the cars left the factory with two drivetrain combinations. Red 455 in³ engines were backed by modified W-30 Turbo 400 automatic transmissions. A/C cars got a W-46 engine with a 3.08:1 rear while non-A/C cars got a W-45 engine with a 3.91:1 rear. While both engines were rated at 390 hp (291 kW), the W-45 engine received the cylinder heads from the W-30 and the camshaft from the W-31 making it more suitable for higher rpms. All cars came with bucket seats and a Hurst Dual-Gate shifter in a mini-console. Also standard were numerous regular 442 options such as disc brakes, heavy duty cooling, and FE2 suspension. They shared the red fender wells and ram air setup with the W-30. Popular, but not standard, additional options included the tic-toc-tach and wood-grained steering wheel. Performance for the 1968 Hurst/Olds (390hp): 0-60 in 5.4 sec, 1/4 mile in 13.9 sec @ 103 mph. 1969 1969 442s were very similar to the 1968 except the tooth in the grill, the tail lights, the place of the ignition, the key, headlight setup, and paint scheme. Changes to the engine and drivetrain were minimal, but the Turnpike Cruiser option was deleted. However, another hi-po engine was offered. Called the W-32, it came with the Forced Air Induction plumbing found on the W-30s, but it had a milder cam like the base engine. It was only available with an automatic, and 297 were built, including 25 sport coupes and convertibles each. The Hurst/Olds returned, with a new regal gold and white color scheme, outrageous hood scopes and the 455 cid V8 that was detuned slightly from 1968. Performance for the 1969 Hurst/Olds(380hp): 0-60 in 5.9 sec, 1/4 mile in 14.03 sec @ 101 mph. 1970 1970 saw the introduction of the Olds 455 V8 as the standard 442 engine. Magazine ads using an offbeat mad scientist trumpeted "Dr. Olds introduces as large a V-8 as ever bolted into a special-performance production automobile!" Output was 365 hp (272 kW) and 500 lb·ft (680 N·m), with a 370 hp (276 kW) W30 option available. The 365 and 370 hp (272 and 276 kW) power ratings were conservatively underrated at a lower rpm. Both engines are believed by some to produce 410 to 420 hp (306-313 kW). It was the pace car at the Indianapolis 500 race in 1970, along with the Cutlass Supreme. Motor Trend praised the 442, stating that "it's probably the most identifiable super car in the GM house". In addition to the standard 442 offerings, W-30s received a W-25 fiberglass OAI (Outside Air Induction) hood to replace the bumper scoops that were on the 68 and 69 W-30s, an aluminum intake manifold, special camshaft, cylinder heads, distributor, and carburetor. Motor Trend tested a 442 W-30 with a 4-speed manual transmission and 3.91:1 rear gears, clocking a quarter mile time of 14.2 seconds @ 102 mph (164 km/h). However, Motor Trend noted that Oldsmobile engineers had earlier posted a best of 13.7 seconds on the same test car with a fresh tune. 1970 Model Year Spotting Tips: Horizontal bars on silver grille, square parking lights in front bumper, vertical tail lights. 1971 The 1971 442 was available in a hardtop coupe and convertible body type. The sport coupe disappeared for the first time since 1964, only to return in 1972. Engine output was down for 1971 due to a lower compression ratio (8.5:1), which affected all of GM's engines. The base 455 was rated at 340 hp (254 kW), with the W-30 achieving a rating of 350 hp (261 kW). Quarter mile performance as reported by Road Test magazine was 15.2 seconds @ 99 mph (159 km/h), and 0-60 in 8.9 seconds, using the TH400 automatic transmission. 1971 Model Year Spotting Tips: Black grille with silver surround, silver headlight bezels, round parking lights in front bumper, horizontal tail lights. 1972 The 442 name reverted to an appearance and handling option package (option code W-29) in 1972 on the Cutlass Holiday coupe, Cutlass S sport coupe and Holiday coupe, and Cutlass Supreme convertible. The W-29 option was not available on Cutlass Supreme notchback hardtops. This package, which carried a sticker price of $29, consisted of the "FE2" suspension upgrades (heavy duty springs & shocks, front and rear sway bars, boxed lower rear control arms, and 14- by 7-in [356- by 178-mm] wheels), side striping, fender and decklid badging, faux hood louvers, and a unique grille. The rear bumper sported cutouts for exhaust tips, but only when paired with the optional L75 455 in³ V8 in place of the standard Oldsmobile 350 V8. 442's could be ordered with the additional W30 option, which included the still-potent L77 455 engine, which produced 300 hp (220 kW) and 410 lb·ft (556 N·m)s of torque and incorporated low-restriction dual exhausts. Other notable components included a lightweight aluminum intake manifold, the W25 fiberglass ram-air hood, anti-spin differential with 3.42:1 gears (3.73:1 available), and heavy duty cooling. Due to the low-vacuum at idle, air conditioning was not available, and power brakes were only available with an automatic transmission. Only 113 W30 convertibles and 659 W30 coupes were made in 1972, making this a very rare option. A special edition Hurst/Olds paced the Indy in 1972. 1972 Model Year Spotting Tips: Silver grille with black surround, black headlight bezels, round parking lights in front bumper, 3-section horizontal tail lights. 1973 Originally expected to debut for the 1972 model year, the introduction of the new "Colonnade" body style was delayed until 1973 due to an auto workers strike in 1972. The body was redesigned to feature massive 5-foot (2 m) long doors and energy absorbing bumpers. The rear windows were fixed and the roof was reinforced in anticipation of roll-over standards being imposed by the government. These cars were a few hundred pounds heavier and slightly larger than the 1972's. Consistent with 1972, the 4-4-2 option remained a handling and appearance package, code W-29, and was available on the Cutlass and Cutlass "S". It consisted of a faux louvered hood, FE2 suspension, specific grilles, emblems and stripes. Items such as dual exhaust and super stock wheels had to be ordered à la-carte. This was all part of the industry-wide weaning of U.S. consumers from large, powerful cars. Officially, the W-30 was not available, but the 1972 "V" code 455 was there, but only with the 4-speed wide-ratio M-20 transmission. 1973 was also the last year of the manual transmission in the Olds "A" body. The "V" code produced 270 net HP, the "U" code 455 AT produced 250 hp (186 kW), while the "K" code 350 single exhaust produced 180 hp (134 kW) and the "M" code 350 with duals produced 200 hp (150 kW). Positraction rear ends, axle ratios, gauges, Super Stock wheels, HD cooling and many sport type options were available, but had to be ordered. The "V" code engine was also available in the Hurst/Olds without A/C,code W-46,the W-45 "U" code was standard with A/C. Both versions used the Turbohydramatic 400 transmission. 1978 Another limited-edition 4-4-2 model was offered from 1978 through 1980. Engines varied from a base 3.8L V6 to a 305 4bbl. There was no 350 available to any 4-4-2 offered in 1978 or 1979. Oldsmobile 350 in³ V8. A special-edition Hurst/Olds was also offered in 1979. The 1978-9 version of the 442 was an option package on the "Aeroback" Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon, which was the lower-trim version of the best-selling Cutlass model range. It was offered with all powertrains available, including the 231 c.i.d., 2V V6, the 260 c.i.d. 2V V8, and 305 c.i.d. 2V (1978) or 4V (1979) V8s. Transmissions offered were 3-spd automatic with all engines, 5 spd manual with the 260 V8 and a 4 spd Saginaw manual with all engines. Distinctive trim elements included contrasting striping along the rocker panels and lower doors, over both wheel wells, badging on the rear trunk, and interior emblems. All other options offered on the Cutlass Salon were available with the 442 option package. Oldsmobile issued a limited edition "Hurst/Olds" model, based on the notchback Cutlass Calais and featuring the 350 c.i.d. 4V V8 found in the larger Delta 88 and Ninety-Eight models, coupled with a 3 spd automatic transmission. Available only in gold over white or gold over black paint, with gold cloth or vinyl upholstery, only about 2,000 units were produced. In 1980, the 442 model moved to the notchback Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais, and included W-30 badging on the front fenders above the side marker lights, with less dramatic graphics. Otherwise, the cars had identical powertrain and other options with their more mundane siblings. There were no more 442s in 1981. 1985-1989 The 442 name was revived in 1985 on the rear-wheel drive G-body Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme. The name was now defined as referring to the car's 4-speed 200r4 automatic transmission, 4-barrel carburetor, and 2 exhausts. This W42 model replaced the 1983 and 1984 Hurst/Olds model and used the same 5.0 L LG8 V8. The shifter was mounted on the floor in a console between the front seats, and the upgraded F41 suspension package was included. 3,000 were produced in the first year, and all were sold quickly. 4,273 were produced for 1986, and 4,208 were made in 1987. The 1984 Hurst/Olds and 1985-87 442 were equipped with an 8.5" GM corporate differential usually with a 3:73 ring and pinion gear. Rather than using the weaker 7.5" rear differential found in the Monte Carlo SS, these models used the same stout unit found in the Buick Grand National. The 1983-84 Hurst/Olds and 1985-87 442's are distinguishable by there being a "9" as the engine code found in the 8th character of their VIN's. These were the only models to get the hotter VIN 9 307 cubic inch engine, and it was the only engine available. From 1983-1985, this engine was flat-tappet valvetrain, and rated at 180 hp/240 ft·lbf torque. In 1986, the 307 engine received a roller-camshaft valvetrain and new swirl-port heads to improve economy and low-end torque. HP dropped to 170, with torque climbing to 250. The 1985 442 used an OZ code THM 200-4R transmission. 1990-1991 The final use of the 442 name was on the Quad 442 front-wheel drive 1990-1991 Cutlass Calais. This model used a 2.3 L LG0 Quad-4 4-cylinder engine with 4 valves per cylinder and 2 camshafts. The engine was tuned with higher output camshafts which produced more top end power at the expense of idle quality. It used a single exhaust with a dual tipped muffler and produced 180 hp (134 kW) with a 5-speed manual transmission. This version of the 442 also played upon the "W-30" option code used in past versions of the 442, the exception being that this model used the option code "W-40". A low production, late 1991 model year version used the option code "W-41"; the key differences of "W-41" package was a 190 hp (142 kW) engine with a different geared 5 speed transmission. This 442 model lasted just two years. Production totals: 1991 "W-40" = 1160 1991 "W-41" = 204 It is worth mentioning that inside GM literature referred to the 1992 & 1993 Oldsmobile Achieva SCX as a 442, but no GM press literature mentions anything to this effect. The 1992-1993 Achieva SCX used the exact same 'W41' drive train as the very limited production 1991 442-W41. The 1993 Acheiva SCX was the final production Oldsmobile vehicle that in any way shape or form was affiliated with the '442' moniker. Origin of the 442 name: A common misconception is that designation "442" referred to the displacement of the engine in cubic inches. The reality is that a 442 has never had a 442 cubic inch engine. Rather, the genesis for the name 4-4-2 came from the attributes of the 1964 model: 1964 (Original meaning) 4: Four On the Floor 2: Dual Exhausts 1965 (First year of automatic and three speed manual transmission option on 442) 4: 400 Cubic Inch Displacement 4: Four Barrel Carburetion 2: Dual Exhaust With the 4-4-2 moniker established, later editions did not officially follow any adherence to features stemming from the numerals "4-4-2". 1965 was the last year Oldsmobile officially defined 442 designation. 1968-71 the 442 was itself a separate model. In the years after '65, any connection between the 442 name and the features were just coincidental. 1968 Mercury Cougar The Mercury Cougar is an automobile sold under the Mercury brand of the Ford Motor Company's Lincoln-Mercury Division. The name was first used in 1967 and was carried by a diverse series of cars over the next three decades. As is common with Mercury vehicles, the Cougar shared basic platforms with Ford models. Originally this was the Mustang, but later versions of the Cougar were based on the Thunderbird, and the last was a version of the Contour/Mondeo. The Cougar was important to Mercury's image for many years, and advertising often identified its dealers as being "at the sign of the cat."Models holding big cats on leashes were used on Cougar ads in the early 1970s. The car was assembled at the Dearborn Assembly Plant (DAP) (one of six plants within the Ford Rouge Center) in Dearborn, Michigan from 1967-73 and at the Lorain Assembly Plant (LAP) in Lorain, Ohio from 1974-97. First generation (1967-70) The 1967 Cougar was based on that year's refaced first-generation Mustang,[3] but with a 3 inch (76 mm) longer wheelbase and new sheet metal. A full-width divided grille with hidden headlamps and vertical bars defined the front fascia—it was sometimes called the electric shaver grille. At the rear, a similar treatment saw the license plate surrounded on both sides with vertically slatted grillework concealing taillights (with sequential turn signals), a styling touch taken from the Thunderbird. A deliberate effort was made to give the car a more "European" flavor than the Mustang, at least to American buyers' eyes. Aside from the base model and the luxurious XR-7, only one trim package was available for either model: the sporty GT. The XR-7 model brought a wood-grained steering wheel, a simulated wood-grained dashboard with a full set of black-faced competition instruments and toggle switches, an overhead console, a T-type center automatic transmission shifter, and leather or vinyl seats. The GT package, meanwhile, supplied a much larger engine, Ford's 390 in³ (6.4 L) FE-series big block to replace the small-block 289 in³ (4.7 L) standard powerplant. Along with this came an upgraded suspension to handle the extra weight of the big engine and give better handling, more powerful brakes, better tires and a low-restriction exhaust system. The Cougar was Motor Trend magazine's Car of the Year for 1967. 1969 Mercury Cougar The Cougar continued to be a Mustang twin for seven years, and could be optioned as a genuine muscle car. Nevertheless, it gradually tended to shift away from performance and toward luxury, evolving into something new in the market — a plush pony car. The signs were becoming clear as early as 1970, when a special edition styled by fashion designer Pauline Trigere appeared, complete with a hound's-tooth pattern vinyl roof. A reskinning in 1971 saw the hidden headlights vanish for good, although hidden wipers were adopted. Between 1969 and 1973, Cougar convertibles were offered. The introduction of the Cougar finally gave Mercury its own pony car. Slotted between the Ford Mustang and the Ford Thunderbird, the Cougar would be the performance icon and eventually the icon for the Mercury name for several decades. The Cougar was available in two models (base and XR-7) and only came in one body style (a two door hardtop). Engine choices ranged from the 200 hp (149 kW) 289 in³ 2-barrel V8 to the 335 hp (250 kW) 390 in³ 4-barrel V8. A notable performance package called the GT was available on both the base and XR-7 Cougars. This included the 390 in³ V8 as well as a performance handling package and other performance goodies. Not much changed for the Cougar in its second year. The addition of federally mandated side marker lights was the major change. But the biggest changes were under the hood and performance-wise for the XR-7 model. Three new engines were added to the option list this year—the 230 hp (172 kW) 302 in³, 4-barrel V8; the 335 hp (250 kW) 428 in³, 4-barrel V8; and the 390 hp (291 kW) 427 in³, 4-barrel V8. Mercury was serious about the Cougar being the performance icon for the company. The XR-7G, named for Mercury road racer Dan Gurney, came with all sorts of performance add-ons, including a hood scoop, Lucas fog lamps and hood pins. Engine selection was limited only to the 302, 390 and the 428 V8. A grand total of 619 XR-7G's were produced, and only 14 G's were produced with the 428 CJ. The mid-year 7.0 L GT-E package was available on both the standard and XR-7 Cougars and came with the legendary 427 V8. The 428 Cobra Jet Ram Air was available in limited numbers on the GT-E towards the end of the model year. Conservatively rated at 335 hp (250 kW) , the 428 Cobra Jet could produce much more (306 kW (410 hp)) from the factory. A grand total of 394 GT-E's were produced, and only 37 were equipped with the 428 Cobra Jet. The third year of production, 1969, brought several new additions to the Cougar lineup. A convertible model was now available in both standard and XR-7 trim. These highly anticipated soft tops proved quite popular and today are considered, by many, among the most desirable of the '67-'70 production run. Exterior-wise, the grille switched from vertical bars to horizontal bars, and a spoiler and a Ram Air induction hood scoop were added as options. A new performance package appeared and several disappeared. The XR-7G and the 7.0 L GT-E disappeared, but the 390 and 428 V8s remained. The 290 hp (216 kW) 351 Windsor V8 was added to the engine lineup. The Eliminator performance package appeared for the first time. A standard 351 in 4-barrel V8 under the hood, with the 390 4-barrel V8, the 428CJ and the Boss 302 available as an option. The Eliminator was the new top of the line performance model of the Cougar lineup. It also featured a blacked-out grille, special side stripes, front and rear spoilers, optional Ram Air induction system, and a more performance tuned suspension and handling package. It also came in a variety of vibrant colors like White, Bright Blue Metallic, Competition Orange, and Bright Yellow. Only 2 Cougars came with the Boss 429 V8, making them the rarest Cougars ever built. 1970 Mercury Cougar The 1970 Cougar appearance wise was similar to the 1969 model, however there were numerous changes inside and out. It now sported a new front end which featured a pronounced center hood extension and electric shaver grille similar to the 1967 and 1968 Cougars. Federally mandated locking steering columns took place on the inside, and the aforementioned new nose and taillight bezels updated the look on the outside. The 300 hp (224 kW) 351 "Cleveland" V8 was now available for the first time though both the Cleveland and Windsor engines were available if you took the base model 2-barrel motor. The 390 Ford FE engine was now dropped from the lineup, and the Boss 302 and 428CJ engines soldiered along. Second generation (1971-73) For 1971, the Cougar was restyled, weighed less and had only a one-inch-longer wheelbase than its predecessors (112 vs. 111 - which was similar to GM's intermediate-sized two-door models such as the Olds Cutlass). The front end now featured four exposed headlights; the disappearing headlights were eliminated. The center grille piece was now larger. The rear featured a semi-fastback with a "flying buttress" sail-panel. The convertible returned as did the XR-7 as well as the GT package. The Eliminator package was eliminated, and the Ram Air option remained. The engine lineup was revised for 1971 as well. Now only three engines were offered—the standard 240 hp (179 kW) 351 Windsor 2-barrel V8, the 285 hp (213 kW) 351 Cleveland 4-barrel V8 and the 370 hp (276 kW) 429 Super Cobra Jet 4-barrel V8. The climate had begun to change as the muscle car era ended. No longer able to use gross power numbers, the manufacturers had to use net power figures which dropped the once mighty figures down substantially. Engines were shuffled around a bit. They were now the standard 163 hp (122 kW) 351 Cleveland 2-barrel V8, 262 hp (195 kW) 351 Cleveland 4-barrel V8, 266 hp (198 kW) 351 4-barrel Cobra Jet V8. Other than that, the Cougar remained a carryover from 1971. Only minor trim details were changed in 1972. The big blocks were gone for 1972 and 1973. The days of performance oriented muscle cars were coming to an end. Aside from minor grille and taillight changes, 1973 would be largely a carryover year for the Cougar, but it would mark the last year of the Mustang-based Cougar, and the end of Cougar Convertibles. Many changes were scheduled for the 1974 models. Power figures continued to change as new federal/EPA regulations began their stranglehold on the V8 engines. The new figures continued to fluctuate but engine options remained unchanged from 1972. The standard engine continued to be the 168 hp (125 kW) 351 Cleveland 2-barrel V8. Optional was the 264 hp (197 kW) 351 Cobra Jet V8. The following years changed to the Thunderbird/Torino chassis. Third generation (1974-76) For 1974, the Cougar was shifted from its Mustang, ponycar origins onto a new platform and into a new market as a personal luxury car. It now shared a chassis with the larger Mercury Montego/Ford Torino intermediates and was twinned up with the new Ford Elite. The wheelbase grew to 114 inches (2,896 mm) and became practically the only car to be upsized during the downsizing decade of the 1970s. These years marked the end of the "luxurious Mustang", and the beginning of the Cougar's move towards becoming a "junior Thunderbird" and eventually a sibling of the Thunderbird. TV commercials compared the Cougar to the Lincoln Continental Mark IV, the most notable featuring Farrah Fawcett in a 1975 TV ad. The Cougar was being marketed as an intermediate-sized personal-luxury car to compete against GM's Chevrolet Monte Carlo and Pontiac Grand Prix. Every GM division had an entry in this market by '74 and the market was too large to ignore. The new Cougar paid homage to its smaller predecessor with a three-piece grille up front, topped by a new hood ornament which featured the Jaguar-like silhouette of a creeping Cougar. The car's Montego heritage was fairly evident from the back, however. In between, it had acquired the sine qua non of the personal luxury car in the 1970s: opera windows. This body ran unchanged for three years, and during this period all Cougars were XR-7s. The Cougar was also restyled inside due to the switch to the larger intermediate body but maintained the front fascia look from 1973 with a new styling feature including a rectangular opera window in the rear c-pillars. The Cougar also began to share the look of the Thunderbird and Continental Mark IV as the years progressed. The base model and convertible were dropped this year, but the XR-7 moniker soldiered on as the only model in the Cougar lineup. Engine offerings from 1974 to 1976 included a standard 351 in³ V8 and optional power plants included the very rare Q-code 351 Cobra Jet V8(1974), plus 400 and 460 in³ V8s. The manual transmission was dropped in favor of the automatic. Interior offerings during these three years included a standard bench seat with cloth or vinyl upholstery, an optional Twin-Comfort Lounge 60/40 bench seat with center armrest and cloth, vinyl or optional leather trim; or all-vinyl bucket seats with center console. In 1975 the Cougar XR-7 continued to add more luxury features as it moved upscale. But with more features, the Cougar was gaining in weight as well. Compared to the 1967 version, the 1975 version weighed a full 1,000 lb (450 kg) more. Despite the added weight the buying public wanted the Cougar and sales figures reflected that fact. However for the performance fans, a high-performance rear axle and Traction-Lok differential continued to be on the option sheet. The standard engine continued to be the 148 hp (110 kW) 351 Windsor 2-barrel V8 with the 158 hp (118 kW) 400 2-barrel V8 and 216 hp (161 kW) 460 4-barrel V8 optional. This Cougar entered its last year largely unchanged from 1975. There was a new body for the Cougar in 1977, so nothing else major was done to the Cougar this year. Only some minor trim pieces served to differentiate this year from last. Engines continued unchanged as well. The high performance axle and Traction-Lok differential were dropped this year. Twin Comfort Lounge reclining seats, with or without velour cloth trim, were the only major change for the interior, but it also showed how much the performance aspect of the Cougar had disappeared. Fourth generation (1977-79) In 1977, radical marketing changes came to Ford's intermediate lineup, although under the skin, mechanical changes were few. The Montego name was discontinued, and all the intermediate Mercury vehicles became Cougars (Ford renamed its Torino line the LTD II). There were now Cougar sedans, complete with opera windows, a lower-line base coupe, and even a station wagon (Cougar Villager), which lasted only one year (1977). The top of the line XR-7 continued as a separate model, with unusual simulated louvers applied in front of its opera windows and a new rear style that was meant to evoke the larger Lincoln Mark coupe. This year, the Elite name vanished from the Ford lineup and the Thunderbird was downsized onto its chassis to become the XR-7's corporate twin. This association between the two cars would continue for two decades. In keeping with the general trend of the times, the old Torino chassis was discontinued after 1979 and all Ford and Mercury intermediates went over to the smaller, lighter Ford Fox platform for 1980. Customers to Lincoln-Mercury showrooms were surprised by the all-new Cougar this year. New sharper and straighter styling that mimicked the Ford Thunderbird and Lincoln Continental Mark V replaced the "fuselage look" of earlier Cougars. The Cougar now shared its body with the Thunderbird, which was downsized to the intermediate bodyshell this year from that of the Continental Mark IV and shared the Cougar's 114-inch (2,896 mm) wheelbase, putting the T-Bird squarely in the intermediate personal-luxury car market as opposed to its previous higher-priced segment of that market shared with the Buick Riviera and Oldsmobile Toronado. This move would join the Thunderbird and Cougar together and would last until their demise in 1997. The lineup was also expanded to include a sedan and station wagon. This was because the Mercury Montego had been discontinued and its models were absorbed into the Cougar lineup as a result while Ford Division renamed the Torino as LTD II. The base Cougar returned as well for all three models. But the XR-7 came only as a coupe. The Cougar Brougham was available as a coupe or sedan, and the Cougar Villager was available as a station wagon only. The engine lineup changed for this year as well. The base engine was the 134 hp (100 kW) 302 2-barrel V8 on all coupes and sedans. The station wagons had the 161 hp (120 kW) 351 2-barrel V8 standard. The 149 hp (111 kW) 351 2-barrel V8 and 173 hp (129 kW) 400 2-barrel V8 were optional on all models. For 1978, the base model 2 door (Model #91 and Body Style 65D) and 4 door (Model #92 and Body Style 53D) hard top sedan stayed the same. The Brougham was discontinued as a separate model and became an option package on the base Cougar. The base model started at $5,009. XR-7 (sport-luxury package) sales continued to skyrocket. This package (Model #93 and Body Style 65L) was only available in a 2 door hard top coupe. This model included power brakes/steering, 15 inch wheels, rear stabilizer bar, walnut woodtone instrument pannel, "XR-7" trunk key-hole door, "COUGAR" decklid script, large hood ornament, and sport-styled roofline with back half vinyl and rear opera side windows/louvers. XR-7 models started at $5,603. Two new decor packages became available, the XR-7 Decor Option and the Midnight/Chamois Decor Option. This latter package came with a half-vinyl roof, padded "Continental" type rear deck, and Midnight Blue and Chamois interior with Tiffany carpeting. This was Mercury's take on the special designer decor options used in the Lincoln Continental Mark VI. Engines continued unchanged as well. The Cougar XR-7 would set an all time sales record this year. 1979 saw few changes as Mercury prepared to downsize the car. A new electronic voltage regulator, and plastic battery tray would be the biggest mechanical changes for the Cougar. The standard engine continued to be the 302 V8 with the 351 the only optional engine available as the 400 was discontinued. The taillight assembly was the only exterior body change. Fifth generation (1980-82) For 1980, the Cougar was downsized to the 108-inch (2,700 mm) wheelbase Fox platform, shared with the Zephyr. The sedan and base coupe were dropped, leaving only the XR-7. Opera windows became optional, although the louvered style of the old opera windows was applied to the standard-window coupes. Wipers were no longer hidden, and for the first time, the Cougar had sedan frames around its windows. Inside, there was a turn to flashy electronics, considered ultramodern at the time, with digital instrumentation and trip computer functions available. A smaller 119 hp (89 kW) 255 in³ (4.2 L) V8 was the base engine, but this engine was considered weak and did not last long, and the 134 hp (100 kW) 302 V8 was optional along with a newly-introduced four-speed automatic overdrive transmission. Like the downsized Thunderbird, this generation was poorly received by the public. In 1981 the return of the base Cougar along with a sedan greeted Cougar buyers; the sedan replaced the Mercury Monarch. The engine lineup grew as a 94 hp (70 kW) 200 in³ I6 became the standard engine in the XR-7 and an 88 hp (66 kW) 140 in³ I4 became the standard engine on the base Cougar, bringing with it a manual transmission. This marked the first time that a four-cylinder engine was available on the Cougar as well as the first time the XR-7 didn't feature a standard V8. Appearance carried over as well, but two new trim lines were added to the Cougars—GS and LS. Both packages were similar in both models, but the base Cougar's LS package only came on the sedan. The GS package focused on appearance, while the LS package offered luxury touches such as power windows and other luxury trim touches. The Cougar lineup continued to expand in 1982 as the station wagon returned for another single-year appearance in the Cougar lineup. It was available in GS or Villager trim lines. The Villager trim added faux rosewood body side appliqué. Another engine was added, the all-new 112 hp (84 kW) 232 in³ V6, but the XR-7 line's 302 V8, was dropped. The GS and LS trim lines continued to be optional on both Cougar models. Sixth generation (1983-88) An all-new Cougar greeted buyers in 1983; gone were the sedan and station wagon models which were facelifted and moved under the Marquis nameplate. The Cougar sported a completely new aerodynamic body, but retained the same chassis. This restyle was shared with its sister car, the Thunderbird, with the two becoming the first examples of the new "aero-look" design, which would eventually spread throughout the Ford line and ultimately the entire industry. The major difference between the two was the side window treatments; the Cougar had a more formal notchback with a nearly-vertical rear window and upswept quarter windows. This made the Cougar look more aerodynamic as well as more exciting when compared to previous Cougars. The new look was such a hit that it outsold the Thunderbird for 1983. But due to the amount of money spent in restyling both models, the interiors were left mostly unchanged from 1982. The GS (but not badged as such) and LS models carried over from the previous year; however, the XR-7 did not as there wasn't yet a performance version ready. The engine lineup changed as the only two engines offered were the 232 in³ (3.8 L) V6 and the 302 in³ (5.0 L) V8. After its redesign in 1983, the Cougar remained mostly unchanged for 1984. The XR-7 returned and for the first time, its standard engine wasn't a V8 or V6, but a turbocharged four-cylinder engine. Similar to the Thunderbird Turbo Coupe, the XR-7 came only with the 145 hp (108 kW) 140 in³ turbocharged I4. The XR-7 also featured blacked-out window trim, wide body side mouldings and two-tone paint in silver with charcoal grey lower (or the reverse combination) with tri-band striping to separate it from the base Cougars. A performance suspension was also standard as well. A three-speed automatic or a five speed manual were offered on the XR-7. Also for 1984, the 3.8 L V6 switched from a carburetor to throttle-body fuel injection. Subtle exterior changes such as a new Mercedes-Benz-esque grille and new taillights were just a few of the many changes as a whole new interior greeted buyers for 1985. This new interior featured a digital instrument cluster which lent a futuristic touch to the Cougar; but it was only available on base Cougars. 1986 was the carryover year for the Cougar. The Cougar was supposed to be redesigned this year, but with sales continuing to be strong, Ford decided to push it ahead to 1987. The biggest changes this year were under the hood as the 302 V8 received new sequential electronic fuel injection (SEFI) which boosted power to 150 hp (112 kW); a 30 hp (22 kW) improvement over the previous year. However, the Cougar didn't receive the High Output option from the Mustang which boosted hp to 225 hp (168 kW). The Cougar XR-7 continued to offer only the turbocharged I4, but it got a power increase to 155 hp (116 kW). Seventh generation (1989-97) The Cougar entered its seventh generation with a completely new body and chassis. Nothing carried over from the previous Cougar except for badging and the engine. In fact, only six parts were carried over from 1988. The biggest change was the switch to the larger MN12 chassis which was shared with the Ford Thunderbird. The chassis featured a fully independent rear suspension, a first for the Cougar. It was also nine inches (229 mm) longer (104.2" vs. 113") for better rear leg room. The flowing lines and extreme notchback roofline were still there, but this generation integrated the two much more successfully. To the surprise of fans, the car had no V8 engine available when introduced. Instead, the base LS had a naturally aspirated 140 hp (104 kW) 3.8 L V6, backed by a 4 speed automatic transmission which had a hard time moving the nearly 3,800 lb (1,700 kg) Cougar. The XR-7 had a 210 hp (157 kW) supercharged version of the same engine, the car could be equipped with a 5-speed manual transmission or a 4-speed automatic with overdrive. Mercury spared no expense in making the XR-7 the performance model; giving it 4 wheel anti-lock disc brakes, an electronically adjustable sport-tuned suspension, monochromatic paint scheme in red, white, and black, and 16" wheels. The LS being more luxury oriented featured a fully digital instrument cluster and chrome trim on the outside. 1991-1993 Mercury Cougar The Cougar saw a minor facelift for 1991, with a smaller grille and slight changes to the headlights, taillights, and side trim. The supercharged engine did not find favor with buyers, and the 200 hp (149 kW) 5.0 L V8 came back to replace it in 1991. As before, it was standard in XR-7s and optional in LS models. A special edition was built in 1992 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Cougar. In 1993, the LS disappeared and the XR-7 nomenclature was changed to XR7 and became the only model available, it was equipped much like the LS except for the leather wrapped wheel/shifter and full analog gauge cluster. For 1994, the Cougar received an all new interior, updated tail lights, grille, body side molding, and the AOD transmission was replaced by the 4R70W in both the V6 and V8 versions of the car. Ford's new OHC 205 hp (153 kW) 4.6L V8 replaced the old OHV 302 as the optional engine. For the 1996 model year the exterior was given a significant facelift. The front and rear bumper covers, headlights, grille, and moulding were updated giving the car a more modern look. The 4.6L engine received an updated intake manifold giving the car 15 lb·ft (20 N·m) of additional torque over the 1995 model, and the transmission was revised for increased reliability. In 1997 Ford began cutting corners in convenience items such as the removal of the underhood light and the glove box light. The interior was updated including a revised instrument cluster, much like that of the Ford Taurus/Mercury Sable, a console with cupholders was included for the first time. The ashtray, and cigarette lighter, were relocated to the space previously occupied by the information center, below the HVAC controls. Another anniversary edition car was built to celebrate 30 years. However, this was the last year for the MN12 Cougar as Ford ultimately decided to discontinue its trio of personal luxury cars: the Mark VIII, the Cougar, and the Thunderbird in order to concentrate on production of high-profit SUV's. Eighth generation (1999-2002) Throughout the early 1990s, sales of large personal luxury coupes were declining. At the same time, small subcompact sport coupes, mainly from Japan were growing in popularity with younger buyers. This prompted Ford to redesign the Cougar as such. Of the three names that had constituted Ford's personal luxury lineup, Mark, Thunderbird, and Cougar, the Cougar returned first and was based on the Ford Contour sedan. Launched in the UK at the British Grand Prix at the Silverstone Circuit in 1998,[4] this Cougar became Mercury's first sport compact since the 1983 Mercury LN7. This generation of Cougar had a far more contemporary package, with modern DOHC 24-valve 6 cylinder Duratec engines, a fully independent multilink suspension, and front-wheel drive. This was also the first hatchback Cougar, and the first to have its own body, unshared by any Ford. The body design used a philosophy Ford dubbed "New Edge" design: a combination of organic upper body lines with sharp, concave creases in the lower areas. The Cougar's body, and the New Edge idea in general, was introduced as a concept called the Mercury MC2 in 1997, and was considered a bigger version of the European Ford Puma. The 1999–2002 Cougars were available with two engine options, the 2.0 L Zetec 4-cylinder engine with 130 hp (97 kW), and the 2.5 L Duratec V6 with 170 hp (127 kW). Also, two transaxle options were available: the manual Ford MTX-75 transmission or the automatic Ford CD4E transmission (available in the U.S. with either engine, although the I4/Automatic combo was extremely rare; supposedly only 500 Cougars were built with the I4/Auto combination) "Sport Package" models with the V6 featured 4-wheel vented disc brakes (from the Contour SVT), 16" alloy wheels, and the speed governor removed. With the electronic speed limiter removed, the top speed of the car was limited by drag and engine power in top gear at redline, around 150 mph (240 km/h).[citation needed] While this was considered attainable given enough road, the automatic transmission version could not reach this speed without significant engine modification. Without the sport package, the speed governor was set at 115 mph (185 km/h) due to the H-rated tires the car came equipped with. Ford also prepared two high performance concept-only versions dubbed the "Eliminator", which was a supercharged version built with aftermarket available parts, and the "Cougar S", which featured new body work, front-wheel drive and a 3.0 L Duratec engine. Ford also sold this generation of Cougar in Europe and Australia as the Ford Cougar, but was not a sales success. This new generation was aimed at younger buyers, but was sold alongside Sables and Grand Marquis' which were marketed toward middle aged buyers. Also, Mercury salesmen did not know how to properly market the car, as they were used to interacting with older customers. Admittedly, demand for all coupes continued to dwindle. A high-performance Cougar S (not to be confused with the concept) was discussed in the press, which was essentially a Cougar with a Contour SVT engine; however, this version never made it into production. The Cougar S was so close to production however that many of its parts are still available to order from the dealership. It is listed in many parts catalogs and insurance databases. It was also to be sold in Europe as the Ford Cougar ST200. To help create excitement for the Cougar, Mercury created several paint and trim packages called: 2001-2002 Mercury Cougar Special Edition (2000 model year) available in Zinc Yellow, leather interior with yellow stitching on the seats C2 (2001-2002 model years) available in either French Blue, Silver Frost, or Vibrant White, along with special blue interior accents Zn (2001 model year) available with special Zinc Yellow, special Visteon hood scoop and spoiler XR (2002 model year) available in either Black or XR Racing Red, with special black and red seats and interior trim. Also came with 17" silver wheels with black accents on the inner spokes. 35th Anniversary (2002 model year) Available in Laser Red, Satin Silver, and Black. Most came with leather interiors with silver center sections on the seats. They also came with 17" machined wheels, the same as the XRs without the black paint on the center spokes Roush Edition (1999-2000 model year) Available mostly in white and silver color choices, this car was built under the Roush name with body work done to the front bumper,back,side skirts and more. Considered the rarest of all cougars since only 112 were ever made during its 2 year production. For the 2001 model year, the Cougar was "updated" as the Cougar2 with new headlights, front and rear fascias, and updated interior trim. Ford announced a restructuring plan in 2002, and the Cougar was cancelled for good (along with the Ford Escort, Lincoln Continental and Mercury Villager). The discontinuation of the Cougar left no four-cylinder vehicles in the Mercury lineup until the 2005 Mariner SUV arrived. This generation of Cougar was plagued with several problems from the start, mostly within the brakes, lighting, electrical systems, and engine design, which led to several complaints, and recalls. 1969 Dodge Charger R/T The Dodge Charger was a model of car produced by Dodge. The 1966 to 1974 Chargers were sporty models based on the Chrysler B platform that could be ordered with high-performance options. The 1975 to 1978 Chargers were based on the Chrysler Cordoba. The Dodge Charger R/T was one of the largest muscle cars available in the 1970s. Birth of the Charger. In 1964, when the Pontiac GTO started the American muscle car era with strong sales, the rest of GM's divisions were quick to jump on the muscle car bandwagon. Buick followed with the Gran Sport and even Oldsmobile brought out the 442. Dodge, despite putting out cars that could meet or beat these cars on the street or strip, didn't have a performance image muscle car of their own.[citation needed] Even with available performance engines, the Coronet's styling and image was considered by most to be "conservative." Burt Bouwkamp, Chief Engineer for Dodge during the 1960s and one of the men behind the Dodge Charger, related his experience during a speech in July 2004. "Lynn Townsend was at odds with the Dodge Dealers and wanted to do something to please them. So in 1965 he asked me to come to his office - for the second time. He noted that one of the Dodge Dealer Council requests was for a Barracuda type vehicle. The overall dealer product recommendation theme was the same - we want what Plymouth has. The specific request for a Mustang type vehicle was not as controversial to Lynn. His direction to me was to give them a specialty car but he said 'for God's sake don't make it a derivative of the Barracuda': i.e. don't make it a Barracuda competitor. "So the 1966 Charger was born. "We built a Charger 'idea' car which we displayed at auto shows in 1965 to stimulate market interest in the concept. It was the approved design but we told the press and auto show attendees that it was just an "idea" and that we would build it if they liked it. It was pre-ordained that they would like it." The concept car received a positive response, so Dodge put it into production. 1970 Plymouth Superbird. The short-lived Plymouth Road Runner Superbird was a highly modified version of the Plymouth Road Runner, which itself was simply a modified Belvedere with special drivetrain and suspension options (along with the well known graphics and horn). It was the factory's follow on stock car racing design for the 1970 season to the Dodge Charger Daytona of 1969, and incorporated many engineering changes and modifications (both minor and major) garnered from the Daytona's season in competition on the track. The cars primary rival was the Ford Torino Talladega, which in itself was a direct response to the Mopar aero car. It has also been speculated that one of the major motivating factors in the production of the car was to lure Richard Petty back to Plymouth. Both of the Mopar aero cars famously featured a protruding, aerodynamic nosecone, a massive rear spoiler (referred to as a "wing" in the street version), and, in the case of the Superbird, the same horn which mimicked the Road Runner cartoon character. History. Developed specifically for NASCAR racing, the Superbird, a modified Plymouth Road Runner/Belvedere, was Plymouth's follow on design to the Charger Daytona fielded by sister company Dodge in the previous season. The Charger 500 version that began the 1969 season was the first American car to be designed aerodynamically using a wind tunnel and computer analysis, and later was modified into the Daytona version with nose and tail. The Superbird's smoothed-out body and nosecone were further refined from that of the Daytona, and in the street verion with functionally retractable headlights added nineteen inches to the Road Runner's original length. The rear spoiler, or "wing", was mounted on tall vertical struts that put it into less disturbed air thus increasing the efficiency of the downdraft that it placed upon the cars rear axle. In street versions, it was designed to provide clearance for the trunklid to open freely. The rear-facing fender scoops were incorporated in an effort to ventilate trapped air from the wheel wells in order to facilitate brake cooling. A Mopar Orange Plymouth SuperbirdIn response, NASCAR's homologation requirement demanded that vehicles to be raced must be available to the general public and sold through dealerships in specific minimum numbers. For 1970, NASCAR raised the production requirement from 500 examples to one for every 2 Manufacturer's dealers in the United States; in the case of Plymouth, that meant having to build 1,920 Superbirds. Due to increasing emmisions regulations, combined with insurance hikes for high performance cars, 1970 would be its only production year. "Superbird" decals were placed on the outside edges of the spoiler vertical struts featuring a picture of the Road Runner cartoon character holding a racing helmet. A smaller version of the decal appears on the driver side headlight door. The Superbirds had 3 engine options: the 426 Hemi engine, the 440 Super Commando with a single 4-barrel carburetor, or the 440 Super Commando Six Barrel with three two-barrel carburetors. Only 135 models were fitted with the 426 Hemi. As the 440 was less expensive to produce, the "Street" version of the 426 Hemi engine used in competition was homologated by producing the minimum number required. On the street, the nosecone and wing were very distinctive, but the aerodynamic improvements hardly made a difference there or on the drag strip. In fact, the 1970 Road Runner was actually quicker in the quarter mile and standard acceleration tests due to the increased weight of the Superbird's nose and wing. Only at speeds in excess of 90 mph did the modifications show any benefit. 1965 Skylark Gran Sport. The 1965 Skylark Gran Sport was the intermediate Buick Skylark with the Gran Sport option added. Although a 300 cubic inch engine V8 was already offered in the Skylark, the Gran Sport had the largest engine permitted by GM - a 400 in³ Buick V8. This engine was actually 401 in³ but called a "400" by Buick because that was the maximum engine size limit set by General Motors for the intermediate body cars. This engine produced 325 hp (242 kW) and 445 ft·lbf (603 Nm) and was known as the "nailhead" engine. Buick sold more than 15,000 Skylarks with the Gran Sport option that first year, and almost that many the next. It was renamed the GS 400 in 1967, and the Gran Sport became its own model in (about) that same year along with a new "400" engine quite different from the notoriously reliable but growingly obsolete nailhead engine design that was first introduced in 1953. Sales fell somewhat in the face of increasingly more hot and popular muscle cars from other marques when compared to those from the more stodgy and expensive Buick. Buick, however stepped it up a notch when introducing the Stage 1 option in 1969. This limited (less than 1,500 cars in 1969) version produced 340 hp (253 kW) and 440 ft·lbf (597 Nm). The name Gran Sport replaced the GS moniker with the 1973 Gran Sport, and was again revived in the late eighties on the FWD Skylark model with various performance options added.

Chevrolet Camaro

In what Olympic weightlifting event does the lifter explosively pulling the weight from the floor to a racked position and then, through a series of quick motions, pushes the bar above his head?

Bulletin Daily Paper 10-07-15 by Western Communications, Inc. - issuu follow California and cover immigrants here illegally?A6 country. "I can't see any good coming out of it," Barker said Tuesday about a pair of ballot measures filed StumptownCoffee —Independent brand purchased by Peet's Coffee andTea.C6 for next year's November V election. One, which is supported by Oregon House Speaker And a Wed exclusive- Tina Kotek, D-Portland, Racehelped shapedthe politics of U.S. Senatecandidate Kamala Harris of California. benclbulletin.curn/extrns would raise the state's minimum wageto$13.50over a two-year period. The other would jump Oregon's hourly minimum wage to $15 over a three-year time span. The $13.50-an-hour proposal, created by a union-led coalition called c Rod Raise the Wage, is intended The egg to put pressure on Oregon lawmakers during the 2016 i VI legislative session to raise sandwich: a surprising history Project Manager Brent Pierson carries away the road closed sign blocking the intersection of SE American Lane and Reed Market Road to open the stretch of road to traffic Tuesday afternoon in Bend, marking the completion of an $18.3 million project. By Sarah Kaplan The station sold gas for $1.99 per gallon from 4-7 p.m. to celebrate the big day. the minimum wage. SeeWage/A5 Photos by Joe Kline/The Bulletin Below, TomMealy, owner of the Expressway Corner Market & Deli at SE 15th Street and ReedMarket Road, pumpsgas for patrons. The Washington Post That sound you heard at 11 a.m. Tuesday — those exultant cheers swiftly muffled by mouthfuls of English muffin, bacon, egg and cheese? They By Kailey Fisicaro road construction began, The Bulletin right in a row. Even with their regular customers rolling through, the loss of drive-by traffic really hurt the business. The Healys are ready for a year wait, residents and business owners' patience was After more than a two- Cops help colleagues in distress By Christine Byers St. Louis Post-Dispatch are the victory cries of rewarded'IItesday afternoon thousands of McDonald's breakfast lovers, who for when traffic began flowing in both directions again at the first time in 43 years Reed Market Road in south- Others, like Ray Mar- will (officially) be able to consume Egg McMuffins east Bend. The $18.3 million project couiller, 89, and Ted Wilcox, Straughter. A call for all available units boomed at whatever time of day included the addition of a they deem fit. second lane eastbound east of American Lane bridge, 75, are just looking forward to having a set path home again. The men have been next-door neighbors at Newberry Drive just off of SE But, as we celebrate the triumph of breakfast over revival. a center turn lane and theoppressiveforcesof socially mandated meal- 6-foot-wide bike lanes. The BNSF rail crossing also was times, it's worth remem- rebuilt and the American bering that McDonald's is Lane bridge was moved and reconstructed. Sidewalks and landscaping, which are part of the project as well, still need business to tie the last few balloons acknowledging the big day. At 4 p.m., just down the street and west of the rail- they lost business but regular some work, but the official road crossing, a handful of people, mostly officials, did a neither the only or the first fast-food provider to dish up the portable, delectable combination of egg, meat, cheese and bread. SeeSandwich/A5 Corrections In a story headlined "Reed Market opens —early," which appeared Tuesday,Oct. 6, on Page A1,the number of travel lanes in both directions was incorrect. ReedMarket Road will only have two lanesfor eastbound traffic between American Laneand SE15th Street. In a story headlined "Hopes for Skyline Forest project aran't dead yet," which appeared Tuesday, Oct. 6, onPageA1, the price for nearly 200,000 acres of timberland purchased by Whitefish CascadeForest Resources was incorrect. Fidelity National Financial, the company that sold the land, reported it received atotal cash distribution of $63 million for 197,000 acres of property in Deschutes andKlamath counties. The Bulletin regrets the errors. both directions. Healy's son, Daniel Healy, was one of the people to help cut the ribbon. "We' re very relieved," Daniel Healy said, adding, that from SE Third Street to 27th Street was at 4p.m. 7ttesday. At 20 minutes till, Tom ceremonious ribbon cutting. But the real monumental customers mostly remained. "We kept a loyal following." The Healy family has owned the market and gas moment came when the bar- station for 20 years, but just Healy, co-owner of Express- way Corner Market & Deli at SE 15th Street and Reed 4 p.m. and drivers began traveling the road again — in before Daniel took over daily operations a few years ago, opening of the stretch of road the recession hit, and then test to Joan "Joann" Glover have a clear route to get to across the St. Louis police sergeant's radio, but she didn't flinch. Questioned later about why she didn' t respond, she exploded in anger, then cried. Three days before, at a restaurant where she worked a security job, Glover Straughter had fatally shot a man who raised a gun at her after ignoring her commands to drop it. She went through the Fred Meyer again, he said. motions of department pro- Reed Market for more than Market Road, headed out to the corner in front of his ST. LOUIS — Filling out a traffic crash report felt as challenging as a chemistry two decades. As different sectionsoftheroadw ere worked on over the past cou- ple years, Marcouiller and Wilcox had to continually update their ways home from running errands by car. Marcouiller is glad he' ll 'Whoa, let's get out of the way!" Wilcox said jokingly just as the ribbon was cut, anticipating a rush of traffic. SeeMoving/A5 tocol: completing a psychological evaluation, making a statement to investigators and returning to work three days later. SeeCops/A4 Colleges that honoredCosbyface tough question By Sydney Ember and Colin Moynihan New Yorh Times News Service Every spring for decades, a similar scene played out at colleges across the United States: Students picked up their degrees — and Bill Cosby stood alongside them. Schools wanted Cosby, the popular, education-embracing comedian, to give their commencement address, and he routinely showed up, often in a school sweatshirt, offering high-fives, hugs and homespun advice. In exchange, universities and colleges gave TODAY'S WEATHER i<'~~ Cl o uds and sun High 72, Low 46 Page B6 him honorary degrees in categories like education, public service and law. Few people in U.S. history have been recognized by universities as often as Cosby, whose publicist once honorary degrees. The New oredfall sfrom grace. York Times, in a quick search, Some are sticking with found nearly 60. longstanding policies that But now, as dozens of wom- estimated that the entertainer en have come forward to accuse Cosby of sexual assault, colleges are confronting the question of what to do when had collected more than 100 someone who has been hon- The Bulletin INDEX Business Calendar Classified C5-6 Comics/Pu zzles E3-4 Horoscope D 6 Outdoors 82 Crosswords E 4 L o cal/State B1 6 S I E1-8 Dear Abby D6 Ob ituaries B5 N'/Movies D1 - 6 C1 4 D6 An Independent Newspaper vol. 113, No. 280, 32 pages, 5 sections prohibit the revocation of such awards. Some are still debating what to do. And some are rescinding Cosby's degrees. SeeCosby/A4 Q Ill/e use recycled newsprint ': IIIIIIIIIIIII o SOUTH CAROLINA FLOODING STOP, START OR MISS YOUR PAPER? PriSOner releaSe —The federal Bureau of Prisons plans to release 6,000 prisoners at the end ofOctober, implementing a decision last year to slash the number of incarcerated drug offenders by nearly half. Officials said the nationwide releasesover four days starting Oct. 30 will be the largest in U.S. history. Last year, in line with a concerted effort by the Obamaadministration to reduce the number of drug offenders in U.S. prisons, the U.S.Sentencing Commission voted to cut drug sentences by an average of two years, potentially affecting as many as46,000 out of 100,000 cases. 541-385-5800 Phonehours:6a.m.-3p.m.Mon.-Fri., 6:30 a.m.-noonSat.-Sun., 6:30 a.m.-10:30 a.m.major holidays s GENERAL INFORMATION 541-382-1811 MideaSt ViOlenCe —Asthe bodies have piled up during the past week — four Israelis killed in two Palestinian attacks, four Palestinians slain by Israeli troops — peoplehavebeennervously debating whether it is the onset of athird intifada. But even asthe violence continued Tuesday, thevery notion of a Palestinian uprising may beoutdated, a futile look to history to define events unfolding in profoundly different circumstances. Analysts sayPalestinians today lack the strong leadership that in1987 harnessedspontaneous stone-throwing to an organized movement leading to theOslo PeaceAccords, or that orchestrated the campaign of suicide bombings starting in 2000. Mon.-Fri., 8 a.m.-5 p.m. bulletin©bendbulletin.corn N EW S R O O M AFTER HOURS AND WEEKENDS 541-383-0367 RuSSia and Turkey —Tensions between Russia andTurkey widened onTuesdayover the Russian bombings of Syrian rebels and multiple violations of Turkish airspace. Aside from blunt warnings, there appears to be little President RecepTayyip Erdogan cando about Russia's assertive military actions in Syria, which haveundercut his priorities to oust the Syrian leader, BasharAssad, andestablish a buffer zone onSyria's border with Turkey. While in manyways close to Russia, Erdogan is nowleaning more heavily on his NATO allies, reflecting the shifting forces buffeting Turkey as it copeswith the military, economic and humanitarian fallout of Syria's civil war. NEW S R O O M FA X 541-385-5804 N EW S R O O M E M A IL Business [email protected] City [email protected] CommunityLife [email protected] Spurts..............sports©bendbulletin.corn OUR ADDRESS Street ........... 1777 SW Chandler Ave. Bend, OR97702 Mailing......... P.O.Box6020 Bend, OR97708 Janet Blackmon Morgan /The (Myrtle Beach, S.CJ Sun News via The Associated Press Flooding is shown around homes in theCarolina h i gh water. Forest community in Horry County, betweenConway T u esday was the first dry day since Sept. 24 in and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. South Carolina's capital of Columbia, where amidOwners of inundated homeswere keeping close n i g ht-to-6 a.m. curfew was in effect. watch on swollen waterways asthey pried open swol- B u t officials warned that new evacuations could len doors and tore out soakedcarpets. So far, at least come as the huge mass of water flows toward the 17 people havedied in the floods in the Carolinas, sea, threatening damsand displacing residents along some of them drowning after trying to drive through the way. Yemen dOmdihgS —The Islamic State extremist group claimed responsibility for a series of bombings in Yemen's two largest cities Tuesday that killed at least 25 people, including troops from the Persian Gulf who are fighting Yemeni rebels. Thefirst attacks — coordinated bombings in the southern city of Aden —werethe largest in that city by the Islamic State since the group surfaced in Yemen last year. Along with the bombing of a mosque inSanaa,the capital, that killed at least sevenpeople later Tuesday,the attacks are the latest sign that Sunni extremists are gaining strength amid the country' s multisided war. Qrs ADMINISTRATION Chairwoman Eliz abethC.Mccool ..........541-383-0374 Publisher John Costa........................ 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TO SUIISCRISE Call us ................541-385-5800 Home deliveryandE-Editien: One month: $1 7.50 <Pdintonly: 816.50) Bymail:One month: $25 E-Editien only:Onemonth: $13 TO PLACE AN AD Classified ........................... 541-385-5809 Advertising fax .................. 541-385-5802 Other information ............. 541-382-1 811 TO APPLY FOR A JOB The istan now believes that U.S. troops did not follow their own rules in calling in the confirm it was a legitimate target before calling in the strike, the officials said. Regardless of what mistake may have been made, Campbell told a Senate committee Tuesday that the strike was vestigating officer, Brig. Gen. Richard Kim, suggest a chain ultimately the result of "a U.S. decision made within the U.S. tails about the attack, which killed 22 on Saturday. airstrike that d e cimated a Doctors W i t h out B o r d ers chain ofcommand." He took hospital when no U.S. and Afghan troops were in extreme Refugee CrOWIifuIIdiIIg —As Syrian refugees continue to flee the violence at home,President Barack Obamais turning to the modern tools of Silicon Valley entrepreneurship as asupplement to the more traditional means of humanitarian relief. At the request of officials from the White HouseOffice of Digital Strategy, the crowdfunding website Kickstarter has begun its first social service campaign aimed at raising moneyfor the United Nations refugee agency on behalf of Syrian refugees. Visitors to the site cancontribute $15 to buy a sleeping bag, or $70for an emergency rescue kit, or $160, which the site says could payfor a refugee's shelter. of mistakes likely led to the attack on the hospital. In his COmmerCe in Cuda —The United States commerce secretary, Penny Pritzker, told Cubanofficials on Tuesdaythat the Obama administration wants to create asmany business opportunities as possible in their nation for American companies despite the long embargo and more than five decades ofColdWarestrangement. testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Campbell offered few new de- — From wire reports responsibility for th e sustained bombardment of the medical facility, which he said danger, according to officials with direct knowledge of the took place in response to an general's thinking. Afghan call for help. "Obviously, the i n vestiUnder the rules, airstrikes are authorized to kill terror- gation is still underway, but ists, protect U.S. troops and Campbell's thinking now is help Afghans who request t hat the Americans on t h e support in battles — like the ground did not follow the Taliban'8 recent takeover of rules of engagement fully," Kunduz — that can change said one of three U.S. offithe military landscape. The cials, all of whom emphasized idea is to give troops leeway that no final conclusions had but keep Americans out of b een reached and that t h e daily combat. inquiry could yield different The Special Operations reasonsforwhat transpired. forces did not meet any of the If U.S. troops did not follow criteria, the commander, Gen. the rules, it is not clear why, or John Campbell, has said in private discussions, according to the officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not autho- how far up the chain of com- crete e mand the decision to allow the strike was made. Nor is it clear whether any of the Afghan or U.S. troops involved rized to discuss the matter. in the strike knew that they The Special Operations forces also apparently did not were unleashinga sustained air attack on a hospital. have "eyes on" — that is, were Campbell's public remarks unable to positively identify and what he has said privately, — the area to be attacked to based on reports from his in- Nancy Kerrigan.................541-383-0327 OTHER SERVICES Back issues ...................... 541-385-5800 Photoreprints................... 541-383-0358 Obituaries......................... 541-617-7825 Ag Bulletin paymentsareaccepted at the drop box atCity Hall. Checkpayments may beconvertedto anelectronic funds transfer.TheBulletin, USPS P552-520, ispublisheddailybyWestern Communications Inc.,1777SWChandler Ave., Bend,OR97702.Periodicals postagepaidat Bend,OR.Postmaster: Send address changesto TheBulletin circulationdepartment, Po. Box6020, Bend, OR 97708. TheBulletin raisins ownershipandcopyright protection of all staff-prepared newscopy,advertising copy andnewsoradilustrations. They may not be reproducedwithout explicit prior approval. Oregon Lottery results As listed at www.oregonlottery.org and individual lottery websites MEGA MILLIONS The numbers drawnTuesday night are: ©9 The estimated jackpot is now Q >7Q ss Q 63Q 64Q66 $65 million. Terrorismcited in killing in Australia lastweek By Michelle Innis offense," she said, adding that New York Times News Service SYDNEY — investigators suspect the boy C o u nterter- had been influenced, either rorismpoliceofficersarrested four people this morning in connection with a teenager's fatal shooting of a police accountant last Friday, an attack that officials have described ideologically or politically, to kill. It was not clear how the boy might havebeen connected to those arrested today in the case. as terrorism. The four were all male and Raids in Sydney's western from Sydney's northwest subsuburbs early today involved urbs, ranging in age from 16 more than 200 officers from to 22, the police said. A fifth the joint counterterrorism and state crime homicide squads. The raids were linked to the killing of Curtis Cheng, 58, who was shot by a 15-year-old at the Police Headquarters in the Sydney suburb of Parramatta as he left work on Friday afternoon, the police said. Officers responding to the attack then fatally shot the man was detained on a fraud warrant and later released. The police also visited a mosque in Parramatta where it was believed the boy worshiped, according to local news reports. On Tuesday they also reportedly visited his school, where another youth was questioned about his posts on social media and later • WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015•THE BULLETIN A3 TART TODAY It's Wednesday,Oct. 7,the 280th day of 2015. Thereare 85 days left in the year. HAPPENINGS Nndel PriZe —Chemistry will be the next prize to be announced. DrOne Safety —FAAofficials go before the U.S.House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee in ahearing HISTORY Highlight:In1985, Palestinian gunmen hijacked the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro in the Mediterranean. (The hijackers killed Leon Klinghoffer, a Jewish-American tourist, before surrendering on Oct. 9.) In1765,the Stamp ActCongress convened inNewYork to draw up colonial grievances against England. In1849, author Edgar Allan Poe died in Baltimore at age 40. In 1858, the fifth debate between illinois senatorial candidates Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas took place in Galesburg. In1929,former Interior Secretary Albert Fall, one of the main figures of the Teapot Dome scandal, went on trial, charged with accepting a bribe from oil tycoon Edward Doheny. (Fall was found guilty and sentenced to ayear in prison; he served nine months. Doheny was acquitted at his own trial of offering the bribe Fall was convicted of taking.) In1954, Marian Anderson became the first black singer hired by the Metropolitan Opera Company in NewYork. In1960, Democratic presidential candidate John F.Kennedy and Republican opponent Richard Nixon held their second televised debate, this one in Washington, D.C. In1979, Pope John PaulII concluded his weeklong tour of the United States with a Mass on the Washington Mall. In1991,University of Oklahoma law professor Anita Hill publicly accused Supreme Court nomineeClarence Thomas of making sexually inappropriate comments when she worked for him; Thomas denied Hill's allegations. In2004, President George W. Bush and VicePresident Dick Cheney concededthat Saddam Hussein had noweapons of mass destruction as they tried to shift the Iraq war debate to a new issue, arguing that Saddam wasabusing a U.N. oil-for-food program. Ten years ngo: The Nobel Peace Prizewasawarded to the International Atomic Energy Agencyandits chief, Mohamed EIBaradei. Five years ego:NewJersey Gov. Chris Christie canceled construction of a decadesin-the-making train tunnel between NewJersey and Manhattan, citing cost overruns that had ballooned the price tag from $5 billion to $10 billion or more. One year ngo: North Korea publicly acknowledged to the international community the existence of its "reform through labor" camps, amention that appeared to comein response to ahighly critical U.N. human rights report. BIRTHDAYS Retired South African Archbishop andNobel Peace laureate DesmondTutu is 84. Author ThomasKeneally is 80. ComedianJoy Behar is73. Actress Jill Larson is 68.Singer JohnMellencamp is64.Rock musician Ricky Phillips is 64. Actress Mary Badham("To Kil a Mockingbird" ) is 63.Actress Christopher Norris is 62. Rock musician TicoTorres (BonJovi) is 62. Cellist Yo-Yo Mais 60. Gospel singer Michael W.Smith is 58. Olympic gold medal ice dancer JayneTorvill is 58. Actor Dylan Baker is57. Recording executive and TV personality Simon Cowell is 56. Rhythmand-blues singerToni Braxton is 48. Rock singer-musician Thorn Yorke (Radiohead) is47. Electronic musician Flying Lotus (AKA StephenEllison) is 32. MLB player EvanLongoria is 30. Actress Lulu Wilson is10. — From wire reports • Discoveries, breakthroughs,trends, namesin the news— the things you needto know to start out your day BREAKTHROUGH Toyota conceptcanmerge t in Sta nOW onto highwayhands-free a outt e 0 e win in SICS By Craig Trudeg and Yuki Hagiwnrn Bloomberg News TOKYO — Touch a button on the steering wheel ''C'< and put your hands up- this Toyota will take it from here. That's the gist of the ex- By Carolyn Johnson The mile of rock above would act like a filter and the perience Toyota offered Tokyo. Its "highway teammate"concept car,a m od- The Nobel Prize is near- ly always high concept stuff — and perhaps the physics one most especially. Even for thosewho are interested and thrilled by the origins and future of the universe or the fundamental particles that make up matter, the frontier of knowledge in physics can be a little hard to grasp. Which makes the humble neutrino stand out. Two interactions between the neutrino and the particle inside. This detector identified neutrinos created from the sun, but far too few. "That was where the hint came from that there weren' t enough neutrinos coming from the sun," said Kate Scholberg, a p hysicist at Duke University. "That lasted forever; it started in the '60s, when they detected less to reporters Tuesday in ified L exus G S s e d an, pulled off automated feats ToyotaMotor Corp. via Bloomberg News including entering public Toyota's "highway teammate" concept cer can pull off automated expressways, switching feats including entering public expressways, switching lanes and lanes and steering to the steering to the offremp. offramp, all while picking spots to speed up or slow down based on the surrounding traffic. T he demonstration i l - physicists, Takaaki Kajita of the University of Tokyo and Arthur McDonald of Queen' s University in Canada, shared the Nobel today for showing than predicted by the model. Is something wrong with the model? Something wrong that neutrinos have mass. That means a lyrical John Updike poem needs an offi- for his work, but also set off wanted to keep a driver ful- cial correction: Neutrinos, they are ve ry small. They have no charge; they have no-maes; a tiny amount several decades of scientific soul-searching. of mass; The answer would come from the work that led to this year's Nobel prize. Neutrinos, physicists figured out, came in three flavors. Davis' detector was ly engaged, the Japanese automaker is now in the same camp as companies like Google in developing its technology all the way to cars going fully driverless, according to Moritaka Yoshida, Toyota's chief safety technology officer. "The technology we' re showing today is at the lev- sensitive to only one — the el where all the operation electron neutrinos produced for driving is possible by itself," Yoshida said in an They do not interact at alL The earth is just a silly ball To them, th r ough which they pass Like dustmaids down a drafty hall. If a poet can get excited Davis would win the Nobel "Solar Neutrinos: Where are They?" a 1972 article in Science magazine asked. about neutrinos, so can we. Here's my case for why we, like physicists, should cele- by the sun. That meant may- brate the neutrino: switch identities. But for that to be true, the particles would A figment of physicists' imaginations The neutrino was invented to fix a loophole in an equation. Who hasn't stared at a math problem and notbeen able to figure out why the numbers don't add up? When that happened for physicists in 1930, who were trying to figure out why there was some troubling missing energy in radioactive decay, Enrico Fermi and Wolfgang Pauli invented an imaginary particle to solve the problem. be he was finding so few because the neutrinos could have to have a mass and everyone had assumed they didn' t. The experiments that McDonald and Kajita led - cavernous underground detectors in Canada and Japan — were able to finally show that neutrinos have mass and technology that essential- ly turns cars into co-pilots that boost the driver' s skills. W h il e e x ecutives have in the past said they interview. "We will keep in- creasing its accuracy." The concept car tak- mous-driving features than this year installed with a sep- at a similar event Toyota hosted two years ago. At arate safety technology that uses a dedicatedradio fre- that time, the automaker quency to communicate with highlighted a system for the surrounding infrastructracing lanes and keeping ture and other vehicles. the car centered. The vehi- The people's particle Perhaps more than any steering assistance to avoid c ollision. Those are t h e other particle, the neutrino is sorts of features now be- also the people's particle. It was a daring fiction concoct- to fellow scientists. "I have ed in the mind of a scientist, come to a desperate way out. confirmed aquarter century ... I admit that my solution later, that has continued to tease the scientific world with its elusive nature for another half century. Even knowing it or Lexus models. "For the future beyond 2020, forts, will direct joint research centers being established by driverless car is a possibility," the automaker at S t anford en for test d rives today said Yoshida. University and Massachusetts was equipped with more The automaker will begin Institute of Technology. sophisticated aut o no- sellingcars before the end of were changing identity. The particles weren't disappearing — they were changing flavors. "Dear radioactive ladies and gentlemen," Pauli wrote may appear to you not very probable a priori, since one would probably have seen the neutrons a long time ago if they exist. But only one who lustrates how far Toyota has come in developing coming more widely available The Crown sedan will be in showrooms. the first of three Toyota modAt this point, the modified els going on sale in Japan this Lexus concept is capable of year that can deliver audio going into autonomous mode and visual alerts when a drivonly on Tokyo expressways. er has taken his or her foot The car can indicate on its cen- off the brake and has started ter screen as well as play an to creep into an intersection. audio message when it wants The system also can caution the driver to take over if other the driver when he or she apvehicles aren't letting it merge. proaches a red light and hasn' t Returning to manual mode is eased off the accelerator. Once simple — just grab the wheel stopped, the car counts down or press the brake. how much time remains until The Lexus GS made avail- the light turns green. able to reporters Tuesday was Toyota last month hired the developed in close collabora- U.S. military's top robotics ention with Toyota group sup- gineer as part of a $50 million pliers including Denso Corp., investment in a r tificial-intelYoshida said. Toyota aims to ligence research to build on introduce cars with automat- its semi-autonomous driving ed highway driving by around efforts. Gill Pratt, who had 2020. Yoshidadeclined to say beenprogram manager forthe whether the technology will be Defense Advanced Research made available first in Toyota Projects Agency's robotics ef- WILSONSof Redmond 541-548-2066 ~e<"'6 \ cle had radar that detected vehicles or pedestrians up ahead, automatically decelerating or triggering Sun SPot Reduction IPL PhotoFacral $135 (r1 15 savings) Cannotcombinewith anyotheroffer.Bpirrs 11/30/15. Schedule Online Lyndsey Carter 541-788-5246 K SK48 K > M K SINCs G allery-Be n d 541-330-5084 EÃ8" has mass doesn't solve things, because that simple fact chips dares wins." away at a canonical framePauli suggested "the neu- work in physics, called the trons" be called neutrinos in- Standard Model. Further exstead — little neutral ones. periments on neutrinos may help us crack a philosophical The poltergeist panicle conundrum: why the universe Science can often seem is made up of matter and not quite dry, its results presented as if their certitude was anti-matter. never in doubt. But science is a risky business, more a process of continuously being wrong about stuff and trou- of the little town o f L e ad, South Dakota, where the co- Take a Darkness to Light Training and help save a child from abuse. I calledMayor Jerry Apa nundrum about neutrinos that was ultimately solved by scientists today first began, it is about enjoying moments to ask him how he felt about of lucid insight. As if an ad- his town's role in this ongoing mission of that fact, the Nobel mystery of the universe. Prize-winning e x periment Lead isn't a university town that confirmed the neutrino or even a very big place — its bleshooting experiments than was real in 1956 was called population hovers a little over Project Poltergeist. If ever 3,000 people. But it recently one needed a reminder that put up a statue, made of the even physicists pondering the actual metal of the original smallest components of mat- detector, he said, to honor ter or the biggest questions Ray Davis, the scientist who about the universe are just started the head-scratching like us, that name is a power- solved by today's prize-winfulpiece ofevidence. ning work. The answer to a longtime scientific mystery In the 1960s, a physicist named Ray Davis set up a huge detector 4,850 feet underground in an active gold m ine i n S o uth D a k ota. I t was a massive vat, filled with "I don't k now t h e e x act year that Dr. Davis started his neutrino project down in t he Homestake Gold M i n e at the 4,850 level. But I know that prior to that, all Dr. Davis had was a theory. And when he set up his initial project, that proved his theory," Apa 100,000 gallons of perchlorethylene, to catch neutrinos said. "We' re especially proud that might interact with the chemical. The miners in the have now a long-term based neutrino project going in.... They' re going to do further gold mine called it "the tank." Which, bythe way, means and very excited that we do KIDS Center a child abuse intervention center experimentation on the mass and makeup of the neutrino, Dakota town were aware of a and we' re very excited about major scientific experiment to this. We' re very happy. And capture a mysterious particle we' re very proud that we' re that a German and Italian sci- b asically the h ome o f t h e entist had proposed a couple neutrino." that miners in a tiny South Sign up at kidscenter.org TH E BULLETIN0 WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015 Cops ' Continued fromA1 But as the i nvestigation moved ahead, she felt like she 'I'j was moving backward. R outine paperwork 'I •III'» hours. She would get ready for work three hours early but By Robert Barnes barely arrive in time. Sometimes, she couldn't remember WASHINGTON — Membership in the Supreme Court how she got where she was. Bar isn't nearly as exclusive tend to attend argument will "It was like my brain was not clicking like I was accustomed to," she explained recently. "It was like I was trying to do hopscotch and wasn't sure which leg I wanted to move." Some colleagues noticed her distress, and told her they understood. For years, some city officers involved in shoot- Most won't t al k p u blicly be allowed in the line for the thousands of lawyers have paid the $200 admittance fee even though they will never argue a case at the court. But membership has its privileges. One of them is a separate and much shorter waiting line to see a Supreme Bar section; 'line standers' associates. Line-standing has become son — the only way anyone big business in Washington, can see an argument at the where companies supply a Supreme Court, where televi- placeholder to, for instance, sion cameras are banned. make sure a lobbyist gets into The court announced on a congressional hearing. Inits first day of the new term creasingly, they havebecome s ~ip part of the spectacle of a major Supreme Court hearing, where people pay up to $50 an hour to have someone secure one of several hundred spots in the grand marble chamber. will not be permitted." A couple of years ago, Slate. In other words, lawyers corn foundthat some were cannot pay someone to hold a paying about $6,000 for the spot for them when the court multi-day ordeal required to has a big argument — or even ensure admittance through send one of the firm's lowly the public line for an oral argu- as it sounds: Thousands upon Court oral argument in per- I ings have informally mentored each other through the variety of emotions — including anger, grief and paranoia — that follow. about it. As one put it: "I really don't want to unpackage that." Monday something that previously had seemed unnecessary to spell out: "Only Bar members who actually in- The Washington Post ment on same-sex marriage. (The court's directive Monday did not change the rules for the public.) Similar camp-outs have occurred when the court confronted Second Amendment cases and the Affordable Care Act. Other cops, who never shot anybody, also opened up to Glover Straughter about living J.B. Forbes I St.Louis Post-Dispatch via Tribune News Service risky off-duty lifestyles to keep St. Louis Police Officers Joan Glover Straughter and Dondrell up the adrenaline rush the job Harris are being honored and called heroes for an incident in 2013 has conditioned their bodies when they stopped a would-be robber in a restaurant full of peoto crave. And to dissipate the ple. The two officers were working a secondary job when anarmed emotional traumas that build man came into the restaurant and pointed a gun at them. Straughup. Call to call. Day to day. ter was forced to shoot the robber when he refused to put the gun Yeartoyear. down."People thinkwe are gun-happy and we wantto shootand Glover Straughter has made kill, but that's not the case," Glover Straughter said. it her mission to minister to them, freely trading stories of their experiences. was under challenge in social media.Police conduct became a headline topic in news sto- ing inward, too. Now it refers The conversations intensi- Continued fromA1 Fordham, M a r quette, Brown and the University of San Francisco all announced in the past two weeks that they were re- voking the honor they bestowed on Cosby. "It has become clear," them, physically or mentally. clude mental health awareness Violanti said police already training in their academy, in- under high stress were demorcluding a suicide awareness alized after Ferguson, when class, said Sgt.Jeremy Rorno of "... all of a sudden, it seems like the Crisis Intervention Team. all people think all officers are Rorno's team typically trains bad." He explained, "Most cops police on de-escalating situa- sign up for the job because they tions involving the mentally ill. want to help people, and that After Ferguson, it began look- may decline over the years, but fied after the Ferguson police killing of Michael Brown. Cops repeatedly endured verbal and physical attacks while facing off with angry protesters. Cosby St. Louis County police in- they' re still there. "And to not be appreciated ries that equated some cops to officers in need to two mental race-driven murderers. health professionals with law for risking their life every day "People t h in k we ar e enforcement b a ckgrounds. is not a good feeling." gun-happy and we want to That helpsovercome relucshoot and kill, but that's not tance to confide in an outsider, Officer symptoms the case," she said. "Because of he said. Trauma recovery research"One my faith, the Word tells me as a thing F e rguson ers at the University of Missoupolice officer, I'm a minister of brought to light nationwide is ri-St. Louis, who are studying God. And Scripture tells us we that law enforcement does a re- officers working within 30 have to defend by self-defense." ally good job of taking care of miles of Ferguson, were surShe hopes the Ferguson people in the community with prised to get 300 responses shooting can be the catalyst for mental health needs, but we do when, as associate professor publicly addressing not only a horrible job of taking care of Zoe Peterson put it, "There' s police behavior but the mental our own," Rorno said. not much incentive to admit challenges that can shape it The president's task force you have PTSD." The last of — the very core of her hushed said, "An agency work envi- three rounds of queries will conversations among con- ronment in which officers do come in December. That most cerned cops. not feel they are respected, sup- didn't collect the $20 participaIncreasingly, it looks like she ported or treated fairly is one of tion stipend "speaks to the fact may get her wish. the most common sources of that they wanted a little bit of Recommendations that de- stress. a voice to say where they are partments formally address hurting," said Tara Galovski, Mental health issues the mental health of officers a formerassistantprofessor at are part of both the President's The mental health issue UMSL who remains part of the Task Force on 21st Century Po- lurks behind some high-profile study. licing and the Ferguson Com- controversies. An officer who So far, officers have reportmission's reports. It's unclear resignedaftervideo showed ed a range of emotions, from how or when that may play him forcefully dispersing a mild anxiety or sleeplessness out. crowd of teens at a pool party to excessive drinking and In the meantime, the St. Lou- in McKinney, Texas, had just flashbacks, Galovski said. is Police Wives Association has responded to back-to-back sui- Some started calling in sick or been raising money to provide cides, his lawyer, Jane Bishkin, withdrawing from family and mental health care as need- said. "With all that had hap- friends. ed by local officers and their pened that day, he allowed his Glover Straughterrememfamilies.And researchers at emotions to get the better of bers an overwhelming sense of the University of Missouri-St. him." paranoia following her shootLouis are studying the effects But poor mental health can- ing. She feared retaliation or of the Ferguson experience on not be an excuse for miscon- that the department would cops. duct, said Dr. John Violanti, a fault what she did. Glover Straughter couldn' t research professor at the UniAll kinds of emotions teem be happier about it. versity of Buffalo who testi- just below the surface. "A lot goes on in the streets. fied before the president's task Dandridge, of the wives asYou see things, like babies force. "Personality factors and sociation, remembers getting getting hurt, and our brains a lot of different things can a call from the scene where a are not equipped for that day lead to that behavior; stress is 5-year-old boy was killed in in and day out," she said. "And a contributor," he said. An of- north St. Louis. The commandyet you don't think about main- ficer's disposition, exposure to er thought some officers might tenanceon your brain.We get incidents in a given shift and need emotional help. That was our hearts checked ... try to the time of day can matter, he logical, Dandridge figured, givwork out. So my question is, sard. en the violent death of a young 'You are trying to take care of "In a period of 20 years, can child. all this, why not taking care of you imagine the trauma an ofBut there was more to this your brain?'" ficer sees?" asked Violanti, a one. It happened in a neighNew York State Police trooper, borhood where police felt great Ferguson investigator and department apprehension - "Black Lives St. Louis Police Chief Sam psychological assistance coor- Matter" signs in windows and Dotson said his department dinator for 23 years. yards conjured up memories was talking a b out m e ntal A study in the president's of confrontations from protests health before the Ferguson task force report estimates that past. Officers didn't expect an shooting. "We noticed that po- police kill themselves almost outpouring of gratitude for trylice departments in Missouri 2Yz times more often than oth- ing to save the child and find are woefully behind in ad- ers kill them. his killer. dressingthese issues, "he said. Violanti cited the most reWhen residents started hugLarger departments like his cent Centers for Disease Con- ging the cops, it was too much have "early warning systems" trol and Prevention data that for some of them to take, Danto gauge whether an officer suggestpolice are at a 69 per- dridge tearfully recalled. "Evis struggling. While the city cent greater risk than the av- erything that they had tried to seekstoupgrade itssystem, he erage U.S. worker of commit- keep in the back of their minds said his department is focused ting suicide. He said various came to the f orefront," she on trai ning peercounselors. studies estimate that between 7 said. "If there is some type of percent to 19 percent of all offiFor G l o ve r St r a ughter, mental or physical problem, cers experience post-traumatic talking among her peers and it's going to affect an officer' s stress syndrome at some point. with professionals has helped performance, and it's a domino Glover Straughter said she put the trauma of the shooting effect," he said. believesshehashelpedprevent in the back of her mind. InvesPresident Barack Obama's three officers from taking their tigators concluded the killing policing task force saw the lives. was justified, and she w as same thing. Peer programs work, Vio- awarded a Medal of Valor. "Hurt people can hurt peo- lanti said, because police trust She still avoids the restauple," member Tracey Meares each other. Many fear that re- rant where it happened. And warned a hearing in February. vealing themselves to bosses the fact the man she killed was That group's report, released might cost them promotions, or 20 — close to the age of her in March,concluded:"The'bul- even their jobs. own kids — resonates. "Knowing how much I love letproof cop' does not exist. The He said officers who resist officers who protect us must mandatory counseling may them, it hurt to the core to also be protected — against respond to incentives and fi- know somebody's son was not incapacitating physical, mental nesse. He recommends cash going to be home for the holiand emotional health problems bonuses or extra time off to re- days," she said. "It's something as well as against the hazards ward cops who submit to "well- I always say we just weren' t of their jobs." ness checks" for whatever ails prepared for on this job." Christina Paxson, the president of Brown, said in her statement that "by his own admission in legal depositions that became public this summer, that Cosby has engaged in conduct with women that is contrary to the values of Brown and the qualities for which he was honored by the uni- at the moment." "What makes the case compelling," he said, "is the very alma mater, Temple University, which accepted his resignation from the board in December, serious pattern of misconduct and Spelman College, a historthat's been revealed both in ically black women's college in journalistic accounts and by a Atlanta that in July terminated large number of women who a professorship endowed by have now bravely come for- Cosby. ward and has been validated The recent wave of schools by Cosby's own testimony in rescinding Cosby's honorary deposition about his pattern of degrees has only resurrectconduct." ed the issue, particularly at For schools, honorary de- schools where administration grees are a way to reward policies have fallen under scruwell-respected i n dividuals, tiny in recent years for their draw attendance by celebrities handling of sexual assault. and perhaps generate a finanCosby is far from the first recial gift. Revoking them is an cipientof an honorary degree administrative formality and who has held on to his award public rebuke. despite subsequent i n tense Cosby has taken in at least criticism. 57 such degrees since 1985. He received them from every kind DePauw University in In¹i ana, for example, has not re- But Yale is among the of school, from the very big, scinded the honorary degree schools that have taken a like the University of Southern it awarded Richard N i xon versity in 1985." differ entapproach — no ac- California, to smaller schools, in 1957,years before his role tion, even in the face of an like Berklee College of Music in Watergate as the nation's online petition to strike the in Boston. Several of Cosby's president. Morehouse College award given in 2003. honorary degrees came from in Atlanta has similarly not "Revoking Cosby's doc- historically black colleges, rescinded a 1983 honorary detorate is about more than i ncluding D e l aware S t a t e gree it gave Robert Mugabe, achieving justice for his University, Fisk University in the president of Z i mbabwe, victims," Marissa Medan- Nashville and Dillard Univer- who has a much criticized resky, a recent graduate who sity in New Orleans. cord on human rights. started the petition, wrote Typically the schools honBut as many schools point in the Yale Daily News last ored Cosby for his success as out, honorary degrees are not month. "It is a gesture, how- an entertainer, as well as his Nobel Prizes. And many stuever small, against sexual pronounced support for edu- dents on college campuses toviolence wherever these cation and his espousal of the day are often barely familiar h einous crimes occur sort of bootstraps persever- with past honorees. That is including at Yale and other ance that would serve young certainly true of Cosby, who recollege campuses." graduates well. ceivedsome ofhis aw ardsde"As an actor, a humorist and cades ago, before some current Yale said in a statement that it had never rescind- a citizen, Bill Cosby has been students were even born. "We' re not even thinking ed an honorary degree, one of America's most elowithout elaborating on its quent advocates for education about Bill Cosby," said Edwina reasoning. and the value of developing ev- Harris Hamby, vice president Some schools say they ery individual mind," Carnegie for institutional advancement do not want to condemn in Mellon's president, Jared Co- the court of public opinion a man who has never been found guilty in a court of law, or even charged with a crime. Cosby has denied all wrongdoing. "We give out honorary degrees based on what hon, said in 2007 when Cosby n ow don't even know w h o received his degree. Bill Cosby is unless they look we know at the time," said Cosby said in an interview with The Times in 1998: "I like to see thesefresh, wet faces going out into the world. Other than at church or a wedding you don't see people like this. It's a getting for me, but it' s also a giving. It's a spiritual experience." advancement at Talladega A spokesman for Cosby, College in Alabama, where David Brokaw, declined to disCosbywashonoredin 1992, cuss the issue of his honorary "and at the time he was ev- degrees. erybody's favorite dad." Schools began d i stancS till o t hers a r e s t i l l ing themselves from Cosby grappling with what to do, months ago, including his like Ohio State University, at Fisk. "Most of the students at Netflix or something like that." Visit Central Oregon's Kimberly Alexander, vice president for institutional which bestowed its award on Cosby in 2001; the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City See us alsofor: • RetractableAwnings • Exterior Solar Screens • Patio ShadeStructures syaCLASSIC (1995); the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2003); and the Fashion Institute of Technology (2000). COVERINGS 1465 SW Knoll Avenue, Bend www.classic-coverings.corn Jeremy Travis, the pres- ident of John Jay, said a proposal to rescind Cosby's degree was "under very active consideration See100 life-sizedsamples of the latest innovative and stylish Hunter Douglas window fashions! Com p l e m e n t s H o m e I n t er i or s 541.322.7337 •• g ) w ww . c o m p l e m e n t s h o m e . c o r n THIS WCCKCHD'5 ISSUE WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7,2015 •THE BULLETIN Wage Juan Carlos Ord6nez, the the economy to absorb a lot of Continued from A1 communications director for Washington currently has the Silverton-based Oregon the highest minimum wage Center for Public Policy, disin the U.S. at $9.47 an hour putes the notion that small and Washington, D.C., has an businesses would be p ut hourly minimum of $9.50. out by either measure and "That's a tough one for us counters that more money that. But in our tricounty area would circulate through local communities. goods up," predicted Barker, who employs approximately 15 people at his brewpub, depending on the time of year. "Every time minimum wage goes up, basic goods go up considerably. It it takes a big hike, like $15 an hour, that' s huge. I'd probably have to charge $18 or $20 for a burger Joe Kline/The Bulletin than 20 years, but known the Bend as they went. If you don' t unrecognizable. Tom Healy's wife and co-own- be good for rural America," s aid Aurolyn S t wyer, t h e cially in that area of town, they said, has made it almost owner of Red Sky Trading Post in Warm Springs, who has one full-time employee and one part-time worker. "Realistically, I'd have to look at decreasing hours (for employees)." Stwyer pointed out that would be especially disheartening on the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Res- now that the road is reopened, but it's an improvement. Another local r e sident, Brent Anderson, 45, parked his car in a space at the market after getting gas. He lives ervation, where the unem- ployment rate is significantly munities and smaller busihigher than other parts of the nesses is disproportionate state. compared to the rest of the "We've got60 to 70percent state," said McLane, whose unemployment," Stwyer said. District 5 5 i n cludes r ural "People feel lucky to find a parts of Deschutes, Crook, place to work. When I first Jackson, Klamath and Lake startedthreeyearsago,Ihad counties. Prineville is the largtwo dozen people here look- est community in District 55. off of 27th Street with his fam- ily and is more than happy Two cyclists, Judie and Da- he gets to take Reed Market vid Decks, both 66, stopped again to get home. "We' re ecstatic," Anderson tomers decreased. McKeach- at the station to check out the ie turned to m arketing the traffic in the roundabout and said. business heavily online. He' ll express their relief. They have — Reporter: 541-383-0325, be relieved when he can rely lived in SE Bend for more [email protected] McKeachie said. After t h at from inside the store. though, the construction started and the number of cus- Sandwich "We may start them out "I don't think it's the state' s business to have anything to do with business," he said about minimum wage laws. "That's none of their business — that's not what they' re there for." — Reporter: 541-617-7829, beastes@bendbullet in.corn laborers;food writer James done, because it was a crazy Beard believes that the Den- idea — a breakfast sandwich," the breakfast menu would Kroc recalled in his memoir. "... soon be available until closing. "This i s t h e c o nsumers' I boggled a bit at the presentation. But then I tasted it, and I idea. This is what they want us Continued from A1 ver Sandwich traces back to a sandwich prepared by Chibeen easing early-morning nese chefsat railroad gangs routines since long before the and logging camps, who golden arches ever graced an adapted it from the traditional American skyline. Egg Foo Yung. Their rise to prominence parallels the emergence of Workers' meals the modern worker — overThat the breakfast sandworked, underpaid and hun- wich came about at the same gry. And their unfailing suc- time as industrialization was cess, regardlessoftimeperiod no accident — it was solidly a or time of day, is a testament staple of the industrial workto two essential facts: every- ing class. In rural areas, where one needs breakfast, and ev- farmers had a wealth of ingreeryone is too busy to make it dients available to them and themselves. a day of backbreaking work ahead, breakfast was typically Englishbreakfasts hotand huge, according to the The story begins in the ear- Oxford Encyclopedia: breads ly 19th century, on the smog- sweetened with syrup, wafgy streets of East London, fles, pancakes and popovers, Breakfast sandwiches have was sold. Wow!" Hoping for a breakfast boost McDonald's breakfast was a breakaway success. Within a few decades, it accounted for a quarterof the chain's sales — even though it was only offered for five or six hours out of the day For a long time, the chain Daniel Acket / Bloomherg News file photo Mcoonald's now offers breakfast all day. Though the restaurant invented the Sausage McMuffin with egg, it didn't invent the breakfast sandwich. began offering a similar concoction, dubbed the Egg Mcexplained breakfast historian deep-fried fruit fritters, an ar- Muffin. According to company Heather Amdt-Anderson. ray of meat and fish, potatoes legend, it was the brainchild of Seeing a need for a cuppa in various forms and coffee, California franchisee Herb Peand a quick bite among the tea or hot chocolate all ap- terson, who loved Eggs Benelegions of factory workers peared onruraltables,some- dict and wanted to re-create the trudging to work each morn- times all at the same time. dish without the mess of Holing, street vendors began to But forworkers at factories, landaise sauce. The result was set up stalls to serve them. construction sites, mines and a broken-yolked egg cooked Patrons would swiftly down logging camps, for whom food a mug of coffee, hand the mug budgets were tight and kitchback to the vendor, then walk en access often nonexistent, away with a sandwich. It enclosed classic break- the tricounty area," he added. "An increase like this could be quite disconcerting." Not all small-businesses owners in the rural parts of cial gain of $3.2 billion in ad- at minimum wage, but once ditional wages for the state' s they show they have some exlow-wage earners. perience or that they' re learn"Now a lot of these cus- ing or they look like they' re tomers have more money to going tobe a good employgo outfor a meal," Ord6nez ee, webump them up,"said argued. "It makes them Pinckney, who employs 32 better customers for small people at his store. "We just businesses." feel it's worthwhile to reward Oregon House Minori- good employees." ty Leader Mike McLane, That being said, PinckR-Powell Butte, disagrees ney's not necessarily a fan with the group's assessment of the state — or anyone, for of a proposed minimum wage that matter — telling him or hike and its effect on small any other business owners businesses. how they should run their "The impact on rural com- companies. city has gone through, espe- Decks said. She said she still needstobecarefulon herbike into the station to fill up. A big graces its marquee: "Yeah.. part of that may have had to Were still open." do with the temporary price D avid Mc K e achie, 3 0 , reduction, at $1.99 a gallon, but of Bend bought the lot and the change was welcome. opened it right before work on Tom and Daniel ran around the road began a couple years with the gas attendants, wipago. ing windshields, offering free "The first month was great," cookies and grabbing change backbone of communities in mates, that would be a finan- The amount of change the sarcastic confirmation t h at have folks who are owners of small businesses that' ll have to layoffpeople and work more hours themselves. "Small businesses are the minimum wage shoots up by as much as 62 percent. "I don't believe it would "The last month was really hard to be patient," Judie those workers tend to spend trict 55, we' re small towns. We sion to see whether the state' s city much longer than that. recognizethecarlotby name, er, Carol Healy, watched as you might recognize it for the lines of cars started pulling "Raising the m i nimum wage puts more money in the pockets of low-income workers," Ordonez said. "We know (Deschutes, Crook and Jefferson counties) and in my Dis- money locally and quickly and that's pumped back into Central Oregon are worried the economy." about the potential wage inAccording to the center for creases. John Pinckney, who and tell people not to tip." public policy, an estimated owns La Pine's Ace HardRural business owners 589,000 Oregonians would ware, said he almost always throughout Central Oregon see their wages increased pays his employees more are watching the proposed if the minimum wage was than minimum wage to enballot measures and next raised to $15 an hour by 2018. sure he has the best people year's short legislative ses- Based on the center's esti- possible. Vehicles use the roundabout at SE 15th Street and Reed Market Road on Tuesday afternoon in Bend after ell the lanes were opened. again on traffic — by car and by foot — for potential customContinued from A1 ers. After the ribbon cutting, A fterward th e t w o m e n peoplewere already stopping walked back toward Newber- by. ry, passing Quality Cars of Back at the market and deli, "The Portland-metro area has because it' ll drive the cost of Moving stopped serving McMuffins and the rest of its breakfast offeringsat 10:30 — eggs and hamburgerpatties need to be cooked at two different tem- that a limited list of items from to do," Mike Andres, McDonald's USA President, told the Wall Street Journal. "That' s why I think this could be the catalyst for our turnaround." T hat McDonald's is n ow turning to all-day breakfast — and the breakfast sandwich — to ease its financial troubles is no surprise to Amdt-Anderson, the food historian. Although demand for other fastfood products has flatlined, breakfast is one of the few sectors of the industry that's still growing. Now, as always, peoperatures, and it didn't make ple need to eat. And now, as in a round Teflon frame, then sense to keep a separate grid- always, working Americans piled onto a buttered English dle for eggs running all day. lack the time in the morning to muffin with cheese and a slab But the past few years have cook for ourselves. "There's kind of a long hisof Canadian bacon. seen a dramatic decline in Peterson put the sandwich revenue, and this summer Mc- tory of breakfast being part on a plate and served it to Mc- Donald's announced it would of fast food menus," she said. Donald's President Ray Kroc be losing a net 125 stores in the "When restaurants are sufferduring a visit. coming year. ing economically they know "He didn't want me to reject it A few weeks after that, the they can rely on breakfast to out of hand, which I might have company caved, announcing keep them afloat." a portable meal that could be eaten en route to work was fastfoods — afried egg,m eat, essential. sometimes cheese — between The link between a taste for two halves of a soft roll called a "bap." The bread would sop up and contain the egg yolk and bacon or sausage grease, turning the elements of an English breakfast into something that could be easily eaten on the go. The bap sandwiches proved popular, and the merchants who sold them made a killing. "It was easy to have the rolls ready to go, there's not a lot of construction and it's low-cost to prepare," Amdt-Anderson said. "It was a really profitable thing to make." It didn't take long for the breakfastsandwich to cross the Atlantic. As in England, the sandwich was the break- the breakfast sandwich and the state of the worker is so inextricable there have been sociological studies on it. A 2011 report from Ireland attributed the popularity of the "jumbo breakfast roll" (a half baguette stuffed with fried or grilled sausage, bacon rashers, blood pudding, a fried egg and ketchup) to the proliferation of B UY 2, G ET I Drink in A m erica, the first fornia-based chain Jack in the truly A m e r ican b r e akfast Box debuted the first modern sandwich, though it was not to-go breakfast sandwich: egg, always eaten in the morning. meat and cheese on an EnAnd it too may have started glish muffin. out as a way to feed hungry A year l ater, McDonald's VACUUMS With COUPON. Excludes MIELE. Of equal or lesser value. Expires 10/31/2015 wich was so ubiquitous that a green pepper folded between fast-food chains looking to two slices of white bread. It expand their r epertoire. In was, according to the Oxford 1971 (or perhaps 1969, the date Encyclopedia of Food and varies by account), the Cali- ON All RECEIVE o 3rd Package FREEI country's "Celtic Tiger" boom years. At its height, the sandsong about it by comedian Pat Shortt was for six weeks the top song in Ireland, bumping Shakira's "Hips Don't Lie" off the charts. SAVE Buy any 2 packages of Bags s construction jobs during the fast of choice for people Convenience food boom pressed for money and for After th e S econd World time. Railroad workers ate War, when American culture their breakfast fare wrapped veered toward the casual and in wax paper. According to convenient, the time was ripe a Dec. 26, 1895 article about for the commercialization of staffers who had to work on the breakfast sandwich. The Christmas, The Washington 1950s and '60s saw the rise of Post's broke young cops re- instant coffee, Pop-Tarts and porter had one with a cup of Carnation Instant Breakfast coffee before heading to his smoothies, as well as fast-food desk. joints like 7-Eleven and InterOn the wagon trail west, national House of Pancakes travelers ate a n A m e r ican that catered to an on-the-go variation called the "Denver morning crowd. Sandwich": an omelette filled Their success caught the with diced ham, onion and A5 Baglese O g ~ Pet Upright </gal N fQ OW HEAz, M Central Yacvvm Special Includes Setsnity3FSC Central Vacuumand Royal E-Class Clean Team Deluxe Pkg A6 THE BULLETIN + WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015 FAA proposesfine of nearly 2 million for drone operator TODAY'S READ: OBAMACARE ai ornia's ea on ea care orimmi rans? • 0 OW LOS ANGELES — Like many blue states, Cal- 8, )IIS iteII" PoIt e« signing up millions for health insurance. Now, it' s venturing into a potentially costly and controversial new frontier of health policy: offering medical that health care is a human right, not a privilege," said Warren Gunnels, Sanders' policy careto such residents jumped KatieFalkenberg / Los AngelesTimes via Tribune News Service from 11 to 48. And in June, Gov. director. "Your ability to access Workers install a 700-square-foot banner in July on the side of Jerry Brown signed a state bud- health care services should not the building of The California Endowment in Los Angeles. The get that for the first time funds be dependent on your income installation was In honor of the Health For All Kids budget signed health care for such children. or your immigration status." by the governor. Across California, elected officials made the same Key state legislators have On the Republican right, for- policy decision over andover this year: to provide health care to vowed not to stop until all im- mer Pennsylvania Sen. Rick undocumented Immigrants. migrants living in California Santorum said California's illegally have coverage, a pro- approach is at cross purposes posal that could cost the state with what's best for the nation. "Look, we can't be in a situmore than $1 billion annually. The effort has set California ation where we are encouragapart from most other states ing behavior that we know is and the federal government, dangerous to people and danwhich barred those here ille- gerous to our country, which is gally from signing up for in- either coming into this country surance under the landmark illegally" or less dangerously Affordable Care Act, which overstaying a visa and "simply overhauled the nation's health not going home and signing up care system. With 2.6 million such im- for benefits," Santorum said in a recent post-debate interview. migrants, the Golden State is South Carolina Sen. Lindpolitically sympathetic to their sey Graham, a GOP moderneeds, said Randy Capps, di- ate in the race, also disagreed rector of research for U.S. pro- with the California approach. grams at the Migration Policy "I think it's going down a bad Institute, a nonpartisan think road there," he said. The solutank. "It's logical that Califor- tion, he said, is to provide a nia would be out front about this," he said. strong. Laura Martin, commuLawmakers voiced concerns nications director for the Pro- about both the cost and making gressive Leadership Alliance of the state too welcoming to imNevada, noted that state's attor- migrants, said Alberto Moreno, ney general has joined a lawsuit executive director of the Orechallenging President Obama's gon Latino Health Coalition. program to granttemporary He said he plans to push the bill immunity from deportation to next year. "We hope to follow thousands of immigrants. California's suit," he said. "I couldn't imagine having Mirna Castro, with Servicios SkyPan International Inc. er use of commercial drones. But SkyPan's operations probably still would be pro- of Chicago operated 65 un- hibited under the regulations the conversation now to talk aircraft. De La Raza in Denver, said about providing health care for California is seen as a laboraundocumented children," she tory. Colorado health advocates said. "We are not the same as and legislators will watch to see California." structure Committee hearing Flying drones in violation on what the agency is doing to of federal regulations "is ille- address safety hazards creatgal and can be dangerous," ed by drones flying too close said FAA Administrator Mi- to manned aircraft. chael Huerta. "We have the FAA officials have said safest airspace in the world, they are receiving multiple and everyone who uses it reports daily of drones flying must understand and observe in the vicinity of airports and our comprehensive set of airplanes. Between Novemrules and regulations." ber 2014 and August 2015, Karl Brewick, a SkyPan the FAA received over 700 reproduction coordinator, said ports by pilots of drone sightthe company had not had ings, although questions have a chance to review the fine been raised about whether proposaland had no imme- some involved birds mistaken diate comment. SkyPan has for drones. Most of the flights 30 days to respond to the appear to be unauthorized. how the nation's largest state One test could come in Ore- finances and manages expandgon. The state expanded Med- ed medical care for immigrant icaidunder Obamacare to cov- residents in the years ahead. "It' ll definitely inform Coloer poor residents, but a bill to inpathway to legal status for clude immigrant children died rado ... to maybe take a step in people living here illegally and this year in the Legislature. that direction," she said. But even here the issue re- who aren't criminals. Republican candidates Carly ties have opted not to offer such Fiorina, Florida Gov. Jeb Bush, care. And a recent USC Dorn- Texas Sen. Ted Cruz and Florisife/Los Angeles Times poll da Sen. Marco Rubio did not refound that though close to half spond to requests for comment. of state voters believed immiB esides C a lifornia, j u s t grants here illegally should be four states — Massachusetts, eligible to receive free or low- Illinois, New York and Washcost health insurance through ington — and Washington, Medi-Cal or a similar program, D.C., have agreed to provide a statistically equivalent 47 per- health coverage to children in cent said they opposed such the country illegally. Legislapolicies. tors in those jurisdictions will National Immigration Law probably soon consider broadCenter attorney Gabrielle Les- ening those programs to insard saidthe nature of debate dude adults, health advocates among political leaders over predict. expanding such benefit s has changed in California over Starting with kids UCLA's Wallace said more the last 15 years. The legal and philosophical arguments states may well begin extendagainst providing health care ing coverage to children in services to those here illegally the U.S. illegally because it's a generally have receded, and small, healthy population, and "the only conversation about is seen as agood investment bethis has been about cost," she cause many eventually become tions this year to allow great- because the flights took place March 2012 and December at higher altitudes than would 2014 in some of the nation's be permitted and over densem ost congested airspace, the ly developed areas. FAA said in a statement. The previous largest fine Forty-three flights were in for drone operations was the heavily restricted Class B $18,700, proposed in SeptemNew York airspace without ber against Xizmo Media, a air traffic control clearance, New York video production the agency said. Class B air- company, the FAA said. space is generally from the One reason the fine against ground up to 10,000 feet in SkyPan is so large is because altitude, and often shaped like FAA inspectors asked the an inverted wedding cake company to stop making the with a 5-mile radius around flights but they continued a major airport at the bottom anyway, FAA spokesman Les and an approximate 40-mile Dorr said. radius near the top. Tuesday's announcement The drones also lacked the comes one day before an FAA two-way radio, transponder official is expected to face and altitude-reporting equip- tough questioning at a House ment required of manned T ransportation an d I n f r a- the country illegally. world of aerial and panoramic photography." The FAA proposed regula- authorized flights between coverage to hundreds of thousands people living in committed to providing low- includes photos of the New a record $1.9 million fine against an aerial photography company for fl ying drones in crowded New York and Chicago airspace without permission. . 4„")g left of Clinton and gaining in the Democratic field, "believes FAA. The company's website The Associated Press W ASHINGTON — T h e York and Chicago skylines, Federal Aviation A dminis- and proclaims itsdrones are tration on 'Ibesday proposed "ushering in a whole new By SoumyaKarlamangla sLos Angeles Times In a matter of months, the number of California counties By Joan Lowy mains contentious. Some coun- said. Indeed, the price of providing medical coverage to immigrants remains a hurdle for legislators and advocates — even more so in other parts of the That Connect Your Community. "Kids are kind of a low-hang- Central Oregon communities continue to grow due to a nationally-recognized appreciation for the region's quality of life. From providing the mostbasic needs of food, shelter and security, to creating and maintaining positive social, educational, recreational and professional environments, Central Oregon's nonprofit community is a foundation for our area's success and sustainability. Hundreds of organizations and thousands of volunteers make up this nonprofit network. ed," he said. "It's politically attractive, and n o t t e r ribly tum inside California for mo- services to all 11 million immi- mentum outside of California," grants in the country illegally because less expensive primary care can avoid serious and costly illnesses that require patients to be treated in emergen- cy rooms. However, Federation for try illegally in some regions, American Immigration Reform offeringmedical coverage to spokesman Ira Mehlman pointsuch immigrants could be the ed to a 2009 Congressional next big health care policy Budget Office report that found battleground. expansionof preventive care They note that t h e U . S. generally leads to higher, not Supreme C o ur t up h eld lower, spending. Obamacare this summer, al- A hfagazine Highlightingthe Vari ety of Organizations ing fruit of the undocument- expensive." Advocates argue it's financially smart to provide health ceptance of those in the coun- L citizens. country. "I wouldn't mistake momen- Capps said. Still, some experts say that with an improving economy, easing pressures on government budgets and greater ac- 4I' Mehlman said states are be- lowing supporters of univer- ing forced to choose between sal health care coverage to picking up large ER costs from press new initiatives. And the uninsured immigrants, or prolead being taken by California viding them medical coverage, might help, they said. because legislators have passed "I'm sure we' ll inspire other other laws encouraging immistates," said UCLA health poli- grants to come here illegally. cy professor Steven Wallace."I One example, he said, was Calthink it's inevitable." ifornia's decision to offer driver's licenses to such residents. The political debate "Either way, these are not good There are signs the debate could spill into the 2016 presi- choices," he said. Through the publication of Connections, The Bulletin will both define and profile the organizations that make up this network. Connections will provide readers with a thorough look at nonprofit organizations in Deschutes, Jefferson, and Crook Counties. SALES DEADLINE: DECEMBER 5th CALL 541.382.1811 TO RESERVE YOUR SPACE TODAY. ATTENTION CENTRAL OREGON NONPROFIT GROUPS 15 states, induding Florida and immigration policy has been a Texas, chose not to expand The Bulletin is in theprocess ofverifying and compiling a comprehensive list of nonprofit entities in Central Oregon.Pleasefill oijt this form to verify information in order to be considered for publication in Connections. Mail backto: The Bulletin, Attn: Karl MaIlser, P.O. Box6020, Bend, OR 97708. E-mall information lo colllIectlolls©bendbIllletln.corn or call 541-383-0379 dominant theme. Medicaid, the federal health Spokespersons for Republican presidential front-runner Donald Trump, who has made deporting immigrants here illegally a centerpiece of his campaign, and the leading Demo- program for the poor, under Obamacare, meaning large numbers of legal residents in those states remain uninsured. Name of Nonprofit Group That's a view still shared in much of the country. More than the political bookends, where Advocates in those places say their first priority is securing health insurance for those ton, declined requests from the low-income U.S. citizens. Los Angeles Times to address And in some states that did the issue. expand Medicaidto cover the But Vermont Sen. Bernie poor, resistance to extending Sanders, who is running to the benefits to immigrants remains Contact Person Calendar, B2 Obituaries, B5 Weather, B6 © www.bendbulletin.corn/local THE BULLETIN • WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015 BRIEFING JEFFERSON COUNTY cour ouse es isoric isin Tax kicker is confirmed Tax day will be alittle sweeter for a lot ofOregonians, asthe state has confirmed it will divvy up a $402 million tax surplus amongtaxpayers. The Office of Economic Analysis confirmed Tuesday thosewhopaid state incometaxesin 2014 will get a"kicker" credit of 5.6 percent of that year's tax liability applied to their 2015taxes when they file nextyear. That will still amount to a median ofaround $124 per person,said Paul Warner, thestate's nonpartisan legislative revenue officer. To figure theamount of the credit, multiply 2014 tax liability before any credits, except credits for taxes paid toother states, by 5.6percent, according to theOregon Department of Revenue. The kicker, unique to Oregon, is triggered when actual tax revenues during a two-year budget cycle exceedestimates by 2 percent or more. Taxpayers won't get a check, asthey did during the last kicker in 2007, when Oregontaxpayers got a median$295. The 2011Legislature changed thekicker to a tax credit rather thana check as acost-saving measure. If taxpayersare owed moneyafter filing their 2015 taxes,the5.6 percent is added tothat. By Ted Shornck ber 2013. The Bulletin Jansen has dedicated long days to restoring the nearly 100-year-old building, which was used for Jefferson County offices, Madras City Hall The old Jefferson County courthouse building in downtown Madras has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places after facing Half of the first floor is now plans to rent out the second floor courtroom for weddings "I' ve poured a lot of blood Steve Jansen purchased building was to preserve and protect it for future generations. SeeCourthouse/B5 and sweat into this building the two-story brick building on D Street from Jefferson County for $10,000 in Decem- to get it to where it's safe," said Jensen, who is retired and lives in Madras. pUR SCHppLS OUR STUDENTS — Bulletin staff report The Bend Park & Recreation District would like to spend the next several years navigating a series of regulatory hurdles. The proposed bridge, to be located at the southern edge of the current urban growth boundary, would link segments of the Deschutes River Trail on the east side of the '4- river with trails crisscrossing the Deschutes National Forest 'll: i1 What:Public hearing on south Deschutes River canyon crossing When:6 p.m., Oct. 28 Where: 799SW Columbia St., Bend river was designated a state scenic waterway. Havel said each of Oregon's downstream from the Mead- ow Camp Day Use Area. First, the district will have are subject to limits on development to protect the rivers' to persuade the Oregon Parks scenic and recreational value, and Recreation Department while only two — the Upper Deschutes and the Metolius- to change a rule that bars any entity from applying to build a river crossing. The rule applies to 28 miles of the Deschutes River upstream of Bend, which is designated by state parks as a state scenic waterway. The Oregon Parks and Recreation Department has scheduled a public hearing for Photos hy Andy Tullie i The Bulletin the proposed rule change. Chris Havel, a state parks spokesman, said the prohibition on accepting applications forcrossings datesfrom the 1980s, when the section of cross the river a short distance to the west. The bridge would have additional prohibitions against bridges. He said it's a little unclear what kind of concerns prompted the adoption of the restriction for the Upper Deschutes "If there's anybody still around who was around back then, we hope to hear from them," he said. SeeBridge/B5 Oct. 28 to take testimony on Bend High School freshmen Bailey Colvin, center, end senior Samantha Jackson, right in black jacket, lead e group of classmates Tuesday during a low-impact PEclass in Bend. Deschiites RiverTrail • Area high schools offer walking class for those looking fOr loW-imPaCtPE '7 — Existing trail -- Proposed trail route DESCHUTES NATIONAL, FOREST By Abby Spegman The Bulletin The redheaded boy eyed "That's Steve Prefontaine," said Dave Williams, Bend High School junior Mallory Mozzetti, center, shares a the school's athletics direc- during PE class Tuesdaymorning. tor. "You don't know about Prefontaine?" "I'm not into sports," the boy replied. He'd come to the right place: For those uninterested in traditional physical education, Bend High School offers a low-impact class where students primarily go on walks around the school's campus. Bend High also offers weightlifting, athletic conditioning, something called club fitness, even a basket- ball class. But those may not appeal to all students, and they need to take at least one year of PE to graduate. laugh with freshman Nathan Thunderhawk as they walk together "I didn't really want Williams briefed the stu- to take PE in general, so this was the easy c/ass. Youcan be on your phone or whatever." dents on the day's route — along a walking trail to Ponderosa Park, then west on SE Wilson Avenue and north on Ninth Street back to the school — and they set out. They don't have to change High School freshman into PE uniforms but most wore sneakers; some carried water bottles and head"Everybody can walk and phones to listen to music see the benefits of walking along the way. It was about and of leading an active, 2 miles, and to finish in the 50-minute class period they healthy lifestyle," Williams said. "I'm not asking them to had to keep up a fairly brisk run an eight-minute mile." pace. After taking attendance, SeeWalking class/B5 — Ocean Robinson, Bend Colo r s below indicategenre the ofthe mainfeature; accompanyingshorts may not beoithe samegenre. Narrative Time Tower Theatre Regal , Radi c al Old Mill 161 l:::Grace Regal Old Mill162 . :4 Source: Bend Park & Recreation District ThursdayBenffFilm schedule FI M 'ryPE$ Cent ' l„. the award statue of a runner inside the Bend High School trophy case. Why does it have a mustache'? he wondered aloud. ak Rd Admission is $12 inadvance or at thedoor. At 8 p.m., it's time to If yougo south of Bend but is likely to 835 NW Wall St., Bend. head to theOxford Hotel, 10 NW MinnesotaAve., for the Opening Night Reception, being held in the Minnesota Ballroom. Tickets are $35 inadvance, $40 at thedoor. Look for more coverage of BendFilm inGO! Magazine onFriday. For more information, visit www.bendfilm.org or call 541-388-3378. By Scott Hammers build a pedestrian bridge in the Deschutes River canyon US B. |' B.WB. Smoky air hangs over Bend BendFilm Festival, Central Oregon's very own indie film fest, opens Thursday. One of Thursday's highlights is the documentary "Breaking a Monster," in which a heavy metal trio, made up of young black men, goes from "YouTube sensations playing on the streets of NewYork to Hollywood, where they encounter the surreal music industry and reckon with their rockstar dreams," asBendFilm puts it. Show time is 5:30 p.m. Thursday at the TowerTheatre, Bulletin file photo bridge over Deschutes to keep all or part of individual kickers fromanyone who owesthe state money in othertaxes, child support, court fines orschoolloans. Oregon alsohasa corporate kicker,which was also triggered this year, but that moneynow funds schools. BendFilmFestival starts Thursday Educational newsandactivities, an oca f san e irac ievemen s • School notes and submission info,B5 The state has the right Smoke hanging over Bend on Tuesdaynight probably was coming either from a controlled burn to the southwest or a wildfire to the northwest. Willamette National Forest had aprescribed fire burning Tuesday; Mount Hood National Forest had awildfire putting up smokenear Badger Lake,said Maria Maragni, manager of the Central Oregon Interagency Dispatch Center in Prineville. SeeLocal briefing/B3 in Madras is now listed on the National Register of Historic and anniversaries once restoration is complete. But Jansen said the main reason he purchased the and the courthouse starting in 1917. possible demolition nearly two years ago. The former Jefferson County Courthouse .JIIADRA5, being rented out to an attorney for office space. Jansen :8 : Songs My Brothers Taught Nle Embrace of the Serpent For all of ourBendFilmcoverage, plus Sundayshowtimos, visit www.denddIlletin.coNi/bendfilm V Pete Smith i The Bulletin Parks district approves HillsideParkimprovements By Scott Hammers The Bulletin dogs off private properties adjoining the park. The largely undeveloped Instead of surrounding the off-leash area at Hillside Park o ff - leash area with a chain-link will remain more or less intact fe n ce, the district will instead under a plan approved 'Ibesday build a short, post-and-rail by the Bend Park 5 Recreation f ence strung with fabric to deDistrict board. ter dogs from climbing inSide Earlier this year, throughit. The fence ' What the the district roused will be broken at several park will poi n ts around the pesome opposition with look like55 nmeterto allowpeople its plans for the park on the south slope of to freely come and go Awbrey Butte. Neighborswho fr o m the off-leash area, he frequent the park objectedto sai d, and will be set back from a proposal to fence the nearly th e edge of the arkp to pre10-acreoff-leash area,raising s e r ve existing walking trails. concerns that the fencing Vince Proctor, speaking on would make it more difficult beh a lf of a group of neighborfor walkers to freely wander hood r esidents that organized through the park. to lobby for a design that Park district landscapearwo u l dn't segregate users of the chitect Jim Figurski calledthe off - l eash area from other park plan approved 'Tuesday a omc u sers, thanked district staff promise, combining neighbors' and board members for workpreference for an open space in g with the group. and the district's desire tokeep See Hillside Park/B5 B2 TH E BULLETIN0 WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015 E VENT TODAY BEND FARMERSMARKET: Featuring food, drinks and more; 3 p.m.; Brooks Alley, NW Brooks St., Bend; www.bendfarmersmarket. corn or 541-408-4998. SHADOWCATCHER: EDWARD CURTISTHROUGH NATIVE EYES:Justine Lowry, part-time faculty and professor of Native American art history, will explore contemporary responses tothe photographic works of Edward Curtis; 6 p.m.; Downtown Bend Public Library, 601 NW Wall St., Bend; www.deschuteslibrary.org or 541-312-1032. CHELSEAGRIN: The deathcore band performs, with The Plot in You, Vanquish the King, Gravewitch and Existential Depression; 6:30 p.m.; $15plus fees in advance, $18 at the door; Domino Room, 51 NW Greenwood Ave., Bend; www.redlightpro.corn ENDA R To submit an event, visit bendbulletin.corn/events and click 'Add Event" at least 10 days before publication. Ongoing listings must be updated monthly. Questions: [email protected],541-383-0351. or 541-388-1106. "THE METROPOLITANOPERA: 'lL TROVATORE' LIVE":A live showing www.volcanictheatrepub.corn or 541-323-1 881. Road, Redmond; 541-548-8777. MAKE-A-BAND 2015:Musicians will be asked to perform at spotlight events being held at Silver Moon THURSDAY Brewery starting in October; during THE LIBRARYBOOKCLUB: Read these events producers will pick and discuss "The Signature of All musicians to come together to form Things" by Elizabeth Gilbert; noon; bands;6 p.m.;$5;SilverM oon Redmond Public Library, 827 Brewing, 24 NW Greenwood Ave., SW Deschutes Ave., Redmond; Bend; 541-81 5-0574. 541-312-1055. LOVE GIGANTIC:The rock 'n' roll BENDFILM FESTIVAL: BendFil m band from Portland performs; celebrates the voice of independent 7 p.m.; McMenamins Old St. cinema through films, lectures Francis School,700 NW Bond St., and education; 5 p.m.; $250 full Bend; www.mcmenamins.corn or festival pass, $150 film pass, 541-382-5174. $12 individual tickets; various "FINDING NOAH":A film about locations, 1000 NW Wall St., Suite a group of archaeologists, 260, Bend; www.bendfilm.org or theologians and explorers as they 541-388-3378. embark on a dangerous expedition "THE WIZARD OFOZ" up Mount Ararat's desolate summit THROWBACK THURSDAY: A in a search for the final resting showing of the classic musical; place of Noah's Ark; 7 p.m.; $12.50; 5:15 and 7:30 p.m.; $7.50, $5 for Regal Old Mill Stadium 16 and seniors and children; Redmond IMAX, 680 SW Powerhouse Drive, Cinemas, 1535 SW OdemMedo Bend; 844-462-7342. of Verdi's opera; 6:30 p.m.; $24, $22 for seniors, $18 for children; Regal Old Mill Stadium 16 and IMAX, 680 SW Powerhouse Drive, Bend;www.fathomevents.corn or 844-462-7342. THE VONTRAPPS: The classical pop band from Portland performs; 7 p.m.; McMenamins Old St. Francis School,700 NW Bond St., Bend; www.mcmenamins.corn or 541-382-5174. "UNBRANDED":Featuring a showing of the film about four men, 16 mustangs and 3,000 miles; 7 p.m.; $10 plus fees; The Tower Theatre, 835 NW Wall St, Bend; www.towertheatre.org or 541-317-0700. "THE HOBBIT: THE DESOLATION OF SMAUG EXTENDED EDITION": An extended version of the film, with an exclusive introduction from The von Trappa / Submitted photo Classical pop bandThe von Trappswill perform at 7 p.m. at McMenamins Old St. Francis School today. director Peter Jackson; 7:30 p.m.; $12.50; Regal Old Mill Stadium16 and IMAX, 680 SW Powerhouse Drive, Bend; www.fathomevents. corn or 844-462-7342. THE GODDAMN GALLOWS:The Detroit band performs, with Dirty Kid Discount and Harley Bourbon; 8 p.m.; $8-$10; Volcanic Theatre Pub, 70 SW Century Drive, Bend; 1VEWSOF RECORD POLICE LOG The Bulletin will update items in the Police Log whensuch a request is received. Anynewinformation, such as the dismissal of charges or acquittal, must beverifiable. For more information, call 541-633-2117. BEND POLICE DEPARTMENT Unlawful entry — Avehicle was reported entered at8:48 p.m. Sept. 8, in the 20700 block of Majestic Court. Theft —A theft was reported at11:39 p.m. Sept. 25, in the700 block of NW Bond Street. DUII —Cherish Nicole Barackman, 23, was arrested onsuspicion of driving under the influence of intoxicants at 2:26a.m. Oct.2, intheareaof NW Franklin Avenueand NWHil Street. Theft —A theft was reported at11:20 a.m. Oct. 2, in the20100 block of Reed Lane. DUII —Christine Marie Davenport, 53, was arrested onsuspicion of driving under the influence of intoxicants at 10:36 p.m. Oct. 2, in thearea of SE Reed Market Roadand American Lane. Unlawful entry —Avehicle was reported entered at9:25 a.m. Oct. 3, in the area of NE Lotus Driveand NE Purcell Boulevard. Criminal mischief —Anact of criminal mischief was reported andan arrest made at9:36 p.m. Oct. 4, in the 20100 block of Pinebrook Boulevard. Theft —A theft was reported at11:14 a.m. Oct. 5, in the19600 block of Hollygrape Street. Theft —A theft was reported at11:17 a.m. Oct. 5, in the19600 block of Harvard Place. Theft —A theft was reported at11:37 a.m. Oct. 5, in the61100block of Loy Lane. Theft —A theft was reported at12:22 p.m. Oct. 5, in the19600 block of Hollygrape Street. Burglary —Aburglary, theft and an act of criminal mischief were reported and an arrest wasmadeat11:07 p.m. Oct. 2, in the1000 block of NW Newport Avenue. Theft —A theft was reported at 9:26 a.m. Sept. 25, in the19700 block of Mt. Bachelor Drive. Theft —A theft was reported at 9:51 a.m. Sept. 29, in the800 block of SE Business Way. DESCHUTES COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE Theft —A theft was reported at11:49 a.m. Oct.1, in the17000 block of Whitney Road. Theft —A theft was reported at1:31 p.m. Oct.1, in the17600 block of Sutter Street. Theft —A theft was reported at 2:40 p.m. Oct. 1, in the8900block of Forster Drive. Theft —A theft was reported at 4:59 p.m. Oct.1, in the1600 block of A Avenue. Theft —A theft was reported at 9:07 a.m. Oct. 2, in the63300 block of U.S. Highway 20. Theft —A theft was reported at 9:29 a.m. Oct. 2, in the51600 block of Huntington Road. Theft —A theft was reported at10:14 a.m. Oct. 2, in the63300 block of U.S. Highway 20. Theft —A theft was reported at 5:09 p.m. Oct. 2, in the25300 block of Deer Lane. Theft —A theft was reported at11:18 a.m. Oct. 3, in the 52000 block of River Birch. Theft —A theft was reported at 6:21 p.m. Oct. 3, in the52500 block of Railroad Street. Theft —A theft was reported at 6:47 p.m. Oct. 3, in the60300 block of Zuni Circle. Theft —A theft was reported at 2:42 p.m. Oct. 4, in the16300 block of Leona Lane. Theft —A theft was reported at 2:47 p.m. Oct. 4, in the600 block of N. Arrowleaf Trail. REDMOND POLICE DEPARTMENT Theft —A theft was reported at1:33 p.m.May 29,inthe2200blockofSW Canal Boulevard, and anarrest was made at 2:22 p.m.Oct.4. Theft —A theft was reported at 5:10 p.m. July 20, in the200block of NW Sixth Street, and anarrest was madeat 8 a.m. Sept. 28. Burglary —A burglary and theft were reported at 4:04 p.m.Sept. 23, in the 5400 block of W.State Highway126, andanarrestwasmadeat8:27a.m. Oct. 2. Unauthorizeduse —Avehicle was reported stolen, anact of criminal mischief was reported and anarrest was made at1:56a.m. Sept. 28, in the 1500 block of SW33rd Street. Theft —A theft was reported at 8:40 a.m. Sept. 28, in the300block of NW Oak TreeLane. Theft —A theft was reported at 9:56 a.m. Sept. 28, in the2000block of NW CedarAvenue. Theft —A theft was reported at1:26 p.m. Sept. 28, in the2100 block of SE First Street. Vehicle crash —Anaccident was reported at 3:45 p.m.Sept. 28, in the area of SW27th Street and SW Highland Avenue. Burglary —A burglary was reported at 6:21 p.m. Sept. 28, in the600 block of NW 32nd Street. Criminal mischief —Anact of criminal mischief was reported andan arrest made at7:05 p.m. Sept. 28, in the 2200 block of SW29th Street. Vehicle crash —Anaccident was reported at10:07 p.m. Sept. 28, in the 1200 block of SWHighland Avenue. Theft —A theft was reported at 9:49 a.m. Sept. 29, in the2300 block of SE College Loop. Theft —A theft was reported at1:16 p.m. Sept. 29, in the300 block of NW Oak TreeLane. Vehicle crash —Anaccident was reported at 2:01 p.m.Sept. 29, in the 2100 block of S.U.S.Highway 97. Theft —A theft was reported at 4:29 p.m. Sept. 29, in the700block of SW Umatilla Avenue. Unauthorizeduse —Avehicle was reported stolen at 9:01 p.m.Sept. 29, in the 100 block of NWCedar Avenue. DUII —Brian Earle Smith, 57, was arrested on suspicion of driving under the influence of intoxicants at12:44 a.m. Sept. 30, in theareaof NW19th Street and NWFir Avenue. Theft —A theft was reported at 9:04 a.m. Sept. 30, in the2800block of NW Ninth Place. Theft —Atheft was reported and an arrest madeat1:18 p.m. Sept. 30, in the300 blockofNW OakTreeLane. Unauthorizeduse —Avehicle was reported stolen at 5:46 p.m.Sept. 30, in the 2500 block of SW29th Street. Criminal mischief —Anact of criminal mischief was reported at 6:15 p.m. Sept. 30, in the2900 block of SW 23rd Street. Vehicle crash —Anaccident was reported at 7:05 p.m.Sept. 30, in the 1600 block of SWReindeer Avenue. Theft —A theft was reported at 7:39 p.m. Sept. 30, in the1600 block of SW Odem MedoRoad. Theft —Atheft was reported and an arrest madeat1012 a m. Oct. 1, in the 300blockofNW OakTreeLane. Vehicle crash —Anaccident was reported at10:19a.m. Oct.1, inthe 600 block of SWRimrock Way. Theft —A theft was reported at10:51 a.m. Oct. 1, in the600 block of E.Antler Avenue. Theft —Atheft was reported and an arrest madeat11:46 a.m. Oct.1, in the 300blockofNW OakTreeLane. Theft —Atheft was reported and an arrest made at 1p.m. Oct. 1, inthe 300 block of NWOakTree Lane. Criminal mischief —Anact of criminal mischief was reported at 2:35 p.m. Oct.1, in the area ofSW36th Street and SWReservoir Drive. Theft —Atheft was reported and an arrest made at3:06 p.m. Oct. 1, in the 300blockofNW OakTreeLane. Vehicle crash —Anaccident was reported at4:19 p.m.Oct.1, in the 1700 block of S.U.S.Highway97. DUII —Jose Jaramillo, 33, was arrested on suspicion of driving under the influence of intoxicants at 2:23a.m. Oct. 2, in the areaof SW10th Street and SWGlacier Avenue. Criminal mischief —Anact of criminal mischief was reported at 12:09 p.m. Oct. 2, in the1300 block of SW ObsidianAvenue. Vehicle crash —Anaccident was reported at 3:57 p.m.Oct. 2, in the area of SW13th Street and SW Forest Avenue. Vehicle crash —Anaccident was reported at 4:27 p.m.Oct. 2, in the 700 block of NWFifth Street. Theft —A theft was reported at 5:23 p.m. Oct. 2, in the900 block of SW 23rd Street. Criminal mischief — Anact of criminal mischief was reported andan arrest made at8:03 p.m. Oct. 2, in the 2200 block of SW19th Street. Vehicle crash — Anaccident was reported at 4:58a.m. Oct. 3, in thearea of S. U.S. Highway 97and SWAirport Way. Theft —Atheft was reported and an arrest made at9:55 a.m. Oct. 3, in the 300blockofNW OakTree Lane. Theft —A theft was reported at 7:43 p.m. Oct. 4, in the300 blockof NWOak Tree Lane. Theft —A theft was reported at 8:53 p.m. Oct. 4, in the2300 block of NW Hazelwood Avenue. Highway. Vehicle crash — Anaccident was reported at 8:24 p.m.Oct. 5, in thearea of NE Third Street. reported at 8:54 p.m.Oct. 2, in thearea of Juniper Lane. Theft —A theft was reported at 3:06 p.m. Oct. 3, in the12900block of SW Cinder Drive. in the area ofSmith Rock Way. 9 — Medical aid calls. Sept. 29 9 —Medical aid calls. Sept. 30 11:23 a.m.— Unauthorized burning, BEND FIRE RUNS 919 NWCedarAve. Friday 7:46 p.m.— Unauthorized burning, 3150 NWLower Bridge Way. 2:23p.m.— Brush or brush-and10 —Medical aid calls. grass mixture fire, 1255 NW Galveston Ave. Thursday 15 —Medical aid calls. 12:28 p.m.— Unauthorized burning, 350 SW 89th Place. Saturday 19 —Medical aid calls. 6:19 p.m. —Authorized controlled burning, 147 SWFourth St. Sunday 10 —Medical aid calls. 6:40a.m. — Smoke odor reported, 60604 Woodside Road. Friday 9:35p.m.— Building fire, 20120 6:40a.m. —Smokeodor reported, Pinebrook Blvd. 12322 NW 29th Court. 17 —Medical aid calls. 13 —Medical aid calls. Monday Saturday 10:14 p.m.—Chimney or flue fire, 495 7 — Medical aid calls. NE BellevueDrive. Sunday 30 —Medical aid calls. 7:46 a.m.— Unauthorized burning, 2627 NW74th St. REDMOND FIRE 8:25a.m.— Unauthorized burning, 1959 SW28th Court. RUNS 4:64p.m.— Unauthorized burning, Sept. 20 3115 NENegusWay. 1:42 —Authorized controlled burning, 14 —Medical aid calls. JEFFERSON COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE Vehicle crash — Anaccident was reported at 6:17a.m. Sept. 28, in the area of SELone Pine Road. Burglary —Aburglary, theft and an act of criminal mischief were reported at 8:44 a.m. Sept. 29, in the800 block of SE RodeoLane. Vehicle crash —Anaccident was reported at12 p.m. Sept. 29, in the area of SWGolden Mantel Road and SW Peninsula Drive. Burglary —Aburglary was reported at 10:55 p.m. Sept. 29, in the800block of SE TumbleweedLane. Theft —A theft was reported at11:08 a.m. Oct.1, in the 8600 block of SW Sand RidgeRoad. Theft —A theft and anact of criminal mischief were reported at11:05 a.m. Oct. 2, in the area ofGreyButte. Vehicle crash — Anaccident was reported at 8:13p.m. Oct. 2, in thearea of U.S. Highway 97nearmilepost 81. Vehicle crash — Anaccident was PRIMEVILLE POLICE DEPARTMENT Theft —A theft was reported at 7:55 a.m. Oct. 5, in thearea of SWHigh Desert Drive. Theft —Atheftwas reported at10:26 a.m. Oct. 5, in thearea of NWMadras Highway. DUII —GenaroSotelo, 48, was arrested on suspicion of driving under the influence of intoxicants at 7:27 p.m. Oct. 5, in thearea of NWMadras • WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015• THE BULLETIN B3 REGON oo er'smo erwro e 8 ou uns in on inc orum By Gosia Wozniacka and Alina Hartounian The Associated Press AROUND THE STATE Sledgehammer Slaying — A19-year-old manhasbeensentenced to adecade in prison his role in the sledgehammer death of his great-grandmother. Washington County JudgeRick Knappsaid Tuesday he would havesentenced JodaCain to morethan 10years if not restricted by sentencing guidelines. Ajury rejected murder charges at Cain's recent trial, and instead found himguilty of manslaughter. Cain did not make statement a Tuesday.Jaqueline Bell, a retired utility company executive, was killed two yearsago ather suburban Portland home. Prosecutors said Cainplannedthe murder and helped his cousin carry it out. Thedefenseclaimed his cousin killed Bell and Caintried to stop him. Thecousin's case is pendingafter a finding in March that he was unfit to stand trial. PORTLAND — The moth- er of a gunman who killed nine people and himself at an Oregon community college allowed her troubled son to have guns and acknowledged Train death —A man working at a lumbermill has died after being struck by atrain about 30 miles west of Portland. Officials with the Washington County Sheriff's Office said in anewsrelease that deputies werecalled to the Stimson Lumber Mill near Gaston on Tuesday afternoon. Theyfound 46-year-old Antonio Avalos of McMinnville dead atthe scene. Deputies believeAvalos fell off the front of a slow-moving train while working in the rail yard. in online posts that he strug- gled with autism, but she didn't seem to know he was I / potentially violent. r Irjwtt@Ts iu@ The online writings by Laurel Harper date from a year ago to nine years ago and offer fresh insight into the gunman, 2 6-year-old Sf~a and his relationship with his mother. T he A s s o ciated P r e s s didn't speak with H arper about the online postings; a knock on her door went un- Chris Pietsch I The (Eugene) Register-Guard via The Associated Press not need to imposemandatory water restrictions this year, asthe drought-depleted water supply is keeping upwith demand. The11 streams andsprings in the city's watershed are producing about 2 million gallons per day.Public Works Director Michelle Owensaid that' s less than half the volumetypical for October. Owensaid residents are sticking to the voluntary water curtailment request the city made three months ago, with demandaveraging about 2.6 million gallons per day. Those levels, combined with the possibility that demandwill drop with the temperature, haveOwensaying shedoes not foresee mandatory restrictions. A Douglas County Sheriff's Deputy screens visitors at the entrance to Umpqua Community College near Roseburg onTuesday. answered Tuesday, and her phone's voicemail box was full. However, the postings In her online postings, Lauincluded an email address rel Harper talked about her that is linked to Harper. love of guns and her son' s She and Harper-Mercer emotional troubles, but there shared an apartment outside are no hints of worry that he Roseburg. Investigators have could become violent. "I keep two full mags in recovered 14firearms — six found at Umpqua Communi- my Glock case. And the ARs ty College, where the killings & AKs all have loaded mags. o ccurred, and eight at t h e No one will be 'dropping' by apartment. Neighbors of the m y house u ninvited w i t h mother and son in C alifor- out acknowledgement (sic)," nia, where they lived before reads a 3-year-old posting. moving to Oregon in 2013, She was referring to a have said the two went target Glock handgun and to milishooting together. tary-style rifles. A Glock and Investigators say H arp- a military-style rifle were er-Mercer's mother has told among the weapons seized them the son was struggling after the Roseburg shooting with some mental health rampage. issues. Baker City water Supply —BakerCity officials saythey may H arper w r ote i n er posting: "I love the long guns & I have an AK-47 en route." She complained about gun control efforts in "lame states." She posted several times that her son had Asperger's syndrome, a mild form of shooting rampage, where Harper-Mercer killed eight studentsand a teacher before killing himself. While living in California, Harper-Mercer g r a duated from a learning center for students with learning dis- autism. abilities and emotional prob- One posting reads, "He's no babbling idiot nor is his life worthless. He's very intelligent and is working on a career in filmmaking." She wrote that she read aloud to her unborn son from lems. His parents divorced Donald Trump's "The Art of the Deal." Investigators have not yet said whether they suspect a n o t h- a motive in last Thursday's when he was a teenager and he lived with his mother. Harper-Mercer's f a t her, Ian Mercer, still lives in Cal- ifornia. Over the weekend he said he had no idea his son had any guns. "How on earth could he compile 13 guns? How could that happen?" Ian Mercer told CNN on Saturday. SiCk elk —Oregon authorities are enlisting hunters and other outdoors types in the fight against a diseasehurting the region's elk. The state Department of FishandWildlife is asking people who spendtime in the woods to watch for and report limping elk. Thoseanimals could be suffering from hoof disease, abacterial infection that causes severe lameness. Elkwith the diseasehavedeformed, overgrown or broken hooves andother abnormalities. Department veterinarians say last year's public sightings werehelpful in tracking the disease. Fishand Wildlife veterinary staffers are alsoasking hunters who kill infected elk to save the hooves sothe department can analyze them. Hoof disease does not affect the meat of theelk and is not arisk to human health. FOreStry gift —A California lumber companyhas donated $6 million to OregonState University to help fund theschool's forest science complex. Sierra Pacific Industries' gift will go toward the construction of the OregonForest ScienceComplex, which will be part of the new Corvallis campus of theOSUCollege of Forestry. The $6million is earmarked for a 20,000-square-foot laboratory for the development of advancedwood products such as cross-laminated timber, atype of engineered woodpanel that is replacing steel andconcrete in some high-rise buildings. Thenewlabwill be namedthe A.A. "Red" Emmerson AdvancedWood Products Laboratory in honor of Sierra Pacific's co-founder. Two ofEmmerson's children areOSUgraduates. — From wire reports Find It All Labor commissioner isrunning for secretary of state By Steven DuBois The Associated Press His decision to run for sec- joining state Sen. Richard Devlin of Tualatin and state positions on the State Land PORTLAND — Oregon Labor Commissioner Brad Ava- kian said Tuesday that he' s running for secretary of state. Avakian, 54, becomes the third Democrat in the race, Rep. Val Hoyle of Eugene. second-highest elected office perhaps best known for ruling Board, which oversees lands Secretary of State Jeanne At- in Oregon, and the secretary that a Gresham bakery must that provide revenue for public kins, appointed to the post in is first in line to be governor pay damages to a same-sex schools. March, does not plan to run. if the chief executive dies or couple denied a wedding cake. The secretary of state is steps down. That's what hap- In another high-profile case, in charge of registering cor- pened when Kate Brown took he filed a complaint against Find Your Dream Home porations, applying election over in February following the Daimler Trucks North Amerlaws, auditing government resignation of John Kitzhaber. ica, alleging employees at its agencies and m aintaining Avakian has been labor Portland plant were subjected the state archives. It's also the commissioner since 2008. He' s to racial slurs and threats. • • • Th e Bulletin in Real EState Stolen truck found inPortland, but T G tofu and organicdrinks still missing The Associated Press PORTLAND — A delivery truck stolen from an area of Southeast Portland h as turned up, but the tofu and organic drinks that were inside are missing. Portland police Sgt. Pete awarded in July through the Oregon Community Foundation. Continued from Bf Local public safety agencies have beentraining first responders Earlier this weekJean Nelin high-performance CPR, which son-Dean, DeschutesNational emphasizes deep,consistentcomForest spokeswoman, said pressions as soon aspossible. firefighters in the national forest "The idea is to get theseout to were waiting for more moisture in the patrol fleet and have(them) Central Oregon before lighting any available for when theemergencontrolled burns. Burns hadbeen cies happen," Burleigh wrote in an plannedsouthandwestofBend. email Tuesday. Police Automated External Defibrillators will soon be inmost of the Bend Police Department's patrol fleet, according to BendPolice Lt. Glint Burleigh. Thirty-two AEDs,which deliver a shock to the heart in the event of a cardiac arrest, were purchased with $42,295 in grant funding from the Helen LorenzFoundation et m I foundDad's remote in the fridge again. ...I'm beginning to get worried. and engagement. Boosting civics education in schools is a • good place to start, he said. Call us with questions ASSURANCE iswhatyougetwhen EVERGREEN manages your loved one's medications aboutaging and Alzheimers. In-Home Care Services 541-389-0006 www.evergreeninhome.corn Aging andDisability ResourceConnection of OREGOti OREGONDEPARTMENT OF HUMANSERVICESPROGRAIN Simpson said in a news re- ing a tip, officers found the lease that a delivery truck truck in another area of the belonging to Seattle-based city Tuesday afternoon. The R&K Foods was stolen from a tofu and organic drinks had parking lot Tuesday morning been taken. while the driver was inside a Anyone w it h i n f ormagrocery store. tion is asked to call Portland Simpson says after receiv- police. LOCAL BRIEFING Most police patrols will have defibrillators e eWe can use the Land Board retary of state had been ex- to create clean-energy jobs, pected. Rather than discuss jobs that will boost our econthe workaday functions of omy and provide a healthier the office, Avakian said Tues- environment," Avakian said in day he wants to create jobs an interview. and fight climate change. He Avakian described Oregon pointed out that the secretary as "ahead of the curve" when it of state holds one of the three comes to elections, but he said (Brad) Avakian has been labor commissioner since 2008. He's perhaps best known for ruling that a Gresham bakery must pay damagestoa same-sex couple denied a wedding cake. Online bendbulletin.corn Part of StormKingTrail to close The Deschutes National Forest plans to close aportion of the Storm King Trail west of Bend during weekdays beginning today until mid-November due tothinning. Loggers are set to cut andhaul timber in three sale units covering a combined 118acres, according to the national forest. The trail closure covers the Storm KingTrail, a popular mountain biking trail, from intersection No. 34 with the Tiddlywinks Trail to intersection No. 31 with Forest Road 41. During the closure the trail will be cl osedfrom 4a.m.Mondays to 4 p.m. Friday, according to the national forest. Deschutes officials planned to start the closure at 4 a.m.today. The thinning is part of the 26,000-acre West BendProject, which the national forest started in 2013. Intended to makethe woods west of Bendbetter able ee. Now offering PEMCO Insurance. Call today for a no-obligation insurance review. to withstand wildfire and insect infestations, the project may continue until 2025. For more information about the West Bend Project and trail closures caused by it, go to bit.ly/ WestBend. — Bulletins taf freports Patrick O'Keefe serviceocascadeinsure.corn 336 SW Cyber Drive Suite 104 Bend, OR 97702 541-382-7772 CASCADE INSURANCE CENTER esc ues iver rai s ou conne e e/MSE ME.„ Cw.ibadHie @@ RAN, tV'S 6O~~AeKIISig! ~ T A C O~ ! • Able TNK tA7TNig et's connect a missing piece of the Deschutes River Trail. The 33-mile trail fails to connect on the south end of Bend to the trails in Deschutes National Forest. The Bend Park & Recreation District has petitioned the Oregon Parks andRecreation Department to change the rules so it would be legal to build a bridge for pedestrians and bicyclesacross the river in that stretch. Oregon state parks should change the rules. Changing the r u les doesn' t mean the bridge would be built. That could be years away. The rule change makes it legally possible. There would still be a number of steps to go, with plenty more opportunity for public input. For instance, the park district would still need a permit to build an actual bridge. It would need to work with the U.S. Forest Service on the impacts of the additional traffic generated on the Deschutes River Trail and other environmental concerns. It would also need to decide where the bridge would be. Basically, if you were to walk out of Entrada Lodge and head toward the river, that's the general area on the river's west side. The park district does not own the land on either side of the river in that area. The process of permit- ting and approval would be much more complicated if the bridge is located on federal land on either bank. The location is also important because of how it may cut down on peopledriving to access recreation. Bicyclists have to go miles to get to a bridge that is usable. The Bill Healy Bridge is about 3 miles downstream. The bridge near Benham Falls is 9 miles upstream. To some, that may be seen as a brake on trail traffic that reduces impacts. We see it as a unnecessary barrierto recreation and enjoyment of the outdoors. Oregon State Parks and Recreation has set up a meeting for Oct. 28 at 6 p.m. at the Bend Park & Recreation District about its proposed rule change. The change does haveprecedent,in aw ay.Most other stretches of state scenic waterways do not have blanket prohibitions about bridges. And the park district has plenty of experience in building tasteful pedestrian/bicycle bridges across the river. Approve the rule change. Connect the trail. Gov. Brown'sintervention helped Roseburgfamilies O regon Gov. Kate Brown did homes for transportation back to the right thing for families who lost relatives during the shooting at Umpqua Community College. The shooting Thursday left 10 people dead, including the gunman, and at least another nine injured. The bodies of those who died were sent to the State Medical Examiner's Office in Clackamas, some 175 miles north of Roseburg, where the community college is located. In Oregon, the medical examiner is charged with determining the cause of death in any fatality that requires an investigation, and the Clackamas off ice handles homicide investigations for Roseburg and surrounding Douglas County. But undernormal circumstances, it's a family's responsibility to have a body returned home. In this case, that meant local families likely would have had to pay for arrangements with f uneral Roseburg. That's w h y the go v ernor stepped in.She arranged for the Oregon Air National Guard to return all the victims' bodies to Roseburg. A pair of helicopters took them back. The federalgovernment will pick up the tab. The shooter's family made separate arrangements to have his body returned. Brown — or her staff— apparently also arranged to have victims' bodies driven to Camp Withycombe, near the medical examiner's office, for pickup. That gesture may not have been the most critical thing on the governor'sagenda lastFriday, but surely it was among the most appreciated. It meant one less hassle for nine families that have suffered a horrible loss, and in that respect its importance cannot be overstated. Int ewo r 's ar in ByJack Matthews regon State University-Cas- O cades' recent initiative to offer incentives to students who ride their bicycles to campus is, in my view, a tacit admission that their parking management plan is seriously flawed. the students and faculty, 15 percent shots of our three high schools walking, and 15 percent biking, would all converge on campus, re- — Bend, Mountain View and Summit — showed the total number gardless of Bend's winter weather. of driving-age students (11th- and 12th-graders) was 2,187. Only a campus with robust student housing in a city with a robust C'mon man! mass-transit system could achieve The total number of faculty and staff at the three schools was 297. Kittleson's 30 percent number. "The initial 10-acre campus will Thus the total number of potential I believe OSU-Cascades' parking eventually serve 1,960 students, fac- drivers was 2,484. numbers are aspirational at best. ulty, staff and visitors ... no more Since the opening of the three And like the poet Robert Burns than an estimated 957 people will schools I have conducted my own wrote in "To a Mouse," "The best be on campus at any one time ... research, and it involved walking laid schemes of mice and men often and most every parking spot will be the parking lots and counting cars go awry." used multiple times each day." and bicycles. On any given school Taken literally, L. Frank Baum's I believe that anyone who be- day I counted on average of 1,590 "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" is a lieves such nonsense is delusional. cars in those combined parking lots child's fantasy, a fairy tale book that Do they really believe that students and 72 bicycles in the racks. And has generated countless literary inwho find parking spaces — out of who knows, those bikes could very terpretations. We all know that the 300 available for their 8 a.m. classes well have belonged to ninth- and Wizard had no real magical powers; — will actually leave campus at 8:50 10th-graders. he was more about duplicity and a.m. and then return and endeavor We now know that, on average, creating illusions by simply manipto find other spaces for their 11 a.m. 1,590 cars are in our high schools' ulating devices behind a curtain. In classes' ? parking lots each school day to ac- other words, making people believe OSU-Cascades' home page an- commodate approximately 2,484 what they want to believe. swered the question about its park- potential drivers. Now that OSU-Cascades' site has ing numbers: "Our parking numSo I ask, does it sound reasonable survived the appeal process, it' s bers ar e s o und. O SU-Cascades to you that 300 parking spaces at time we rip away the curtain and based its numbers on an analysis by OSU-Cascades' new campus could expose everyone in this city who Kittelson & Associates, a nationally accommodate 2,030 potential driv- so readily and quite cavalierly aprecognized parking and transporta- ers — their numbers, not mine — re- proved of this parking charade. tion demand engineering firm." gardless of the ridiculous notion of I believe the city staff and city I'm sure Kittleson & Associates the constant ebbing and flowing of council availed themselves of apused a sophisticated, mathematical cars in the parking lot'? pallingly weak city codes to accede formula in predicting the parking I made an assumption that those to the wishes of OSU-Cascades and numbers, but quite frankly I don' t s tudents not living i n B end w i l l by doing so are directly complicit in think they have a clue about the drive to campus. Those out-of-town- this whole parking sham. Allowing driving habits in Bend, particularly ers present yet another sticky di- OSU to manipulate the weaknesses among our high school students that mension to the 300 available spaces of the system has done a huge discould be (should be) the principal re- on campus. service to this community. cruiting pool for OSU-Cascades. Incredibly, one of Kittleson's basic — Retired Lt. Col. Jack Matthews, That said, the 2014 online snap- assumptions was that 30 percent of of the U.S. Marines, lives in Bend. Letters policy In My Viewpolicy How to submit We welcomeyour letters. Letters should be limited to one issue, contain no more than 250words and include the writer's signature, phonenumber and address for verification. Weedit letters for brevity, grammar, taste and legal reasons. Wereject poetry, personal attacks, form letters, letters submitted elsewhereandthose appropriate for other sections of TheBulletin. Writers are limited to one letter or Op-Ed pieceevery 30 days. In My View submissions should be between 550and 650 words, signed and include the writer's phone number and address for verification. Weedit submissions for brevity, grammar, taste and legal reasons. Wereject those published elsewhere. In My View pieces run routinely in the space below, alternating with national columnists. Writers are limited to one letter or Op-Ed pieceevery 30 days. Please address your submission to either My Nickel's Worth or In My View and send, fax or email them to The Bulletin. Email submissions are preferred. Email: letters©bendbulletin.corn Write: My Nickel's Worth / In MyView P.O. Box6020 Bend, OR97708 Fax: 541-385-5804 o F ace oo , r i vac isnot ree tion from you not just when you actually like, "like" something, but when a cebook is f o l lowing y ou you load a page that has a "like" around the Web. You knew that, button on it. They want Facebook to right'? How else would Face- agree to use a "Do Not Track" stan- Bloomberg book know to serve that panda video IN MY VIEW ro em dard that will keep all that potentially straight into your newsfeed and leave profitable data from the greedy eyes your college friend's ill-informed rant of advertisers. about Pacific trade deals in the dark Of course people should be able to bowels of its servers'? How else would hide data about what sites they use. it know to serve you with 7,000 ads But there's a perfectly good way to for wedding dress vendors the very do this: Stay signed out of Facebook day you announce your engagement? and tell your browser not to accept Facebook knows what you like. It cookies, or otherwise let advertisknows what you don't like. It probably ers follow you around the Web. The knows whether you have been naugh- problem is, this level of security is ty or nice, and will be selling that data incredibly inconvenient, because you to Santa this Christmas season. have to spend a lot of time painfully This bothers many people, espe- re-entering data. The other problem cially since Facebook keeps expand- is that naive users, who probably ing the list of things it knows about don't spend a lot of time thinking you and the ways it is willing to use about privacy, won't bother. Privacy-obsessed folks who carefully hide their activity from the Internet and adhating readers who install blockers are effectively having their free media and social media platforms subsidized by the folks who don't know or don't mind. them really don't care enough — at least, not enough to put up with all that inconvenience. Enforcing someone else's preferences about priva- cy may not be liberating; it may be counterproductive. For let us remember that, dingy and dispiriting as it may be, these really have to naive users who don' t companiesdo need to make money. soon target ads using your "likes" spend a lot of time thinking about There's an old saying in advertising: and "shares" has triggered some privacy? Some of these users un- If you can't figure out what's being Olympic-level teeth-gnashing from doubtedly don't realize that they are sold,then you're the product."Free" that data to make money. The recent announcement thatFacebook would But what obligation do companies the Electronic Frontier Foundation, exposed, but we should not reject out products and services usually aren' t; because Facebook will get informa- of hand the possibility that most of someone has to finance them, and if they' re not charging you for your use, bring about the death of the firm. But then they' re charging someone else there's a problem with this, which to use you. Privacy-obsessed folks you see a lot in politics: Someone who carefully hide their activity from will say "We' ve got this modest plan, the Internet and ad-hating readers and it would only raise costs (or lowwho install blockers are effectively er revenue), by some small amount, having their free media and social say, what we could raise with a onemedia platforms subsidized by the cent surtax on ballpoint pens," and folks who don't know or don't mind. this is true. Except there are several Because someone has to read the ads thousand people who have similarly that pay the bills. modest plans, and the next thing you The interwebs are full of splendid know ballpoint pens cost $20 apiece things that social media companies and the drugstore has to lock them could do to make life easier for var- up with the pregnancy tests. The ious people, and perhaps better for collective weight of the suggestions society, if only those social media for improvement (and the third-parcompanies didn't have to make mon- ty software to facilitate same) might ey. The problem is, if the social media well make the Internet kinder and companies implemented them all, gentler. It might also kill off many of they would probably go out of busi- the ways we spend our Internet time. ness. That would, of course, take care Privacy matters, but privacy is not of problems like Twitter harassment free.And the best people to assess and Facebook'sstalker-like record the trade-offs between privacy, acof your Internet activity, but most cess and convenience are probably people do seem to like having those the individuals wielding the mouse, social media platforms, even at the rather than the activists wielding the expense of some exposure to these megaphone. risks. — Megan McArdle is a columnist No one fix would be unlikely to for Bloomberg. WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015• THE BULLETIN Hillside Park BITUARIES Orra Rose Sides, of Redmond July 22, 1938 - Oct. 3, 2015 Arrangements: Autumn Funerals, Redmond 541-318-0842 www.autumnfunerals.net Services: A private family gathering will be held at a later date. Carol Lee Alexander, of Redmond Feb. 28, 1938 - Oct. 3, 201 5 Arrangements: Redmond Memorial Chapel is honored to serve the family. 541-548-3219 www.redmondmemorial.corn Services: Graveside service on October 15 at 10 AM at Powell Butte Cemetery. Memorial service/ Celebration of Life at 7 PM at Powell Butte Christian Church, 13720 OR Hwy 126, Powell Butte, OR. Contributions may be made to: Project Love Program at Powell Butte Christian Church, 13720 Oregon Hwy 126, Powell Butte, Oregon 97753, 541-548-3066. Sharon Lippincott, of La Pine July 28, 1943 - Oct. 2, 2015 Arrangements: Baird Memorial Chapel of La Pine is honored to serve the family. 541-536-5104 www.bairdfh.corn Services: A Celebration of Life will be held Thursday, October 22, 2015, 1:OOPM at the La Pine Moose Lodge,located at 52510 Drafter Rd. in La Pine. Contributionsmay be made to: Partners In Care Hospice, 2075 NE Wyatt Ct., Bend, OR 97701, 541-382-5882, www.partnersbend.org DEATHS ELSEWHERE Deaths ofnote from around the world: Hillside Parkmasterplan The park district has finalized amaster plan for this west-side undeveloped park that sits on the south side of Awbrey Butte. Continued from B1 "I think this is really pretty good government," Proctor sard. Olga Hirshhorn,wife of museumfounder, was mllector in herown right The park district has bud- "A lot Of PeOPle think you have to be Museum and Sculpture Gar- wealthy to collect art," den, who was well known as she once said. "t paid artists a hundred dollars a month for pieces." thropist and collector in her own right, died Saturday at her home in Naples, Florida. She was 95. Her death, while she was by-sitting service and, finally, under care for numerous ail- an employmentagency called ments, was confirmed by her Services Unlimited. Her agenson John Cunningham, a cy provided domestic help portions of the park. Future work a t Hi l l side Park could include a skate- Also on Tuesday, the board approved a $219,000 contract with Cameron McCarthy for planning, architectural and engineering work at b oth Hillside and Rockridge Park, a proposed park just south of Lava Ridge Elementary School in northeast Bend. "P Source: Bend Park &Recreation District Pete Smith /The Bulletin divorced in 1962. After a pe- riod in which they mutually charmed and impressed testimony. Don Horton, the Bend park each other, Hirshhorn issued his proposal to her. "Lose 10 district's executive director, said he's also unsure why new bridges were banned upstream of Bend. pounds," he said, "and I' ll marry you." 200 years. The challenge was easily Symbolic of the meaning of met, and they married. philanthropy, and of the transThey seemed a particularly fer of art from private to pub- well-matched couple. "We had lic hands, was a visit she once such fun," she said. She congreat works of art of the past made with a reporter to the verted to Judaism to be buried sculpture garden of the Hirshhorn Museum. alongside him. The c o uple m a i n tained a home in Washington for tion of the famous statue of the many years, and the force of French novelist Honore de Bal- her gregarious personality zac by the celebrated French was said to have made her, sculptor Auguste Rodin. In- and them, many friends. In tended to convey character addition to Naples and Washand personality rather than ington, she also spent long pemere physical likeness, it is riods on Martha's Vineyard, regarded as a landmark in the Massachusetts. history of sculpture. Joseph Hirshhorn died in "This used to stand at the her arms in 1981, as they were top of our driveway in Green- returning from a performance wich," Hirshhorn said. at the Kennedy Center. She On another occasion, she tried CPR, but it failed. She gestured in the direc- "My life was shattered at that moment," Hirshhorn said later. But she carried on the tradi- Chantal Akerman, 65: The "That was in our dining room," Belgian director whose rumi- she said. native, meticulous observation As a wealthy collector' s tions of collecting and philanof women's inner lives, often wife, Hirshhorn met and be- thropy begun during her marusing long takes, made her a friended some of the major riage; she served on the board pioneer in feminist and ex- figures of 20th-century art, of the Corcoran School of Art perimental filmmaking. Died including Pablo Picasso, Wil- and supported other museum Monday in Paris from an un- lem de Kooning and Georgia projects, art associations and O'Keeffe. known cause. women's groups. She also was Arpad Goncz, 93:A muchPicasso signed one of his described as one of Washingloved Hungarian writer and works, "To Olga with love." De ton's best-known art collectors. translator wh o s u r vived a Kooning created something After her husband's death, communist-era life sentence for her and signed it "Love, she maintained a small house for taking part in the 1956 Bill." Picasso's wife, Jacque- in Washington's Embassy anti-Soviet revolt and l ater line,designed a dress for her, Row area. It was so diminutive become Hungary's first dem- and the artist signed it. that she dubbed it the "mouse ocratically chosen president. The child of a blue-collar house," but it contained a large Died Tuesday in Budapest. couple, Hirshhorn through and eclectic aggregation of art. — From wire reports her marriage and her person- Many of the acquisitions came al charm expanded her cirde without great outlays of cash. of acquaintances far beyond "A lot of people think you have what may once have seemed to be wealthy to collect art," possible. "Joe brought me into she once said. "I paid artists a a very exciting world," she hundred dollars a month for once said. pieces." Death Notices are freeand Once, her son recalled, as he At least one of the adornwill be run for oneday, but struggled to support a young ments in her house was said specific guidelines must be family while on the lower to have come from the old followed. Local obituaries rungs of the academic ladder, Georgetown flea market, with are paid advertisements he got a call from his mother, a coin toss used to settle the submitted by families or fuwhose life existed on another price. The entire place gave the neral homes. Theymaybe plane. "Hi," she greeted her impression of what one writsubmitted by phone, mail, son. "I'm having lunch with the er called a "creative hodgeemail or fax. TheBulletin podge," ranging from a Calder queen of England." reserves the right to edit bronze to a Balinese betel nut Developing her interest in all submissions. Please art, Hirshhorn acquired many cracker. include contact information pieces on her own, later donatIn 1995, a show of works in all correspondence. ing or promising them to mu- from her collection had a conFor information on anyof seums including the Corcoran siderable effect on an art writthese services or about the Gallery of Art in Washington. er for The Post. obituary policy, contact "You can't look at this show Her enduring interest in art 541-61 7-7825. began in her early days with without being impressed by Deadlines:Death Notices Joseph Hirshhorn. the collector's voracious eye are accepted until noon "I had to choose whether to and refreshingly open apMonday through Friday for learn about art or finance or proach," wrote Jo Ann Lewis. next-day publication and by mining," she said, "and I chose "She likes what she likes, con4:30 p.m. Friday for Sunday art s noisseurship be damned." publication. Obituaries Many pieces were promised Olga Zatorsky was born must be receivedby5p.m. April 26, 1920, in Greenwich, to galleries and museums othMonday through Thursday the daughter of a chauffeur er than the Hirshhorn, with at for publication on the secand a homemaker, both immi- least some to be bequeathed ond day after submission, grants from Eastern Europe. after her death. by1 p.m. Friday for Sunday The explanation given was From a young age, she was, in publication, and by 9a.m. many ways, an independent that the collection, and the MondayforTuesday spirit in which they were aswoman. publication. Deadlines for At 18, she married one of sembled, might have been display ads vary; pleasecall her teachers, John Cunning- overwhelmed in the museum for details. ham, at Greenwich (Connecti- on the Mall. In addition to her son John Phone: 541-617-7825 cut) High School. She had Cunningham, survivors inthree children by age 25, and Email: obits©bendbulletin.corn clude another son, Denis she went into business in her Fax: 541-322-7254 hometown to help support Cunningham, several grandMail:Obituaries children and one great-grandthem. P.O. Box6020 A learn-to-swim group for child. According to a relative, Bend, OR97708 toddlers led to a day camp, Olga Hirshhorn was preceded Obituary policy in death by a third son. the rules were being made,people in Bend were concerned about urban growth, and has sent notices to every address within a quarter mile his name on the Washington Mall. She and her first husband no evidence to support this — but at the time Continued from B1 Havel said his department of the proposed bridge site advising them of the hearing, but anyone is welcome to attend the hearing and submit then a nursery school, a ba- e "Asbest as we can tell — and there's really Bridge it," she told The Washington Post in 1982. pointed to a bust of Madame Renoir, wife of th e p ainter. Trenton Ave. and sculpture collection to establish the museum that bears enhanced by the beauty and stimulation of some of the v for the wealthy residents who more College in New York. lived in Greenwich's many A Washington, D.C., resi- mansions. Through it, she met dent for many years, Hirsh- Hirshhorn. "He said he was attracted horn was the fourth wife of Joseph Hirshhorn, the business- to me by my voice, by my effiman, financier and mining ty- ciency, by the fact that I ran my coon who donated his painting own business, that I'd created w ich, Connecticut, life w as . ments to the more developed $900,000. At the home that the Hir- - walk along Northwest 12th Street and minor improve- said, at an estimated cost of shhorns shared in Green- construction of a new side- Olga Hirshhorn, widow of the founder of the Hirshhorn sculptor and professor at Skid- (9.64 acres for off-leash dog recreation) =:;f p(ayers>, geted $750,000 for the initial stage of the project. Figurski said that figure should cover the improvements to the dog park, the The Washington Post park, parking and access and other improvements, Figurski By Martin Weil B5 they didn't Want any bridge CrOSSingS On the Deschutes River." — Don Horton, executive director of the Bend Park & Recreation District, on rules that bar any entity from applying to build a bridge to change the rule against end of th e bridges, the district will need boundary, but Horton said it' s too early in the planning pro- to conduct a study that convinces the Forest Service that a bridge will not over- "As best as we can tell — and there's really no evidence to support this — but u r ban g r owth cess to know when construc- burden the trail system west tion might be possible. Havel said state parks of the river. The section of staffers will compile a report river is also designated as a outlining testimony at the being made,people in Bend federal wild and scenic river, Oct. 28 hearing, which will be were concerned about urban he said, which could pres- submitted to the state parks growth, and they didn't want ent a dditional r e g ulatory commission. The commisany bridge crossings on the complications. sion is scheduled to vote on Deschutes River," H o rton The 2012 park district bond the prospective rule change said. designated approximately in February, he said. Horton said if the park dis- $1.2 million for a bridge and — Reporter: 541-383-0387, at the time the rules were trict can persuade the state Walking class Continued from B1 It could be harder as the year goes on; Williams said they will walk through rain or snow, as long as it's not too deep or icy. connecting trails at the south walking a few miles may be a sard. challenge, he said. Others may — Reporter: 541-617-7837, be injured or have medical aspegman@bendbullet in.corn conditions that prevent them from playing Frisbee or flag football that other classes do. Back at Bend High, the class was rounding the corner at How to submit Ninth Street, the final stretch. "I didn't really want to take Teen feats:Kids recognized recently for academic achievements or for participation in clubs, choirs or volunteer groups. (Please submit a photo.) Toward the back of the pack were freshmen Emily PE in general, so this was the easy class," said freshman Ocean Robinson. "You can be on your phone or whatever." Felt and Natalie Kemnitz. "We' re not that athletic," Felt said. "It just seemed like a fun class, a relaxing thing." Both girls went to High Desert Middle School last year, where they only had one choice when it came to PE class. Options, said Kemnitz, are "for sure" a good thing. Ahead of h im , f r eshman Riley Chubb said the class seemed like a good option, but a few weeks in it is starting to feel repetitive — there's only so many routes they take, and walking is walking. "It gets kind of boring," she Ahead of them, freshman Mae Joseph listened to Panic! at the Disco on her headphones. She originally signed up for the athletic conditioning class but switched out when she found out how intense it is. SCHOOL NOTES [email protected] Mail:P. O.Box6020,Bend, OR 97708 Other schoolnotes:College announcements, military graduations or training completions, reunion announcements. Contact: 541-633-2117, bulletin@be ndbulletin.corn Story ideas TEEN FEATS Nolan Beal,a senior at RidgeviewHighSchool,wasnamed a CommendedStudent in the M ountain V i e w H i g h School started offering a 2016 National Merit Scholarship Commended students similar l ow-impact class Program. last year. Dave Hood, placed among thetop 5percent Mountain View's athletics of more than 1.5 million students who entered the 2016competition director, said the idea is just to get kids moving. Stu- by taking the 2014Preliminary dents come with a variety SAT/National Merit Scholarship of capabilities and for some, Qualifying test. "There was, like, a jungle gym workout," she said. Courthouse Contact: 541-633-2117, Schoolnews:Itemsand announcements of general interest. Contact: 541-383-0354, [email protected] Student profiles:Know of a kid with a compelling story? Contact: 541-383-0354, aspegman©bendbulletin.corn "I'm trying to reuse lows Hall building next to and rePurPOSe What' S the formercourthouse isone Continued from B1 "I'm trying to reuse and re- in the building as purpose what's in the build- much as I can. It's a ing as much as I can," said slow, painstaking j Jansen. "It's a slow, painstak— Steve Jansen, who is ing job." The process of getting the renovating the courthouse building listed on the National Register has also been arduous and slow-going. was located at the old court" It took q u ite a w h i l e, house building until 2013. mainly because there wasn' t The historical society is now much documentation on this looking for a new location for building, so they really had to the museum. do some research on it," JanJerry Ramsey, who is on ob." of the others of historical importance to the city. "They' re the heart of down- town Madras," said Ramsey of the two brick structures. The former courthouse has a small adjoining jailhouse with t wo , t w o-person jail cells. A new 30,000-square-foot county courthouse is being constructed in Madras and is expected to be completed next year. The current courthouse was built in 1961. sen said. the board ofdirectors for the Jansen hopes to have the Staff with the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office helped out with the application process, he said. society, said the building is one of the few remaining in Madras of significant historic value. former courthouse completed restored by 2017, when A National Register list- ing provides opportunities for federal grants that can The 100-year-old Madras hotel burned down last fall on C and Fourth streets. It was condemned the previous the building will have been standing for 100 years. He recently installed a new fire escape on the building. This month, he plans to have new windows placed in the properties. year, but was from the same upstairs courtroom. The Jefferson County His- era as the former courthouse. — Reporter 541-617-7820 torical Society and Museum Ramsey said the Odd [email protected] be used for restoring historic 0 B6 T H E BULLETIN WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015 W EAT H E R Forecasts andgraphics provided byAccuWeather, lnc. ©2015 ' HIGH 72' i f ' 1 ALMANAC Low EAST: Mostly cloudy in the north today with Seasid TEMPERATURE a little rain at times; 63/66 Yesterday Normal Record clouds and some Cannon 79 66 90' i n 1979 sunshine south. 62/56 36' 35' 17' in 1974 PRECIPITATION O c t 27 N o v 3 crescen tmoonintheeasternskyonehour before sunrise. Source: JimTodd,OMSI High: S6' at Medford Low: 26' at Lakeview ~ a i The higherthe AccuWeaffter.rxrmIIV Index number, the greatertheneedfor sysandskin protscgon.0-2 Low, 3-5 Moderate;6-7 High;8-10 VeryHigh; 11+ Exlrsms. POLLEN COUNT G rasses T r ee s Lo~w Wee d s Ab s ent • Reservoir C rane Prairie Acr e feet 266 2 0 Wickiup 16600 Crescent Lake 4 9 5 22 Ochoco Reservoir 10163 Prinaville 44995 30Vo River flow Sta t io n Cu. f t./sec. Deschutes R.below CranePrairie 124 Daschutas R.below Wickiup 467 547 Deachutes R.below Bend Deschutes R. atBenhamFalls 1270 Little Deschutes near LaPine 49 Crescent Ck. belowCrescent Lake 25 Crooked R.above Prinevilla Raa. 0 Crooked R.below Prineville Res. 62 Crooked R. near Terrebonne 277 Ochoco Ck.below OchocoRes. 2 FIRE INDEX Bend/Sunriver Redmond/Madras Sisters Prineviue La Pine/Gilchrist Not available Not available Not available Not available Not available Source: USDA Forest Service Chr i stmas alley 74/40 77/45 City Hi/Lo/Prec. Abilene 88/49/0.00 Akron 75/51 /0.00 Albany 71/46/0.00 Albuquerque 73/53/Tr Anchorage 47/36/0.00 Atlanta 76/60/0.00 Atlantic City 68/54/0.00 Austin 88/57/0.00 Baltimore 76/44/0.00 Billings 70/41 /0.00 Birmingham 82/66/0.00 Bismarck 65/33/0.00 Boise 81 /51/0.00 Boston 64/48/0.00 Bridgeport, CT 69/47/0.00 Buffalo 63/55/Tr Burlington, VT 63/47/0.00 Caribou, ME 62/39/0.00 Charleston, SC 70/61/Tr Charlotte 75/51/0.00 Chattanooga 82/63/0.00 Cheyenne 62/44/0.00 Chicago 71/55/Tr Cincinnati 78/56/0.00 Cleveland 70/49/0.00 ColoradoSprings 72/50/0.31 Columbia, MO 73/55/0.00 Columbia, SC 76/59/Tr Columbus,GA 81/63/0.01 Columbus,OH 79/52/0.00 Concord, NH 68/38/0.00 Corpus Christi 89/63/0.00 Dallas 84/58/0.00 Dayton 79/52/0.00 Denver 58/46/0.05 Des Moines 72/55/0.00 Detroit 69/56/0.00 Duluth 66/51 /0.00 El Paso 78/59/0.69 Fairbanks 47/26/0.00 Fargo 63/43/0.00 Flagstaff 55/45/0.46 Grand Rapids 65/57/Tr Green Bay 69/46/0.00 Greensboro 74/50/0.00 Harrisburg 74/45/0.00 Harfford, CT 72/40/0.00 Helena 74/35/0.00 Honolulu 83/74/0.05 Houston 89/65/0.00 Huntsville 90/63/0.00 Indianapolis 75/56/0.00 Jackson, MS 88/62/0.00 Jacksonville 74/63/Tr Today Thursday HiRo/W 88/64/pc 72/49/pc 69/47/pc 68/53/c 45/39/r 80/61/s 73/58/pc 91/65/pc 75/54/pc 75/49/pc 86/65/s 71/47/pc 77/52/pc 70/51/s 73/53/s 65/45/c 68/42/pc 64/38/pc 78/60/s 79/56/s 83/59/s 72/45/pc 69/55/s 77/56/pc 69/50/pc 71/47/pc 77/58/pc 79/56/s 82/60/s 75/54/pc 70/41/s Hi/Lo/W 87/64/r 73/59/pc 63/46/s 71/54/pc 51/44/r 81/62/pc 69/58/s 90/67/c 72/56/s 69/52/c 84/65/pc 63/37/pc 81/57/pc 61/49/s 66/53/s 63/53/pc 58/41/s 54/31/s 81/65/pc 80/60/pc ~ gs +me,wilsonsottedeond.net 87/65/pc 88/67/pc 84/65/s 88/67/pc 100/76/s 76/60/Tr 80/62/pc 83/57/1 75/51/0.00 76/57/pc 72/58/s 80/68/0.23 85/67/pc 92/71/s Pittsburgh 76/50/0.00 72/48/pc 73/59/pc Portland, ME 69/40/0.00 67/45/s 61/42/s Providence 70/43/0.00 72/49/s 64/48/s Raleigh 73/51/0.00 79/57/s 80/62/pc Rapid City 66/44/0.00 77/49/pc 66/43/r Reno 79/48/0.00 81/51/s 85/52/pc Richmond 73/46/0.00 79/58/pc 75/61/pc Rochester, NY 62/53/Tr 66/46/pc 63/51/pc Sacramento 82/59/0.00 85/56/s 89/56/pc St. Louis 77/61/0.00 78/62/pc 84/61/pc Salt Lake City 71/59/0.06 73/51/pc 75/52/pc San Antonio 90/64/0.00 91ft0/pc 87/71/c San Diego 76/64/0.00 78/67/s 81/68/s San Francisco 74/60/0.00 72/55/pc 75/57/pc San Jose 78/58/0.00 78/56/s 82/56/pc Santa Fe 72/47/Tr 66/44/t 70/45/pc Savannah 78/61/Tr 80/59/s 81/65/pc Seattle 65/50/0.00 62/56/r 70/58/pc Sioux Fags 72/57/0.00 72/57/pc 69/43/pc Spokane 72/46/0.00 61/51/r 71/53/pc Springfield, MO 72/54/0.00 78/61/pc 81/58/pc Tampa 85/68/0.00 8703/pc 88/74/t Tucson 79/65/0.21 76/58/pc 84/63/s Tulsa 80/52/0.00 82/59/pc 86/59/c Washington,Dc 77/50/0.00 77/58/pc 74/60/s Wichita 79/57/0.00 82/61/pc 87/57/c Yakima 76/40/0.00 71/48/sh 75/49/pc Yuma 85/69/0.00 91 ft0/s 98/73/s 9 Litlle Rock Los Angeles Louisville Madison, Wl Memphis Miami 80/60/pc 71/58/pc 73/47/pc 84/56/c 81/61/pc 82/62/pc 76/61/pc 63/38/s 59/48/sh 78/64/pc 61/46/pc 95/71/s 89/77/t 67/46/s NATIONAL WEATHER Juneau Kansas City Lansing Las Vsgas Lexington Lincoln 76/54/1 64/55/0.82 63/53/pc Boston 84/63/0.00 79/66/pc • 77/52 ee /51 Auckland 65/54/0.00 64/55/pc • Rani City etmu ff w York Baghdad 103/79/0.03 99/71/c 2/50 5/57 ha Bangkok 87/75/0.16 90/7 Tn heyenne Ta/ 1 Precipitation: 0.76" ilsdelphia Beijing 83/59/0.00 79/52/pc Im '~9 Des Moi es 4 /5 Beirut 82P5/0.18 78/74/ah at Laramie WY an anciico Salt Lake ty 5 7 • Den 73/51 Berlin 63/51/0.02 65/48/c 72/55 ington 74/8 us lie 77 Les y ss Bogota 68/46/0.00 67/46/1 +VVV 81/eo 86/6 Kansas City si. , Budapest 66/48/0.00 69/51/c 77/eo 78/ Buenos Ai r es 63/55/0.18 64/45/ah • avhvll Cherie 91/72/0.04 92/73/t Cabo San Laces 85/5 e , 4/45 • L' Cairo 88/70/0.00 85/70/s Phbiu Anchorage +Buq u e Ida homai c v 8 68 • At • 8 Calgary 52/34/0.00 61/40/pc n 0 9 v v v- -v Cancun 88/68/0.00 88/73/pc air in ha • usga Juneau Dublin 63/55/0.42 57/43/pc se/ 89/6 Edinburgh 63/55/0.28 56/40/r 51/43 Geneva 61 /55/0.71 59/47/pc ax Harare 85/62/0.00 87/56/s Q w Orleans 1/47 Hong Kong 87/79/0.23 88/78/c Honolulu Sd/70 e Istanbul 68/64/0.06 71/62/pc 87/73 Jerusalem 77/60/0.10 72/59/c y '47/efr ~ x x v. v. a7/49 v. Johannesburg 87/65/0.00 89/64/pc 4 Lima 71 /64/0.00 72/64/pc Lisbon 70/63/0.00 69/57/pc Shown are today's noonpositions of weather systemsand precipitation. Temperature bandsare highs for the day. London 66/57/0.39 59/44/pc T-storms Rain S h owers S now F l urries Ice Warm Front Sta t ionary Front Madrid Cold Front 70/60/0.00 71/49/pc Manila 89/79/0.00 90/77/t Yesterday Today Thursday Hi/Lo/Prec. Hi/Lo/W Hi/Lo/W Yesterday Today Thursday City 82/64/pc 63/42/pc 79/59/pc 71/47/pc 78/53/c 71/58/pc 53/40/c 72/59/t 44/31/c 57/40/pc 68/40/s 69/54/r 66/50/r 80/61/pc 71/55/s 67/46/s 70/45/pc 86/74/pc 88/69/pc 87/66/pc 80/60/pc 88/67/pc 82/68/pc Yesterday Today Thursday City H i/Lo/Prec. Hi/Lo/W Hi/Lo/W C i t y City Hi/Lo/Prec. Hi/Lo/W Hi/Lo/W Astoria 65/47/0.00 65/51/r 67/55/pc L a Grande 79 / 34/0.00 66/47/c 77/50/pc Portland 77/5 4/0.0069/55/r 76/57/pc Baker City 81/29/0.00 69/41/c 76/42/pc La Pine 75/28/0.00 70/43/pc 76/49/pc Prinevigs 76/ 3 8/0.0073/43/pc 76/44/pc Brookings 59/54/0.00 67/52/pc 68/56/pc M edford 86/5 0/0.00 84/52/pc 84/54/pc Redmond 81 / 32/0.0075/40/pc80/43/ pc Gums 80/33/0.00 75/39/pc 80/40/pc N ewport 63/5 0/0.00 63/52/r 6 5/53/pc Roseburg 82 / 52/0.00 80/53/pc 81/54/pc Eugene 74/50/0.00 75/50/c 76/53/pc N o rth Bend 6 4 / 54/0.00 66/52/pc 69/55/pc Salem 77/51/0.00 74/52/r 76/55/pc Klamath Fags 77/34/0.00 77/38/pc 80/41/pc Ontario 82/40/0.00 77/48/pc 80/47/pc Sisters 78/31/0.00 73/47/c 78/46/pc Lakeview 77/28/0.00 74/40/pc79/43/pc Pendleton 76/42/0.00 69/54/sh 76/52/pc The Dages 8 1 /41/0.00 73/53/sh 78/54/pc Weather(W):s-sunny, pc-partly cloudy,c-cloudy, sh-showers, t-thunderstorms, r-rain, sf-snow flurries, sn-snow l-ice, Tr-trace,Yesterdaydata asof 5 p.m. yesterday ~ f ga ~ gs Clouds andbreaks of sun afternoon shower 76/54/pc 74/50/pc 76/62/pc 72/50/s 55/43/pc 75/57/1 42/32/pc 66/49/r 61/37/pc 70/46/s 63/45/pc 80/58/s 75/52/pc 73/47/pc 66/48/pc 87/73/pc 91/67/pc 87/62/s 77/57/pc 90/66/s 81/64/pc Yesterday Today Thursday Ca p acity NATIONAL 46% 6% 57% 23Vo • • Ashl nd F a l l s 67/5 WATER REPORT Meac am Losti ne • • Silver Lake 72/41 Po 0 73/42 Gra 61/ a Chile quin '76/4o Gold ach 66 7 Medfo d UV INDEX TODAY 2 p .m. 4 p .m. lington 72/52 5 i Yesterday • W co 65/47 Enterprise lieten 64/ he Dali • • 64/46 7 1 69/ 4 andy• 73/63 7/63 Gove nt • upi • Hag gner Grande Condon 0/50 66 47 Cam • 71 union 63/ Sale • pmy Granite e 74/5 • 2/66 'Baker C 63/45 2/61 • Mitch II 69/41 CamPShmanRed n • 70/46 OTVRIS TO/44 • John eu 74/49 • Prineville Day /44 tario 73/43 • P a line 7 1/ 6 6 77 48 • Eugene ' Re d Brothers Vates Su iVere 72/46 • 47 77/49 Nyssa • 7 1 / 2 • La pine Ham ton e Juntura Grove Oakridge • Burns 77/47 73/53 /53 • Fort Rock Riley 75/39 Greece t • 72/46 73/41 71/45 63/53 Tonight' s uky:Thursday,the planetsVenus, Mars and Jupiter will be joined by a thin 1 g~ s Som e sun, then clouds, nice and warm SUNDAY 'x9 7 9 ' ~ 5 1' Shown is today's weather.Temperatures are today's highs andtonight's lowe. umatilla Hood 73/52 RiVer Rufus • ermiston Tillamo • 66/53 Mc innvill CENTRAL: Mostly cloudy in the north today with a faw d Warm with intervals of clouds and sunshine Partly cloudy andmild Portland 24 hours through 5 p.m. yesterday 0.00" Record 0.42" in 1923 Lincoln Month to date (normal) 0.0 6" (0.06") periods of rain; clouds 63/64 Year to date(normal) 6.96 " (7.25") and somesunshine Newpo Barometric pressure at 4 p.m. 30 . 0 6" across the south. 63/62 WEST: Cloudy in the SUN ANDMOON north today with some Tach Today Thu. rain, mainly this morn- 61/63 7:10 a.m. 7: 1 1 a.m. ing; cloudy to partly Floren e 6:36 p.m. 6: 3 4 p.m. sunny south. Lq/63 2:06 a.m. 3: 0 4 a.m. 4:09 p.m. 4 : 4 0 p.m. OREGON EXTREMES First Fu ll Last Oct 12 Oct 20 ~ Ellsdury denched in Yankees' loss Parity NEW YORK — Ma- dras native Jacoby Ellsbury, signed to a $153 million contract by the Yankeesless than two years ago, was left out of New York's starting lineup for Tuesday night's 3-0 loss to Houston in the American Leaguewildcard game. reigns supreme in Pac-'l2 By John Marshall With left-hander The Associated Press Dallas Keuchel starting for the Astros, Yankees manager JoeGirardi wants to get right-handed-hitting Chris Young in the starting lineup. Brett Gardner took Ellsbury's spot in center 12's football coaches talk about the abundance of parity in the conference. Every season, the same field and atop the bat- teams seem to end up ting order and finished 0-for-4 with three strikeouts. Ellsbury entered the game in the eighth inning and poppedout to shortshop. "Something that I mulled over for a couple days," Girardi said. "When it camedown to it in the end, it wasGardy's numbers against left-handers this year compared to Jacoby's." Ellsbury was 2-for-4 in his only gameagainst Keuchelthis season. "I told him I wanted to play, but then I let him know I' ll obviously be ready to go atanypoint in the gameand willing to do whatever it takes for this team to win," Ellsbury said before the game. Since the All-Star break, Ellsbury hit.220 with five homers and23 RBls and Gardner batted .206. But Gardner hit .263 against lefties over the span andEllsbury just.223. Young, who was batting second and playing left field, entered 6-for-20 (.300) against Keuchel. He finished Tuesday 0-for-2 with a strikeout and awalk. on top. This season has — The Associated Press PHOENIX — Every season, the Pac- seen a shift. The calls of parity are actually on the mark. This is a new version of the Pac-12, in which new teams are on the rise and the unexpected has become the norm. "It's the Wild West right now," Stanford coach David Shaw said. The Pac-12 hierarchy in recent years started with Oregon. The Ducks played for the national title in 2011 and again last season, and they have won five of the past seven Pac-12 championships. They were picked to win the Pac-12 North Division again this season. But Oregon already has two losses, the latest one of the biggest surprises of the college football season: Utah 62, Ore- gon 20, in Eugene. "To the outside world, the Utah-Or- • egon game was crazy," Shaw said. • MCCollum has hissights on starting where heleft off — on a scoring tear Inside • Astros ace Kuechel dominates Yankeeson three days' rest,C3 ORTLAND — C.J. McCollum's gaze was piercing. See Pnc-12/C4 This must have been the more confident body language Damian Lillard spoke of, McCollum's killer-instinct attitude that was on full display during the Portland Trail PREP Blazers' final three games of the NBA playoffs last season. WATER POLO MAC Invite set for Friday, Saturday MADRAS — Ten teams are scheduled to take part in the Madras Aquatic Center Invite high school water polo tournament, set for Friday and Saturday at the MAC pool. The boys field is made up of Madras, Bend High, Ridgeview, Summit and Sunset. The girls field consists of Madras, Bend, Mountain View, Ridgeview and Sunset. Matches in pool play will start on the hour from 9a.m. to 6 p.m. on Friday and from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Saturday. Championshi p matches, if necessary, are set for Saturday at 6 p.m. for the girls and 7 p.m. for the boys. Admission eachday is $3 for adults, $1 for students, and free for MAC members. 10th overall pick by the Blazers that has driven McCollum into in the2013 draft who averaged less than six Portland's training camp ready to prove that his impressive showing in that small sample size was no fluke. His gaze at the team's media day last week was convincing: C.J. McCollum is blossoming into the Blazers' points over his first 108 career regular-season and Postseaso games, found a groove. It was during GRANT LU('A5 the final three games of that first-round series against the Memphis Grizzlies when he explodedfor25.7pointspergame. next star. The NcCollum lie Name:C.J. McCollum Pos: Guard Ht/Wt:6-3,190 From:Canton, Ohio College:Lehigh Draft:2013, 1st round (10th) CAREERSTATS Oregon St. at Arizona When:1 p.m. Saturday KRCO690-AM, 96.9-FM Washington St. at Oregon When: 3 p.m. Saturday TV:Pac-12 Radio:KBND 1110-AM Team GP-GSMin Pts FG%3P%Reh Ant 013-14 POR 38-0 12.5 5.3 .416 .375 1.3 0 2014-15 POR 62-3 15.7 6.8 .436 .396 1.5 1.0 SeeMcCollum/C3 Inside • Ducks unsure about what to do at QB. Pac-12 notebook,C4 PREP GIRLS SOCCER Ravens top Panthers for 1st IMCvictory this season Inside just need to clean up a few little mistakes heading into the second part of the IMC victory of the season in a 7-1 •No.6Bend High,No.7 Mountain View draw in boys soccer. Prep roundup,C4 girls soccer win at crosstown rival Redmond on Tuesday afternoon. Aspen Jeter led the Ravens © Seemorephotosfromthe game onThe Bulletin's website:hendhngetin.corn/slideshows 25th minute, assisted by Bulletin staff report REDMOND — Ridgeview matched its largest margin of — Bulletin staff report with three goals and an as- sist, bookending Ridgeview's scoring with a goal in the NFL Seahawks both lucky andgood Seattle admits it was on the good end of abad call, but that does not change the fact that the Seahawks' defensewas dominant once again. NFL notebook,C3 Next up TV:FS1 Radio:KICE 940-AM; It was that breakout performance It was then that McCollum, the "But to those of us who know, when Utah is hitting on all cylinders, they' re extremely good." seventh minute and two more in the 44th and 53rd. Hailey Jordan Fox. It was DeChristo- pher's second and Redmond's For more coverageof third goal of the season. Central Oregon prepsports: "We just keep getting hendhniietin.corn/sports/highechooi better with every game," O Williamson and Saylor Goodwin each scored two goals in to 5-4-1 overall (1-2-2 IMC). "I think with our conferthe first half to give the Ravens a 5-1 halftime lead. ence being as strong as it Ridgeview's Aspen Jeter, right, takes n shot against Redmond on Tuesday afternoon. Jeter hndthree goals in the Ravens' 7-1 win. Redmond coach John Cripe said. "The girls are playing hard, and that's all I can ask of them." geview's first in the Inter- prove and we' re right where Redmond next plays at Bend on Thursday, while the mountain Conference and improved the Ravens' record we want to be," Ridgeview Ravens travel to face the Lava coach Kyle Chown said. "We Bears next Tuesday. The victory was RidRyan Brennecke/The Bulletin season." Sarah DeChristopher scored the lone goal for the Panthers (0-3, 0-8-1) in the is, we' re continuing to im- C2 THE BULLETIN • WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015 ON THE AIR NHL, N.Y.Rangers at Chicago NHL, SanJose at LosAngeles GOLF Presidents Cup 5 p.m. NB C SN 7:30 p.m. NBCSN 7 p.m. Golf THURSDAY GOLF EuropeanTour, British Masters Presidents Cup EuropeanTour, British Masters 4 :30 a.m. Gol f 5 :30 p.m. Gol f 4:30 a.m. (Fri) Golf MOTOR SPORTS NASCAR,Sprint Cup,Charlotte, practice NASCAR,Xfinity, Charlotte, qualifying NASCAR,Xfinity, Charlotte, final practice NASCAR,Sprint Cup,Charlotte, qualifying Formula One,Russian Grand Prix, practice SOCCER Euro 2016 qualifier, Ireland vs. Germany Euro 2016 qualifier, Scotland vs. Poland Women's college, Purdue atOhioSt. Women's college, Auburn at South Carolina Women's college, OregonSt. at Stanford 10:30 a.m. NBCSN n oon NBC S N 2:30 p.m. NBCSN 4 p.m. NB C SN 4 a.m. (Fri) NBCSN 1 1:30 a.m. 11:30 a.m. 4 p.m. 4 p.m. 7 p.m. E S PN FS2 Big Ten SEC Pac - 12 BASEBALL MLB playoffs, Texas atToronto MLB playoffs, Houston at KansasCity 12:30 p.m. 4:30 p.m. FS1 FS1 FOOTBALL College, S.C.State at Bethune-Cookman College, SMUat Houston NFL, Indianapolis at Houston College, Washington at Southern Cal 4:30 p.m. ESPNU 5 p.m. ES P N2 5:25 p.m. CBS, NFL 6 p.m. ESPN ON DECK Today Boys soccer: Sutherlin atSisters, 3p.m. Girls soccer: Sutherlin atSisters, 4:30p.m. Volleyball:Sutherlin atSisters, 5p.m. Cross-country: Ridgeview,LaPine,Gilchrist, Trinity LutheranatLaPine Invitational, 4 p.mcMadrasat Estacada XCInvitational, 5 p.m. 6 p.m. ter Classic8, a.m.; Culverat HeppnerTournament, noon; CentralChristian at North Lake, 2p.m.; Gilchrist atTrinity Lutheran,5:30p.m. Crosscountry: Mountain View,Redmond, Ridgeview,Summit, Sisters, CrookCounty atGeorge Fox XCClassic in Gervais,11:20a.m.; La Pineat BristowRocknRiver5Kin Pleasant Hil,10 a.m. Boys waterpolo:Bend,Ridgeview,Summit, Madras at Madras Aquatic Center Invite Girls waterpolo:Bend, MountainView,Ridgeview, Madras at MadrasAquatic Center Invite HOCKEY NHL NBA preseason, GoldenState at Portland 7 p.m. C S NNW, KBND 1110-AM;KRCO690-AM, 96.9-FM NATIONALHOCKEY LEAGUE All TimesPDT Today'sGames MontrealatToronto, 4 p.m. N.Y.RangersatChicago,4:30 p.m. Vancouver atCalgary, 7p.m. SanJoseat LosAngeles,7p.m. Thursday'sGames Winnipegat Boston,4 p.m. OttawaatBuffalo, 4 p.m. Philadelphiaat TampaBay, 4:30p.m. CarolinaatNashvile, 5p.m. Edmonton at St.Louis, 5p.m. PittsburghatDalas, 5:30p.m. MinnesotaatColorado,6 p.m. BASKETBALL Lynx even WNBA Finals — sylvia Fovvleshad21points and nine rebounds andthe Minnesota Lynx evenedthe best-of-five WNBA Finals at onegameapiece with a 77-71 victory over the Indiana Fever on Tuesday night in Minneapolis. Fowles made 10 of 13 shots and Maya Moore added 19points and eight boards for the Lynx, whoare looking for their third championship in the past five years. Briann January scored 17points and TamikaCatchings had 11points, nine rebounds and five assists for the Fever,who nearly vvontheir second straight game onthe road to openthis rematch of the 2012 series won by Indiana. Game 3 is Friday night in Indianapolis. Horllots' Kidd-Gllcllrlst oUt 6 mohtlls —charlotte Hornets forward Michael Kidd-Gilchrist is expected to miss six months after having surgery on his right shoulder Tuesdaynight. The team's top defensive player tore his labrum anddislocated his shoulder in a preseason gameSaturday night against Orlando. Hornets coach Steve Clifford plans to spendthe rest of the preseason looking at different combinations to fill the void left by Kidd-Gilchrist but said former Trail Blazer Nicolas Batum is expected to seemore action than first expected at small forward. BASEBALL Ichiro re-signs with Marlins —Ichiro suzuki signeda$2 million, one-year contract Tuesday to remain with the Miami Marlins in hopes of reaching 3,000 hits. Suzuki, who turns 42 onOct. 22, is tied for 33rd on Major LeagueBaseball's hits list with 2,935. Healso had 1,278 in Japan.Suzuki had 91hits in 153 games for the Marlins this year but batted acareer-low.229, dropping his career averageto.314. FANTASY NeW York AG OpenS inquiry — TheNewYork attorney general began an inquiry Tuesday into the prospect that employees of daily fantasy football sites havevvonlucrative payouts based on inside information not available to the public, asking two leading companies, DraftKings andFanDuel, for a range of internal data anddetails on hovv they prevent fraud. Word of the inquiry came as the revelation that DraftKings andFanDuelallowed their employees — many with information not available to customers — to play ateachother's sites for large amounts of moneycontinued to rattle the sports world. In a letter to both companies, Attorney General Eric Schneiderman demanded the names,job titles and descriptions of any employees who aggregate andcompile awide range ofdata that perhaps could be used to gain apersonal advantage — including ownership percentages and pricing algorithms. "It's something we' re taking a look at — fraud is fraud," Schneidermansaid in aradio interview early Tuesday before the inquiry was announced. Neither DraftKings nor FanDuel would specify how many of their employeescompeted and won money on other sites. MOTOR SPORTS Harvick celedration raises eyebrowsamongrivalsKevinHarvick's victory celebration at Dover on Sundaymadesome of his competitors wonder if the reigning Sprint Cupchampion had something to hide. Manybelieve Harvick backedhis car into the wall during his celebratory burnout, creating damage to hisChevrolet. Harvick on Tuesdaydenied anyknowledge of hitting the wall, but some wondered if the action wasdone to limit NASCAR'sability to inspect the car after the race. BradKeselovvski said Tuesday it was "absolutely" common for drivers to intentionally damagetheir cars after a race, andDenny Hamlin called on NASCARto figure out a way to keep cars intact for the technical inspection. Ecclestone says F1 could de soldthis year —Formula One commercial chief Bernie Ecclestone saidTuesdaythat the series could be sold this year andthere are three interested buyers. The 84-year-old Ecclestone did not identify the potential new owners but said he wants to remain in his current role, running F1 on adayto-day basis. F1's largest and controlling shareholder is currently investment fund CVC Capital Partners. Ecclestone earlier this year raised the prospect of buying back F1himself. eWe'll see,e Ecclestone said when asked if hewas one of thethree interested parties. The Associated Press reported in Junethat F1 is atakeover target for Qatar Sports Investments, which hasFrench soccer club Paris Saint-Germain in its investment portfolio and linked upwith Miami Dolphins owner RSE Ventures to consider a bid. — From wire reports WILD CARD Tuday'sGame Houston3, NewYork0 Today'sGame ChicagoCubs(Arrieta 22-6) at Pittsburgh(Cole198), 5:08p.m. DIVISIONSERIES (Best-ot-5;x-it necessary) Thursday'sGames Texas(Gallardo 13-11)atToronto(Price18-5),12:37p.m. Houston(McHugh19-7) at KansasCity (Ventura13-8), 4:37 p.m Friday'sGam es Texas(Hamels7-1) atToronto (Stroman4-0), 9;45a.m. Houstonat KansasCity (Cueto4-7),12:45 p.m. ChicagoCubsor Pittsburgh atSt.Louis, 3:45p.m. NewYork(deGrom14-8) at LosAngeles (Kershaw 16-7), 6:45p.m. Saturday'sGames ChicagoCubsor Pitsburgh atSt.Louis, 3:37p.m. NewYork(Syndergaard9-7) at LosAngeles (Greinke 19-3), 6:07p.m. Sunday'sGames KansasCity(Volquez13-9) atHouston, 1:10p.m. Toronto(Estrada13-8) atTexas(Lewis 17-9), 5:10p.m. Monday'sboxscore Astros 3,Yankees0 Football:Gilchrist atTriad, 7p.m. Boys soccer: Irrigonat Culver, 1p.m. Volleyball:Bend,MountainView,Redmond, Ridgeview, Summit, CrookCounty, Sistersat Clearwa- BASKETBALL SPORTS IN BRIEF In the Bleachers O 2015 Steve Moore. Dist. by Universal Ucuck 10/Z www.gocomrcs.corn/inthebreachers Friday Football:Ridgeviewat Bend, 7p.muMountainView at Gladstone, 7 p.mcRedmondat Summit, 7p.m.; Cottage Groveat Sisters, 7p.m.;Glideat LaPine,7 p.m.;CulveratHeppner,7p.m. Cross-country: Bendat SandelieXCClassic in Wilsonville, 4p.m. Volleyball:NorthLakeatGilchrist, 2 p.m. Boys waterpolo:Bend,Ridgeview,Summit, Madras at Madras Aquatic Center Invite Girls waterpolo:Bend, MountainView,Ridgeview, Madras at MadrasAquatic Center Invite NBCSN Listingsarethemost accurate available. TheBulletin is not responsible for latechangesmadeby TI/or radio stations. MLB playoffs MAJORLEAGUEBASEBALL All TimesPDT Thursday Football:MadrasatCrookCounty,7p.m. Boyssoccer.RedmondatBend,3p.m.;Summitat MountainView, 3p.m.; SweetHom e at Sisters, 4:30 p.m.; La Pine atCentral Linn,4:30 p.m.; LivingstoneAdventist at Central Christian,4 p.m. Girls soccer: Summit at Mountain View,4:30 p.m.; Redmondat Bend,4:30 p.mcSisters at Sweet Home, 7 p.m4LaPineat Jefferson,4:30p.m. Volleyball:HoodRiver Valley at Ridgeview,6:30 p.m.;SistersatSweet Home, 6:30p.me Harrisburg at La Pine, 6p.mcWeston-McEwen at Culver, 4 p.m. Girls water polo:Madrasat Summ it, 6:30 p.m.; MountainViewatRedmond, 3:30p.m. Boys water polo:Madrasat Summ it, 7:30 p.m.; MountainViewatRedmond, 4:30p.m. HOCKEY BASKETBALL NBA preseason NATIONALBASKETBALL ASSOCIATION All TimesPDT Tuesday'sGames Washington129,Philadelphia95 Indiana115, Detroit112 Chicago105,Milwaukee95 Memphis 92,Houston89 Denver 96, Dallas86 Utahvs.L.A.LakersatHonolulu, Hawaii, late Today'sGames Atlantavs.ClevelandatCincinnati, 4 p.m. Orlandovs.Miamiat Louisvile, Ky.,4:30p.m. DallasatHouston, 5 p.m. OklahomaCity at Minnesota,5 p.m. Sacramento atPhoenix, 7p.m. 2015-16 TRAILBUIZERS SCHE DULE Thursday Oct. 10 Oct. 12 Oct. 18 Oct. 19 Oct. 22 Oct. 28 Oct. 30 Oct. 31 Nov. 2 Nov. 4 Nov. 5 Nov. 8 Nov. 9 Nov. 11 Nov.13 Nov.15 Nov.16 Nov.18 Nov.20 Nov.22 Nov.24 Nov.28 Nov.30 Dec.1 Dec.3 Dec.5 Dec. 7 Dec.8 Dec.11 Dec.12 Dec.14 Dec.16 Dec.18 Dec.20 Dec.21 Dec.23 Dec.26 Dec.27 Dec.30 Dec.31 Jan. 3 Jan. 4 Jan. 6 Jan. 8 Jan.10 Jan.13 Jan.15 Jan.16 Jan.18 Jan. 20 Jan. 23 Jan. 26 Jan. 29 Jan. 31 Feb. 2 Feb. 4 Feb. 6 Feb. 8 Feb.10 Feb.19 Feb. 21 Feb. 23 Feb. 25 Feb.27 Feb.28 March1 March2 March4 March 6 March8 March11 March12 March14 March17 March18 March20 March23 March24 March26 March28 March31 April 2 April 3 April 5 April 6 April 9 April 13 Preseas on Golden State 7 p.m. CSNNW 7 p.m. at Sacram ento at Utah 6 p.m. utah 6 p.m. CSNNW at L.A.Lakers 7:30 p.m. NBA at L.A.Clippers 7:30 p.m. Regularseason NewOrleans 7 p.m. BlazerNet at Phoem x 7:30 p.m. CSNNW Phoenix 7 p.m. BlazerNet at Minnesota 5 p.m. CSNNW 6 p.m. BlazerNet at utah Memphis 7:30 p.m. TNT Detroit 6 p.m. CSNNW at Denver 6 p.m. CSNNW SanAntonio 7:30 p.m. BlazerNet at Memphis 5 p.m. CSNNW at Charlotte 2 p.m. CSNNW at SanAntonio 5:30 p.m. CSNNW at Houston 5 p.m. CSNNW LA. Clippers 7 p.m. CSNNW at L.A.Lakers 6:30 p.m. CSNNW 7 p.m. CSNNW Chicago L.A. Lakers 7 p.m. BlazerNet at L.A.Clippers 7;30 p.m. CCSNW Dallas 7 p.m. CSNNW Indiana 7 p.m. CSNNW at Minnesota 5 p.m. BlazerNet at Milwaukee 5 p.m. CSNNW at Cleveland 4 p.m. CSNNW at Phoenix 6:30 p.m. CSNNW NewYork 7 p.m. CSNNW NewOrleans 7 p.m. CSNNW at Oklahoma City 5 p.m. BlazerNet at Orlando 4 p.m. CSNNW at Miami 10 a.m. CSNNW at Atlanta 5 p.m. CSNNW at NewOrleans 5 p.m. BlazerNet Cleveland 7 p.m. BlazerNe t at Sacram ento 6 p.m. CSNNW Denver 7 p.m. CSNNW 6 p.m. CSNNW at utah at Denver 6 p.m. CSNNW Memphis 7 p.m. CSNNW LA. Clippers 7 p.m. BlazerNe t GoldenState 7 p.m. CSNNW Oklahoma City 6 p.m. CSNNW utah 7 p.m. CSNNW at Brooklyn 4:30 p.m. CSNNW at Philadelphia 4:30 p.m. CSNNW at Washington 11 a.m. CSNNW Atlanta 7;30 p.m. BlazerNe t LA. Lakers 7:30 p.m. CSNNW Sacrame nto 7 p.m. CSNNW Charlotte 7 p.m. CSNNW Minnesota 6 p.m. CSNNW Milwaukee 7 p.m. CSNNW Toronto 7 p.m. BlazerNet at Houston 2 p.m. CSNNW at Memphis 5 p.m. CSNNW Houston 7:30 p.m. BlazerNet 7 p.m. CSNNW Golden State Utah 6 p.m. CSNNW Brooklyn 7 p.m. BlazerNet Houston 7 p.m. CSNNW at Chicago 5 p.m. CSNNW at Indiana 3 p.m. CSNNW at NewYork 4:30 p.m. CSNNW at Boston 4:30 p.m. CSNNW at Toronto 4:30 p.m. CSNNW at Detroit 3 p.m. CSNNW Washington 7 p.m. BlazerNet at Golden State 7:30 p.m. CSNNW Orlando 7:30 p.m. BlazerNet at Oklahoma City 5 p.m. CSNNW at SanAntomo 5:30 p.m. BlazerNet at NewOrleans 5 p.m. CSNNW at Dallas 1 p.m. CSNNW Dallas 7:30 p.m. BlazerNet at L.A.Clippers 7:30 p.m. CSNNW Philadelphia 7 p.m. CSNNW Sacramen to 7 p.m. CSNNW 7 p.m. CSNNW Boston Miami 7 p.m. CSNNW at Golden State 5 p.m. BlazerNe t at Sacram ento 7 p.m. CSNNW Oklahoma City 7 p.m. BlazerNe t Minnesota 7:30 p.m. CSNNW Denver 7:30 p.m. BlazerNet "So ... Have you and your husband chosen a single sport for your next child that will suck the life out of your marriage on a daily basis?" WNBA playoffs WOMEN'SNATIONAL BASKETBALLASSOCIATION Friday'sGame Minnesota at Indiana 5p.m. Sunday'sGame Minnesota at Indiana 530pm Wednesday,Oct. 14 Indiana atMinnesota, 5p.m. FOOTBALL America's Line HOME TEAMINCAPS NFL Favorite Open Current 0/U Underdog Thursday TEXANS N L NL NL Colts Sunday 3 3 42k t Jaguars 3 2t / t 42 t /t TITANS Bt/t Bt/ t 4 3 ' /t Browns IP/t P/2 4 P/z Redskins t/t 10 gy, 4 5 Bears 41/2 5 49 Saints 9t/t 9 t/ t 4 6 ' Iz Rams 3 3 44 Seahawks 3 3 44 LIONS 8 B t / t 4 9 ' /t COWB OYS 5t/t 5 43'l z RAIDER S 7 7 43 49ers Monday C HARG ERS 3 3 45' I z Steelers NewYork ab r hbi ab r hbi Altuye2b 4 0 1 1 Gardnrcf-If 4 0 0 0 Springrrf 4 0 1 0 CYounglf 2 0 0 0 Correass 4 0 0 0 Ellsuryph-cf 1 0 0 0 CIRsmslf 3 1 1 1 Beltranrf 4 0 1 0 Gatti sdh 4 0 0 0 ARdrgzdh 4 0 0 0 CGomzcf 3 1 1 1 BMccnc 4 0 0 0 Lowrieph 1 0 0 0 Headly3b 2 0 0 0 M rsnckcf 0 0 0 0 Bird1b 3 0 1 0 Valuen 3b 4 0 1 0 Rfsnyd 2b 3 0 0 0 Carter1b 0 0 0 0 Gregrsss 3 0 1 0 V illar pr 0 1 0 0 MGnzlz1b 1 0 0 0 Jcastro c 2 0 0 0 Totals 30 3 5 3 Totals 3 0 0 3 0 Houston 0 10 100 100 — 3 N ew York 000 0 0 0 000 — 0 DP — NewYork2. LOB—Houston5, NewYork5. AMERICAN CONFERENCE 2B — Springer (1). HR—Col.Rasmus (1), C.Gomez East —Altuve(1), Vilar (1). W L T Pct PF PA (1). SB IP H R E R BBSO NewEngland 3 0 0 1.000119 70 Houston N.Y.Jets 3 1 0 . 75095 55 KeuchelW,1-0 6 3 0 0 1 7 Buffalo 2 2 0 . 500 110 92 Sipp H,1 1 0 0 0 1 1 Miami 1 3 0 . 250 65 101 W.HarrisH,1 1 0 0 0 0 0 South GregersonS,1-1 1 0 0 0 0 2 W L T Pct PF PA NewYork Indianapolis 2 2 0 . 5 0072 93 TanakaL,0-1 5 4 2 2 3 3 Tennesse e 1 2 0 . 333 89 77 Ju.Wilson 11-3 0 0 0 1 0 Houston 1 3 0 . 250 77 108 Betances 12-3 1 1 1 1 4 Jacksonvile 1 3 0 . 250 62 107 A.Miller 1 0 0 0 0 2 North T—3:04. A—50,113(49,638). W L T Pct PF PA Cincinnati 4 0 0 1 .000121 77 Pittsburgh 2 2 0 . 5 0096 75 SOCCER Baltimore 1 3 0 . 250 93 104 Cleveland 1 3 0 . 250 85 102 MLS NFL NATIONALFOOTBALL LEAGUE All TimesPDT West MAJORLEAGUESOCCER W L T Pct PF PA All TimesPDT 4 0 0 1.000 97 69 2 2 0 . 500 97 108 T oday'sGames 2 2 0 . 500 96 110 13 0 . 250 100 125 Montrealat NewYork, 4:30p.m. FC DallasatVancouver,7 p.m. NATIONAL CONFERENCE Saturday'sGame East W L T P ct PF PA Montrealat Colorado,6p.m. Dallas 2 2 0 . 500 95 101 N.Y.Giants 2 2 0 . 500 102 82 DEALS Washington 2 2 0 . 5 0078 79 Philadelphia 1 3 0 . 25078 86 Transactions South Denver Oakland SanDiego Kansas City Carolina Atlanta Tampa Bay NewOrleans W L 40 40 13 13 North T 0 0 0 0 P ct PF PA BASEBALL 1.000108 71 AmericanLeague 1.000137 93 CLEVE LANDINDIANS—Promoted Chris Antoneti . 250 72 117 to presidentof baseball operations,MikeChernoffto . 250 86 104 generalmanager andDerek Falveytoassistant general manager. W L T P ct PF PA NationalLeague GreenBay 4 0 0 1 .000113 71 MIAMIMARLINS—PromotedJeff McAvoyto vice HOUSTN O 22 25'lt 74'lt Smu Minnesota 2 2 0 . 50080 73 president-playerpersonnel,Brian Chattin to assisSOUTHER NCAL17 16'It 56 Washington Chicago 1 3 0 . 250 68 125 tant generalmanager and David Keller to director-pro Friday Detroit 0 4 0 . 000 66 96 scouting.Agreedto termswith OFIchiro Suzuki ona MARSHALL Bt7t 5 5 8 t/t So Miss West one-year contract. VA TEC H 1t/2 PK 49'/t Nc State W L T P ct PF PA BASKETB ALL Saturday Arizona 3 1 0 . 750 148 73 NationalBasketball Association Oklahoma 16 1 7 6 1 Texas St. Louis 2 2 0 . 50074 89 MEMPHIS GRIZZLIES— SignedFSampsonCart er. Minnesota 1 3 46 PURDUE Seattle 2 2 0 . 50087 71 FOOTBAL L Akron 9 7t7t 53'It EMICHIGAN SanFrancisco 1 3 0 . 250 48 110 NationalFootballLeague WVIRGINIA 7 7 5 8 Oklahoma St ATLANT A FALCONS—SignedS Charles Godfrey PENNST Indiana Thursday'sGame and TE TonyMoeaki. ReleasedTEMickeyShuler. Placed Duke 10 12 47'/t ARMY IndianapolisatHouston, 5:25p.m. WRDevin Hester oninjured reserve-return. TEMPLE 15 16 48'lt Tulane Sunday'sGames BUFFALOBILLS— SignedRBDanHerron.Placed 10WA 10t/t 11 illinois Chicagoat KansasCity, 10a.m. TE MarcueisGrayoninjured reserve.SignedWRWalter OHIO ST 32 54'7t Maryland St. LouisatGreenBay, 10a.m. Powell tothepractice squad. Buff aloatTennessee,10a.m. BOSTON COLL 9t7t 8 3 6'It WakeForest CHICAGB OEARS—PlacedCWill Montgomeryon QHIQ u 17 16 48 Miami-Ohio Seattle at Cincinnati, 10a.m. injuredreserve.SignedTNickBectonfromthepractice TOLEDO 16'lt 15 44 KentSt WashingtonatAtlanta, 10a.m. squad.SignedSSherrodMartin. SignedDTBrandon NO ILLINO IS 11 1 0'/t 54'/t Ball St JacksonvilleatTampaBay, 10a.m. GunnandCBarrettJonesto thepractice squad. Waived App'chian St 19 16 59'lt GEORGIA ST NewOrleansatPhiladelphia,10 a.m. PSpencerLanningandLBJohnTimu.PlacedWRJalen C level a nd at B al t i m ore, 10 a. m . PITTSBU RGH 8 10 46'It Virginia Saundersonthepractice squad/injured list. Terminated at Detroit,1:05 p.m. WMICHIG AN 6 Plt 51'It CMichigan Arizona the practicesquadcontract ofDTTerryWilliams. at Oakland, 1:25p.m. ALABAMA 16 16'/t 50'/t Arkansas Denver CLEVEL ANDBROWNS—SignedDLRayDrewand AIR FOR CE 19 24 54'/t Wyoming NewEnglandatDallas, 1:25p.m. DB TyZfmmerman tothe practice squad. Released DL BOWLGREEN 12'lt 13 77'lt UMass SanFranciscoat N.Y. Giants,5:30p.m. DylanWynnandOL Garth Gerhart fromthepractice 301/2 30yt Troy Open:Carolina, Miami,Minnesota, N.Y.Jets MISSST squad. Monday,Oct.12 MISSISSIPP I 41 42'lt 70'lt NewMexico St GREENBAYPACKERS— SignedDTBruceGaston 7t7t 55'It BYIJ 7 ECarolina PittsburghatSanDiego, 5:30p.m. to thepracticesquad. 41'It 4 4 7 7 Baylor KANSAS MINNESOTA VIKINGS— TradedLBGeraldHodges FLAATLANTIC 3 3t/t 58t/t Rice to SanFranciscofor CNickEastonanda2016sixthOREGO N 18 17 70 Wash St round draft pi c k. TENNIS Georgia 3 3 5 5'7t TENNES SEE TAMPABA Y BUCCANEERS — Signed K Connor WKENT UCKY 10 Bt/t 65t/t Mid Tenn St Barth.SignedWRDonteeaDyeand DEHoward Jones WTA Tour TULSA 91/2 gt/t 66t/t UL-Monroe from the practice squad.PlacedDETJ. Fatinikun oninChinaOpen juredreserve.ReleasedTMartin WallacefromthepracNOTRE DAME 14 14'lz 54'lz Navy Tuesday atBailing tice squad.SignedTReidFrageland DEJoshShirleyto ARIZONA ST 15 15 55'/z Colorado SecondRound the practicsq euad. FLORIDA ST 10 9'/t 5(p/t Miami-Fla 8 3 5'Iz Northwestern FlaviaPennetta (3),Italy,def.Teliana Pereira, Brazil, HOCKEY MICHIGAN 7 5 4'7t 3-6, 6-0, 6-4. NationalHockeyLeague CLEMSO N 8 Ga Tech AnaIvanovic(6),Serbia, def.VenusWilliams, unitCHICAGO BLACKHAWKS— RecalledDVile PukUL-LAFA YETTE 5 4 7 1'/t TexasSt 7-6(3), 6-2. ka fromRockford (AHL). Assigned0 Viktor Svedberg UTAH 7 7 6 1 t/t California ed States, CarolineWozniacki (8), Denmark, def.WangClang, to Rockford.Placed0 Michal Rozsival onlong-term CFLOR IDA 2 2 3 8'lz Connecticut China, 7-5, 6-0. injured reserve. FLA INT'L 14'/z 1 4'/z 46'/z utep AngeliqueKerber(10), Germ any, def. Dominika COLOR ADOAVALANCHE—Signed FJack Skile La Tech 13 1(p/t 6(p/t UTSA to a one-year contract. Reassigned FDennis Everberg BoiseSt 15 15'Iz 59 COLOR ADOST Cibulkova,Sloyakia,6-1,6-4. TimeaBacsinszky (12), Switzerland,def. Mariana to San Antonio(AHL). 31/2 Florida MISSOU RI Duque-Mari n o, Col o mbi a , 7-5, 6-2. EDMON T O NOILERS—SignedFBradenChristoffer 12'/t 13 49'/t SCARO Lsu LINA AndreaPetkovic (13), Germany, def. SamanthaSto- to a three-year, entry-level contract. 10t/t 9 6 1'/t Oregon ARIZON A St MINNES OTA WILD—Placed RWJustin Fontaine 3 4 8'lz Syracuse sur, Australia,6-2, 7-5. SFLOR IDA 3 BethanieMattek-Sands, united States, def. Lara on injuredreserve.AssignedDMikeReily to iowa Tcu 8 9 6 3'/z KANSAS ST Spain, 0-6, 6-2,6-0. (AHL).PlacedCJordanSchroeder onwalvers. TEXASTECH 12kt 12kt 74'7t iowaSt Arruabarrena, SaraErrani, Italy,def. Caroline Garcia, France,6-4, MONTREAL CANADIENS— ClaimedFPaulByron MichiganSt 16'Iz 15 51'Iz RUTGE RS off waiversfromCalgary. AssignedGDustin Tokarski, NEBRA SKA 1 1t/t 4 8t/t Wisconsin 3-6, 6-1. 0MarkBarberioandFJacobDeLaRosetoSt.John' s NEVAD A 7 5t/t 55 '/t NewMexico (AHL). 3 5 41/2 UNLV SanJoseSt 3 ATP World Tour NEW JE R S E Y D E V IL S — Ac qui r ed F B ri a n O' N eil l utah St 1(77t 11'7t 47Kt FRESNO ST from LosAngelesfor a2017conditional seventh-round JapanOpen 2t7t 1t7t 46'/z SanDiegoSt HAWAII draft pick.AssignedDSeth Helgesonto Albany(AHL) TuesdayatTokyo and FPavelZachato Sarnia(OHL). First Round NEW YORK ISLANDERS — Claimed G Jean-FranCollege SteveJohnson, unitedStates, def. BernardTomic, cois Berube offwaiversfromLosAngeles. Australia,6-3,2-1, retired. All TimesPDT ST. LOUIS BLUES—Named Rob DiMaio director Gilles Muller, Luxem bourg, def. KevinAnderson of playerpersonnel. (5), South Africa,6-2, 6-3. Pac-12 T AMPA BA Y LIGHTNING— AssignedC MikeAnJeremy Ch a rdy, Fra nce, def. Sam G r ot h , Au st r al i a , North gelidis, GKristers Gudlevskis, RWJonathanMarches6-3, 2-0, retired. Cont Overall MarcosBaghdatis, Cyprus,def. FernandoVerdas- saultand0 LukeWitkowskito Syracuse(AHL). W L W L PF PA TORO NTOMAPLELEAFS — ClaimedDFrankie , 6-1. Stanford 3 0 4 1 175 95 co, Spain7-5, StanWaw rinka (1), Switzerland,def. RadekSte- Corradooff waiversfromVancouver. AssignedDScott California 2 0 5 0 217 117 Harringtonto Toronto(AHL). panek, CzechRepublic, 7-5, 6-3. Oregon 1 1 3 2 211 187 WINNIPE GJETS—Agreedto termswith FThomas Gilles Simon(3), France,def. Mikhail Youzhny, OregonSt. 0 1 2 2 92 105 Russia,6-4, 6-4. Raffl onaone-year contract. Washington 0 1 2 2 117 63 COLLEGE A ustin Kraj i c ek, uni t ed S t a t e s, def. Ma t h ew E bd en, Washington St 0 1 2 2 113 106 Australia,5-7,7-6(4), 7-6 (5). ST.JOHN'S— NamedMitchRichmondmen' sbasSouth BenoiPai t re,France,def.Grigor Dimitrov (8), Bul- ketballspecialassistantandGregSt.Jeanmen'sassisW L W L PF PA garia,6-4,3-6,6-1. tant basketbalcoach. l utah 1 0 4 0 155 75 UCLA —Announcedjunior LB Myles Jackhas RobertoBautista Agut, Spain, def.RichardGasquet UCLA 1 1 4 1 174 110 (4), France, dropped outof school andwil entertheNFLdraft. 6-4, 6-1. SouthernCal 1 1 3 1 187 70 Nick Kyrgios, Australia, def. AlbertRamos-Vinolas, Arizona St. 1 1 3 2 138 134 Spain,6-7(3), 6-3, 6-3. FISH COUNT Colorado 0 1 3 2 167 107 Arizona 0 2 3 2 210 176 ChinaOpen upstreamdaily movement of adult chinook,jack Tuesday atBailing chinook,steelheadandwild steelheadat selectedCoThursday's Game First Round lumbiaRiverdamslast updated Monday. WashingtonatSouthernCal, 6 p.m. NovakDjokovic (1) Serbia def SimoneBoleli Chnk Jchnk SBhd Wstlhd Saturday'sGames Italy, 6-1,6-1. Bonneville 6,083 66 2 8 1 4 205 OregonSt.atArizona, 1p.m. RafaelNadal(3), Spain, def.WuDi, China, 6-4, T he Dattes 7,261 867 1 ,513 5 0 2 WashingtonSt.atOregon,3p.m. 6-4. J ohn Day 4,468 657 1 ,876 7 0 3 CaliforniaatUtah,7p.m. DavidFerrer(4), Spain,def.ThomazBellucci, Bra- M cNary 5,112 1,061 1,519 4 8 9 ColoradoatArizonaSt., 7p.m. zil, 6-4, 6-3. Upstream year-to-date movement ofadult chinook, Thursday,Oct. 15 John Migman,Australia, def. TommyRobredo, jack chinook,steelheadand wild steelheadat selected UCLA at Stanford, 7;30p.m. Spain,4-6,6-1, 6-0. ColumbiaRiverdamslast updatedMonday. Saturday,Oct.17 VasekPospisil, Canada,def.Victor EstregaBurgos, Chnk Jchnk Stlhd Wstlhd OregonSt.atWashington St., 1p.m. Dominican Republic, 4-6,7-5, 6-0. Bonneville 1,269,371106,348 254,730 92,950 SouthernCalat Notre Dame,4:30 p.m. Lu Yen-hsun,Taiwan, def. Adrain Mannarino, The cages 882,737 104,150 195,500 68,208 ArizonaatColorado,6 p.m. France, 6-3, 6-2. John Day 737,993 75,215 155,015 53,554 Arizona St.at utah, 7p.m. John Isner(6), unitedStates,def. Dominic Thiem, McNary 668,971 58,377 146,071 47,368 OregonatWashington, 7:30p.m. Austria,7-5,6-1. College WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015• THE BULLETIN C3 Seahawks' defensewas lucky onfinal stand, but alsodominant The Associated Press he understood about the rule T he Seahawks have a l - prior to Monday's missed call, lowed one field goal in their had simply fallen on the loose he would have "done the exact opponents' past 18 offensive ball as it bounced, there would same thing" as Wright. possessions, including their "I didn't know the rule ei- Week 3 shutout of Chicago. be no controversy hanging over the Seattle Seahawks. ther," Carroll said. "I' ve never Sixteen of those 18 possesInstead, Wright did as he seen it come up and I' ve been sions have ended in a punt, has been instructed, to make coaching for — I don't even and that defensive dominance sure the ball did not end up know how many years it is of the past two weeks coincidback in the hands of the De- and how many games it pos- ed with Kam Chancellor endtroit Lions. It was calculated sibly could be. I don't see how ing his holdout and returning and intentional and added anybody would have known to the team. another Monday night contro- that one. If they did, they did." It just seemed appropriate versy to Seattle's history. Had Wright been flagged, that Chancellor would be the Yes, the Seahawks received the Lions would have gotten one making the game-saving a break when a flag was not possession back at the Seat- play. "I just realized that I could thrown on Wright for illegal tle 1-yard line. Instead, things batting after he guided Cal- w ent Seattle's way but t h e get the ball out," Chancellor vin Johnson's fumble out of n oncall o v ershadowed t h e said. "It just happened to be in the back of the end zone for performance of the Seattle a situation where I saved the a touchback, giving Seattle defense. game, but I saw a lot of brown possession. For th e s e cond s t raight of the ball, and I saw it loose, The Seahawks are freely week, Seattle did not allow an so I just punched at it. We admitting as much after their offensive touchdown. The Li- practiced that all the time." 13-10 win. Pete Carroll said ons were held to a total of 256 Carroll said that running on his Tuesday morning ra- yards, 90 of those coming on back Fred Jackson suffered dio show that, based on what Detroit's final possession. what appears to be a high-anSEATTLE — If K.J. Wright kle sprain but had no update agreement with Totten ham on how much time Jackson Hotspur of the Premier League might miss. He also said the for a minimum of two games a Seahawks expect to get back year over 10 years once Spurs wide receiver Ricardo Lock- open their new stadium in Lonette, who left Monday's game don. That is due for 2018. with what was announced as The NFL already has played shortness of breath. one regular-season game in Mexico City in 2005 and is try- Owners to meet today NFL owners will look west (Los Angeles), east (Europe) and south (Mexico) at their fall meetings today. The owners will further considerthe desire ofthree franchises — the St. Louis Rams, Oakland Raiders and San Diego Chargers — to move to Los Angeles. Nothing will be decided at these meetings. The league wants to add more games to its international series— threearebeingplayed in London this year. The NFL is looking at more games in England and already has an MLB PLAYOFFS ing to land another one there, Nick Easton and a sixth-round draft pick. Hodges, a backup outside linebacker in Minnesota's 4-3 scheme his first two seasons, was the starter this season at middle linebacker in the base defense. Easton was acquiredby the49ersin a deal with the Baltimore Ravens last likely next year. month. He was undrafted out Germany also is a possibil- of Harvard. ity; several of its cities have made preliminary bids for a regular-season game. Mark Colts QBLuck limited in practice Wailer, executive vice president, international, of the Na- Indianapolis Colts coach Chuck Pagano said quarter- tional Football League has said b ack A ndrew L uc k t h r ew Brazil is a potential candidate; some passes at Tuesday's practhe Pro Bowl has been men- tice and that he "looked good." tioned as one possibility there. Luck increased his workload, but it remains uncertain if he 49ers acquire will play Thursday at HousLB Hodges from Vikings ton. Luck continues to recover The San Francisco 49ers from an injured right shoulder acquired linebacker Gerald that forced him to miss his first Hodges in a Tuesday trade with NFL game Sunday. nextpp cue e, sross u ou an ees,a vance 0 Minnesota for rookie center Continued from C1 . "I don't need any clarity Golden State at P ortland (tnhlsrole), satdthe6-foot 3-inch, 190-pound guard Th d p from I.ehigh. "I just need to TV:CSNNW Radio:KBND 1110be able tp get pn the flppr AM, KRC0690-AM,96.9-FM and I look forward to prov- l e a ding scorer, or the dam- ing myself this year." The 24-year-old f ro m age he inflicted upon Memp h is in the 2014 playoffs. Of Canton, Ohio, has proven c o u rse that kind of resume and I' ll take care of the rest. I feel like I' ve worked hard McCollum accomplished in and I' ve proven myself when college, where he became I' ve gotten opportunities, the Patriot League's all-time himself already to the pow- will a llow for heightened ers that be in Portland, like confidence. BlazerscoachTerryStotts. But thi s p a s t o f fseason, ways been a confident play- He tr a v eled t o T oronto, " I think he's more confi- M cCollum went dent," Stotts said. "He's al- further. a s t ep er. But we' re going to ask w here Blazers assistants him tobe a playmaker, be a Jay Triano and David Vanbackup point guard, be able terpool were preparing the to do more than what he's Canadian men's basketball done in the past. Certainl y, I think, a l o t t e a m for the FIBA Americas of players, when they know the op- "I a/WayS portunity's there, / f ee W I WBS t hey play w i t h © i n Toronto, M c C ollum, k n o w n more as a scorer two NBA seasons, spent three days working out with P ~Ye"' ThiS is Stuff two-t i me NBA gI1gg tpireppy M V P S teve Nash I to develop a more w ell - r o u n d e d gO lrig tO game as a point g g p pefl t ~ guar d . That experience only added ~U to it full-on." Kathy Willens I The Associated Press Houston's Luke Gregerson, left, reacts as a fellow teammate leaps in the air at the final out of the Astros' 3-0 win over the New York Yan- kees in the American League wild card gameTuesday night in NewYork. By Howie Rumberg The Associated Press N EW Y OR K — Dal l a s Keuchel and the Houston As- tros defied expectations all season long. Facing his biggest test yet, the bearded ace beat the odds and the Yankees once again. Pitching on three days' rest for the first time in his career, Keuchel baffled New York for six innings of three-hit ball. Colby Rasmus and Carlos Gomez homered, and the Astros won 3-0 Tuesday night in the American League wild card game. The Astros, who secured their spot in this winner-takeall game on the last day of the regular season, advanced to the AL Division Series to face the defending AL champion Royals, set to begin Thursday night in Kansas City. "To come to Yankee Stadium and play that well was tru- ly remarkable," said Keuchel, the AL's only 20-game winner. Aggressive from the start in their initial playoff appearance as an American League MLBplayoffsnotedook A LOOK ATTONIGHT PITTSBURGH — Tonight's National League wild card gamebetween the Pittsburgh Pirates and the ChicagoCubs lsthe first postseason meeting between theteams, who havebeen in the same division since 1969. And it features a pair of CyYoung Award contenders in a highly anticipated pitching matchup. Jake Arrieta went 3-1 with a 0.75ERAin five starts against Pittsburgh this season. That included a gem on Sept. 27 when hetossed one-hit ball over sevn scoreless innings, striking out nine without a walk. Gerrit Cole is 7-1with a 2.88 ERAin nine career starts against Chicago, including 2-1 with a 2.13 ERA this season. Colewent 9-3 with a 2.83 ERAin 15 starts at PNCPark this year. The winner headsfor St. Louis to play the NL Central champion Cardinals ln abest-of-five Division Series beginning Friday. ROYALS TOTURN TO VENTURA The KansasCity Royals will start hard-throwing youngster YordanoVentura in Game1 of the AL Division Series against Houston onThursday night. Johnny Cueto will pitch the secondgameand Edinson Volquezwill start Game 3, with the rest of the rotation to be announcedonly if Games 4and Keuchel said. "We hit a lot of club — and first since being home runs, pitch well and play swept by the White Sox in defense." the 2005 World Series — the AL hits leader Jose Altuve Astros came out swinging against Masahiro Tanaka in had an RBI single off All-Star front of a revved-up Yankee Stadium crowd. Rasmus sent Tanaka's first pitch of the second inning soaring into deep right field. Gomez, who only had five plateappearances after miss- ing nearly two weeks with a strained chest muscle in mid-September, connected on the first offering of the fourth. "That really settled me down, and that's who we are," reliever Dellin Betances in the seventh. Reliever Tony Sipp walked 5 are necessary. "For us, the last two weeks, threeweeks, all three of those guys havebeenthrowing the ball good," Royals managerNedYost said. "Ventura has beenexcellent in his last six, sevenstarts. And we wanted to keepeverybody on five days' rest. We thought that would work out best for us." The 24-year-old Ventura weathered arollercoaster year that saw him briefly banished to Triple-A Omaha.But the star of Game6 of last year's World Series reboundeddownthe stretch, flashing his 100 mphfastball while going 4-1 with a 3.14 ERAin seven starts in September. KERSHAW TOSTART GAME 1 OF NLDS The Los Angeles Dodgers set their pitching rotation for the first three games of their best-of-five NL playoff series against the NewYork Mets: Clayton Kershaw will start Game 1 onFriday at Dodger Stadium, as expected, against Jacob deGrom. Zack Greinke will take the moundfor Game2 on Saturday against Mets rookie NoahSyndergaard, followed by left-hander Brett Anderson against Matt Harvey in Game3 back in NewYork on Monday. It's uncertain who would start for the Dodgers if a fourth game is needed. celebration a few years in the making. The Astros had averaged 104 losses in their previousfourseasons. "Now we get to go to Kansas City. It's going to be some grind-it-out baseball," Rasmus said. "We have to come — The Associated Press manager Joe Girardi said. Fans taunted the 27-yearold Keuchel the moment he walked to the outfield for warmups. Then he toyed with the Yankees from the first batter, striking out Brett Gardner looking. "I felt like I had never been one, and Will Harris and Luke in there the way we came in Gregerson were each perfect for an inning to finish the tonight. It's going to be fun." on the mound before with the The Yankees lost six of sev- adrenaline I h a d," K euchel en toclose the regular season. sard. And despite all the talk of a Keuchel is the first starter playoff reset for the struggling with a scorelesspostseason lineup, they went bust against start on three days' rest since a new nemesis in their firstJosh Beckett pitched a shutout and only — postseason game for the Marlins at Yankee Staof thepost-Derek Jeter era. dium in the clinching Game 6 "Just didn't get it done," of the 2003 World Series. three-hitter. The boos grew with each out as Gregerson closed for a save. The Astros raced to an area between first and second after Brian McCann grounded out to end it and jumped up and down in a big serum. It was a abOut When. I d e termination to And he has al- Wpfgey I1gyy become a staple ready substantiatf f o r the Blazers for PU™P yearsto c ome. ed himself to Lil"When you lard, the All-Star in a POSitiOn g uard and the face gp SUCCeey come in t o th e of the franchise. NBA, your goal fi "Me and C.J is to be one of the have been friends ... it W aS juSt go - to players, be since c o l lege,"mpye ggpUg a guy your team said Lillard, who can depend on, be P" P " 8 a guy w h o's conplayed at Weber State while Mc- my S e lf fOr it." sis tently performCollum was at Leing every night C" McCollum and getting conhigh. "I remember there was a time sistent m i nutes," when, inmylastyearin col- M cCollum said. "When an lege, I was tracking him as opportunity presents itself, the scoringleader in college you make sure you're preand he was tracking me, be- pared to seize it. I' ve prided cause we were competing myself onbeingreadywhen against each other. (Lillard o pportunities have presentfinished second in the nation e d t hemselves to me. I look in scoring and McCollum f orward to taking this by the was sixth.) It's going to be h orns and doing what's necfun to see him get that op- e s sary to keep that and gain portunity to show what he m ore fromit." can do, what we all know he Whi l e at Lehigh, McColcan dp. lum proved himself as a reliMcCollum is well aware ablescorer.Afterasuffering that he is three years re- a broken foot in his rookie moved from a standout ju- s e ason with Portland and nior year at Lehigh and that fracturing his right index he has suffered injuries in f i nger last year, he showed each of his first two NB A he s t i l l h a d t h e o ffensive seasons. He understands explosiveness and fortitude that he needs to show he is a in the playoffs. The Blazers consistent scorer for a young h a v e f aith i n h i m , shown Blazerssquadthisseason. by t h e t eam picking up He is in line to back up h i s fourth-year option last Lillard at point guard, even week, locking McCollum up start alongside the franchise through the 2016-17 season. cornerstone a t sh o o t in g McCo l l u m's i n tense yet guard. soothing gaze is convincing: "I always knew I was ca- He is ready — and he will pable of being a productive soon become — Portland's NBA p l ayer," M c C ollum n e x t star. "I don't feel any pressure said, noting that his first opportunity arose only be- at all," he said. "As an athcauseofinjuriestoplayersin l ete, you look forward to it. front of him in the rotation. You pray for it. I prayed for "This is stuff that I already an opportunity to play every knew was going to happen. day. I just asked for opporIt was just about when. I t u n ity. And when it comes, worked hard to put myself you don't shy away from it. in a position to succeed, and I wasn't raised to shy away I think ... it was just more f r o m this. This is what I was about me preparing myself built for." for it." Forget for a moment what — Reporter: 541-383-0307, glucas®bendbulletin.corn. TH E BULLETIN0 WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015 PAC-12 NOTEBOOK PREP ROUNDUP ou BrSSCore B e 0 F BW Wl Bulletin staff report Mountain View c o ach Jerry Jimenez minced no words: His Cougars were fortunate to escape with a 1-1 Intermountain Confer- ence boys soccer draw on Tuesday. A fter playing No. 6 Bend High to a scoreless tie at th e h alf, the sev- enth-ranked Cougars (20-1 IMC, 6-2-1 overall) put themselves in a hole midway through the second half. A Mountain View de- B V B B B FS PREP SCOREBOARD (1-0-2, 5-1-3) with a 1-0 lead. With just a m i nute to play, however, the Cougars came through. Taylor Boys soccer Standfngs IntermountainConference Team Conference Overall MountaiVi ne w 2 - 0-1 6-2-1 Summit 2-1 3-3-2 Bend 1-0-2 5-1-3 1-2-1 4-3-3 Ridgeview Redmond 0-3 0-6 Girls soccer Standfngs IntermountainConference Team Conference Overall Summit 3-0 6-0-1 Bend 2-1 7-1-1 Mountain Vie w 1 - 1 -1 Emerson redirected it into the net to help Mountain 2-5-2 5-4-1 0-6-1 prove to 5-0 in league play. Haley Smith and Allison Taylor each had six kills for the Storm, while Smith and Jade Waskom both recorded four aces. Brook O'Keefe led Redmond (0-5 IMC) with 12 digs, Kenzie Jackson added six kills and seven digs, and Jen Meeker had six assists. Bend 3, Ridgeview 0: The 25-13, 25-5. Tatiana Ensz led IntermountainConference Team Conference Summit 5-0 Bend 4-1 M ountaiVine w 2-2 1-4 Ridgeview Redmond 0-5 and Diego Nunez added a goal. East Linn Christian 5, La Pine1: LA PINE — Justin Petz Bend coach Nils Eriksson said. "It's unfortunate not to come out with (a win)." 1-7-1 overall. Bend (4-1 IMC) with 11 kills, 12 digs and six aces. Kaelyn Hanson had30 assists forthe scored on an assist from Mea- gan Bakker to give the Lava Ridgeview 12, Redmond Bears the lead with just over 1: REDMOND — Malachi 10 minutes remaining. Abby Stalberg had three goals Nopp scored in the 17th minand two assists to lead the ute for Mountain View (1-1-1, visiting Ravens to an Inter- 2-5-2). mountain Conference win. Crook County 3, Madras 0: Nakoda Sanders scored MADRAS — Th e Cowgirls twice and had an assist picked up their first Tri-Val- for Ridgeview (1-2-1 IMC, 4-3-3 overall), and Jonathan Irby had two goals. Angel Ortiz and Cade O' Neill finished with two ley Conference win of the season courtesy of three second-half goals. Erin Bush had two goals and assisted an Audrey Bernard score for Crook County ( 1-4 TVC, 3-5 overall), and Bernard assisted on both Bush goals. The Corbett 3, Madras 0: CORBETT — Jordan Patt had six aces in the third set, but the White Buffaloes lost 25-7, 25-12, 25-21 to drop to 1-6 in winning 25-16, 25-16, 25-16. Emily Eidler had 16 kills and Allison Jorge had 32 digs to lead Trinity Lutheran, which entered the contest as the No. 3-ranked team in Class IA. Girls water polo Summit 12, Ridgeview 6: Paige Miller scored six goals to lead Summit over Central Valley League opponent Ridgeview. Emily Touchette, Jenna Wimmer and Eden VanderHoek scored two goals apiece, assists apiece. Justin Ketand Haley Joyner had one tle scored the lone goal for goal. The Ravens were led by the Panthers (0-3, 0-8). Tristy Osborne's three goals, Madras 3, Crook County White Buffaloes slip to 0-5 in and Alex Boize, Meeka Eggli3 : PRINEVILLE — V i c - the TVC and 2-7 overall. sion and Kyrie Prescott each tor Villagomez scored for Pleasant Hill 4, La Pine 0: had a goal. C rook County on a f r e e PLEASANT H I L L — The kick midway through the Hawks lost by four goals, but second half t o s alvage La Pine coach Scott Winslow a Tri-Valley C onference said t h e t ea m's C l ass draw. Madras (4-0-1 TVC, 3A/2A/IA Special District 4 7-0-2 overall) led 3-2 at match was its best of the seah alftime a f t e r A nd r e s son. "We learned more today Acuna scored twice and Boys water polo Summit 19, Ridgeview 5:The Swim 8e Fitness Center and 'I/'ets turn to tryouts after cap increase gary. "It's a tough business, deal eight days later. "I felt confident that someas you get older. Things can ENGLEW O O D , Colo. change quickly. thing positive would come," "And they can change pos- said Bernier, who had 16 goals The locker stall belonging to By Pat Graham The Associated Press pletely deared out except for wants and needs a gritty guy with offensive touch, Glen- to Michigan State and Utah, but was clearly affected by the with the New Jersey Devils last season. "You tell yourself you' re not the only one, and el bags hanging on hooks. cross can be that guy." there are worse things in life." Two bags Glencross no lonWhen free agency began A gamble on himself — that ger needs. over the summer, Glencross is the way Avalanche forReleased by Colorado on thought for sure he would be ward Jack Skille viewed his Monday — and by Toronto on a roster and competing for professional tryout situation, last month — the 32-year-old playing time, not a roster spot. especially in the current land"Didn't turn out that way," scapeofthissalary cap era. is searching for work again. These arethe perils of be- Glencross recently said. He is not an economist, ing on a professional tryout, Look around the league just an NHL realist. Work is where nothing is guaranteed, and you will see plenty of a little scarce for players like him — a 28-year-old seasoned least of all a roster spot. players in the same boat. It is an awkward position With t h e s e ason s tart- forward who makes a decent to be in for a player like Glen- ing today and rosters being wage. cross, with 507 NHL games trimmed, some were recently The upper limit of the cap and 134 goals. But he is far released from their tryouts, only increased $2.4 million for from alone. such as defenseman Sergei 2015-16 to $71.4 million. That With the salary cap in- Gonchar in Pittsburgh, goal- is a smaller amount than the creasing only a m o dest ie Ray Emery in Tampa Bay, previous year when it went up amount this season and big forward Devin Setoguchi in $4.7 million to $69 million. money going to the bigger Toronto and defenseman Jan Not only that, but more names, there are quite a few Hejda in Chicago. young players are showing up middle-tier players trying to This l e ss-than-desirable NHL-ready and don't need as latch on through professional route worked out well for for- much time in the minors. "It's an unfortunate situatryouts. ward Tomas Fleisch mann, "Makes you realize how who just agreed to a one-year tion to have to come in withfortunate you are to have one contract with Montreal. out a contract," Skille said. of the jobs," said Avalanche Steve Bernier, too. He was "But the bright side is it's anforward Jarome Iginla, who with the New York Islanders otherchance to prove myself was teammates with Glen- on a professional tryout basis and earn something I actually cross when both were in Cal- Sept. 9 and signed a one-year want." on." field. He then placed one hand on Tumpkin to shove him farther back, followed by two hands to force him toward the bench. MacIntyre also wagged a finger at his assistant. "That's not w h o I am. That's not in my character," MacIntyre said Tuesday at his weekly news conference. "Sorry for the way it was handled. Joe and I are fine. There are no issues there, whatsoever. That's something that won't happen again." The Pac-12 is not looking into the incident. Injured VCR LB jack drops out, heads to NFL Injured UCLA linebacker Myles Jack has dropped out of school, and he plans to enter the NFL draft next year. UCLA coach Jim Mora ex- pressed trepidation about the injured Jack's decision when he announced it Tuesday. "He's taking his chips and scout t e a m qua r t erback. Freshman Travis Jonsen, who he's shoving them into the was expected to redshirt, is middle," Mora said. "We hope injury. "It's tough, it's really tough injured. Helfrich said he has confor me, especially this being my senior year," Adams told fidence in Lockie and Alie if reporters this week. "I gotta Adams cannot go. "They' re both capable of be 100 percent before I can go out there. I want to give this executing the whole thing, but team my 100 percent because they played well enough and they' re giving me this oppor- executedata high enough levtunity to come in and compete, el to warrant (playing both)," and play for the Ducks. I just Helfrich said. "We' re not done gotta give them my 100 per- game planning for WashingLockie started at quarter- NATIONAL HOCKEY LEAGUE two Colorado Avalanche trav- tice last week to merit playing," Helfrich said. "We felt, is certain about the Oregon looking at the game plan, Ducks at quarterback is there we could parcel out aspects is a lot of uncertainty. for each. We had it divvied Vernon Adams Jr., who has up pretty well in our minds, a broken index finger on his unless something f r eaky passing hand, sat out of last happened." weekend's 41-24 victory at ColBut receiver Bralon Addioradowhilebackup JeffLock- son threw one of the Ducks' ie and former walk-on Taylor best passes in the game, takAlie tag-teamed for the Ducks ing a handoff from running (3-2, 1-1 Pac-12). back Royce Freeman and tossTherecould be more ofthe ing a 39-yard touchdown pass same this Saturday against to wideout Charles Nelson. Washington State — all three Oregon offensive coordinaare listed as the potential start- tor Scott Frost said the game ing quarterback on the Ducks' plan for Washington State depth chart released Tuesday. would depend on Adams' "I would be comfortable do- finger. ing it if it makes sense," Ducks There are not too many opcoach Mark Helfrich said tions for Oregon at quarterabout rotating quarterbacks, back besides Adams, Lockie not tipping his hand. and Alie. Addison, who played Adams broke the finger in quarterback in high school, the season opener against his is an unrealistic option, and former team. He tried to play probably so is redshirt freshin both of the Ducks' losses, man Morgan Mahalak, the About the only thing that Valley League win at Juniper from a loss than we do from itively for him, too. If a team The Associated Press cent so that's what I'm waiting J o n athon a win over a team we should Curtis Glencross was com- c oicemi t ea o t e m Storm built a 10-2 halftime lead on their way to a Central improve to 4-0 on the season. Devan Swan had four blocks Reynoso goal. Villagomez beat," Winslow said. Sydney in goal for Summit. Miles Flypaced Crook County (1- Bright made four saves for the nn hadthree blocks in the sec3-1, 3-4-1) with two goals, Hawks (2-4 SD4, 2-7 overall). ond half for the Storm. assisted on a o tions, Llc s digs. The Ravens drop to 1-4 in the IMC. 10 to remain undefeated in the J imenez, h owever, i s Bend 2, Mountain View 1: Tri-Valley Conference. Abby now looking ahead to the The Lava Bears scored two Smith had eight aces and Thursday's match against goals in the 68th minute to notched 29 assists, while Jenthree-time defending IMC come from behind and beat nifer Roth led Crook County champ Summit. the Cougars in an Intermoun- (7-0 TVC) with 11 kills. Jenni"This is a big week," tain Conference match at 15th fer McCallister and Laura FraJ imenez s a i d . "We' re Street Field. Bend (2-1 IMC, ser each had six kills, while still in first place. We' ll 7-1-1 overall) tied the match Fraser had two aces. take th i s mom e n t um when Tayla Wheeler scored Trinity Lutheran 3, North into Thursday and hope- on a pass from Brooke Jolma, Lake 0: SILVER LAKE — The fully use it well against who was brought up from ju- Saints rolled in a nonleague Summit." nior varsity. Thirty seconds road match against Mountain Also on Tuesday: later, A m ide e Colleknon Valley League foe North Lake, Boys soccer Brennan Linsley/The Associated Press Oregon's Taylor Alie, left, is one of three players listed as the Ducks' starting quarterback for Saturday's home game against Washington State. Bears, and Erin Roath had 21 MOLALLA — The Cowgirls swept Molalla 25-6, 25-8, 25- Girls soccer Lava Bears beat Intermoun- tain Conference foe Ridgeview in straight sets 25-10, Tri-Valley Conference play. "It wa s a f r u s t rating scored for the Hawks, who Celestine Morning Owl redraw, to be scored on with fell to 1-5 in Class 3A/2A/1A corded 11 digs for Madras. a minute and a half left," Special District 3 action and Crook County 3, Molalla 0: View salvage the draw. S Storm swept the visiting Panthers 25-8, 25-10, 25-20 to im- Willman sent a cross into the box, and a sliding Zach Volleyball Summit 3, Redmond 0:The 1-2-1 ew fender took down a Bend Ridgevi Redmond 0-3 player in the penalty area, and Chance Flammang Volleyball converted the penalty kick Standfngs to provide the Lava Bears P ton State yet, so that we' ll see." Buffaloescoach back for the Ducks against Colorado, then Alie stepped in. Playing both quarterbacks was by design, although in the end Oregon did not go with a apologizes for altercation football left that it's just point- Colorado football coach Mike MacIntyre said he was that he draws a good hand. At least I do." Jack is out for the rest of his junior season after tearing a ligament in his knee during a noncontact drill in practice last month. He will leave after just 29 games at UCLA. Mora has known Jack since the player was 12 years old, and the coach expressed support for Jack even while acknowl- edging serious concerns about the decision. "I think it's very risky to do this," Mora said. "Having been on that side, there's going to sorry for getting into a sideline be a lot of speculation as to altercation with an assistant exactly what he is and where strictly scripted rotation. coach during the Buffaloes' he fits. As I told Myles on SunAlie finished 4-for-9 for loss to Oregon. day, NFL teams are very, very 83 yards, while Lockie was Safeties coach Joe Tumpkin conservative. If there's any 8-for-11 for 54 yards and an drew a 15-yard unsportsman- question whatsoever, they' ll interception. like penalty for saying some- pass on you in a heartbeat. "We had a plan going in, thing to the officials in the sec- They' re going to take the sure and we w anted to execute ond half Saturday night. thing. I explained that to him, that plan. They' ve both done MacIntyre angrily pushed but I feel like they had already enough good things in prac- his assistant away from the made their decision." Continued from C1 The Utes have been one of less to talk about anything but Cal Berkeley." Cal, Utah's next opponent, the biggest surprises in college has been another team on the football, not just the Pac-12. rise in the Pac-12. Utah struggled after joining The Bears went 1-11 their the conference in 2011, fin- first season under Sonny ishing no higher than tied for Dykes in 2013 — 0-9 in conthird in the Pac-12 South. ference— and improved to 5-7 The Utes opened the 2015 last season. Cal had some talseason with a 2 4 -17 home ent coming back, led by quarvictory over Michigan and terback Jared Goff, but was followed with three more vic- still picked to finish third in tories. The win over Oregon the Pac-12 North behind Oretwo weeks ago put Utah on gon and Stanford. the national map, and the Utes The Bears opened with a moved up to No. 5 with seven pair of routs, outlasted Texas first-place votes in the latest in Austin and started conferAP Top 25. ence play with victories over Utah's run has drawn com- Washington and Washington parisons to the 2004 and 2008 State. Cal moved up to No. 23 teams, which both finished in the AP poll after beating the undefeated and won major Cougars 34-28 at home last bowls. week. "It's still really early. We' re Of course, the Bears were still only one-third of the way 4-1 at one point last season through it," Utes coach Kyle and faltered down the stretch Whittingham said. "There's so after the schedule got tougher much football left that it's real- — just as it is about to do again ly hard to make a comparison this season. "I think this year's team is yet to either of those teams. There is somewhat of a similar feel with the national attention we' ve received and that type of thing, but there's so much The entire conference has been tough to predict. Stanford opened the season with a disheartening loss to Northwestern, but the Cardi- nal are now atop the Pac-12 North and up to No. 16 in the AP poll. UCLA rocketed up to No. 7 in the poll two weeks ago after throttling Arizona on the road, only to fall back 13 places after losing to Arizona State at home. The Sun Devils won that game on the heels of a blowout loss to USC the week before. Colorado, at 3-2, has already surpassed its win total from last season, and the confer- ence still does not have a team that is under.500. The only concern is that the parity could hurt the Pac12 when the College Football Playoff comes around. With no clear-cut dominant team, the conference could be left out of the playoff party. "This is an amazing conference," UCLA c oach Jim Mora said. "There is not a weak team in this conference. "We' re a different team defen- It's also very scary, I think for sively and I think it's going to probably all of us. We don' t serve us welL" want to eat each other." a lot different," Dykes said. C5 O» To look upindividual stocks, goto bendbugetin.corn/business. Also seearecap in Sunday's Businesssection. THE BULLETIN • WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015 16,790.19 4 DOW , +1 3.76 S&P 500 1,97 9 .92 -7.13 M CHG. +1 3.76 -83.34 -4.83 -11.55 -32.90 -7.13 -6.20 -84.07 -7.94 J %CHG. WK MO QTR YTD $.0.08% L -5.80% -1.03% -1 2. 78% -0.83% L L L -6.07% -0.11% -6.30% L -0.69% +0.26% -0.36% L -3.84% -0.44% -3.12% -0.40% -4.18% -0.70% -5.89% North westStocks NAME ~ EURO $1.127 5 +.0092 StoryStocks The stock market's short rally stalled on Tuesday, and the Standard & Poor's 500 index finished lower following five days of gains. Biotechnology stocks were hit hard on speculation that soaring drug prices will put the industry under increased scrutiny. That led health care to the steepest loss among the 10 sectors that make up the S&P 500. Six other sectors also fell. Energy stocks were the day' s leaders as Chevron, Exxon Mobil and other oil and gas companies rose with the price of crude. DuPont, the chemical giant, led the Dow Jones industrial average to a modest gain, following news that CEO Ellen Kullman would retire next week. . HIGH LOW CLOSE 16865.09 16746.03 16790.19 DOW Trans. 8073.91 7967.12 7971.86 DOW Util. 585.21 577.74 580.54 NYSE Comp. 10205.11 10124.92 10156.38 NASDAQ 4783.37 4711.79 4748.36 S&P 500 1991.62 1971.99 1979.92 S&P 400 141 6.12 1402.97 1407.06 Wilshire 5000 20889.83 20681.02 20763.14 Russell 2000 1143.62 1127.11 1133.69 Source: Factset SILVER $15. 9 8+.28 " Dew jOftes ludustylels ......... Close: 16,790.19 Change: 13.76 (0.1%) " A S 52-week range $28.$5~ $43.85 J A S 52-week range $76.48 ~ $ 1DD.76 Vol.:12.4m (1.6x avg.) P E: . . . Vol.:7.1m (1.4x avg.) P E: 2 2.5 Mkt. Cap:$114.4b Yie l d: 7.0% Mkt. Cap:$142.6b Yie l d: 2.9% DuPont 52-WK RANGE o CLOSE Y TD 1YR V O L TICKER LO Hl C LOSE CHG%CHG WK MO QTR %CHG %RTN (Thous)P/E DIV PepsiCo Close:$97.07 L1.26 or 1.3% The food and beverage company reported better-than-expected third-quarter profit and revenue and gave a positive outlook. $100 DD Close:$55.21 %3.93 or 7.7% The chemicalcompany announced that CEO and Chairwoman Ellen Kullman will retire next week, following a challenging year. $60 Container Store Group TCS Close:$1 2.67 V-2.90 or -1 8.6% The storage products retailer reported a drop in fiscal second-quarter profit and little revenue growth, disappointing Wall Street. $20 Alaska Air Group A LK 40.69 ~ 82.78 74. 5 3 - 6 .38 - 7.9 V V V +24. 7 +8 4 .9 2 859 15 0 . 8 0 -6.2 + 1 2.9 2 5 7 1 8 1. 3 2 Aviate Corp A VA 29.77 ~ 38.34 3 3. 1 5 -.42 -1.3 V L V -12.3 -8.1 65675 17 0 .20 Bank of America B AC 14. 60 ~ 18.48 15. 6 9 ... ... L V L Barrett Business BBS I 1 8 .25 ~ 49.79 4 1. 4 8 -.97 -2.3 L L V +51.4 +4. 6 122 dd 0.8 8 55 15 Boeing Co BA 115.14 ~ 158. 8 3 13 4.63 + . 61 +0.5 L L L +3.6 +8.8 29 6 6 1 8 3. 6 4 50 L L +5.4 +5.8 71 23 Cascade Bancorp C A C B4 .14 ~ 5.69 5.47 -.01 -0.2 L J A S J A S L L +13. 6 +2 8 .9 12 1 2 0 0 . 72a ColumbiaBnkg COLB 23.90 ~ 33.7 0 3 1. 3 6 -.05 -0.2 L 52-week range 52-week range ColumbiaSportswear COLM 34.25 ~ 74. 72 57.20 -2.94 - 4.9 V V V +28 . 4 + 6 4.7 2 0 6 2 9 0 . 6 0 $47.11 ~ $85 .65 812.55 ~ $23.88 Costco Wholesale CO ST 117.03 ~ 1 56.8 5 148.41 + .34 +0.2 L L L +4.7 +21 . 6 2 037 28 1 . 6 0 Vol.:40.4m (6.1x avg.) PE: 1 6.5 Vol.:2.1m (8.9x avg.) PE:2 9 . 2 L L -39.7 -46.1 18 cc Craft Brew Alliance BR EW 7.00 o — 17.8 9 8 .04 -.08 -1.0 L Mkt. Cap:$49.98 b Yi e ld:2.8% Mkt.Cap:$607.96 m Yie ld: ... - 5.2 60 8 1 8 0 . 44 FLIR Systems F LIR 26.34 ~ 34.46 2 8. 4 2 -.20 -0.7 L T L -12.0 General Mills GIB Illumina ILMN Hewlett Packard HPQ 2 4 .30 ~ 4 1.1 0 28.00 +.82+3.0 L L L -30.2 -20.9 20413 11 0 .70 Intel Corp INTO 24.87 ~ 37.90 31. 7 4 +. 5 3 +1.7 L L L -12.5 -5.5 33794 13 0 .96 Close:$55.70 V-1.52 or -2.7% Close:$145.81 V-17.36 or -10.6% The geneti c analysis andsequencK EY 11.55 ~ 15.70 1 3. 2 4 -.05 -0.4 L V L -4.7 + 0.4 6407 13 0 . 30 The food company is recalling 1.8 Keycorp million boxes of Cheerios and Honing company disappointed Wall L L + 15.7 +45 .4 5 01 9 19 0 .42f ey Nut Cheerios that were incorrect- Street with a weak revenue outlook Kroger Co K R 2 5 .42 ~ 39.43 3 7. 1 3 - .94 -2.5 ly labeled gluten-free. for the third quarter. Lattice Semi LSCC 3.25 ~ 7.66 3.84 +. 1 2 + 3.2 L V V -44.3 -46.0 1556 dd $60 $250 LA Pacific L PX 12.46 ~ 18.64 15.8 6 +. 3 5 +2 .3 L V L - 4.2 +15.1 2435 d d 58 200 MDU Resources MDU 1 6 .15 ~ 28.51 18 . 7 2 + . 2 6 +1.4 L L L -20.3 -29.7 1486 dd 0 . 73 MentorGraphics ME N T 18.25 ~ 2 7.3 8 25.23 . .. ... L V L +15. 1 +2 6 .8 4 5 8 1 9 0. 2 2 56 150 Microsoft Corp MSF T 39.72 ~ 5 0.0 5 46.75 +.12+0.3 L L L +0. 6 + 3.9 25556 32 1.44f 00 J A S J A S Nike Inc 8 NKE 83.85 — 0 12 6 .49123.19 -1.08 -0.9 V L L +28. 1 +3 8 .9 3 556 31 1 . 1 2 52-week range 52-week range -1.07 -1.4 V V L -7.7 + 7 . 8 2 362 2 0 1.48a Nordstrom Inc JWN 66.81 ~ 83.16 7 3 . 2 7 $47.45~ $5 8.87 $1$D.DD ~ $242.37 j L L - 7.3 +13.9 82 25 1. 8 6 Nwst Nat Gas NWN 42.00 ~ 52.57 4 6. 2 4 -.60 -1.3 L p. Vol.:5.0m (1.4x avg.) P E: 26.3 Vol.:17.2m (9.1x avg.) P E: 4 4 .6 a' Paccar Inc PCAR 50.00 ~ 71.1 5 5 4. 0 9 -.16 -0.3 L V L -20.5 - 3.0 2144 1 2 0 . 96 Mkt. Cap:$33.35b Yie l d: 3.2% Mkt. Cap:$21.01 b Yield: ... Planar Systms P LNR 3.02 ~ 9.17 5.98 +.0 2 +0 .3 L L L -28.6 +70.8 9 5 20 Skyworks Solutions S W K S Celgene CELG - 5.1 + 8. 3 5 8 7 3 8 1 . 7 6 Plum Creek P CL 36.95 ~ 45.26 4 0. 5 9 -.13 -0.3 L L L Close: $80.71 V-1.16 or -1.4% Close: $112.19 V-4.43 or -3.8% L L -4.5 - 0.5 90 7 1 9 0 . 12 Prec Castparts PCP 186.17 ~ 245. 0 5 22 9.96 -.39 -0.2 V The semiconductor company will Biotech stocks are under pressure SchnitzerSteel S CHN 1 2.64 ~ 24.75 16. 7 6 + . 9 2 +5.8 L L L -25.7 -29.1 648 d d 0 . 75 buy rival PMC-Sierra for about $2 from concerns about patent protecSherwin Wms SHW 202.01 ~ 294. 3 5 23 6.68 -4.49 -1.9 V V L -10.0 +12.8 1190 24 2 . 68 billion in a move to expand its prod- tion overseas and continued scrutiny of the cost of some medications. StancorpFncl SFG 60.17 ~ 114. 9 4 11 4.54 + . 15 +0.1 L V L +64. 0 +8 2 .5 12 2 2 0 1 . 30f ucts and customer base. $120 $140 L +43.1 +57 . 3 5366 27 0 .64 StarbucksCp SBUX 35.38 ~ 59.3 2 5 8. 6 9 -.35 -0.6 L L 100 UmpquaHoldings UM PQ 14.70 ~ 1 8.9 2 16.53 +.06+0.4 L V L -2.8 + 4 . 5 1 549 1 7 0 .64f 120 Housing barometer 80 US Bancorp U SB 38.10 ~ 46.26 4 1. 4 9 -.07 -0.2 L L L -7.7 + 2 . 1 5 232 1 3 1 .02f Average long-term mortgage rates WashingtonFedl L L + 4.2 +18 . 2 93 0 1 4 0. 5 2 WA F D 19.52 ~ 2 4.2 5 23.08 - .15 -0.6 L 60 00 J A S J A S have stayed below 4 percent for -5.1 + 3 . 4 14003 13 1 . 50 WellsFargo & Co WF C 4 6.44 $y 58.77 52 .03 -.38 -0.7 L V L 52-week range 52-week range 10 straight weeks. Weyerhaeuser WY 2 6.73 a — 37. 0 4 2 7 . 83 -.14 -0.5 L L L -22.5 -10.1 2560 27 1.24f $44.D6 ~ $112.88 $85.16~ $ 145 72 That's making it more attractive DividendFootnotes:a - Extra dividends werepaid, but arenot included. b -Annual rate plus stock. 8 -Liquidating dividend. 8 -Amount declaredor paid in last 12 months. f - Current Vol.:15.1m (3.3x avg.) PE: 2 1 .1 Vol.:8.4m (1.5x avg.) PE: 42 . 5 to borrow money to buy a home. annual rate, whichwasincreased bymost recentdividendannouncement. i —Sum of dividends paidafter stock split, ro regular rate. I —Sumof dividends paidthis year.Most recent Mkt. Cap:$15.42 b Yi e ld: 1.3% Mkt. Cap:$88.98 b Yield: ... dividend wasomitted or deferred. k - Declared or paidthis year, acumulative issue with dividends in arrears. m — Current annualrate, which wasdecreasedbymost recentdividend The average rate on a 30-year, announcement. p — Initial dividend, annual rate not known, yield not shown. r —Declared or paid in preceding 12months plus stock dividend. t - Paid in stock, approximate cash SOURCE: Sungard AP fixed-rate mortgage fell again last value on ex-distribution date.PEFootnotes: q —Stock is a closed-end fund - no P/E ratio shown. cc —P/Eexceeds 99. dd - Loss in last 12 months. week, slipping to 3.85 percent. Did Freeport-McMoRan says it QpIyipeyiy gas business, Freeport that spur more would-be buyers to NET 1YR is considering spinning off a $pp tlight Mc MoRan said that it's also P apply for a mortgage last week? TREASURIES TEST PVS CHG WK MO QTR AGO its oil and gas business to considering joint-venture Find out today, when the focus on its copper mining arrangements or further spending 3-month T-bill .01 Mortgage Bankers Association business. cuts. The company also shook up e 6-month T-bill . 0 6 .06 ... V V V .04 reports its latest weekly home loan The announcementcomes six its board of directors, cutting its application data. 52-wk T-bill .23 .23 T L .09 weeks after activist investor Carl size to nine members from 16. 2 -year T-note . 6 1 .61 ... V T L .54 I I Icahn revealed he had bought a big These are the latest steps that The yield on the Mortgage applications survey stake in the company, which is Freeport-McMoRan has taken to 5-year T-note 1.33 1.35 -0.02 w T T 1.69 seasonally adjusted percent change 10-year Treasury struggling with falling prices for oil adjust to the changing marketfell to 2.03 10-year T-note 2.03 2.06 -0.03 V T V 2.42 18% percent Tuesday. and copper. Icahn said at the time place. Earlier this year, it slashed 30-year T-bond 2.87 2.90 -0.03 L V V 3.13 13.9 11.3 Yields affect that he wanted to discuss cuts in its quarterly dividend 84 percent. rates on mortIn August, it announced a Freeport-McMo Ran's operations. NET 1YR gages and other Besides a spinoff of its oil and cost-cutting plan. BONDS TEST PVS CHG WK MOQTR AGO Monsanto's latest quarterly results are due out today. Wall Street projects that the agriculture products company's loss narrowed in its fiscal fourth quarter versus a year earlier. Monsanto, which abandoned a nearly $47 billion takeover bid of rival Syngenta AG in August, has been hurt by decreased demand for its best-selling product, biotech and corn seeds. SU HIS $8 8/21 8/28 9/ 4 9 / 1 1 9/1 8 9/25 Tues day's close: $11.83 (B ased on past 12-month results) Total return 1-y r -62.2% FCX Div. yield: 1.7% *annualized AP Week ending Source: Factaet AP &md Focus This fund is run by an experienced FAMILY team that takes a "relatively American Funds cautious tack" in a rocky municipal-bond market, according to Morningstar. Selected Mutualpunds 5-yr' consumer loans. Barclays LongT-Bdldx 2.67 2.70 -0.03 L V Bond Buyer Muni Idx 4.37 4.36 +0.01 V V Barclays USAggregate 2.30 2.26 +0.04 V V D i v idend: $0.20 PRIME FED Barclays US High Yield 8.04 8.20 -0.16 L L RATE FUNDS Source: FactSet Mcodys AAA Corp Idx 4.04 3.95 +0.09 L L TEST3.25 .13 B arclays CompT-Bdldx 1.28 1.29 -0.01 V V 6 MO AGO3.25 .13 Barclays US Corp 3.41 3.37 +0.04 V 1 YR AGO3.25 .13 -20.8 PERCENT RETURN Yr RANK FUND N AV CHG YTD 1YR 3YR BYR 1 3 5 MarhetSummary AmBalA m 24 . 14 -.02 -0.9 +2.5 +9.5+10.4 A A A Most Active CaplncBuA m 56.62 +.17 -2.5 -0.7 +6.0 +7.0 A 8 A CpWldGrlA m 44.22 +.01 -2.5 -1.7 +8.8 +7.5 D C C NAME VOL (ggs) LAST CHG EurPacGrA m 47.15 +.07 0.0 -0.5 +6.6 +4.4 C B C PMC Sra 773910 10.24 +2.55 FnlnvA m 50. 4 4 - .14 -1.1 +2.6 +12.5+12.0 8 C C Gen Elec 700053 27.29 +.47 GrthAmA m 42.92 -.30 +0.6 +4.2 +14.0+12.8 C 8 C BkofAm 656745 15.69 Fidelity NewYorkMunicipal Income (FTFMX) IncAmerA m 20.40 +.04 -3.2 -0.9 +7.5 +8.7 0 C 8 Alcoa 568557 10.98 +.57 InvCoAmA m 35.12 -.02 -3.5 -0.3 +1 2.5 +11.7 D C D FrptMcM 526331 11.83 +.65 LIMITED MODERATE EXTENSIVE NewPerspA m37.02 -.11 +2.0 +4.7 +10.9 +9.7 A A A Micron T 509536 18.22 +.65 WAMutlnvA m38.87 -.08 -3.8 +0.2 +11.6+12.7 8 8 A Apple Inc 471830 111.31 +.53 Petrobras 412094 5.16 +.27 DO Dodge &Cox Income 13.44 +.02 -0.4 +0.2 +2.2 +3.6 E 8 B Vale SA 408839 4.79 + . 16 IntlStk 38.87 +.18 -7.7 - 11.1 +7.5 +4.4 E A B DuPont 388901 55.21 +3.93 Stock 168.67 +.17 -5.0 -2.1 +14.3+13.5 D A A Fidelity Contra 99.24 - . 8 9 +2.3 + 5 .9 +13.5+13.6 B C B Gainers ContraK 99.2 4 - . 89 +2.4 + 6 .0 +13.6+13.7 B 8 B NAME LAST CHG %CHG LowPriStk d 48.61 -.04 +0.4 + 5 .3 +14.1+13.6 A B A Fidelity Spartan 50 0 ldxAdvtg69.79 -.25 -2.3 +2 .8 +13.0+13.6 B 8 A PeabdyE rs 26.51 +6.79 + 34.4 ArchCoal rs 4.66 +1.18 + 33.9 FrankTemp-Frank li n IncomeC m 2.19 +.01-6.4 -8.0 +3.7 +5.7 E C B PMC Sra 10.24 +2.55 + 3 3.2 IncomeA m 2. 1 6 +.01-6.0 - 7.6 +4.1 +6.2 E C B Unit 18.30 +4.37 + 3 1.4 FrankTemp-TempletonGIBondAdv 11 .52 -.01 -4.9 -6.5 +0.9 +2.6 D B B HorsehdH 3.61 +.84 + 3 0.3 Oakmark Intl I 22.54 +.35 -3.4 -2.3 +9.3 +6.6 C A A Tronox 6.98 +1.55 + 28.5 RisDivA m 18 . 87 -.12 -5.0 +1.0 +9.9+10.9 C E D StoneEngy 8.36 +1.81 + 2 7.6 MorningstarOwnershipZone™ Oppenheimer RisDivB m 16 . 67 -.10 -5.6 + 0.2 +9.0 +9.9 D E E TriVasc Tc 6.12 +1.25 + 2 5.7 Vertical axis represents averagecredit Willbros 2.33 +.47 + 2 5.3 RisDivC m 16 . 55 -.10 -5.6 +0.2 +9.1+10.1 D E E quality; horizontal axis represents C&J Engy 5.03 +.95 + 2 3.3 SmMidValA m45.21 -.16 -6.9 + 1.0 +13.6 +9.9 C 8 E interest-rate sensitivity SmMidValB m37.93 -.14 -7.5 + 0.3 +12.7 +9.0 C C E Losers BIChpGr 69.8 3 - . 85 +3.8 + 8 .5 +16.4+16.4 A A A CATEGORY:MUNI NEW YORK LONG T Rowe Price NAME L AST C H G %C H G GrowStk 54.4 3 - . 62 +4.8 + 9 .7 +15.9+15.6 A A A HealthSci 71.4 6 -1.83+5.1 +16.6 +26.2+27.4 A A A -8.55 -46.1 IBORNINGSTAR ExactSci h 9.98 Newlnccme 9.4 8 + .01 +0.8 + 1 .7 + 1.6 +2.9 C C C Tantech n 7.42 -2.16 -22.5 RATINB~ ****f r -.70 -21.5 IndSvAm If 2.55 Vanguard 500Adml 182.70 -.66 -2.3 +2.9 +13.0+13.6 8 8 A ASSETS $1,671 million Radware 14.01 -3.31 -19.1 500lnv 182.70 -.66 -2.4 +2.7 +12.8+13.5 8 8 A EXPRATIO .47% -2.90 -18.6 ContainStr 12.67 CapOp 50.97 -.70 -3.4 +4.4 +19.2+15.4 C A A Iglg.INIT.INVES T. $10,000 Eqlnc 29.67 -.03 -3.0 +1.5 +11.3+13.6 A C A PERCEN T L O A D N/L Foreign Markets IntlStkldxAdm 24.80 +.13 -2.8 -5.9 +4.1 NA D D HISTORICALRETURNS StratgcEq 31.51 -.27 -2.1 +5.2 +17.2+16.4 A A A NAME LAST CHG %CHG TgtRe2020 28.12 -1.2 +1.2 +7.2 +7.8 A A A Return/Rank Paris 4,660.64 +43.74 + . 95 TgtRe2025 16.28 -1.5 +1.1 +7.8 +8.3 A A 8 London 6,326.16 +27.24 + . 43 YEAR-TO-DATE +2.4 TotBdAdml 10.80 +.01 +1.2 +2.5 +1.7 +2.9 A C D Frankfurt 9,902.83 +88.04 + . 90 1-YEAR +3.4/B Totlntl 14.83 +.08 -2.9 -5.9 +4.0 +2.4 D D E Hong Kong21,831.62 -22.88 -.10 3-YEAR +3.0/A -4.90 -.01 TotStlAdm 49.56 -.21 -2.6 +2.9 +13.1+13.6 8 8 A Mexico 43,561.42 5-YEAR +4.0/8 Milan 22,182.65 +202.57 + . 92 TotStldx 49.55 -.20 -2.7 +2.8 +13.0+13.5 8 8 A Tokyo 18,186.10 +1 80.61 +1.00 3and5-yearrets$ssaressnsaazed. USGro 30.69 -.31 +2.6 +9.3 +16.1+15.6 A A A Stockholm 1,457.15 + .18 + . 0 1 Rank:Fund'sletter grade comparedwith others in Fund Footnotes: b -Feecovering marketcosts is paid from fund assets. d - Deferredsales charge, or redemption Sydney 5,199.02 +14.89 + . 29 the same group; an Aindicates fund performed in fee. f - front load (salescharges). m - Multiple feesarecharged, usually amarketing feeandeither a sales or Zurich 8,761.68 +20.85 + . 24 the top 20 percent; an E, in the bottom 20 percent. redemption fee.Source: Mornirgstar. Commodities FUELS Oil jumped more than $2 per barrel to its highest settlement price since August. Gold rose for the third straight day and touched $1,150 per ounce for the first time in a week. Crude Oil (bbl) Ethanol (gal) Heating Oil (gal) Natural Gas (mmbtu) UnleadedGas(gal) Foreign Exchange The dollar fell against the euro, British pound and other currencies. It also dropped against the yen as the Bank of Japan held a meeting on monetary policy. hfdf 88 Gold (cz) Silver (oz) Platinum (oz) Copper (Ib) Palladium (cz) CLOSE PVS. 48.53 46.26 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.55 2.47 2.45 1.44 1.39 CLOSE PVS. 1146.80 1138.10 15.98 15.70 933.00 911.10 2.36 2.36 706.35 687.85 V V V L V V L 2.95 4.39 2.33 5.95 3.98 1.9 9 3.07 %CH. %YTD +4.91 -8.9 -0.7 +1.61 +4.08 -1 2.7 +0.82 -1 4.5 + 3.67 + 0 . 1 %CH. %YTD -3.1 +0.76 + 1.76 + 2 .7 +2.40 -22.8 -0.04 -16.9 +2.69 -11.5 AGRICULTURE Cattle (Ib) CLOSE PVS. %CH. %YTD 1.25 1.22 +2.46 -24.5 Coffee (Ib) 1.28 1.28 +0.43 -23.1 Corn (bu) 3.98 3.94 + 1.21 + 0 . 3 Cotton (Ib) 0.61 0.61 + 0.34 + 1 . 4 Lumber (1,000 bd ft) 232.20 224.30 +3.52 -29.9 Orange Juice (Ib) 1.08 1.06 +1.46 -23.0 Soybeans (bu) 8.88 8.84 +0.42 -1 2.9 Wheat(bu) 5.26 5.16 +2.09 -1 0.8 1YR. MAJORS CLOSE CHG. %CHG. AGO USD per British Pound 1.5231 +.0075 +.49% 1.6049 Canadian Dollar 1.3 0 45 -.0033 -.25% 1.1153 USD per Euro 1.1275 +.0092 +.82% 1.2619 -.29 -.24% 109.01 JapaneseYen 120.21 Mexican Peso 16. 6973 -.0450 -.27% 13.4262 EUROPE/AFRICA/MIDDLEEAST Israeli Shekel 3.8553 -.0218 -.57% 3.6803 Norwegian Krone 8 . 2804 -.1323 -1.60% 6.4923 South African Rand 13.5730 -.0352 -.26% 11.2539 Swedish Krona 8.2 3 25 -.1176 -1.43% 7.2035 Swiss Franc .9665 -.0092 -.95% . 9 614 ASIA/PACIFIC Australian Dollar 1 3972 -.0130 - 93% 1.1432 Chinese Yuan 6.3560 +.0115 +.18% 6,1390 Hong Kong Dollar 7.7500 -.0000 - 00% 7.7552 Indian Rupee 65.189 +,034 +.05% 61.520 Singapore Dollar 1.4202 +,001 3 +.09% 1.2764 South KoreanWon 1162.15 +2.01 +.17% 1064,85 Taiwan Dollar 3 2.60 + . 0 8 +.25% 30,50 © www.bendbulletin.corn/business THE BULLETIN • WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015 BRIEFING IN EUROPE'SHIGH COURT Projections on home prices Home prices in Oregon could increase by 5.1 percent by August 2016, CoreLogic reported Tuesday. The data analysis firm reported single-family home prices in Oregon were up 9.1percent for the year ending in August. Oregon wasfourth among states with the greatest appreciation in home prices for the same period; Colorado was first at10.4 percent, including sales of distressed properties. CoreLogic identified Deschutes County as one of 44 overvalued housing markets in the U.S. The firm defines overvalued ashaving a CoreLogic HomePrice Index of 10 percent above the long-term fundamental value. CoreLogic quoted its chief economist, Frank Nothaft, as saying that higher mortgage rates coupled with more single-family housing starts next year nationwide should dampen demand and slow the growth in home prices. — Bulletin staff rep/t Virginia governor wooingDeschutes Virginia Gov.Terry McAuliffe has confirmed he's putting forth incentives for Deschutes Brewery of Bend to pick his state as its newEast Coast site. News outlets report that Deschutes is looking at places onthe East Coast to house its first area location. McAuliffe recently confirmed that he visited the brewery in mid-September to help entice it to break ground in the commonwealth. McAuliffe says he's under a nondisclosure agreement and could not say muchabout Deschutes and its interest in Virginia but that the brewery is deciding between Virginia and another state. CEO Michael LaLonde says nothing has been ruled out and that Deschutes will make adecision by the end of the year. Other states the brewery has lookedat include North Carolina and South Carolina. McAuliffe stopped at the Deschutes Brewery & Public House onNW Bond Street in mid-Septemberonaneconomic development trip up and down the WestCoast. — From wire reports ;If By Mark Scott New York Times News Service Europe's highest court on Tuesdaystruck down an international agreement that called on the European Com- mission to complete a new digital information like peosafe harbor agreement with ple's Web search histories and the United States, a deal that social media updates between has been negotiated for more the European Union and the than two years and could limUnited States. The decision left the in- Andy Tullie /Ttte Bulletin Robert Schluter, president at Element 1 Hydrogen Generators, checks out the company's new space in Bend. ternational operations of companies like Google and Facebook in a sort of legal limbo even as their services continued working as usual. The ruling, by the European Court of Justice, said the so-called safe harbor agree- it the fallout from the court's decision. Some European officials and many of the big technology companies, including Facebook and Microsoft, tried to play down the impact of the ruling. The companies kept their services running, saying that other agreements with eIH ave leaks from Edward Snowden, the formercontractorforthe the EU should provide an adequate legal foundation. But those other agreements are now expected to be examined and questioned by some of Europe's national privacy watchdogs. The potential National Security Agency, inquiries could make it hard made it clear that U.S. intel- forcompanies totransfer Europeans' information over- • The new building will allow Element 1 to grow, presidentsays ligence agencies had almost unfettered accessto the data, infringing on Europeans' rights to privacy. The court said data pro- ment was flawed because it allowed U.S. government authorities to gain routine access to Europeans' online By Stephen Hamway The Bulletin "We have clients from around the world. The Bend-based company Element 1 began in 2010 by providing hydrogen fuel cells for backup power generators and continuous power in emerging markets. Today, however, that's just a small part of the overall Wehad one conference room in the other building, and kind of a common office area, so it was very difficult to have a private conversation." — Rob Schluter, Element 1 president portfolio of services it offers to partner companies. In part to accommodate some of these new markets, the company finalized a move to a new building at the beginning of October. The new space, at 63050 Plateau Drive, is just a couple blocks away from its previous home at 62971 Plateau Drive, but is more than twice the size. "It allows us to hire more people, to be more efficient in what we do," said president Rob Schluter. "We can take on projects that are larger scale." The company's previous ference room in the other building, and kind of a common officearea,so it was very difficult to have a private conversation." Schluter and CEO Dave Edlund met as neighbors in the late 1990s and decided to begin Element 1 as a way to leverage Edlund's 19 years of experience in the fuel cell industry. The company had planned to focus on technology development, but some applications of hydrogen fuel cells — including their use in hydrogen-powered automobiles — have yet to space, which it moved into take off, Edlund said. in 2012 after spending two years at a startup space on "I think it would be fair to say that the market op- SW Cyber Drive, was 5,200 portunity has been slower square feet, including floor space and a small confer- to materialize than was projected," Schluter said. ence room. The new one is 11,000 According to Roger Lee, executive director of Eco- square feet, with the option nomic Development for to add an additional 3,000 square feet within the next Central Oregon, there are currently three large fuel cell manufacturing firms in year. Schluter said the added space allowed the company to add amenities, like extra conferencerooms, that were sorely lacking for a growing company. around the world," Schluter said. "We had one con- Bend: Element 1, CV International and H2 PowerTech. IdaTech, a spinoff of Bend Research, had its product line purchased by the Canadian firm Ballard Power Systems in 2012. Because of slow-develop- had to be creative. CFO Greg Haugen, who joined the company in 2012, said the company has developed a licensing model where it develops technol- ogies on behalf of partner companies, which can monitor the process and add manufacturing and sales expertise. In addition to working on hydrogen generators, the company refines natural gas. While many companies burn the gas after extraction, a process known as "flaring," Element 1 is attempting to purify the gas. In the same vein, the company is working on converting natural gas to methanol. Schluter said the process information. The court said tection regulators in each of the EU's 28 countries should have oversight over how companies collect and use online information of their countries' citizens. European countries have widely varying stances toward privacy. Data protection advocates hailed the ruling. Industry executives and trade groups, though, said the decision left a huge amount of uncertainty The Associated Press out on office cubicle space," Schluter said. "We wouldn' t have had room to hire anyone." ing markets, Element I has — Reporter: 541-617-7818, [email protected] con tinuingedisoftware/. • BuildaBusinessWebsite with WordPressBeginning II:For people whoalready haveaWordPress website and need tolearn howto use it; requirements: musthave ahosted WordPresswebsite — notaWordPress.corn site — with usernameand password;meetstoday, Oct. 16 andOct. 23; $199;9a.m.; Central OregonCommunity College —Redmond Campus, 2030 SE College Loop, Redmond,541-3837270, www.cocc.edu. SATURDAY • HomebuyerEducation Class:Learn theprocess of purchasingahome; $45 per household; 9a.m.; RedmondNeighborlmpact Office, 2303 SWFirst St., Redmond, 541-323-6567, www.neighborimpact.orgl homebuyer-workshopregistration/. • QuickBooks Pro2015 Intermediate:Explore the advancedfeatures of QuickBooks Pro2015; prerequisite:some QuickBooks andaccounting experience;meetstoday and Oct. 17;$99, includes textbook; 9 a.m.;Central Oregon Community College, 2600NW CollegeWay,Bend, 541-383-7270, www.cocc. eduicontinuingedisoftware/. MONDAY • Swivel Digital+ Creative MarketingConference: A two-day search, social media, creative and marketing conference featuring speakers from around theworld; 8a.m.; Downtown BendPublic Library, 601 NW Wall St., Bend, 541-350-0594, www. worksheets, applyadvance functions, addgraphics and use templates; through Oct. 14; $89; 6p.m.; Central Oregon Community College, 2600NW CollegeWay, Bend, 541-383-7270, www. cocc.edulcontinuingedl software/. • Pinterest for Business: Learn to set upaPinterest business account, engage your customersand implement analytics for measurement; throughOct. 26; $79; 6 p.m.;Central Oregon Community College, 2600NW CollegeWay, Bend, 541-383-7270,www. cocc.edulcontinuingedl marketing--social-media/. • LaunchYourBusiness: Learn about pricing and swivelnow.corn/. profitability, cash flow • Dealing withRentals: management, financial Learn about restrictions, stability and defining your solutions andhowto marketingmessage;$199; deal with renters; $25for 6 p.m.; Central Oregon Community Association Community College Institute members;$35 RedmondCampusnonmembers; 11:30a.m.; Technology Education The Oxford Hotel, 10NW Center, SEAirport Way, Minnesota Ave,Bend,541541-383-7290, 719-8224, www.caioregon. Redmond, www.cocc.edu/sbdc. orgleventregistrationl core-october-12th-luncheon. • For the complete calendar, • Excel Level2013 Level II: pick up Sunday'sBulletin or Learn to managemultiple visitbendbullefin.corn/bizcal BANKRUPTCIES Chapter 7 Filed Sept. 29 • Steven L. Gritten, 755 NW Second St., Prineville • Allanah M. Keiper, 1893 NE Taylor Court, Bend • Marcus J. Petrelli, P.O. Box 511, Bend Filed Sept. 30 • Sean T. Spensley, 412 Foss Drive, Terrebonne • Nichole Johnson, 7487 SW Sand RidgeRoad, Terrebonne • JasonDarrah, 7487 SW Sand RidgeRoad, Terrebonne Filed Oct. 1 • Gayle J. Martinez, 179 SW Hayes Ave., No.19, Bend • Michael W. Prickett, 19734 NuggetAve., Bend Filed Oct. 2 • Wendy K. Thompson, 900 NE Butler Market Road,No. 142, Bend Filed Oct. 5 • Awbrey L Beard, 61854 Dobbin Road, Bend Chapter 13 Filed Oct. 2 • Rodney L. Temple, P.O. Box 2206, Terrebonne • Archie K. Carroll, 2471 SW 23rd St., Redmond in Chicago who helped to negotiate the original safe harbor agreement. "The ruling is so sweepingly broad that any mechanism used to transfer data from Europe could be underthreat." to operate. International stores retail stores in 19 countries as of Sept. 30. now locked in a contentious a ness development manager for American Apparel, said legal fight with the retailer. American Apparel cau- that investors could suffer big losses on their investments. American Apparel has lost money every year since 2010, with revenue wilting as competition from fast-fashion re- John Brooks, a former busiMonday that while it's not a surprise that the company is seeking protection, it will be interesting to see who will ben- efit from the bankruptcy filing and what the business will look like after. The chain also said that it will pay all of its suppliers in full under normal terms for pany's biggest shareholders, goods and services provided on or after bankruptcy filing Monday. The plan will wipe out more than $200 million in bonds held by the retailer in exchange for equity interests. Lenders will provide about $90 million in debtor-in-possession financing. American Apparel's board has approved the restructuring for defamation. plan, which is expected to be tailers has increased. The com- pany is being sued by ex-CEO Charney, who was fired in December following allegations that he had violated its sexual harassment policy. Charney denies those charges. Charney has also filed a $30 million lawsuit against Standard General, one of the com- adding graphicsandusing templates; $89, including textbook; 9 a.m.;Central Oregon Community College Chandler Lab,1027NW Trenton Ave.,Bend, 541383-7270, www.cocc.edui yer with Baker & McKenzie almost a year after ousting founder Dov Charney, who is haveenough financingtokeep operating for the next year and wouldn't be able to do without added amenities. "We can't assume that anything is now safe," Brian Hengesbaugh, a privacy law- are not affected. American Apparel hadapproximately 227 in the old building. Additionally, the company, which currently employs 11 people full time, is looking to grow to about 18 couple years, something it arrangements. And the ruling appeared to leave smaller companies with fewer legal resourcesvulnerabletopotential privacy violations. Apparel has filed for Chapter NEW YORK — American tioned in August that it didn' t employees within the next seas under the current data American Apparel files for bankruptcy wouldn't have been possible BIZ CALENDAR TODAY • BusinessStartup Class: Cover thebasics inthis two-hourclassanddecide if runningabusiness is for you; $29; 11a.m.; COCC Chandler Lab,1027NW Trenton Ave.,Bend,541383-7290, www.cocc.edul sbdc. • EmpezandoSuProprio Negocio:(Business StartupClassinSpanish); Mas informacion sobre los requisitos, permisos, prestamos financieros y otros detalles parainiciar su propio negocio; $29; 6p.m.; COCCChandler Lab, 1027 NW TrentonAve., Bend, 541-383-7290, www.cocc. edu/sbdc. • Electronics101:Eight two-hourclassesforanyone interested in electronics; no prior technical knowledge required; $100; 6p.m.; E::SpaceLabs,48 SE Bridgeford Blvd., Bend, www.espaceslabs.coml basic-electronics-101.html. FRIDAY • Excel 2010LevelII: Take yourExcel2010 knowledge tothe next level by managingmultiple worksheets, applying advance functions, for big companies, many of which rely on the easy flow of data for lucrative businesses like online advertising. They allowed companies to move Data transfer pact ruled invalid lirr completed in about six months. said that its U.S. retail storesas well as wholesale and U.S. manufacturing — will continue It still needs approvals from the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware. Peet's Coffee &Teabuying StLlmPtOWnCOfee ROaSterS The Associated Press PORTLAND — Peet's Coffee 8 Tea is buying the popular premium coffee company Stumptown Coffee Roasters, bringing the once independent brand more into the mainstream. Terms of the deal an- nounced Tuesday were not disclosed. 2011. Stumptown now operates 10 stores in Portland, Seattle, New York and Los Angeles and describes itself as a pioneer of the cold-brew coffee movement. The companies say Stumptown will continue to operate independently but will have access to Peet's resources and scale. Privately held Peet's, Stumptown, based in Portland, was started in 1999. Investment firm TSG Partners which is based in Emeryville, California, says it hopes to bought a majority ownership position in the company in leadership position in premi- capitalize on Stumptown's um and cold-brew coffee. IN THE BACI4 ADVICE EeENTERTAINMENT W Reader photo, D2 Outdoors Calendar, D4 Fishing Report, D5 O< www.bendbulletin.corn/outdoors THE BULLETIN • WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015 Bluetongue WATER REPORT For water conditions at local lakes and rivers, seeB6 dlSec)Se BRIEFING PCT hike presentation set Northwest Bend's Jim Kress will give a presentation on hiking the Pacific Crest Trail at 7 p.m. Oct. 22 at the Central Oregon Community CollegeCoats Campus Center in Bend. "Lessons from the Crest" will last about 90 minutes, and will include stories from Kress'1989 hike of the Pacific Crest Trail. Kress hiked the 2,600-mile trail from Mexico to Canada over five months, creating memories that he says have lasted his whole life. The presentation will include tips on hiking the trail, as well as lessons on how to get more out of life. Kress says his experience on the PCT taught him how to "live life to the fullest" and "sort the important from the not so important." Admission is free. A donation of $5 is recommended to the COCC Foundation Scholarship Fund. By Rich Landers The (Spokane, Wash.) Spokesman Review A drought-stoked outbreak of viral disease first detected in August is kill- ing hundreds of deer from the Colville area south to the Lewiston region, wildlife biologists from Washington and Idaho say. At least 68 whitetails dead from bluetongue have been collected in the town of Colville, Terry LeCaire, manager of the city's streets department, said. Bluetongue has killed mostly white-tailed deer, Photos by Mark Morical / The Bulletin Most of the McKenzie River Trail runs right alongside the river, and fall colors are popping up inmany sections of the trail. but in recent weeks the disease also has been confirmed in some dead mule deer. The animals can die in a few days once symptoms or mouth and nasal discharge occur. Bluetongue is closely related to epizootic hemorrhagic disease, which is common in whitetails in September but usually on a small scale in isolated areas, said Kristin Mans- — Bulletin staff report field, Washington's state wildlife veterinarian. Wildlife officials are especially concerned that TRAIL UPDATE With ChrisSabo Fall weather is here with shorter days and cold overnight temperatures. Before heading out for an extended hike, be prepared for the unexpected by packing the 10 essentials: navigation tools (map and compass or GPS), water, food, extra clothing, light source (headlamp or flashlight), firstaid kit, fire source (waterproof matches or lighter), sun protection (sunscreen and sunglasses), repair kit and tools (knife or multipurpose tool) and emergency shelter. Oregon rifle deer hunting season continues through Friday. Trail users may hear gunfire and encounter hunters on the forest trails. As a safety precaution, trail users should wear bright colors. Some campgrounds are closing for the season. Up-to-date information on campground closures is posted online at hoodoorecreation. corn/campgrounds/ deschutes. Lava River Cave is now closed for the season. This is the last weekend the Lava Lands Visitor Center and the Paulina Visitor Center will be open for the season. Hours are Saturday and Sunday, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. The visitor center parking lot is open year-round for access to the lava flow trails. Access to Lava Butte by vehicle closes Monday. Trail conditions are staying relatively the same, mostly dry and dusty. Tumalo Falls and its viewpoint remains closed to all public access until further notice. Phil's Trailhead is open, but be alert to construction equipment and work crews. • The McKenzie RiverTrail offerssomething entirely different from high desert singletrack this year's outbreak is the bluetongue variety of hemorrhagic disease, which can affect a wider Fish Lake NcKenzieRiverTrail Editor's note:Mountain Bike Trail Guide, by Bulletin outdoors writer Mark Morical, features different trails in Central Oregon and beyond. The trail guide appears in Outdoors on Trail begins about an hour's drive west from How to getthere How can one of the most heralded ribbons of singletrack in the country be located in Oregon, but not exactly in Central Or- following signsfor Eugene.Noticetheupper trailhead on theleft just past FishLake. I Continuedown 1 Hwy. 126another20 miles justpastthe McKenzieBridgeRanger Station to alargeparking area alongthehighwayat the bottomtrailhead.You can leave your shuttle car here.Returnio the upper trailhead to begin your ride. Or ride thetrail oui andbackfromthe south end without a Section 4 shuttle. (6.5 mi.) MARK MORICAL egon, which over the last 10 or 15 years has become a national hot spot for mountain biking? Maybe we should not worry about that, but rath- through a heavy canopy of mossy old-growth trees along the clear McKenzie River surging deep in the MRT — as it is known the Willamette National Forest. That's not to knock among trail enthusiasts- our trails here in the De- is ONLY an hour away. The trail is so different schutes National Forest. It's just that during this from the high desert style of singletrack we are ac- time of year, when a lack er celebrate the fact that customed tohere. Rather of rainfall can make for dusty trails, the MRT than a dusty trail through sage brush, ponderosa remains largely dust-free "Some variet iesarenastier than others," he said, noting that no livestock deaths had been reported from bluetongue in Idaho this fall. MILES 0 3 The WSU lab has confirmed bluetongue virus in 45 whitetail samples submitted from Washington and Idaho, plus one ty and another in Garfield County. SeeBluetongue /D4 acquiring scent, losing it, and picking it up again. As soon as she locked up, on point, two partridge jumped into the air. I tipped one into chest-high rye and, moments later, two more we would trade off shooting the small collection of grave markers shaded by pines and yellowed vine maples and wild rose and hid the rigs in a gully. Joe Biggs joined us for this hunt, a guide from Double Barrel Ranch in the Spokane Valley. Bob Mulligan turned pictures and shooting my 20-gauge CZ Ringneck. close to heel. My cousin, Neil Lewis, carried the camera- livestock every year, Idaho state wildlife veteri- Section 3 (10.7 mi.) e un arian ar ri es We turned on a dirt road past man shorthair, and kept her However, bluetongue is present in Great Basin Greg Cross / The Bulletin out Duchess, a 4-year-old Ger- is uncommon in cattle." on the wet west side of the aun e field said. "The distinction between (bluetongue) and Charlie Powell, spokesman for the College of Veterinary Medicine at From Sisters,headabout Tamolitch Falls 30 mileswestonU.S. (Blue Pool) Hwy. 20 to Hwy.126, tinue to take a toll until a disease to the deer, Mans- I past. The disease will conhard frost occurs to kill the gnats that deliver the Sahalie Falls he McKenzie River Trail is only Bend, but it might as well be a world range of animals, and that it's significantly more "We' ll head to that little partridge were aloft. After the shooting was over, Liesl made a retrieve on her first Hungarian partridge. entific name for the bird we and forth through these little affectionately call the Hun. Early in the 1900s, this bird seemed to catch the scent first, tightening her circles, k.; Perdix perdix is the sci- hilltop to start, then work back washes," Biggs whispered. Liesl, my almost 2-year-old pudelpointer, and Duchess worked ahead, quartering back and forth. Duchess .,s ) was successfully introduced in the United States when some 40,000 partridges were transplanted from the game coverts of Europe into America. SeePartridges/D5 Courtesy Gary Lewis / For The Bulletin Bob Mulligan, left, with Duchess and Gary Lewis with Liesl, at the end of a hunt for Hungarian partridge in Eastern Washington. D2 THE BULLETIN• WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015 • • Submit your best work at Q benfibulletin.corn/reafierphotos. Your entries will appear online, and we'l choose the best for publication in the Outdoors section. Also contribute to our other categories, including good photos of the great Central Oregonoutdoors. Submission requirements:Include as much detail as possible — when and where you took a photo, any special technique used — as well as your name, hometown and contact info. Photos selected for print must be high resolution (at least 6 inches wide and 300 dpi) and cannot be altered. -~~ e r WIZARD FALLS Nate Wyeth captures some beautiful fall colors on a section of the Metolius River. McKenzie Continued from D1 In 2008, Bike Magazine declared the McKenzie River Trail the best mountain biking trail in the United States. I cannot a r gue w i t h t h a t (though admittedly I h ave rarely ridden my bike outside the Northwest). The Cascadia earthquake is coming. On its north end, the trail starts out easy around the west side of Clear Lake and becomes extremely technical over the rugged lava rock near Sahalie Falls and Koosah Falls all the way to Trail Bridge Reservoir. Then, just when you are totally cooked and can't go on, Mark Morical/The Bulletin A particularly clear stretch of the McKenzie River. the trail turns into a smooth, easy ride along flowy singletrack all the way down to the McKenzie Bridge Ranger Station. From the start near Clear Lake, about 30 miles west of Sisters along state Highway er section of the singletrack. narrow that cyclists must pop I have ridden the entire trail several times, and each time their bikes up on the back wheel and push the bikes in the extensive lava rock section became excessively tiring. front of them as they walk Technical r o c k s e c tions What are you and your business doing to prepare? across. One striking characteristic 126, to the finish 26 m iles are dispersed throughout the of the trail is how dark it can south near the McKenzie McKenzie River Trail, but gen- be in the middle of a bright, Bridge Ranger Station, riders erally, the path is less technical sunny day. The forest is so are treated to some of the most from Trail Bridge Reservoir to thick in spots that heavy shade stunning scenery in the state. the south end of the trail near is almost constant. The endBut that view comes with a the ranger station. less vegetation makes for proprice for the fat-tire set: They As I started from Para- lific bug life, and at one point must tackle some challenging dise Campground, the trail alongside the trail I noticed a portions of trail, negotiating climbed gradually through spider nearly the size of a golf jagged rocks and steep cliff- the lush, green forest. The riv- ball in the middle of a perfectside portions with nothing but er provided cool air as I con- ly spun web. the rushing water below. The tinued along the singletrack, I rode north along the trail north-to-south ride includes which cuts through Belknap for nearly two hours before an elevation loss of 1,600 feet, Springs and crisscrosses the tiring to the point that I felt but it nevertheless remains an river. compelled to turn around near aerobic challenge. To skip the more difficult Olallie Campground, just a few miles south of Trail Bridge portion of the trail, I opted to ride the MRT last week as an The McKenzie River is crystal clear and ever-changing, from calm, rocky pools to churning whitewater. The trail out-and-back from the south undulates along the river, at begin riding back, I realized end of the trail near Paradise times rising hundreds of feet how much I had actually been Campground. Sure, I would above the water. miss out on the waterfalls and Although the southern half Clear Lake, but I was more of the MRT is considered the interested in riding the easi- easier portion, it does include climbing. The return ride was deceptively fast as I cruised lots of rocky areas that make NcKenzieRiver Trail Length:26.5 miles, four to eight hours Rating:Aerobically strenuous andtechnically advanced Trail features:Incredible scenery along the McKenzie River, including waterfalls, old-growth trees and rugged lava flows. Thetrail descends 1,600 feet but is extremely demanding if ridden in its entirety. through the quiet, dense forest, the only sound the rush- ing of the river. I encountered a few other bikers and hikers, while on some of the more technical sections. but otherwise I enjoyed lots of solitude. One constant along the so different from any trail in Central Oregon — is the lush greenery of th e Dr. Daniele McKay, professor of geology at OSU-Cascades Kelley Okolita, director of disaster management services atCambia Health Solutions Sgt.Nathan Garibay,Emergency Service Manager for the Deschutes County Sheriffs Office. Reservoir. When I did turn around and a full-suspension bike worth- trail — and what makes it Join experts for a panel discussion on Cascadiaand an in-depth look at how the major earthquake predicted to hit the Oregon coast sometime in the next 50 years could impact Central Oregon — with a special focus on what businesses should do to prepare. The panel includes: By the time I arrived back at Paradise, I had ridden about 21 miles in just short of four Four key organizations are paftnering to bring this important preparedness event to you. Don' t miss this free event for a first-hand look at the predicted Cascadia quake and for important tips on how to prepare yourself, your family and your business to survive the immediate aftermath. Tuesday, Oct. 20, 2015 7 p.m, at the Tower Theatre A panel presentation with time for audience questions, Free and open to the public. Tickets and information: www.towertheatre.org st-74a-4Sas hours, and I was spent. A few W i l lamette years ago, I rode the entire National Forest. Bright green trail and it required about six ferns, moss-covered Douglas hours. That's just too long in firs and e ndless deciduous the saddle for me these days. trees line the trail and provide The out-and-back ride from a nearly constant canopy. Fall the south end offered a memcolorsofyellow and red were orableexperience, providing beginning to arrive last week. plenty of scenery along one of Numerous narrow bridge the country's most renowned crossings are required along mountain biking trails. the McKenzie River T r ail. Most of the bridges are so — Reporter: 541-383-0318, [email protected] Serving Central Oregon since 1909 American Red Cross • ,I this fall. A hunter in Idaho snapped both bones in his lower leg when he slipped while stepping between downed trees and spent two days crawling through the woods for miles before he was found. A Kalispell archeryhunter was found dead Sunday in the Big Hole Valley a week after he was reported missing. And last week, an 84-year-old Wyoming hunterwas found dead after a six-day search. Hunting, hiking or backpacking alone is not asking for trouble, said Wayde Coo- perider. He oversees Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks hunter safety programs, which includes instruction on basic survival tactics and hunt planning as part of the course re- Safety gear With a variety of survival, location and communication to cellphones — there are plen- ty of gear options available to hunters as well as others who Hunters have been in the headlines lately after two died, one in Montana and the other in Wyoming. Precautions can help adventurers venture off the beaten path. who have to spend anunexpected night or two outside. "The technology piece is quired of all new hunters. But soloadventurersneed to take so easy to do now, and it's afsome precautions, he said. fordable," said Jon Trapp, a member of the Carbon County Be prepared Search and Rescue and a Red Cooperider is too old to be Lodge Fire Department capa Boy Scout, but he's always tain. "Most hunters pay more prepared for the worst when for the scope on their rifle." he goes hunting. Trapp was referring to de"I have never had to spend vices like the SPOT beacon an unexpected night out, but I and DeLorme's inReach satelcould do it if I had to," he said. lite communicators that allow "I may not be comfortable, but outdoors folk to send text mesI could do it." sages if they are fine, or send The most basic advice a an SOS if they are injured. solo hunter can follow is to tell The messages include the lofriends or family where they cation of the device, providing are hunting and when they ex- rescuers with a very narrow pect to return, and then make area to search. "My wife takes great comcontact if plans change. "The thing most people fort in knowing I pack that don't take into account is the around," Cooperider said of impact on others," Cooperider his SPOT beacon. sard. Not only do family and Light my fire friends suffer the emotional distress, but search and res- For those who don't want to spend the hundreds of dol- cue members may face peril in trying to find folks in rugged backcountry areas in often less-than-optimum weather lars and service fees for the beacons, there are several conditions. gear available these dayseverything from GPS locators Brett French /The Billings (Mont.) Gazette start a fire: waterproof match- cue volunteer, told him about es, a lighter and a steel striker are options. Fires not only provide life-saving heat to ward off hypothermia but can also be used to signal rescuers. "Keep a big pile of green boughs right next to the fire," Trapp said. "Throw them on a motorcycle rider who got caught in a rain and snow- top of the fire and it will create rain and snow for six hours. storm while riding in the foot- hills. The cyclist was wearing cotton clothing and was quickly soaked. "By the time the crew got to the guy he had been in the Solo hunting safety advice ty at lower elevations • A small first-aid kit capable of stopping bleeding and Here are some of the other bandaging cuts • Duct and electrical tape, items WaydeCooperider which can be wrapped around suggests hunters or other a flashlight about a half-inch outdoor adventurers carry to ensure their survival in an to three-eighths inches thick • A metal cup to heatwater emergency situation: in or a small backpacking stove • Water filter or some type and pot or cup of water purification device or • A 50-gallon trash can tablets to stay hydrated or reflective or orange bivy • GPS with a compass shelter that can double as a backup along with maps of raincoat or shelter the area • A reasonable length of • A few freeze-dried meals parachute cord in case an unexpected night • Even when archery huntout turns into two or three ing, he carries a hunter orange nights out vest which can beused to sig• Bear spray, especially this nal someone or to makehim year with all of the bear activi- more visible. a bunch of smoke. Otherwise, The wind was howling," Cooit can be incredibly difficult to perider said. "Luckily, they see someonefrom the air." got close enough to hear him A no-cost piece of advice is mumbling" or they might not to stop moving. have found him in time to save "A lot of hunters think if his life since he was already they keep going they' ll find hypothermic. their way out," Trapp said, but That brings up some other that's not always the case. low-cost devices that are good The old advice given to lost to add to a day pack: a whischildren was to hug a t ree, tle, signal mirror, flashlight or Cooperider said. rescue strobe light. "The bottom line is, if you "The strobes make a suthink you' re lost, stop, build a per-bright pulse that really fire — as long as it's not a dan- stands out with night vision he needs to survive a night ger — and wait," he added. technology, or even a couple or three out in the woods courage people to be prepared of miles away with the naked for various things that could Making noise r e scue, but h e "The bottom line is: I en- eye," Trapp said. takes solace in the knowledge happen and to truly test the be packed along. Key among Cooperider said his stepCooperider admits he prob- that he's prepared for most equipment that their life may them are at least two ways to son, who is a search and res- ably carriesmore gear than eventualities. depend on," he said. more mundane items that can i e-s arin ro rams aina oe o in ew erse long walk. "The system would not have succeeded,governmentally or politically, if it had been concentrated only in a few areas," Fulop said. In Hoboken, officials are holding off on a start date, By Matt A.V. Chaban New York Times News Service JERSEY CITY, N.J.— On a recent Wednesday, Steven Fu- lop, the mayor of Jersey City, got ready for one of his regular morning bike rides. He had his helmet on, but rather than his usual spandex jersey, he wore khakis, an oxford shirt and a but Zimmer said it would be "within weeks, not months." light down vest. And instead of his $3,000 Kuota carbon-fiber racing bike, which Fulop, start with a similar number of bikes — 250 at 29 stations- a former Marine, rides in tri- as Jersey City' s, but at a quar- athlons, he mounted a hefty, bright blue Citi Bike. "I'm impressed," the mayor said as he coasted past Ham- ter of the cost: $500,000 invest- ilton Park. "I was not excited al membership in Hoboken is cheaper: $95, compared with $149 in Jersey City. Because of the cost, Jersey City will begin with roughly half as many bikes as the mayor hoped, although there are plans to ex- Hob oken's program will ment instead of $2 million. Both systems get their funding from private sponsors. Annu- about this bike ride, to be honest. I didn't appreciate how easy these bikes are to ride." Although he has spent the past two years trying to bring a bike-sharing program to New Jersey's second-larg- pand to 500. Hoboken got the number of bikes it wanted, and its sys- est city, it was only on that Wednesday, five days before the Monday afternoon start of tem works still work without Citi Bike, that the mayor actu- docks. ally rode one of its bicycles. That night, less than a mile "If you want to run into the store,or the racks are all full at the PATH station, we don' t to the north, Dawn Zimmer, Thinkstock the mayor of Hoboken, had a In order to help overcomethe challenge of public transportation in large cities, bike-sharing programsare becoming amore popular pair of community meetings option for residents. to attend. Rather than walk or drive, she did what she often does: ride her trusty Special- can be far away and far from ized hybrid bike. Afterward, reliable, and where parking she met up with her husband, can be a nightmare. who had left his bike at home. I ndeed, there may be n o "We were joking that it's too greater testament to the growbad we don't have a bike share ing popularity of urban cyyet," Zimmer recounted the cling than its adoption in the next day. land of "Racing in the Street" In a few weeks, she will not and "Thunder Road." "In the face of the ever-preshave that problem anymore. With the recent success of ent and ever-stigmatizing car bike-sharing in New York City, culture, both cities have done to say nothing of cities around a stellar job in improving overthe world, cycling systems are all bikeability," said Charles now hitting the streets of Jer- Brown, a senior research spesey City and Hoboken. cialist at the Alan M. Voorhees The programs are meant to provide a convenient way to get around these cities, where train, bus and ferry service Transportation Center at Rut- gers University. Even so, the road to each program was not smooth. Initially, Jersey City, Hoboken and a third city, Weehawken, wanted a unified bike-sharing system serving nearly 325,000 residents with 800 bikes. The program was Fulop, a Democrat, wanted tern we felt was best for our a program that could be in- residents," Zimmer said. tegrated with Citi Bike, since his constituents tend to work and relax in Manhattan (600 of them already have Citi W eehawken had it s o w n problems. Without local support or private funds, it began studying Hoboken's system unveiled at the end of 2013, not Bike memberships). Zimmer, before starting its own. At 3 long after Citi Bike got rolling also aDemocrat,preferred a p.m. on a Monday, 350 bikes in New York. cheaper system proposed by a were activated in Jersey City, The system aimed to be a partnership of Bike and Roll, served by 35 docks across its unique model that eschewed P3GM, Next Bike and e3think. 21 square miles. the typical d ocking sta- That system meant the cities Citi Bike had initially urged tions for bikes that could be could afford more bikes, and Fulop to focus his program locked up almost anywhere. Zimmer wanted to ensure that downtown, where there was a Equipped with GPS, they every resident was within a 3- critical mass of riders, but he to 5-minute walk of one. could then be located with a rejected that idea. He feared smartphone app. Unable to agree, Hoboken a lienating residents in o u tBut within months of the and Jersey City went their sep- lying areas where getting to announcement, the cities' pri- arate ways last summer. trains often involves driving, "We both selected the sys- waiting for the bus or taking a orities diverged. want you to worry about what you' re going to do with your bike," Chris Wogas, the president of Bike and Roll, said. Although Hoboken's system is incompatible with Citi Bike, it offers regional no-fee zones, allowing riders to leave bikes in seven hubs in Weehawken and Jersey City. Despite the schism, resi- dents in the cities seem eager to share bikes — even if they cannot share them across city lines. Mandee Bellarosa, who was walking her dog in Hoboken, said that cars were once a necessity, but no longer. "I think in a lot of places, it's all about cars, but we' re so much more urban here," she said. "At least half my friends don't even own cars." D4 TH E BULLETIN0 WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015 UTDOORS FISHING CENTRAL OREGONBASSCLUB: New members welcome;7-9 p.m.; meetson the first Tuesday ofeachmonth; Abby's Pizza, Redmond;www.cobe.us. DESCHUTESCHAPTEROFTROUT UNLIMITED:For members to meet and greet and discuss what the chapter is up to; meets on the first W ednesday ofeachmonthat6 p.m.; 50 SW Bond St., Bend, Suite 4; 541306-4509, deschutestu©hotmail. corn; www.deschutes.tu.org. BENDCASTINGCLUB:A group of fly anglers from around Central Oregon who are trying to improve their casting technique; 6-8 p.m .;club meetson E ND the fourth Wednesday ofeach month; location TBA;541-306-4509 or bend castingclub©g mail.corn. THE SUNRIVER ANGLERSCLUB:7 p.m.; meets onthe third Thursday of each month; Sunriver Homeowners Aquatic 8 Recreation Center; www. sunriveranglers.org. THE CENTRALOREGON FLYFISHERS CLUB:7 p.m.; meets on the third W ednesday ofeachm onth;Bend Senior Center; www.coflyfishers.org. HIKING FULL MOON HIKE:Join a Sunriver Nature Center Naturalist for a guided full moon hike along LakeAspen, To submit an event, visit bendbulletin.corn/events and click 'Add Event" 10 days before publication. Ongoing listings must be updated monthly. Questions: [email protected],541-383-0318. the Deschutes, and through a meadow; listen and look for nocturnal creatures; registration required; 8-9 p.m. on Oct. 27; $6 for adults, $4 for kids; kirstinrea©gmail.corn or 541-593-4394. DESCHUTESLANDTRUST WALKS + HIKES:Ledby skilled volunteer naturalists, these outings explore new hiking trails, observe migrating songbirds and take in spring wildf lowers; all walks and hikes are free; registration available at www. deschuteslandtrust.org/events. HUNTING CENTRAL OREGON CHAPTER ROCKY MOUNTAINELK FOUNDATION:Meetings are scheduled for 6:30 p.m. on select Wednesdays, including Oct. 21, Nov. 18, and Dec. 2; meetings are held at the VFW Hall in Redmond; contact Dave Fuller at 541-447-2804. THE BENDCHAPTEROF THE OREGONHUNTERS ASSOCIATION:7 p.m.; meets the secondWednesday ofeach month; KingBuffet,Bend;ohabend.webs. corn. THE OCHOCO CHAPTER OF THE OREGONHUNTERS ASSOCIATION:7 p.m.; meets the first Tuesday of each month; Prineville Fire Hall; 541-447-5029. THE REDMONDCHAPTER OF THEOREGON HUNTERS ASSOCIATION:7 p.m.; meets the third Tuesday of each month; Redmond VFW Hall. Thomas, 541-389-8284. PINE MOUNTAINPOSSE: Cowboy action shooting club; second Sunday of each month; Central Oregon Shooting Sports Association range, milepost 24, U.S. Highway 20, east of Bend; 541-318-8199, www. SHOOTING pinemountainposse. corn. COSSA KIDS:Coaches are on hand HORSE RIDGEPISTOLEROS: to assist children; rifles, ammo, ear Cowboy action shooting with and eye protection are provided; pistols, rifles and shotguns; 10 parent or guardian must sign in a.m.; first and third Sunday of each for each child; fee for each child is month; Central Oregon Shooting $10; 10 a.m.; third Saturday of each Sports Association range, milepost month; Central Oregon Shooting 24, U.S. Highway 20, east of Bend; Sports Association range, milepost 541-408-7027 or www.hrp-sass. 24, U.S. Highway 20, Bend; Don corn. untin eeront eremote o ia By Julie Herrmann ond-largest island in the Ko- The Kodiak (Alaska) Daily Mirror diak Archipelago and is locat- K ODIAK, A l aska — We ed just to the north of Kodiak took off on a slightly damp day, heading from the city of Kodiak to a bay on Afognak Island just to the north, hoping to harvest some Sitka black-tail deer Aug. 30 and 31. Heavy packs loaded with plenty of food, gear, a rifle, Island. Although Kodiak Island has several villages, the knives and meat sacks joined Residents were relocated to settlements on Afognak are limited to logging camps, a hatchery and lodges. The village of Afognak was destroyed in the tsunami following the 1964 earthquake. Stuck on Afognak Afognak Island is the second-largest island in the Kodiak Archipelago and is located just to the north of Kodiak Island. Although Kodiak Continued from D1 Bluetongue also was confirmed in one dead bighorn sheep in Nez Perce County, Idaho, Powell said. Dead or sick deer are more likely to be reported in more populated areas, said Dana Base, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife bi- ologist in Colville. Far more deer in rural areas are likely to be sick or dying undetected, he said. Cases have been confirmed in eight Eastern Washington counties and four counties in the Clearwater region of Idaho. Until last week, the outbreak had been documented as far west as the Davenport area, where whitetail range gives way to mule deer country, said M ichael Atamian, Fish and Wildlife biologist in Spokane. However, at least three cas- es of mule deer dying of bluetongue in th e M oses Lake area were confirmed this week, Mansfield said. "One Palouse River land- was not easy, but we made We awoke early on a Mon- it almost all the way back to day. Our flight was supposed the cabin before being blown t o arrive sometime in late morning, and we were wor- But as the afternoon wore to themeat and back down beforethe aircraftarrived. on, we began worrying about A small boat was beached n ext to th e c abin an d w e cliffs and off to the side into w ouldn't have t o It didn't come on Tuesday either. We had plenty of food, and if that gave out, we had lots of deer meat, but we had c hose to paddle it so w e By that time, the deer was approaching the top of the mountain. It p aused and Bridger fired a shot aiming high because of the distance. His shot broke the deer's spine and it tumbled down the mountain, stopping against trees. I had started heading in the direction I expected Bridger had gone before hearing the shots and I sped up after hear- ing his first shot. After the second shot killing the second deer, Bridger called my name. We made quick work field dressing the first deer and slid the pieces into game bags. We loaded up, hiked to the second deer and butchered it. We tied some of the meat in a tree cache and headed down with heavy packs. S ince we didn't w ant t o go up and around a meadow of trees with our packs, we wound up bushwhacking through heavy salmonber- h au l t h e the lake. Nevertheless, we made it across and tied it to a tree. Back through the woods and devil's club yet again. T he i nformation i n th e Every Friday In mmhGAzmez The Bulletin City. Finally, o n W e dnesday morning, the plane arrived. The pilot told us because of the small size of the lake with cabin told us to be extremely careful of bears and not to mountains high around it, it needed to be flat calm or the ry bushes about o ne-third leave any food out, but when plane couldn't land. of theway down the mountain. Branches caught at our we returned to the high mead- W e loaded up an d t o ok off for Kodiak. The next few clothes, and we ended up los- ow, we found that neither the tree cache of meat nor the gut days were busy with cutting ing an empty Nalgene water bottle in the brush. Then it was once again through all the devil's club and we arrived at the edge of the lake just as it got fully dark. Exhausted, we chose to leave Bridger's heavy pack in a tree on the edge of the lake, and he took my lighter one to piles had been touched. Listening breathlessly every time we heard a plane, we headed back down the mountain, piled our meat into the Using kayak paddies, one of which was broken, to paddle py to have our own meat in carry back around the lake. a boat that is made for rowing winter. boat and paddled back across the lake. The wind was gusting and trying to blow us into shore. • I the plane. It didn't arrive. meat around the lake, which no phone and I was unable to included a l a r g e d ogleg call my work and tell them I t hat doubled th e w a l k i ng wouldn't be coming in. distance. We spent time playing Checking the shed, Bridger cribbage, speed, gin rummy, discovered that not only were Scrabble and speed again. there no oarlocks (nice to The nice thing about cabins have, but certainly not a ne- anywhere is they typically cessity), but there weren't any have at least a deck or two of oars. There were two kayak cards and a few magazines. paddle halves, or, more accuIf we had known the plane rately, there were two halves wasn't going to come, we of two completely different would have hiked up again to kayak paddies. try for another deer. One was a somewhat nice It was sunny and we hiked metal one, while the second to the b each, a f i v e-minwas made entirely of plastic ute walk from the lake, and and the threaded part where basked in the sun. Through the two parts of it joined to- the spotting scope, we could gether broke part way across just see the windmills on Pil- whitetails for weeks from vored the reproduction of the Moscow t o Gra ngeville, Culicoides gnats that carry said Jen Bruns, department the EHD and bluetongue virus," Base said. spokeswoman in Lewiston. "We' re finding dead whiteWoody Myers, a Washi ngton F is h a n d Wi l d l i f e tails just about anyplace the research biologist, said the deer get around mud, which incidenceof disease appears is where the gnats are pro— Dana Base, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife to besevere in most affected duced," Atamian said. The agencies are monitorbiologist In Colvllle areas. " This year's outbreak i s ing the outbreaks, mapping very widespread across far reports from the public and Powell said. year tosome degree,but in Eastern Washington," said taking tissue samples in new Paddlers h av e r e p orted my 17 years working in this Myers, who's working on a suspected outbreak areas to dead deer along the Little district, this is the widest I' ve multiyear whitetail study. confirm cause of death. "Mortality rates for whiteSpokane River, he added. seentheproblem spread with Bluetongue and EHD are Southern Spokane Counlots of hot spots," Base said. tails that contract the virus spread by biting gnats, not ty rancher Mike Proff conLeCaire said his street de- are very high — 80 to 90 per- from deer to deer, and are firmed 18 dead whitetails on partment staff collected 81 cent," Myers said. not transmissible to humans, his land near Plaza. deer dead from EHD within Significant Eastern Wash- Mansfield said. "My neighbor has seen Colville city limits in the fall ington EHD outbreaks also N onetheless, Fish a n d some, too, and there are like- of 1996. That was a year of coincided with drought con- Wildlife discourages hunters ly many more," Proff said. spotty but not widespread ditions in 1988 and 2004, My- from shooting and consum"Sometimes they disap- disease reports, wildlife biol- ers said. ing animals that are obviouspear so quickly you can' t ogists say. Whitetails in the Kamiah, ly sick. "This is the worst outbreak m ake a goodcount.I found However, the f o llowing Idaho, area required at least two dead next to each oth- harsh winter was devastat- three years to rebuild popula- I' ve seen in my 13 years with er one day. The next day I ing to northeastern Wash- tions after a major EHD outwent out on my four-wheel- ington deer, requiring years break in 2003. "This year, we' ve had er and they were gone, com- to rebuild populations, Base pletely eaten by coyotes and sard. t he perfect storm fo r o u t scavengers." I daho F is h a n d Ga m e breaks on account of the long While exact numbers can' t D epartment o f f icials h a v e drought and high temperabe compiled, the extent of been fielding reports of dead tures, which probably fathe outbreak has biologists concerned. Weekly Arts 8r Entertainment We were wiped out. ried we wouldn't make it up "This year, we' vehad the perfect storm for outbreaks on account of the long drought and high temperatures, which probably favored the reproduction of the Culicoides gnats that carry the EHD and bluetongue virus." owner called (WSU) say"Bluetongue a n d EHD ing he has counted 30 dead whitetails on his property," probably affect deer every ashore. Island has several villages, the settlements on Afognak are limited to logging camps,a hatchery and lodges. therestofthebags and boxes Kodiak Island and named the the meadow while I waited bein the back of the float plane new community Port Lions. low. I expected him to go up, destined for the state park The state of Alaska park scout for 15 minutes or so, and cabinon PillarLake where we system keeps up two cabins then be back, but I ended up were going to stay. in Afognak Island State Park, waiting there for more than After a landing involving a which is about 75,000 acres an hour. stomach-dropping quick de- on the north and east sides After an h o ur, I h e aded scent in a tight bank, we un- of the island. The cabins are along a game trail in search loaded our gear and watched available for public use. We of Bridger and came nose to the plane leave. reserved the Pillar Lake cabin nose with a nice buck. My husband, Bridger Herr- online. He couldn't have been more mann, and Ionly had acouple After arriving, we chose than 30 yards from me and we short days before we had to be to hike up to a steep meadow stared ateach other for five back to work, me to my job as that looked like a likely place minutes while I whispered, a reporter at the Kodiak Daily for deer. A wooded slope led "Bridger!" repeatedly and Mirror and him to his position up to the base of the moun- wished that we had a second as lead mechanic with local tains across the lake from our gun. The buck meandered out airline Island Air. small cabin. of the little meadow. We chose to hunt on AfogThe 45-minute hike through Meanwhile, Bridger had nak because it's off the road the woods, which we would covered a lot of the meadow system. Hunting in Game end up making threemore while I was waiting below. Management Unit 8 is divid- times, was awful. The ground From the cliffs he had spotted ed into two parts: everything between the trees was cov- one of the bucks we'd seen beclose to the road system in ered in devil's club that stuck fore and crept up on it, but it and around the city of Kodiak, into our jackets and stabbed moved behind trees just when and everything else. On the through my pants. he was about to take a shot. road system, people are limPulling stickers from our He hiked across the meadow ited to one buck. Off the road hands, we climbed atop a to where he would be above system, people can take three rock outcropping below the the buck and sat there until bucks from Aug. I to Sept. 30 meadow. We spotted several the buck popped out of the and three deer from Oct. I to deer immediately because, in trees. He stopped and Bridgthe end of the year. The deer late August, they are bright er shot from about 150 yards are small, and it takes several tan and easy to see even from above the deer, dropping it to get a full winter's meat. a distance, although we had instantly. W e had unsuccessfull y to use a scope to check for Bridger began hiking to hunted on the road system for antlers. the deer when he heard brush deer in fall 2014 toward the Leaving the outcropping, cracking and saw a second end of the season when the we hiked up the meadow to buck run out of the trees. It deer were skittish from being just below where the meadow was covering ground headhunted for weeks already. turns into cliffs at about 1,200 ing straight up a gully to the feet up the mountain, head- top of the mountain. Bridger Huntingoffthe road ing for where we had seen the quickly moved to a better vansystem deer. tage point and got into a prone Afognak Island is the secBridger headed up into the position. Bluetongue I eB 0 • Long-Term Care and Asset Protection Discover what you donot knowabout Medicaid that you need to know Learn how to payfor long-term care without draining all yourassets Learn aboutyouroptionsfor controlling longterm care costs Time: 5:00 to 6:30p.m. Place: Bend Senior Center 1600 SE Reed Market Rd., Bend, OR 97702 Date: Thursday, October 8, 2015 Cost: No charge - includes complimentary food & beverage Seating is limited so pleasecall to confirm your seat the meat up into steaks, stew meat, roasts and smaller pieces for grinding into burger. Lifelong Alaskans, Bridger and I have both grown up hunting and living off the meat our families harvested. Since we hadn't been successful in 2014, we are hapthe freezer for the upcoming the agency," Mansfield said. The impact of the outbreak on fall hunting seasons isn' t clear, Base said. "At the end of last year, we decided deer numbers had finally reached the point we could liberalize hunting on antlerless whitetails — give youth, senior and disabled hunters the entire season to shoot a doe," Base said. "When the winter turned out to be mild and deer survival was good, we were feeling good about that decision." Emergency hunting season adjustments are difficult to enact and enforce and are not anticipated, wildlife officials say. "Now this (disease) happens and we' re watching closely. Even if the disease progresses, trying to change seasons at this point wouldn' t be an easy call," Base said. A BENEFIT FOR ST. CHARLES CANCER SURVIVORSHIP PROGRAMS SATURDAY, OCT. 10TH 3 PM- 9 P.M. ATlAS CIDER CO., BEND FREE TO ATTEND MOVING LIVES T HROUG H V • Live Music, Food &Fun • Special CiderLabelfor Charity • Celebrate & Support Cancer Survivorship Presentedby l10 eBC By Richard 0'neill The (Roseburg) News-Review Our party of three (Lane des effect. We were walking through the snowy plover preservation area. The endangered snowy self) began walking enthusias- plover spends its entire life on tically on the beach near Ban- the sand and it is easy for backdon's Face Rock, our eagerness packers to inadvertently step on buoyed by clean skin, recently eggs or young chicks. Therelaundered clothing and fresh fore, hikers are required to walk leg musdes. on wet sand at surf line while That would all change by the the dry sand and dunes are off end of our three-day backpack, limits. Easier said than done at Harris, Dale Prohaska and my- including perfectly intact sand dollars, a few pieces of petrified wood and a flat rock that had a stain on it that resembled the second coming of Elvis. At Floras Lake, we replenished our water supply and took a lengthy nap next to the large lake. After F1oras Lake, we en- joyed one of the few "real trail" segments of this hike as we grabbed the Oregon Coast Trail running from Floras Lake as we arrived at Port Orford times, as the waves have cut a with unwashed bodies pungent enough to trigger a smog alert, legs aching from 30 miles of soft sand and with enough wind-blown grains of sand chest-high bluff of sand. As we walked, we became to Blacklock Point. The trail intimately familiar with the in- tunneled through a trough of tricacies and vagaries of sand dense coastal vegetation and walking. Periodically, one of the ground was blessedly solid. us would find a vein of hard We camped near Blacklock sand and we would weave to Point as the wind soughed and fro, chasing the ribbon of through the trees and animals hard sand like a miner work- of unknown species chattered ing a depleting vein of gold. We in our campsite. The beam of also learned to surreptitiously light from the Cape Blanco eye the hiker next to us and if Lighthouse swept through the his footsteps were only an inch trees. I found the rhythm of the deep, we would cut in front of light soothing; it was as if the him in a desperate try for firm- lighthouse was keeping watch er footing. over us. crammed into ears, nostrils and backpacks to constitute an entire beach of its own. Was this a great hike, or what? Oregon's coast is incredibly scenic and is also eminently accessible from the numerous parks and waypoints on Highway 101. However, south of Ban- don the busy highway heads inland, leaving the coast to the seagulls, wind, fog and three At just about the 10-mile backpackers from Roseburg. mark, we crossed the former When we started, the tide was out and we enjoyed several miles of sand that was flat and mouth of the New River and The last day of our hike was a workmanlikehike up and over Cape Blanco, the light- shortly thereafter, a sign post house affixed atop the cape like atop adune marked the BLM the tassel on a Shriner's fez. We hard, just like my abs. With the "campground." The c amp- had intended to camp at Elk aid of a brisk wind pushing us ground consisted of several River but a strong ocean breeze along, it was easy and fast go- planks to sit on and official per- was cuffing us about and there ing until we reached the mouth mission to pitch a tent on a san- was no place to camp out of of the New River. Actually, the dy overlook of the New River the wind. So after crossing the river' smouth was pretty much meandering through a grassy thigh-deep river, we held a brief dosed shut as the New River marsh. We didn't complain at confab. We were all feeling apparently gets landlocked in all about the lack of amenities walky, so we continued onward summer. as we were happy simply to below the tall cliffs marking While there was no river to pitch our tents and enjoy a spec- where Oregon ends and the wade across, there was plenty tacular sunset. ocean begins. of soft sand to walk on while Day 2 dawned cold, clammy Port Orford was only about weighed down by a fully load- and foggy. If anything, the sand 3 milesaway and we arrived ed pack. Walking in soft sand had gotten softer than the day at the car in short order, comuses the same muscle groups as before, like butter accidentally plaining vociferously about the required by that quaint torture left out on the kitchen count- sore leg muscles, grains of sand instrument in the gym known er overnight. It was a tough 5 in our ears and each other' s as the stair-stepper, and with miles to F1oras Lake, but we body odor. Like I said, was this the same screaming leg mus- each collected a few treasures, a great hike or what'? D5 FISHING REPORT ANTELOPE FLATRESERVOIR: The water remains dirty and low. Recent sampling indicated many trout available in the 10- to 13-inch FLY-TYING CORNER range. BEND PINENURSERY:Pondwas stocked recently with rainbow trout. CRANE PRAIRIERESERVOIR: Trout daily catch limit may include one rainbow trout over 16 inches and onenon-fin-clipped (unmarked) rainbow trout. CROOKEDRIVERBELOW BOWMANDAM:Fishing for trout and whitefish has beenexcellent. Fish that are being releasedshould not be removed from thewater. EAST LAKE: Anglers report good fishing for kokaneeandtrout. Unmarked rainbow trout must be released. FALL RIVER:Fall River below the falls closed to fishing Sept. 30. Fishing abovethe falls is open all year. Anglers report good fishing for trout. Restricted to fly-fishing only with barbless hooks. HOOD RIVER:Steelhead fishing on the Hood will be slow through the summer andearly fall. Anglers can expect a fewfish in November and December. LAKE BILLYCHINOOK:Fishing for kokanee hasbeenexcellent. Anglers are reminded there are small numbers of spring Chinook andsummer steelhead in Lake Billy Chinook aspart of the reintroduction effort. Please release these fish unharmed. LAURANCE LAKE:Should provide excellent opportunities. Angler success usually improves in early fall prior to the season closure. METOLIUSRIVER: Special fishing regulations apply to the Metolius River. All tributaries except Abbot, Lake and Spring Creeksare closed to fishing. Opportunities for challenging catch-and-release fly-fishing for native redband trout and bull trout in a pristine mountain stream areexcellent. OCHOCO CREEKUPSTREAM TO OCHOCO DAM:Angling is restricted to artificial flies and Ryan Brennecke/The Bulletin UV2 Fuzzy Bug Dark Stone, courtesy Deschutes Angler Fly Shop, Maupin. When theycanget them, trout eat stonefly nymphs year-round. That's why it's hard to go wrong with a stonefly nymph. This pattern is tied with UV2dubbing. Ona No. 12 hook it is a good choice on mountain streams. Krystal Flash,copper rib and abrass beadgive it even moreeyeappeal. What is the bigdealwith ultraviolet fly-tying materials? UVFisthe fluorescent wavelength in bright colors which are visible at greater distance underwater. UVR is reflective ultraviolet light, visible to insects andanimals.TheUV2dubbingscombinebothUVFandUVR. TietheUV2FuzzyBugDarkStoneonaNo.12longnymphhook. Slide a small brassbeadupagainst the eye.Forthe tail, use CDC with two strands of Krystal Flash.Build thebodywith black or dark brown UV2nymph dubbing and rib with fine copperwire andsmall Krystal Flash. Usepheasant or partridge for the hackle andfinish with an ostrich herl collar. — Gary Lewis, for TheBulletin lures only; two trout per daywith an 8-inch minimum length. OCHOCO RESERVOIR: Recent sampling indicated good numbers of trout up to 16 inches long. Excellent numbers of smallmouth bass, especially along the rocky shorelines near the dam. ODELLLAKE:Closed to fishing for bull trout and any incidental caught bull trout must be released unharmed. All tributaries to Odell Lakeare closed to fishing. PRINEVILLE RESERVOIR: Thewater level is low. All boat ramps at the Reservoir are now closed. Crappie and smallmouth bass opportunities are excellent. PRINEVILLEYOUTH FISHING POND: The pond will be stocked this week with rainbow trout. ROCKCREEKRESERVOIR: Anglers should be prepared that low water conditions due to irrigation withdrawals will limit success in Rock Creek reservoir. SHEVLINYOUTH FISHING POND: Stocked recently with rainbow trout. Open to fishing all year. Limit is two trout per day, 8-inch minimum length. Fishing restricted to anglers17 years old and younger. WALTON LAKE: Recentsampling indicated good numbers of healthy trout. Most trout average 10to 12 inches long but there aregood numbers of trout up to 16 inches long. WICKIUP RESERVOIR:Closed upstream of ODFW markers located near West South Twin boat ramp. Seattle womansetsspeedrecord hiking the Appalachian Trail ByRich Landers for the 2,663-mile Pacific Crest The (Spohane, Wash.) Trail from Mexico to Cana- simultaneously. She achieved "unsupportReview Spokesman da in 60 days, 17 hours and 12 ed" status by packing her food, A Seattle woman, 34, has set minutes. mailing it to food drops along an unsupported speed record After averaging 42 miles a the way, collecting what she for hiking the 2,189-mile Appa- day since Aug. 1, she walked needed herself and carried lachian Trail through 14 states off Springer Mountain in her own supplies, water and from Maine to Georgia in 54 Fannin County, Georgia, the shelter. days, 7 hours and 48 minutes. way she started the odyssey On July 12, ultra marathoner Heather Anderson (trail on Maine's Mount Katahdin Scott Jurek, 41, set a supported name "Anish") is no fleeting — alone. speed record for the Appalamoment in trail-record history. Anderson is the first to chian Trail in 46 days, 8 hours, In 2013, she set the unsupport- hold the unsupported re- 8 minutes, boosted by a team ed backpacking speed record cord on the AT and the PCT shuttling his stuff. Partridges Continued from D1 Henry Oldys, a biologist of the day, wrote in his report "Introduction of the Hungarian Partridge into the United States," that the first success- 2011 by Jennifer Pharr Davis. Considered unathletic as a kid, Anderson wrestled with brown or orange. Their eyes cause our dogs were tired and of the headstones only listed are surrounded by a pen- the weather was unseason- a first name, date of birth and cil-thin border of red. Flanks ably warm, but we each had passing. and breasts are splotched a bird in hand and that was Tendrils of wind ghosted in with markings of chocolate. enough. the treetops. If one inclined We often find the birds in short, light cover. And they are almostalways a surprise ful transplant was in 1899 at when we expect quail or Lynnhaven, in Princess Anne pheasant instead. County, Virginia. Ninety-sevWe had to stop early been birds were stocked in the Willamette Valley i n Anderson has broken the AT weight issues until she discovunsupported record of 58 days, ered her love for backpacking. 9 hours, 38 minutes set in 2013 But even after taking the leap by Matthew Kirk. from enjoyable hiking to the The previous women's un- suffering of record attempts, supported record was 80 days, she said she's been pestered by 13 hours, 30 minutes set by Liz self-doubt as well as competi"Snorkel" Thomas. tive naysayers. "The trail has a way of anThe women's supported speed record of 46 days, 11 swering the questions you most hours, 20 minutes was set in need answered, even if you are I took a few minutes to walk an ear at dusk, he might hear through the old cemetery. It was officially established in the partridge. Kieerr-ikk. Kie err-ikk. 1905, but there were older Some of the people at rest markers, probably all belong- here, no doubt, were hunter/ ing to a single family. Many farmers who welcomed the struggles with self-esteem. "I was too afraid to ask, but the trail knew the question in my heart: 'Was the PCT a fluke?' The AT answered with a resounding, 'No! '" Every footstep was a commitment to face her perceived inadequacies, she said. " So now, I walk off o f Springer Mountain, alone just afraid to ask," she wrote in the as I came. My pack, my feet, first Facebook post announc- and my heart are light, unburing her record and her years of dened at last." European import with the orange head and grey legs and habit of holding tight on little hilltops like this one. — Gary Lewis is the host of "Frontier Unlimited TV" and author of "John Nosier — Going Ballistic," "Fishing MountHood Country," "Hunting Oregon" and other titles. Contact Lewis at www.GaryLewisaufdoors.corn. 1 9 00. Some 2,000 partridges were releasedin Eastern Washington over a three-year period starting around 1906. After three years, along the northern border of the state they were reportedto be "almost as plentiful as pheasants." In my experience, this partridge is a bird of open farmland, preferring coverts in tall wild rye, native grasses, millet and other crops. I' ve found them in coveys of half a dozen to as many as 15. They run ahead of the dogs then try to hold or flush atop a rise. The rise can be explosive as birds seem to pop out and go in various directions. Most, though, Over 80 Oregon Newspapers, from 36 Counties go the same direction and the birds can be located again atop the next rise. I find where there are Huns, there are hunters haunted by them. Joe Biggs is one such, as I he has chased them since he was a kid. TH E BULLETIN0 WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015 ADVICE EeENTERTAINMENT e ina in asen ure u san owns TV SPOTLIGHT "It was very frustrating ... and feeling I had as a child came up inside me, and I took him to the be an actor as a career choice side and said, 'Look, we' re gobecause of that year of not act- ing tohave getover ourselves ing and not knowing what I for Ian because this is no fault wanted to do at all," she nods. of his.' My ex-husband's par"I'd go on one audition and ents are still married, so he didn't get the job, and I just re- had no idea what that feels member being ~ated ev- like. I said, 'It feels real crappy ery day, every day just waking for him right now. And I know "The Leftovers" 8:25 p.m.Mondays, HBO By Luaine Lee Tribune News Service BEVERLY HILLS, Calif. and I was on the other. And that maybe that's what helped me decide that I really did want to - Even though she'd been acting since she was a kid, Regina King thought it was a hobby. What she really wanted to be was a dentist. Or maybe a flight «-: Q up frustrated. I never did other attendant. Looking at her today, in her glamorous off-shoulder chiffon gown, it's hard to imagine her in a white coat aiming a dental drill. As a new character in HBO's absorbing thriller, "The Leftovers," and winner of an Emmy, King is finally convinced she chose the right field. She plays a doctor in "The Leftovers," in a small town that escaped losing part of its residents to a mysterious force. "I was successful as a child or teenage actor, but I was go- ing to USC and I got a job on 'Boyz n the Hood.' And after I did that, it became clear as day that this is my career choice. I can ACT like a dentist." Her mother was a teacher, a resourcespecialist,and supported both Regina and her sister, Reina, in whatever they wanted to do. "My sister and I were both on what that feels like. It does not jobs. I do not take that lightly," feel good.' He was like, 'You' re she said. right.' "And at that moment we deIt was her role as Cuba Gooding Jr's wife in "Jerry Maguire," cided together to make it work. that really boosted her credit Now we' re great friends. We go rating, but she had to audition to dinner together. He's dating a three or four times and perform really coolwoman now." several table-reads with actors Though her son's 19 and other than Tom Cruise. away at college, King has deShe read with Robin Wil- voted her life to him. After he liams (reciting the Tom Cruise was born she vowed not to acpart) and Connie Britton (en- cept work outside L.A. — a bold acting the role that went to Re- move for an actor who must nee Zellweger.) "Cuba was the stalk the work. only one in it throughout all the Deeply spiritual, King says, tablereads of 'Jerry Maguire.' "We grew up in Religious SciCuba was the only one ... I was ence so things like the book, Courtesy HBO via Tribune News Service pregnant with my son and he the seeker — our mother was Regina King plays amother and dentist in "The Leftovers," in a was a month old when I found preaching and teaching us all small town that escapes the strange disappearances that are hap- out I got the part," she says. the time. She's a practitioner; pening in the surrounding communities. The birth of her son, Ian, those ideas that we' re all conchanged everything. After 12 nected. If you can see it you can years together, she and her hus- achieve it. Love and fear are the with both of us," she recalls. neighborhood in Los Angeles, band, Ian Alexander, divorced. same energy, just one applied "NBC wanted to put me in she says,"Justacrossthe street "My parentsdidn'thave a re- negatively and one applied posone of those schools, with kids was one of the biggest gang ter- allygood divorce.Iremember itively. I think all of those things from (the network). She didn' t ritories in L.A. I was exposed to them at my sister's graduation preparedme forbeinginabusiwant to do that. She kept me in both worlds." and my graduation, and they ness that's so vicious. I think public schools." From the time she did "227" never spoke. I just remember I' ve been lucky enough to have shows at the same time. I think Her parents had divorced with Maria Gibbs as an adoles- how that felt. "So we were at one of my a mother that instilled, at a very that made a really huge impact when she was8 and her father cent, till she was cast in "Boyz young age, your value is not in for me because my mother wasn't around. And though she n the Hood" at 19, she was out son's basketball games and (my what others think It's how you hired someone to sit on the set grew up in an upper-dass black of work for a little over a year. ex) was on one side of the court, feel about yourself." te son an is sister are actin wa toocose orwiesmmort Dear Abby: I am happily mar- and because I haven't witnessed wash clothes, shower and use the ried to a great man. I have a young what you have observed, I can't ad- Internet. I finally had to tell her this daughter from a previous marriage, vise you other than to suggest that was not acceptable, and that she and my husband has family c o unseling needed to decide to either live here two teenagers, a boy might be in order to or move in with her boyfriend. She and girl, from a prior determine w h ether moved out. DFP,R marriage. Like many the kids have a norNow, it is uncomfortable when ABBY blended families, we mal sibling relation- she comes around. I don't feel I did have our struggles, ship or if it has gone anything wrong, but my daughter but one is becoming over the line. thinks I shouldn't have made a big increasingly difficult to deal with. Dear Abby:Last spring we helped deal out of her sleeping at her boyI don't know how to put t h is our daughter's longtime friend friend's house and using our house tastefully, but I' ll state it this way: move out of the college dorm room as a place to park her stuff, eat and My stepchildren are "too close," if she shared with our daughter. Her wash her clothes. What do you you know what I mean. They flirt, parents are divorced and weren' t constantly touch each other and playfully tease each other. (A few available to help her move or give us money to help her, and she had just broken up with her boyfriend. W e rented a van and off ered to let her stay at our home as long as she helped pay for groceries and got a job. She got the job, but never helped pay for food or did anything around the house, including keeping her room clean. After two weeks, she and her boyfriend got back together, and she was spending every night with him at his parents' house. She people have even mistaken them for a couple.) My husband doesn' t seem to notice this unhealthy be- havior. How can I get through to my husband or deal with this? — Repulsed in Pennylvania Dear Repulsed:Was the relationship between your husband's children making you uncomfortable beforeyou married theirfather? If so, did you bring it to his attention at that time'? Family relationships can vary, would return to our home to eat, HAPPY BIRTHDAYFORWEDNESDAY, OCT. 7, 2015:This yearyou become more invested in your friendships andsocialconnections,as companion- think'? — No time For Freeloaders Dear No Time:You were generous to be as supportive as you were of your daughter's former roommate. This has nothing to do with her sleeping at her boyfriend's. You asked only that she behave like an adult and contribute by paying for her food and keeping her room clean. She didn't keep her part of the bargain. You shouldn't feel uncomfortable; she should, for not be- having responsibly. — Write toDearAbbyat dearabbycom or P.o. Box 69440, Los Angeles, CA90069 SCORPIO (Oct. 23-Nov.21) YOURHOROSCOPE By Jacqueline Bigar ship becomesevenmore important to to a pursuit with information he or she you. Your intuition will help point you in the right direction. If you are single, you shares. You might be a bit more rigid easily could meet someone who presents than you realize. Tonight: Stand up for many qualities you seek in a potential yourself. suitor. Explore the CANCER (June21-July 22) 8tars showthe kind possibilities here. ** * * You will want to open up to a of dsy yon'll hove If you areattached, new possibility that you have not yet ** * * * D ynamic the two of you considered. You initially might have ** * * p ositive need to make more eliminated some ideas, but why not test ** * Average tim e for each other.out a suggestion now? Go through this ** So-so Develop patterns process with an eye to getting where you that allow you to * Difficult spend quality time want to go. Tonight: Visit with friends. together. Schedule LEO (July 23-Aug.22) more weekends out of town together. LEO ** * * Your sense of direction will take is always a friend. you down a new path. Others might be reluctant to follow, but eventually some ARIES (March21-April 19) ** * * You could be getting more than will join you. A conversation with several you bargained for. Don't worry — you can friends could help you to understand where others are coming from. Tonight: handle whatever comes up. Your interest Time for some midweek fun! might be focused on a child or loved one. You seem to be deep in reverie, so it VIRGO (Aug.23-Sept. 22) would be wise to make decisions at a later ** Continue down a more thoughtful point. Tonight: Say "yes." path, and try to be less involved with the TAURUS (April 20-May20) chaos of the moment. As a result, you ** * * Someone you meet could have will gain a more complete understanding. a lot of depth. This person might be very Know what is wanted and expected of different from your usual type of acquain- you by a partner or dear friend. Tonight: tance. Don't jump into a relationship or Expect the unexpected. friendship with this person too fast, as he LIBRA (Sept. 23-Oct. 22) or she seems to be very judgmental. Hit ** * * Take charge of your schedule by the brakes. Tonight: Share a vision. focusing on what you want. You won' t GEMINI (May 21-June20) be happy if you defer to others too often. ** * * Your ability to get past a problem This tendency could create problems increases because of a willingness to wherethereshould be none.Open upto walk away from someone who is being potential change and more opportunities. unreasonable. A friend could add fervor Tonight: In a flurry of activity. MOVIE TIMESTODAY • There may be an additional fee for 3-0 and IMAX movies. • irtovie times are subject to change after press time. « I I I Regal Old Mill Stadium61& IMAX, 680 SWPowerhouse Drive, 800-326-3264 • BLACK MASS (R) 12:40, 3:30, 6:50, 9:45 • EVEREST (PG-13) f:10, 10:40 • EVEREST 3-D (PG-13) 4:15, 7:40 • THE GREEN INFERNO(R) 2, 5, 8, 10:30 • THE HOBBIT: THEDESOLATIONOF SMAUG EXTENDED EDITION(PG-13) 7:30 • HOTEL TRANSYLVANIA 2 (PG) 12:15, 3 40, 630, 9:20 • HOTEL TRANSYLVANIA2 3-D (PG)1,3:40,7:l0,9:40 • THE INTERN (PG-13) f:20, 4:30, 7:20, 10:25 • THE MARTIAN (PG-13) I2:30, 3:55, 7:25, 10:35 • THE MARTIAN 3-D (PG-13) noon, 3:25, 6:55, 10:15 • MAZE RUNNER:THE SCORCH TRIALS (PG-l3)12:20, 3:20, 6:20, 9:30 • THE METROPOLITANOPERA: "ILTROVATORE" (No MPAA rating) 6:30 • PAWN SACRIFICE(PG-13) f:30,4:15, fo:45 • SICARIO (R) 12:45, 3:45, 7:15, I 0:30 • SLEEPINGWITH OTHER PEOPLE (R)f:40,4:40,7:05, 9:50 • THE VISIT(PG-13) f:50, 4:50, 10:10 • THE WALK IMAX3-0 (PG) 12:55, 4, 7, IO • A WALK IN THEWOODS(R) 12:10, 3:15, 6:f 0 • WARROOM(PG)12:05,3,6,9 • Accessibility devices are available for some movies. • I • • • • ANT-MAN (PG-13)9 MINIONS (PG) 2:30 MISSION: IMPOSSIBLE — ROGUENATION(PG-13) 5:30 Younger than 2t may attend aii screenings if accompanied by alegal guardian. « • • • • you knowhowmuchyouare appreciated. Tonight: Follow your instincts. AQUARIUS (Jan. 20-Feb.18) ** * * Don't worry about what others think you should do. You might care a little, as some people seem to have good ideas that you hadn't considered. A conversation could be so off the wall that you can barely evenrespond. Tonight: Allow someone else to take the lead. PISCES (Feb. 19-March20) ** * * You might have difficulty with a friend. This person continues to demand that a personal matter goes the way he or she desires. You could opt to play this game, but there will be ramifications that needtobeconsidered.Usecautionwhen handling funds. Tonight: Relax. © King Features Syndicate over the start of her college career leads her to be a bit too loose-lipped with Devin (guest star Gia Mantegna) about Axl (Charlie McDermott). Atticus Shaffer also stars. 8p.m. on 5, 8, "The Myster- ies of Laura" —Howwasa tech wizard murdered inside a building with a security system that supposedly no one could break through? That' s the question for Laura (Debra Messing) and company in the new episode "The Mystery of the Locked Box," and time is of the essence in solving the crime: The victim's ideas, which could yield a fortune in profits, suddenly are up for grabs. Gabriel Mann ("Re- venge") guest stars. Josh Lucas, Laz Alonso and Gallic Thorne also star. 8 p.m. on10, "Rosewood"Rosewood(Morris Chestnut) is the only supporter a bright young man — and multiple-murder suspect — has in the new episode "Have-Nots 8 Hematomas." Villa's (Jaina Lee Ortiz) social skills, or lack thereof, pose problems as she tries to pursue the investigation. As usual, Rosewood also has other concerns involving his health and love life. Miami Heat basketball star Chris Bosh appears as himself, and Mackenzie Astin and Nicole Ari Parker also guest star. 8:30 p.m. on 2, 9, "The Goldbergs" —Intending their building of a robot to be a bonding experience, Murray (Jeff Garlin) finds a wedge driven between himself and Adam (SeanGiambrone) instead in the new episode "Jimmy 5 Is Alive." They have such different ideas of how to go about the project, they end up at odds with each other. Barry (Troy Gentile) doesn't know what to do after he accidentally records over one of Beverly's (Wendi McLendon-Covey) most cherished family-event tapes. © Zap2it "«$199 You haul Li««rs«« d quan«sties 541-382-6223 JOHNSON BROTHERS A P P L I A N C E S SUN FoREsT I SAGITTARIUS (Nov.22-Dec. 21) ** * * You often get mixed messages; however, today, a partner will make his or her requests clear. Acquiesce to this person, but only if you feel that his or her ideas are on the right path. A boss will let Sue's (EdenSher) enthusiasm Tin Pan Theater, 869 NWTin PanAlley, 541-241-2271 CAPRICORN (Dec. 22-Jan.19) 8p.m. on2,9,"The Middle" — Mike (Neil Flynn) picks an inopportune time to change his usual sort of attire in the new episode "The Shirt," as he trades his usual flannel wear for a Hawaiian-styled garment — just as he and Frankie (Patricia Heaton) are heading out to dinner with others. McMenamins OldSt. Francis School, 700 NWBond St., 541-330-8562 ** * * You could be at the point where you don't know which direction you should head in. Social and professional pressure might persuade you to follow the conventional mode. If you see adifferent path that others don' t, and believe it will be successful, go for it. Tonight: Out late. ** * * Your ability to come to terms with a challenging situation will benefit you. Someone else might see a situation differently from you how you envision it, but that is OK. Look at the matter from both perspectives. You will know what to do. Tonight: Choose something exotic. TV TODAY • More TV listingsinside Sports CoNSTRUCTION • MERU (R) 8 • PHOENIX (PG-13) 5:30 DESIGN i BUILD i REMODEL I Redmond Cinemas,1535 SWOdemMedo Road, 541-548-8777 PAINT 803 sw Industrial way, Bend, OR EVEREST (PG-l3) 5:45, 8:30 HOTEL TRANSYLVANIA 2 (PG)415, 630, 8 45 THE INTERN (PG-13) 5, 7:45 THE MARTIAN (PG-13) 5:15, 8:15 Sisters Movie House,720 DesperadoCourt, 541-549-8800 • BLACK MASS (R) 6:30 • EVEREST (PG-13) 6:30 • THE INTERN (PG-13) 6:15 • THE MARTIAN (PG-13) 6 Madras Cinema5,1101 SW US. Highway 97, 541-475-3505 • EVEREST (PG-l3) 4:20, 7 • HOTEL TRANSYLVANIA 23-0 (PG) 4:20, 7:05 • THE INTERN (PG-13) 4:35, 7:15 • THE MARTIAN (PG-13) 6:30 • THE MARTIAN 3-0(PG-13) 3:30 • MAZE RUNNER:THE SCORCH TRIALS (PG-13)4,6:40 • Sun when yorJwanting shade when yorJneedit. sa AI I V VCI O >N DEMA N D 541-389-9983 www.shadeondemand.corn WILSONSsf Redmond • Pine Theater, 214 N.MainSt.,541-416-1014 • HOTEL TRANSYLVANIA(Upstairs 2 — PG)6:30 • THE MARTIAN (PG-13) 6:15 • The upstairsscreening room has limited accessibility. O See us for retractable awnings, exterior solar screens, shadestructures. Find a week'sworth of movie times plus film reviews in Friday's 0 GO! Magazine • G ENERATE SOM E EXCITEMENT in your 00 neighborhood! Plan a garage sale and don' t forget to advertise in classified! How to avoidscam Beautiful 1.50 c a r at and fraud attempts r ing, r ecently a p - YBe aware of internapraised at $15,400. tional fraud. Deal loAsking $13,400 obo. cally whenever pos541-617-0846 sible. Watch for buyers Desperately Seeking Y who offer more than Missing 1940s diayour asking price and m ond ring sold a t Bend Pawn approx. who ask to have money wired or Sept.13-17, 2014 has central diamond and 2 handed back to them. Fake cashier checks little side stones, one and money orders is missing. Sz. 7.5. are common. 541-213-1221 Please keep trying! Will pay s/Never give out personal financial inforany reasonable price. mation. People Lookfor Information YTrust your instincts About Products and and be wary of Services Every Daythrough someone using an The fivfielin Classifieds escrow service or agent to pick up your 255 merchandise. Computers The Bulletin OOI'I IIS TNI DO YOU HAVE SOMETHING TO SELL FOR $500 OR LESS? MADRAS Habitat LOST 9/21 "Annie" 22 RESTORE lb. 3-yr-old black & Building Supply Resale brown Mini Aussie, THOMAS ORCHARDS Kimberly, Oregon READY-PICKED last seen near Green Apples from bin Lakes trailhead. Fam656 lb. ily misses her. ReGranny Smith, Fuji, w ard! Call o r t e x t JonaGold, Ambrosia, Open to the public. 541-520-2481 or 541 Pinata, Cameo, Red 8 520-8528 Golden Delicious. 266 BRING CONTAINERS! Heating & Stoves Get your NEW FALL HOURS OPEN THURS.-MON., business NOTICE TO 10-4, closedTues. & ADVERTISER Wed. 541-934-2870. Since September 29, 1991, advertising for a ROW I N G THE FRUIT + used woodstoves has WILL CLOSE FOR with an ad in been limited to modTHE SEASON, els which have been The Bulletin's SAT. OCT. 31st + certified by the O r"Call A Service We are at the Bend egon Department of Environmental QualProfessional" Farmer's Market ity (DEQ) and the fedon Wednesdays. Directory eral E n v ironmental Visit us on Facebook protection A g e ncyLOST: Hearing aids at for updates! (EpA) as having met Pilot Butte base trail smoke emission stan- on Tuesday, 9/29. dards. A cer t ified 541-280-4368 woodstove may be identified by its certification label, which is permanently attached If you to the stove. The Bul- REMEMBER: have lost an animal, letin will not knowdon't forget to check ingly accept advertis- The Humane Society ing for the sale of Bend uncertified Quality at LOW PRICES 84 SW K St. 541-475-9722 Outdoor insulated cat 541-385-5809. house, with heating pad. removable lid for TURN THE PAGE Want to Buy or Rent easy cleaning. $75. For More Ads Non-commercial Wanted: $cash paid for 541-419-6408 The Bulletin advertisers may vintage costume jew- Poodle female pup 10 place an ad elry. Top dollar paid for weeks, small, shots, with our Gold/Silver. I buy by the $350. 541-788-0090 Werner ladder 1 2ft., "QUICK CASH Estate, Honest Artist extends to 20ft. $50. POODLE pups, SPECIAL" 541-388-8160 Elizabeth,541-633-7006 toy or mini, 1 week3!ines 13 541-475-3889 205 oi' WHIRLPOOL CABRIO washer and d r yer, Items for Free ~s e eks 2 N Queensland Heelers never used, still in Ad must Standard & Mini, $150 boxes. $1000 for both. include price of & up. 541-280-1537 Notice to our Antique wicker baby i t s se oi $500 a~ www.rightwayranch.wor bassinet/buggy, $100. valued readers! or less, or multiple dpress.corn Call 541-408-9813, or items whosetotal 706-851-7881 does not exceed For newspaper $500. delivery questions, Serving Central Oregon sincelgog please call the The Bulletin T HE B U LLETIN r e Call Classified at Circulation Dept. recommends extra Onan 4000 gen-set out 541-385-5809 quires computer adat 541-385-5800 I ce t ion n e n p r bendbulletin.corn vertisers with multiple of motor home. Low chasing products or, Rehoming fe m a le $350. ad schedules or those hours. To place an ad, call services from out of l whoodle. 3 yrs., curselling multiple sys- 541-310-0343 541-385-5809 l the area. Sending l rent shots, very pretty, tems/ software, to disor email loving, house broken. ' cash, checks, or close the name of the classified ObendI credit i n f ormation $350. 541-4'I 0-1581 business or the term bulletin.corn may be subjected to "dealer" in their ads. Yorkie pup, 9 wks. old, I FRAUD. For more Private party advertisThe Bulletm female, AKC, $850. information about an t serving Central Oregon sincetgttg 541-382-3537 reduced! Howa ers are defined as 541-241-0518 wood stoves. advertiser, you may I Price Redmond 1500 300 Win. Mag. those who sell one Patio table bistroi call t h e Ore g on i 541-923-0882 208 210 style, and 2 tallnchairs, 267 ' State Atto r ney ' New, never f i red. computer. n Madras Wood stock, stainless Pets & Supplies Furniture & Appliances I General's O f fi ce table top is 32 x32 Fuel & Wood 541-475-6889 an d a c t ion. Good classified ads tell made of synthetic Consumer Protec- • barrel the essential facts in an Prineville granite, legs are tion h o t line at i Great deer or elk gun, interesting Manner. Write 541-447-7'I 78 The Bulletin recombargain priced-wife metal, stands 32" tall. WHEN BUYING I 1-877-877-9392. or Craft Cats mends extra caution from the readers view not says sell $599 Call Good cond.,$89 obo FIREWOOD... 541-389-8420 when purc h as541-419-6408 541-389-3694, leave the seller' s.Convert the i The Bulletin i ing products or serservtng Central Oregon since fgog message. facts into benefits. Show To avoid fraud, vices from out of the the reader howthe item will Pilates Power Gym Pro, The Bulletin Ruqer SR-556c new, extras. $200 area. Sending cash, help them in some way. recommends pay3-piece hardwood wall 212 (AR-15), Folding OBO. 541-408-0846 checks, or credit in0 ment for Firewood This nH, glass • A nti q ues & unit, 91 Lx79 battle sights, Picatf ormation may be advertising tip Portable deep f r yer, only upon delivery shelves, $400' obo inny Rails, 2 Magpul subjected to fraud. and inspection. brought toyouby like new, $175 obo. 541-526-1879 I Collectibles 30-rd Pmags, Slide For more informa• A cord is 128 cu. ft. 541-279-8908 Fire "Full Auto" Stock, tion about an adver4' x 4' x 8' The Bulletin Need help fixing stuff? The Bulletin reserves Carrying Case, $925. serving Cent el Ongononce lggs tiser, you may call Call • Receipts should the right to publish all Also Leather Rifle A Service Professional Stow Master 5000 by the O regon State include name, ads from The Bulletin Scabbard (New), Fits 257 Tow Master. $350. Attorney General' s find the help you need. newspaper onto The Win 94, Marlin 336. phone, price and www.bendbulletin.corn Musical Instruments Generator exhaust Office C o n sumer kind of wood 325 Bulletin Internet web- $30. Call Rob system, Gen Turi, Protection hotline at site. purchased. Hay, Grain & Feed 541-234-4644 ACE GUITAR with case. $ 7 5 . 1-877-877-9392. 7 piece be droom • Firewood ads 503-936-1778 SOUNDGEAR by Sauer Mosquito .22 MUST include set, $350. 1 roll top The Bulletin Sigsemi-auto First Quality green grass serving Central Oregonsince tgttg The Bulletin Ibanez 4-string, black pistol, like desk & chair, $300. species & cost per Serving Central Oregon sincetggg hay, no rain, barn stored, exc. cond., with prenew, have box, holcord to better serve 1 hall tree, $200. 2 263 $250/ton. mium padded case, ster, & papers. $300. our customers. leather chair reclinCall 541-549-3831 Tools strap and amplifier. 541-923-8378 or e rs, $30 0 b o th. Patterson Ranch, Sisters $285. Fender electric 907-299-8869 541-504-9945 The Bulletin Quality o rchard/grass guitar, Squire Strat 8 14n Jet bandsaw, runs S&W SD 9VE 9mm g ood, $ 30 0 o b o . case, $199. Vintage mix $225-$245 ton, 541-504-4038 black/SS NIB $350. banjo, 5-string, new small bales, between Unique scalloped 541-788-6365 n All Year Dependable keys 8 strings, $150. Bend Redmond, del. C hicago pheumatic 4.5 table top: 35$/~n diDaniff puppies, Great dry avai. 541-280-7781 541-385-4790. model 85 conangle ai r g r i nder, Firewood: ameter, has sailing Taurus Dane and M astiff Lodgepole, split, del, ceal/carry, 38 cal, new C P9110 12,00 0 1 /$195; ship design on the cross, ready to go and 260 2/$3 6 5 . Straw for Sale. in box, never fired. RPM, used very little. Multi-cord discounts! Wheat top. Base is an old 1 st s h o ts . $5 0 0 Also, weaner pigs. Misc. Items $275. 541-603-0675. $260. 503-936-1778 oak dock capstan. 509-593-9103 cash, check, Visa, MC 541-546-6171 Dinette,seats 6, good Very unique piece, Walther Colt M4 carLog chains, handy man 541-420-3484, Bend Deposit c a n s/bottles cond., $400; Coffee could sell separately. b ine 2 2 LR , N I B Bernina 820 in exneeded for local all table, nic e w ood, $359. Also Vintage jacks, cable winches, Ponderosa pine fireLooking for your $496. 541-788-6365 cellent condition. $ 10 e a. misc . volunteer, non-profit $400; Queen b e d, wash bowl & pitcher next employee? Price includes lot of w renches, soc k et wood split, $160 or cat rescue. Donate: Serta mattress, head- set, white & light blue Call The Bulletin At bobbins, carrying Place a Bulletin trade. 541-419-1871 Jake's Diner, Hwy 20 board, v e ry clean, sets. 541-310-0343 541-385-58N with gold trim.$79. case, all sewing feet, help wanted ad Bend; Petco, Red- $1200. 805-720-3515 See more pix at Place Your Ad Or E-Mail Barbie case and all Look at: 269 today and mond; Smith Sign, KI More Pix at Bendbulletin.ct bendbulletin.corn At: www.bendbulletin.corn instruction books. Bendhomes.corn reach over 1515 NE 2nd, Bend; Gardening Supplies 541-419-6408 $4700 cash. 60,000 readers for Complete Listings of CRAFT in T u malo. WANTED: Collector & Equipment 541-205-8525. each week. Can pick u p Ig . seeks high quality fishArea Real Estate for Sale 215 Your classified ad amounts. 389-8420. ing items 8 upscale fly • C oins & Stamps www.craftcats.org Buying Diamonds BarkTurfSoil.corn will also rods. 541-678-5753, or /Gold for Cash 503-351-2746 appear on French bulldog puppy, Private collector buying Saxon's Fine Jewelers bendbulletin.corn PROMPT DELIVERY b rindle, female, 1 0 Estate Salepostagestamp albums & 247 541-389-6655 which currently 542N89-9663 weeks old. $2,200. collections, world-wide Cash only! Sporting Goods receives over 541-350-1965 Bedroom set: double and U.S. 573-286-4343 BUYING - Misc. 1.5 million page enchantabull.corn (local, cell phone). Lionel/American Flyer bed w/headboard & MARK V SHOPviews every trains, accessories. mattress, 3 drawer SMITH Model 510 For newspaper 240 1970 Pool table, like month at no 541-408-2191. dresser w / mirror, bandsaw, scrollsaw, delivery, call the new. Balls and 4 cue extra cost. nightstand, SOLD. • Crafts & Hobbies strip sander, t hickCirculation Dept. at sticks included. Slate BUYING &5 SELLING ness planer, dust col541-385-5800 Bulletin Breakfast table: 4' All gold jewelry, silver top, felt is in new round oak, seats 4+ Crafters Wanted To place an ad, call Classifieds and gold coins, bars, lector, support table, condition. $750. 541-385-5809 leaf seats 6, 4 upOpen Jury Get Results! rounclsi wedding sets, lathe chisel set, ring541-388-6910 holstered c h a irs, Sat. Oct. 10th, 9:30 a.m. or email Call 541-385-5809 German shepherd class rings, sterling sil- master, wall mount- olaggifiedtiitbendbullertn.Corn $300. Highland Baptist Crossbow, Botec Off- ver, coin collect, vin- ing brackets for storor place your ad puppies, AKC, our Dining room: 6'x4 Church, Redmond. on-line at bloodlines make all spring, NEW, lists for tage watches, dental a ge, s et-up a n d The Bulletin dark wood buffet, Jan 541-350-4888, SelvirtgCentral Ofegoll since tglg $749, sell for $550. gold. Bill Fl e ming, operation manuals. the difference! bendbulletin.corn n glass Tina 541-447-1640 $300. 6'x3'6 541-306-8111. 541-382-941 9. $2,500. 541-383-7124 windridgek9.corn dining room table, 8 www.snowflakebouMalemute/Husky, blue upholstered chairs, tique.org eyed male, 1 1/2 yr. $800. 541-504%228 $500, 541-688-1708 241 Bicycles & Accessories 202 I Estate Sales Sales Northeast Bend Estate sale 60805 Willow Creek Lp. Thurs. 8th-Sat. 10th, 9 AM-4 PM ESTATE SALE Oct. 9 & 10, 9-4:30. 10280 NE Garage Sale Kit Place an ad in The B ulletin fo r yo u r sale and receive a G arage Sale K i t FREE! 262 Multi-family sale. Fri & Sat. 8-4. power tools, band saw, shaper, industrial sewing machine, furniture, Total G m 8 misc. 64711 W" ood Ave. b ehind Tumalo School. CHECK YOUR AD ** FREE ** 1st St., T e rrebonne cross street NW Eby KIT INCLUDES: Ave. Nice fridge, CA • 6 Garage Sale c aptain king bed, 2 Signs couches, kitchen good- • $2.00 Off Coupon ies, crafts, Christmas To Use Toward stuff, dresser, storage Your Next Ad cabinets. Cash onlyl • 10 Tips For "Garage Sale Success!" Sales Northwest Bend Golf Equipment PICK Up YOUR GARAGE SALE KIT at 1777 SW Chandler Ave., Bend, OR 97702 541-385-5809 The Bulletin tervtng Central Oregon srncs t903 I 'I 'I on the first day it runs to make sure it is core rect. Spellcheck" and human errors do occur. If this happens to your ad, please contact us ASAP so that corrections and any adjustments can be made to your ad. 541-385-5809 The Bulletin Classified " LIKE N E W n Adam' s Idea Combo i rons. 3 -4-5 H . B . 6-P W GRPH S R s h a fts, $360 obo. 951-454-2561 I Trigger Happy Guns 541-526-0617, Bend Sales Southeast Bend BERETTA PX Storm Door-to-door selling with 45 ACP, NIB, $479. fast results! It's the easiest BARN & YARD SALE 541-788-6365 from o l d Alf a l fa way in the world to sell. R anch, Barn a n d CASH!! Shop. 9 A M F riday For Guns, Ammo & The Bulletin Classified and Saturday. Reloading Supplies. 541-385-5809 61060 Billadeau, Bend 541-408-6900. I Your ad will a/so appear in: • The Bulletin • Central Oregon Marketplace • The Central Oregon Nickel Ads • bendbulletin.corn 'Private party merchandise only - excludes pets & livestock, autos, RVs, motorcycles, boats, airplanes, and garage sale categories. Somerestrictions app/y THE BULLETIN 0 WEDNESDAY, OCT 7, 2015 TO PLACE AN AD CALL CLASSIFED• 541-385-5809 TUNDRA FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE r PECK! PECK! PECK! PECK! PECK! PECK! PECK! PECK! PECK! PECK! PECK! PECK! Qo gESIOmSEttlNG THe. IFIBLE FIN'P POIN& QOOR FICOP /i, I 0 LIKE. CAN HAN DLE R '7/CUTOLUFII~ F!LL NEIJLI FTIESFON E THE HOUSESIB)L!Ty' I tr PLFINTS! ELIZABETH,gECFIUSE WHERE!/ER THAT &4'© WO OD P ECKER I5, HE'5 5TARTIN& 70 &ET ON IVIY NET/E5. oa 'IJOU'FiE BOCH FI glcn&FiL NOIL7, I FEEL YOU E 0 TH E BULLETIN0 WEDNESDAY, OCT 7, 2015 DAILY B R I D G E TO PLACE AN AD CALL CLASSIFED• 541-385-5809 NEW YORK TIMES CROSSWORD vjijjj $j)plrtz C L U B w edn~day, october 7,2015 Solving a mystery By FRANK STEWART Tribune Content Agency I used to e n joy E l l e ry Q u een mysteries: complex edifices that gave the reader the clues he needed to solve a crime — provided he was a genius. Problem-solving is the essence of b ridge. Tr y t o d ay's d ea l a s a defensive problem. Cover the East and South cards. Against three hearts, you lead the k in g o f d i a monds: deuce, three, nine. What do you lead at the second trick? You can seefour defensive tricks: two diamonds, a heart and a spade. But on the bidding, East can have no useful honors. Your only chance for a fifth trick is to give him a spade ruff, but yo u m u s t d o t h a t w i t h o ut sacrificing your spade trick. ACROSS one diamond, you respond one heart and he bids two clubs. What do you say? ANSWER: Your best contractgame or slam — is uncertain. Partner can have many differenttypes of hands, so for you to bid 3NT would be indiscreet. Bid two spades, the "fourth suit," to Iet him continue to describe his hand. If he has a hand Lead the king of spades, hoping South has A-x-x. He takes the ace and leads a trump, and you grab your ace and lead the jack of spades. As you hope, East ruffs dummy's queen and returns a diamond, and you win and cash the ten of spades. If you think North's bidding was questionable, I agree. North-South could have made 3NT. Didyou beat three hearts? DAILY QUESTION Tv suchas2,A4, K J10852, KQ104, 21 Emailed, say 22 Surname on a financial weekly 23 Cameron of "Charlie's Angels" 25 Classic Duke Ellington tune 27 They may be determined by sonograms 29 Hand-wringer's word 300n the contrary 31 Head honcho six diamonds will be a fine contract. South dealer Neither side vLdnerable NORTH 4I Q87 9 Q109 (7 J 852 4KQ6 WEST 41 K J 10643 TEN OF SPADES 1Plafformfor a drum set 6 Army E-3 9 Rheumatic ills 14Japanese genre with voice actors 1SPorffolio part, for short 16Aries's river 17College prank popular in the 50s 19Do the honors on Thanksgiving 20 "Ooky" cousin on EAST 41 2 Q76 0 10643 4 J1087 5 4 42 39 42 41 challenge 2 Headed for overtime 3 Cigarette levy, e.g. 4 CPR expert 5 Margret and Hans, who created Curious George 6 Alicia Keys's instrument, aptly 7 Crunchy corn chip BNo Mr. Right 9 Understood by few 10Certain salad green 11 Really, really bad 12All-female group with the hit "Free Your Mind" 13Cross-reference words 18 "Losing My Religion" group 7 15 17 62 Composer with a horn named for him 63 Hit bottom? 64 "Don't text and drive" spot, for short 65 Invitation senders DOWN 1 Rafter'5 54Abound (with) 56 Dark half of a Chinese circle 57 Game console pioneer 58They' re hidden in 17- 25-, 36and 40-Across 2 19705 TV 47 Japanese toon with a red bow 52 Oblong tomato 53 Leonard who wrote "Get EBS E N T R I 0 A R T S CRO N E H E A D T HA W R I V E RS E I N E T Y K E UN I D AM N A I M E D GE E C R A S H S C E N E F I T N ES S H A HA ATE I N HAL F R E D L OR D G I V E M E A S I G N AN A L BA R L U C R E M A I N 0 I LS E E D CUT A ND S E W N S A G AVO I D A L D E R I 0 RUN T C O N IN G S O O N PL E A AWE S A N N U L SAR I M E S H N O I S Y 41A95 W est 1 15 2 15 game 38 Perlman of "Cheers" 40 Place where people practice 41 Fish that's never sewed raw because its blood is poisonous 42 Parochial school teacher, maybe 43 Lollipop-loving character of ANSWER TO PREVIOUS PUZZLE S outh 19 P ass 60 Breaks, as a stallion 61 Eliot's "cruellest" 35 How a ship' s sails may be positioned 36 Slumber party No. 0902 PUZZLE BY KEVINCHRISTIAN AND BRADLEY WILBER 22 Matt with 11 Olympic swimming medals 24 N.FL. ref, slangily 26Tower over 28 Nearly worthless old French coin 32Acts of the Apostles writer, by tradition 33 Olympicspeed skater Davis 34 Do a golf course job 35 Cover of knight? 36 1968 Etta James album 37 Craft for couples 38 Readies, as leftovers 39 Shoe lift 42 Without a downside 44 Happy, and then some 45 In the heart of 46 Setting for Capote's "In Cold Blood" 48 Best Actress for "Two Women" 49 Some 'Vette roofs 50 Earth, in sci-fi tales 51 "What is it?" 55 Fit together, as gears 58 Spend time in a hammock, say 59 Icky stuff Online subscriptions: Today's puzzle and more than 7,000 past puzzles, nytimes.corn/crosswords ($39.95 a year). Readaboutand comment on each puzzle:nytimes.corn/wordplay. Crosswords for young solvers: nytimes.corn/studentcrosswords. DENNIS THE MENACE suggested by the above cartoon. Katherine 66 Clanton foe HERMAN~ 0 LaughingQockLicensing Inc.,0 i sl,W Universal Udick,20I5 (Answers tomorrow) "How can I throw in the towel before the bell for round one?" response punishment for the starts of the longest across answers 64 Narrated 65 "State Of IO fOrm the SurPriSe anSW60 aS 10-7 23 Making sense 28 in the past 29 Start Of a spelling rule broken by deists? 33 Flooded 3 6 Bring a substitute 37 Co-star of Burt in "The Killers" 38 Fair odds 42 Prefix with fold 43 "i get the idea!" 44 Skeptical 45 Guard 48 Korean automaker 49 Airport agent's request 54 Adolescent sidekick 57 Indifferent Yester 4 34 Charging cable, e.g. 35 Not fer 36 Graphic novel artist 39 Isle of Mull neighbor 40 Land 5 1C hance to swing 52 Three-ingredient treat 53 Co m mon dinner hr. 54 Nabisco cracker 55 Concert reed 56 About 500 41 Tide type pounds ofcotton 46 Classic Fords 60 Sc h o lar's deg. 47 Accelerator partide 61 Want-ad abbr. 48 Mournful tolls 62 Qu i ck drink 50 Physical likeness 63 Aye or hai 7 Put out On the infield 8 One at the front? 9 Butter serving 10 "Meet the ANSWER TO PREVIOUSPUZZLE: Parents" actor E G A O R G A N 11 Contents of some F A D E S I M A X C R U Z N OOS E envs. 12 Neb. neighbor L E F T COAS T A S T I R 13 "Do as E N T R A P H E A D S O F F 18 -Ashbury: San A R E A C S A Francisco section B A S S O F I S H T A C O S 22 Court official B OR N C E R E A L 24 Smidgen of spice A L P T I R E T OS CA E L S A 25 Take the top medal E V E N S O E O N S L I T 26 By surprise S E E D C O A T S E ROS E 27 New Age A L L T A R A musician John D A Y B R E A K S T M A R K 30 Compete in a A V A I L S I L K A S C O T heat R OL L E K NE E E R I E 31 At any time 32 "Nothing to it!" T WE E T A G E D Y E L L 33 Siesta hrs. xwordeditor(gaol.corn 10/07/15 2 2 19' C lassic 1 9 90 Mastercraft ski boat. Pro-star 190 conventional in-board, custom trailer, exc. cond. $8,995. 541-389-6562 FUN & FISH! 2006 Smokercraft Sunchaser 820 model pontoon boat, 75HP Mercury and electric trolling motor, full canvas and many extras. Stored inside $19,900 541-350-5425 Ads published in the "Boats" classification include: Speed, fishing, drift, canoe, house and sail boats. For all other types of watercraft, please go to Class 875. 541-385-5809 34' Winnebago One 2013 30RE. $25,000. Two slides. Fully loaded. Full photos and info sent upon request. Family illness requires sale. Lexington 2006 283TS class B+motor coach, full GTS pkg, 19,352 miles. 3 541-923-2593 burner range, half time oven, 3 slides Flagstaff tent t r a iler w/awnings, Onan 2005, exc. cond., fully gen., King Dome sat- loaded w/bath, gaellite system, Ford raged. $5100. Call for V10 Triton, auto-levinfo. 541-598-4327 eling system, new tires, Falcon tow bar. RV Non-smoker, mainCONSIGNMENTS tained in dry storage. WANTED Can email additional We Do The Work ... pictures. $55,000. You Keep The Cash! 541-520-3407 On-site credit approval team, web site presence. We Take Trade-Ins! Monaco Monarch 31' 2006, F ord V 10, 28,900 miles, auto-level, 2 slides, queen b ed & $59,000. BIG COUNTRY RV Bend: 541-330-2495 The Bulletin 875 Watercraft ds published in "Watercraft" include: Kayaks, rafts and motorIzed personal watercrafts. For "boats" please see Class 870. 541-385-5809 The Bulletin .L SeaDoo 2004 RXP 72 hours, very good condition, stored indoors, cover, trailer, e xtras, $7,1 0 0. 206-963-4311 ' . ~ - Pace A r row V i s ion 1997, Ford 460 enLooking for your next employee? gine w/Banks, solar, walk-around queen Place a Bulletin help bed, 2 door fridge, mi- wanted ad today and reach over 60,000 cro-convection oven, WiFi, 1 00 k m i l es, readers each week. Your classified ad needs work, (photo will also appear on similar to actual rig) bendbulletin.corn $9,500. 541-280-0797 which currently receives over 1.5 milRV lion page views evCONSIGNMENTS ery month at no WANTED extra cost. Bulletin We Do The Work ... Classifieds Get ReYou Keep The Cash! sults! Call 385-5809 On-site credit or place your ad approval team, on-line at web site presence. bendbulletin.corn We Take Trade-Ins! BIG COUNTRY RV Bend: 541-330-2495 Redmond: 541-548-5254 880 The Bulletin's "Call A Service Professional" Directory is all about meeting your needs. Call on one of the professionals today! HANGAR FOR SALE. 30x40 end unit T hanger in Prineville. Dry walled, insulated, and painted. $23,500. Tom, 541.788.5546 Save money. Learn 882 to fly or build hours with your own airFifth Wheels c raft. 1968 A e ro Commander, 4 seat, 30' Alpenlite 1990 5th wheel i n e x cellent 150 HP, low time, cond., $5,700 obo. full panel. $21,000 obo. Contact Paul at 541-410-6945 541-390-7179 CHECKYOUR AD Superhawk N7745G Owners' Group LLC Cessna 172/180 hp, full IFR, new avionics, GTN 750, touchscreen center stack, exceptionally clean. Healthy engine reserve fund. Hangared at KBDN. One share available. Call 541-815-2144 on the first day it runs to make sure it is correct. "Spellcheck" and human errors do occur. If this happens to your ad, please contact us ASAP so that corrections and any adjustments can be made to your ad. 541-385-5809 The Bulletin Classified Allegro 32' 2007, like new, only 12,600 miles. Chev 8.1L with Allison 60 transmission, dual exhaust. Loaded! Auto-lev- Pkg, rear camera, eling system, 5kw gen, B luetooth. Also i n power mirrors w/defrost, cludes NEW Adco all916 2 slide-outs with aw- weather coach cover. Trucks & nings, rear c a mera, $78,900. Call Jim cell Heavy Equipment trailer hitch, driver door 209.401.7449 (can w/power window, cruise, email addt'I photos) 1997 Utility 53'x102" dry exhaust brake, central Need to get an freight van. S liding vac, satellite sys. Re- Tow Dolly Roadmaster, ad in ASAP? li k e axles, leaf springs, duced price: $64,950. m odel 3 4 77 , new-never used, You can place it 503-781-8812 good tires, body & electric breaks, magswing doors in exc. online at: netic lights w/wiring cond., has no dings, Just too many harness, profession- www.bendbulletin.corn road ready! $7500 collectibles? ally wired. $ 1450. o bo. S isters, O R . 541-419-5151 541-385-5809 541-719-1217 Sell them in 925 The Bulletin Classifieds Laredo 31'2006, Utility Trailers 5th wheel, fully S/C 541-385-5809 one slide-out. Beaver Contessa 40'2008, four slide diesel pusher. Loaded, great condition. Warranty. Pictures/info at www.fourstarbend.corn 541-647-1236 Winnebago 22' 2002 - $26,900 Chevy 360, heavy duty chassis, cab & roof A/C, tow hitch w/brake, 22k mi., more! 541-280-3251 Winnebago Journey 2001 36' 2nd owner, 300 Cummins Turbo diesel, Allison 5 spd, 80k miles. D r iver s ide s l ide, g a s stove, oven, 2 flat screen TVs, refer, Columbus by Thor 30' generator, inverter, moto rhome, 1 9 9 4, Dome, tow bar. Chevy 454, B anks King N on-smoker, n o p ower w / ne w e r pets, no c h ildren. transmission, w a l klean, and w e ll around queen bed, C maintained, $43,000 41K miles, full gas 541-390-1472. t ank! $ 9,500 o b o . 541-598-6978 B ounder, 1999, 3 4 ' , one slide, low mileage, very clean, lots of storage, $28,500. 541-639-9411 Awning. Like new, hardly used. Must sell $20,000 or refinance. Call 541-410-5649 2013 7 f t .X18 f t . Carry-On open car hauler trailer. Used only three times to haul my 1967 Camaro, and looks like new. I had the front barrier made and installed and added the tool box. It also has a mounted new spare tire. $3995 RV CONSIGNMENTS WANTED We Do the Work, You Keep the Cash! On-site credit approval team, web site presence. We Take Trade-Ins! obo. 541-876-5375 or cell: 503-701-2256. BIG COUNTRY RV Bend: 541-330-2495 Redmond: 541-548-5254 Canopies & Campers Automotive Parts, Service & Accessorie 4 almost new Blizzak 245/70R16 s t udless winter tires on basic steel r im s. 541-280-1474. Fleetwood D i scovery 40' 2003, diesel, w/all options - 3 slide outs, satellite, 2 TV's, W/D, etc., 34,000 miles. Wintered in h eated shop. $78,995 obo. 541-447-8664 W innebago L e Sharo 1985, $5,900. Good Condition. Renault Turbo Diesel (24 miles/gal.). Includes good C Band radio. 541-526-9534 Northlander 1993 17' camper,Polar 990, good shape, new fridge, A/C, queen bed, bathroom, indoor/outdoor shower, lots of storage, customized to fit newer pickups,$4500 obo. 541-419-9859. Sunbeam Tiger 1966 Very clean car. Always garaged since repaint 30 y e a rs ago. Original 260 V-8 engine totally rebuilt 9,400 miles ago. Factory hard top, good condition soft top, many LAT dealer sold options so car is considered 935 "stock" at car shows. Sport Utility Vehicles I have owned the car f or 18 year s . $ 70,000. Te l 5 4 1 548 3458 4 '-iii~g VW Beetle c lassic 1972, Exc. shape, no rust, very clean, fully restored, has had 2 owners. $4, 0 0 0. 541-815-8147 Toyota FJ40 Landcruiser 1977 with winch, $18,000 $ 2 00. stu d de d tir e s , 235/70R16, only used 1 s e ason, $ 2 0 0. 541-419-7550 541-312-9312 Michelle 975 Kia Forte SX 2012 hatchback, $15,700, 32,015 miles, still under 60k warranty, exc. condition, see craigslist for full details. 541-948-7687 Toyota Camry Hybrid 2007, 1 51 k m i l es, one owner, garaged, cruise, non-smoker, fully l o a ded, all r ecords, $850 0 . 541-350-9806 Toyota Corolla S 2007, 93 k m i l es, automatic, s i l ver. N ew brakes a n d battery. Super clean, no smoking. Cruise control, CD player, c loth s eats, A C . Price: $6500. Call 541-480-2700 to view. NO T E XTS PLEASE! pattym51 © q.corn VW Jetta 1999, 187K mi., 1 7 " wh e els, R aceland Ulti m o coilovers, Kenwood stereo. New radiator hoses, motor mount and new C V a x le. $2500. 541-420-2016 or 541-279-8013 Have an item to sell quick? If it's under '500 you can place it in The Bulletin Classifieds for: '13 -3 lines, 7 days '20 -3 lines, 14 days (Private Party ads only) Looking for your next employee? Place a Bulletin help wanted ad today and reach over 60,000 readers each week. Your classified ad will also appear on ben dbulletin.corn which currently receives over 1.5 million page views every month at no extra cost. Bulletin Classifieds Get Results! Call 385-5809 or place your ad on-line at bendbulletin.corn Lexus ES350 2010, Excellent Condition 32,000 miles, $20,000 214-549-3627 (in Bend) Where can you find a helping hand? From contractors to yard care, it's all here in The Bulletin's "Call A Service Professional" Directory I The Bulletin recoml Mercedes 380SL 1982 Roadster, black on black, soft & hard top, exc. cond., always garaged. 155K miles, $9,500. 541-549-6407 Automobiles extra caution I I mends when p u rchasing x f products or servicesf from out of the area. f S ending c ash ,f checks, or credit in- x I formation may be I J subject to FRAUD. For more informalf tion about an advertiser, you may call f I the Oregon State ] Take care of Attorney General's I your investments Office C o nsumer I / Protection hotline at with the help from 1-877-877-9392. The Bulletin's Chevy Tahoe 1995 4x4 4 dr. auto, tow pkg, BMW Z3 R o adster "Call A Service ServingCentra/ Oregon since 1%8 new brakes and ro1 997, $4500. C a ll Professional" Directory tors, g r ea t ti r e s, 541-548-0345 to see. leather, power, runs g reat, v er y go o d cond., $4800 . I GA L LW TODAY% Chevy Pickup 1978, long bed, 4x4, frame up restoration. 500 Cadillac eng i ne, fresh R4 transmission w/overdrive, low mi., no rust, custom interior and carpet, n ew wheels a n d tires, You must see it! $25,000 invested. $12,000 OBO. 541-536-3889 or 541-385-4790 Ford Explorer Sport 2011, 6 cyl. auto., 4WD, 3rd seat, $21,995. 541-598-5111 541-420-621 5. Buick Lucerne 2008 Very clean 6 cylinder, auto., leather interior, 87k mi. $7450/OBO Will consider p a rt trade. Call or text Ron at 541-41 9-5060 Mercedes-Benz SLK230 2003, exc. cond., auto, convertible retractable hard top. 54,250 miles, carfax available.$13,000. 541-389-7571 Porsche B o x ster 2008, exc. c ond., less than 18K mi., black/black, s p o rt pkg., stored in wint er. $25,0 0 0 . 224-558-1887, Bend. • . u(]et(n CI+ssj fjegs Get Result>! ]Ps Mjchelin tires, A))tip, (cather interior, heated front seats, premium factor)i sound, 6 CD ln dash player and sub-woofer, heated I outside mirrors, dua moonroof, tow pkg., roof rack, always garaged, no smoke or dogs. Exc. cond. Vehicle Priced at: • Under $4999 • $5000 to $9999 • $10,000 tQ $14,999 • $15,000 fQ $19,999 AdCo st: $50 $70 $85 $95 OR 12-MonthPkg. 2" Adwith Photo Until SOLD, 2" Ad with Photo, Border whichever comes 8 Bold Headline, regardless of item price. first! $149 flat rate 'Photo o iional Your ad will appear in: The Bulletin Serving Central Oregon since 1903 Four studded tires on Devino alloy rims 225/ 55R-17XL off Subaru Outback. Tires used one season $400. Toyota FJ Cruiser 2012, 64K miles. all hwy, original owner, never been off road or accidents, tow pkg, brand new tires, very clean. $26,000. Call or text Jeff at 541-389-7113, 12-Week Package 1" ad* 931 885 dard 4 cyl engine, Want to impress the 22+ mpg, one senior owner, relatives? Remodel n on-srnker, w e l l your home with the maintained, nearly help of a professional from The Bulletin's new tires, original "Call A Service s pare near n e w, runs exce l lent. Professional" Directory $14,750. 541-633-9895 NVIIFE Cameo LX1 2001, Check out the 32 ft. 5th wheel, 2 A/C, micro, classifieds online Southwind 33' 1989 slides, DVD, CD p l ayer, www.bendbulletin.corn on Chevy chassis, conv. an d i n vert. Updated daily 64k mi., 454 motor, New batteries, tires new front brake pads, and shocks. Quad 6.5k Onan generator. carrier. Quad avail. $9000. 541-389-7669 $11,900 OBO. Sunseeker 2500 T S 2015 by Forest River triple slide Class C. Purchased June 2015, used twice (wife became ill) F ULLY Loaded with Platinum Full Body paint, auto level system, Arctic Jeep CJ5 4x41967, first year of the orig. Dauntless V-6, last year of the "All metal" body! Engine overhauled: new brakes, fuel pump, steering gear box, battery, alternator, emergency brake pads, gauges, warn hubs, dual exhaust, 5 wide traction tires, 5 new spoke, chrome wheels. NO rust, garage stored. $7,495 OBOI (775) 513-0822 GMC Pickup 1983 w/ topper, 4 wheel drive, 1947 Stinson 108-2, Mercedes 450 SL r uns good, go o d engine has been gone 1979 Roadster, soft winter truck. $1,500 Lincoln Na v i gator through, the m a gs & hard tops, always obo. 907-310-1877 2 003 A WD , or i g . h ave b ee n g o n e garaged, 122k mi., owner, local vehicle, new tires, shock and through, new carb, always gar a ged, $79 0 0 . brakes rebuilt, new in- b reaks, auto., navigation, suns trument panel & 541-548-5648 roof, DV D p l ayer, gauges, new ELT, & heated 8 A/C seats, much more. Fresh c ustom g r i ll , all annual.Signed offby records, new Michelin Bend Ace mechanics, T oyota Taco m a t ires. $10,0 0 0 . Bend airport. $24,000. 2 006, r eg . c a b , 541-815-5000. 541-385-5662 4x4, 5 sp d s tan- 541-447-51 84. Motorhomes 35' 2005 Winnebago Suncruiser. 58000 +/miles. Chevy 8.1 L, Allison transmission, 3 slides, Blue Ox towing hitch $46,000 OBO (541)-480-7239 The Bulletin Classifieds Redmond: 541-548-5254 Unique R-Pod 2013 trailer-tent combo, f ully l oaded, e x tended service contract and bike rack. $16,000. 541-595-3972 or 503-780-4487 FIND IT! BUT IT! SELL IT! 1/5 share in very nice 150 HP Cessna 150; 1973 Cessna 150 with Lycoming 0-320 150 hp engine conversion, 4000 hours. TT airframe. Approx. 400 hours o n 0- t i med 0-320. Han gare d in nice (electric door) city-owned hangar at the Bend Airport. One of very few C-150's that has never been a t rainer. $4500 w i l l consider trades for whatever. C all J im Frazee, 541-410-6007 hide-a-bed sofa, 4k gen, convection microwave, 2 TVs, tow package. PR!CEREDUCTION! Hard top 1965, 6-cylinder, auto trans, power brakes, power steering, garaged, well maintained, engine runs strong. 74K mi., great condition. $12,500. Must see! 541-598-7940 Columbia400, Great cond., 31K ~ has been in covered ~ MH. miles, slider, $32,000. Ask ing[ 541-508-9700 Cadillac CTS 2010, Chevy S-10 1988 4.3L F ord Explorer X L T V-6, s unroof, many 1991 r eliable w e l l V 6 I n j ection, 6 custom features, su- cared for, clean, non- Speed A u tomatic. per clean, always ga- smoking, incl. 4 stud- Luxury series. Exteraged. $3200 obo. ded winter tires, new rior: Black Raven, 541-388-0811. Light TitaH D b attery, 1 9 0 k Interior: nium/Ebony. 22,555 miles, 20k towed be- miles. 4 door. Exhind mot o rhome cellent condition all $1500 obo Message around. Has A r i541-241-4896. zona plates. This is car is a great mix of luxury, com f o rt, Chevy Sil v e rado Need to get an ad style, and workman2 500HD 2002, 4 x 4 ship. $24,000 in ASAP? Crew cab, canopy, Call 541-408-3051 85K original miles, loaded. $17,500 OBO. Fax it te 541-322-7253 541-647-0565 The Bulletin Classifieds What are you looking for? You' ll find it in Honda Accord 2005, V6, fully l o aded, The Bulletin Classifieds Nav, Moon roof, CD, perfect leather interior, one owner, full 541-385-5809 I nfiniti F X3 5 A W D maintained, always 2009 Sporty 3.5 V6, 7 garaged, never spd auto, 40K miles, wrecked, 143K road Bose sound sys, 20" miles, $7,999. Great alloy whls. Nav sys. car ready to drive. Dlx tour, premium and Mike 541-499-5970 tow pkgs. Most options included. Al- HUNTER S P E CIAL: Dodge Big Horn ways maintained and Jeep Cherokee, 1990, Ram 2500, 2005, 6 g araged. Just d e - 4x4, has 9 tires on speed manual. Extailed, non s moker. wheels. $2000 obo. tra tires and rims, Midnight Mocha color, 541-771-4732 canopy goes with. tan leather int. Exc. Excellent condition, I mpala E 4 0 0 , cond. in & out. Clean '70 well mai n tained, title. $2 6,950.OBO $2,500. '76 Nova, runs great. 1 6 0K 541-647-2257 $1,800. '03 Honda miles. $2 8 ,500 700cc MC, $ 2 000. 541-620-1212 541-410-5349 Ford Mustang Aircraft, Parts & Service 18' 2003 S un I Cruiser - pontoonI boat, fully equipped. I Has only been used I Itasca 2003 31' Class C a handful of times & [ storage. Legal Notices Legal Notices 10, 2015 at 10:00 AM, and/or cashier' s LEGAL NOTICE LEGAL NOTICE LEGAL NOTICE in the main lobby of C itiBank, N.A. a s Deutsche Bank Na- Federal N a t ional checks made payable the Deschutes County tional Trust Company, Mortgage Associato Deschutes County Trustee for AmeriSheriff 's O ffice,63333 as Trustee for Ameri- tion, its successors Sheriff's Office will be can Home M ortW. Highway 20, Bend, accepted. P ayment gage Assets Trust can Home Mortgage in interest and/or Oregon, sell, at public Asset Trust 2007-1, assigns, Plaintiff/s, must be made in full 2006-3, o ral auction to t h e Plaintiff/s, v. Deanna v. Brian D. Stevens; immediately upon the Mortgage-Backed h ighest bidder, f o r close of the sale. For Pass-Through CerCranston; Riley Cran- Joseph P. Tennant; cash o r ca s hier' s ston; t ificates Seri e s Rev i t alizing John J. T e nnant; more information on check, the real prop- American Properties, Thomas A. Tennant; this s al e g o to: 2006-3, Plaintiff/s, v. erty commonly known Inc.; and Persons or Mary http: //oregonsheriffsGlenda Taylor aka F. as 19635 SW Harsales.org/ Glenda Lee Taylor, Parties unk n own Tennant-Laic r; vard Place, Bend, OrIndividually and as claiming any r i ght, Michael J. Tennant; LEGAL NOTICE Personal R e p re- egon 97702. Condi- title, lien, or interest in Anne M. Green Tree Servictions of Sale: t he P r operty d e - Tennant-Buell; sentative of the Esing LLC, its succesPotential bidders must scribed in the com- Robert E. Tennant tate of Dan L. Taysors i n in t e rest arrive 15 minutes prior plaint herein, Defen- and Nora Brady dba 15CV0219FC. NOlor; Paul Taylor aka LEGAL NOTICE and/or as s igns, to the auction to allow d ant/s. Case N o . : Tennant Investors, T ICE O F SA L E (30) days from the Paul Joseph Taylor; Bank o f Am e rica, date of service of this L eah Taylor a ka Plaintiff/s, v. Garry the Deschutes County 1 4CV0542FC. N O - an Oregon PartnerUNDER WRIT OF N.A., successor by William Todd SR. Summons upon you. Leah Eleanor TaySheriff's Office to re- TICE OF SALE UN- ship; Robert TenEXECUTION merger to, BAC Home If you fail to appear lor; all other Peraka Bill Todd; Yasview bidder's funds. DER WRIT OF EXREAL PROPERTY. nant; Tillicum VilServicing, LP and defend this mat- sons or Parties unmin M. Todd aka Only U.S. currency ECUTION - REAL lage Homeowners Notice is h e reby Loans FKA Cou n trywide Miri a m ter within thirty (30) known claiming any and/or cashier' s PROPERTY. Notice is A ssociation, I n c . ; Y asmin given that the DesHome Loans ServicW o o dside checks made payable hereby given that the Kevin D. P adrick, Todd; c hutes Cou n t y ing, LP, Plaintiff/s, v. days from the date of right, title, lien, or Ranch Home-Ownpublication specified to Deschutes County Deschutes C o u nty Chapter 11 Trustee; Sheriff's Office will, in the Real Donald P. Byrne; Su- herein along with the interest ers Association; OcSheriff's Office will be Sheriff's Office will, on U nited Stated o f on Thursday, DeProperty commonly san Byrne; Donald P. required filing f e e, known as 2254 NE cupants of the preaccepted. P ayment Thursday, December America; and Occucember 3, 2015 at Byrne, Trustee of the W ELLS mises; and the Real FARG O 5th Street, R e dmust be made in full 3, 2015 at 10:00 AM, pants of the pre1 0:00 AM, i n t h e Donald P. and Susan BANK, N.A. will apply m ond, Property located at immediately upon the in the main lobby of main lobby of the Ore g o n mises, Defendant/s. Byrne Living Trust, to the Court for the re- 97756, Defendant/s. 60235 R i dgeview close of the sale. For the Deschutes County Case Deschutes County No.: Dated April 29, 1999; Drive East, Bend, more information on Sheriff S heriff's Offi c e, Susan Byrne, Trustee lief demanded in the Case No.: 's Office,63333 14CV0210FC. NOOregon Complaint. The first 13CV1208FC. NOthis s al e g o to: W. Highway 20, Bend, T ICE O F 63333 W. Highway SAL E of the Donald P. and date of publication is T ICE O F 97702-9741, Defenhttp: //oregonsheriff20, Bend, Oregon, SAL E Oregon, sell, at public UNDER WRIT OF Susan Byrne Living September 16, 2015. UNDER WRIT OF dant/s. Case No.: ssale.org/ sell, at public oral o ral auction to t h e EXECUTION Trust, Dated April 29, NOTICE TO DEFEN- EXECUTION 14CV0683FC. NOauction to the highh ighest bidder, f o r REAL PROPERTY. 1999; Unknown Suc- DANTS: T ICE O F SA L E READ REAL PROPERTY. est bidder, for cash cash o r ca s hier' s Notice is h e reby cessor Trustees of the T HESE UNDER WRIT OF LEGAL NOTICE PAP E RS Notice i s or cashier's check, h e r eby check, the real propgiven that the DesP. and Susan CAREFULLY! You EXECUTION Deutsche Bank Nathe real p roperty Donald erty commonly known c hutes Coun t y that the DesByrne Living Trust, must "appear" in this given REAL PROPERTY. tional Trust Comcommonly known as c hutes Coun t y as 3033 NW Winslow Sheriff's Office will, Dated April 29, 1999; Notice is h e reby pany, as Trustee for case or the other side Sheriff's Office will, 4040 W Antler AvDrive, Bend, Oregon on Tuesday, DePersons or Par- will win automatically. on Tuesday, NoA merican H o m e 97701. Conditions of cember 8, 2015 at given that the Desenue, R e d mond, and Unknown claim- To "appear" you must vember 24, 2015 at c hutes Cou n t y Mortgage A s sets O regon 977 5 6 . ties Sale: Potential bid1 0:00 AM, i n t h e ing any right, title, lien, file with the court a le- 1 0:00 AM, i n t h e Sheriff's Office will, Trust 2006-5, MortConditions of Sale: ders must arrive 15 main lobby of the r interest i n t h e gal paper called a on Tuesday, Degage-Backed Potential b i d ders o lobby of the minutes prior to the Deschutes County property described in "motion" or "answer." main cember 8, 2015 at Pass-Through Cermust arrive 15 minDeschutes County auction to allow the S heriff's Of fi c e , the complaint herein, The "motion" or "an- S heriff's 1 0:00 AM, i n t h e t ificates Ser i e s Deschutes C o u nty 63333 W. Highway u tes prior to t h e Offi c e , D efendant/s. C a s e main lobby of the 2006-5, its successwer" must be given 63333 W. Highway auction to allow the Sheriff's Office to re- 20, Bend, Oregon, No.: 1 4 C V0271FC. Deschutes County sors i n in t e rest view bidder's funds. sell, at public oral to the court clerk or 20, Bend, Oregon, Deschutes County N OTICE OF S A L E administrator w i thin S heriff's Offi c e, and/or ass i gns, Only U.S. currency auction to the highSheriff's Office to sell, at public oral NDER WRIT O F thirty days along with auction to the high63333 W. Highway Plaintiff/s, v. Kathy review bid d er's U and/or cashier' s est bidder, for cash EXECUTION - REAL the required filing fee. est bidder, for cash 20, Bend, Oregon, Fish aka Kathy J. f unds. Only U . S. checks made payable or cashier's check, Notice is It must be in proper or cashier's check, sell, at public oral Fish aka Kathy Jo currency an d / or PROPERTY. to Deschutes County the real p roperty given that the form and have proof the real p roperty Fish; Discover Bank auction to the highcashier's c h e cks hereby Sheriff's Office will be commonly known as Deschutes C o unty o f service o n t h e commonly known as est bidder, for cash Issuer of the Dismade payable to accepted. P ayment 20434 Ahha Lane, Sheriff's Office will, on or cashier's check, cover Card; Ridgeplaintiff's attorney or, Deschutes County 2254 NE 5th Street, must be made in full B end, Oreg o n Thursday, November the real p roperty water II Homeownif the plaintiff does not Redmond, Oregon Sheriff's Office will immediately upon the 97702. Conditions 5, 2015 at 10:00 AM, have a n ers As s o ciation; close of the sale. For of Sale: P o tential commonly known as a t t orney, 97756. C onditions be accepted. Payin the main lobby of proof of service on the of Sale: P o tential State of O regon; more information on 60235 R i dgeview ment must be made bidders must arrive the Deschutes County plaintiff. IF Drive East, Bend, Oak View PUD HoYOU bidders must arrive in full immediately this s al e go to: 15 minutes prior to Sheriff's Office, 63333 HAVE ANY QUESOregon meowners Associaupon the close of 15 minutes prior to http://oregonsheriffsthe auction to allow W. Highway 20, Bend, TIONS, 97702-9741. Condit ion; a n d O c c u - sales.org/ YOU the auction to allow the sale. For more the Desc h utes Oregon, sell, at public S HOULD SEE A N the tions of Sale: Poof the information on this Desc h utes pants County Sheriff's Ofo ral auction to t h e tential bidders must premises, D e fenA TTORNEY I M M E - County Sheriff's Ofsale go to: http: //orf ice to revi e w LEGAL NOTICE h ighest bidder, f o r arrive 15 m inutes dant/s. Case No.: DIATELY. If you need f ice to egonsheriffssales.or rev i e w bidder's funds. Only cash o r ca s hier' s help in finding an at- bidder's funds. Only E state o f AN N E prior to the auction 13CV1157FC. NOU.S. currency g/ WALKER. Notice to check, the real prop- torney, you may call U.S. to allow the DesT ICE O F SAL E currency and/or ca s h ier' s LEGAL NOTICE erty commonly known the O regon S t ate and/or Interested Persons c hutes Coun t y UNDER WRIT OF ca s hier' s checks made payBank of A merica, as 19947 Antler Point Bar's Lawyer Referral checks made pay(No. 15PB04202). In Sheriff's Office to EXECUTION able to Deschutes N.A., its successors Drive, Bend, Oregon S ervice a t the Circuit Court of review bid d e r's REAL PROPERTY. (503) to Deschutes County Sheriff's Ofin interest and/or 97702. Conditions of 684-3763 or toll-free able funds. Only U . S. Notice is h e reby the State of Oregon Sheriff's Off ice will b e a c assigns, Plaintiff/s, Sale: Potential bid- in Oregon at (800) fCounty for the County of c urrency d / or given that the Desice will b e ac cepted. P a yment cashier's can v. David P uckett; ders must arrive 15 452-7636. The object cepted. h e cks c hutes Cou n t y Deschutes, Probate P a yment must be made in full O regon Telc o minutes prior to the of the said action and must be made in full Department. In the made payable to Sheriff's Office will, i mmediately u p on Community Credit matter of the Estate auction to allow the the relief sought to be immediately upon Deschutes County on Tuesday, Not he close o f t h e U nion; John a n d Deschutes C o u nty o btained therein i s of Anne W a lker, sale. For more inSheriff's Office will vember 17, 2015 at t he close o f t h e Jane Does I through Deceased. Notice Sheriff's Office to re- fully set forth in said sale. For more inbe accepted. Pay1 0:00 AM, i n t h e f ormation on t h is V, Occupants of the view bidder's funds. hereby given that ment must be made main lobby of the an d is f ormation on t h i s sale go to: http: //orsubject p r o perty, Only U.S. currency complaint, Karen Anderson has in full immediately Deschutes County briefly stated as folgo to: http: //oregonsheriffssales.or and all other Perand/or cashier' s lows: Foreclosure of a sale been appointed as upon the close of S heriff's Of fi c e , g/ sons or Parties unchecks made payable Deed of Trust/Mort- egonsheriffssales.or personal representhe sale. For more 63333 W. Highway g/ known, claiming any to Deschutes County gage. Grantors: JUtative of the above LEGAL NOTICE information on this 20, Bend, Oregon, right, title, interest, LEGAL NOTICE estate. All persons Federal Nati o nal sale go to: http: //orSheriff's Office will be DITH J. MANN. Propsell, at public oral lien or estate in the accepted. P ayment erty address:16048 City of Bend h aving clai m s Mortgage Association egonsheriffssales.or auction to the highagainst the estate (" Fannie Mae"), Plain- g/ property herein demust be made in full CASCADE LANE, La Sole Source est bidder, for cash scribed, immediately upon the Pine, OR 97739. PubPublic Notice a re r equired t o t iff/s, v. K a ren L . or cashier's check, LEGAL NOTICE Defendant/s. Case Smith; Lee Alan Smith close of the sale. For l ication: The the real p roperty present them to the Ben d No.: 13C V 0510. more information on Bulletin. DATED this Date of Public Nopersonal represenII; Oregon Affordable Green Tree Serviccommonly known as NOTICE OF SALE Housing Assistance ing LLC, Plaintiff/s, this s al e g o to: 23 day of June, 2015. t ice: O ctober 7 , 62665 H a w kview tative in care of the UNDER WRIT OF http: //oregonsheriff2015 undersigned attorCorporation; Parties in v. Michelle Elmer R oad, Bend, O r Brandon Smith, OSB EXECUTION ney at 234 Pacific ssale.org/ possession, D efen- aka Michelle Ruth egon 97701. Condi¹ 1 24584, Emai l : REAL PROPERTY. Anticipated Award Building, 520 S.W. d ant/s. Case N o . : Elmer; N o r thwest tions of Sale: Pobsmith © robinsontait.c LEGAL NOTICE Notice i s h e r eby Date: December 1, Yamhill St., P ort1 5CV0273FC. N O - Bank; River Cantential bidders must Christiana Trust, a Di- om, Robinson Tait, 2015 Estates yon given that the DesTICE OF SALE UNarrive 15 m inutes land, Oregon 97204 P.S., Attorneys for vision of Wilmington Plaintiff, Tel: ( 206) Homeowners' Assoc hutes Coun t y within four months DER WRIT OF EXprior to the auction Savings Fund Society, 676-9640, Fax: (206) Description: Online Sheriff's Office will, after the date of first ECUTION - REAL ciation, Inc.; Occuto allow the DesFSB, not in its Indi- 676-9659. on Thursday, NoReal Estate L ien PROPERTY. Notice is pants of the Proppublication of t h is c hutes Cou n t y vidual Capacity but as vember 5, 2015 at Service S e rvices S heriff's Office t o notice, as s t ated hereby given that the erty, D efendant/s. T rustee fo r A R L P No.: 1 0:00 AM, i n t h e suc h Deschutes C o u nty Case (Con duits TM) review bi d der's b elow, o r Trust 3, Plaintiff/s, v. main lobby of the claims ma y be Sheriff's Office will, on 14CV0374FC. NOf unds. Only U . S. Jeffery S. Carey; Lisa T ICE O F SA LE Deschutes County LEGAL NOTICE P rospective C o n Tuesday, November currency an d / or barred. All persons Sheriff's Off i c e, C. C a rey; B a nco C itiBank, N .A . a s tractor: NetAssets 17, 2015 at 10:00 AM, UNDER WRIT OF cashier's c h e cks whose rights may Popular North Trustee for American Corporation 63333 W. Highway be affected by the in the main lobby of EXECUTION made payable to A merica; and P e r - Home Mortgage As20, Bend, Oregon, proceedings in this the Deschutes County REAL PROPERTY. Deschutes County sons or Parties un- sets Trust 2 0 06-3, Amount: $1 50,000 estate may obtain Sheriff 's O ff ice,63333 Notice is h e reby sell, at public oral Sheriff's Office will known claiming any Mortgage-Backed auction to the highover 2 years additional informaW. Highway 20, Bend, given that the Desbe accepted. Payright, title, lien, or inPass-Through CertifiCou n t y est bidder, for cash tion fr o m the Oregon, sell, at public c hutes ment must be made terest in the Property cates Series 2006-3, The City of Bend Sheriff's Office will, or cashier's check, records of the Court, o ral auction to t h e in full immediately described in the comon Tuesday, Nothe real p roperty Plaintiff/s, v. E l iza- intends to contract the personal repreh ighest bidder, f o r upon the close of plaint herein, Defen- beth Royalty; Tho- with NetAssets Corcommonly known as sentative or the atcash o r ca s hier' s vember 24, 2015 at the sale. For more 19161 S h o shone dant/s. Case No .: m as Royalty; a n d torney for the percheck, the real prop- 1 0:00 AM, i n t h e poration for online information on this 1 4CV0964FC. N O - Persons or P a rties r eal e state l i e n R oad, Bend, O rsonal erty commonly known main lobby of the sale go to: http: //orTICE OF SALE UN- unknown clai egon 97702. Condiming any search services usrepresentative. as 228 N W A n tler Deschutes County egonsheriffssales.or DER WRIT OF EXOffi c e, right, title, lien, or intions of Sale: Poing Property InterDated and first pubLoop, Redmond, Or- S heriff's g/ ECUTION REAL terest in the property est tential bidders must Pub l ications lished: September egon 97756. Condi- 63333 W. Highway PROPERTY. Notice is 20, Bend, Oregon, described in the com- System (Conduitarrive 15 m inutes 23, 2015. K a ren tions of Sale: Potenhereby given that the plaint herein, Defen- sTM). It has been LEGAL NOTICE Anderson, Personal t ial b i dders m u s t sell, at public oral prior to the auction Deschutes C o u nty dant/s. Case N o .: to allow the Desdetermined based Deutsche Bank NaRepresentative. arrive 15 minutes prior auction to the highSheriff's Office will, on 1 4CV0791FC. N O - on written findings c hutes Coun t y tional Trust Company, Norman A. Rickles, to the auction to allow est bidder, for cash Tuesday, December TICE OF SALE UN- that the services are Sheriff's Office to as Trustee for Ameri- Attorney for P e r- the Deschutes County or cashier's check, review bid d e r's 1, 2015 at 10:00 AM, DER WRIT OF EXavailable from only can Home Mortgage sonal RepresentaSheriff's Office to re- the real p roperty in the main lobby of ECUTION - REAL one source. funds. Only U . S. Asset Trust 2006-1, tive, 23 4 P a c ific view bidder's funds. commonly known as c urrency an d / or the Deschutes County PROPERTY. Notice is Plaintiff/s, v. Amanda Building, 520 S.W. Only U.S. currency 61310 Huckleberry cashier's c h e cks Sheriff's Office, 63333 hereby given that the Any entity may proM. Allen; D iscover Yamhill St., P ortand/or cashier' s P lace, Bend, O r W. Highway 20, Bend, made payable to Deschutes C o u nty test the determinachecks made payable egon 97702. CondiBank, G E M o n ey land, Oregon 97204, Oregon, sell, at public Sheriff's Office will, on tion in accordance Deschutes County Bank; and Persons or (503) 208-2951. to Deschutes County tions of Sale: Poo ral auction to t he Thursday, November with Sheriff's Office will OAR Parties unknown Sheriff's Office will be tential bidders must h ighest bidder, f o r 19, 2015 at 10:00 AM, 1 37-047-0710 n o be accepted. Payclaiming any r i ght, LEGAL NOTICE accepted. P ayment arrive 15 m inutes cash o r ca s hier' s in the main lobby of ment must be made later than 5:00 p.m., title, lien, or interest in Estate of J e ffrey must be made in full prior to the auction check, the real prop- the Deschutes County October 14, 2015. in full immediately t he P r operty d e - Gates Jackson. Noimmediately upon the to allow the Deserty commonly known Sheriff's Office, 63333 P rotests must b e Cou n t y upon the close of scribed in the com- tice to I n terested close of the sale. For c hutes as 16184 Snowberry W. Highway 20, Bend, submitted in writing the sale. For more plaint herein, Defen- Persons. Case No. more information on Sheriff's Office to Lane, La Pine, Orreview bid d er's information on this Oregon, sell, at public t o: City o f B e n d dant/s. Case No.: 15PB04065. In the this s al e go to: egon 97739. Condi- oral auction to t he f unds. Only U . S. sale go to: http: //orP urchasing, 7 1 0 1 4CV0909FC. N O - Circuit Court of the http: //oregonsheriffstions of Sale: Poten- h ighest bidder, f o r currency an d / or egonsheriffssales.or NW Wal l S t r eet, TICE OF SALE UN- State of Oregon for sales.org/ t ial b i dders m u s t cash o r cashier's c h e cks ca s hier' s B end, Ore g o n DER WRIT OF EXg/ the County of DesLEGAL NOTICE arrive 15 minutes prior check, the real prop- 97701. Copies of made payable to ECUTION - REAL chutes. In the MatLEGAL NOTICE Federal Nati o nal Deschutes County to the auction to allow commonly known the determination or PROPERTY. Notice is ter of the Estate of Bank o f Am e rica, the Deschutes County erty Mortgage Association Sheriff's Office will as 767 Sage Country additional informahereby given that the Jeffrey Gates JackN .A., Plaintiff/s, v . (" Fannie Mae"), Plain- be accepted. PaySheriff's Office to reRedmond, Or- t ion may be o bDeschutes C o u nty son, deceased. NoPauline K. Roe now view bidder's funds. Court, t iff/s, v . Robe r t ment must be made 97756. Condi- tained by contactSheriff's Office will, on tice is hereby given known as Pauline K. Only U.S. currency egon Charles George, Indi- in full immediately tions of Sale: Poten- ing Heather Herauf Tuesday, December that Deborrah JackMjor; Lester W. Roe; and/or vidually and as Con- upon the close of cashier' s ial b i dders m u s t at 541-385-6677. 1, 2015 at 10:00 AM, s on Brewer h as Amick Equipment Co., checks made payable tarrive structive Trustee of the sale. For more 15 minutes prior in the main lobby of been appointed as the Estate of Sandra information on this Inc.; The Ridge at to Deschutes County to the auction to allow Date of Public Notice: the Deschutes County Eagle Crest Owners Sheriff's Office will be the Deschutes County the personal repreS. George; Unknown sale go to: http: //orOctober 7, 2015 Sheriff 's O ffice,63333 of the Heirs of Sandra S. egonsheriffssales.or Association; US Bank accepted. Payment Sheriff's Office to reW. Highway 20, Bend, sentative National Association must be made in full view bidder's funds. LEGAL NOTICE a bove estate. A l l George; Mo u ntain g/ sell, at public ND; and Persons or immediately upon the Only U.S. currency CP-SRMOF 11 2012-A Oregon, ersons hav i ng View Park Homeownral auction to t he p Parties unknown close of the sale. For and/or Trust, U.S. Bank Trust o claims against the ers Association, Inc.; LEGAL NOTICE cashier' s ighest bidder, f o r claiming any r i ght, more information on checks made payable National Association, h are required Parties in possession IN T H E CI R CUIT cash o r ca s hier' s estate title, lien, or interest in this s al e not in it s I ndividual to present them to D efendant/s. C a s e COURT OF THE g o to: to Deschutes County check, the real propt he p r operty d e - http: //oregonsheriffcapacity but solely as erty commonly known the un d e rsigned No.: 1 5 C V0232FC. STATE OF OREGON, Sheriff's Office will be scribed in the com- ssale.org/ represenN OTICE OF S A L E FOR THE COUNTY accepted. Payment Trustee, Plaintiff/s, v. as 2447 NE Moon- personal U NDER WRIT O F OF DE S CHUTES. plaint herein, DefenThe rese A. M eyer; light Drive, Bend, Or- tative in the care of must be made in full d ant/s. Case N o .: LEGAL NOTICE Kevin P. O' Rourke; egon 97701. Condi- the undersigned atEXECUTION - REAL KATHLEEN CHEVAimmediately upon the 1 4CV0977FC. N O - CIRCUIT COURT OF close of the sale. For State of Oregon; Vol- tions at : K r istin PROPERTY. Notice is LIER, P l aintiff v . of Sale: torney TICE OF SALE UNOREGON FOR DESunteers in Medicine Potential bidders Larson, OSB hereby given that the THOMAS O'KELLEY information on must ¹023639, DER WRIT OF EX- CHUTES COUNTY. more Clinic of t h e C a sHansen & Deschutes C o unty and CLE M ENCE s al e go to: c ades; arrive 15 minutes prior Larson, LLC, ECUTION - REAL W ELLS FARG O this Cany o n 698 Sheriff's Office will, on HAIDER, Defendant. http://oregonsheriffsthe auction to allow NW Y or k PROPERTY. Notice is BANK, Breeze Homeowners to D r i ve, Tuesday, November Case No. N.A., sales.org/ Deschutes County B end, hereby given that the P LAINTIFF, V. JU Association; Capital the Oreg o n 10, 2015 at 10:00 AM, 1 5CV18602. S UMSheriff's Office to rein the main lobby of MONS. To: Thomas Deschutes C o unty DITH J. MANN; BENOne Bank (USA), Na- view bidder's funds. 97703 within four Sheriff's Office will, on JAMIN N . P EETZ; tional As s ociation; Only U.S. currency m onths after t h e the Deschutes County O'Kelley, 11002 SE Tuesday, November RUSS ELLIOTT; AAA United S t ates of of first publicaSheriff 's O ff ice,63333 60th Ave., Milwaukie, cashier' s date Sell an Item 24, 2015 at 10:00 AM, CONTRACTING, America, other Per- and/or tion of this notice, as W. Highway 20, Bend, OR 97222-2720. YOU checks made payable in the main lobby of LLC; AND PERSONS s tated below, o r sons or Parties, in- to Deschutes County Oregon, sell, at public ARE HEREBY R Ethe Deschutes County O R PARTIES U N cluding O c cupants, Sheriff's Office will be such claimsmay be o ral auction to t h e QUIRED to a ppear Sheriff 's O ff ice,63333 KNOWN CLAIMING unknown clai ming any barred. All persons h ighest bidder, f or and defend the comaccepted. Payment W. Highway 20, Bend, ANY RIGHT, TITLE, right, title, lien, or in- must be made in full whose rights may cash o r ca s hier' s plaint filed against you Oregon, sell, at public LIEN, OR INTEREST terest in the Property immediately upon the be affected by the check, the real prop- in the above-entitled If it's under$500 o ral auction to t h e IN THE PROPERTY described in the com- close of the sale. For proceedings in this erty commonly known cause within t h irty h ighest bidder, f o r DESCRIBED IN THE as 2631 NE Winter- (30) days from the plaint herein, Defen- more information on estate may obtain you can place it in cash o r ca s hier' s COMPLAINT d ant/s. Case N o . : this s al e additional informareen Drive, Bend, date of service of this go to: H EREIN, DEF E N The Bulletin 12CV0128. NOTICE tion fr o m the check, the real propregon 97701. Con- summons upon you, http: //oregonsherifferty commonly known DANTS. NO. OF SALE U N DER records of the Court, ditions of Sale: P oand in case of your Classifieds for: as 7 9 9 Wi d geon 15CV0268FC. WRIT OF E X ECU- ssale.org/ the personal repretential bidders must failure to do so, for Road, Redmond, Or- P LAINTIFF'S S U MTION - REAL PROPsentative or the atarrive 15 minutes prior want thereof, Plaintiff ERTY. N o tice is torney for the perto the auction to allow will apply to the court egon 97756. Condi- MONS BY PUBLICA- $1 0 - 3 lines, 7 days tions of Sale: Poten- TION. TO:BENJAMIN f16 • 3 lines, 14 days hereby given that the Find It in sonal the Deschutes County f or th e r e l ief r e t ial b i dders m u s t N . P EETZ, A N D Deschutes C o unty The Bulletin Classifieds! representative. Date Sheriff's Office to re- quested in the comarrive 15 minutes prior PERSONS OR PAR- (Private Party ads only) Sheriff's Office will, on of First Publication: view bidder's funds. plaint. NOTICE TO 541-385-5809 to the auction to allow TIES UNK N OWN October 7, 2015. Only U.S. currency DEFENDANT: READ Tuesday, November LEGAL NOTICE Bank of A merica, N.A., its successors in interest and/or assigns, Plaintiff/s, v. Darleen Dillon; U nites States o f America; State of Oregon; Occupants of th e P r emises; and the Real Property located at 4040 W Antler Ave, Redm ond, Ore g o n 97756, Defendant/s. Case No.: the Deschutes County Sheriff's Office to review bidder's funds. Only U.S. currency and/or cashier' s checks made payable to Deschutes County Sheriff's Office will be accepted. P ayment must be made in full immediately upon the close of the sale. For more information on this s al e g o to: http: //oregonsheriffssales.org/ CLAIMING ANY RIGHT, TITLE, LIEN, O R I NTEREST I N THE PRO P ERTY DESCRIBED IN THE COMPLAINT HEREIN. IN THE NAME O F THE STATE OF OREGON: You are hereby required to appear and defend against the allegations contained in the Complaint filed a gainst you in t h e above entitled proceeding within thirty FAST! T HESE PAP E RS C AREFULLY! Y o u m ay be b a ble f o r attorney's fees in this case. Should plaintiff prevail in this case, a judgment for attorney's fees will be entered against you as provided by the agreement or statute to which plaintiff all eges against y ou herein. You must "appear" in this case or the other side will win automatically. To "appear" you must file THE BULLETIN 0 WEDNESDAY OCTOBER 7 2015 E7 TO PLACE AN AD CALL CLASSIFIED• 541-385-5809 1000 Legal Notices Legal Notices goods. Purchases must be paid for at t he time o f p u r The following units will be sold at Public chase in cash only. All purchased items Auction October 16, sold are as is where 2015 at 1:00 PM at NWSS form e rly is and must be reknown as Redmond moved at the time of Mini Storage, 1401 N. sale. Sale subject to Hwy. 97, Redmond, cancellation in the O R 9 7 7 56 . Uni t event of settlement ¹270-John K a l ista/ between owner and par t y . Kelly Westbrook, Unit o bligated ¹939-Jeff Campbell/ Dated this 2nd and Kiersten Wilson, Unit 7th day of October ¹466-Suzy Hemm and 2015. Unit ¹ 6 6 3 -Michelle LEGAL NOTICE Glenn. NOTICE OF PUBLIC Publication Dates: HEARING t ial b i dders m u s t and may reject for Deed was recorded arrive 15 minutes prior good cause all bids as follows: Date Reto the auction to allow upon a finding of the corded: December 5, the Deschutes County agency that it is in 2013. Recording No. 2013-049566. Official RIED MAN, AS TO Sheriff's Office to re- the public interest to view bidder's funds. do so. The College R ecords o f De s - AN UNDIVIDED 1/2 Only U.S. currency reserves the right to chutes County, OrINTEREST as and/or cashier' s waive any and all egon. 4.DEFAULT. Grantor to WELLS checks made payable minor info rmalities The Grantor or any F ARGO FIN A Nto Deschutes County or clerical errors as other person o bli- CIAL N A T IONAL Sheriff's Office will be described in OAR gated on the Trust BANK, C/0 S P Eaccepted. P ayment 1 37-049-0350. N o Deed and Promissory C IALIZED SER must be made in full bidder may w ithNote secured thereby VICES as Trustee, immediately upon the draw his bid after is in default and the in favor of WELLS close of the sale. For t he hour se t f o r Beneficiary seeks to FARGO BANK, N.A. more information on opening until after a foreclose the T rust as Beneficiary, rethis s al e g o to: lapse of thirty (30) Deed for failure to corded December http://oregonsheriffsdays from the bid pay: M o nthly pay- 24, 2007 as Instrusales.org/ opening. This ments in the amount ment No. project is subject to of $623.84 each, due 2007-65518 of offiSeptember 30 and LEGAL NOTICE p revailing wa g e t he f irst o f ea c h cial records in the October 7, 201 5 Notice i s h e r eby REGULAR MONTHLY laws and is subject month, for the months Office of th e R eBOARD MEETING given that a public to Oregon Revised of September 2014 c order o f Des ARNOLD IRRIGATION hearing before the LEGAL NOTICE Statutes through June 2015; chutes, (ORS) Or e gon, DISTRICT City Nationstar Mortgage, Redmond 279C.800-870 plus late charges and covering the followCouncil has been L LC, P laintiff/s, v . with payadvances; plus any ing described real The Board of Direc- dealing Julie M. Gagnon; scheduled for Tuesment of prevailing unpaid real property property situated in tors of Arnold Irriga- wages. Kevin W. G a gnon; day, October 13, No bid will taxes or liens, plus the abo v e-mention District will hold and Persons or Par- 2015, at 6:30 p.m. in be received or coninterest. 5.AMOUNT tioned county and their regular monthly Redm o n d ties unknown claim- t he sidered by the ColDUE. T h e a mount state, to wit: LOT 58 b oard meeting o n ing any right, title, lien, Council Chambers, lege unless the bid due on the Note which OF D E SCHUTES Tuesday, October 13, 777 SW Deschutes o r interest i n t h e contains a s t ate- i s secured by t h e RIVER CROSSING, 2015 at 3:00 pm. The property described in Avenue. ment by the bidder Trust Deed referred to PHASE I, CITY OF meeting will be held at that the complaint herein, ORS 279C.838 herein is: P r incipal BEND, DESthe District offices lo- or 279C.840 D efendant/s. C a s e The purpose of the will be balance in the amount CHUTES COUNTY, cated at 19604 Buck complied with. No.: 13CV0568. NO- hearing is to conThis of $78,441.19; plus O REGON. C o m Canyon Rd., Bend, project is subject to sider the sale of a TICE OF SALE UNinterest at the rate of monly known as: City-owned parcel OR. DER WRIT OF EXORS 279 C . 370 6.000% per annum 61020 H O NKERS ECUTION - REAL located at 654 SW LEGAL NOTICE dealing with disclofrom August 1, 2014; LANE, BEND, OR 25th Street, RedPROPERTY. Notice is sure of first-tier subplus late charges of 97702 SECTION 001113 APN: hereby given that the mond, Oregon, leADVERTISEMENT contractors, $ 440.11; plus a d - 206901/1 81218ACO Deschutes C o u nty gally described as R 2 79A 120 giv i n g vances and foreclo- 0106 Both the BenFOR BIDS Sheriff's Office will, on 2-001 preference to resisure attorney fees and e ficiary an d t h e Tuesday, November 151317AC02400. d ent bidde r s costs. 6.SALE OF Trustee Sealed bids for conhave 24, 2015 at 10:00 AM, struction o f the 2 79A 125 giv i n g PROPERTY. The elected to sell the in the main lobby of Interested persons p reference to r eTrustee hereby states said real property to C entral Ore g on the Deschutes County are encouraged to Community College cycled materials and that the property will satisfy the obligaSheriff 's O ff ice,63333 appear or submit a be sold to satisfy the tions secured by Mazama R o o ms 279A.110 discrimiW. Highway 20, Bend, written report on or 101/1 02 Remodel nation in s ubconobligations secured by said Trust Deed and Oregon, sell, at public before October 13, tracting. t he Trust Deed. A notice has been rewill be received by 2015 at 4:00 PM to o ral auction to t h e Joe Viola, Director Central Oregon Trustee's Notice of corded pursuant to the City Recorder's h ighest bidder, f o r Community College Default and Election Section 86.735(3) of of Campus Sercash o r ca s hier' s office, City of Redvices, at the Coats Matthew J. McCoy, to Sell Under Terms Oregon R e v ised check, the real prop- mond, 716 SW Evof Trust Deed has Statutes. The deCampus C e n ter, Vice President for ergreen A v enue, erty commonly known R oom 116, 2 6 00 Administration been recorded in the fault for which the as 19953 Antler Point Redmond, Oregon PUBLICATION AND Official Records of NW College Way, foreclosure is made Any o n e Drive, Bend, Oregon 9 7756. Bend, OR 9 7 7 01 DATES: Deschutes C o unty, is the Grantor's fail97702. Conditions of needing accommoBend Bulletin, Oregon. 7. TIME OF until 2:00pm local ure to pay: THE INSale: Potential bid- dation to participate time, October 27, Bend, OR SALE. Date: DecemS TALLMENT O F ders must arrive 15 in the meeting must Daily Journal of ber 3, 2015. Time: 2015 and then pubP RINCIPAL A N D minutes prior to the notify the ADA Colicly opened a nd Commerce, 11:00 a.m. Place:DeINTEREST WHICH auction to allow the ordinator at least 48 Portland, OR s chutes Coun t y BECAME DUE ON read aloud. Bids rehours in advance of Deschutes C o u nty ceived after t h us First Advertisement Courthouse, 1164 NW December 20, 2009 Sheriff's Office to re- t he m e eting a t OCTOBER 7, 2015 Bond Street, Bend, AND ALL SUBSEtime will not be acview bidder's funds. 541-504-3036. cepted. Mandatory Site Walk Oregon.8.RIGHT TO QUENT INSTALLOnly U.S. currency 1:00pm, REINSTATE. Any M ENTS, A L O N G Briefly, the Work is and/or cashier' s Publish: Bend Bulled escribed as f o l - OCTOBER 14, 2015 person named in ORS WITH LATE checks made payable tin, Wednesday, 86.778 has the right, CHARGES, PLUS lows: LEGAL NOTICE to Deschutes County October 7, 2015 at any time that is not FORECLOSURE Select demolition of T he Bank of N e w Sheriff's Office will be than five days C OSTS AND L E two [2] classrooms LEGAL NOTICE York Mellon fka The later accepted. P ayment totaling ap p roxibefore the T r ustee GAL FEES, IN ADPennyMac Holdings, Bank of New York, as must be made in full LLC, its successors the sale, to DITION TO ALL OF mately 1,113 sf and Trustee for the Certifi- conducts immediately upon the have this foreclosure THE TERMS AND conversion to one interest and/or c ateholdere of t h e close of the sale. For in and t he CONDITIONS AS [1] large f itness CWABS, Inc., dismissed more information on assigns, Plaintiff/s, Trust Deed reinstated PER THE DEED OF M ar k S t anley room. Asset-Backed Certifithis s al e go to: v. by payment t he A MA N D ATORY TRUST, PROMISTroutman aka Mark cates, Series 2006-7, Beneficiary of to http: //oregonsheriffthe en- SORY NOTE AND pre-bid conference S. Troutman; NunPlaintiff/s, v. Melody ssale.org/ tire amount then due, and project site-visit LL RELA T E D zia Troutman; Kent Douglass; S t ephen other than such por- A w ill b e h e l d o n L OAN DOCU Cramer; Bob Douglass; T o l lgate of the principal as MENTS. 1:00pm, WednesM o nthly LEGAL NOTICE W ellen; Kath y Water Company; Toll- tion not then be due Payment $331.64 d ay October 1 4, Nationstar Mortgage, Wellen; Occupants gate Property Own- would had no default oc- Monthly 2016, at the project Late LLC, its successors of the premises; and ers Association; and location: Mazama curred, by curing any Charge $16.58 By and/or assigns, Plain- the Real Property Persons or P a rties other default that is Hall, lower l e vel this reason of said tiff/s, v. Glade P. Fri- located a t 102 unknown clai ming any apable o f be i n g default the Benefiton, Jr.; Susan Friton; Northwest J e ffer- center hall, 2600 right, title, lien, or in- c cured by tendering the NW College Way, has declared National City Bank; son Place, Bend, terest in t h e c o m- performance required ciary all obligations seBend, OR 9 7 701. and all other Persons Oregon 97701, Deplaint herein, Defenthe obligation or cured by said Trust The purpose will be or Parties unknown fendant/s. Case No.: d ant/s. Case N o . : under Trust Deed and by t o a n swer a n y Deed immediately claiming any r i ght, 14CV0775FC. NO1 4CV0819FC. N O paying all costs and due and payable, questions b idders title, lien, or interest in T ICE O F SA L E TICE OF SALE UNmay have, review actually in- said sums being the the Real P r operty UNDER WRIT OF DER WRIT OF EX- expenses in enforcing the following, to-wit: The the scope of work, commonly known as EXECUTION ECUTION - REAL curred tour the site, and to obligation and Trust sum of $50,000.00 16120 Burgess Road, REAL PROPERTY. PROPERTY. Notice is Deed, together with together with interLa P i ne , O r egon Notice is h e reby consider any sughereby given that the the t rustee's and est thereon at the gestions B i d ders Deschutes C o unty 97739, Defendant/s. given that the Dess fees not rate of 4 . 49000% Case No.: c hutes Cou n t y wish to make. Any Sheriff's Office will, on attorney' the amount per annum from Nostatements made by 1 3CV1190FC. N O - Sheriff's Office will, Thursday, November exceeding provided i n ORS v ember 20, 2 0 09 the College's repreTICE OF SALE UN- on Tuesday, De5, 2015 at 10:00 AM, s entatives at t h e 86.778. NOTICE RE- until paid; plus all DER WRIT OF EX- cember 8, 2015 at in the main lobby of GARDING P O TENvisit will not be conlate ECUTION - REAL 1 0:00 AM, i n t h e the Deschutes County TIAL HAZARDS: (This accrued sidered bin d ing Sheriff t h ereon; PROPERTY. Notice is main lobby of the 's O ff ice,63333 notice is required for charges upon the College and al l T r ustee's hereby given that the Deschutes County W. Highway 20, Bend, notices of sale sent on f o r eclosure Deschutes C o u nty S heriff's Offi c e, unless confirmed by Oregon, sell, at public or after January 1, fees, written addendum. costs and any sums Sheriff's Office will, on 63333 W. Highway o ral auction to t h e 2015.) Without limit- a dvanced by t h e The conference is Tuesday, November 20, Bend, Oregon, highest bidder, f or ing the trustee's dis- Beneficiary pursuheld for the benefit 17, 2015 at 10:00 AM, sell, at public oral cash o r ca s hier' s of the bidders. claimer of representa- ant to the terms of in the main lobby of auction to the highcheck, the real propor w arranties, said Trust D eed. For the project, lump the Deschutes County est bidder, for cash erty commonly known tions Oregon law requires Wherefore, notice is sum bid will be reSheriff 's O ff ice,63333 or cashier's check, as 69347 Silver Spur, trustee to state in hereby given that, W. Highway 20, Bend, the real p roperty c eived o n f o r ms S isters, Oreg o n the this notice that some the un d ersigned provided in t hese Oregon, sell, at public commonly known as 97759. Conditions of residential p r operty Trustee w i l l specifications. on o ral auction to t he 102 NW Jefferson Sale: P o tential bidBidding documents sold at a trustee's sale January 25, 2016 at h ighest bidder, f o r P lace, Bend, O r ders must arrive 15 may have been used the hour of 1 1:00 f or the w ork a r e cash o r ca s hier' s egon 97701. Condiminutes prior to the those prepared by in manufacturing A M, Standard o f check, the real prop- tions of Sale: Poauction to allow the BLRB A r c hitects, Deschutes C o u nty methamphetamines, Time, a s es t a berty commonly known tential bidders must 404 SW Columbia the chemical compo- lished by S ection as 16120 B urgess arrive 15 m inutes Sheriff's Office to re- nents of which are Street, Suite 120, 187.110, O r e gon Road, La Pine, Or- prior to the auction view bidder's funds. B end, Ore g o n Only U.S. currency known to b e t o xic. Revised Statues, at egon 97739. Condi- to allow the Despurchas- the Bond Street entions of Sale: Poten- c hutes Cou n t y 97702. Prime Bidand/or cashier' s Prospective ers o f re s i dential trance steps to the der/General Cont ial b i dders m u s t S heriff's Office to checks made payable should be Deschutes County arrive 15 minutes prior review bid d er's tractors may purto Deschutes County property chase sets for the aware of this poten- Courthouse, 1164 to the auction to allow funds. Only U . S. Sheriff's Office will be tial danger before deNW Bond St, Bend, the Deschutes County currency an d / or cost of reproduction accepted. P ayment ciding to place a bid OR 97701 County of Sheriff's Office to re- cashier's c h e cks and delivery from must be made in full for this property at the Deschutes, C entral Ore g o n sell at view bidder's funds. made payable to immediately upon the Builders Exchange trustee's sale. You public auction to the Only U.S. currency Deschutes County close of the sale. For (COBE), located at reach the Or- highest bidder for and/or cashier' s Sheriff's Office will more information on may 1902 NE 4th Street egon S tate B a r 's cash the interest in checks made payable be accepted. Paythis s al e g o to: Lawyer Referral Ser- the said described Bend, OR 97701. to Deschutes County ment must be made http: //oregonsheriffsBidding Documents vice at 503-684-3763 real property which Sheriff's Office will be in full immediately sales.org/ or toll-free in Oregon the Grantor had or will also be availaccepted. Payment upon the close of at 800-452-7636 or able for examinahad power to conmust be made in full the sale. For more you may visit its web- vey at the time of tion during the bidimmediately upon the information on this ding period at the site at: the execution by close of the sale. For sale go to: http: //orwww.osbar.org. Le- him of the said Trust following more information on egonsheriffssales.or Builders Exchanges LEGAL NOTICE galassistance may be Deed, together with this s al e go to: g/ and Plan Centers: TRUSTEE'S NOTICE available if you have a any interest which http: //oregonsheriffLEGAL NOTICE D aily Journal o f OF SA L E . The low income and meet the Grantor or his ssale.org/ Provident F u n ding C ommerce P l a n T rustee under t h e federal poverty guide- successors in interterms of th e T rust lines. For more in- est acquired after A ssociates, L.P . , Center, 921 S.W. LEGAL NOTICE Plaintiff/s, v . E l i za- W ashington St. , Deed desc r ibed formation and a dit he execution o f NOTICE IS beth R Westlake; The Suite 210, Portland, herein, at the direc- rectory of legal aid said Trust Deed, to H EREBY G I V E N E state o f to satisfy the foregoRob e rt OR 97205 tion of the Beneficiary, programs, g o t hat t h e und e rWestlake, Deceased; Central Ore g on ing obli g ations hereby elects to sell http: //www.oregonsigned intends to Any thereby secured and Unknown Heirs and Builders A s sociat he p r operty d e - lawhelp.org. sell the p e rsonal Devisees of Robert tion, 1051 NE 4th scribed in the Trust questions regarding the costs and exproperty described Westlake, Deceased; St., B e n d , OR Deed to satisfy the this matter should be penses of sale, inbelow to enforce a Main Street Acquisi- 97701 obligations secured directed to Lisa Sum- cluding a r easonlien imposed on said tion Corp.; and Per- No bid will considthereby. Pursuant to mers, Paralegal, (541) able charge by the property under the sons or Parties un- ered unless f ully ORS 86.771, the fol- 686-0344 (TS Trustee. Notice is Oregon Self-Storknown claiming any completed in manlowing information is ¹40453.25). DATED: further given t hat age Facilities Act. right, title, lien, or in- ner provided in the provided: 1. PARTIES: July 2, 20'l5. Nancy any person named The u n d ersigned terest in the property Bid form provided in Grantor:LORI R. K. Cary, Successor in Section 86.753 of will sell a t p u blic described in the com- these specifications HENRY AND BRUCE Trustee, He r shner Oregon R e v ised auction on the 9th plaint herein, Defen- and a ccompanied D. HENRY. Trustee: Hunter, LLP, P.O. Box S tatutes has t h e da o f Oc t ober DESCHUTES 1475, Eugene, OR right to have t he dant/s. Case No .: by certified check or 2015 at 10:00am 1 4CV0820FC. N O - bid bond executed C OUNTY TITL E . 97440. f oreclosure pro on th e p r emises TICE OF SALE UN- in favor of Owner in Successor T rustee: ceeding dismissed where said property DER WRIT OF EXa mount not l e s s N ANCY K . C A R Y. and the Trust Deed has been stored and ECUTION - REAL than ten (10) perRreinstated by payB ene f i c i a r y: O which are located at PROPERTY. Notice is cent of total amount EGON HOU S ING ment to the BenefiNORTH E M PIRE hereby given that the of bid. Said certified AND C O M M U NITY LEGAL NOTICE ciary of the entire S TORAGE C E N Deschutes C o u nty check or Bid Bond SERVICES DE- TS No. a mount then d u e T ER 6 3 04 8 N E Sheriff's Office will, on shall be forfeited as PARTMENT, STATE OR01000023-15 (other than s uch Lower Meadow Dr. Tuesday, November fixed and liquidated OF O R E G ON, As- APN portion of said prinB end Ore o n s h o uld signee of FURTHER 2 206901/1 81218ACO cipal as would not 17, 2015 at 10:00 AM, damages C ount o f De s in the main lobby of bidder neglect or DEVELOPMENT, 0106 TO No then be due had no the Deschutes County refuse to enter into LLC. 2.DESCRIP8571775 c hutes State o f default o ccurred), Orecron the followSheriff's Office, 63333 Contract and proT ION O F PR O P - T RUSTEE'S N O t ogether with t h e ing: Sonna Linder W. Highway 20, Bend, vide suitable bond E RTY: T he re a l T ICE O F SA L E costs, Trustee's or ¹257; Rodney TayOregon, sell, at public for faithful perforproperty is described Reference is made attorney's fees and lor ¹449; 2 A d d ito that certain Trust curing any o t her o ral auction to t he mance of Work in as follows: Lot 33, tional Units; 1 Veh ighest bidder, f o r event Contract is Block 2 6, TALL D eed made b y , default complained hicle. Items to be cash o r ca s hier' s awarded to him. PINES FIFTH ADDI- ROBERT P. of in the Notice of auction are but not check, the real prop- The College may TION, recorded Sep- HELFER, A M A RDefault by tenderlimited to the f olRIED MAN, AS TO ing t h e pe r forerty commonly known reject any bid not in tember 22, 1977, in lowing: Tools, furas 2446 NW Canyon compliance with all Cabinet B, Page 279, AN UNDIVIDED 1/2 mance required unniture, electronics, Drive, Redmond, Or- prescribed p u blic Deschutes C o unty, I NTEREST A N D der the obligation or toys, sporting, comegon 97756. Condi- contract procedures Oregon. 3. REJ OHN A . LA N D Trust Deed, at any tions of Sale: PotenCORDING. The Trust F ORCE, A M A R time prior to f i ve puters & household and r equirements PUBLIC NOTICE Public Auction days before the date prior to the auction last set for sale. In to allow the Desconstruing this noc hutes Cou n t y tice, the masculine Sheriff's Office to gender includes the review bid d er's f eminine and t h e f unds. Only U . S. neuter, the singular currency an d / or includes plural, the cashier's c h e cks word "Grantor" inmade payable to cludes any succesDeschutes County sor in interest to the Sheriff's Office will Grantor as well as be accepted. Payany other persons ment must be made owing an obligation, in full immediately the performance of upon the close of which is secured by the sale. For more said Trust Deed, the information on this words "Trustee" and sale go to: http: //or"Beneficiary" inegonsheriffssales.or cludes their respecg/ tive successors in interest if any BULLETINCU(SSIFIEDS Dated: 09-18-2015 Search the area's most First American Title comprehensive listing of I nsurance C o m - classified advertising... pany By: Laurie P. real estate to automotive, Estrada Authorized merchandise to sporting S ignatory Firs t goods. Bulletin Classifieds American Title Inappear every day in the surance Company print or on line. c/o Special Default Call 541-385-5809 Services, Inc. 17100 www.bendbulletin.corn Gillette Ave Irvine, CA 92614 ( 8 44) The Bulletin 706-4182 SALE INServing Cenfral Dragonsince HtB FORMATION CAN BE OBTAINED ON LEGAL NOTICE LINE AT w w w.inWells Fargo Bank, sourcelogic.corn N.A., its successors FOR AUTOMATED in interest and/or SALES INFORMAassigns, Plaintiff/s, T ION PLEA S E v. Timothy J. UnCALL: In S o urce derwood aka TimoLogic at thy Jay Underwood; 702-659-7766, OrTillicum Village Hoder no. meowners AssociaOR15-000100-1, tion; an d O c c udates: pub pants of the 10/07/2015, premises, D efen10/1 4/2015, dant/s. Case No.: 10/21/2015, 14CV0913FC. NO10/28/2015 T ICE O F SAL E UNDER WRIT OF LEGAL NOTICE EXECUTION U.S. Bank National REAL PROPERTY. Association, as Notice i s h e r eby Trustee, successor given that the Desin in t e rest to c hutes Coun t y W achovia Ba n k , Sheriff's Office will, N.A., as Trustee for on Tuesday, NoPark Place Securivember 10, 2015 at Inc., ties, 1 0:00 AM, i n t h e Asset-Backed main lobby of the Pass-Through CerDeschutes County t ificates, Ser i e s Sheriff's Off i c e, 2004-WWF1, its 63333 W. Highway successors in inter20, Bend, Oregon, est and/or assigns, sell, at public oral Plaintiff/s, v. David auction to the highL. Johnson; Kathy L. est bidder for cash Johnson; Cascade or cashier's check, Lane, LLC; Capital the real p roperty One Bank (USA), commonly known as N.A.; Occupants of 20393 Ahha Lane, the Premises; and B end, Ore g o n the Real Property C onditions located at 1 6 021 97702. of Sale: P otential Cascade Lane, La bidders must arrive P ine, Oreg o n 15 minutes prior to 97739, Defendant/s. the auction to allow Case No.: the Desc h utes 14CV0368FC. NOCounty Sheriff's OfT ICE O F SAL E f ice to rev i e w UNDER WRIT OF bidder's funds. Only EXECUTION U.S. currency REAL PROPERTY. ca s h ier' s Notice i s h e r eby and/or checks made paygiven that the Desable to Deschutes c hutes Coun t y County Sheriff's OfSheriff's Office will, f ice will b e ac on Thursday, Nocepted. P a yment vember 19, 2015 at must be made in full 1 0:00 AM, i n t h e immediately upon main lobby of the t he close o f t h e Deschutes County sale. For more inS heriff's Of fi c e , f ormation on t h i s 63333 W. Highway sale go to: http: //or20, Bend, Oregon, egonsheriffssales.or sell, at public oral g/ auction to the highest bidder, for cash or cashier's check, Say "goodbuy" the real p roperty to that unused commonly known as 16021 Cas c ade item by placing it in Lane, La Pine, Oregon 97739. Condi- The Bulletin Classifieds tions of Sale: Potential bidders must 541-385-5809 arrive 15 minutes prior to the auction to allow the DesLEGAL NOTICE c hutes Coun t y Wells Fargo Bank, Sheriff's Office to N.A., its successors review bi d d er's in interest and/or funds. Only U . S. assigns, Plaintiff/s, c urrency an d / or v. James ScottMccashier's c h ecks Kee; The Sunriver made payable to Owners Association; Deschutes County O ccupants of t h e Sheriff's Office will Premises; and the be accepted. PayReal Property loment must be made c ated a t 574 8 4 in full immediately Eagle Cap L ane, upon the close of Sunriver, O r egon the sale. For more 97707, Defendant/s. information on this Case No.: sale go to: http: //or14CV0551FC. NOegonsheriffssales.or T ICE O F SA L E UNDER WRIT OF EXECUTION LEGAL NOTICE REAL PROPERTY. Wells Fargo Bank, Notice is h e reby NA, its successors given that the Desin interest and/or c hutes Cou n t y assigns, Plaintiff/s, Sheriff's Office will, v. Albert Vanderhoon Thursday, Noeven; Ros a nna vember 5, 2015 at Vanderhoeven; 1 0:00 AM, i n t h e Bank of A merica, main lobby of the N.A., successor by Deschutes County m erger t o BA C S heriff's Offi c e, Home Loans Ser63333 W. Highway vicing, L P fka 20, Bend, Oregon, Countrywide Home sell, at public oral Loans S e rvicing, auction to the highLP; River Canyon est bidder, for cash Estates or cashier's check, Homeowners' Assothe real p roperty c iation, Inc.; a n d commonly known as O ccupants of t h e 57484 Eagle Cap premises, D e fenLane, Sunriver, Ordant/s. Case No.: egon 97707. Condi13CV0754. NOtions of Sale: PoT ICE O F SAL E tential bidders must UNDER WRIT OF arrive 15 m inutes EXECUTION prior to the auction REAL PROPERTY. to allow the DesNotice i s h e r eby c hutes Cou n t y given that the DesSheriff's Office to c hutes Coun t y review bid d er's Sheriff's Office will, f unds. Only U . S. on Tuesday, Nocurrency an d / or vember 10, 2015 at cashier's c h e cks 1 0:00 AM, i n t h e made payable to main lobby of the Deschutes County Deschutes County Sheriff's Office will S heriff's Of fi c e , be accepted. Pay63333 W. Highway ment must be made 20, Bend, Oregon, in full immediately sell, at public oral upon the close of auction to the highthe sale. For more est bidder, for cash information on this or cashier's check, sale go to: http: //orthe real p roperty egonsheriffssales.or commonly known as g/ 19795 Dry Canyon Avenue, Bend, OrFind exactly what egon 97702. Conditions of Sale: Poyou are looking for in the tential bidders must CLASSIFIEDS arrive 15 minutes g/ LEGAL NOTICE Wells Fargo Bank, N A, P l aintiff/s, v . Hope Galan a /k/a Hope A. Galan; and O ccupants o f th e premises, D efendant/s. C a se No.: 12CV0129. NOTICE OF SALE UNDER WRIT OF EXECUTION - REAL PROPERTY. Notice is hereby given that the Deschutes C o u nty Sheriff's Office will, on Thursday, December 3, 2015 at 10:00 AM, in the main lobby of the Deschutes County Sheriff 's Office,63333 W. Highway 20, Bend, Oregon, sell, at public oral auction to t he h ighest bidder, f o r cash o r ca s hier' s check, the real property commonly known as 815 NW 9th Street, Redmond, O r egon 97756. Conditions of Sale: Potential bidders must arrive 15 minutes prior to the auction to allow the Deschutes C o unty Sheriff's Office to review bidder's funds. Only U.S. currency and/or cashier' s checks made payable to Deschutes County Sheriff's Office will be accepted. Payment must be made in full immediately upon the close of the sale. For more information on this s al e go to: http: //oregonsheriffssale.org/ Tick, Tock Tick, Tock... ...don TO PLACE AN AD CALL CLASSIFIED• 541-385-5809 ES WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7, 2015•THE BULLETIN Time to declutter? Need some extra cash? 4

i don't know

What type of fruit is typically part of a Waldorf salad?

Waldorf Salad Recipe - Food.com JOY1998 April 24, 2007 My favorite recipe for waldorf salad! The banana melds with the dressing to complement tart apples perfectly. All the ingredients are usually found in my kitchen, so I make it often as a no-cook side dish for barbecued meats, in place of potato salad. As JOY1998 suggested, dried cranberries are a tasty addition. melodyjean September 08, 2011 This was a very good and refreshing salad. Next time, I will only make 1/2 the dressing - it was too much for me. Thanks for posting! Would you like to attach a photo to your submission? Browse The image has been attached to your submission. Close Are you sure you want to report this post for review? Yes, report it. You must be logged in to interact with the activity feed. Log in now

Apple

September 1943 saw the formal surrender of what Tripartite Pact nation, ending their participation in WWII?

Waldorf Salad Recipe | SimplyRecipes.com Print Waldorf Salad is a favorite around here, particularly in the fall when apples and walnuts are in season. It’s especially popular around the holidays, gracing many a Thanksgiving and holiday spread. According to the American Century Cookbook , the first Waldorf Salad was created in New York City in 1893, by Oscar Tschirky, the maître d’hôtel of the Waldorf Astoria. The original recipe consisted only of diced red-skinned apples, celery, and mayonnaise. Chopped walnuts were added later to this now American classic. Some prefer their Waldorf salad made with yogurt, instead of mayo. I usually stay in the mayonnaise camp (which is what we are using in this recipe), but feel free to substitute yogurt for the mayo if you prefer. In which case you may need to add some honey to offset the added tartness of the yogurt. Seems like everyone has their favorite version of Waldorf Salad! If you have one you would like to share, please tell us about it in the comments. Recipe and photos updated, first published 2007. · 1 Reply Norm I am making this salad for our Christmas Eve dinner. This is my first time to make it. I hope it turns out well. I am from the Philippines. I am a proud dad of two kids, 12yo and 7mo. December 21, 2016 charlotte boehm this is great! I grew up having this salad and sometimes forget that I know how to make this yum yum..well, I remembered yesterday for our xmas party dinner and it was so odd to me that out of 10 people, only 3 had ever had the original salad, such as this one is…a healthy HIT! December 19, 2016 Arlene Gould My Irish Grandma, Bridget, made this salad every Thanksgiving and Christmas. Her dressing was whipped cream with sugar and vanilla. My favorite and that’s how I make it. December 15, 2016 At the Waldorf, they serve it in a radiccio bowl. Lovely. December 9, 2016

i don't know

September 27, 1821 saw Mexico gain its independence from what European country?

How Did Mexico Gain its Independence? How Did Mexico Gain its Independence? Learn about the history and significance of Mexico's path to becoming an independent nation. Show transcript Hide transcript Transcript: How Did Mexico Gain its Independence? The road to Mexico's independence was a long and arduous one. The revolution that officially started on September 16, 1810 continued for many years before the country and its citizens knew in their hearts that they were truly independent. Background of Mexico's Independence Movement Prior to 1810, the inhabitants of the area had lived under Spanish rule for nearly three centuries, after Spain conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521. During this time the country was known as New Spain. During the late 18th century in particular, however, there were many who wanted to be free of the oppressive control of Spain, but there was no formal organization to begin the fight. The road to independence began more than anything as a peasant revolt, but eventually caught steam as a few distinctive individuals took the reins in shaping the rebellion. In 1810, a priest named Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla set in motion what would become the Mexican War of Independence with an impassioned speech declaring independence from the Spanish crown. Grito De Dolores Starts Mexico's Independence Movement Though his fight would be relatively short-lived before his execution in 1811, he went down in history and is recognized today as the "Father of the Nation." His speech, which is known as Grito de Dolores, was filled with sayings such as "Viva Mexico" and "Viva la independencia," the same words that remain a part of today's Mexican Independence Day celebrations. When he was finally caught and executed by firing squad, he thanked his jailers, refused a blindfold, and placed his hand over his heart to show the riflemen where to aim. Now that's conviction. Difficult to Gain Mexico's Independence Over the course of the next decade, there were others who would take over the leadership of the rebellion, not the least of whom were Jose Maria Morelos, Guadalupe Victoria, and Vicente Guerrero. But the road to independence remained a tough one: Morelos was caught and executed for treason, Victoria was forced to hide in the jungle for four years, but Guerrero was eventually able to strike an unlikely alliance that led to Mexico’s victory. In 1821, Guerrero joined forces with the disgruntled ex-royalist, Agustin de Iturbide, and formed the Army of the Three Guarantees, bound by three ideals that united the populace – religion (specifically Catholicism), independence from Spain, and unity against future enemies. End of Fight for Mexico's Independence Later that year, Iturbide persuaded Spain to sign the Treaty of Cordoba during a point of military weakness. Though it was challenged for some time to come, this point in history -- September 27, 1821 -- marked the official beginning of the First Mexican Empire. However, if you're looking to celebrate properly in Mexico, Independence Day is September 16, commemorating Hidalgo's speech that started it all. Viva Mexico. I'm Jonathon Stewart, with About.com. About videos are made available on an "as is" basis, subject to the Terms of Use .

Spain

October 2, 1950 saw the debut of what comic strip which ran until creator Charles M. Schulz's death on Feb 12, 2000?

Mexican War of Independence | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Mexican War of Independence September 16, 1810 - September 27, 1821 Location Viceroyalty of New Spain or Mexico Result First Mexican Empire gains independence from Spain Belligerents Resistance and Consummation Phases (1815–1821) </div></th></tr> Morocco (1957–1958) The Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821) was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and the Spanish colonial authorities which started on 16 September 1810. The movement, which became known as the Mexican War of Independence, was led by Mexican-born Spaniards, Mestizos and Amerindians who sought independence from Spain. It started as an idealistic peasants' rebellion against their colonial masters, but ended as an unlikely alliance between Mexican ex-royalists and Mexican guerrilla insurgents. Contents Edit The struggle for Mexican independence dates back to the decades after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , when Martín Cortés (son of Hernán Cortés and La Malinche ) led a revolt against the Spanish colonial government in order to eliminate privileges for the conquistadors . [1] In the early 19th century, Napoleon's occupation of Spain led to the outbreak of revolts all across Spanish America. After the abortive Conspiracy of the Machetes in 1799, [2] the War of independence led by the Mexican-born Spaniards became a reality with the Grito de Dolores coming 11 years after the conspiracy, which is considered in modern Mexico to be a precursor of the War of Independence. As indicated perhaps by the failed conspiracy, before 1810 the movement for independence was far from gaining unanimous support among Mexicans, who became divided between non-independent persons, autonomists and royalists. Beginning of the War See also: Grito de Dolores Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , a local priest and member of a group of educated Criollos, in Querétaro , hosted secret gatherings in his home to discuss whether it was better to obey or to revolt against a tyrannical government, which is what he considered the Spanish government in Mexico to be. These meetings came to include famed military leader Ignacio Allende . In 1810 Hidalgo arrived at the conclusion that a revolt against the colonial government was needed because of the events and injustice being perpetrated upon the poor of Mexico, which had gotten out of hand. By this time Hidalgo had achieved some notoriety. He had distinguished himself as a student at the prestigious San Nicolás Obispo school in Valladolid (now Morelia), where he received top marks in class and later went on to become Rector of his old school. Later he also became known as a top theologian. When his older brother died in 1803, Hidalgo took over as Priest for the town of Dolores. [3] Hidalgo was in Dolores on 15 September 1810, with other leaders of the rebel "conspiracy" including military commander Allende, when word came to them that the conspiracy had been found out. Needing to move immediately, Hidalgo ran to the church, calling for all the people to gather, where from the pulpit he called upon them to revolt. Being inspired and tired of their ill-treatment by the wealthy (who had befriended the Spaniards) and the Spanish, they all shouted in agreement for such a revolt. They were a comparatively small group, and poorly armed with whatever was at their disposal. Some only had sticks and rocks as weapons. On the morning of 16 September 1810, Hidalgo called upon the remaining locals who happened to be in the market on that day, and again, from the pulpit, he announced his intention to strike for independence and exhorted the people of Dolores to join him. Most did: Hidalgo had an army of some 600 men within minutes. This became known as the “Cry of Dolores” as the people shouted, or "cried", from the church "independencia!" Hidalgo and Allende marched their little army through towns including San Miguel and Celaya, and where the angry rebels killed all the Spaniards they found. Along the way they adopted the standard of the Virgin of Guadalupe as their symbol and protector. They soon reached the town of Guanajuato on September 28, where the Spanish had barricaded themselves inside the public granary. Included in that barricade were some forced royalists, creoles that served and sided with the Spanish. The small rebel army had reached about 30,000 by this time and the battle was horrific. Over 500 Spanish and creoles were killed. The rebels now marched on toward Mexico City. The Viceroy caught word they were coming, and quickly organized a defense, sending out the Spanish general Torcuato Trujillo with 1,000 men, 400 horsemen, and 2 cannons - all that could be found on such short notice. On October 30, Miguel Hidalgo's army encountered Spanish resistance at the Battle of El Monte de las Cruces , fought them and achieved victory. When the cannons were captured in combat, the surviving Royalists retreated to the City. Although they had the advantage and could have easily taken Mexico City, Hidalgo retreated, against the counsel of Allende. This retreat, when victory was so close, has puzzled historians and biographers ever since. It is believed he wanted to spare the great number of Mexican citizens in Mexico City the inevitable sacking and plunder that would ensue. This has been considered Hidalgo's greatest tactical error. [4] Rebel survivors of the battle sought refuge in nearby provinces and villages. The insurgent forces planned a defensive strategy at a bridge on the Calderón River , pursued by the Spanish army. In January 1811, Spanish forces fought the Battle of the Bridge of Calderón and defeated the insurgent army, forcing the rebels to flee towards the United States-Mexican border , where they hoped to escape. [5] However they were intercepted by the Spanish army. Hidalgo and his remaining soldiers were captured in the state of Coahuila at the Wells of Baján (Norias de Baján). All of the rebel leaders were found guilty and sentenced to death, except for Mariano Abasolo, who was sent to Spain to serve a life sentence. Allende, Jiménez and Aldama were executed on 26 June 1811, shot in the back as a sign of dishonor. Hidalgo, as a priest, had to undergo a civil trial as well as a visit from the Inquisition. He was eventually stripped of his priesthood, found guilty, and executed on 30 July. The heads of Hidalgo, Allende, Aldama and Jiménez were preserved and hung from the four corners of the granary of Guanajuato as a warning to those who would follow in their footsteps. Following the death of Father Hidalgo, the leadership of the revolutionary army was assumed by José María Morelos . Under his leadership the cities of Oaxaca and Acapulco were occupied. In 1813, the Congress of Chilpancingo was convened and on 6 November of that year, the Congress signed the first official document of independence, known as the " Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America ". It was followed by a long period of war at the Siege of Cuautla . In 1815, Morelos was captured by Spanish colonial authorities, tried and executed for treason. [6] Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla is today remembered as the Father of his Country, the great hero of Mexico's War for Independence. His position has become cemented in lore, and there are any number of hagiographic biographies out there with him as their subject. The truth about Hidalgo is a little more complex. The facts and dates leave no doubt: his was the first serious insurrection on Mexican soil against Spanish authority, and he managed to get quite far with his poorly armed mob. He was a charismatic leader and made a good team with the military man Allende despite their mutual hatred. But Hidalgo's shortcomings make one ask "What if?" After decades of abuse of Creoles and poor Mexicans, there was a vast well of resentment and hatred that Hidalgo was able to tap into: even he seemed surprised by the level of anger released on the Spaniards by his mob. He provided the catalyst for Mexico's poor to vent their anger on the hated "gachipines" or Spaniards, but his "army" was more like a swarm of locusts, and about as impossible to control. His questionable leadership also contributed to his downfall. Historians can only wonder what might have happened had Hidalgo pushed into Mexico City in November 1810: history certainly would be different. In this, Hidalgo was too proud or stubborn to listen to the sound military advice offered by Allende and others and press his advantage. Finally, Hidalgo's approval of the violent sacking and looting by his forces alienated the group most vital to any independence movement: middle-class and wealthy creoles like himself. Poor peasants and Indians only had the power to burn, pillage and destroy: they could not create a new identity for Mexico, one that would allow Mexicans to psychologically break from Spain and craft a national conscience for themselves. Still, Hidalgo became a great leader...after his death. His timely martyrdom allowed others to pick up the fallen banner of freedom and independence. His influence on later fighters such as José María Morelos, Guadalupe Victoria and others is considerable. Today, Hidalgo's remains lie in a Mexico City monument known as "the Angel of Independence" along with other Revolutionary heroes. Independence Edit From 1815 to 1821 most of the fighting by those seeking independence from Spain was done by isolated guerrilla bands. Out of these bands rose two men, Guadalupe Victoria (born José Miguel Fernández y Félix) in Puebla and Vicente Guerrero in Oaxaca, both of whom were able to command allegiance and respect from their followers. The Spanish viceroy, however, felt the situation was under control and issued a general pardon to every rebel who would lay down his arms. After ten years of civil war and the death of two of its founders, by early 1820 the independence movement was stalemated and close to collapse. The rebels faced stiff Spanish military resistance and the apathy of many of the most influential criollos. In what was supposed to be the final government campaign against the insurgents, in December 1820, Viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca sent a force led by a royalist criollo officer, Colonel Agustín de Iturbide , to defeat Guerrero's army in Oaxaca. Iturbide, a native of Valladolid (now Morelia), had gained renown for the zeal with which he persecuted Hidalgo's and Morelos's rebels during the early independence struggle. A favorite of the Mexican church hierarchy, Iturbide was thought of as the personification of conservative criollo values, devoutly religious, and committed to the defense of property rights and social privileges; he was also disgruntled at his lack of promotion and wealth. Iturbide's assignment to the Oaxaca expedition coincided with a successful military coup in Spain against the monarchy of Ferdinand VII. The coup leaders, who had been assembled as an expeditionary force to suppress the American independence movements, compelled a reluctant Ferdinand to reinstate the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 . When news of the liberal charter reached Mexico, Iturbide saw in it both a threat to the status quo and an opportunity for the criollos to gain control of Mexico. Ironically, independence was finally achieved when conservative Royalist forces in the colonies chose to rise up against a temporarily liberal regime in the mother country in an about-face to their previous stance against Hidalgo and his revolutionary army. After an initial clash with Guerrero's forces, Iturbide assumed command of the army and, at Iguala, allied his reactionary force with Guerrero’s radical insurgents to discuss the renewed struggle for independence. While stationed in the town of Iguala , Iturbide proclaimed three principles, or "guarantees," for Mexican independence from Spain; Mexico would be an independent monarchy governed by a transplanted King Ferdinand, another Bourbon prince, or some other conservative European prince, criollos and peninsulares would henceforth enjoy equal rights and privileges, and the Roman Catholic Church would retain its privileges and position as the official religion of the land. After convincing his troops to accept the principles, which were promulgated on 24 February 1821, as the Plan of Iguala , Iturbide persuaded Guerrero to join his forces in support of the new conservative manifestation of the independence movement. A new army, the Army of the Three Guarantees , was then placed under Iturbide's command to enforce the Plan of Iguala. The plan was so broadly based that it pleased both patriots and loyalists. The goal of independence and the protection of Roman Catholicism brought together all factions. [7] Iturbide's army was joined by rebel forces from all over Mexico. When the rebels' victory became certain, the viceroy resigned. On 24 August 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed the Treaty of Córdoba , which recognized Mexican independence under the terms of the Plan of Iguala . [8] On September 27 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City and the following day Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire , as New Spain was to be henceforth called. The Treaty of Córdoba was not ratified by the Spanish Cortes. Iturbide, a former royalist who had become the paladin for Mexican independence, included a special clause in the treaty that left open the possibility for a criollo monarch to be appointed by a Mexican congress if no suitable member of the European royalty would accept the Mexican crown. Half of all the government employees were Iturbide's courtiers. On the night of the 18 May 1822, a mass demonstration led by the Regiment of Celaya, which Iturbide had commanded during the war, marched through the streets and demanded that their commander-in-chief accept the throne. The following day, the congress declared Iturbide emperor of Mexico. On 31 October Iturbide dissolved Congress and replaced it with a sympathetic junta. [9] Ironically, back in 1810 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla had offered Iturbide a post with his revolutionary army, but Iturbide refused and pledged himself to the Spanish cause instead. His defense of Valladolid against the revolutionary forces of José María Morelos dealt a crushing blow to the insurgents, and for this victory Iturbide was given command of the military district of Guanajuato and Michoacán. In 1816, however, grave charges of extortion and violence caused his removal. See also

i don't know

In chess, white moves first. What color moves first in a game of checkers?

Black Goes First? - Chess.com Chess.com I just watched this youtube video where Black goes first............................................ in GO. GO has been around for 4000 years. Why does White go first in chess? Did someone get it wrong a long time ago, and Black really should go first? This is but one example of what challenges my mind on a daily basis. Why is blue for boys and pink for girls? Why should we stop at red and go when it is green? Why should man have short hair and women long hair? Why do we lock things turning clockwise? These are all conventions. They have no sense at all, in spite of the fact that they do have some historic origins. That is the same with chess and go, someone someday decided that one coulor should start. The reason of the chosen coulor may not make any sense today.  heinzie wrote: I guess because when chess was invented, you could not buy colour television sets yet Finally a reasonable explanation for why aren't the pieces pink and orange instead of black and white. Without colour television, how would people see the diference? These folks don't look very happy, especially the queen, but the color looks right. Why does the rook look so stupid, so unimaginative? The chessmen were discovered in early 1831 in a sand bank at the head of Camas Uig on the west coast of the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. #6 Nov 15, 2010 I'm pretty sure that I read that black was considereda lucky color, so white got the first move? Nov 15, 2010 Firefalcon wrote: I'm pretty sure that I read that black was considereda lucky color, so white got the first move? There is Black jack. We really need to sort this thing out and get to the bottom of it all. Black gets to go first in GO! Musikamole , Probably the queen looks sad because in the Middle Ages' chess it was indeed a useless sad piece. Only in the end of the XV century the queen was given the good move ability it has now. Indeed Firefalcon is correct based on this:   In medieval times black was thought to be a lucky color. The white player was allowed to go first since the black player already had the advantage of the lucky color. #10 Nov 15, 2010 If this "lucky colour advantage" is really the reason, than I couldn't be more acurate when I said some posts ago: "The reason of the chosen coulor may not make any sense today" Musikamole , Probably the queen looks sad because in the Middle Ages' chess it was indeed a useless sad piece. Only in the end of the XV century the queen was given the good move ability it has now. Yes. I remember now. Queen once moving two squares with jump, diagonally or straight. Didn't a real queen have something to do with this chess piece having more power? I read it somewhere, but forget. #12 Nov 15, 2010 White moving first is a convention which became a rule.  It didn't really catch on until the mid-19th Century.  I believe London 1851 (where Anderssen's triumph established him as the world's top player, before there was a "Championship") was the first event to include this as part of the official rules (it is more remembered for its other important new rule - time limits with clocks).  Until then - and even after, in much of the world - players in matches just alternated the first move of each game between White and Black, the same player keeping each color for the whole match.  You can see this in early chess books and publications. Probably publishing had something to do with it, too, as diagrams were beginning to appear in newspapers and books.  Usually game scores were collected with just the names of the players, like Boden vs Barton, since it didn't matter what the color was.  But publishers like standards, so positions quickly were presented with White from the bottom and listed as moving first - even if the first player had actually played the Black pieces in the live game. At the least, this conditioned the public for the convention and rule that White moves first. Conventions like this just simplify things by setting a common standard.  Ever noticed that pieces are referred to as White and Black but squares are generally labeled light or dark?  There is no real reason for that, other to avoid possible confusion in discussing a position. Nov 15, 2010 Estragon wrote: Conventions like this just simplify things by setting a common standard.  Ever noticed that pieces are referred to as White and Black but squares are generally labeled light or dark?  There is no real reason for that, other to avoid possible confusion in discussing a position. Well, there is the reason that the pieces are generally an approximation to black and white, but the squares are not. There does not appear to be much agreement or restriction on board color, from FIDE or other organisations. [I recall hearing that one of the conditions Fischer placed on playing a match in 1972 was that the board have green and yellow squares, to which Spassky graciously agreed.] I just watched this youtube video where Black goes first............................................ in GO. GO has been around for 4000 years. Why does White go first in chess? Did someone get it wrong a long time ago, and Black really should go first? This is but one example of what challenges my mind on a daily basis.   I have this Mexican friend who says it's obviously because white people always start the war. Then again, 1.e4 doesn't really threaten anything. If you find a move like that provoking and that you need to take action, then war was already in your mindset, I guess.

The Black

What river does the Grand Coulee dam block?

The Game Of Checkers Enjoy this nice game of checkers. This game is between you and my computer. Go ahead, its easy. You don't have to jump in this game of checkers. The game of checkers starting position: each player places his/her 12 checkers on the dark squares in the first three rows nearest to the player. For notation purposes, the squares are numbered 1 to 32. The opponent with the light checkers begins the game with the first move of the game and then the two players alternate turns thereafter, making only one move at a time. Moves and captures: can only move diagonally forward one square at a time to an empty square adjacent to it. The Player may capture the opposing checker by jumping over it in a diagonal direction to an unoccupied square beyond. Jumps to capture the opponent’s checker are only made in a forward direction. Capturing is normally mandatory so the capturing checker piece must continue to jump as long as there are opposing pieces along the diagonal path with adjacent empty squares to jump towards. Preference must always be given to the longest possible capturing line. The player may not jump over other checkers of the same color and may NEVER jump ones own kings. The checker becomes a king when it reaches the king row of the opponent. Kinging: when a checker becomes a king, whether by a capturing jump or a single move, the move terminates at the king row. The opponent must then crown the new king checker piece before continuing with his/her own move. Kings move forward or backward one square at a time in a diagonal direction to an unoccupied adjacent space. Red moves first: in the game of checkers, players take turns moving across the checkerboard. Only one move per turn is allowed. You must move your checkers piece. If you cannot move, then you lose the game. Checker players normally choose colors at random to start the game. In the next game it will be the other game of checkers player turn to start. Alternate colors in all subsequent checkers games. Another checkers game poem, by Harvey Griffin, he shares his thoughts on this great game of checkers. ~ Checkers ~ We drew it on a cardboard box, 8 x 8 alternate squares of black and white; Coke bottle tops were used for men; We called it checkers, game of delight. We knew nothing of Kear’s Ency., Nor about the play in Lee’s Guide. We played our men move to move, Playing only for personal pride. We never heard of the “greats”, Wyllie, Jordan, Stewart, Banks.... A player able to spot a one for two Was considered strong in our ranks. Then someone got a book, Lee’s Guide. He began to mop up other guys. Checkers has never been the same. Now checkers books are common buys. Today we play on store bought boards, Fancy colors of beige and green. Checkers are shades of ochre and orange. How long have these treasures been? DeerLake Online Store Items

i don't know

Fly the friendly skies is the advertising slogan for what company?

Old Slogan Returns as United Asserts It Is Customer-Focused - The New York Times The New York Times Media |Old Slogan Returns as United Asserts It Is Customer-Focused Search Photo A United Airlines ad from the campaign that begins on Sunday. AFTER almost a 20-year hiatus, United Airlines is once again urging travelers to “fly the friendly skies.” The iconic tagline, created by Leo Burnett in 1965 and used by the carrier until it parted ways with the agency in 1996, has been resurrected in a multimedia ad campaign by McGarryBowen that is United’s largest in decades. The campaign also features George Gershwin’s “Rhapsody in Blue,” music United has been using continuously in advertising since 1987. The campaign — which begins Sunday on broadcasts of N.F.L. football games; the PGA Tour championship; the season premiere of “60 Minutes” and the Emmy Awards program — contains a refreshed, 21st-century version of the tagline. United is now telling travelers it is everything from “legroom friendly” and “online friendly” to “shut-eye friendly” and “EWR friendly,” which refers to the hub of Continental Airlines at Newark Liberty International Airport, which United inherited when the two airlines merged in 2010 to create the world’s largest carrier in terms of passenger traffic. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Burnett came up with the “fly the friendly skies” tagline in the mid-1960s when it was pitching United’s business. One famous iteration was a TV spot in which wives urged their husbands to “take me along” on business trips, while one print ad featured six United employees, identified by name and position, who urged readers to “come fly with me, and me, and me, and me, and me, and me.” embed Tom O’Toole, United’s senior vice president for marketing and loyalty, said United had opted to return to the Burnett tagline because it wanted to “re-establish United’s position as the world’s leading” customer-focused airline. He called the timing of its reintroduction “a convergence of a series of advances.” Since 2010, United has completed installation of premium-cabin flatbed seats on select international flights, expanded its economy-plus seating, improved its on-time performance and invested in new customer service training programs for all customer-contact employees. “The real aim” of the new advertising, Mr. O’Toole said, is to “say to customers, co-workers and competitors that United is back in the game in a big way.” One TV spot features musicians playing “Rhapsody in Blue” and shows space available in various classes and in overhead bins, as well as United employees in the cockpit and cabin. The voice-over is provided by the actor Matt Damon, who also did the voice-over on United’s 2012 summer Olympics TV advertising. One print ad shows a man rushing into his home, arms outstretched, to greet his children. The copy says, “Right place, right time-friendly. Fly on your schedule with over 5,000 daily flights. Fly the friendly skies. United.com/flyerfriendly .” Besides TV and print, media used by the campaign will include radio; outdoor, including in airports; digital; and social media, all with messages promoting United as “friendly.” All advertising except radio features an abstract route map, one leg of which has a dot at each end that could be interpreted as a smiley face. Advertisement Gordon Bowen, chairman and chief creative officer of McGarryBowen, said this design was inspired by the logo United adopted when it merged with Continental, whose own logo was a globe. Photo An ad from the mid-1960s, featuring six United employees who were identified by name and position. Mr. O’Toole said the campaign was aimed primarily at United’s “most frequent-traveling, high-yield customers,” as well as at employees “who will enable United to deliver exactly what we’re talking about. It sets an aspirational target for the customer experience United delivers.” He said United would spend more than $30 million in advertising air travel in the fourth quarter and maintain the same level of spending next year, when it will sponsor the United States Olympic team at the Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. He called these expenditures the carrier’s “largest in decades.” According to Kantar Media, in recent years, United has spent from $4.3 million in 2009 to $43.9 million in 2012 to advertise air travel. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy Both Michael Derchin, an airline analyst at CRT Capital, and Michael Linenberg, who follows the airline industry for Deutsche Bank, commended United on the timing of the new campaign. “It’s particularly important now because of the service problems they had last year, with the integration of United’s and Continental’s computer systems,” Mr. Derchin said. “They had horrendous on-time performance problems and consumer complaints.” David Reibstein, who teaches marketing at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, predicted the new campaign would be “more efficient” for United since many travelers will recall the old tagline. Marty Kohr, a lecturer in integrated marketing communications at the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University, said it was “very smart” for McGarryBowen to update the “friendly skies” concept. Henry Harteveldt, travel analyst for Hudson Crossing, called the campaign “a very bold move for United,” but said the advertising carried “the risk of failure: If passengers don’t see United fulfilling its promise of being a ‘user-friendly’ airline, the advertising will be seen as hollow and will backfire.” Tim Winship, publisher of FrequentFlier.com, a Web site on travel loyalty programs, was dismissive of the campaign, calling “friendly skies” “so last century. In 2013, the skies are anything but friendly, and to suggest otherwise is to insult the intelligence of consumers and invite their scorn.” A version of this article appears in print on September 20, 2013, on Page B7 of the New York edition with the headline: Old Slogan Returns as United Asserts It Is Customer-Focused. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe

United

Which was domesticated first? The dog? Or the Cat?

United Is Bringing Back Its Iconic 'Fly The Friendly Skies' Ad Campaign – Skift Print ad campaigns from United, with its iconic tagline, over the years from 1966 onwards Print ad campaigns from United, with its iconic tagline, over the years from 1966 onwards Print ad campaigns from United, with its iconic tagline, over the years from 1966 onwards Print ad campaigns from United, with its iconic tagline, over the years from 1966 onwards Print ad campaigns from United, with its iconic tagline, over the years from 1966 onwards Print ad campaigns from United, with its iconic tagline, over the years from 1966 onwards Print ad campaigns from United, with its iconic tagline, over the years from 1966 onwards. Print ad campaigns from United, with its iconic tagline, over the years from 1966 onwards Screen grab from United’s new campaign. United Airlines When all else fails, turn back to nostalgia. And so United, with the Continental merger pains finally appearing to be in the rear view mirror — even as technology glitches continue to keep reoccurring — is bringing back its iconic “Fly The Friendly Skies of United” ad campaign. The campaign ran from 1965 to 1996 in a 31-year run that changed the face of airline marketing in America. According to the New York Times , reporting on the return of the campaign: The iconic tagline, created by Leo Burnett in 1965 and used by the carrier until it parted ways with the agency in 1996, has been resurrected in a multimedia ad campaign by McGarryBowen that is United’s largest in decades. The campaign also features George Gershwin’s “Rhapsody in Blue,” music United has been using continuously in advertising since 1987. The new multimedia campaign, created by its current agency McGarryBowen , part of the Dentsu Network, will launch this coming Sunday with broadcasts during the NFL game, the PGA Tour championship, the season premiere of “60 Minutes” on CBS, and the Emmy Awards program. The updated version of the slogan will be “Fly The Friendly Skies,” and the “of United” is being dropped. The new slogan will replace its current slogan “Let’s fly together,” which it has been using since the merger of United and Continental in Oct 2010. The campaign will riff off “friendly,” such as “legroom friendly” or “online friendly” or “shut-eye friendly,” among others. The video ads will continue to use United’s theme song, George Gershwin’s 1924 “Rhapsody in Blue,” which it licensed from Gershwin’s estate for exactly half million dollars back in 1976, and has been continuously using it since 1987 . The first TV ad in this new series is embedded below: These ads, in print, TV, radio, outdoor, and social media, will direct to an online minisite at  United.com/flyerfriendly . It continues the new branding in this pitch for it’s “wifi friendly” connectivity: … and this one about the line’s “more room in Economy Plus” for a “built around you friendly” pitch. And the last (for now) saying it’s “big wide world friendly.” Below, we have embedded some of the ads over the years when it was running its famous campaign and theme songs to go along with it. From where else, YouTube. The history of “Fly The Friendly Skies of United” printed ads is featured in this commemorative ad created 20 years after the slogan was launched: Other undated ads with the iconic tagline: From 1982:

i don't know

Monday marked the anniversary internet giant Google, started in 1998, while its founders were attending what PAC-10 school?

Internet giant Yahoo! to follow rivals Google, Microsoft to Israel By Raz Smolsky and Maayan Cohen Ha´aretz 14/01/2008 Internet giant Yahoo! is coming to Israel, and not only over the Net. The company is taking its battle for survival against Google and Microsoft to Israel on two levels. It will open a research and development center in Haifa, and will also enter the content side of the business here for the first time through a cooperation agreement with Walla!, which is partly owned by Haaretz. Yahoo! is following Google, which set up R&D centers in Tel Aviv and Haifa, as well as establishing a marketing center that also deals in joint content arrangements with Israeli portals. Microsoft, meanwhile, has set up a sales and marketing branch in Ra'anana, as well as R&D centers in Tel Aviv and Herzliya. Yahoo! is now negotiating office space in the Matam high-tech park in Haifa; and is expected to open its research center within a few months. Google kicked off in the Middle East with its Haifa R&D center in July 2006, despite the Second Lebanon War at the time; the center was its first in the region and only its fourth outside of the U.S. Other well-known companies in the Matam industrial park include Intel, Microsoft, Elbit and Zim. Yahoo!'s first foray into the Israeli content market is based on a strategic deal signed with portal Walla!. The goal is to threaten Google's hegemony in the Israeli search market for the first time and the real challenge is to compete in search-based advertising. Under the long-term deal signed between Yahoo! and Walla!, the technology and databases will come from Yahoo!, but the search engine will be branded as Walla! Search, the name of Walla!'s present engine. Only six months ago there were reports that Walla! was negotiating with Google in the search market, but no agreement was ever reached. Google usually partners with a local search engine by providing the technology and the advertisements, while the revenues are split. The joint Walla!-Yahoo! venture will continue using Walla!'s AdVantage platform. This will allow Walla! to continue to manage the advertising itself, and it will receive a higher percentage of the revenues than in a deal that also included advertising, such as Google proposed. According to Walla! CEO Ilan Yeshua: "The search and advertising in search results sector is one of the fastest growing in the world, and also in Israel. The agreement with Yahoo! allows us to offer Walla!'s surfers an excellent search product ... for the Israeli user. The agreement will help Walla! increase its market share in the search-based advertising market. The existence of another strong player in the search and textual advertising sector will contribute to competitiveness , both in the search experience and in the range of possibilities available to advertisers." Yahoo! and Walla! had previously discussed technological cooperation in the past, but nothing serious came of it. Walla!'s previous management, replaced in 2006, was never willing to allow outsiders to share its advertising revenues. Israeli Internet advertising was estimated at $90 million in 2007, 10% of the total advertising pie. Of this figure, search engine advertising took about half, $40-50 million, the large majority of which went to Google.   Jews as High Technology Entrepreneurs and Managers   Jews have traditionally been seen as prominent in such industries as finance, merchandising, apparel, textiles, entertainment, media, and publishing. And in most of them, Jews were true pioneers. They played leading roles as those industries emerged on the scene. Their disproportionate importance to the contemporary world of 24/7 competitive high technology is less well known, but they have flourished there as well. It plays to their strengths. High technology demands a solid grounding in the underlying science or engineering and that typically calls for college, and sometimes a post graduate education. Demographically, Jews are better educated than their peers. An earlier chapter pointed out the high levels of Jewish enrollment at leading public and private universities. The National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01 goes further. It points out that: "More than half of all Jewish Adults (55%) received a college degree and a quarter (25%) earned a graduate degree." "The Comparable figures for the total U.S. population are 29% and 6%." As a result, "More than 60% of all employed Jews are in one of the three highest status job categories: professional or technical (41%), management and executive (13%) and business and finance (7%)." "In contrast, 46% of all Americans work in these three high status areas, 29% in professional or technical jobs, 12% in management and executive positions and 5% in business and finance." Jews also tend to be disproportionately entrepreneurial, working where they will succeed or fail based on their own efforts. Andrew Grove's decision to stop writing, and instead to pursue science, illustrates the point. Judgments about writers are often subjective while those about science are much less so. Grove wanted to work in a field where he would be judged on his own performance. He chose chemistry and got his Ph.D. After several years working with the best and brightest at Fairchild Semiconductor, he left to become one of the three founders of Intel. Technology is a high risk meritocracy. While even the most talented people sometimes fail, and fortune can obliterate the most brilliant of plans; technology is not political. Relationships and initial funding will carry a venture only so far. Ultimately it must succeed or fail on its own merits in a volatile, highly competitive arena. Such risky opportunities can be pursued in hospitable climates, such as the United States, and in such environments, Jewish entrepreneurs have done well. They: Created the world's largest and most valuable personal computer company; (Michael Dell, Dell Computers) Co-founded the world's most successful search engine; (Sergy Brin, Google) Head the world's largest software company; (Steve Ballmer, Microsoft) Co-founded and head the world's second largest software company; (Larry Ellison, Oracle) Co-founded, led and served as Chairman of the dominant microprocessor and memory chip company whose products drive most of today's personal computers; (Andrew Grove, Intel) Created the first "killer application" software which ignited demand for personal computers; (Mitch Kapor, Lotus 123) Served as Number 1 or 2 person in three of the world's four most valuable Internet companies according to a May 2004 Fortune study (Terry Semmel at Yahoo, Jeff Skoll at e-Bay and Barry Diller at IAC) Co-founded and head the communications protocol/chip company whose technology is the market leader in U.S. cell phones and is likely to be the world leader as the next generation cell phone technology (3G) is adopted worldwide. (Irwin Jacobs, Qualcomm). And that is only the barest overview: Dell: Michael Dell and Larry Ellison (of Oracle) share the distinction of being two of the most successful college dropouts in history. (Non-Jew Bill Gates is a third.) Dell quit the University of Texas in 1985 when he was 19 years old to start Dell Computer Corporation with a $1,000 stake. His idea was to "cut out the middleman" by selling personal computers (PCs) directly to customers. Dell's combination of custom built computers, excellent product quality, superb customer service, outstanding production efficiency, and low prices created the world's largest computer manufacturing company. In achieving that distinction, he took on IBM, Compaq, Hewlett Packard, Toshiba, and many other PC makers, most of them much bigger and better financed than Dell. He is emblematic of the creative, determined nature of successful entrepreneurs. In the process, he made his company one of the most valuable in the world. In 1992, Dell became the youngest CEO in history to earn a spot on the Fortune 500 when his Company had been in existence for only eight years. With fiscal year 2005 sales of $53 billion, Dell has humbled most competitors. Despite the challenges of rapid growth and competitive success, Dell and its founder are consistently counted as among America's most respected. The success has earned 40 year old Dell a fortune, sufficient, till his most recent birthday, to consistently place him among Fortune's "40 under 40." These are all young entrepreneurs, athletes and entertainers who have achieved stellar success before reaching age 40. With his wife, Dell has created the Michael & Susan Dell Foundation, endowing it with more than $1 billion. Its focus is the health, education, safety, care and development of children. Among its recent commitments was $130 million to help boost high school graduation and college attendance rates in Texas. Google: Sergy Brin is the son of Russian Jewish emigrants who left the Soviet Union in 1979 to escape persecution. Sergy was six at the time. Mathematically inclined, he earned a computer science degree from University of Maryland before entering Stanford as a postgraduate student. There he met non-Jew, Larry Page, also studying for his doctorate. Together, they developed a search engine - called BackRub before they renamed it Google. They dropped out of Stanford, rounded up $1 million from friends, family and angel venture investors and on September 7, 1998, launched Google. Less than ten years old, it is the most popular search engine on the Web with more than eighty-two million users each month accessing more than eight billion Web site pages (twice the comparable 2004 figure). It employs more than 4,000 people and has had a spectacular run up in its stock price to a value of roughly $80 billion in mid 2005. Microsoft: Steve Ballmer did not found Microsoft. Non-Jews Bill Gates and Paul Allen did. They started the Company in 1976, five years after they began programming together while attending Lakeside High School in Seattle where they had access to the school's computer. Gates went off to Harvard where he and Ballmer became good friends. Ballmer was a bright Jewish kid from Detroit who scored a perfect 800 on his math SATs and who took it upon himself to "socialize" Gates at Harvard - until Gates dropped out to start Microsoft. About the same time, Paul Allen dropped out of Washington State and together Gates and Allen launched the Company. Gates tried to convince Ballmer to drop out as well, but instead, Ballmer stayed in school, going on to graduate magna cum laude from Harvard in 1977. He worked for Proctor and Gamble for two years and then entered Stanford Business School. Perhaps just to "fit in," he then dropped out of Stanford Business School in 1980 after Gates had made yet one more appeal for him to join Microsoft. Ballmer was the Company's twenty-fourth employee. Within three years Paul Allen was gone, the result of a bout with Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Ballmer served first as the Company's financial disciplinarian and later became the number two guy, holding down every senior job in the Company before being named President in 1998 and CEO in 2000. Known for his determination and salesmanship, Ballmer has been vital to Microsoft's success. Oracle: Larry Ellison is a University of Chicago dropout. He was one of the three (later four) partners who founded Oracle Corporation in 1977. Ellison, the leader, read an IBM article about a new kind of software termed a "relational database." Then commonly acknowledged as a revolutionary new way to build a database, no one, not even at IBM, thought it was commercially viable. Ellison disagreed and with $2,000, the partners began developing the software, using cash generated from consulting projects to augment the $2,000. Of the four founders, two later left the company and one died. But from the start, it was Ellison that was, and still is, the driving force behind Oracle. "Relentless," "determined," and "ruthless" are among terms commonly used to describe him. He has been schooled in Japanese approaches to business where anything less than 100 percent market share is not enough. His strong ego is characterized by the titles of two books about him. The first is titled, "The Difference Between God and Larry Ellison." It is the first line of an old Silicon Valley joke for which the punch line is "God does not think he is Larry Ellison." The second book is Everyone Else Must Fail, for which the preamble is "It is not good enough that I should succeed." Ellison was born to an unmarried Jewish teenage mother and an Italian-American air force pilot father, but he grew up with an aunt, and an uncle who constantly put young Larry down saying he would never amount to anything. Harvard Business School's Entrepreneur of the Year in 1990, the 2004 Forbes' 400 lists Ellison as the world's ninth wealthiest person. Ellison has devoted roughly half a billion dollars to charities, particularly a medical foundation focused mostly on infectious diseases in the third world and diseases of aging. In mid 2005, he also pledged $115 million to Harvard University. Intel: As noted in the Andrew Grove bio, Intel was formed in 1968 by non-Jews Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore who recruited Grove to be their co-founder and third employee. Their established reputations and ability to raise the needed $2.5 million from venture capitalist Arthur Rock financed the Company, Noyce headed up sales and Marketing, Moore R&D, while Grove headed manufacturing and product development. Grove disciplined the organization to set and reach goals and he made the critical decisions, such committing Intel to the microprocessors which made Intel the huge success it is. Lotus: Mitch Kapor did not invent the spreadsheet, but his software program, Lotus 123, was the first application to spawn huge demand for personal computers. Visicalc, an earlier spreadsheet program created by Jew Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston in 1982, was available on several early computers including the Apple II a few years before Lotus 123 arrived. But Lotus 123 had many more features, was easier to use, and had far better graphics. It provided the compelling reason for consumers to buy personal computers and demand was so strong, Lotus grossed $53 million in its first year and $156 million by 1984. Kapor went on to create other major software programs including Lotus Agenda. eBay: Jeff Skoll did not create eBay, non-Jew Pierre Omidyar did in 1993. For Omidyar, born to French and Iranian parents, creating an on-line auction Web-site was a Labor Day weekend hobby project. For its first couple of years, it was simply a free Web-site Omidyar ran on his own home page along with several other of his Web page creations. During the first few months, he tried to recruit Skoll, a Jewish French-Canadian he met through friends, to become his partner. Skoll turned him down, choosing to remain at Stanford Business School. In early 1996, Omidyar's Internet service provider began charging him $250 a month to host the site. Omidyar was forced to start charging a fee, which he passed along to the site's users based on the sale price of auction items. As the checks started rolling in Omidyar realized he needed help. Again, he approached Skoll. This time, after a few months of consulting for eBay, Skoll signed on as its first full time employee and President. Skoll grew up in Canada and showed early signs of being a driven entrepreneur. At twelve, he was selling Amway products door-to-door. After graduating from the University of Toronto with a 4.0 grade point average, he set up two high tech companies before moving to Palo Alto to enroll at Stanford Business School. Compensating for Omidyar's easy going ways and enjoyment of programming, Skoll was the driven leader who planned the business and made things happen. He hired key people, established much of the culture, and constantly pushed to build the business. The result is the number one auction Web site in the world. It grossed $3.9 billion in 2004, netted $936 million and was worth $53 billion by mid 2005, all of which made both Omidyar and Skoll very wealthy. Skoll has since left eBay and now devotes the bulk of his time to philanthropic activities, particularly his Skoll Foundation to which he has donated $250 million. The Foundation supports social entrepreneurs working to effect lasting positive social changes worldwide. In 2003, Skoll won recognition from Business Week magazine as "one of the most innovative philanthropists of the past decade" InterActive Corp (IAC): Barry Diller has made a career of corporate transformations. He started in the mail room at the William Morris Agency in his early 20s, and at age 24, moved to ABC-TV. Within three years, he was Vice President of Feature Films and Program Development. In that job he inaugurated ABC's Movie of the Week, the most popular movie series in television history. At ABC Diller pioneered highly profitable "made-for-television" films which focused on social issues such as homosexuality, the Vietnam War and drugs. In 1974, following that success (and still only 32), he was named President of Paramount Pictures. At Paramount, he oversaw creation of the hit television series: Cheers, Taxi, and Laverne and Shirley, and hit movies including: Raiders of the Lost Ark, Saturday Night Fever and Grease. Ten years later he moved to Twentieth Century-FOX where in 1985, after Rupert Murdoch took over, he launched Fox as the fourth television network. By 1990, Diller had Fox producing five nights of prime time television with such popular shows as: The Simpsons, Married With Children, Cops and America's Most Wanted. Diller quit Fox to purchase a stake in QVC, the cable shopping network, and from there he launched an unsuccessful bid to take over Paramount. Sumner Redstone's Viacom beat him out. Shortly thereafter, in 1995, non-Jew John Malone recruited Diller to leave QVC, invest in and run Liberty Media's Silver King Communications, which was broadcasting the Home Shopping Network. Diller later merged Home Shopping into Silver King. Through a blinding series of name changes, strategic redirections and $8 billion worth of mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures and investments in more than 45 companies, Diller created what is now called Interactive Corp (IAC), the fifth major Internet Company, (behind Google, Amazon, e-Bay, and Yahoo). Little known to the general public, IAC controls such prominent Internet names as: Expedia, Hotels.com, Lending Tree, Hotwire.com, Evite, Citysearch and Ticketmaster. Over the years, Diller has served as a director of Coca Cola and the Washington Post, Trustee of New York University, member of the Executive Board for Medical Sciences at UCLA, member of the Board of Councilors of USC's School of Cinema-Television and a member of the Board of the Museum of Television and Radio. Yahoo: Terry Semel did not create Yahoo. Non-Jews Jerry Yang and David Filo did in 1994, as a hobby, while pursuing their electrical engineering PhD's at Stanford. In those halcyon, "early bubble" days, Yahoo went public within two years. It was then, and still is today, regarded as one of the major Internet successes of all time, but along the way, it hit a bump in the road. In 2001, Yahoo lost $93 million on revenues of $717 million. The stock tanked and new talent was needed to avert a melt down. That is when Terry Semel arrived. Semel had 24 years at Warner Brothers where he had been instrumental in building the Company from $1 billion to $11 billion in annual revenues. Semel quickly pushed Yahoo's marketing, consumers' services and acquisitions and by 2003, he had turned the company around. In 2004, Yahoo made $1.6 billion under his leadership. Qualcomm: Irwin Jacobs is listed as one of seven Qualcomm founders, but by any measure, he has been the "essential man" from Qualcomm's 1985 inception till now. Qualcomm created and controls Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), a major wireless telecommunications technology. It is the most widely used wireless calling technology in the United States, (47 percent market share) used by such carriers as Verizon, Cingular, and Sprint. Around the world, 212 million wireless phones already utilize Qualcomm technology and as 3G, the next generation of wireless, is deployed, Qualcomm is expected to become the international market leader as well. Jacobs grew up in New Bedford, Massachusetts. He was a mediocre musician, but an excellent student earning a bachelors degree from Cornell and a Masters and a Doctor of Science degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He taught at MIT and the University of California San Diego (UCSD) from 1959 to 1972. While teaching, he wrote a still used college text, Principles of Communications Engineering, and in 1969, co-founded LINKABIT, a company he describes as his initial move towards becoming an "academic dropout." That finally happened in 1972 when he became LINKABIT's full time President and Chairman. The Company pioneered satellite TV receiver technology (VideoCipher) and was the first to commercially introduce Time Division Multiplex Access (TDMA), the predecessor technology to CDMA. Jacobs built LINKABIT to 1,400 employees, before merging it with M/A-COM and he served on that Board until 1985. Initially, Qualcomm did research and development and some manufacturing for wireless companies while it built the largest satellite-based messaging service used by trucking companies to manage their fleets. That service was quickly overshadowed, however, by CDMA. By 2004, CDMA was generating over $5 billion in annual revenues. All of this has made Jacobs (and his fellow founders) quite wealthy. Jacobs has responded with major philanthropy. He and his wife have given $110 million to the San Diego Symphony (hearkening back to his days as a mediocre musician), another $110 million went to the UCSD to "support the other faculty that are currently doing the teaching," $7 million went to the Salk Institute, and millions more has gone to support the San Diego Food Bank and historic New Bedford. Both he, and fellow Qualcomm founder Andrew Viterbi now have schools of engineering named after them, Jacobs at UCSD and Viterbi and the University of Southern California. RealNetworks: Ron Glaser takes credit for creating the first technology to "stream" audio, video, and other digital content, such as music and games, to computers. He founded RealNetworks in 1994 to capitalize on the technology. Fresh out of Yale with degrees in economics and computer sciences, Glaser joined Microsoft in 1983 where he rose, over his ten years there, to become Vice President of Multimedia and Consumer Systems. He left Microsoft in 1994 and shortly thereafter, says he downloaded Mosaic, an early version of the Netscape Internet browser. He immediately saw the potential to augment the browser with "streaming." He founded RealNetworks and was soon able to take it public. It became a hot Internet stock and, for a time, Glaser was a billionaire. Today, following the bursting of the Internet bubble and heightened competition with Microsoft's Media Player and Apple's Quicktime, RealNetworks continues to post operating losses and it is taking on Microsoft in court. Like earlier Federal and state lawsuits against Microsoft, Glaser's company claims Microsoft competes unfairly by bundling its Mediaplayer into its software. Win or lose, RealNetworks has sufficient cash to finance itself for some time and thus remain a major Internet force, particularly as the downloading of music and games becomes ever more prolific. If RealNetworks succeeds, Glaser will rejoin the ranks of billionaires who hit it big with their Internet technology innovations. Broadcast.com & HDNet: Mark Cuban grew up poor, the son of Russian Jewish emigrants in blue collar Pittsburgh. He was a bright student who was also considered something of a hustler with his native selling ability (selling garbage bags, greeting cards and magazines, all door-to-door, from the time he was 12.) At the University of Indiana he started a chain letter and gave disco dancing lessons to pay for school. After graduating in 1983 he started a computer consulting firm, MicroSolutions, though he neither owned, nor knew much about, computers. Self-taught by having to learn to perform on the promises he made to customers, he built the Company to revenues of $30 million a year before selling it to Compuserve. He made himself wealthy in the process. He then "kicked back" for a few years, before returning in 1995, with partner Todd R. Wagner (not Jewish), to create Broadcast.com. It pioneered radio and television broadcasting over the Internet. Cuban and Wagner soon took it public and, in 1999, sold it to Yahoo for $5.7 billion. Cuban and Wagner were billionaires. His attention then shifted to his ownership of the Dallas Mavericks basketball team. Cuban is a brash, avid, courtside presence whose outbursts have cost him an estimated $1 million in fines. At the same time, his savvy marketing and recruiting of top talent has converted the Mavericks from a perennial loser to a contender. Cuban also launched HDNet, a high definition television broadcast network available on satellite, cable, and selected over the air high definition broadcast stations. He and Wagner also purchased Landmark theaters, a large U.S. chain of "art-house" movie theaters which will air the high definition movies he is producing and the films he has contracted six major studios to convert from film to digital. Measures of entrepreneurial success One measure of entrepreneurial success is provided by the Fortune "40 Under 40" annual list of the wealthiest young Americans, nearly all of them self made. Though entrepreneurial success is not simply about wealth, it is one scorecard. The Fortune's 2004 list is included as Exhibit 16a. While it includes thirteen athletes and entertainers, the remaining twenty-seven are successful young entrepreneurs, mostly from high technology companies they started or led. Of the twenty-seven, at least six are Jewish. Three of them are among the top five and five of them among the top ten. In order, the six include: #1 Michael Dell, #3 Jeff Skoll, #5 Sergey Brin, #9 Dan Snyder, #10, Marc Benioff, and #17 Jerry Greenberg. Statistically, at two percent of the U.S. population, Jews would be lucky if even one of the twenty-seven was Jewish. At 22 percent, the result is ten times what one would expect. The Forbes 400 corroborates the Fortune list. (Exhibit 16b) Of the year 2004 ranking, at least 25 percent of the "400" are Jewish. And like the Fortune "40 Under 40," many of them made their wealth as entrepreneurs who started successful businesses. Prominent among the first twenty-five are #9 Michael Dell, #10 Lawrence Ellison, and #11 Steven Balmer. As with the Fortune 40, the performance defies expectations. We would expect perhaps eight Jews among the 400, the actual figure (at least 102) is twelve times that.   July 29, 2007     The question of how many Jews there are begs the definition of "What is a Jew?" and also "Who is a Jew?" Questions that have been asked many a time.....mostly by other Jews. Being a Secular Jew myself, I like the most liberal, inclusive definition that includes....well ME. The biggest number that you will see is about 18 million Jews. This works out to something like 1/4 of one per cent of the world's population. So you would expect that our impact on the Internet would be proportional to our numbers. Not so, bubbala. (A term of endearment, darling. Can you feel me virtually pinching your cheek? In a nice way.) The impact of Jews far outweighs their numbers. Lets look at "Who's A Yid?" Larry Page and Sergey Brin, founders of Google. Larry Page's mom, Gloria Page, is Jewish. Sergey Brin was born in Moscow, Russia, to Jewish parents, Michael and Eugenia, who fled to America for religious freedom. Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg, while he was a student at Harvard University. It was originally going to be limited to Harvard students, but expanded quickly. Zuckerberg saw the potential in the site and sought capital. He turned to Peter Thiel, a co-founder of Paypal and, not-so-coincidentally, also Jewish. Facebook is often rumored to be up for sale. How much is Facebook worth? Let me refer that to Mr. Thiel: "Facebook's internal valuation is around $8 billion based on their projected revenues of $1 billion by 2015." Founder Mark Zuckerberg is 23, or as we like to say, 10 years past his Bar Mitzvah. Robert Kevin Rose is, comparatively, an old man at age 30. He is best known for founding Digg.com. Robert lost his job during the burst of the Dot Com bubble, ended up working as a production assistant on the show The Screen Savers He began appearing on air and stepped in as host after Leo Laporte left TechTV. On November 1, 2004, he started a site that combined social bookmarking, blogging, RSS into arguably the premier tech news site. Today Digg is rated among the 100 most popular sites on the web. Scott Blum has been referred to as the "Sam Walton of e-commerce." Leaving a successful career as a shoe salesman as a youth, he founded Microbanks, a company that sold add-on memory modules for Macintosh computers. Before his 21st birthday, he sold Microbanks to Sentron Technology in San Diego for $2.5 million in cash. He would then co-found Pinnacle Micro with his father. Leaving there under a cloud of dubious accounting practices (he paid no penalty and admitted no guilt) he would go on to found Buy.com. He left before went public, returned to take it back private and it is now his baby. RealNetworks is not the most beloved company in the world, nor is Real Player a favorite product. But there is no question that CEO and Founder Rob Glaser has been influential. When he founded Real Networks in 1994, at age 31, he was already a millionaire from his days at Microsoft. He has had a major impact on the Internet. Certainly also worth mentioning are Steve Ballmer, CEO of Microsoft, whose mother is Jewish; Larry Ellison, founder of Oracle, who was born on the Lower East Side of New York to a Jewish mother and raised by his great-aunt and great-uncle in Chicago; and Phillipe Kahn, founder of Borland. What would the Internet be like with Google, PayPal, Facebook, Digg.com, Buy.com? It would be very, very different.   

Stanford University

94 years ago today, what New York born oil baron became the worlds first billionaire?

Cablegate: Daily Summary of Japanese Press 06/22/09 | Scoop News Cablegate: Daily Summary of Japanese Press 06/22/09 Monday, 22 June 2009, 9:55 pm PP RUEHFK RUEHKSO RUEHNAG RUEHNH DE RUEHKO #1405/01 1732155 P 222155Z JUN 09 ZDK FM AMEMBASSY TOKYO TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC PRIORITY 3941 INFO RUEKJCS/SECDEF WASHDC PRIORITY RHEHAAA/THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON DC PRIORITY RUEAWJA/USDOJ WASHDC PRIORITY RHMFIUU/HQ PACAF HICKAM AFB HI//CC/PA// RHMFIUU/USFJ //J5/JO21// RUCNDT/USMISSION USUN NEW YORK 5718 UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 26 TOKYO 001405 SIPDIS DEPT FOR E, P, EB, EAP/J, EAP/P, EAP/PD, PA; WHITE HOUSE/NSC/NEC; JUSTICE FOR STU CHEMTOB IN ANTI-TRUST DIVISION; TREASURY/OASIA/IMI/JAPAN; DEPT PASS USTR/PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE; SECDEF FOR JCS-J-5/JAPAN, DASD/ISA/EAPR/JAPAN; DEPT PASS ELECTRONICALLY TO USDA FAS/ITP FOR SCHROETER; PACOM HONOLULU FOR PUBLIC DIPLOMACY ADVISOR; CINCPAC FLT/PA/ COMNAVFORJAPAN/PA. TAGS: OIIP KMDR KPAO PGOV PINR ECON ELAB JA SUBJECT: DAILY SUMMARY OF JAPANESE PRESS 06/22/09 TOKYO 00001405 001.3 OF 026 INDEX: (1) How good is the next ambassador to Japan, John Roos? - Interviews with ex-Vice President Walter Mondale, Stanford University Professor Emeritus Daniel Okimoto (Nikkei) (2) Nissan to start commercial production of electric vehicles in U.S. possibly from 2012 (Nikkei) (3) New argument in Japan on the United States (Part B): Warped conservatism (Mainichi) (4) JCP Shii moving quickly toward U.S. President Obama (Tokyo Shimbun) (5) LDP forgoes approval of basic policy guidelines for fiscal 2009 budget due to turmoil over constraint on social security spending (Nikkei) (6) Unexplained "equal Japan-U.S. relationship" - Part five of series "Risky 'fraternal' foreign policy" (Sankei) (7) Noticeable wavering on Northern Territories issue - Part six of series "Risky 'Fraternal' Foreign Policy" (Sankei) (8) 18 DPJ junior, mid-ranking members expected to support "a Hatoyama government" (Foresignt) (9) Consul General-designate to Okinawa says "no need to revise" SOFA (Okinawa Times) (10) New argument in Japan on the United States (Part A): Japan offers apology 68 years after Bataan Death March that claimed lives of 800 American POWs; First step to discussions on historical views triggered by wartime sex slavery resolution (Mainichi) (11) Poll on Aso cabinet, political parties (Yomiuri) (12) Poll: Aso cabinet, political parties (Asahi) (13) Poll on Aso cabinet, political parties (Mainichi) (14) Poll on Aso cabinet, political parties, DPJ's leadership change (Tokyo Shimbun) (15) My opinion: Japan needs to speed up legislation banning possession of child pornography (Mainichi) ARTICLES: (1) How good is the next ambassador to Japan, John Roos? - Interviews with ex-Vice President Walter Mondale, Stanford University Professor Emeritus Daniel Okimoto NIKKEI (Page 6) (Full) The U.S. government has nominated lawyer John Roos, 54, as the next ambassador to Japan, and his appointment will soon be submitted to the Senate for confirmation. There is high interest in the personality and capability of Roos, who is not well-known in Japan. We interviewed former Vice President Walter Mondale, 81, a former TOKYO 00001405 002.2 OF 026 ambassador to Japan who hired Roos for his presidential election campaign in 1984, and Daniel Okimoto, 66, professor emeritus at Stanford University, an American political scientist of Japanese descent who advises Roos. -- What was the decisive factor in the nomination? Mondale: He is a close friend (of the President). President Obama respects Mr. Roos, and he is happy to send him as envoy to an important ally. -- He has not had much connection with Japan. Mondale: He has had contact with many Japanese companies through his law firm and has had a long-standing interest in U.S.-Japan business exchanges. He will probably be a strong ambassador. He has been involved with hi-tech and other advanced fields and will be able to make contributions on issues such as global warming. He is a graduate of Stanford University, and interestingly enough, Prime Minister Taro Aso and Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) President Yukio Hatoyama both studied at Stanford, as well. -- His lack of diplomatic experience is a concern at this crucial point in relations with North Korea. Mondale: The ambassador needs to be able to convey the issues to the president when frictions arise between the two countries. He is most appropriate for this role. You have Assistant Secretary of State Kurt Campbell and Assistant Secretary of Defense Wallace Gregson. The North Korea issue can be handled by the team. There is also a strong staff at the embassy. He will do fine. -- How does the Obama administration perceive Japan? Mondale: The U.S.-Japan relationship is very important. This is reflected in the fact that Secretary of State Hillary Clinton made a visit, and (Aso) was the first leader invited by President Obama to Washington. Japan's importance has not diminished (just because of the growing influence of China and India); its importance is rather increasing. A strong bilateral relationship will help deal with China and India. Japan and the U.S. are democratic countries, and such is the basis of the cooperation. -- How would you describe Mr Roos' personality? Okimoto: He is an honest, thoughtful, and optimistic man. While he is not the sophisticated type you often find on the international stage, you come to like him the more you know him. -- His nomination is said to be a reward. Okimoto: The intelligence and organizing ability he displayed during the election campaign was highly regarded. John is able to analyze things level-headedly and objectively. If it's just fundraisers, there are many in the Obama campaign. You don't get an important post like this just for that. -- He appears not to have much connection with Japan. TOKYO 00001405 003.2 OF 026 Okimoto: Positions other than the ambassador to Japan were also considered but John was most interested in Japan. He has a lot of respect for the Japanese through his work at his law firm and has been fascinated by Japan's culture and traditions. The Japanese people may be disappointed because he is not famous. However, in terms of intellectual level and closeness to the president, he is a top class ambassador to Japan for the postwar period. He will bring new perspectives to the Japan-U.S. relationship. -- This is the first time he will handle diplomacy. Okimoto: He is a man who belonged to the top 5-10 percent in the law school. He is a man with intellectual curiosity and is a fast learner. He may have some gaps in his knowledge of Japanese history and politics, but they will be filled very quickly. My class was on international disarmament. He will probably have a good grasp of the issues of North Korea, China, Okinawa, and so forth very quickly. I have been sending him various documents every day. (Tomoko Ashitsuka, Washington) (2) Nissan to start commercial production of electric vehicles in U.S. possibly from 2012 NIKKEI (Top Play) (Abridged slightly) June 20, 2009 Nissan Motors will launch the commercial production of electric vehicles in the U.S. It will employ an integrated system of production from batteries, core parts, to the assembling of vehicles at its U.S. plant. It will build production lines with the capacity of producing up to 100,000 units a year by 2012, tapping a low-interest loan system for green vehicles, which the U.S. government is set to introduce soon. The company plans to make such cars also in Europe and Asia, following in Japan and the U.S. It has fallen behind Toyota Motors in the mass-production of hybrid cars. It intends to expand the production of eco-friendly cars, by building an electric vehicle mass-production system ahead of other automakers in the world. Under the plan, the new electric-car assembly lines are to be built at its plant in Smyrna, Tennessee, where Nissan North America Inc. is based. The facility, capable of making 50,000 to 100,000 eco-friendly cars a year by 2012, is expected to first produce small passenger cars, followed by other types of vehicles. This marks the first time that a Japanese automaker to mass-produce electric vehicle abroad. The company intends to construct a production facility for high-capacity lithium ion batteries at the Smyrna site by joining hands with the NEC Corp. group. Although the batteries will initially be supplied only to Nissan, the plant may be expanded to have the capacity of producing enough batteries to equip up to 200,000 units a year with an eye on receiving orders from other firms as well. The overall investment is estimated at 50 billion yen, but the figure may rise to more than 100 billion yen, if demand increases. As part of measures to support the auto industry, the U.S. government last fall established a low-interest-loan program totaling 25 billion dollars or about 2.4 trillion yen for developing TOKYO 00001405 004.2 OF 026 and producing eco-friendly cars. Nissan has applied for funding under the U.S. low-interest loan scheme. According to a related source, Nissan will soon receive approval for a loan toping 100 billion yen. Toyota Motors is making and assembling Toyota Prius hybrid cars. However, no Japanese automakers are making electric cars or hybrid cars in the U.S. Nissan has determined that that commercial production of electric cars in the U.S. would pay, because the transportation cost of batteries is high and the U.S. government's low-interest loan program can be used. Nissan plans to launch the production of 50,000 electric cars at its Oppama plant, staring in the fall of 2010. The company will export vehicles to the U.S. to sell them on the U.S. market, until it starts mass-producing the same model in the U.S. in 2012. Its plan is to put production at its U.S. plant on the track at an early date, by using the know-how of the Japanese plant. In Europe, Nissan plans to make electric cars either in Britain or in Spain. It is also considering making batteries and electric cars in China. Nissan's annual production capacity of electric vehicles will likely reach 200,000 units throughout the world by 2012. (3) New argument in Japan on the United States (Part B): Warped conservatism MAINICHI (Top play and page 3) (Abridged slightly) June 22, 2009 The decision to suspend the publication of the conservative monthly magazine Shokun was made unanimously at a Bungeishunju special board meeting on February 26. The major reason was a drop in advertising revenues. The magazine's circulation peaked at 95,000 in the early 2000s when it turned excessively anti-China, anti-South Korea and anti-North Korea. But no one positively evaluated that period in the board meeting. The magazine was established in May 1969 when the student movement was sweeping through Japan. The aim was to present an option different from the left wing based on Japan being a U.S. ally during the Cold War era. Masao Asao, who served as the magazine's editor in chief in the mid-1990s, indicated that conservatism takes pride in being tolerant. Every time the magazine's star critic Ikutaro Shimizu's argument swayed, its regular critic Tsuneari Fukuda chided him. The magazine also carried articles by the Asahi Shimbun's popular reporters and left-wing opinion leaders, such as Akira Asada of the "modern thought boom" of in the 1980s. Anti-U.S. writers had a certain place in the magazine. The Berlin Wall came down in the year that marked the 20th anniversary of Shokun. The history textbook row in the 1990s in the process of finding a "new enemy" replacing the left-wing sparked strong criticism of the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, and this led to the recent boom of conservative arguments. The rejection of the Tokyo Tribunal could have resulted in the refusal of the United States, but assertions, including those of self-claimed pro-American writers, simply escalated. But as if to fill the gap with a head-on clash with the United States, criticism was directed at the question of visits to Yasukuni Shrine by the TOKYO 00001405 005.2 OF 026 prime minister and East Asian countries in connection with the issue of abductions by North Korea. The use of pejorative expressions against China and North Korea increased in the form of being influenced by the conservative magazine Seiron published by the Sankei Shimbun. That shift was well received by readers but the magazine became less tolerant. Historians, such as Ikuhiko Hata, were often criticized in connection with the argument by former Air Self-Defense Force Chief of Staff Toshio Tamogami, who claimed in his essay that Roosevelt tricked Japan to go to war with the United States. Nonfiction writer Masayasu Hosaka takes this view: "The left wing's characteristic of prioritizing its interpretations of historical facts has emerged in the inner circle of the conservatives, who have lost their enemy." Shokun's readership diminished due in part to the establishment in November 2004 of the third conservative magazine WiLL. Some writers, who disliked Shokun's radical policy course, reportedly refused to contribute their essays to the magazine in the last two years. Many readers favored radical arguments over a wide range of arguments, and the magazine's circulation fell below 40,000 in the end. Some think Bunshun's decision to discontinue the stigmatized Shokun was sensible, but the venue to express sensible views has now disappeared. The suspension of the Shokun was preceded by a long road of limited arguments that caused stress for the conservative print media, which was unable to frontally discuss the United States, its true theme. Even in criticizing the historical view on the Tokyo Tribunal, the magazine could not go beyond the framework of the Japan-U.S. alliance. The magazine occasionally vented its stress as "anti-U.S. historical views." Okazaki Institute Director Hisahiko Okazaki, a self-styled pro-American opinion leader, supervised the compilation of the new history textbook that passed the government's examination in 2005. He said: "The original text included the conspiracy theory that the United States had planned to wage a war against Japan since the Russo-Japanese War. We removed that part altogether." In 2006, Yasukuni Shrine's war museum, Yushukan, eliminated the part describing the U.S. government's strong reaction from its explanation. "We have corrected anti-U.S. thinking," Okazaki said proudly. But anti-U.S. thinking can be said to have been capped only temporarily. The argument calling for correcting historical views that was directed at East Asia might cause a schism between the Japan-U.S. alliance if something goes wrong. The Foreign Ministry's decision to offer an apology to the former U.S. soldiers comes in part from the conservative media's inflection since the late 1990s. (4) JCP Shii moving quickly toward U.S. President Obama TOKYO SHIMBUN (Page 2) (Slightly abridged) June 22, 2009 The Japanese Communist Party (JCP) is rapidly approaching the U.S. TOKYO 00001405 006.2 OF 026 even though the party has called that country "imperialist." Impressed by President Obama's speech in Prague calling for a world free of nuclear weapons, Chairman Shii sent a letter praising the speech. Afterward, the party unexpectedly received a reply from the U.S. government. What has happened to the JCP, which had given the image of its relations with the U.S. being in a hair-trigger situation? "Love letter" beyond hostile relations Shii said at party headquarters: "Many people have seen our party as anti-American. But such an evaluation is not correct. We highly evaluate the nation, seeing its deeds." Somewhat bewildered at public attention at the party (over its approach to the U.S.,) Shii emphasized: "What is good is good," bearing the Obama speech in mind. Speaking before about 20,000 citizens in Prague on April 5, President Obama declared: "The U.S. aims at bringing about a world free of nuclear weapons. ... As the only nuclear power to have used a nuclear weapon, the U.S. has a moral responsibility to act." "Mr. Obama must be serious." Shii began to fall "in love" with Obama. He thought that he wanted to directly convey his feelings, but he said: "That is impossible. The best way is writing a letter." In the letter, the JCP chairman wrote: "I send this letter as the representative of a political party that has been calling, along with the people who were the sole victims of atomic bombing, for eliminating nuclear weapons from the earth." He then highly praised President Obama's speech, in which he called for eliminating nuclear weapons as the goal of the U.S., the world's largest nuclear power, and also referred to its moral responsibility. He noted: "I was deeply moved by your speech," adding: "It takes on historical significance for all mankind and the people of the sole victim of nuclear bombing." Even so, Shii made a request to a "lover," with whom he has never met. Quoting a paragraph indicating it would be impossible to build a world free of nuclear weapons while the President is alive, Shii flatly said: "I cannot agree to this view." He complained it should be impossible for you to predict how long it will take to complete the challenge you will address for the first time. Shii further noted: "There is a significant difference in the positions of the (U.S.) government and our party. My advice or warning (in the letter) stems from my desire to see the spirit in your speech reflected in global politics." He concluded the letter with this remark: "I sincerely hope that friendly relations will be deepened between Japan and the U.S." Shii visited the U.S. Embassy on April 28 and handed the letter over to Deputy Chief of Mission James Zumwalt. It was the first time for a JCP chief to visit the U.S. Embassy since the party was established 87 years ago. Shii had not anticipated a reply from the President. It was satisfactory for him to only express his "one-sided love." On May 16, however, he received an unexpected reply by air mail from the TOKYO 00001405 007.2 OF 026 U.S. Government. Shii said, "I was surprised" at the first letter to the JCP from the U.S. government. Both yearning for nuclear abolition The letter sent from the U.S. government started with the words, "Dear Mr. Shii." Although the letter was signed by Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Davis, it noted: "The President told me to write a reply on behalf of him." The letter included these words of appreciation: "You relayed your views on how to realize a nuclear-free world in the best way," and "I am glad that you have great passion." The letter further noted: "We hope to work together with the Japanese government." On the morning of May 20, the day after he announced he had received a reply from the U.S. government, Shii asked the Prime Minister's Official Residence to arrange a meeting with Prime Minister Taro Aso. The prime minister's daily schedule is tightly packed. But the meeting was arranged for the evening of that day, surprising Shii and reminding him of the weight of the reply. In their meeting in the Diet Building, Shii suggested to Aso that Japan should take the initiative in international talks on nuclear abolition. In response, Aso said: "It was a great speech." When asked, "How it was great," Aso replied: "Mr. Shii, it was great because a nuclear power suggested a plan to abandon its nuclear weapons." From his words, Shii could not feel his willingness to take the initiative. He though: "Prime Minister Aso has no idea regarding nuclear abolition as he is blind to Washington's increasing eagerness about the issue." The meeting ended only in 15 minutes. Besides declaring the plan to eliminate nuclear weapons, President Obama has also made efforts to positively change U.S. relations with Islamic countries and Cuba. Relations with these countries completely cooled down in the days of the previous Bush administration. After the U.S. government and the JCP exchanged letters, North Korea conducted a nuclear test. The U.S. and South Korean leaders in their meeting on June 15 agreed that the U.S. will protect South Korea under its "nuclear umbrella." These events have given an impression that the brakes have been applied to the Prague speech, but Shii gave words of encouragement, noting: "We should not see the situation simplistically." "There will be twists and turns until all nuclear weapons are scrapped. North Korea's nuclear test is a setback. In order to denuclearize the Korean Peninsula, however, the nuclear powers should promote the trend of nuclear abolition, and that will be the most powerful means. I hope the President will address the challenge of establishing a nuclear-free world, instead of just setting forth it as his slogan." At the same time, Shii also complained: "Japan-U.S. relations have hardly changed. The Japanese government TOKYO 00001405 008.2 OF 026 is hopeful of continuing dependent relations with the U.S. by hosting U.S. military bases and other means, so the U.S. thinks it is all right as it is." Despite the atmosphere of a thaw observed between the U.S. government and the JCP, the JCP's party platform lists words of hostile toward the U.S., such as, "American imperialism is the largest threat for the peace and security of the world and the sovereignty and independence of each nation's people." Asked about the contradiction between his approach to the U.S. and the party platform, Shii replied: "Of course, there is no problem," adding: "We have seen the U.S. from various angles since we rewrote our platform in 2004." Shii proudly said that with the exchange of the "love letters," "we were able to set up an official route of dialogue with the U.S.," adding: "I would like to visit the U.S. at an appropriate time." He said: "Conservatives have also begun to feel safe with our party." Does this analysis represent his confidence about the ability to hold the reins of government? Shii replied: "Things will not be going so easily." "If we participate in a government, we will be required to demonstrate the ability to negotiate with the U.S., financial circles, and leading companies. It will be necessary to strengthen our policies and organization. We cannot overestimate this letter. Even so, it is the first but important first step for the JCP to grow into the political party in power." With an eye on the upcoming general election, attention is being focused on whether the Democratic Party of Japan would grab political power, and the JCP fears that it might fall into oblivion. Will the U.S. President result in rescuing the JCP? A person connected with the JCP grumbled: "Now that an increasing number of people in Japan have been affected by right-wing ideology, the exchange of letters between Shii and Obama might disappoint earnest supporters of the JCP." (5) LDP forgoes approval of basic policy guidelines for fiscal 2009 budget due to turmoil over constraint on social security spending NIKKEI (Page 2) (Abridge slightly) June 20, 2009 The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) at a meeting of the General Council on June 19 put the approval of the basic policy guidelines on economic and fiscal management for fiscal 2009 on the backburner. This is because many participants objected to the government policy of continuing to constrain an increase in social security spending. General Council Chairman Takashi Sasagawa and Policy Research Council Chairman Kosuke Hori will look into a plan to review the guidelines and confer on the issue, holding a special General Council meeting on the 22nd. When Hori announced a government plan to follow the basic policy guidelines for fiscal 2006, which stipulates an increase in social security spending by 22 billion yen a year, Hidehisa Otsuji, head of the LDP caucus in the Upper House, shouted in anger, "You are trying to send a wrong message, at a time when the Lower House election is close at hand." TOKYO 00001405 009.2 OF 026 Kosuke Ito rebutted Otsuji, saying, "If we scrap the constraint policy, it would give an impression that the fiscal reconstruction policy is backsliding." However, the LDP Tax System Research Commission Sub-Committee Chairman Hakuo Yanagisawa fell in step with Otsuji, saying, "The meaning of the basic policy guidelines for fiscal 2006 has been weakened." Tax System Research Commission Chairman Yuji Tsushima stressed, "We should categorically mention that we will not constrain social security expenses." Otsuji continued to roll out his argument opposing the government policy of constraining special security spending. General Secretary Hiroyuki Hosoda asked Sasagawa to consider a revision plan, saying, "I want you to come up with good wording by using resourcefulness." The meeting shelved approving the basic policy guidelines at the discretion of Sasagawa after an hour-and-half discussion. (6) Unexplained "equal Japan-U.S. relationship" - Part five of series "Risky 'fraternal' foreign policy" SANKEI (Page 3) (Full) "Whom should I talk to? Please give me some names. I would definitely want to listen to them." On May 16, Yukio Hatoyama, who had just appointed the new leadership lineup of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) after being elected its president, met with Vice President Seiji Maehara and made the above request. Hatoyama has known Maehara for 15 years, since the days of New Party Sakigake and Japan New Party, which were the roots of the DPJ. When Maehara was DPJ president, Hatoyama had served as his secretary general. Maehara mentioned a number of names. He later said: "I think the president has made his own decision on what to do." He was hopeful that Hatoyama was preparing for the administration's transition with his advisers behind the scenes. Journalist Hajime Takano is one of the people Hatoyama had sought advice from. He is the eldest son of the late Minoru Takano, who founded the Sohyo (Japan General Conference of Labor Unions) after World War II and served as the secretary general of this group that opposed military bases and Japan's rearmament. Hajime Takano is the author of the "Basic Ideology of the Democratic Party," which was the political platform of the old Democratic Party founded by Yukio Hatoyama, Naoto Kan and others 13 years ago. This document called for the spirit of "fraternity" as the "foundation of society." However, Takano had distanced himself after the new DPJ was formed through a merger with the former Shinshinto and the expansion of the party was given higher priority than ideology. Hatoyama has sought advice from Takano, who calls himself a "former adviser," since late last year on policy on the anti-piracy operations in waters off Somalia, and Takano told him: "The Japan Coast Guard should play the central role in such operations." The DPJ's proposed revisions to the anti-piracy bill compiled in April toed this line. TOKYO 00001405 010.2 OF 026 Takano thinks that flexibility is necessary in policies after a "change of administration." He says importance should be attached to the refueling mission of the Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) based on the new special antiterrorism law expiring in January 2010. "It is difficult to withdraw immediately from the Indian Ocean." "If (the MSDF) is to be withdrawn, the question is what sort of alternatives you can propose." "Giving importance to the Japan-U.S. alliance but not being submissive to the U.S." This is the position that a DPJ administration should absolutely maintain. It is Takano's belief that an "equal relationship" is the lifeline of a "Hatoyama administration." Skepticism about the theory of equilateral triangle Tama University President Jitsuro Terashima, whom Takano cites as an "important adviser to Hatoyama," also serves in government positions such as the chair of the experts' committee of the "Space Development Strategy Headquarters." He has had several study sessions with Hatoyama over dinner. Terashima has criticized the deployment of the SDF in Iraq and once contributed an article to the magazine Sekai three years ago asserting:, "Relying only on U.S. deterrence in dealing with China and Asia is a serious deviation from the trends of the times." In February 1998, he discussed in the House of Councillors Research Committee on International Affairs his pet theory on the Japan-U.S.-China triangle. His proposition that Japan should maintain a certain distance from both China and the U.S. had some things in common with the so-called theory of a Japan-U.S.-China equilateral triangle. With regard to this equilateral triangle theory, former Liberal Democratic Party Secretary General Koichi Kato once said something to the effect that "unless these three countries have friendly relations, there can be no stability in Asia." Ichiro Ozawa also asserted three years ago, when he was DPJ president, that "the Japan-U.S.-China relationship should be an equilateral triangle." However, a foreign affairs commentator well-versed in Japan-U.S. relations asked: "Is it possible to put the U.S., which is obliged by law to shed blood for the sake of Japan, and China on an equal footing?" The commentator expressed strong skepticism about the equilateral triangle theory. The problem is although Hatoyama will maintain the Japan-U.S. alliance, he keeps the substance of what he calls an "equal relationship" nebulous, while groping for ways to strengthen relations with China and other countries and to come up with a multilateral security framework. This thinking is shared by Hatoyama's advisers. A source connected to Japan-U.S. relations asks: "While they talk about an equal relationship, will they pay for half of the cost of building aircraft carriers and their maintenance?" "We have never heard how they intend to make the relationship equal." TOKYO 00001405 011.2 OF 026 At a meeting with President Lee Myung Bak on June 5 during his visit to the ROK, Hatoyama noted that, "Japan looks only at the U.S. in foreign affairs" and proposed an East Asia Community. Although he added that, "We will include the U.S. if necessary," the president did not answer him directly. After the meeting, Hatoyama told reporters at a news conference: "It is probably better to call it Asia-Pacific Community," which showed that he had not developed an overall picture of the concept. In the constitutional revision proposals he once drafted, Hatoyama talked about "transfer of sovereignty," which was a proposal to entrust the command of the SDF to an international organization. Thirteen years ago, he wrote in the monthly magazine Bungeishunju that "with regard to the spirit of fraternity, ....I would like to find the answer through 'self-reliance and coexistence as citizens of the earth'." It seems that he remains as incomprehensible and nebulous as ever today. How can Japan's security be protected under an equal Japan-U.S. relationship? Without a concrete explanation, the people cannot have peace of mind. (7) Noticeable wavering on Northern Territories issue - Part six of series "Risky 'Fraternal' Foreign Policy" SANKEI (Page 3) (Abridged) The stylish Western-style mansion of the late Prime Minister Ichiro Hatoyama, commonly called the "Otowa Goten," stands in a corner of Otowa in the Bunkyo Ward of Tokyo. A bronze statue looking at the sky is erected in the courtyard. This is a bronze statue of Ichiro Hatoyama given as a present by Russia. At a symposium commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Japan-Soviet joint communiqu in Moscow in October 2006, Mayor Alexander Losyukov of Moscow told Yukio Hatoyama, grandson of Ichiro who attended the symposium, about the presentation of Ichiro's bronze statue for his "contribution to the development of Japan-Russia relations." At that time, Yukio, who was secretary general of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), smiled and expressed his gratitude: "I would like to carry out my grandfather's wishes and contribute to the development of Japan-Russia relations. We will treasure this statue at my grandfather's residence." Pinning hopes on the Hatoyama clan "The Hatoyama clan is the symbol of the development of Japan-Russia relations." Ichiro was one of the founders of the Japan-Soviet Association and he remained the chairman until the end. Yukio is the president of the Japan-Russia Association, an organization for Japan-Russia cultural exchanges that succeeded the Japan-Soviet Association. Yukio's eldest son is also teaching at the state-run Moscow University, while learning Russian there. Behind Russia's warm looks from Ichiro to his clan is the idea of returning only two islands (among the four Northern Islands). TOKYO 00001405 012.2 OF 026 For Premier Vladimir Putin and the Russian leaders, the Japan-Soviet joint communiqu which provides for the return of Habomai and Shikotan after the conclusion of a peace treaty is the "only agreement" recognized as a solution to the territorial dispute between Japan and Russia. It appears that if only to resolve the Northern Territories issue by returning two, not four islands, Russia wants to compliment Ichiro, who was instrumental for the joint communiqu, and his family. There are concerns about Yukio's response to the Northern Territories issue. Return of land acceptable to the other party The unveiling of Ichiro's statue took place in February 2007 in the presence of (then) Russian Premier Mikhail Fradkov, who was then visiting Japan. Yukio reportedly told him: "We, the grandsons should work seriously once again to resolve the Northern Territories issue. This issue cannot be resolved in a thousand years if we insist on the simultaneous return of the four islands." Yukio himself talked about this unveiling ceremony in his e-magazine. Shortly before that, (then) Foreign Minister Taro Aso had proposed the return of half of the land area of the four islands at the House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee. Yukio touched on this, and gave these comments: "Foreign Minister Aso has made flexible remarks on this. The problem with the territorial issue is as soon as anyone says anything flexible, he is immediately treated as a traitor." He argued that, "To realize the return, this has to be acceptable to the other party." At the above-mentioned symposium in Moscow four months ago, Yukio had told reporters that: "The four northern islands are an inherent part of Japanese territory. It is important to resolve this issue first before signing a peace treaty." It would appear that he changed his position on the return of the four islands some time after the symposium, but he changed again. Former Vice Foreign Minister Shotaro Yachi came under fire for talking about the return of "3.5 islands" in an interview with Mainichi Shimbun. Yukio stated in his e-magazine in April that, "I have consistently asserted that giving up sovereignty on the four islands will not resolve the problem" and "If Japan shows signs of compromise from the beginning, it will find itself in an increasingly disadvantageous position in the negotiations." When Yukio ran in the DPJ presidential election in May, he expressed the intention to "resolve the Northern Territories issue if possible." Journalist Yoshiko Sakurai warned in the July issue of Seiron that, "Any wavering in conviction or view of the state will be taken advantage of by political enemies or foreign countries." It seems that this Yukio is regarded by Russia as "easy to manipulate." (informed source) His "fraternal" foreign policy is being put to test on whether it can overcome its riskiness and realize national interest. TOKYO 00001405 013.2 OF 026 (8) 18 DPJ junior, mid-ranking members expected to support "a Hatoyama government" FORESIGHT (Page 92, 93) (Slightly abridged) July, 2009 The chance of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) taking over political power is increasing. According to public opinion polls by various press companies, the DPJ is highly likely to become the leading party in the next House of Representatives election. It might be even possible for the party to win a sole majority. Appearing on TV or newspapers as DPJ representatives are only President Yukio Hatoyama, 62, and members who once served as party president, such as deputy secretaries general Ichiro Ozawa, 67, and Naoto Kan, 62, and Secretary General Katsuya Okada. Accordingly, the party, which is now expected to seize power, has failed to give a fresh image. However, it is said that the party has more promising junior or mid-ranking officials than the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). This article introduces 18 promising party members and forecast who are expected to assume key posts in a Hatoyama administration. Four members - Seiji Maehara, 47, Yoshihiko Noda, 52, Yukio Edano, 45, and Koichiro Genba, 45 - can be cited as major members who are expected to assume ministerial posts or key posts in the party or the Diet under a Hatoyama administration. The four were elected in the Lower House election in 1993 for the first time. They all supported the Morihiro Hosokawa administration when they were still first-time-elected Diet members at that time. Although Maehara served as president, he is still only 47 years old. He is well versed in diplomatic and security policies and is also known as a train nut. Observers anticipate he would assume the post of foreign minister or defense minister, but some party members voice concern about a possible overdrive by the extreme hard-liner. Maehara heads a group calling itself "Ryoun-kai." The group is composed of about 25 members, many of whom are junior members critical of former President Ozawa. Noda chairs a group of lawmakers called "Kaseikai" composed of some 20 members. He is one of the first students who graduated from the Matsushita Institute of Government and Management, so he is like an elder brother for the DPJ lawmakers who graduated from that institute. He is an expert on fiscal, education and other policies. Serving as Diet Affairs Committee chairman twice, he has established personnel networks in other political parties. Because he expressed his willingness to run in the party presidential election in August of last year but decided to pull out of the race, his reputation was downgraded. Close aides to him, such as former Policy Research Council chairman Takeaki Matsumoto and Lower House member Sumio Mabushi has also distanced himself from him. He is now making efforts to regain support of his party as a future candidate for the premiership. Genba has played the role of offering support from behind, serving as Election Strategy Committee chairman and other key posts in the party, so he is relatively unknown, compared with Maehara and Noda. TOKYO 00001405 014.2 OF 026 In the May party presidential election, however, he supported Okada and energetically moved to win over a majority of votes. Despite his soft looks, he has unexpectedly proved to be a tough negotiator. His support for the Okada camp in the presidential race is to show his anti-Ozawa stance. The focus of attention is on how this stance will affect his future political activities. Edano used to be a lawyer. Some party members see him as a lone-wolf politician and as having little personal magnetism. But blessed with his good debate capability, he puts on a sharp performance in questioning in Budget Committee meetings and in Diet debates. He often appears on TV discussion programs. He is viewed as a typical opposition party member good at attacking, rather than defending. The four members all backed Okada in the latest presidential election. How will Hatoyama treat these hopes in the defeated group in the presidential election in establishing a whole-party structure? His skills will be tested. Shinji Tarutoko, 49, can be cited as another promising member in the same generation as Maehara and Noda. Tarutoko was defeated in the Lower House election in 2005, but there are still devotees of him among junior party members. In the presidential race, he supported Hatoyama. If he comes up to the capital with a Diet member's badge after a lapse of four years, a key post is expected to go to Tarutoko. Policy Research Council Deputy Chairman Akira Nagatsuma, 49, is at the front in the second group, following the listed five lawmakers. His name was widely known as he grilled bureaucrats over the pension record-keeping fiasco. He says he is trying to pose questions in simple language. He ranks high on the list of politicians picked for the premiership in opinion polls, although he has been elected to the Lower House only three times. Some observers anticipate he might be appointed as state minister for pension issues or minister of health, labor and welfare. But it is to be noted how Nagatsuma, who has criticized the bureaucracy from the outside of the government, would be able to reform the bureaucracy from the inside of the government. Takeaki Matsumoto, 50, is a son of Jushiro Matsumoto, who once served as Defense Agency director general. He comes of a distinguished family linked to Hirobumi Ito, a famous Japanese politician in the Meiji Period. Because he used to be a banker, he is well versed in financial and fiscal policy. Sumio Mabuchi, 48, raised his profile since he sharply attacked the government over the false quake-resistance data scandal. He is also expert on such issues as highway construction and civil service reform. Before taking the floor as a questioner, he reportedly confines himself in the Diet members' office building for scores of hours to examine related materials. Goshi Hosono, 37, was widely known across the nation after a weekly magazine reported on his having had an affair with a female announcer. Before the report was made, he had been cutting a prominent figure among junior DPJ members. A party member once said that he in his 30s could become the youngest prime minister. Hosono has exposed waste-spending cases one after another in the Diet, based on his own investigation. In the past several elections, he TOKYO 00001405 015 OF 026 ran in a constituency in Shizuoka, a district unrelated to him, and fortunately won a victory. His stance is close to that of Maehara, who was his senior at the Law Faculty of Kyoto University. House of Councillors member Koji Matsui, 49, came from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. He was regarded as one of the most superior officials among those who joined the ministry in 1983. He served as Cabinet Secretariat deputy counsellor. Working at the Prime Minister's Official Residence is a very valuable experience for an opposition party member. Some point out his inclination toward bureaucrats to some extent, but he is knowledgeable about all round policy. Policy Research Council Deputy Chairman Tetsuro Fukuyama, 47, is an Upper House member elected in Kyoto, the same as Matsui. He has also increased his voice in the party. Lower House member Seiji Osaka, 50, is a first-term member but is also a hot stock. When he was serving as Niseko mayor in Hokkaido, he formulated a basic ordinance on town development and won fame as a go-ahead head. Since Hatoyama has put forth such policies as decentralization and local autonomy, he is expected to play an active role. Upper House member Renho, 41, used to be a newscaster idolized by the young and then entered the political world. Given that she is a mother of two children, she may assume a key post for declining birthrate and gender equality, like Yuko Obuchi of the Liberal Democratic Party. Sakihito Ozawa, 55, Yorihisa Matsuno, 48, and Hirofumi Hirano, 60, are cited as representative aides to Hatoyama. Ozawa used to work for a bank and a policy group. He is expected to be in charge of work to reflect Hatoyama's "fraternity" principle in concrete policies. Matsuno has been long responsible for negotiations between the ruling and opposition parties in meeting of the Steering Committee and the Budget Committee. Some say that he has recently taken after his father, Raizo Matsuno, who was known as a person skilled in secret maneuvers in the political community. Hirano served as deputy secretary general and Diet Affairs Committee deputy chairman for many years. At present, he plays the role of secretary to Hatoyama as executive office head. When party lawmakers involved in scandals, he is asked to conduct an investigation or take steps in many cases. Given this, he is often regarded as the party's crisis-management supervisor. It is favorable for Hatoyama to have the three aides with different strong areas - policymaking, Diet administration, and party management. But some members point out that their relationships are not necessarily in good shape. If the three aides try to struggle for the top post, a Hatoyama administration would be shaken. Katsumasa Suzuki, 65, and Kenko Matsuki, 50, are cited lastly. Suzuki plays the rule of coordinating views in Isshinkai, a group of Ozawa that includes many junior members. Matsuki has traveled around in the nation as Ozawa's messenger. Even if a Hatoyama administration is launched, Ozawa is expected to devote himself to TOKYO 00001405 016 OF 026 election strategy without joining his cabinet. It therefore is conceivable that either of Suzuki or Matsuki could enter the Prime Minister's Office, assuming such posts as deputy chief cabinet secretary, and play a liaison role. (9) Consul General-designate to Okinawa says "no need to revise" SOFA OKINAWA TIMES (Page 2) (Full) June 21, 2009 Raymond Greene, consul general-designate to Okinawa who will be taking up his post in August, gave an interview to Okinawa Times on June 17, expressing his views on base issues in Okinawa. (Interviewer: Shogo Nishie) -- What about relocation of Futenma Air Station to a site further offshore. Greene: The existing plan is proceeding smoothly between Japan and the U.S. The location of the runways was proposed by Japan originally. During the negotiation process, we researched the environment, operations, noise, and all other issues and came up with the final plan. We want to implement the plan as soon as possible. -- What if there is a demand to move the facility further offshore based on "rational reasons"? Greene: We are not considering any revisions at all. The Japanese side has also made clear a similar position. The preparatory document for environmental assessment also says the government's plan is the best option. -- The Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) is asserting that if it takes over the administration, it will seek to relocate Futenma out of Okinawa or Japan. Greene: We have no plans to review the U.S. Forces Japan (USFJ) realignment package, and we are not prepared to discuss this at all. What is important in the challenging security environment in East Asia today is to implement the realignment package as soon as possible. -- What is the outlook of USFJ realignment? Greene: An important question is where to move the functions of the bases south of Kadena Air Base. We will proceed carefully, but this will definitely be realized. The return of base land south of Kadena will be an opportunity for Okinawa's future. -- How about the possibility of deploying Ospreys in the Futenma replacement facility? Greene: The U.S. government has no concrete plans on this yet. We inform the Japanese government in advance when we deploy new capabilities, but the process for the Ospreys has not begun. --- What happens if the cost of relocating the Marines to Guam turns out to be higher than originally estimated? TOKYO 00001405 017 OF 026 Greene: The two-plus-two agreement of 2006 clearly spells out Japan's share in the cost. This will not exceed the upper limit. The U.S. side will shoulder the additional cost if the original estimate is exceeded. --- How about the announcement of a master plan for the return of bases south of Kadena? Greene: We will discuss carefully with Japan and make an announcement as soon as possible. (The size of land to be returned on Camp Zukeran) is still being coordinated. --- On the revision of the Japan-US Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA). Greene: Improvement of operations is more effective, and this is the consensus between the two countries. We do not see any need for revising the SOFA. --- Nuclear-powered submarines are visiting the White Beach more frequently. Greene: This is also due to North Korea's provocative actions and the rise of China, Russia, and India. Maintaining the strategic balance is an important goal for Japan and the U.S. White Beach will be of increasing importance. (10) New argument in Japan on the United States (Part A): Japan offers apology 68 years after Bataan Death March that claimed lives of 800 American POWs; First step to discussions on historical views triggered by wartime sex slavery resolution MAINICHI (Top play and page 3) (Abridged slightly) June 22, 2009 On May 30, U.S. Ambassador to Japan Ichiro Fujisaki, attending the convention of an organization of former prisoners of war (POW), offered the Japanese government's apology for the first time for the Bataan Death March. The Bataan Death March is an incident that occurred in 1942 during WWII in which the Imperial Japanese Army forced over 10,000 people, including American POWs, walk for more than 100 km on the Philippines' Bataan Peninsula, and some 800 people died as a result. Since the history textbook issue of late 1990s, discussions have been going on in Japan over the meaning of the last major war and the question of wartime responsibility. But the issue of historical views between Japan and the United States has effectively been sealed off. What does the apology 68 years after the incident signify? The convention of the American Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor (ADBC), which sought Japan's apology, took place in San Antonio, Texas. The organization disbanded itself that day, citing the advanced ages of its members. At the convention, Fujisaki said: "The government of Japan would like to extend a heartfelt apology for having caused tremendous damage and suffering to many people, including prisoners of war, those who have undergone tragic experiences on the Bataan Peninsula, Corregidor Island (where the U.S. military command was located) and other places." Fujisaki's words elicited a standing ovation from TOKYO 00001405 018 OF 026 about half of the 400 attendees. At the convention hall, Fujisaki also said: "The basic view expressed (by me) today was within the framework of the statement issued in 1995 by then Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama. But I think Japan responded clearly to the interest of former POWs. I was glad that I was able to attend the ADBC's last convention." ADBC National Commander Lester Tenney met with Fujisaki for the first time last November. Since receiving letters of apology last December and this February, Tenney had repeatedly called for Fujisaki's attendance at the convention to make a direct apology to the ADBC members. Listening to Fujisaki's candid statement, Tenney nodded his head in approval, thinking, "The chapter has now come to an end." The question of historical views between Japan and United States had long been a taboo. The taboo was shattered in July 2007 when the U.S. House of Representatives adopted a resolution seeking Japan's apology for having forced foreign women to serve as sexual slaves for the Imperial Japanese Army during WWII. The Japanese government tried to block it and conservative opinion leaders and lawmakers fiercely objected to it. The event exposed gaps in view between the two countries. It sent especially strong shockwaves through the Foreign Ministry. "Japan's postwar pacifism is not sufficiently understood by the American public. If there are calls in the United States for Japan's apology, the government should respond to them as much as possible," a senior Foreign Ministry official noted. Chuo University law professor Yozo Yokota took this view: "The handling of POWs could be a violation of international law. But if the United States tries to pursue Japan, arguments would emerge from Japan that the dropping of atomic bombs and air raids were also illicit. I believe there has been a tacit understanding between Japan and the United States to avoid subjects that could harm the bilateral security alliance." The question of wartime responsibility has been put on the backburner throughout the postwar period for the sake of strengthening the Japan-U.S. alliance. But the question still haunts the two countries which will celebrate (next year) the 50th anniversary of the conclusion of the revised U.S.-Japan Security Treaty. In the postwar period, the argument has gained ground in Japan that the country was forced to accept the masochistic historical view under the American Occupation. At the same time, Japan tends to direct its criticism to China, South Korea, and North Korea instead of frontally discussing the United States on which Japan heavily relies for its national security. With an increase in the use of sensational language in conservative magazines, the monthly magazine Shokun suspended its publication in May. Reportedly the reason was partly because even though its basic line was conservative the magazine's stance of carrying a wide range of arguments, including counterarguments, showed that it could no longer resist the trend. (11) Poll on Aso cabinet, political parties YOMIURI (Page 8) (Full) TOKYO 00001405 019 OF 026 Questions & Answers Q: Do you support the Aso cabinet? Yes 22.9 Q: What form of government would you like to see after the next election for the House of Representatives? LDP-led coalition government 12.3 LDP-DPJ grand coalition government 22.6 Government under new framework after political realignment 31.3 O/A 0.0 Polling methodology: The survey was conducted June 13-14 across the nation on a computer-aided random digit dialing (RDD) basis. Households with one or more eligible voters totaled 1,760. Valid answers were obtained from 1,122 persons (63.8 PERCENT ). (Note) In some cases, the total percentage does not add up to 100 PERCENT due to rounding. (12) Poll: Aso cabinet, political parties ASAHI (Page 4) (Abridged) (Figures shown in percentage, rounded off. Bracketed figures denote proportions to all respondents. Figures in parentheses denote the results of the last survey conducted May 16-17.) Q: Do you support the Aso cabinet? Yes 19 (27) Q: Which political party do you support now? Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) 22 (25) Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ or Minshuto) 29 (26) New Komeito (NK) 3 (4) Japanese Communist Party (JCP) 2 (3) Social Democratic Party (SDP or Shaminto) 1 (1) People's New Party (PNP or Kokumin Shinto) 0 (0) Reform Club (RC or Kaikaku Kurabu) 0 (0) TOKYO 00001405 021 OF 026 New Party Nippon (NPN or Shinto Nippon) 0 (0) Other political parties 0 (0) None 37 (33) No answer (N/A) + don't know (D/K) 6 (8) Q: If you were to vote now in a general election for the House of Representatives, which political party would you vote for in your proportional representation bloc? Q: Who do you think is more appropriate for prime minister, Prime Minister Aso or DPJ President Hatoyama? Mr. Aso 24 (29) Q: When comparing Mr. Aso and Mr. Hatoyama, who do you think has more leadership as a politician? Mr. Aso 23 Q: Who do you think is closer to the popular sentiment? Mr. Aso 16 Q: Do you appreciate the Aso cabinet's economic policy measures? Yes 26 Q: The government announced plans to cut 15 PERCENT in Japan's greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. The business community had insisted on more moderate plans and the environment minister had called for even stricter plans. But the government took a happy medium. What do you think about the government-set goal? Appropriate 49 (T = total; P = previous; M = male; F = female) Q: Do you support the Aso cabinet? T P M F Yes 19 (24) 19 19 No 60 (58) 64 56 Not interested 20 (18) 16 24 Q: (Only for those who answered "yes" to the above question) Why? T P M F Because the prime minister is from the Liberal Democratic Party 42 (35) 35 49 Because something can be expected of the prime minister's leadership 11 (8) 8 14 Because there's something familiar about the prime minister 22 (21) 24 20 Because something can be expected of the prime minister's policy measures 19 (29) 28 12 Q: (Only for those who answered "no" to the above question) Why? T P M F Because the prime minister is from the Liberal Democratic Party 8 (9) 9 7 Because nothing can be expected of the prime minister's leadership 39 (26) 41 36 Because there's something imprudent about the prime minister 17 (19) 15 18 Because nothing can be expected of the prime minister's policy measures 35 (45) 35 36 Q: Which political party do you support? T P M F Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) 20 (23) 18 22 Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ or Minshuto) 34 (30) 41 27 New Komeito (NK) 4 (3) 3 4 Japanese Communist Party (JCP) 4 (3) 5 4 Social Democratic Party (SDP or Shaminto) 1 (1) 1 1 People's New Party (PNP or Kokumin Shinto) 0 (0) 1 -- Reform Club (RC or Kaikaku Kurabu) -- (--) -- -- New Party Nippon (NPN or Shinto Nippon) -- (0) -- -- Other political parties 1 (2) 2 1 None 32 (37) 28 35 Q: Do you have expectations for DPJ President Hatoyama? T P M F Yes 46 (49) 53 39 TOKYO 00001405 023 OF 026 No 47 (49) 43 51 Q: Who do you think is more appropriate for prime minister, Prime Minister Aso or DPJ President Hatoyama? T P M F Prime Minister Aso 15 (21) 15 15 DPJ President Hatoyama 32 (34) 40 25 Neither 46 (42) 41 51 Q: Which party, the LDP or the DPJ, would you like to see win in the next election for the House of Representatives? T P M F LDP 27 (29) 25 30 DPJ 53 (56) 61 47 Other political parties 12 (11) 9 14 (Note) Figures shown in percentage, rounded off. "0" indicates that the figure was below 0.5 PERCENT . "--" denotes that no respondents answered. "No answer" omitted. Figures in parentheses denote the results of the last survey conducted May 16-17. Polling methodology: The survey was conducted June 13-14 over the telephone across the nation on a computer-aided random digit sampling (RDS) basis. A total of 1,653 households with one or more eligible voters were sampled. Answers were obtained from 1,096 persons (66 PERCENT ). (14) Poll on Aso cabinet, political parties, DPJ's leadership change TOKYO SHIMBUN (Page 2) (Abridged) June 16, 2009 (Figures shown in percentage. Parentheses denote the results of the last survey conducted May 16-17.) Q: Do you support the Aso cabinet? Yes 17.5 (26.2) Don't know (D/K) + no answer (N/A) 11.9 (13.6) Q: (Only for those who answered "yes" to the previous question) What's the primary reason for your approval of the Aso cabinet? Pick only one from among those listed below. The prime minister is trustworthy 20.4 (7.1) Because it's a coalition cabinet of the Liberal Democratic Party and the New Komeito 9.5 (10.9) The prime minister has leadership ability 3.6 (1.9) Something can be expected of its economic policies 11.3 (16.3) Something can be expected of its foreign policies 6.4 (3.1) Something can be expected of its political reforms 0.4 (2.5) Something can be expected of its tax reforms 0.5 (1.8) Something can be expected of its administrative reforms 0.9 (4.1) There's no other appropriate person (for prime minister) 44.3 (50.3) TOKYO 00001405 024 OF 026 D/K+N/A 2.1 (2.0) Q: (Only for those who answered "no" to the first question) What's the primary reason for your disapproval of the Aso cabinet? Pick only one from among those listed below. The prime minister is untrustworthy 13.9 (14.7) Because it's a coalition cabinet of the Liberal Democratic Party and the New Komeito 7.8 (6.7) The prime minister lacks leadership ability 23.0 (13.5) Nothing can be expected of its economic policies 18.8 (29.8) Nothing can be expected of its foreign policies 0.7 (2.0) Nothing can be expected of its political reforms 10.8 (10.8) Nothing can be expected of its tax reforms 5.6 (2.8) Nothing can be expected of its administrative reforms 5.9 (8.7) Don't like the prime minister's personal character 12.0 (9.1) O/A 0.4 (0.2) Q: Prime Minister Aso has announced plans to cut 15 PERCENT in Japan's greenhouse gas emissions from 2005 levels to cope with global warming. The government estimates each household's burden increase at 76,000 yen per year in order for Japan to attain this goal. What do you think about this goal? Too high 57.6 Q: Would you like the present LDP-led coalition government to continue, or would you like it to be replaced with a DPJ-led coalition government, or would you otherwise like a new framework of political parties to form a coalition government? LDP-led coalition government 14.9 (18.7) DPJ-led coalition government 35.9 (31.2) LDP-DPJ grand coalition 14.7 (18.9) New framework under political realignment 28.0 (24.3) D/K+N/A 6.5 (6.9) Q: Which political party are you going to vote for in the next House of Representatives election in your proportional representation bloc? Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) 18.7 (25.8) Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ or Minshuto) 47.8 (37.3) New Komeito (NK) 2.7 (4.0) Japanese Communist Party (JCP) 3.2 (4.1) Social Democratic Party (SDP or Shaminto) 1.8 (1.0) People's New Party (PNP or Kokumin Shinto) 1.6 (1.5) Reform Club (RC or Kaikaku Kurabu) --- (0.1) New Party Nippon (NPN or Shinto Nippon) 0.2 (0.1) Other political parties, groups 0.2 (---) D/K+N/A 23.8 (26.1) Q: When comparing Prime Minister Aso and DPJ President Hatoyama, which one do you think is more appropriate for prime minister? Taro Aso 21.5 (32.0) TOKYO 00001405 025 OF 026 Q: Which political party do you support? Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) 19.8 (25.2) Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ or Minshuto) 38.5 (30.0) New Komeito (NK) 2.1 (4.2) Japanese Communist Party (JCP) 2.0 (3.4) Social Democratic Party (SDP or Shaminto) 1.8 (0.7) People's New Party (PNP or Kokumin Shinto) 0.5 (1.2) Reform Club (RC or Kaikaku Kurabu) 0.1 (---) New Party Nippon (NPN or Shinto Nippon) 0.1 (---) Other political parties, groups 0.3 (---) None 33.4 (33.8) Polling methodology: This survey was conducted across the nation on June 13-14 by Kyodo News Service on a computer-aided random digit dialing (RDD) basis. Among randomly generated telephone numbers, those actually for household use with one or more eligible voters totaled 1,473. Answers were obtained from 1,039 persons. (15) My opinion: Japan needs to speed up legislation banning possession of child pornography By Yoshihisa Togo, vice chairman of Japan Committee for UNICEF I think there are many people who are concerned about the antisocial nature of "child pornography," of which a huge volume spreads (to other countries) from Japan. Videos of child pornography are posted on websites as products of child abuse for adults as DVDs and hard discs, as well as file sharing programs for people who share the same interests. The abused victims suffer not only from temporary pain but also from the disgrace and anxiety that the videos might be seen by people close to them. Japan Committee for UNICEF has received the support of many people in urging the government since 1997 to establish a law to punish child pornography, prostitution, and human trafficking. Approved by the ruling and opposition parties, the existing Law for Punishing Acts Related to Child Prostitution and Child Pornography was enacted in 1999. Due to the technical advancement of the Internet in modern society, the reality, however, is that a huge amount of this antisocial information is spreading not only to Japan but also abroad. The reason why I use the word "spread" is because even if Japan tries to eliminate child pornography from other countries, if just one user decides to use file sharing software to distribute child pornography, the video will immediately be disseminated around the world. There was one case last year in which a list of child pornography was sent overseas and the list was downloaded about 250,000 times and spread all over the world. Therefore, Japan's huge volume of child pornography that is spread abroad will have a negative impact not only on countries that are delayed in coming up with preventive measures but also on countries that have laws banning child pornography. Japan should learn from the consensus of the world's leading industrialized countries that TOKYO 00001405 026 OF 026 in order to prevent child pornography from spreading through file sharing software, there is no other way but to prohibit possession of child pornography. In addition to a general declaration, the Group of Eight (G-8) justice and internal affairs ministerial in late May adopted a declaration on child pornography. The declaration stipulates that contrary to consensus, there are some countries that are slow to take legislative action because they do not sufficiently understand damage caused by child pornography. Although the declaration does not mention the names of the countries, it points out countries in which legal systems are insufficient. Incidentally, Japan and Russia are the only G-8 members that do not ban the possession of child pornography. I attended a sub-committee meeting of the World Congress 3rd against Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents held in Rio de Janeiro late last November. A summary statement the meeting adopted gives a special warning to the sexual exploitation of children using new Internet technologies. The statement recommends that each country should not delay preventing the legal implementation of other countries, and all countries should improve legal systems based on international standards. The statement also recommends that the intentional production, distribution, acquisition, and possession of virtual images (including comics and personal computer games) should be punished. Japan is now required to put into statutory form the ban on the possession of child pornography. We, the Japan Committee for UNICEF, and 23 prominent figures presented to the Diet an "emergency petition on child pornography" with 115,000 signatures calling for banning the possession of child pornography in particular. Based on the fact that a large number of signatures were collected in such a short period, it is clear where the will of the people lies. Although some are concerned about the stipulation based on the perspective of freedom of expression, Japan should realize that as a signatory of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child that there is no room for it to allow child pornography. I strongly hope that the law will be passed. ZUMWALT

i don't know

Honeycrisp, Ambrosia, Pippin, Gravenstein, and McIntosh are varieties of what?

Apple - Honeycrisp - tasting notes, identification, reviews (Use the form at the bottom to add your own comments about this variety) 09 Dec 2016  Robin,  MT, United States When was the last time you had an apple? Was it yesterday? The day before? Are you eating one right now? Because I am. This apple hasn't changed my life, but I feel like if my life needed a change, it would have. HoneyCrisp 4 life. 08 Sep 2016  Helen Godfrey,  WA, United States I have tried to grow two of these trees in my orchard, but they both died. 3 years ago I planted a bare root one into a large pot where it has thrived. It had 3 apples last year but they got ugly and pitted then rotted. This year there is ONE apple. I enclosed it in plastic sandwich bag to keep it clean and bug free-IT LOVES IT THERE!! It's huge and no bugs. Problem is I don't know the perfect time to pick it. It's beginning to change color and it will be in the 90's next week. I think I will open the bag and smell it. Any other ideas? 31 Jan 2016  Diane,  IA, United States I LOVE ? these Honeycrisp Apples. I started eating regular apples that my grocery store carried that we're already cut up. I came upon some Honeycrisp and that's when I was hooked on them. Don't thing I will eat another apples, but Honeycrisp. I eat 12 small apples a day at work and home. Does anyone know if this too many apples in a day? Is there any sodium in these, if so I will have to cut back. 04 Oct 2015  Mark u,  WI, United States I've never had a Golden Delicious that was "crunchy", so I don't know where they got that from. As for Honeycrisp, they're excellent. I consider them quite remarkable, as the flavor combined with the Granny Smith-like crunch is a quite remarkable combination. 21 Sep 2015  Carl On Cape Cod,  MASSACHUSETTS, United States Nothing wrong with honeycrisp, but hardly exceptional. Certainly a very pretty apple. Very crisp, crunchy indeed, but perhaps even a bit hard? Taste is clean, sweet, very mildly fragrant, but unremarkable. 30 Aug 2015  Anne,  MO, United States I remember exactly the road I was driving on when I had my first honey crisp apple experience. It was by far the best apple I had ever tasted in my 24 years. A co-worker of mine had recently discovered them at a produce market near her home and wanted me to try one. Fast forward 5 years and I introduced them to my husband. I have ruined all other apples for him. He will only eat honey crisp and they are currently not available in our area. I called around and they are expected within the next 2 weeks. I guess the kids and I will be eating gala until then! I shop with a local fruit vendor who tells me apples are stored for a year before they even get sold. I am interested to learn more about that process. 20 Aug 2015  Jan Hulita,  WISCONSIN, United States Several years ago we stopped at an apple orchard market and I spotted these apples that were kind of expensive. I thought I have to try these to see why. Well oh my, what an outstanding apple. Now our local orchard grows them and they are more reasonable. When we are out of honey crisp apples and I serve my DH an apple he says "this is not a honey crisp." Best apple ever. We were on a cruise and stopped in the port of Seattle. There is a big market there and I saw some honey crisp apples. Well I bought one and there was no comparison to the ones grown in the Midwest. A few more weeks I can go to our local orchard to get my honey crisp. Jan 11 Jun 2015  Petes,  WA, United States Best apple ever !! High price--but when picked appropriately (time) ...Juicy, crispy, lights flesh//Sweetness yo... 02 Apr 2015  Sydney b,  OHIO, USA, United States About 20 years ago I got some Honeycrisps that were grown in Michigan by a Mennonite family. They were hands down the most extrordinary apples I have ever tasted--intensely sweet and tangy, spicy, complex flavor; crisp and juicy. They were huge, bigger than grapefruit and tasty all the way to the core. I could only get them for a few weeks each summer and I looked forward to it eagerly! What a disappointment when the commercially grown apples labeled Honeycrisp came to market. Are they even the same variety? At best, the commercially grown specimens hint at the sublime, zesty flavor of gorgeous apples from the lovingly tended Michigan orchard, but they miss the mark by a wide gap. 28 Oct 2014  Scott,  MINNESOTA, United States The Honeycrisp apple is wonderful, if it is grown in the right climate. As someone who lives in Minnesota, the Honeycrisp that you get from an orchard are great. However, picking them up in a grocery store, they sometimes come from Washington or some other moderate climate. Make sure you are getting the good ones from Minnesota, Michigan or upstate New York. The apples from other areas are ok, but don't pay the premium price to pick them up. 20 Sep 2014  Ironwood County Books,  MN, United States We have our own honey crisp apple tree here in MN and it is our favorite "fresh eating" apple. However, we have tasted honey crisp from other parts of the U.S. and, as others have said, they are NOT that spectacular. The honey crisp was developed by the U of MN for cold climates. The tree needs a cold upper midwest winter to create a good-tasting apple. 13 Sep 2014  David l,  PA, United States My wife and I blind taste tested the two dozen varieties offered by the local farmer's market and Honeycrisp came out number one two years in a row. Sweet, crunchy, and a hint of tartness, make this the best apple I've tried yet. We also dried all the apples and once again, Honeycrisp came out on top in blind taste testing. Sadly it's the most expensive at the market, but worth it. 07 Sep 2014  Patricia Birch,  BC, Canada I'm growing my own - now 4 years old on M9. I find this apple disappointingly flavourless, though crisp and juicy. Other trees I have and prefer include Cox's Orange Pippin. I wonder if the problem is the mild coastal climate - would Honey Crisp be better in colder areas? 03 Aug 2014  Steven Ippoliti,  FL, United States This is my favorite apple by far. I was raised in Upstate NY, which is apple country. Many orchards with fresh apples. If you try this apple, be sure it is fresh. The normal supermarket apples can not do this apple justice. They are great for applesauce, eating, juicing, or baking. They are crisp and firm. If you got some that weren't, then you got it from a poor orchard, or chain supermarket crop. They are sweet and tart and juicy. hands down the best apple out there. 29 May 2014  Frank,  United States I don`t understand the negative comments.This apple makes the others seem bland and insignificant but each to his own. I have a small orchard and 6 Honeycrispt trees and they grow and produce every year just fine. The trees have more and stronger limbs than others. They may not grow as fast in height but grow outwards making them nice and bushy looking. Nothing but good to say about the fruit itself.Tastes great and stores well. It`s a 10 in my book. 15 May 2014  Jo Dane,  DE, United States good during a short season--they tend to be a bit watery. They are quite sweet but they don't seem to store well. Sometimes it's hit or miss for them depending on how watery they are. When they are good, they are GREAT. 04 Mar 2014  Mary,  IA, United States I think I need to try another one of these apples because I don't get the hype. The one I had literally tasted like sweetened perfume water. It was very crisp and juicy, but it wasn't very sweet, and not tart whatsoever. It was nothing like what I expected from an apple. It was more floral than fruity. Do they all taste like this? 16 Dec 2013  Tom,  TEXAS, US, United States Ok. I have some issues with this apple. Texture: yes it's crisp but it does not have the nice dense structure of say an arkansas black or a pink lady. Rather the honeycrisp seems to have a looser structure that makes it kind of watery. Flavor: is just OK. It's sweet, but it doesn't have that much tart. It doesn't have the complexity of flavor of some of the better apples. The pacific rose, for example, is also lacking in sour, but has an intense perfume that more than makes up for it. I have juiced the Honeycrisp and the juice just OK compared to the juice of a pink lady. 05 Dec 2013  Lilianna,  United States I think these are one of the best fruits for anyone and I'm not even fond of apples. I do highly recommend others that haven't tried one to pick one up at a local store. This apple is in my top ten favorite fruits. Honeycrisp is DELICIOUS!!!! Try it for yourself!! 19 Sep 2013  Nicole Galipeau,  QU&#233;BEC, Canada These are the best eating apples in the world! and they keep very well. 06 Sep 2013  Mimi,  ONTARIO, Canada We are in southeast Ontario. My favourite apple is Honeycrisp, and we planted a tree in our backyard 5 years ago. It started bearing fruit immediately the following summer. Early crops were decimated by worms(?) - not sure what kind, but they literally ate almost the whole fruit. Not wanting to spray I started bagging the fruit at the size of a quarter with nylons. I now get about 2 dozen good fruit per year from our tree. 29 Jun 2013  David l Mulvay,  FL, United States We usually pay $3.99 a pound for these apples but once you eaten them there is no other apple. I can not stand a mushy apple and I never found a mushy applecrisp mushy either. This variety surpasses every other variety of apples. 14 May 2013  Laura,  CA, United States I planted my tree 2 years ago and I will be getting apples this year. I am very excited. It's the slowest grower of all my trees but seems hardy. I haven't had any issues so far and have never treated it. Hope the apples are going to be as good as the best ones I've had. I have eaten Honey Crisp apples many times and unfortunately they are usually sub-par from the grocery store. But when you get them farm fresh they are absolutely wonderful. They are a sweet (but not too sweet) crunchy apple. I like to eat mine sliced and very cold with Myer Lemon juice. Its like apple lemonade and very refreshing. 07 May 2013  P. Seburn,  NW VA, United States Got my first and only apple off my 6 yr old Honeycrisp on M7 rootstock. Grown in our heavy clay loam, it was a spectacular specimen, 12oz. and bright red, very dense (unlike some of the store ones from WA, etc.). Still, not my favorite apple, but very good. Other "commercially" grown ones around here seem to get bitter pit and don't color well. Kind of a blotchy weak tree, but I think that's normal. 28 Apr 2013  Aubrey Sparkman,  TEXAS, United States Love the taste. Can I put this tree in Austin, TX? If so, can a Gala be the fertility partner? 01 Apr 2013  Margaret,  NEW MEXICO, United States I have allergy to this variety of apple.It happened twice.Started with itching in side the ears ,lips and mouth with difficulty swallowing.The allergy was relieved with Benadryl.I wonder what is causing it .I Just wanted to let you know for production improvement and research.I do not have allergy to any fruit.Iam a regular fruit eater.No allergy to any other variety of apple. 03 Mar 2013  [email protected],  WA, United States Washington resident currently, but grew up in northern Wisconsin & Minnesota. As a reasonably informed apple enthusiast might suspect, this means I've been exposed to _a lot_ of apple varieties. I'm a bachelor and too lazy to bake or cook myself, so eating apples have always been my thing. There are many, many great ones to choose from, Pacific Rose, Pink Lady, Gala, I could go ad nausea, but if I'm at a market and the prices are even remotely comparable, I'm going home with Honey Crisp every time. I can't recall ever having a disappointing one. 28 Jan 2013  Ray Belanger,  MA, United States My new favorite apple. Great fragrance and sweet taste. 17 Oct 2012  Kathy,  NY, United States Quickly became a favorite in my family - no one wants any other variety. Now we're the family with the best apples. High school and college kids who drop by devour them. Pricy but well worth it. Blends well when juiced with other fruits and vegetables. 30 Sep 2012  Darla,  MO, United States I am a devoted fan of the Honeycrisp apple. As an apple snob, I've since been ruined for all other varieties. While some will suffice, none bring the immense joy, exploding flavor and amazing sensory experience that the Honeycrisp delivers. 17 Feb 2012  Christina,  NEW YORK, United States Honey crisp is the best apple I have ever tasted in my life; it is so good that I even eat the core and only leave the seeds and the stem. It is so crispy that it takes a long time to eat, so by the time you are done you are full, and it is so juicy. It is perfect in every way; if it was a man, I would marry it. 15 Feb 2012  Jessica,  GEORGIA, United States A very sweet and crisp apple. Also a very attractive gold color with a pinkish red blush. 23 Jan 2012  Albany Apple Guy,  NY, United States This apple may have the best texture of any apple Ive come across, the flavor is not bad either. I will most certainly be planting some of these come spring. 12 Jan 2012  Aaron Curtis Graham,  ILLINOIS, United States This apple will convert anyone pomologically "on-the-fence"--growing up on a farm, I was never one to rave about apples--until now! One bite and I can say that I love, love, love you, HoneyCrisp! 04 Jan 2012  Jody Reyes,  CO, United States I have never been a big apple fan, because they all seem too tart to me, then I tasted a HoneyCrisp and now I am a big fan of this apple Yum-O. It is sweet, juicy and crisp the way an apple should be, just sorry they aren't in the stores longer. 31 Oct 2011  Cynthia Phillips,  IN, United States I haven't had an apple this good in a long long time. I'm struggling with being a diabetic and if I finish my meals with a Honey Crisp (and my friendly salt shaker) it takes care of my sweet tooth. Instead of snarfing down cake, candy or a cookie, I'm munching on an apple. Eating a Honey Crisp takes a while, by the time I'm done with the apple I realize I am full and don't have to eat more. I love them and they are so good for my diabetis! 23 Oct 2011  Allan Smith,  ILLINOIS, United States I am a displaced native Oregonian. The apples from Oregon and Washington have always been my favorite. Growing up with Gravensteins, and later Granny Smiths as my favorites, That was until I tasted my first Honeycrisp. Without a doubt the BEST apple I have ever tasted. It is my VERY FAVORITE!!! Every person I have introduced to the Honeycrisp apple feels the same way. Thank You Minnesota for putting the fun and excitement back in eating apples again!!! 19 Oct 2011  Kim O&#39;Connor,  FL, United States Hands down the best apple I've tasted. Crisp, firm, sweet with the lightest tang. I'm lucky they're not available throughout the year; I'd never eat a proper meal again. 23 Sep 2011  Matt,  WISCONSIN, United States Honeycrisp grown here in Wisconsin are a wonderful taste treat. If you like tart apples or balanced sweet/tart you may find them too sweet for your tastebuds. I like sweet apples and this is one of the best. Skip the grocer section and get these from a local orchard or farmer's market. They do have issues with calcium deficiency related problems - good to know if you plan to grow them in your yard. For fans of sweet apples, if you like Honeycrisp why not seek out a Sweet Sixteen apple as they are even a touch sweeter with unique aromatics. 21 Sep 2011  Lostindajungle,  United States Honey Crisp apples are hands down the best if you can get them fresh. Pink Ladies generally fare better in the grocery store, but here in the SE U.S. you can get them in season and they are amazing. 27 Mar 2011  Ken,  WISCONSIN, United States Honeycrisp flavor depends largely on soil and weather conditions. Washington grown Honeycrsip apples I've sampled have been blandly sweet and moderately crunchy while every Minnesota and Wisconsin apple I've had has been complex and distinctively crisp. The HC does tend towards calcium deficiency so foliar calcium may be needed for best results 14 Oct 2010  Jim Kinney,  NEW JERSEY, United States Our Ramsey, NJ fruit store (Steve's) get's my applause for bringing both Pink Lady and Honeycrisp apples to this North NJ area. Like many that have given up smoking, need better digestive health or just a pick me up during a late evening drive, Honey Crisp Apples are my top vote getter for their sweet, crisp and juicy taste. There are 100+ good reasons for putting any apple into one's grocery basket. 5 co-workers and I had quit smoking more than 5 years ago and shared the common 3 o'clock yearning to sneak a smoke. Lucky for all of us, my wife Ann had brought home some Pink Lady's from Steve's Grocery Store. I took a few to work, chilled and sliced them and then asked my smoker associates to join me at 2:30-3:00 for Sliced Apples and Tea/Coffee. It was fun and became a challenge for associates to bring other varieties and score them versus our top 3. Two years ago, I sampled Honey Crisp Apples and feel they are the best for my taste buds. Four out of Six of us, have made it through 5+ years, without going back to smoking. Apples certainly provide a wonderful sensory diversion during temptations to fall off the wagon. 14 Oct 2009  Niamh,  IRELAND, Ireland I just tried my first HoneyCrunch apple from Lidl the other day and I enjoyed them a lot. That's quite a big deal for an apple snob like me. Not my absolute favorite but definitely in my top 10. 30 Sep 2009  Kevin Hauser,  CALIFORNIA, United States Believe it or not Honeycrisp is outstanding when grown in the heat of Southern California. September was stinking hot- well over 100 degrees most of the month which fried the Queen Cox tree next to the Honeycrisp, but the Honeycrisp apples came through without a mark and are crisp, sweet, juicy, wonderful. It definately has lack of vigor in our climate and so a robust rootstock is recommended. 16 Feb 2009  Mark Kane,  IOWA, United States Very juicy, almost no acid, mild flavor at best, and less dense than most dessert apples, hence a yielding crispness, not a crackling crispness. Lacking tartness, it is too sweet for me. 12 Dec 2008  Marie,  MARYLAND, United States I LOVE HONEYCRISP APPLES!!! I have no idea why this article says the flavor isn't outstanding because these apples are just that. They have the perfect combination of sweetness and tart and I love how crispy they are as i despise a sandy, too sweet, no tart apple. 01 Dec 2008  Kathie,  LANGLEY, B.C., Canada Fantastic apple in season. Honeycrisp is full of fruit flavours. although it doesn't have all the 'honey' tones Golden Delicious sometimes has, it is more complex in flavour and more fully floral-fruity. Also more crisp!. Nice tart sweet balance. I must have gotten mine at the right of the year. It's now my favourite apple. 15 Nov 2008  Michael Landry,  LINCOLN, RI USA, United States Since I first came upon the apple 2 years ago, I always fell back on the earlier types. Since then, NOTHING CAN COMPARE. I usually buy apples at a farm stand, but since these are not available there, I buy them at a supermarket. Something I would never think of doing. I eat apples with a knife because I think you can better judge all the aspects of it. A crispness and crunch that cannot be compared with a flavor that's delightful. Sadly, only available for a short time in this area. Does anyone have any experience with cooking this apple?? 05 Nov 2008  Holly,  FAIRPORT, NY, United States Another great tasting apple. I like the sweeter varieties. 10 Oct 2008  Jim Mehle Sr.,  HIBB., ST. LOUIS, MN. 55746, United States 3 yrs ago I purchased 2 Honey Crisp trees from Northern Landscaping of Hibb., Mn. I have finally gotten 10 apples on one of the trees...no blossoms yet on the other tree. The one that has finally gotten some apples has produced large-sized red apples but the exterior of the skin has some dimples and when I cut one open a day ago, it had some brown streaks in it and some thin brown tunneled streaks. In cutting a second apple I encountered the same. Is this a desease or parasite, etc. that has attacked the apple? Is there a way to prevent this from happening again? Being that these were the first apples produced by this 6 foot tree, it has been mentioned that maybe the first growth should be eliminated. Please advise. Thank you. 27 Mar 2008  Melanie Minobe,  FORT WAYNE, IN, United States I have three favorite apples - Haralson, Honeycrisp, and Jazz. I like my apples crisp. I am originally from MN where both the Haralson (very tart) and Honeycrisp were developed. As with the Jazz, all are very good eating apples. Honeycrisp are very seasonal though and are best early in the apple season (early to mid fall). After mid-fall, their shelf life declines and subsequently their crispness. They are typically more expensive in grocery stores but can now be found early in the season at apple farms. The smaller ones are as good as the larger ones. 02 Mar 2008  Clay Whitney,  Canada Very sweet apple when heavily blushed. Crisp all season from Sept through Dec and enough juice to warrent wearing a bib. Good grower in West Coast Canada. 06 Feb 2008  Kitty Kacir,  KILLEEN, TX, United States Love this apple. This is the first year I've ever even seen it and tried it on a whim. It quickly became an obsession. They are not around in this area any longer (February) but I sure hope they come back next year!

Apple

Oct 1, 1924 was the birth of what former US President, winner of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize?

Types and names of Apple Trees, Species of the Malus Genus Apple Tree Names and Types, Species of Malus Picture of a Apple Tree Apple Tree in Blossom, by Sten Porse, Picture use (cc2) Apple tree flowers Malus domestica. Picture by Roger Griffith This page is an index to the different types and species of Apple tree of the Malus genus. The most used and well known apple tree is the Orchard Apple tree (Malus domestica). There are about 30 to 55 species of apple trees (depending on which type of botanical taxonomic classification method used), of which most are small flowering deciduous trees and some grow as shrubs. Species of the Malus genus are commonly known as crabapples, crab apples, crabs, or wild apples. Apple tree appearance, leaves and flowers; Apple trees are native to the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Most apple trees are 4 to 12 m (13 - 39 ft) tall at mature height, with a round crown. Most Apple leaves are 3 - 10 cm (1,3⁄16" - 3,15⁄16") long, alternate, simple, and have a serrated margin. Apple flowers are borne in corymbs, and have five petals each, which may be white, pink or red. Apple trees typically flower in the spring after 50 to 80 growing degree days (GDD), this will vary greatly according to species and cultivar. Apple tree fruit: The apple fruit is a globose pome, varying in size from 1 - 4 cm (0,25⁄64" - 1,37⁄64") diameter on most of the wild species, and up to 8 cm (3,5⁄32") on the cultivated Orchard apple (Malus domestica). The center of the fruit contains five carpels arranged like a star, each containing one or two seeds. Apple trees are all self-sterile, meaning self-pollination is impossible. This requires Apple trees to cross-pollinate between individuals with the help of insects such as bees. All Apple (Malus) species, hybridize naturally. Ornamental uses of apple trees; Crabapples are widely grown as ornamental trees, known for their beautiful flowers and or fruit, with many cultivars known for their resistance to disease. Other uses for apple trees; Some crabapples are used as rootstocks for Orchard apples to add beneficial characteristics, such as Siberian crab rootstock is used to give additional cold hardiness to the combined plant for orchard apples planted in cold northern areas. Crabapple trees are also used as pollenizers in apple orchards. Some varieties of crabapple are selected to bloom contemporaneously with the apple variety in the orchard, and the crabapple trees are planted every sixth or seventh tree in each row. The smoke from an apple wood fire is commonly used for smoking foods. Apple wood is a good choice for cooking fires because it burns hot and slow, without producing much flame. Facts about the Apple (Malus) Genus of Trees Genus Latin Scientific Name = Malus. Genus Latin Name Pronunciation: MAY-lus Genus Latin Name Meaning: Apple Genus Common Names = Apple. List of other Malus Vernacular Names Number of Taxa in the Malus Genus = 30 to 55 (cultivars are not included). List of apple cultivar names List of Apple Trees, Malus Genus - All known species, taxa types, organized by scientific Latin botanical name first and common names second List of Apple Tree Species Names Botanical Tree Name

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The FBI operates under what federal department?

FBI — Oversight of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Statement Before the House Judiciary Committee Washington, D.C. May 09, 2012 Good morning, Chairman Smith, Ranking Member Conyers, and members of the committee. Thank you for the opportunity to appear before the committee today and for your continued support of the men and women of the FBI. As you know, the Bureau has undergone unprecedented transformation in recent years. Since the attacks of September 11th, we have refocused our efforts to address and prevent emerging terrorist threats. The terrorist threat is more diverse than it was 10 years ago, but today, we in the FBI are better prepared to meet that threat. We still confront traditional espionage and work diligently to prevent foreign intelligence agents from gaining our nation’s political, military or economic secrets. We also face increasingly complex threats to our nation’s cyber security. Nation-state actors, sophisticated organized crime groups, and hackers for hire are stealing intelligence and national security data, as well as trade secrets and valuable research from America’s companies, universities, and government agencies. These cyber threats are also a risk for our nation’s critical infrastructure. Yet national security is not our only concern, as we remain committed to our criminal programs. In the economic arena, investment fraud, mortgage fraud, securities fraud and health care fraud have harmed the world’s financial system and victimized investors, homeowners, and taxpayers. And although crime rates may be down nationwide, gang violence still plagues many neighborhoods, and our communities continue to confront violent crime, crimes against children, and threats from transnational organized crime. As national security and criminal threats continue to evolve, so too must the FBI change to counter those threats. We must continue to use intelligence and investigative techniques to find and stop criminals and terrorists before they act. As we face greater challenges, we in the Bureau are relying on our law enforcement and private sector partners more than ever before. The FBI remains firmly committed to carrying out our mission while protecting the civil liberties of the citizens we serve. Counterterrorism Counterterrorism remains our top priority. In the past decade, al Qaeda has become decentralized, but the group remains committed to high-profile attacks against the West. We confirmed this with records seized from Osama bin Laden’s compound just over a year ago, as well as the recent conviction of an al Qaeda operative plotting to conduct coordinated suicide bombings in the New York City subway system. Al Qaeda affiliates and adherents, especially al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), currently represent the top counterterrorism threat to the nation. These groups have attempted several attacks in and on the United States, including the failed Christmas Day airline bombing in 2009, and the attempted bombing of U.S.-bound cargo planes in October of 2010. We also remain concerned about the threat from homegrown violent extremists. Over the last two years, we have seen increased activity among extremist individuals. These individuals have no typical profile; their experiences and motives are often distinct. But they are increasingly savvy and willing to act alone, which makes them difficult to find and to stop. For example, in February 2012, the FBI arrested Amine El Khalifi, a 29-year-old Moroccan immigrant, for allegedly attempting to detonate a bomb in a suicide attack on the U.S. Capitol. According to court documents, Khalifi believed he was conducting the terrorist attack on behalf of al Qaeda, although he was not directly affiliated with any group. Another example is the case of Rezwan Ferdaus, a 26-year-old U.S. citizen and graduate student residing in Ashland, Massachusetts. Last fall, Ferdaus allegedly planned to use unmanned, remote-controlled aircraft to attack locations in Washington, D.C., including the U.S. Capitol and the Pentagon. Ferdaus was influenced by radical websites advocating violent extremism, among other things, and had expressed admiration for al Qaeda’s leaders, but was not directly affiliated with any group. He had allegedly become extremist on his own, making his activities much more difficult to detect. Ferdaus is currently awaiting trial in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Much like every other multi-national organization, terrorist groups are using the Internet to grow their business and to connect with like-minded individuals. Al Qaeda uses online chat rooms and web sites to recruit and radicalize followers to commit acts of terrorism. AQAP has produced a full-color, English language online magazine. Cases such as these illustrate why we in the Intelligence Community must continue to enhance our intelligence capabilities and to share information to ensure that critical information gets to the right people—before any harm is done. The FISA Amendments Act (FAA), allows the intelligence community to collect vital information about international terrorists and other important targets overseas while providing a robust protection for the civil liberties and privacy of Americans. I join the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence in urging Congress to reauthorize this authority before it expires at the end of this year. The Bureau itself has established a Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Office within the National Security Branch (NSB) to improve our effectiveness in empowering our state, local, and community partners to assist in this effort. The duties and goals of this office include developing a better understanding of, and countering the threat of, violent extremism in the United States, strengthening community partnerships and providing to state and local officials and to community leaders unclassified briefings regarding the threat of extremism, addressing CVE-related operational and mission-support needs, including investigations, analysis, and training, and coordinating Bureau interests with regard to CVE matters with those of other agencies to ensure U.S. government efforts are aligned. Counterintelligence We still confront traditional espionage—spies working under diplomatic cover, or even posing as ordinary citizens. Today’s spies are also students, researchers, businesspeople, or operators of “front companies.” And they seek not only state secrets, but trade secrets, research and development, intellectual property, and insider information from the federal government, U.S. corporations, and American universities. Consider the recent case of Stewart David Nozette, a scientist who once worked for the Department of Energy, the Department of Defense, NASA, and the National Space Council. He was sentenced in March to 13 years in prison for attempted espionage, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and tax evasion after providing classified information to an undercover FBI agent whom he believed to be an Israeli intelligence officer. In another case, Hanjuan Jin, a former software engineer at Motorola, Inc., was found guilty in February on charges of stealing the company’s trade secrets. She was stopped by U.S. Customs officials in February 2007 at Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport with more than 1,000 electronic and paper proprietary documents from Motorola. She was attempting to travel on a one-way ticket to China. Authorities also recovered multiple classified Chinese military documents that described telecommunication projects for the Chinese military. In another case, 36-year DuPont employee, Tze Chao, pled guilty in March to providing trade secrets concerning DuPont’s proprietary titanium dioxide manufacturing process to companies controlled by the Chinese government. He admitted providing information he understood to be secret to DuPont and not available to the public. He faces up to 15 years in prison and a $500,000 fine plus restitution. These cases illustrate the growing scope of the “insider threat”—when employees use their legitimate access to steal secrets for the benefit of another company or country. Cyber The counterintelligence threat is quickly becoming cyber-based. So much sensitive data is stored on computer networks, our adversaries often find it as effective, or even more effective, to steal vital strategic and economic information through cyber intrusions, rather than through more traditional human spies. The cyber threat has evolved significantly over the past decade. Indeed, we anticipate that cyber security may become our highest priority in the future. Foreign cyber spies have become increasingly adept at exploiting weaknesses in our computer networks. Once inside, they can exfiltrate important government and military information, as well as valuable commercial data—information that can compromise national security as well as improve the competitive advantage of state-owned companies. Unlike state-sponsored intruders, hackers for profit do not seek information for political power; rather they seek information for sale to the highest bidder. Some of these once-isolated hackers have joined forces to create criminal syndicates. Organized crime in cyber space offers a higher profit with a lower probability of being identified and prosecuted. Additionally, hackers and hacktivist groups such as Anonymous and LulzSec are pioneering their own forms of digital anarchy. The end result of these developments is that we are losing data, money, ideas, and innovation. And as citizens, we are increasingly vulnerable to losing our personal information. We in the FBI have built up an expertise to address these threats, both here at home and abroad. We have approximately 70 cyber squads across our 56 field offices, with more than 1,000 specially trained agents, analysts, and forensic specialists. The FBI also has 63 legal attaché offices that cover the globe. Together with our international counterparts, we are sharing information and coordinating investigations. We have special agents embedded with police departments in Romania, Estonia, Ukraine, and the Netherlands, working to identify emerging trends and key players. Here at home, the National Cyber Investigative Joint Task Force brings together 20 law enforcement, military, and intelligence agencies to investigate current and predict future attacks. With our partners at DOD, DHS, CIA, and the NSA, we are targeting the cyber threats that face our nation. The task force operates through Threat Focus Cells—specialized groups of agents, officers, and analysts that are focused on particular threats, such as botnets. Together with our intelligence community and law enforcement agency partners, we are making progress toward defeating the threat—through our use of human sources, technical surveillance, and computer science. Last April, with our private sector and law enforcement partners, the FBI dismantled the Coreflood botnet. This botnet infected an estimated two million computers with malware that enabled hackers to seize control of the privately owned computers to steal personal and financial information. With court approval, the FBI seized domain names and re-routed the botnet to FBI-controlled servers. The servers directed the zombie computers to stop the Coreflood software, preventing potential harm to hundreds of thousands of users. In another case, last fall we worked with NASA’s Inspector General and our partners in Estonia, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands to shut down a criminal network operated by an Estonian company by the name of Rove Digital. The investigation, called Operation Ghost Click, targeted a ring of criminals who manipulated Internet “click” advertising. They redirected users from legitimate advertising sites to their own advertisements and generated more than $14 million in illegal fees. This “click” scheme impacted more than 100 countries and infected four million computers, half a million of which were here in the United States. We seized and disabled rogue servers, froze the defendants’ bank accounts, and replaced the rogue servers with legitimate ones to minimize service disruptions. With our Estonian partners, we arrested and charged six Estonian nationals for their participation in the scheme. Together with our partners at DHS and the National Cyber-Forensics Training Alliance, we are using intelligence to create an operational picture of the cyber threat to identify patterns and players, to link cases and criminals. We must continue to share information with our partners in law enforcement, in the intelligence community, and in the private sector. We also must segregate mission-centric data from routine information. We must incorporate layers of protection and layers of access to critical information. And when there is a compromise, we must limit the data that can be gleaned from it. Attribution is critical to determining whether an attack on a U.S. company is perpetrated by a state actor, an organized criminal group, or a teenage hacker down the block. We can use the ability to attribute an attack to a specific attacker to help deter future attacks. We cannot simply minimize vulnerabilities and deal with the consequences. Collectively, we can improve cyber security and lower costs with systems designed to catch threat actors, rather than simply to withstand them. Financial Crimes We have witnessed an increase in financial fraud in recent years, including mortgage fraud, health care fraud, and securities fraud. Mortgage Fraud The FBI and its partners continue to pinpoint the most egregious offenders of mortgage fraud. At the end of last year, the FBI had nearly 2,600 mortgage fraud investigations nationwide—and a majority, over 70 percent, of these cases included losses greater than $1 million. With the collapse of the housing market, we have seen an increase in schemes aimed at distressed homeowners, such as loan modification scams and phony foreclosure rescues. So-called “rescue services” claim they can expose errors by lenders that might allow owners to keep their homes. In reality, they are just a clever way to lure nervous consumers into giving up sensitive personal information and paying thousands of dollars in fees for false hopes. Indeed, in some cases, these criminals convince homeowners to sign away the deeds to their homes. Other criminals preyed on investors’ hopes of cashing in before the housing bubble burst. In March, 61-year-old Andrew Williams, Jr., of Hollywood, Florida, was sentenced to 150 years in prison for his role in a $78 million mortgage fraud scheme. Through the scheme, Williams promised to pay off homeowners’ mortgages in five to seven years following an initial investment of $55,000. Unfortunately for investors, this was no more than a Ponzi scheme. Those who paid the fee and joined the “Dream Homes Program” later found that there was no money left to fund their mortgage payments. The FBI has made mortgage fraud a top priority, because we recognize its negative impact on homeowners, neighborhoods, and our nation’s economy. Over the past four years, we have nearly tripled the number of special agents investigating mortgage fraud. Our agents and analysts are using intelligence, surveillance, computer analysis, and undercover operations to identify emerging trends and to find the key players behind large-scale mortgage fraud. We also work closely with the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Office of Inspector General, U.S. Postal Inspectors, the IRS, the FDIC, SIGTARP, the U.S. Trustee Program, the Federal Housing Finance Agency’s Office of Inspector General, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Secret Service, as well as with state and local law enforcement offices. Health Care Fraud Health care spending currently makes up about 18 percent of our nation’s total economy and continues to rise. These large amounts of money present an attractive target for criminals—so much so that we lose tens of billions of dollars each year to health care fraud. In February, the Medicare Fraud Strike Force—a partnership between the Department of Justice and the Department of Health and Human Services—broke up the largest alleged home health care fraud scheme ever committed. Dr. Jacques Roy, the owner of Medistat Group Associates in the Dallas area, was arrested along with several others for allegedly billing nearly $375 million in fraudulent Medicare and Medicaid claims for home health care services. Between January 2006 and November 2011, Medistat had more purported patients than any other medical practice in the United States—including more than 11,000 patients from more than 500 home health agencies. Since their inception in March 2007, Medicare Fraud Strike Force operations have charged more than 1,300 individuals who collectively have falsely billed the Medicare program for more than $4 billion. Recently, a nationwide takedown by Medicare Fraud Strike Force operations in seven cities resulted in charges against 107 individuals, including doctors, nurses and other licensed medical professionals, for their alleged participation in Medicare fraud schemes involving approximately $452 million in false billing. Health care fraud is not a victimless crime. Every person who pays for health care benefits, every business that pays higher insurance costs to cover their employees, and every taxpayer who funds Medicare, is a victim. As health care spending continues to rise, the FBI will use every tool we have to ensure our health care dollars are used to care for the sick—not to line the pockets of criminals. Corporate and Securities Fraud Another area where our investigations have increased substantially in recent years is in corporate and securities fraud. Since September 2008, we have seen a 49 percent increase in these cases to more than 2,600 today. One of our largest insider trading cases centered on the Galleon Group, a $7 billion hedge fund based in New York. Using evidence obtained through court-approved wiretaps, attorneys and corporate insiders at several Fortune 500 companies were convicted of leaking proprietary information. The owner of the Galleon Group was convicted of multiple counts of securities fraud and sentenced in October to 11 years in prison—the longest sentence ever for insider trading. And in March 2012, Allen Stanford, former chairman of the board of Stanford International Bank, was convicted on wire, mail and other fraud charges for orchestrating a $7 billion investment fraud scheme. As financial crimes such as these become more sophisticated, so too must the FBI. In addition to devoting more agents and analysts, we established a Forensic Accountant Program three years ago. Under this program we have hired nearly 250 forensic accountants who are trained to catch financial criminals. Three years ago, we also established the FBI’s Financial Intelligence Center to strengthen our financial intelligence collection and analysis. The center coordinates with FBI field offices to complement their resources and to identify emerging economic threats. In 2010, the FBI began embedding special agents at the SEC, which allows us to see tips about securities fraud as they come into the SEC’s complaint center. This, in turn, enables us to identify fraud trends more quickly and to push intelligence to our field offices so that they can begin criminal investigations where appropriate. Gangs/Violent Crime The most recent Uniform Crime Report (UCR) indicates violent crime continues to fall. However, for some cities and towns across the nation, violent crime—including gang activity—continues to pose a real problem. Gangs have become more sophisticated. They have expanded their operations from street violence and drug trafficking to alien smuggling, identity theft, and mortgage fraud. Our Violent Crime, Violent Gang/Safe Streets, and Safe Trails Task Forces target major groups operating as criminal enterprises – high-level groups engaged in patterns of racketeering. This allows us to identify senior leadership and to develop enterprise-based prosecutions. The FBI is also working to ensure crimes are being reported accurately. In collaboration with our state and local partners, the UCR program recently adopted a new, more inclusive definition of rape, which more accurately reflects current state laws defining the crime. This change will provide better data for our law enforcement partners in their efforts to respond to violent crimes. The Bureau is also beginning to look for ways to increase the accuracy and utility of the UCR more generally. These plans include collaborating within DOJ and the law enforcement community to increase the usage of the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) which is part of the UCR. Increased coverage of incident based reporting will lead to a more detailed and meaningful picture of crime in America. Transnational Organized Crime We also continue to confront organized crime. Crime syndicates run multi-national, multi-billion-dollar schemes—from human trafficking to health care fraud, and from computer intrusions to intellectual property theft. These sophisticated enterprises operate both overseas and in the United States, and include Russian, Asian, Italian, Balkan, Middle Eastern, and African syndicates as well as Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs. In the fall of 2010, an investigation by the FBI and its partners led to the indictment and arrest of more than 70 members and associates of an Armenian organized crime ring for their role in nearly $170 million in fraudulent Medicare billings. This case included more than 160 phony medical clinics. Some of the subjects opened bank accounts to receive Medicare funds and submitted applications to Medicare to become Medicare providers. The annual cost of transnational organized crime to the U.S. economy is estimated to be in the tens of billions of dollars. The effects of these schemes filter down to everyday Americans, who pay more for gas, health care, mortgages, clothes and food, not to mention the economic and social harm that such criminal activity costs our nation as a whole. But organized crime does more than just impact our economy. These groups have the potential to infiltrate our businesses, and provide support to hostile foreign powers. No one department, agency, or country can fight organized crime on its own—we must work with our partners to end this predatory environment. We will continue to use all of our investigative tools, intelligence from our sources, and the strength of our partnerships to stop organized crime in the United States. The FBI has squads dedicated to Eurasian Organized Crime investigations, including in New York, San Francisco, Miami, Philadelphia, Newark, and Chicago. Over the past decade, Asian criminal enterprises have evolved into transnational and decentralized networks that focus on low-risk and high-profit crimes. Chinese and Korean criminal networks across the United States obtain, sell, and use fraudulent U.S. identification documents to conduct a variety of financial crimes. The FBI is currently expanding its focus to include West African and Southeast Asian organized crime groups. The Bureau continues to share intelligence about criminal groups with our federal and international partners, and to combine resources and expertise to gain a full understanding of each group. In furtherance of these efforts, the FBI participates in the International Organized Crime Intelligence Operations Center. This center is responsible for coordinating the efforts of nine federal law enforcement agencies in combating non-drug transnational organized crime networks. The FBI is also enhancing its ability to address transnational criminal enterprises that operate along the Southwest Border and the Caribbean. We have developed hybrid squads to target these groups, which linked to U.S.-based gangs, cross-border drug trafficking, public corruption, money laundering, and violent crime. Crimes Against Children The FBI remains vigilant in its efforts to keep children safe and to find and stop child predators. Through our partnerships with state, local, tribal, and international law enforcement, we are able to investigate crimes that cross geographical and jurisdictional boundaries. We are also able to share intelligence, resources, and specialized skills to prevent child abductions. Through our Child Abduction Rapid Deployment Teams, the Innocence Lost National Initiative, the Office of Victim Assistance, and numerous community outreach programs, the FBI and its partners are working to make the world a safer place for our children. Last month we added accused child pornographer Eric Justin Toth to the FBI’s Ten Most Wanted Fugitive list. Toth, who also goes by the name David Bussone, is a former private-school teacher and camp counselor who taught here in Washington, D.C. He has been on the run since 2008, after an FBI investigation revealed pornographic images on a camera in his possession while at the D.C. private school. There is a reward of up to $100,000 for information leading directly to Toth’s arrest. Since its creation in 1950, the Top Ten list has been invaluable to the FBI, helping us to capture some of the nation’s most dangerous criminals. Of the 495 fugitives named to the list, 465 have been apprehended or located. That level of success would not have been possible without the strong support of the public, which has helped capture 153 of the Top Ten fugitives. Indian Country The FBI also maintains primary federal law enforcement authority to investigate felony crimes on more than 200 Indian reservations nationwide. Last year, the FBI handled approximately 2,900 Indian Country investigations. Sexual assault and child sexual assault are two of the FBI’s investigative priorities in Indian Country. Statistics indicate that American Indians and Alaska Natives suffer violent crime at greater rates than other Americans. Approximately 75 percent of all FBI Indian Country investigations concern homicide, crimes against children, or felony assaults. To address these threats, the FBI is deploying six new investigators to Indian Country as part of the Department of Justice’s broader effort to fight crime in tribal communities. The FBI continues to work with tribes through the Tribal Law & Order Act to help tribal governments better address the unique public safety challenges and disproportionately high rates of violence and victimization in tribal communities. The Act encourages the hiring of additional law enforcement officers for Indian lands, enhances tribal authority to prosecute and punish criminals, and provides the Bureau of Indian Affairs and tribal police officers with greater access to law enforcement databases. The gang threat on Indian reservations also poses a concern for the FBI. Currently, the FBI has 15 Safe Trails Task Forces focused on drugs, gangs, and violent crimes in Indian Country. In addition, the FBI continues its efforts to address the emerging threat from fraud and other white-collar crimes committed against tribal gaming facilities. Technology As criminal and terrorist threats become more diverse and dangerous, the role of technology becomes increasingly important to our efforts. We are using technology to improve the way we collect, analyze, and share information. In 2011, we debuted new technology for the FBI’s Next Generation Identification System, which enables us to process fingerprint transactions much faster and with increased accuracy. We are also integrating isolated data sets throughout the Bureau, so that we can search multiple databases more efficiently, and, in turn, pass along relevant information to our partners. Sentinel, the FBI’s new information and case management program, will replace the outdated Automated Case Support System. Sentinel is transforming the way the FBI does business by moving the Bureau from a primarily paper-based case management system to an electronic workflow-based management system of records. The system’s indexing ability will allow users to extract names, dates, vehicles, addresses, and other details, and to more efficiently share data with our law enforcement partners. We expect that Sentinel will be deployed to the field by the end of this fiscal year, encompass all of its original design concept functionality and come in at budget or below. Going Dark As technology advances, both at the FBI and throughout the nation, we must ensure that our ability to obtain communications pursuant to court order is not eroded. The increasingly mobile, complex, and varied nature of communication has created a growing challenge to our ability to conduct court-ordered electronic surveillance of criminals and terrorists. Many communications providers are not required to build or maintain intercept capabilities in their ever-changing networks. As a result, they are too often not equipped to respond to information sought pursuant to a lawful court order. Because of this gap between technology and the law, law enforcement is increasingly challenged in accessing the information it needs to protect public safety and the evidence it needs to bring criminals to justice. It is only by working together—within the law enforcement and intelligence communities, and with our private sector partners—that we will find a long-term solution to this growing problem. We must ensure that the laws by which we operate keep pace with new threats and new technology. Civil Liberties/Rule of Law Technology is one tool we use to stay one step ahead of those who would do us harm. Yet as we evolve and update our investigative techniques and use of technology to keep pace with today’s complex threat environment, we always act within the confines of the rule of law and the safeguards guaranteed by the Constitution. The world around us continues to change, but our values must never change. Every FBI employee takes an oath promising to uphold the rule of law and the United States Constitution. I emphasize that it is not enough to catch the criminal; we must do so while upholding civil rights. It is not enough to stop the terrorist; we must do so while maintaining civil liberties. It is not enough to prevent foreign nations from stealing our secrets; we must do so while upholding the rule of law. Following the rule of law and upholding civil liberties and civil rights—these are not our burdens. These are what make all of us safer and stronger. In the end, we will be judged not only by our ability to keep Americans safe from crime and terrorism, but also by whether we safeguard the liberties for which we are fighting and maintain the trust of the American people. Conclusion Chairman Smith and Ranking Member Conyers, I thank you for this opportunity to discuss the FBI’s priorities and state of the Bureau as it stands today. Mister Chairman, let me again acknowledge the leadership that you and this committee have provided to the FBI. The transformation the FBI has achieved over the past 10 years would not have been possible without the support of Congress and the American people. I would be happy to answer any questions that you may have.

Department of Justice

A feature of the thyroid cartilage, what is the common name of the laryngeal prominence?

Organization, Mission and Functions Manual: Federal Bureau of Investigation | DOJ | Department of Justice Organization, Mission and Functions Manual: Federal Bureau of Investigation   d In 1908 Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issued an Order creating an investigative agency within the Department of Justice. The Order was confirmed in 1909 by Attorney General George W. Wickersham, who ordered the establishment of the Bureau of Investigation. The present name, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), was designated by Congress in 1935. The mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners; and to perform these responsibilities in a manner that is responsive to the needs of the public and is faithful to the Constitution of the United States. The FBI's major priorities are to: Protect the United States from terrorist attack; Protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage; Protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes; Combat public corruption at all levels; Protect civil rights; Support federal, state, county, municipal, and international partners; and to Upgrade technology to successfully perform the FBI's mission. The major functions of the FBI are to: Conduct professional investigations and authorized intelligence collection to identify and counter the threat posed by domestic and international terrorists and their supporters within the United States, and to pursue extraterritorial criminal investigations to bring the perpetrators of terrorist acts to justice. In furtherance of this function, the FBI designs, develops, and implements counterterrorism initiatives which enhance the FBI’s ability to minimize the terrorist threat.   Conduct counterintelligence activities and coordinate counterintelligence activities of other agencies in the intelligence community within the United States. (Executive Order 12333 includes international terrorist activities in its definition of counterintelligence.)   Coordinate the efforts of U.S. Government agencies and departments in protecting the nation’s critical infrastructure by identifying and investigating criminal and terrorist group intrusions through physical and cyber attacks.   Investigate violations of the laws of the United States and collect evidence in cases in which the United States is or may be a party in interest, except in cases in which such responsibility is by statute or otherwise specifically assigned to another investigative agency.   Locate and apprehend fugitives for violations of specified federal laws and, when so requested, state and local fugitives pursuant to federal statutory authority.   Conduct professional investigations to identify, disrupt, and dismantle existing and emerging criminal enterprises whose activities affect the United States. Address international criminal organizations and terrorist groups, which threaten the American people and their property, through expanded international liaison and through the conduct of extraterritorial investigations as mandated by laws and Executive Orders.   Gather, analyze and assess information and intelligence of planned or committed criminal acts.   Establish and implement quality outreach programs that will ensure FBI and community partnerships and sharing.   Conduct personnel investigations requisite to the work of the Department of Justice and whenever required by statute or otherwise.   Establish and conduct law enforcement training programs and conduct research to provide assistance to state and local law enforcement personnel. Participate in interagency law enforcement initiatives which address crime problems common to federal/state/local agencies.   Develop new approaches, techniques, systems, equipment and devices to improve and strengthen law enforcement and assist in conducting state, local and international law enforcement training programs.   Provide timely and relevant criminal justice information and identification services concerning individuals, stolen property, criminal organizations and activities, crime statistics, and other law enforcement related data, not only to the FBI, but to qualified law enforcement, criminal justice, civilian, academic, employment, licensing, and firearms sales organizations.   Operate the Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory not only to serve the FBI, but also to provide, without cost, technical and scientific assistance, including expert testimony in federal or local courts, for all duly constituted law enforcement agencies, other organizational units of the Department of Justice, and other federal agencies; and to provide identification assistance in mass disasters and for other humanitarian purposes.   Review and assess operations and work performance to ensure compliance with laws, rules, and regulations and to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, and economy of operations.   Effectively and appropriately communicate and disclose information on the FBI mission, accomplishments, operations, and values to Congress, the media, and the public.

i don't know

President George Washington sent the proposed first ten amendments to the US Constitution to the senate for ratification on October 2, 1789. By what name are these amendments commonly known?

President George Washington President George Washington Commander-in-Chief of the United Colonies and States of America from June 15, 1775 to December 23, 1783. First President of the United States under the US Constitution of 1787: April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797 Pages Click Here  to view the US Mint & Coin Acts 1782-1792 First Commander-in-Chief United Colonies of North America under the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms June 15, 1775 – July 1, 1776 First Commander-in-Chief under US Continental Congress Resolutions July 2, 1776 – February 28, 1781 First Commander-in-Chief under the Articles of Confederation March 1, 1781 – December 23, 1783 First President of the United States and Commander-in-Chief under the US Constitution of 1787 April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797 Presidential Alert:  After 102 years, the Federal Government finally agrees that  Samuel Huntington  and not  John Hanson  was the first USCA President to serve under the Articles of Confederation.   -- Click Here America's Four Republics: The More or Less United States By: Stanley Yavneh Klos First United American Republic: United Colonies of North America: 13 British Colonies United in Congress was founded by 12 colonies on September 5th, 1774 (Georgia joined in 1775)  and governed through a  British Colonial Continental Congress .   Peyton Randolph  and  George Washington  served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief; Second United American Republic: The United States of America: 13 Independent States United in Congress was founded by 12 states on July 2nd, 1776 (New York abstained until July 9th), and governed through the  United States  Continental Congress .  John Hancock  and  George Washington  served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief;  Third United American Republic: The United States of America: A Perpetual Union was founded by 13 States on March 1st, 1781, with the enactment of the first U.S. Constitution, the  Articles of Confederation , and governed through the  United States  in Congress Assembled .   Samuel Huntington  and  George Washington  served, respectively, as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief;  Fourth United American Republic: The United States of America: We the People  was formed by 11 states on March 4th, 1789 (North Carolina and Rhode Island joined in November 1789 and May 1790, respectively), with the enactment of the U.S. Constitution of 1787. The fourth and current United States Republic governs through  the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate in Congress Assembled, the U.S. President and Commander-in-Chief, and the U.S. Supreme Court.   George Washington  served as the Republic's first President and Commander-in-Chief. Philadelphia Two US Capitol Buildings George Washington was the first Commander-in-Chief of the United States of America during the American Revolution and later became the first president of the United States serving from 1789 until 1797. He symbolized qualities of discipline, aristocratic duty, military orthodoxy and persistence in adversity that his contemporaries valued as marked of mature political leadership. Photos of the George Washington's Teeth from "George Washington: The Man Behind the Myths Exhibit" at the Heinz Pittsburgh Regional History Center - October 7, 2000 -  photo1 ,  photo2 , and  photo3  by: KD Klos, Upper St. Clair, Pennsylvania. Born the eldest son of Augustine Washington and his second wife Mary Ball Washington, in Westmoreland County, Va., on Feb. 22, 1732, George spent his early years on the family estate on Pope's Creek along the Potomac River. Although Washington had little or no formal schooling, his early notebooks indicate that he read in geography, military history, agriculture, deportment and composition. He showed an aptitude for surveying and simple mathematics. An early ambition to go to sea had been discouraged by George's mother.  Arguably the most famous (or infamous) of the exaggerated or invented anecdotes about George Washington's youth can be found in Mason's Weems' Life of Washington: With Curious Anecdotes, Equally Honourable to Himself, and Exemplary to His Young Countrymen.  Weems' attributes his Cherry Tree Story to "...an aged lady, who was a distant relative, and, when a girl, spent much of her time in the family...," who referred to young George as "cousin."  The lady, according to Weems notes, "The following anecdote is a case in point. It is too valuable to be lost, and too true to be doubted: for it was communicated to me be the same excellent lady to whom I am indebted for the last."  When George, said she, was about six years old, he was made the wealthy master of a hatchet! Of which, like most little boys, he was immoderately fond, and was constantly going about chopping everything that came in his way. One day, in the garden, where he often amused himself hacking his mother's pea-sticks, he unluckily tried the edge of his hatchet on the body of a beautiful young English cherry-tree, which he barked so terribly, that I don't believe the tree ever got the better of it. The next morning the old gentleman, finding out what had befallen his tree, which, by the by, was a great favourite, came into the house; and with much warmth asked for the mischievous author, declaring at the same time, that he would not have taken five guineas for his tree. Nobody could tell him anything about it. Presently George and his hatchet made their appearance. "George," said his father, "do you know who killed that beautiful little cherry tree yonder in the garden? " This was a tough question; and George staggered under it for a moment; but quickly recovered himself: and looking at his father, with the sweet face of youth brightened with the inexpressible charm of all-conquering truth, he bravely cried out, "I can't tell a lie, Pa; you know I can't tell a lie. I did cut it with my hatchet." "Run to my arms, you dearest boy," cried his father in transports, "run to my arms; glad am I, George, that you killed my tree; for you have paid me for it a thousand fold. Such an act of heroism in my son is more worth than a thousand trees, though blossomed with silver, and their fruits of purest gold." Interestingly, the Life of Washington's Cherry Tree Myth does not appear  until the 5th edition of Weems' work. Washington spent much of his boyhood at Ferry Farm in Stafford County near Fredericksburg. Six of George's siblings reached adulthood, including two older half-brothers, Lawrence and Augustine, from his father's first marriage to Jane Butler Washington, along with his four full siblings, Samuel, Elizabeth (Betty), John Augustine and Charles. His full sister Mildred died when she was about one, his half-brother Butler died while an infant,  and his half-sister Jane died at the age of 12, when George was about two.  In 1743, George's father died when he was 11 years old, after which George's half-brother Lawrence became a surrogate father and role model. George inherited Ferry Farm upon his father's death. Lawrence Washington inherited another family property from his father, a plantation on the Potomac River which he named Mount Vernon, in honor of his commanding officer, Admiral Edward Vernon.   William Fairfax, Lawrence's father-in-law and cousin of Virginia's largest landowner, Thomas, Lord Fairfax, was also a formative influence.   Talk of securing an appointment in the Royal Navy for George at 15 was dropped when his widowed mother objected. Thanks to Lawrence's Fairfax wife, at the age of 17, Washington was appointed official surveyor for Culpeper County in 1749. This was a well-paid profession that enabled him to purchase land in the Shenandoah Valley, the first of his  western Virginia land acquisitions. Thanks also to Lawrence's involvement in the Ohio Company, a land investment company funded by Virginia investors, and Lawrence's position as commander of the Virginia militia, Washington, at 6' 3" was noticed by the new lieutenant governor of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie.  This association would eventually lead to Washington sparking the outbreak of the French and Indian War.  Photo of the  George Washington's Survey  from "George Washington: The Man Behind the Myths Exhibit" at the Heinz Pittsburgh Regional History Center - October 7, 2000 - by: Zachary,  Baker Elementary School , Upper St. Clair, Pennsylvania. He was chosen by Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia to deliver an ultimatum calling on French forces to cease their encroachment in the Ohio River valley. Washington's diary account of the dangers and difficulties of his journey published on his return helped win him his ensuing promotion to lieutenant colonel. Although only 22 years of age and lacking experience, he was ordered to lead a militia force for the protection of workers who were building a fort at the Forks of the Ohio River. Photos of Fort Necessity outside plaques and the re-constructed Fort by: Christopher Klos,  Fort Couch Middle School,  Upper St. Clair,  Pennsylvania. Picture   of the Battle of Fort Necessity. Picture  of uncovered Fort Necessity's log foundation. Picture  of re-constructed Fort Necessity on original foundation Circa 1954 Picture  of George Washington surrendering Fort Necessity to the French. Picture  of George Washington's signature on surrender document. "On the stormy night of May 27th, 1754, Washington and about 40 men began an all night march to confront the French and learn their intentions. They traveled through woods so dark the men sometimes spent nearly half and hour just trying to find the trail.About dawn, Washington met with a friendly Seneca chief, Half King, and made plans to contact the French Camp. As the French commander had not posted sentries, Washington and his men easily surrounded the unsuspecting French. A shot was fired, no one really knows by whom, and soon the peaceful glen was filled with the crash of musketry and the sulphurous smell of powder. The skirmish lasted about 15 minutes. When it was over, 10 Frenchmen were dead and 21 captured. One escaped and made his way back to Fort Duquesne at the forks of the Ohio. Washington's casualties were one man killed and two or three wounded. Washington now knew he was discovered. He sent his prisoners to Williamsburg while he returned to the Great Meadows. There he started construction of a small fortification to protect from probable attack. About five weeks later the attack came. A larger force of French and Indians attacked Washington's force of 400 at his ' Fort of Necessity.'  " - - National Park Service. A successful French assault obliged him to accept articles of surrender and he departed with the remnants of his company. Discouraged by defeat, Washington resigned his commission in 1754. In May, 1755, he began service as a volunteer and aide-de-camp to  British General Edward Braddock . Braddock was mortally wounded and Washington narrowly escaped death. He escaped injury although four bullets ripped his coat and two horses were shot from under him Braddock's troops were ambushed by a band of French soldiers and their Indian allies on the Monongahela River. At age of 23, he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander in chief of the Virginia militia. His responsibility was to defend the frontier.  For More Information go to  America's Four United Republics Washington left the army in 1758, assured that the Virginia frontier was safe from French attack. He returned to Mount Vernon, to restore his neglected estate. With the support of an ever-growing circle of influential friends, he entered politics, serving (1759-74) in Virginia's House of Burgesses. In January 1759 he married  Martha Dandridge Custis , a wealthy and attractive young widow with two small children. Alarmed by the repressive measures of the British crown and Parliament, Washington became a leader in Virginia's opposition to Great Britain's colonial policies. At first he hoped for reconciliation with Britain. In July, 1774 he presided over a meeting in Alexandria that adopted the Fairfax Resolves, calling for the establishment and enforcement of a stringent boycott on British imports prior to similar action by the First Continental Congress. As a delegate to the  First and Second Continental Congress  1774 and 1775 Washington did not participate actively in the deliberations, however, his presence was undoubtedly a stabilizing influence.  On June 14, debate opened in Congress on the appointment of Commander-in-Chief of Continental forces. John Hancock made it known to all the delegates that he wanted the high office and as President he expected to be nominated. He was astounded when his fellow Massachusetts delegate, John Adams , moved to appoint George Washington : “Accordingly When congress had assembled I rose in my place and in as short a Speech as the Subject would admit, represented the State of the Colonies, the Uncertainty in the Minds of the People, their great Expectations and Anxiety, the distresses of the Army, the danger of its dissolution, the difficulty of collecting another, and the probability that the British Army would take Advantage of our delays, march out of Boston and spread desolation as far as they could go. I concluded with a Motion in form that Congress would Adopt the Army at Cambridge and appoint a General, that though this was not the proper time to nominate a General, yet as I had reason to believe this was a point of the greatest difficulty, I had no hesitation to declare that I had but one Gentleman in my Mind for that important command, and that was a Gentleman from Virginia who was among Us and very well known to all of Us, a Gentleman whose Skill and Experience as an Officer, whose independent fortune, great Talents and excellent universal Character, would command the Approbation of all America, and unite the cordial Exertions of all the Colonies better than any other Person in the Union. Mr. Washington, who happened to sit near the Door, as soon as he heard me allude to him, from his Usual Modesty darted into the Library Room. Mr. Hancock, who was our President, which gave me an Opportunity to observe his Countenance, while I was speaking.” On June 17th, 1775 the Continental Congress passed the following resolution appointing George Washington as Commander-In-Chief: Resolved unanimously upon the question, Whereas, the delegates of all the colonies, from Nova-Scotia to Georgia, in Congress assembled, have unanimously chosen George Washington, Esq. to be General and commander in chief, of such forces as are, or shall be, raised for the maintenance and preservation of American liberty; this Congress doth now declare, that they will maintain and assist him, and adhere to him, the said George Washington, Esqr., with their lives and fortunes in the same cause.  John Adams wrote his wife this concerning the appointment: I can now inform you that the Congress have made Choice of the modest and virtuous, the amiable, generous and brave George Washington Esqr., to be the General of the American Army, and that he is to repair as soon as possible to the Camp before Boston. Colonel George Washington was chosen because he was, a delegate of the wealthiest and most populous colony had extensive combat experience during the French and Indian War. His health and age, 43, were ideal to conduct long campaigns, which Congress knew would be part of the protracted conflict. Washington's fellow Virginians, especially former Continental Congress President Peyton Randolph, lobbied numerous delegates maintaining that his military professionalism and dedication to the patriot cause qualified him, above all others, for the appointment. Washington, who attended Congress in impeccable military dress, was determined to defend colonial rights and had a burning desire to obtain the Commander-in-Chief commission. IN CONGRESS The delegates of the United Colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania the Counties of New-Castle, Kent, and Sussex, on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina; To George Washington, Esq. We, reposing special trust and confidence in your patriotism, valor, conduct, and fidelity, do, by these presents, constitute and appoint you to be General and Commander in chief, of the army of the United Colonies, and of all the forces now raised, or to be raised, by them, and of all others who shall voluntarily offer their service, and join the said Army for the Defense of American liberty, and for repelling every hostile invasion thereof: And you are hereby vested with full power and authority to act as you shall think for the good and welfare of the service. And we do hereby strictly charge and require all Officers and Soldiers, under your command, to be obedient to your orders, and diligent in the exercise of their several duties. And we do also enjoin and require you, to be careful in executing the great trust reposed in you, by causing strict discipline and order to be observed in the army, and that the soldiers be duly exercised, and provided with all convenient necessaries. And you are to regulate your conduct in every respect by the rules and discipline of war, (as herewith given you,) and punctually to observe and follow such orders and directions, from time to time, as you shall receive from this, or a future Congress of these United Colonies, or committee of Congress. This commission to continue in force, until revoked by this, or a future Congress. By order of the Congress John Hancock , President Washington took command of the troops surrounding British-occupied Boston on July 3, devoting the next few months to training the undisciplined 14,000 man army and trying to secure urgently needed powder and other supplies. Early in March 1776, he took command of the makeshift force and moved his army to New York. Defeated there by the combined land and sea forces of General William Howe, he withdrew from Manhattan to establish a new defensive line north of New York City.  GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON Medal, Boston retaken, -GEORGIO WASHINGTON SVPREMO DVCI EXERCITVVM ADSERTORI LIBERTATIS COMITIA AMERICANA. (The American Congress to George Washington, commander-in-chief of the armies, the assertor of liberty.) Undraped bust of General Washington, facing the right, Duvivier, Paris. Fecit. HOSTIBUS PRIMO FUGATIS. (The enemy put to flight for the first time.) To the left, General Washington on horseback, surrounded by his staff, points toward the British fleet, which is leaving Boston. The American army, in battle array in front of its intrenchments, makes ready to occupy the city. Exergue: BOSTONIUM RECUPERATUM XVII MARTII MDCCLXXVI. (Boston retaken, March 17, 1776.) On a cannon, Duvivier. This medal was the first one voted by the Continental Congress but it was not struck until after that of the Chevalier de Fleury, which was voted three years later. Its designs, and those of the medals awarded to General Horatio Gates for Saratoga, General Nathaniel Greene for Eutaw Springs, General Daniel Morgan, Lieutenant-Colonels William Augustine Washington and John Eager Howard for the Cowpens, General Anthony Wayne and Major John Stewart for Stony Point, and Captain John Paul Jones for the capture of the Serapis, were composed by commissioners appointed by the French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, at the request of Colonel David Humphreys and of Mr. Jefferson. The legend of the reverse of the General Washington medal, as originally proposed, was hostibus or anglis primum fugatis. Several of the medals are treated of at length in the Introduction, to which, to avoid repetition, the reader is referred. Pierre Simon Duvivier was born in Paris, November 5, 1731. He was the son of Jean Duvivier, a member of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, and the grandson of Jean Duvivier, known as Duvivier "le père," the first of this distinguished family of medal engravers, who lived in Liège at the beginning of the 17th century. Pierre Simon Duvivier was engraver-general of the Paris Mint prior to 1793, and executed medals of many eminent persons. America is indebted to him for those of General Washington, Lieutenant-Colonel de Fleury, Lieutenant-Colonel William Augustine Washington, and Lieutenant-Colonel John Eager Howard. He was a member of the Academy of Fine Arts, and died June 10, 1819. George Washington was born near Pope's Creek, Westmoreland County, Virginia, February 22, 1732. He lost his father when but ten years of age, and in 1752, in consequence of the death of his elder brother, came into possession of the estate of Mount Vernon, on the Potomac River, and other property. The same year he received a commission as major of militia, and in 1755 became colonel and aid-de-camp to General Braddock. On the death of that officer in the disastrous march against Fort Duquesne, Washington conducted the retreat, and was shortly afterward appointed commander of the Virginia troops. In 1774 he was elected member of the first Continental Congress, held in Philadelphia, and in the following year was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, taking command of the forces at Cambridge, July 3, 1775. On March 17, 1776, he compelled the British forces to evacuate Boston, for which Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He was commander-in-chief throughout the War of Independence, and resigned his commission as such, December 23, 1783, when he retired to Mount Vernon. He was delegate from Virginia to the National Convention which met in Philadelphia in May, 1787, to frame the Constitution of the United States, and was chosen its president. He was afterward unanimously elected first President of the United States, and was inaugurated in New York city, April 30, 1789. He was re-elected, and inaugurated a second time, March 4, 1793; refused a third term of office, and issued a farewell address, September 17, 1796. When a war with France was expected, in 1797, he was re-appointed commander-in-chief. General Washington died at Mount Vernon, December 14, 1799. Resolved, That the thanks of this Congress, in their own name, and in the name of the thirteen United Colonies, whom they represent, be presented to His Excellency General Washington, and the officers and soldiers under his command, for their wise and spirited conduct in the siege and acquisition of Boston; and that a medal of gold be struck in commemoration of this great event, and presented to His Excellency; and that a committee of there be appointed to prepare a letter of thanks and a proper device for the medal.    - Monday, March 25, 1776. General  Washington to John Hancock, President of Congress.  To: John Hancock, Esq. To: Colonel Humphreys, London.  Dear Sir: I have received the books and papers you mention, and will undertake to have finished what you left undone of the medals, or, at least, will proceed in it till the matter shall be put into better hands.  I am, dear Sir, your friend and servant, Th: Jefferson. Oil portrait of George Washington and William "Billy" Lee, by John Trumbull, circa 1780, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Collection.  William Lee, was an enslaved personal servant and the only slave  freed outright by Washington in his will. In November George Washington and his army  retreated across the Hudson River into New Jersey. In the last months of 1776, desperately short of men and supplies, Washington almost despaired. He had lost New York City to the British; enlistment was almost up for a number of the troops, and others were deserting in droves; civilian morale was falling rapidly; and Congress, faced with the possibility of a British attack on Philadelphia, had withdrawn from the city. Mary Washington Colonial morale was briefly revived by the  capture of Trenton , New Jersey, a brilliantly conceived attack in which Washington crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night 1776 and surprised the predominantly Hessian garrison. Advancing to Princeton, New Jersey, he routed the British thereon January 3, 1777. These two engagements restored patriot morale and by spring Washington had 8,000 new recruits. In September and October 1777 he suffered serious reverses in Pennsylvania at  Brandywine and  Germantown . The major success of that year, the defeat of the British at  Saratoga , New York in October, belonged not to Washington but to  Benedict Arnold  and  Horatio Gates . The contrast between Washington's record and Gates's brilliant victory was one factor that led to the some members of Congress and army officers to replace Washington with a more successful commander, probably Gates. Washington acted quickly, and the plan eventually collapsed due to lack of public support as well as to Washington's overall superiority to his rivals. After holding his bedraggled and dispirited army together during the difficult winter at Valley Forge, Washington learned that France had recognized American independence. With the aid of the  Prussian Baron von Steuben  and the French  Marquis de Lafayette , he concentrated on turning the army into a viable fighting force. By spring he was ready to take the field again. Commander-in-Chief George Washington's portable writing case and field glass used in the war. In 1780 the main theater of the war shifted to the south. Although other generals conducted the campaigns in Virginia and the Carolinas, Washington was still responsible for the overall direction of the war. After the arrival of the French army in 1780 he concentrated on coordinating allied efforts and in 1781 launched the brilliantly planned and executed Yorktown Campaign against  Charles Cornwallis , securing the American victory. Original handwritten Journal of the United States in Congress Assembled for Wednesday, October 24th, 1781, recording the resolutions enacted by Congress after being informed that Earl Cornwallis had surrendered at Yorktown. After the war Washington returned to Mount Vernon, which had once again declined in his absence. Although he became president of the Society of the Cincinnati, an organization of former Revolutionary War officers, he avoided involvement in Virginia politics, preferring to concentrate on restoring Mount Vernon. His diary notes a steady stream of visitors, native and foreign; Mount Vernon, like its owner, had already become a national institution. Shays' Rebellion, an armed revolt in Massachusetts, 1786 through 1787, convinced many Americans of the need for a stronger government. Washington and other Virginia nationalists were instrumental in bringing about the Constitutional Convention of 1787 to promote that end.  In May 1787, Washington headed the Virginia delegation to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and was unanimously elected presiding officer. His presence lent prestige to the proceedings, and although he made few direct contributions, he generally supported the advocates of a strong central government. Washington's attendance at the Constitutional Convention and his support for ratification of the Constitution were critically important for its success in the state conventions. After the new Constitution became legally operative, he was unanimously elected president in 1789. Original Manuscript of the April 6th, 1789, US Senate certification of the Constitution of 1787 Presidential election. - Library of Congress  image On April 30th, 1789, George Washington was escorted to the newly-renovated Federal Hall located at Wall and Nassau Street. The newly remodeled building: … came richly laden with historical associations, having hosted John Peter Zenger’s trial in 1735, the Stamp Act Congress of 1765 and the Confederation Congress from 1785 to 1788. Starting in September 1788, the French engineer Pierre-Charles L’Enfant had remodeled it into Federal Hall, a suitable home for Congress. L’Enfant introduced a covered arcade at street level and a balcony surmounted by a triangular pediment on the second story. As the people’s chamber, the House of Representatives was accessible to the public, situated in a high-ceilinged octagonal room on the ground floor, while the Senate met in a second-floor room on the Wall Street side, buffering it from popular pressure. From this room Washington would emerge onto the balcony to take the oath of office. In many ways, the first inauguration was a hasty, slapdash affair. As with all theatrical spectacles, rushed preparations and frantic work on the new building continued until a few days before the event. Nervous anticipation spread through the city as to whether the 200 workmen would complete the project on time. Only a few days before the inauguration, an eagle was hoisted onto the pediment, completing the building. The final effect was stately: a white building with a blue and white cupola topped by a weather vane. [1] There was, as yet, no U.S. Chief Justice so the oath was administered by New York Chancellor Robert R. Livingston on Federal Hall’s second floor balcony, overlooking a crowd assembled in the streets. Mrs. Eliza Susan Morton Quincy, wife of Josiah Quincy, provides this account of the inauguration: I was on the roof of the first house in Broad Street … and so near to Washington that I could almost hear him speak. The windows and roofs of the houses were crowded; and in the streets the throng was so dense, that it seemed as if one might literally walk on the heads of the people. The balcony of the hall was in full view of this assembled multitude. In the centre of it was placed a table, with a rich covering of red velvet; and upon this, on a crimson velvet cushion, lay a large and elegant Bible. … All eyes were fixed upon the balcony; where, at the appointed hour, Washington entered, accompanied by the Chancellor of the State of New York, who was to administer the oath; by John Adams , the Vice-President; Governor Clinton; and many other distinguished men. … His appearance was most solemn and dignified. Advancing to the front of the balcony, he laid his hand on his heart, bowed several times, and then retired to an arm-chair near the table. The populace appeared to understand that the scene had overcome him, and were at once hushed in profound silence. After a few moments, Washington arose, and came forward. Chancellor Livingston read the oath according to the form prescribed by the Constitution; and Washington repeated it, resting his hand upon the Bible. Mr. Otis, the Secretary of the Senate, then took the Bible to raise it to the lips of Washington; who stooped, and kissed the book. At this moment, a signal was given, by raising a flag upon the cupola of the Hall, for a general discharge of the artillery of the Battery. All the bells in the city rang out a peal of joy, and the assembled multitude sent forth a universal shout. The President again bowed to the people, and then retired from a scene such as the proudest monarch never enjoyed. Many entertainments were given, both public and private; and the city was illuminated in the evening. [2] President Washington, Vice President Adams , and the members of Congress retired to the Senate Chamber. Here the President delivered the first inaugural address that was drafted by James Madison. Washington explained his disinclination to accept the presidency and highlighted his own shortcomings, including “frequent interruptions in health,” “unpractised in the duties of civil administration,” and intellectually “inheriting inferior endowments from nature.” Washington left the presidential prerogative "to recommend to your consideration, such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient” to Congress except for suggesting they consider amendments to the constitution that were proposed by the states’ conventions.   On September 24th, 1789, the United States Congress set the yearly salary of the United States President at $25,000 and the Vice President at $5,000.  The 1789  Presidential salary of $25,000 translates to $672,000 in 2012 dollars. Currently  the US Presidential salary is $400,000/year, plus a $50,000 non-taxable expense account. The compensation of the President is controlled by law,  Compensation of the President: Title 3, Section 102.  After the inauguration, each branch of Congress went about establishing its own rules for conducting the nation’s business. The House and the Senate also established joint committees drawing up conference rules. They dealt with the logistics of communication with the President and between the two legislative bodies.  Original Manuscript Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, to wit; being New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia  being the Eleven States that have respectively ratified the Constitution of Government for the United States by Federal Convention held in Philadelphia 17th of September 1787. -  Library of Congress  image Original Manuscript Journal of the First Session of the Senate of the United States, viz; New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia  being the Eleven States that have respectively ratified the Constitution of Government for the United States proposed by the Convention held at Philadelphia on the 17th.  September 1787 -  Library of Congress  image  There was much for everyone to do in forming this new republic ranging from immediately raising revenues for funding the federal government to reformulating existing departments and passing laws, including the Northwest Ordinance, that were enacted under the Articles of Confederation . Three important acts would be passed establishing three executive departments under the U.S. Presidency -- after Congress rejected a U.S. Senate Committee’s proposal that the president should be called "His Highness the President, Protector of the Liberties of the United States." The major legislation passed by Congress and signed by President Washington in 1789 included: On June 1st, 1789: An Act to regulate the Time and Manner of administering certain Oaths was the first law passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President George Washington after the ratification of the U.S. Constitution . Parts of the law still remain on the books; On July 4th, 1789 An Act for laying a Duty on Goods, Wares, and Merchandises imported into the United States was passed to immediately establish the tariff as a regular source of revenue for the federal government and as a protection of domestic manufacture; July 20th., 1789 An Act imposing Duties on Tonnage is passed and laid out various rates of duty on the tonnage of ships and vessels entered in the United States from foreign countries; On July 27th, 1789 An Act for Establishing an Executive Department, to be Denominated The Department of Foreign Affairs was passed. John Jay , Articles of Confederation Secretary of Foreign Affairs turned down reappointment but agreed to serve as acting Secretary until a Presidential appointment was confirmed. During the enactment of this bill a debate arose as to the power of removal of the Foreign Secretary. One side contended that the power belonged to the President, by virtue of the executive powers of the Government vested in him by the constitution. The other side maintained that the power of removal should be exercised by the President, conjointly with the Senate. The important question was decided by Congress in favor of the President's power to remove the heads of all these Departments, on the ground that they are Executive Departments; On July 31st, 1789 An Act to regulate the Collection of the Duties imposed by law on the tonnage of ships or vessels, and on goods, wares and merchandises imported into the United States was passed establishing ports of entry in each of the eleven states where duties were to be collected. North Carolina and Rhode Island, who had not ratified the new constitution , were subject to same goods’ duties as from foreign countries. Be it therefore further enacted, That all goods, wares and merchandise not of their own growth or manufacture, which shall be imported from either of the said two States of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, or North Carolina, into any other port or place within the limits of the United States, as settled by the late treaty of peace, shall be subject to the like duties, seizures and forfeitures, as goods, wares or merchandise imported from any State or country without the said limits; On August 5th, 1789 An Act for settling the Accounts between the United States and individual States was passed appointing and paying commissioners to carry into effect the May 7th, 1787 ordinance and subsequent resolutions established by the USCA “… for the settlement of accounts between the United States and individual States;” On August 7th, 1789 An Act to establish an Executive Department, to be denominated the Department of War was passed. Former USCA Secretary of War Henry Knox was re-appointed by President Washington and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The Department of War oversaw all military affairs until Congress created a separate Navy Department in 1798. The National Security Act, passed by Congress in 1947, designated departments for the Army, Navy, and the Air Force. A National Military Establishment, renamed the Department of Defense in 1949, administered these departments;  Also on August 7th, 1789 An Act to provide for the Government of the Territory Northwest of the river Ohio was passed. This bill was the reenactment of the Northwest Ordinance passed by the USCA in July 1787 so that “… may continue to have full effect, it is requisite that certain provisions should be made, so as to adapt the same to the present Constitution of the United States .” Former USCA Governor Arthur St. Clair was re-appointed by President Washington and confirmed by the U.S. Senate; On August 20th, 1789 An Act providing for the Expenses which may attend Negotiations or Treaties with the Indian Tribes, and the appointment of Commissioners for managing the same was passed; On September 1st, 1789 An Act for Registering and Clearing Vessels, Regulating the Coasting Trade, and for other purposes was passed providing for the licensing and enrollment of vessels engaged in navigation and trade; On September 2nd, 1789 An Act to establish the Treasury Department was passed. The act assigns duties to the Secretary, Comptroller, Auditor, Treasurer, Register, and Assistant to the Secretary. It prohibits persons appointed under the act from engaging in specified business transactions and prescribes penalties for so doing. It also provides that if information from a person other than a public prosecutor is the basis for the conviction, that person shall receive half the fine. Alexander Hamilton was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Washington and was confirmed the same day by the U.S. Senate; On September 11th, 1789 An Act for establishing the Salaries of the Executive Officers of Government, with their Assistants and Clerks was passed;  On September 15th, 1789 An Act to provide for the safe-keeping of the Acts, Records and Seal of the United States, and for other purposes was passed. This law changed the name of the Department of Foreign Affairs to the Department of State because certain domestic duties were assigned to the agency. These included: Receipt, publication, distribution, and preservation of the laws of the United States; Preparation, sealing, and recording of the commissions of Presidential appointees; Preparation and authentication of copies of records and authentication of copies under the Department's seal; Custody of the Great Seal of the United States; Custody of the records of the former Secretary of the Continental Congress, except for those of the Treasury and War Departments. Thomas Jefferson was appointed by President Washington September 25, 1789 and confirmed by the U.S. Senate the following day. Chief Justice John Jay served as Acting Secretary of State until Secretary Jefferson returned from France. Other domestic duties for which the Department was responsible at various times included issuance of patents on inventions, publication of the census returns, management of the mint, control of copyrights, and regulation of immigration; On September 22nd, 1789 An Act for the temporary establishment of the Post-Office was passed. “That there shall be appointed a Postmaster General; his powers and salary and the compensation to the assistant or clerk and deputies which he may appoint, and the regulations of the post-office shall be the same as they last were under the resolutions and ordinances of the late Congress.” Samuel Osgood was appointed Postmaster General by President Washington on September 26th, 1789 and confirmed by the U.S. Senate the following day; Also on September 22nd, 1789 An Act for allowing Compensation to the Members of the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, and to the Officers of both Houses was passed. Unlike the USCA, whose members were paid by their respective states, the congressmen were paid $6.00 a day from the new federal treasury;  On September 23rd, 1789 An Act for allowing certain Compensation to the Judges of the Supreme and other Courts, and to the Attorney General of the United States was passed with salaries ranging from $4,000 for the Chief Justice to $800 for the Delaware Federal District Judge. The Attorney General’s salary was set at $1,500 while Associate Justices of the Supreme Court were paid $3,500; On September 24th, 1789 An Act for allowing a compensation to the President and Vice President of the United States was passed with the salaries of $25,000 [3] and $5,000 respectively. On September 24th, 1789 the Judiciary Act was established. The Act calls for the organization of the U.S. federal court system, which had been sketched only in general terms in the U.S. Constitution. The act established a three-part judiciary that was made up of district courts, circuit courts, and the Supreme Court. The act also outlined the structure and jurisdiction of each branch. John Jay was appointed U.S. Chief Justice and Edmond Randolph appointed Attorney General by President Washington on September 24th, 1789 and the two were confirmed by the U.S. Senate on September 26th.  On September 25th, Congress proposed the Bill of Rights. The amendments were introduced by James Madison as a series of legislative articles. They were adopted by the House of Representatives on August 21, 1789, formally proposed by joint resolution of Congress on September 25, 1789, and came into effect as Constitutional Amendments on December 15, 1791, through the process of ratification by three-fourths of the states. While twelve amendments were proposed by Congress, only ten were originally ratified by the states. Of the remaining two, one was adopted 203 years later as the Twenty-seventh Amendment, and the other, Article the First ,  technically remains pending before the states. On September 29th, 1789 An Act to regulate Processes in the Courts of the United States was passed authorizing the courts of the United States to issue writs of execution as well as other writs;  On September 29th, 1789 An Act making Appropriations for the Service of the present year was passed. Specifically the bill provided for “a sum not exceeding two hundred and sixteen thousand dollars for defraying the expenses of the civil list, under the late and present government; a sum not exceeding one hundred and thirty-seven thousand dollars for defraying the expenses of the department of war; a sum not exceeding one hundred and ninety thousand dollars for discharging the warrants issued by the late board of treasury, and remaining unsatisfied; and a sum not exceeding ninety-six thousand dollars for paying the pensions to invalids”; On September 29th, 1789 An Act providing for the payment of the Invalid Pensioners of the United States was passed. The act specified “that the military pensions which have been granted and paid by the states respectively, in pursuance of the acts of the United States in Congress assembled, to the invalids who were wounded and disabled during the late war, shall be continued and paid by the United States, from the fourth day of March last, for the space of one year, under such regulations as the President of the United States may direct”; On September 29th, 1789 An Act to recognize and adapt the Constitution of the United States the establishment of the Troops raised under the Resolves of the United States in Congress assembled, and for other purposes therein mentioned was passed. The act specified “that the establishment contained in the resolve of the late Congress of the third day of October, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, except as to the mode of appointing the officers, and also as is herein after provided, be, and the same is hereby recognized to be the establishment for the troops in the service of the United States;” On September 29th, 1789 An Act to alter the Time for the Next Meeting of Congress was passed adjourning the 1st Federal Bicameral Congress until January 5, 1790 The 1790 session of the first congress was also notable. One of the most important measures that this congress faced was addressing over two hundred amendments to the U.S. Constitution proposed by the states during the ratification process. After eliminating replication, the number stood at nearly 90 with most calling for a reorganization of the federal government’s structure. James Madison was able to push his reluctant colleagues into considering 17 new amendments. Congress would eventually whittle these down to 12 amendments in 1790 which they sent on to the states for ratification. Ten of these amendments were ratified by the states and today they are known as the Bill of Rights.  On the public relations front President Washington, hoping to prevent sectionalism from dividing the new nation, he toured the New England states in 1789 and the South in 1791. By appointing Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury and Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State , he brought the two ablest and most principled figures of the revolutionary generation into central positions of responsibility. An able administrator, he nevertheless failed to heal the widening breach between factions led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton . Because he supported many of Hamilton 's controversial fiscal policies, the assumption of state debts, the Bank of the United States, and the excise tax, Washington became the target of attacks by Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans. Washington letter as President  Courtesy of the Historic.us On August 30th George Washington writes to Samuel Huntington, Governor of Connecticut, transmitting two acts of Congress including the approval of the Treaty of Hamar and an order to begin a survey of Ohio. Washington writes in full: Samuel Huntington                               For More on the Treaty of Hamar  Click Here Washington was reelected president in 1792, and the following year the most divisive crisis arising out of the personal and political conflicts within his cabinet occurred over the issue of American neutrality during the war between England and France. Washington, whose policy of neutrality angered the pro-French Jeffersonians, was horrified by the excesses of the French Revolution and enraged by the tactics of Edmond Genet, the French minister in the United States, which amounted to foreign interference in American politics. Further, with an eye toward developing closer commercial ties with the British, the president agreed with the Hamiltonians on the need for peace with Great Britain.  In the Northwest Territory Washington and his officials pursued the course of recovering from Governor St. Clair's disastrous losses to British backed Native Americans. President Washington recalled retired General Anthony Wayne from civilian life to lead an expedition in the Northwest Indian War. Many American Indians in the Northwest Territory had sided with the British in the Revolutionary War. Although the Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War, the British had ceded this land to the United States without consulting their Native American allies.  The Western Native American Confederacy achieved major victories over U.S. forces in 1790 and 1791 under the leadership of Blue Jacket of the Shawnees and Little Turtle of the Miamis. They were encouraged and supplied by the British, who had refused to evacuate British fortifications in the region as called for in the Treaty of Paris. Wayne established a basic training facility at Legionville to prepare professional soldiers for his force. Wayne's was the first attempt to provide basic training for regular U.S. Army recruits and Legionville was the first facility established expressly for this purpose.    Wayne was also supplied with peace medals generally known as the "Red Jacket medal," from its having been given by President Washington to the celebrated Seneca orator and chief Sa-go-ya-wat-ha (He keeps them awake), better known as Red Jacket, that were initially minted on the occasion of the Chief's visit to Philadelphia in March and April, 1792. PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON and RED JACKET SILVER PEACE MEDAL - General Washington in uniform and bareheaded, standing, facing the left, has just given the calumet of peace to an Indian chief, who is smoking it. The Indian, standing, facing the right, has a large medal suspended from around his neck; on the left, a pine tree; at its foot, a tomahawk; in the background, a farmer ploughing. Exergue: GEORGE WASHINGTON PRESIDENT, Circa 1792 -- Reverse: The arms and crest of the United States of America. Arms: Paleways of thirteen pieces, argent and gules, a chief, azure. The escutcheon on the breast of the American eagle, displayed proper, holding in his dexter talon an olive branch, and in his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows,[62] all proper, and in his beak a scroll inscribed with this motto, E PLURIBUS UNUM (One out of many). Crest: Over the head of the eagle, which appears above the escutcheon, a glory, or, breaking through a cloud, proper, and surrounding thirteen stars forming a constellation, argent, on an azure field. In 1792, it  was then customary with the Indians, when they made a treaty of peace, to simulate the burying of the tomahawk. In a speech of Red Jacket's to the Honorable Samuel Dexter, secretary of War, delivered at Philadelphia, February 11, 1802, is the following passage: "Brother, you offered to join with us in tearing up the largest pine tree in our forests, and under it to bury the tomahawk. We gladly join with you, brother, in this work, and let us heap rocks and stones on the root of this tree, that the tomahawk may never again be found." The picture above is a representation of the medal generally known as the Red Jacket medal, from its having been given by President Washington to the celebrated Seneca orator and chief Sa-go-ya-wat-ha (He keeps them awake), better known as Red Jacket, on the occasion of his visit to Philadelphia in March and April, 1792. On the death of this great chief of the Six Nations of the State of New York (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, and Tuscaroras), in 1830, it passed into the hands of his nephew the Seneca chief So-sa-wa (Corpulent man), James Johnson. It now belongs to James Johnson's grand-nephew, Do-ne-ho-gà-wa (Open door), General Ely S. Parker, who served during the Civil War on the staff of General U.S. Grant. He was afterward for some time commissioner of Indian Affairs, and is now living in the city of New York. It is owing to the politeness of General Parker that I am able to give an engraving of this, the only well-authenticated Washington Indian peace medal, although similar ones were given during his administration to different Indian chiefs, as will be seen from the following extract from a message addressed by General Knox, then secretary of War, to the Choctaw nation, and dated Philadelphia, February, 17, 1792: "Brothers, your father, General Washington, sends you two great silver medals—you will point out the two great chiefs who are to receive these marks of distinction." General Parker says that this medal was made by Dr. Rittenhouse, who was director of the United States Mint at Philadelphia from 1792 till 1795, that these medals were of three sizes from President Jefferson to President Fillmore's administration, and that they were given to Indian chiefs according to their rank. Since then they have been made of two sizes only. By 1794, the excise tax on distilled spirits, which led to protests in frontier districts, especially Pennsylvania came to an impasse on enforcement. President Washington, in an effort to collect the tax,  ordered the protesters to appear in U.S. district court with the following proclamation: George Washington - Proclamation of September 15, 1792 PROCLAMATION  Whereas certain violent and warrantable proceedings have lately taken place tending to obstruct the operation of the laws of the United States for raising a revenue upon spirits distilled within the same, enacted pursuant to express authority delegated in the Constitution of the United States, which proceedings are subversive of good order, contrary to the duty that every citizen owes to his country and to the laws, and of a nature dangerous to the very being of a government; and Whereas such proceedings are the more unwarrantable by reason of the moderation which has been heretofore shown on the part of the Government and of the disposition which has been manifested by the Legislature (who alone have authority to suspend the operation of laws) to obviate causes of objection and to render the laws as acceptable as possible; and Whereas it is the particular duty of the Executive "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, " and not only that duty but the permanent interests and happiness of the people require that every legal and necessary step should be pursued as well to prevent such violent and unwarrantable proceedings as to bring to justice the infractors of the laws and secure obedience thereto: Now, therefore, I, George Washington, President of the United States, do by these presents most earnestly admonish and exhort all persons whom it may concern to refrain and desist from all unlawful combinations and proceedings whatsoever having for object or tending to obstruct the operation of the laws aforesaid, inasmuch as all lawful ways and means will be strictly put in execution for bringing to justice the infractors thereof and securing obedience thereto. And I do moreover charge and require all courts, magistrates, and officers whom it may concern, according to the duties of their several offices, to exert the powers in them respectively vested by law for the purposes aforesaid, hereby also enjoining and requiring all persons whomsoever, as they tender the welfare of their country, the just and due authority of Government, and the preservation of the public peace, to be aiding and assisting therein according to law. In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand.  Done this 15th of September, A. D. 1792, and of the Independence of the United States the seventeenth. GO WASHINGTON. In response to the tax and Proclamation, violent opposition erupted in Westmoreland County when U.S. marshals attempted to serve court papers.  The federal officials were met with armed mobs, local militias, and a rebellion soon spread throughout western Pennsylvania. The Whiskey Rebellion insurgents went so far as to tarring and feathering tax collectors, the destruction of government offices, the burning of tax collectors' houses and the organization of insurgent forces.  The survival of the US Constitution and authority of the federal government over the states were at now at stake.  Although determined to maintain government authority, George Washington did not want to alienate public opinion. He asked his cabinet for written opinions about how to deal with the crisis. The cabinet recommended the use of force, except for Secretary of State Edmund Randolph, who urged reconciliation. Washington did both: he sent commissioners to meet with the rebels while raising a militia army. Washington privately doubted the commissioners could accomplish anything, and believed a military expedition would be needed to suppress further violence.  For this reason, historians have sometimes charged that the peace commission was sent only for the sake of appearances, and that the use of force was never in doubt. Historians Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick argued that the military expedition was "itself a part of the reconciliation process", since a show of overwhelming force would make further violence less likely. Meanwhile, Hamilton began publishing essays under the name of "Tully" in Philadelphia newspapers, denouncing mob violence in western Pennsylvania and advocating military action. Washington and Hamilton believed the Democratic-Republican Societies, which had been formed throughout the country, were the source of civic unrest. "Historians are not yet agreed on the exact role of the societies" in the Whiskey Rebellion, wrote historian Mark Spencer in 2003, "but there was a degree of overlap between society membership and the Whiskey Rebels". The US Army was too small to be used to enforce the federal laws, so Washington invoked the Militia Act of 1792 to summon militias from Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland and New Jersey.  Congress funded the measure with this act: Third Congress Of The United States...An Act To Amend The Act Intituled "An Act To Enable The Officers And Soldiers Of The Virginia Line On Continental Establishment, To Obtain Titles To Certain Lands Lying North West Of The River Ohio, Between The Miami And Sciota" and An Act making Appropriations for Certain Purposes therein expressed, Philadelphia. 1794. [2]pp. Single folio sheet.  The first act which adds provisos to an act granting lands to members of the Virginia line, allowing them to pass warrants on Ohio lands to their heirs, and locates the grants between the Scioto and Miami Rivers in the Northwest Territory.  The Act is followed by another "An Act making Appropriations for Certain Purposes therein expressed," which funds the troops President Washington requires to put down the Whiskey Rebellion:  “For the purposes of the act directing a detachment from the militia of the United States, two hundred thousand dollars”    Approved - June the ninth 1794," and signed in print by Speaker of the House Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, President of the Senate Pro Tempore Ralph Izard, and President George Washington. Variant states of other acts of the Third Congress are known, and this issue is that which also has the printed lines, "Deposited among the Rolls in the Office of the Secretary of State" and "Secretary of State," and signed in manuscript by the second Secretary of State, Edmund Randolph. Edmund Randolph became the second Secretary of State on Jan. 2, 1794, succeeding Thomas Jefferson, who resigned at the end of 1793. He continued the practice begun in the First Congress of the Secretary of State signing a small number of "official" copies of Congressional acts for distribution to the States and important government officials. After the Third Congress, official acts were no longer signed in manuscript by the Secretary of State.  Before troops could be raised, the Militia Act of 1792 required a justice of the United States Supreme Court to certify that law enforcement was beyond the control of local authorities. On 4 August 1794, Justice James Wilson delivered his opinion that western Pennsylvania was in a state of rebellion. On 7 August, Washington issued a presidential proclamation announcing, with "the deepest regret", that the militia would be called out to suppress the rebellion. He commanded insurgents in western Pennsylvania to disperse by September 1st.   BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. A PROCLAMATION. Whereas from a hope that the combinations against the Constitution and laws of the United States in certain of the western counties of Pennsylvania would yield to time and reflection I thought it sufficient in the first instance rather to take measures for calling forth the militia than immediately to embody them, but the moment is now come when the overtures of forgiveness, with no other condition than a submission to law, have been only partially accepted; when every form of conciliation not inconsistent with the being of Government has been adopted without effect; when the well-disposed in those counties are unable by their influence and example to reclaim the wicked from their fury, and are compelled to associate in their own defense; when the proffered lenity has been perversely misinterpreted into an apprehension that the citizens will march with reluctance; when the opportunity of examining the serious consequences of a treasonable opposition has been employed in propagating principles of anarchy, endeavoring through emissaries to alienate the friends of order from its support, and inviting its enemies to perpetrate similar acts of insurrection; when it is manifest that violence would continue to be exercised upon every attempt to enforce the laws; when, therefore, Government is set at defiance, the contest being whether a small portion of the United States shall dictate to the whole Union, and, at the expense of those who desire peace. indulge a desperate ambition: Now, therefore, I, George Washington, President of the United States, in obedience to that high and irresistible duty consigned to me by the Constitution " to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, " deploring that the American name should be sullied by the outrages of citizens on their own Government, commiserating such as remain obstinate from delusion, but resolved, in perfect reliance on that gracious Providence which so signally displays its goodness towards this country, to reduce the refractory to a due subordination to the law, do hereby declare and make known that, with a satisfaction which can be equaled only by the merits of the militia summoned into service from the States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, I have received intelligence of their patriotic alacrity in obeying the call of the present, though painful, yet commanding necessity; that a force which, according to every reasonable expectation, is adequate to the exigency is already is motion to the scene of disaffection; that those who have confided or shall confide in the protection of Government shall meet full succor under the standard and from the arms of the United States; that those who, having offended against the laws, have since entitled themselves to indemnity will be treated with the most liberal good faith if they shall not have forfeited their claim by any subsequent conduct, arid that instructions are given accordingly. And I do moreover exhort all individuals, officers, and bodies of men to contemplate with abhorrence the measures leading directly or indirectly to those crimes which produce this resort to military coercion; to check in their respective spheres the efforts of misguided or designing men to substitute their misrepresentation in the place of truth and their discontents in the place of stable government, and to call to mind that, as the people of the United States have been permitted, under the Divine favor, in perfect freedom, after solemn deliberation, and in an enlightened age, to elect their own government, so will their gratitude for this inestimable blessing be best distinguished by firm exertions to maintain the Constitution and the laws. And, lastly, I again warn all persons whomsoever and wheresoever not to abet, aid, or comfort the insurgents aforesaid, as they will answer the contrary at their peril; and I do also require all officers and other citizens, according to their several duties, as far as may be in their power, to bring under the cognizance of the laws all offenders in the premises. In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 25th day of September, 1794, and of the Independence of the United States of America the nineteenth. Go WASHINGTON. By the President: EDM: RANDOLPH, Secretary Militia was called up from New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, and eastern Pennsylvania. The federalized militia force of 12,950 men was a large army by American standards of the time: the army that had been with Washington during the Revolutionary War had often been smaller. Because relatively few men volunteered for militia service, a draft was used to fill out the ranks. Draft evasion was widespread, and conscription efforts resulted in protests and riots, even in eastern areas. Three counties in eastern Virginia were the scenes of armed draft resistance.  In Maryland, Governor Thomas Sim Lee sent 800 men to quash an antidraft riot in Hagerstown; about 150 people were arrested. In October 1794, Washington traveled west to review the progress of the military expedition. According to historian Joseph Ellis, this would be "the first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field". Jonathan Forman, who led the Third Infantry Regiment of New Jersey troops against the Whiskey Rebellion, wrote about his encounter with Washington:  "October 3d Marched early in the morning for Harrisburg, where we arrived about 12 O'clock. About 1 O’clock recd. information of the Presidents approach on which, I had the regiment paraded, timely for his reception, & considerably to my satisfaction. Being afterwards invited to his quarters he made enquiry into the circumstances of the man [an incident between a militia man and an old soldier mentioned earlier in the journal] & seemed satisfied with the information."  Washington met with the western representatives in Bedford, Pennsylvania, on October 9 before going to Fort Cumberland in Maryland to review the southern wing of the army. Convinced the federalized militia would meet little resistance, he placed the army under the command of the governor of Virginia, Henry "Lighthorse Harry" Lee, a hero of the Revolutionary War. Washington returned to Philadelphia; Hamilton remained with the army as civilian adviser. The insurrection collapsed as the army marched into western Pennsylvania in October 1794. Some of the most prominent leaders of the insurrection, like David Bradford, fled westward to safety. After an investigation, federal government officials arrested about 20 people and brought them back to Philadelphia for trial.  Eventually, a federal grand jury indicted 24 men for high treason. Most of the accused had eluded capture, so only ten men stood trial for treason in federal court. Of these, only Philip Wigle and John Mitchell were convicted. Wigle had beaten up a tax collector and burned his house; Mitchell was a simpleton who had been convinced by David Bradford to rob the U.S. mail. Both men were sentenced to death by hanging, but they were pardoned by President Washington. Pennsylvania state courts were more successful in prosecuting lawbreakers, securing numerous convictions for assault and rioting. Washington's forceful action proved the new government could protect itself.  This campaign remains the first and only time a sitting US President has led troops in action. These events also marked the first time under the   Constitution of 1787 , that the federal government utilized a strong military force to exert its authority over the states and their citizens.   Meanwhile, during this same period a major war broke out between conservative Great Britain and its allies and revolutionary France, launching an era of large-scale warfare that engulfed Europe until 1815. Washington, with cabinet approval, proclaimed American neutrality: The Proclamation of Neutrality 1793 Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United Netherlands, of the one part, and France on the other; and the duty and interest of the United States require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerant Powers; I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the United States to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the United States carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition. And I do hereby also make known, that whatsoever of the citizens of the United States shall render himself liable to punishment or forfeiture under the law of nations, by committing, aiding, or abetting hostilities against any of the said Powers, or by carrying to any of them those articles which are deemed contraband by the modern usage of nations, will not receive the protection of the United States, against such punishment or forfeiture; and further, that I have given instructions to those officers, to whom it belongs, to cause prosecutions to be instituted against all persons, who shall, within the cognizance of the courts of the United States, violate the law of nations, with respect to the Powers at war, or any of them. In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done at the city of Philadelphia, the twenty-second day of April, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the seventeenth. George Washington   Washington, enveloped in a western Indian war against British allies, decided to send Chief Justice John Jay , the most effective Treaty of Paris negotiator, to great Britain in hope of securing peace. The initial terms of the new treaty was designed primarily by Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury with guidance from Washington and fine tuning by John Jay.   The treaty was designed to achieve the withdrawal of British Army units from pre-Revolutionary forts that the English failed to relinquish in the Northwest Territory and insure US neutrality in the new European war. In the negotiation, Jay and the British negotiators  agreed that disputes over wartime debts and the American–Canadian boundary were to be sent to arbitration. The US was granted limited rights to trade with British possessions in India and colonies in the Caribbean in exchange for some limits on the American export of cotton.  In a series of meetings, Jay and  Lord Greenville concluded the negotiations on November 19th, 1794.   Hamilton and Washington considered the treaty jay negotiated an exceptional diplomatic achievement. The Jeffersonians, however, were solidly behind the French and launched a propaganda campaign maligning the agreement that resulting in Americans labeling it as "Jay's Treaty.”   Chief Justice John Jay decided his office prevented him from publicly defending the treaty. He sought the help of fellow Federalists leaders noting that the treaty was so unpopular that he could travel from Boston to Philadelphia by the glow of his burning effigies. Alexander Hamilton exacted the entire weight of the Federalist Party to refute Jefferson's Republican Party's anti-treaty publicity campaign. The public attacks continued and were so severe that only the firmness of Washington's character and the might of his administration that public opinion slowly began to swing back to the the neutrality policy.  The U.S. Senate finally agreed to consider ratifying the treaty and passed a resolution in June 1795, advising the president to amend the treaty by suspending the 12th article, which concerned trade between the U.S. and the West Indies. In mid-August, the Senate ratified the treaty 20–10, with the condition that the treaty contain specific language regarding the June 24 resolution. President Washington signed ten days later. The Treaty was proclaimed in effect on February 29, 1796 and in a series of close votes, after another bitter fight against the Washington and led by James Madison , the House funded the Treaty in April 1796. This enabled the fledgling nation to avert a war with Great Britain until 1812 when the United States was on a much stronger political and economic footing. Lord Sheffield of Great Britain, who viewed the treaty as a "Complete Surrender by England,” wrote on the eve of the War of 1812:  "We have now a complete opportunity of getting rid of that most impolitic treaty of 1794, when Lord Grenville was so perfectly duped by Jay." A year later, when President Washington left office, the country's financial system was well established,  the Indian threat east of the Mississippi had been largely eliminated,  Jay's Treaty  and Pinckney's Treaty (1795) with Spain had enlarged U.S. territory while removing serious diplomatic difficulties. In spite of the animosities and conflicting opinions between Republicans and members of the  Federalist party, the two groups were at least united in the acceptance of the new federal government. Washington refused to run for a third term and, after a masterly Farewell Address in which he warned the United States against permanent alliances abroad, he went home to Mount Vernon. His vice-president, Federalist  John Adams , succeeded him. Although Washington reluctantly accepted command of the army in 1798 when war with France seemed imminent, he did not assume an active role. He preferred to spend his last years in happy retirement at Mount Vernon. In early December, Washington contracted what was probably quinsy or acute laryngitis; he declined rapidly and died at his estate on Decem 14, 1799.

Bill of rights

What long running ABC sports program promised viewers 'the thrill of victory and the agony of defeat'?

America's Founding Documents | National Archives America's Founding Documents These three documents, known collectively as the Charters of Freedom, have secured the rights of the American people for more than two and a quarter centuries and are considered instrumental to its founding and philosophy of the United States. Declaration of Independence The Charters of Freedom The Declaration of Independence, Constitution and Bill of Rights, collectively known as the Charters of Freedom, have guaranteed the rights and freedoms of Americans for over 200 years. The spectacular new book The Charters of Freedom-"A New World Is At Hand" written by Alice Kamps, Curator at the National Archives, showcases the National Archives' renovated Rotunda, the newly re-encased Charters of Freedom, and the exhibition that flanks their permanent display. The book describes the dramatic events that culminated in these historic documents, the materials and techniques used in their creation and conservation, and their adventures on the road to a permanent safe haven at the National Archives. The Charters of Freedom Bundle Facsimiles These elegant facsimiles on parchment paper of the Charters of Freedom: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights, are all three here offered to you in one bundle. These historic facsimiles are perfect for educational purposes or to decorate your home or office. Please note: The Constitution facsimile in this bundle has all four pages of the original document on one sheet. The original Charters of Freedom are on permanent display in the Rotunda at the National Archives Museum.   The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom Located on the upper level of the National Archives museum, is the permanent home of the original Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United States, and Bill of Rights. Designed by architect John Russell Pope as a shrine to American democracy, the ornate Rotunda with its soaring domed ceiling also features two murals by Barry Faulkner, depicting fictional scenes of the “presentations” of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.  

i don't know

On Sept 30, 1955, which iconic film actor died when his Porosche 550 Spyder collided with a Ford coupe driven by Donald Turnupseed?

Star Profile | Comet Over Hollywood | Page 2 Comet Over Hollywood Home for classic movie lovers Search Publicity photo of Guy Lombardo in the 1940s. “Auld Lang Syne” was his theme song. They called him Mr. New Year’s Eve, and he was part of America’s New Year’s tradition for nearly 50 years. Before Dick Clark and Ryan Seacrest counted down to 12 a.m., January 1, there was Guy Lombardo. Each year, his saxophones would poignantly play “Auld Land Syne” as couples danced, kissed and wished “Happy New Year.” From the crash of the stock market in 1929 through the bicentennial in 1976, big bandleader Lombardo and his Royal Canadians were a long standing tradition for Americans. Like this: Like Loading... Image To go along with some monthly health observances, Comet Over Hollywood is recognizing actors who battled diseases and often, kept it a secret from their public and exhibited strength by continuing to practice their craft. Others helped create awareness or spearheaded organizations for research, such as Yul Brynner . For October 2015’s Breast Cancer Awareness Month, Comet is recognizing actresses who were diagnosed with breast cancer. Today, breast cancer survivors are proud and openly share their stories. Some wear pink t-shirts saying they are a survivor, write memoirs or are interviewed by the news to help spread awareness to other women to pay attention to their bodies. But for actresses of the Golden Era, this wasn’t the case. Many of their obituaries simply note they had endured a “long illness.” Newspapers said Judy Holliday was in the hospital for a bronchial illness and one obituary for Rosalind Russell said she died from stomach cancer. This was largely because of the stigma that surrounded this particular form of cancer. In the 1950s, the New York Times refused an advertisement for a breast cancer support group, saying they wouldn’t publish the word “breast” or “cancer.” Because of this, during my research I had some troubles finding reliable sources to confirm that some of these women had cancer at all. It took the help of some of these actresses who were diagnosed with breast cancer to help get rid of the stigma by publicly speaking about their illnesses. One of the first celebrities to open up about having breast cancer was former child star Shirley Temple. She wanted to empower women to be involved in their medical decisions and held a press conference from her hospital bed in 1972 while recovering from a lumpectomy. “It is my fervent hope that women will not be afraid to go to their doctors for diagnosis when they have unusual symptoms,” Shirley Temple Black said during a press conference in November 1972. “There is almost certain recovery from this form of cancer if it is caught early enough.” Actresses who had breast cancer: Brigitte Bardot- The French “sex kitten actress” who made waves with “…And God Created Woman” (1956) was diagnosed in her early 50s. A   Jan. 1985 Los Angeles Times  article says that Bardot underwent surgery for breast cancer in France. The article says Bardot was going to receive radiation treatment after the surgery. Bardot is now a 30 year cancer survivor. Ingrid Bergman– The Swedish-born Academy Award winning actress spent the last several years of her life with breast cancer. The illness is what caused her death at age 67 in 1982. The “Casablanca” actress was diagnosed in 1973, according to  Biography . ”Cancer victims who don’t accept their fate, who don’t learn to live with it, will only destroy what little time they have left,” Bergman is quoted in her obituary. Bergman’s  New York Times obituary  only says that she had cancer. “Mama suffered from breast cancer for nine years and the last three years, when my brother and sisters took turns to be with her in London, were very difficult,” said her daughter  Isabella Rossellini in an Aug. 2015 interview  which celebrated Bergman’s 100th birthday. “The cancer had spread to her lymph nodes, she had an enormous [tumour on her] right arm and was very depressed with the fear of being unable to act.” Diahann Carroll- The “Julia” actress was diagnosed in 1997 with breast cancer after having her yearly mammogram. Carroll was reluctant to talk about her diagnosis. “First, it doesn’t even phase you. You just [say], ‘Thank you for the information, doctor, and we’ll speak about this tomorrow.’ Because that’s the way I handle things,” Carroll says in an interview on Oprah’s Masterclass. Carroll is now a breast cancer awareness activist but was reluctant to talk about it at first. “The vanity was, I didn’t want anyone to know. I don’t want that to be the thought of anyone, the first thing they think when they hear my name: ‘She has cancer, you know.'” she said. “I later thought, ‘That’s pretty arrogant. There are millions of women who have to deal with this every day. We have to work together here, and it’s my responsibility to help them with that.'” Yvonne Craig- Best known for her role as “Batgirl” on the 1960s TV series “Batman,” Craig passed away in August 2015 at the age of 78 from breast cancer. Craig fought breast cancer for two years. “Chemotherapy weakened her but didn’t dampen her sense of humor or her spirit, she intended to fight and win this battle. In the end, her mind still wanted to fight but her body had given up,” according to a statement by Craig’s family to  ABC News . Ms. Craig’s family said in a statement that she had breast cancer, which eventually metastasized to her liver, for more than two years, but that she had kept her condition private, according to her  New York Times obituary . “She wanted to spend all of her energy concentrating on winning her battle,” her family said in the New York Times. “She was adamant about this and wanted to tell her story when she was cured and feeling better.” Bette Davis- Bette Davis said she wanted her epitaph to be, “Here lies Ruth Elizabeth Davis-she did it the hard way.” Davis was diagnosed with breast cancer in the 1980s and underwent a mastectomy in 1981, according to her  New York Times obituary . Davis did it the hard way and continued acting up until a few years before her death. When she starred in “The Whales of August” (1987) with Lillian Gish and Ann Sothern, she had breast cancer and recently had recovered from a massive stroke. Davis passed away in 1989 at the age of 81 after attending San Sebastian, Spain to receive an award at a film festival. She was flown to Paris after the festival where she died. Ruby Dee- The actress best known for her role in “A Raisin in the Sun” and wife of actor Ossie Davis, was diagnosed with maligned breast cancer in 1970 and underwent a lumpectomy, according to her obituary in  Bloomberg . “Pins. Needles, people talking, asking questions,” she wrote in her autobiography. “Count backward? I know that routine. I will not go under, get knocked out, surrender to oblivion.” Dee was a 40 year cancer survivor, passing away in June 2014 at age 91 of natural causes. KAY FRANCIS Kay Francis- Kay Francis was Warner Brothers’ top star in the 1930s but when Bette Davis hit the scene, Warner began treating Francis poorly and giving her lousy work to push her out. However, she continued working until her career ended after World War II, according to TCM primetime host Robert Osborne. r. In 1966, she was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent a mastectomy. However, it was too late and the cancer had spread, according to The Power of Glamour: The Women who Defined the Magic of Stardom While she was ill, Francis was offered Lana Turner’s role in “Madame X,” which she had to turn down due to her health, according to Kay Francis: A Passionate Life and Career By Lynn Kear and John Rossman. After her mastectomy, Francis was refined to her bed where she read, watched television, drank and took her medication according to “The Women of Warner Brothers: The Lives and Careers of 15 Leading Ladies” by Daniel Bubbeo and the Kear book. Francis died 1968 at age 63. Greta Garbo- After leaving the screen more than 40 years before, Greta Garbo was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1984, underwent a partial mastectomy in New York and was given the all-clear three months later. Garbo passed away in 1990 at age 84 from renal failure and pneumonia, according to the 2012 book Greta Garbo: A Divine Star By David Bret. Paulette Goddard- There is conflicting information about Paulette Goddard and her breast cancer diagnosis. In an article on  TCM’s webpage for Summer Under the Stars  by Lorraine LoBianco, the author wrote that Goddard died from breast cancer in 1990. However, various other sources, including her New York Times obituary , say Goddard died in 1990 of heart failure at age 78. Other sources, including a   French Paulette Goddard webpage , and a 1 995 book on Goddard and her husband Erich Remarque s ay Goddard was diagnosed with breast cancer in the 1970s and had a mastectomy in 1975. The effects of the mastectomy were emotionally damaging and made her reclusive in her later years, according to the French webpage. Gloria Grahame- Actress Gloria Grahame, known for her roles in film noirs and “It’s a Wonderful Life,” was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1974. She tried treating the illness with strict dieting and homeopathic remedies. One doctor told her to stop smoking, stop drinking alcohol and incorporate a vegetarian diet, according to Gloria Grahame, Bad Girl of Film Noir: The Complete Career by Robert J. Lentz. From these changes, Grahame believed that cancer apparently went into remission. But in 1980, Grahame learned she had breast cancer for a second time and refused treatment. She preferred to work, ignore the illness and never said anything publically about having cancer. Grahame worked until her death. She was preparing for a role in “The Glass Menagerie” in London when she collapsed due to an infection in her abdominal wall, according to Lentz. She passed away in 1981 at age 57. Julie Harris– Actress Julie Harris was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1981 and had a mastectomy right before starting her role on “Knotts Landing,” according to her  New York Times obituary . Harris was undergoing chemotherapy while on the show, according to the Washington Post . Harris passed away in August 2013 at age 87. Judy Holliday- Academy Award winning actress and comedian Judy Holliday died from breast cancer in 1965 at age 43. It was difficult to find details about her death due to the time frame when she died, but the book “Promise Me” by Nancy Brinker says Holliday had her left breast removed in the early 1960s and the newspapers said she was in the hospital for a bronchial infection However, her 1965 obituary notes that she had cancer and she had surgery because of cancer in 1961. Brinker also writes that after Holliday’s cancer metastasized, her doctors and family thought it would best she didn’t know, telling her that her right breast was in pain because of an inflammation of the sternum. However, this information is not sited. Jennifer Jones- While some sources list Jennifer Jones as a breast cancer survivor, there is very little information on the Academy Award winning actress’s fight. The only article that mentions that Jones was a breast cancer survivor is her 2009 USA Today obituary . The Pasadena Times notes in her obituary that Jones donated to cancer research. Jones died in December 2009 at age 90. 1950s — Actress Joi Lansing — Image by © John Springer Collection/CORBIS Joi Lansing– Buxom blond B-movie actress Joi Lansing died due to breast cancer in 1972 at age 43. Many obituaries said Lansing died from leukemia. The book “Joi Lansing:A Body to Die For” by Alexis Hunter says Lansing had both breast and ovarian cancer, which potentially was fueled by Premarian Lansing was taking to reduce aging. Lansing’s friend Frank Sinatra paid for hospital bills, according to the book Comfort and Joi By Joseph Dougherty. Myrna Loy-  Once called the Queen of Hollywood and The Perfect Wife, Loy was diagnosed with breast cancer in the 1970s. She had a double mastectomy, one breast in 1975 and the other in 1979, according to LifeTime TV . Loy passed away in 1993 at age 88. Hattie McDaniel– Actress Hattie McDaniel, best known for her role in “Gone with the Wind” and the first African American to win an Academy Award, died from breast cancer in 1952. McDaniel had just started filming the television series “The Beulah Show” but passed away at age 57 after just three episodes. When she died, McDaniel stated that she wanted her ex-husband Larry Daniels to only receive $1 and the rest of her money go to her brother Sam McDaniel, according to The Margaret Mitchell Encyclopedia by Anita Price Davis. She wanted to be buried in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery, but was denied burial by owner Jules Roth because she was black. She was buried in Rosedale. In 1999, the new owner offered to move her body to Hollywood Forever, her family refused and a received a pink and white monument was built there in her honor, according to “Laugh Be a Lady” By Darryl J. Littleton, Tuezdae Littleton. TV role was taken over by Louise Beavers. Alla Nazimova- Silent actress Alla Nazimova survived breast cancer in the late 1930s. As she was starting to renew her former popularity on the stage, this was cut short by her illness. Nazimova reportedly had surgery for breast cancer in 1938, according to The Gay & Lesbian Theatrical Legacy By Billy J. Harbin, Kim Marra, Robert A. Schanke. She said about her mastectomy, “It hit me like a stroke of lightening, it cut short not only my health but also my career,” according to Passing Performances By Robert A. Schanke, Kim Marra. Nazimova died in July 1945 at age 66. 16 Feb 1967 — Portrait of Actress Lynn Redgrave — Image by © Bettmann/CORBIS Lynn Redgrave- Sister of actress Vanessa Redgrave and known for her role in the film “Georgy Girl,” Lynn Redgrave died due to breast cancer in 2010 at age 67, according to her New York Times obituary . Redgrave was diagnosed with Stage IV breast cancer 2001 and had a mastectomy and chemotherapy in 2003, according to a 2009 New York Times article on the actress. “It’s been around forever. Not forever, but a long time. And I just go on working. I have lived with cancer now for four years,” she said in 2009. Rosalind Russell- Actress Rosalind Russell died due to breast cancer, coupled with rheumatoid arthritis in 1976 at age 69, according to her obituary. Russell was diagnosed with breast cancer in the early 1960s, 15 years prior to her death and lived with arthritis for six years. “If I beat this rap, I’ll search for a cure for the rest of my life,” Russell said. She had a mastectomy in 1961, but the cancer later returned. She started chemotherapy in 1975, which worked for eight months but wasn’t successful in the last two months of her life, according to her obituary. One obituary said she had stomach chancer. When Russell received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1973 at the Academy Awards, she thanks her friends for taking care of her, while she was “ not quite well .” Susan Strasberg- Actress and daughter of acting coach Lee Strasberg, Susan Strasberg died in 1999 at age 60 due to breast cancer. Strasberg treated her disease holistically with Levashov’s physical healing method rather than going through traditional medicine or having a mastectomy,  according to When Good Thinking Goes Bad: How Your Brain Can Have a Mind of Its Own By Todd C. Riniolo. “She was diagnosed with [breast] cancer a few years ago but it was in remission totally,” said her stepmother, Anna Strasberg in her Los Angeles Times obituary . “We really have no answers here. I think Susan truly believed she was OK. She didn’t make any plans for dying. She just made plans for living.” Gloria Stuart- Gloria Stuart was diagnosed with breast cancer in the late-1980s and was a breast cancer survivor. “She did not believe in illness. She paid no attention to it, and it served her well,” said her daughter Sylvia Thompson. “She was a breast cancer survivor but she just paid no attention to illness. She was a very strong woman and had other fish to fry.” Stuart passed away at age 100 in 2010 due to lung cancer. Shirley Temple– Shirley Temple Black found a lump on her left breast in 1972 at age 44, according to a New York Times magazine article from 2014. Temple was one of the first well-known women to speak out about her breast cancer. According to the article, during this time many women automatically were only given the option of a mastectomy, even when a biopsy was an option. She wasn’t going to let this happen to her. She insisted only the breast tissue removed. The American Cancer Society spoke out against what Temple did, but she paved the way for women taking control of their medical care. Temple held a news conference from her hospital bed after the procedure to help other women, and received 5,000 thank you cards from women afterwards. Vivian Vance- “I Love Lucy” star died at age 66 in 1977. While most of her obituaries do not detail that she had breast cancer, sources such as I Had a Ball: My Friendship with Lucille Ball by Michael Z. Stern say she did. Her agent said she had been ill for “quite some time.” “I have lost one of the best friends I have ever had and the world has lost one of the great performers of television, stage and film,” Lucille Ball said when Vance died. Check out the  Comet Over Hollywood Facebook page , follow on Twitter at  @HollywoodComet  or e-mail at [email protected] Love what you read? Share it: Image Actress Joan Leslie in the 1940s With her shining smile, bright eyes and fresh face, actress Joan Leslie had an innocent girl-next-door appeal. But during her career at Warner Brothers during the 1940s, Joan Leslie held her own in top films with major actors such as Ida Lupino, Humphrey Bogart and James Cagney. She was a full-fledged star by age 17. And it all began on the stage when she was nine years old. Joan Leslie—then Joan Brodel—was part of a sister act, with her sisters Mary and Betty, known as the Three Brodels. The sisters traveled the United States and Canada; singing, dancing, doing impressions and playing instruments, according to a 1999 interview in the book “ Movies Were Always Magical ” by Leo Verswijver. Joan played the accordion and did an impression of actress Greta Garbo. While performing in New York, an MGM scout saw Joan and signed her to play a small role in the Greta Garbo film “ Camille ” (1936). In film, Joan, 11, played Robert Taylor’s little sister. She had one line, welcoming him home as he arrived at her first communion. As she continued to get small, uncredited roles in films such as “ Nancy Drew —Reporter” (1938), “ Susan And God ” (1940) and “ Foreign Correspondent ” (1940), Joan changed her last name from Brodel to Leslie so she wouldn’t be confused with actress Joan Blondell. Pictured with her sisters and mother in for a LIFE magazine photo spread. But her big break came at age 15. Joan got the role of Velma, a young girl with a club foot, in the Howard Hawks directed film “ High Sierra ” (1940) starring Humphrey Bogart and Ida Lupino. In the film, Bogart is a criminal on the run, and when he meets Velma, he wants to help her get an operation for her foot. At age 15, Joan Leslie with Humphrey Bogart in “High Sierra” “That was such a good role,” Leslie said in the Verswijver interview. “And I was only 15! I wish I had more such roles when I was older.” By age 17, Joan Leslie was on the cover of the Oct. 26, 1942, issue of LIFE magazine. “Joan Leslie: girlish and unassuming, at age 17 she shines brightly as a full-fledged movie star able to sing, dance and act,” the magazine headline said. Joan Leslie on the cover of Life, Oct. 1942. By this time, Leslie had starred with Bogart a second time in “Thieves Fall Out” (1941). Still in her teens, she played the love interest to top stars such as Gary Cooper in “ Sergeant York ” (1941) and James Cagney in “ Yankee Doodle Dandy ” (1942). “When you talk about working with the best, I’ll always remember Jimmy Cagney. What a creative, dynamic person he was,” she said in the 1999 interview. Both Cooper and Cagney received Academy Awards for Best Actor for their respective roles. “I never was nominated but I don’t feel I did anything up to that caliber,” she said. In most of her roles that followed at Warner Brothers, Joan Leslie exuded a persona that was the young, innocent, sweet girl-next-door. “I was merely being myself in the 1940s, that’s what it really was,” she said. However, Joan Leslie always proved to be versatile. She could go from comedies with Eddie Albert, such as “The Great Mr. Nobody” (1940) to the hard hitting drama “ The Hard Way ” (1942), playing the younger sister Ida Lupino is pushing to make a star. At age 18, Joan was also the youngest of any of Fred Astaire’s dance partners in the 1943 film, “ The Sky’s The Limit .” Publicity photo of Fred Astaire and Joan Leslie in “Sky’s the Limit.” However, because she was so much younger than her peers such as Cagney, Olivia de Havilland, Henry Fonda and Bogart, she said she never felt like she was a “chum” to any of these stars, but was also never scared or in awe while working with them. “People were very nice to me…” she said. “They were getting the quality from me that they wanted: young, innocent and sweet girl next door. It was during the war (World War II) and that’s what they wanted to project on the screen.” Like many other actresses, Joan Leslie danced at the Hollywood Canteen during World War II with the soldiers. Art imitated life as she starred in the film “ Hollywood Canteen ” (1944) as herself. In the film a soldier, played by Robert Hutton, wins a date with Joan Leslie and the two end up falling in love. Joan Leslie and Robert Hutton in the film “The Hollywood Canteen” (1944) In 1946, Joan Leslie was voted No. 1 in a Future Star poll, but becoming quality roles were scarce for her. This largely was because she sued Warner Brothers for control of her contract, believing after the age 21 she should be able to pick better parts. Warner lowered her billing in some of her films and blackballed her name with other studios. “I always liked to play a certain kind of part as a certain kind of person and I don’t find that very much anymore. The business has changed so much,” she said in 1999. Joan Leslie with her husband William Caldwell, MD. However, once Joan Leslie married obstetrician William Caldwell, MD, in 1950, her interest in Hollywood started to fade. When the two had twin girls, Patricia and Ellen, Joan stopped making films and concentrated on her role as a mother. “When I married, that would be the most important thing in my life,” she said. “When you had a colorful life as an actress, it’s not easy to say that and to mean it as well. My husband respects me for what I have accomplished in my career.” After her career, she was involved with parish work, the Los Angeles Public Library’s after-school reading program, and the advisory board of the Damon Runyan Cancer Fund, according to her obituary . Dr. Caldwell passed away in 2000 and Miss Leslie passed away at age 90 on Oct. 12, 2015. “I had a very colorful life, she said. “There’s nothing quite like it.” Check out the  Comet Over Hollywood Facebook page , follow on Twitter at  @HollywoodComet  or e-mail at [email protected] Love what you read? Share it: by Jnpickens  Comet Over Hollywood has reviewed the three “Gidget” feature films this summer. To wrap up the series, Comet interviewed Kathy Kohner Zuckerman, the real Gidget whose summer story inspired her screenwriter father to write a book. The conversation was delightful. Ms. Zuckerman was down-to-Earth and it felt like talking and laughing with an old friend.  (r) Kathy Kohner in 1957 in the photo that was used on the book cover. (L) Kohner Zuckerman pictured in 2014 at Duke’s, where she works. It was a different world for Kathy Kohner as she walked on the film set of “Gidget” in 1959. “It was hard to understand that they were making a movie about me,” said Kathy Kohner Zuckerman, the real “Gidget,” in a phone interview with Comet Over Hollywood on Tuesday, Aug. 25. “They weren’t even filming at Malibu.” The 1959 “Gidget” film that starred Sandra Dee, James Darren and Cliff Robertson spawned two more feature films, two television shows and several made-for-TV movies. And it all began with a 15-year-old girl telling her father that she wanted to write a story about her summer. Kathy had been spending her summer days in 1957 at Malibu around a group of kids that were different than your average teenager. The boys surfed all day, lived in a shack on the beach, and nicknamed petite Kathy, “Gidget”- meaning “girl midget.” Screenwriter Frederick Kohner with his daughter Kathy, who served as inspiration for Gidget. “I can close my eyes and remember turning in the passenger seat of the car and telling my dad that I wanted to write a story about my days at the beach. I told him, ‘There is a guy who lives in a shack,’” Zuckerman said. “Dad said, ‘Well you aren’t a writer, but I know you keep diaries, and I’ll write the story. Sounds like fun.’ I told my dad pretty much everything; I had a very good relationship with him. I still have those diary pages.” Kathy’s father was Hollywood screenwriter Frederick Kohner, who was nominated for an Academy Award for his screen play “Mad About Music” (1938) starring Deanna Durbin, Herbert Marshall and Gail Patrick. Kohner’s Hollywood credits also include Durbin films “It’s a Date” (1940), “Nice Girl?” (1941), “The Men in Her Life” (1941) starring Loretta Young, the Claudette Colbert and Robert Young film “Bride for Sale” (1949) and “Never Wave at a WAC” (1953) starring Rosalind Russell. Kohner was born in Austria-Hungary, where he was already a writer with film screen credits before coming to the United States. He left Europe when Nazis started removing Jewish screen credits from films. His brother, Hollywood agent Paul Kohner, helped Kohner come to the United States, along with their other brother Walter. Paul Kohner is the grandfather of directors Chris and Paul Weitz and father to actress Susan Kohner, star of “Imitation of Life” (1959). “My dad was pretty much always at home, but he had an area in back of the house that he called the studio. It was an enclave set apart where he wrote,” she said. “He wrote the screenplay for the film “Never Wave at a WAC,” and I got to meet Rosalind Russell. I was probably 17, and she had a big fancy house with her husband. It was fun and I was amazed by her home.” Kathy’s summer adventures were weaved into the fictional story titled “Gidget: The Little Girl with Big Ideas” about a young girl who felt like she fit in best with the surfers and had a romance with a surfer named, Moondoggie. In the book, the character’s real name is Franzie, which was the name of his wife. The 1957 cover for “Gidget: The Little Girl with Big Ideas,” featuring Kathy. The book is still available on Amazon. The book is based on some truths, but a good bit was fictional. For example, Kathy had a crush on a surfer but they never dated, as suggested in the film series. “There was someone who lived in a shack, I did have a big crush on one of the surfers, I did buy a board with a totem pole on it, I did learn how to surf, I did get tonsillitis a lot, I did bring food to the beach for the guys, I did try very hard to be liked,” she said. “But as for the big crush, I don’t know whether it was reciprocated or not. I think sometimes he did like me and other times he thought I was a kid sister. There was no big romance, but I was definitely charged on Bill. That was his name.” When the book hit the shelves, it was an immediate best-seller, but Kathy does not claim that success. “It was my dad’s success. There was a definite ‘Wow’ moment because of the response,” Kathy said. “I think I also thought, ‘Oh my gosh, I wonder what the guys are going to think about the book.’ There was some exposé in it, but in retrospect, I’m sure they loved it, and it created the billion dollar surf industry.” Kathy was in college in Oregon when the film starring Sandra Dee was released, but she had the opportunity to meet the stars. She remembers Dee as being sweet and considers her the best of the Gidget actresses. In comparison, Dee’s Gidget was sweet, demure and kind while Kathy said she was more of a tomboy. “It’s odd being that person and watching the films about what Gidget does,” she said. “Sandra Dee is Gidget. There’s me, the real person, but she was great as the character. In the Sally Field TV show- that wasn’t my life. She got involved in high school and the band and journalism. As cute as it was, that wasn’t me. I wanted to be one of the gang or one of the guys. I didn’t like high school. I wanted to be in Malibu.” With the “Gidget” film came beach music, a mass interest in surfing and more beach films, such as the Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello movies. “Everyone wanted to surf and go to Malibu and fall in love,” she said. “My dad was talented and wrote a really cool book. A studio saw that it would be a good movie and it was. They cast Sandra Dee and Jimmy Daren, who were great, and it cascaded. It was being at the right place at the right time. I was a kid and I was going away to college. I didn’t think of the business end of surfing with the contest and the clothes. There was no surf music yet, we had ‘Rock Around the Clock’ and Elvis Presley. Surf music didn’t come until 1961.” 16-year-old Kathy in the Oct. 28, 1957, issue of LIFE magazine. (LIFE) Now, at age 74, Kathy works at a restaurant in Malibu called Duke’s, named for surfer Duke Kahanamoku, where everyone still calls her Gidget, and she is able to promote her book. Kathy still keeps in contact with some of her surfer friends, who she calls “life-long friends.” “I do keep in contact with some of the boys who surfed in Malibu. They are scattered all over and some aren’t alive anymore,” she said. “I definitely made life-long friends with them. Recently, one of the Malibu surfers came to see me, and I have known him since he’s 19. I told my husband that aside from my family, I have known him the longest.” She hasn’t surfed in a few summers, but the spirit still lives on in her daily life. “I like the fact that this character had tenacity. Whether Gidget surfed because of boys, her parents wouldn’t let her go to the movies, or she had nothing better to do, the story was kind of ballsy,” she said. “I wanted to surf, and I wanted to learn even if it meant dealing with teasing or not always being greeted with open arms. A large element of the Gidget story is having the attitude to pursue what you want.” You can buy the book “Gidget” by Frederick Kohner on Amazon .  Another photo of Kathy from the Oct. 28, 1957, LIFE magazine. Read more about the three Gidget feature films:  “Gidget” (1959) starring Sandra Dee, James Darren, Cliff Robertson by Jnpickens Ever wanted to get involved with a documentary or see your name in the credits of a film? Learn more about how you can get “ Lives of Bernard Herrmann” closer to completion  through their crowdfunding campaign. What would the shower scene of “ Psycho” be like without his piercing, staccato strings? Would the theme from “ Vertigo ” be as dizzying without those swirling woodwinds? Rehearsal of The Free Company radio drama with conductor Bernard Herrmann. Image dated April 6, 1941. Copyright © 1941 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved. Credit: CBS Photo Archive. File X4467_2 Forty years after his death, composer Bernard Herrmann ’s still hasn’t stopped playing. His themes constantly appear in pop culture; whether it’s looped into mainstream music, used in a commercial or reworked into another composer’s score. Examples of these include Quentin Tarantino’s use of the whistling “ Twisted Nerve ” theme in “Kill Bill,” or the Lady Gaga using a portion of “Vertigo” in her “Born this Way” music video. But Herrmann’s influence doesn’t stop at pop culture. You can hear traces of his impact in the scores of 20th and 21st century composers such as John Williams, Danny Elfman and Michael Giacchino To highlight his work and continuing relevance, New York-based director Brandon Brown is directing a new full-length documentary, “ Lives of Bernard Herrmann ,” on the composer who worked with Alfred Hitchcock, Orson Welles, Ray Harryhausen and Martin Scorsese. In February, Brown interviewed actor and former co-host of TCM’s “The Essentials” Alec Baldwin , who called Herrmann an equal to all of those artists. Comet Over Hollywood spoke with Brown about what inspired the project and when his love for the composer began: “Lives of Bernard Herrmann” director, Brandon Brown COH: What made you decide to make the documentary? What is your goal? BB: The documentary is my dream project; I want to make a film that I would like to watch on Bernard Herrmann. Herrmann was not only an amazing composer but he was also an interesting person. I think his music and story deserve to be more closely examined in a longer film with new interviews. My goal is to introduce people to Herrmann’s music and also sympathize with him not only as a composer, but as a character in the documentary. COH: What inspired the title? BB:  In an interview from 1970*, Herrmann said, “There’s no one performance of a piece [of music] that can ever reveal the whole piece… It’s not finished. It goes on and on and on. Each performance reveals something new about it again.” When I decided on a title for this film, I had that quote in mind and applied it to Herrmann’s life. To me, a documentary on Bernard Herrmann’s life would in fact need to be a documentary on many lives. It’d be a documentary examining Herrmann’s life before music, his life of composing music, his life as a husband and father, and, finally, how his music has lived on long after his passing. This interview is available through the Film Music Society . COH: When did your love for Bernard Herrmann begin? What started it? BB: It started when I was 12 or 13 after I heard the score from “Vertigo.” Up until that point, I had a general love of soundtracks that started with my love of movies and it evolved from there. John Williams was my favorite composer before Bernard Herrmann. As I got more interested in Herrmann, I learned that Williams was influenced by Herrmann and that he knew him personally. It was interesting to connect my two favorite composers. COH: Do you remember the first time you were introduced to Bernard Herrmann? What was the score and when was it? BB: The first score I ever heard was “The Trouble with Harry,” which was also my first Alfred Hitchcock film. I was six or seven years old.  The score that later made me aware of Herrmann was “Vertigo.” I saw how Hitchcock’s direction, the visuals of Robert Burks, the acting of Stewart and Novak and Herrmann’s music all paralleled each other. Alfred Hitchcock and Bernard Herrmann. BB: What is your favorite Herrmann score? What makes it memorable? COH: “Obsession” (1976). It’s a genuinely haunting score through his use of organ and strings and how his themes reflect the characters. “Obsession” is really the same story as “Vertigo,” which has more of a romantic score. The score for “Obsession is much more haunting and eerie than “Vertigo,” and Herrmann’s finale makes the film. COH: Though you are still in the early stages, when do you hope for the documentary to be complete? BB: Summer 2016. COH: What do your viewers have to look forward to? (Interviews, new information) BB: The documentary will include interviews with Herrmann’s family, people he worked with and people who know his music well. Most of these are interviews that haven’t been conducted before on film. We’ll be revealing more information as the interviews are filmed. COH: Why is it important that we remember Bernard Herrmann and his work today? BB: First and foremost, Herrmann wrote some of the greatest music of the 20th century, ranking with any celebrated classical composers. Writing music wasn’t just a job for Herrmann, it was his life. He saw it as an art form and was dedicated to preserving that art form.  He demonstrated this by conducting the music of Ives, Ruggles and other great but generally unknown composers. Orson Welles and Bernard Herrmann COH: How has Herrmann influenced pop culture, contemporary composers and scores? BB: You hear his music everywhere, whether it is being reused or parodied, people are constantly finding new uses for his music. Try to think of any slasher movie that doesn’t pull inspiration from the shower scene in “Psycho,” or an outer space film that doesn’t use musical techniques from “The Day the Earth Stood Still.” Herrmann’s music was a foundation for horror, thriller and sci-fi film music. You always hear it. Every time you hear the theme from “Jaws,” you will hear traces of Herrmann. COH: What interested you in film making and documentaries? BB: There are plenty of stories to tell about people who made a significant impact in the world. I want to help tell these stories of people who are no longer around or left their mark on history. Love what you read? Share it: by Jnpickens Character actor John Ridgely They are the highlights of most of our favorite films; coming in with the most striking lines and comedic moments. A character actor is often the best part of the film. Not the star and a little lower than the secondary lead, a character actor has something distinct that they carry from film to film; whether it’s a funny voice, a physical appearance or personality trait. Think S.Z. “Cuddles” Sakall’s chubby cheeks, Joyce Compton’s southern drawl or Una O’Connor’s fussy Irish habits. But there are character actors who are just below these sidekick-like roles. The audience recognizes their face but may not know their name. These actors usually perform a role in the film that helps move the plot along, even if it is something as simple as being a police officer arresting the bad guy or a hotel clerk checking the lead actors into a hotel. This role describes the versatile “every man” actor, John Ridgely (sometimes spelled Ridgeley). Born John Huntington Rea in Illinois, Ridgely was a graduate of Stanford University with plans to go into an industrial career. After performing in plays with the Pasadena Playhouse, Ridgely entered films in the 1930s. If you have watched a Warner Brother’s film made between 1935 and 1948, chances are you have spotted Ridgley. The tall, dark haired vaguely attractive actor appeared in 145 feature films. His roles ranged from police officers, doctors, heavies, truck drivers, salesmen, orchestra leaders, part of a double date, cab drivers, hotel clerks, coroners and reporters. John Ridgely as a hotel clerk in “Nancy Drew-Reporter.” Some of his films include The Big Sleep (1946), Arsenic and Old Lace (1944), “They Died With Their Boots On (1941), The Letter (1940) and Dark Victory (1939), humorously listed as Man Making Crack About Judith. Actress Lauren Bacall’s first screen test was with Ridgely for the film “To Have and Have Not” (1944), performing the famous “put your lips together and blow” scene. The scene was written without any real intention of keeping it in the film, but after seeing the screen test, director Howard Hawks changed his mind, according to Bacall’s autobiography “By Myself.” But Ridgely received top billing in the 1943 World War II film “Air Force;” co-starring with John Garfield, Arthur Kennedy, Gig Young and Harry Carey. John Ridgley had top billing in “Air Force.” For his first (and last) time in a lead role, Ridgely does an excellent job. In the Feb. 4, 1943, New York Times film review, critic Bosely Crowther called Ridgely’s performance “refreshingly direct.” “Mr. Hawks very wisely recruited a cast with no outstanding star, thus assuring himself the privilege of giving everyone a chance. And his actors have responded handsomely,” Crowther wrote. Two years later, Ridgely acted with John Garfield in “Pride of the Marines” (1945). Though the role is not as large as “Air Force,” Ridgely has a sufficient amount of screen time as a next door neighbor and friend of Garfield and his wife, played by Eleanor Parker. But regardless how much screen time he received in films, Ridgley garnered media attention, as most film stars in the classic era did. This included: April 10, 1943: A humorous newspaper story in an April 10, 1943, article where Ridgely gave a few kids a ride. The kids asked to be let out of the car when they found out he was an actor. July 20, 1943: “Theater Gossip” John Garfield and John Ridgley announced to be acting with Cary Grant in “Destination Tokyo.” The two Johns are both noted for just coming from the film “Air Force.” Nov. 11, 1943:The Evening Independent, “Playhouse Film Provides Thrills, Flynn Stars in Hudson Bay Story of Nazi Spies”: Ridgley is noted for acting in the upcoming Errol Flynn film, “Northern Pursuit.” Feb. 11, 1944: “Sign on Windshield Almost Ruins Actor,” an article tells how Ridgely almost was in a car accident due to his surprise of seeing an old woman driving a 1903 Baker Electric. Oct. 27, 1944: “The Evening Independent” under “Theater Gossip”: John Ridgley is noted for playing a “heavy” in the upcoming film, “The Big Sleep.” “Assignment of Ridgely was announced at the same time it was disclosed Regis Toomey was signed for an important role as a fast talking muscle man…Ridgely portrayed a meteorologist in Destination Tokyo and a confused husband in The Doughgirls.” April 6, 1945: Ridgely is mentioned in the sub-head of a review on “God is My Co-Pilot” starring Dennis Morgan. May 27, 1951: article mentions Ridgely was celebrating his 19th anniversary in film and his next upcoming project, playing a doctor in the “The Blue Veil.” Arthur Kennedy, Gig Young, John Ridgely and Charles Drake in “Air Force.” Ridgely left the industry in 1953 and died in Manhattan in 1968 of heart failure. Conflicting reports say he is buried in New York while other says Forest Lawn in Hollywood. Ridgley was married to Virginia Robinson and had a son, John Ridgely Rea. While he wasn’t a huge star, Ridgely was still considered important enough to be noted by the press. Regardless of the role, Ridgely always adds something to the film and it’s fun to pick him out in his various roles. Check out the  Comet Over Hollywood Facebook page , follow on Twitter at  @HollywoodComet  or e-mail at [email protected] Love what you read? Share it: by Jnpickens During world wars and conflicts, celebrity USO shows travel to military bases and overseas to raise morale for the men and women fighting for freedom. One film star who is the most associated with entertaining troops is Bob Hope, who entertained during World War II, the Korean War and Vietnam. Hope would bring celebrities with him such as Ann-Margret or Connie Stevens to bring the familiarity of home to them in a foreign land. But there is one star who isn’t mentioned as much for her morale raising service as Hope: Martha Raye. Nicknamed Colonel Maggie by soldiers, Raye was so revered by veterans that she received special permission to be buried with the U.S. Army Special Forces cemetery on Fort Bragg Army base in North Carolina. Martha Raye’s headstone at Fort Bragg. I visited Raye’s grave in December. (Comet Over Hollywood/Jessica P) World War II Her patriotic endeavors began when she traveled overseas during World War II on Oct. 31, 1942. Raye traveled with actresses Carole Landis, Kay Francis and dancer Mitzi Mayfair to entertain troops in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and North Africa. The adventures of the four actresses was later written as a book by Carole Landis called “Four Jills in a Jeep” and was made into a musical film by 20th Century Fox. Raye, known for her large mouth and jazzy songs, was the comic relief of the group. Landis was the sex appeal and Francis brought class and glamour. While in England, the actresses only had one show canceled. When they arrived at a base, they learned half of the squadron’s bombardiers were lost that day. They ate with the men and helped toast to those who had died, according to “Take It from the Big Mouth: The Life of Martha Raye” by Jean Maddern Pitrone. Martha Raye performing in Africa in 1943. While traveling to North Africa in a B-17, two German planes began to attack. After the firing stopped, the actresses learned their tail gunner was killed, according to Pitrone. When Landis, Francis and Mayfair returned to the states, Raye stayed behind to continue entertaining the troops. She helped carry wounded men, worked with medics, and traveled by jeep to the front lines; performing four shows. Each show was at least an hour and a half long, Pitrone wrote. Conditions were rugged in Africa: Raye came down with yellow fever and lost 22 pounds, and then was in a trench for three days with 200 soldiers while Germans bombed the area, according to Pitrone. “It was chummy,” Raye said in a May 15, 1943, United Press newspaper article, “Martha Raye Now a Captain.” Raye returned home with a rank of honorary captain in March 1943 after four and a half months overseas. Martha Raye with soldiers in Africa. “Their only complaint was that they didn’t get enough letters from home. That’s what they want most,” Raye told the newspapers, encouraging families to write, according to the United Press. Her plan was to travel to the South Pacific, but doctors told her that she needed rest after her bought with yellow fever. Instead, she planned a six week American military base tour, which ended on the second day when she collapsed from fatigue. In 1944, she discovered she was unable to go on any USO tours, because she was pregnant, Pitrone said. Korea and Vietnam Raye traveled to Korea in the summer of 1952 to entertain troops, but it only lasted a few weeks due to illness. Martha Raye in Vietnam in her signature Green Beret and combat boots. She was most active during Vietnam; traveling overseas eight times from 1965 to 1972 for six month to a year per tour. She was in Vietnam so often that a blind soldier recognized her by her perfume. “She spent more time in Vietnam than the average soldier. She virtually gave up her career, family and everything,” said Mildred Fortin, quoted in a July 6, 1993, Daily Gazette article, “Area veterans take on mission to honor Martha Raye.” Fortin was a Vietnam veteran and co-founder of Medals for Martha Raye, an organization that wanted Raye to receive the Medal of Freedom, the highest military recognition a civilian can receive. Raye would go into risky areas for the soldiers, leaving the larger, safe bases and travel into the jungle to perform for as few as 25 soldiers, according to her 1994 obituary. In 1967, she was the first woman in the Green Berets with five qualified jumps, according to an Aug. 1, 1979, article by Vernon Scott. “She came, regardless of danger,” said retired Master Sgt. Tom Squire in her obituary. “She talked, drank, told jokes, played cards. A lot of times when the regular Army didn’t know what was going on or understand, she would just go.” In each base, she posted her home address and phone number, encouraging the soldiers to stay in touch. And when she would return home, she sent their letters to their family, called wives, and would tell reporters how the soldiers were discouraged and disillusioned by the lack of support they were receiving from Americans, according to Pitrone’s book. “I think the way they’re being treated by a minority of idiots back home is just disgraceful,” Raye said in an Aug. 27, 1970, article before she went on her sixth tour. “What I do isn’t for sympathy or pity. It’s just trying to help in a small way. Our servicemen give so much and ask for so little.” Martha Raye with soldiers in Vietnam. Along with singing and entertaining, Raye would help as a nurse. Raye told people she was became a registered nurse in 1936 and worked at a hospital while also acting at Paramount. However, it seems she never was a registered nurse but was once a nurses’ aid. The soldiers thought so highly over her, they once threw her a birthday party. Fortin said Raye was the mother that the boys were missing- sister, girlfriend or nurse. “We had no idea who would be coming to Ham Long on Christmas morning (1971),” said Army Col. John B. Haseman. “You can imagine our surprise and delight when this wonderful lady, clad in her trademark jungle fatigues and Green Beret jumped out of the helicopter… I will never forget what she did for us, and I know there are thousands of other soldiers who can tell you a similar story.” During Vietnam, the Army made her an honorary member of the Green Berets’ Special Forces and she was given an honorary rank of Army Lt. Col. The Marines made her a full Colonel. In 1969, she was awarded the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award for her work with the military, and in 1993, she was recognized with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Even long after World War II or Vietnam, military personnel would check in with Raye. One World War II veteran who was with her in North Africa wrote into Ann Landers in 1991 asking if she was okay after seeing her in a wheelchair on TV. “I was privileged to be Martha’s Jeep driver during the North African Campaign when she entertained the troops of the 2nd Armored Division,” he wrote. “She tripped while performing and hurt her ankle but refused to get it checked out by a doctor until she put on a show for 20,000 soldiers.” At her Fort Bragg funeral in October 1994, the Honor Guard from the 7th Special Forces Group Airborne served as pallbearers, the 82nd Airborne Division band performed and 300 soldiers and civilians were there to honor her. “She was Florence Nightingale and Dear Abby,” said Bob Hope. “And she was the only singer who could be heard over the artillery fire.” Closer view of Raye’s grave at Fort Bragg (Comet Over Hollywood/Jessica P) Check out the  Comet Over Hollywood Facebook page , follow on Twitter at  @HollywoodComet  or e-mail at [email protected] Love what you read? Share it: Orson Welles in 1938 on CBS radio Orson Welles was a media renaissance man. As an actor, director, writer and producer, he experimented with several entertainment art forms. His work such as making the United States believe they were under alien attack to making a critical film about one of the most powerful men in America made Welles a controversial figure. From acting on the radio, stage and films which included Citizen Kane, Touch of Evil, The Third Man and The Lady from Shanghai, Welles gained the reputation for being eccentric and difficult to work with. In order to continue funding his projects, Welles had to take on lower brow jobs, including the Paul Masson wine commercials he is famously and humorously known for. While there are hilarious anecdotes and outtakes came from these commercials, it’s not surprising that someone so immersed in all forms of arts and entertainment would be argumentative about comparing cheap wine to the text of “Gone with the Wind.” Because he was involved in so many high level productions,he had a high standard of other media, down to the script for Paul Masson wine commercials and the text for a frozen peas advertisement. Welles wasn’t cynical about doing the advertisements; he was reworking the text as he did with advertisements in the 1930s to help improve it, according to “What Ever Happened to Orson Welles?” by Joseph McBride. In the 1930s and 1940s, Welles promoted Pan American Airlines and Lady Esther cosmetics on the radio. Welles in a printed Paul Masson advertisement. Starting in 1978, Welles was hired as the Paul Masson spokesman. Masson later dropped him from the ads. “My Lunches with Orson” by Peter Biskind’s sites the reason for Welles telling a talk show host that he lost weight because he cut out snacks and wine. “I’ve worked for advertising agencies all my life,” Welles is quoted in Biskind’s book. “In the old days in radio, you worked for them, because they were the boss, not the network. And I have never seen more seedier, about-to-be-fired sad sacks than were responsible for those Paul Masson ads. The agency hated me, because I kept trying to improve the copy.” Paul Masson’s slogan at the time was “Paul Masson, we sell no wine before its time.” Each add compared the wine to a higher art form that also took several years to create, such as a Beethoven symphony. In one such instance, a commercial was comparing Masson to a Stradivarius violin, which took three years to carve. “Come on gentleman,” Welles is quoted in “Orson Welles: A Biography,” by Barbara Learning. “You have a nice, pleasant cheap little wine here. You haven’t got the presumption to compare it to a Stradivarius violin.” In a famous incident, Welles was hired by Findus Frozen Food in 1970 and was recording a voiceover for a frozen peas ad. During the recording, Welles argued about the text, lost his temper and finally walked out (Read the transcript below). However, though Welles sounds like a prima dona in the session, the technicians said he was very kind to them during the recording, according to “VO: Tales and Techniques of a Voice Over Actor” by Harlan Hogan. Welles didn’t just try to change the text, but he also sent instructions on how he would like to be photographed. He arrived for a Masson commercial shoot with his makeup already applied on his own. He also sent instructions to the cameramen: he liked the brooding look he had when the camera was positioned slightly above his eyes so he had to look up a bit at it, and he liked the hard light three-quarters on the left side, according to Learning’s book. While this sounds like star behavior, his requests aren’t surprising since he is familiar with filming and lighting. However, the camera men would have Welles’ requests set up for when he arrived. Once he was satisfied, the director would quietly change it to how he wanted it, according to Learning’s book. Through the years, these advertisements have made Welles the butt of jokes and were the lighter, more humorous side of his career. As the constant professional and perfectionist, Welles viewed the piddly commercials the same as he would one of his own films: he wanted it to be well made. Welles didn’t want to appear out of character with the persona that he had crafted since the 1930s. Transcript of the frozen peas ads (Source: VO by Harlan Hogan): Orson Welles: “We know a remote farm in Lincolnshire, where Mrs. Buckley lives. Every July, peas grow there.” Do you really mean that? Director 1: Uh, yes, so in other words, I—I—I’d start half a second later. Welles: Don’t you think you really want to say “July” over the snow? Isn’t that the fun of it? D 1: It’s—if—if you can (laughs) if you can make it almost when that shot disappears, it’ll make more— Welles: I think it’s so nice that—that you see a snow-covered field and say “every July peas grow there”. “We know a remote farm in Lincolnshire, where Mrs. Buckley lives. Every July, peas grow there.” We aren’t even in the fields, you see? (pause) We’re talking about them growing and she’s picked them. (clears throat) What? D 1: …in July. Welles: I don’t understand you, then. When must—what must be over for “July”? D 1: Uh, when we get out of that snowy field— Welles: Well, I was out! We were onto a can of peas, a big dish of peas when I said “in July”. D 1: Oh, I’m sorry, Orson. Welles: Yes, always. I’m always—past that! D 1: You are? Welles: Yes! Wh—that’s about where I say “in July”. Director 2: Can you emphasize a bit “in”? “In July.” Welles: Why? That doesn’t make any sense. Sorry. There’s no known way of saying an English sentence in which you begin a sentence with “in” and emphasize it. Get me a jury and show me how you can say “in July” and I’ll go down on you. That’s just idiotic, if you’ll forgive me by saying so. D 2: (indistinct chatter) Welles: That’s just stupid. “In July”? I’d love to know how you emphasize “in” in “in July”. Impossible! Meaningless! D 1: I think all they were thinking about was that they didn’t want to— Welles: He isn’t thinking. D 1: Orson, can we just do one last time— Welles: Yeah. D 1: …and it was my fault. I should—I said “in July”. If you could leave “every July”— Welles: You didn’t say it. He said it. D 1: …I said “every July”. Welles: Your friend. “Every July”? D 1: …so after this shot… Welles: No, you don’t really mean “every July”? D 1: …it is, but it’s… Welles: But that’s—that’s bad copy. It’s in July. Of course it’s every July! There’s too much directing around here. Check out the  Comet Over Hollywood Facebook page , follow on Twitter at  @HollywoodComet  or e-mail at [email protected]   by Jnpickens Known for his mysterious, intense looks and bald head, actor Yul Brynner is famous for his film roles in “The Magnificent Seven,” “Anastasia,” “The Ten Commandments” and “The King and I” as the King of Siam. But Brynner also played a role in cancer awareness. This week is Oral, Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Week (April 12-18, 2015); an event that Brynner’s own illness helped play a role in. Brynner and oncologist George Sisson, MD, formed the Yul Brynner Head and Neck Cancer Foundation in 1984 in Chicago. Renamed in 2001 as the Head and Neck Cancer Alliance and based in Charleston, SC, the organization’s mission continues to be educating people on the side effects of tobacco and its connection to cancers of the head, neck and mouth. While the King of Siam is one of the roles Brynner is best known for, it was also one of his favorites. Aside from the 1956 film version, Brynner performed the role on stage 4,625 times up until three months before his death in 1985, according to his Los Angeles Times obituary. Brynner began reprising the role of the King in 1977. He first appeared on stage in the role in 1951. His daughter Victoria called his returning to Broadway for “The King and I” a “God send,” in the documentary “The Hollywood Collection: Yul Brynner- The Man Who Was King,” because he hadn’t been in a good place in his career. “He was getting to play again a role that had been his for years,” Victoria said. In 1983, while Brynner was still playing the King, he learned he had lung cancer. One source, the Encyclopedia of Cancer and Society by Graham Colditz, said Brynner saw a doctor because his throat felt hoarse and that is how he was connected with Sisson. The 2006 biography “Yul Brynner” by Michelangelo Capua said Brynner found a lump on his neck while putting on his makeup. Brynner was diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer in September 1983 by three oncologists. Brynner tried to keep his illness quiet from the public; only telling close friends and family members, according to Capua’s book. Brynner started smoking as a kid and smoked five packs of cigarettes a day, according to his Los Angeles Times obituary. “I recall very clearly the night that he called me. He said, ‘I don’t have very good news and that he had three months to live,’” Victoria said. “From then on it was a battle to defy this disease. He kept on doing the King and I. It gave him structure: something to do every day, something to fight for. It gave him two and a half years that we really hadn’t hoped for.” Brynner underwent radiation treatment, because the side effects were less severe than chemotherapy, according to Capua’s biography. “Having been ill has opened my eyes suddenly to the fact that, the gypsies have a wonderful phrase for it: ‘Your future is getting shorter.’ There are things I want to do beyond sharpening and honing this role further,” Brynner said in a 1984 New York Times interview. “At the same time, the illness has changed the King for me. Some lines come as a surprise suddenly: ‘Every day, my Lord in heaven show the way’ and ‘Every day I try to live for one more day.’ This describes completely how I do the show and how I survived the illness.” Yul Brynner during the 1985 “King and I” revival. While still performing, the play was renamed “The King and I: Farewell Tour,” and Brynner would visit cancer patients in hospitals. He spoke with a 10-year-old boy who was bald due to his radiation therapy, and told the child, “See, I’m a star and I’m bald. It’s not so bad being bald,” according to Capua’s biography. Brynner’s last performance in the “King and I” was June 30, 1985. Before his death, Brynner was interviewed on Good Morning America (GMA) where he told the reporter that he wanted to film a commercial before his death warning people about the dangers of smoking. Part of this interview was edited into a PSA for the American Cancer Foundation. “If I could take back that smoking, we wouldn’t be talking about any cancer,” Brynner said on GMA. “I smoked a lot since I was a kid just to appear macho, because I didn’t have brains enough. Something else makes you macho. I really wanted to make a commercial when I realized I was so sick.” The commercial aired posthumously. “Now that I’m gone, I tell you: Don’t smoke, whatever you do, just don’t smoke,” Brynner said. He died on Oct. 10, 1985, at age 65 at New York Hospital- Cornell Medical Center. “There was an idea that you go to bed not knowing if you have a tomorrow and you must be thankful for every tomorrow and make the most of it,” Brynner told the New York Times in 1984. “I couldn’t see myself going to bed and waiting to see what would happen with my illness. I preferred to play to 2,000 or 3,000 people and standing ovations. The choice is quite simple.” Check out the  Comet Over Hollywood Facebook page , follow on Twitter at  @HollywoodComet  or e-mail at [email protected] Love what you read? Share it: by Jnpickens The moody young star took the cinema by storm. Actor James Dean won over audiences as misunderstood teens in the films “East of Eden” (1955) and “Rebel Without a Cause” (1955). Actor James Dean in a publicity still for “Rebel Without a Cause.” But after only a short time in the spotlight, Dean was dead at age 24; killed in a car accident on Sept. 30, 1955, in his brand new 1955 Porsche 550 Spyder, nicknamed “The Little Bastard.” Dean had just finished up filming his third and final film, “Giant,” the epic based on Edna Ferber’s book and co-starring Elizabeth Taylor and Rock Hudson. Dean purchased the Spyder on September 21 for $6,900 from Competition Motors in Hollywood and traded in his Speedster 356. The Porsche included an entirely hand-built, air-cooled engine, according to “James Dean” by George Perry. Several of his friends, including actress Ursula Andress, refused to ride in the car. When Dean drove the Porsche on the Warner Brothers studio lot on September 23, director George Stevens told Dean that he would kill someone if Dean drove the vehicle on the lot again. “You can never drive this car on the lot again. You’re gonna kill a carpenter or an actor or somebody,” Perry quoted Stevens. It was the last time Stevens saw Dean. Dean the morning of his fatal crash. Actor Alec Guiness also supposedly told Dean on September 23 that he would be dead within a week if he continued to drive the Porsche. Dean only owned the “Little Bastard” for a little over a week before his death. The Porche 550 was the first purpose-built race car produced by Porsche. Dean bought the 55th of 90 Spyders made from the factory, according to “History’s Greatest Automotive Mysteries, Myths, and Rumors Revealed” by Matt Stone. Dean decided to race the Spyder in Salinas. Originally the car was going to be towed by a Ford station wagon, but in a last minute decision, Dean decided to drive the Porsche convertible to Salinas, Perry wrote. The wrecked remains of James Dean’s Porsche 550 Spyder at the site of the accident. The 24-year-old film star was killed on the evening of September 30th when his car collided with a college student’s automobile at an intersection 28 miles east of Paso Robles, California. At 5:45 p.m. on September 30, Dean collided with a Ford coupe driven by college student Donald Turnupseed at an intersection 28 miles east of Paso Robles, CA. The cast of “Giant” was gathered to watch the dailies of their filming when Stevens received the call about Dean’s death. Actress Elizabeth Taylor threw up in her dressing room and was so grief stricken that she had to be hospitalized, Perry wrote. Dean’s Porsche flipped and he sustained a broken neck along with external and internal injuries, according to the inquest on Oct. 11, 1955. Police at the scene said speed was not involved and it was impossible for Dean to avoid the crash, according to Perry’s book. Since September 1955, many rumors have surfaced of the supposed “cursed” wrecked remains of Dean’s Porsche 550 Spyder. Car designer George Barris is said to have purchased the remains of “The Little Bastard” for $2,500. Barris is the source of several of the “curses.” “Everything that car has touched has turned to tragedy,” Barris is quoted in Stone’s book. “ Some of the curse stories include: -After the totaled Porche was purchased, Barris said the vehicle slipped off the trailer and broke a mechanic’s leg. -Barris said he sold parts from the Porsche to Beverly Hills doctor Troy McHenry and Burbank doctor William Eschrid. The two men were racing against one another in separate vehicles that both had parts from the Porsche 550. McHenry lost control of the car, hit a tree and was killed. Eschrid, who was driving with Dean’s engine, was also injured in a wreck during the race. This story seems to be true based on an Oct. 24, 1956, article in the Spokane Daily Chronicle . After the accident, Eschrid is quoted as saying he is not superstitious about using Dean’s engine and parts. -Barris had two tires from the 550 and sold them. The tires apparently both blew out simultaneously causing the new tire owner’s car to run off the road. -Barris kept the Porsche and two people tried to steal parts. Barris said one of the suspect’s arms was torn open trying to steal the steering wheel and the other was injured trying to remove the bloodstained tartan seat. -In 1959, the “Little Bastard” was put on display by the California Highway Patrol for a safety exhibit. Supposedly, the patrol garage that housed the Porsche caught on fire, according to “The Death of James Dean” by Warren Newton Beath. -Again, supposedly the Porsche Spyder was being transported when the driver of the truck lost control. The driver apparently fell out of the truck and was crushed by the Porsche when it fell off the back. The car also fell off vehicles during other transports. Then, in 1960, the 1955 Porsche Spyder “disappeared into thin air” after an exhibit in Miami, according to Barris in his 1974 book “Cars of the Stars.” While the various curses are interesting, I’m inclined to think that many of them are made up stories. The only one that is true and has credible documentation is the death and injuries of McHenry and Eschrid. However, the mystery and myths that still revolve around James Dean even today show his effect on pop culture and influence in film history. What do you think? Do you believe the curse? Comment below. Actor James Dean gives a thumbs-up sign from his Porsche 550 Spyder, the Little Bastard, while parked on Vine Street in Hollywood. Dean, who had taken up racing the year before, owned the car only nine days when he lost his life in a fatal highway accident while driving the Porsche to a Salinas race. Check out the  Comet Over Hollywood Facebook page , follow on Twitter at @HollywoodComet  or e-mail at [email protected] Love what you read? Share it:

James Dean

What self-governed U.S. territory has the motto: “Where America’s day begins”?

1000+ images about JAMES DEAN on Pinterest | Donald o'connor, Jimmy dean and Cars The wreck of James Dean's Porsche 550 Spyder See More

i don't know

According to the old proverb, practice makes what?

'Practice makes perfect' named as phrase we are most likely to continue using | Daily Mail Online comments It is a phrase only too familiar to youngsters slaving away at their studies - and now 'practice makes perfect' has been revealed as the most influential saying. The expression topped a poll of words of wisdom Britons picked up in childhood and continue to use well into their older years. Other oft-repeated maxims include 'the grass is always greener on the other side' and 'good things come to those who wait'. 'Practise makes perfect' has been revealed as the nation's most influential saying by the new poll. (File image) The poll was put together by children's charity the NSPCC, which is launching a campaign to raise awareness of the importance pearls of wisdom can have in shaping a child's life. The survey of 2,000 people revealed that three-quarters of adults can recount a piece of advice given to them in their early years, while 80% of over-60s regularly refer back to these nuggets. RELATED ARTICLES You can't judge a book by its cover Good things come to those who wait Two wrongs don't make a right It's not the winning, it's the taking part that counts Never say never There's no time like the present Of all the words of wisdom, 'treat others how you'd like to be treated' (62%) and 'if at first you don't succeed try, try and try again' (54%) were among the most common. A few old wives' tales appeared on the list, with 'eat your crusts, they'll make your hair curly' (26%) and 'eating carrots will help you see in the dark' (30%) sneaking in. According to the research, parents are the biggest source of childhood wisdom (85%), with grandparents (49%) and teachers (28%) also cited as sources of sage words. The study found 81% of mothers and 72% of fathers are recounting pearls of wisdom to their own children. 'Two wrongs don't make a right' (20%) is the most commonly recited phrase by parents today, followed by 'it's not the winning, it's the taking part that counts' (17%). Peter Wanless, chief executive of the NSPCC, said: 'We're entering a fresh phase in the NSPCC's 130-year history - abuse robs children of a happy childhood but it doesn't have to be that way. 'We want to show how actions that all of us can take help ensure children's experiences are positive and one way of doing this is to impart words of wisdom. Chat show host Piers Morgan (left) and Apprentice creator Lord Sugar (right) - well known for his catchphrase 'You're fired!' - are backing the campaign 'We want to remind everyone that child abuse can be prevented with their help and are calling on people to spread the message by sharing words of wisdom from their own childhoods using #childhoodwisdom to show they agree with us that every childhood is worth fighting for.' When it comes to words of wisdom, men and women live their lives by different maxims. Women appeared more likely to practice patience, with a quarter of those polled saying they live by the phrase 'good things come to those who wait', compared with 14% of men. 

Perfection

The first production Model T rolled off the assembly line on Sept 27, the first of over 15 million to be produced. In what year was it?

Practice makes perfect - Idioms by The Free Dictionary Practice makes perfect - Idioms by The Free Dictionary http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/Practice+makes+perfect Also found in: Acronyms , Wikipedia . Practice makes perfect. Prov. Cliché Doing something over and over again is the only way to learn to do it well. Jill: I'm not going to try to play the piano anymore. I always make so many mistakes. Jane: Don't give up. Practice makes perfect. Child: How come you're so good at peeling potatoes? Father: I did it a lot in the army, and practice makes perfect. See also: make , perfect , practice Practice makes perfect. something that you say which means if you do something many times you will learn to do it very well You can't expect to become a brilliant dancer overnight, but practice makes perfect. See also: make , perfect , practice practice makes perfect Frequently doing something makes one better at doing it, as in I've knit at least a hundred sweaters, but in my case practice hasn't made perfect. This proverbial expression was once put as Use makes mastery, but by 1560 the present form had become established.

i don't know

In what state was Mayberry located on the Andy Griffith Show?

Visit Mayberry VISIT THE GERTRUDE SMITH HOUSE WORLD’S LARGEST OPEN-FACE GRANITE QUARRY HISTORIC EARL THEATER BUILT IN 1938 SHELTON VINEYARDS MAYBERRY DAYS PARADE Mountains. Music. Mayberry. Merlot. Mayberry RFD icon Andy Griffith grew up in Mount Airy, North Carolina, and it's no coincidence that a stroll down Mount Airy's Main Street reminds people of the town of Mayberry from The Andy Griffith Show. In addition to Mayberry RFD and Andy Griffith, visitors find that Mount Airy, North Carolina is a great jumping off point for exploring the Yadkin Valley wine region, the breathtaking Blue Ridge Parkway, the stunning pinnacle of Pilot Mountain, or the twangy sound of bluegrass and old-time music. Whatever your passion, we invite you to step back to a simpler time when you visit Andy Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina—affectionately known as Mayberry RFD. UPCOMING EVENTS

North Carolina

Which president’s son founded the political magazine ‘George’, started in 1995, before his untimely death in a 1999 plane crash?

History « Visit Mayberry ““Hey Andy, can you imagine that, a Revolutionary war hero living right here in Mayberry? Who you suppose it could be?…Wouldn’t it be funny if it turned out to be me?” –Barney Fife   There are plenty of Mayberry, NC sights and sounds to see in Mount Airy and surrounding areas. But there’s more that extends beyond The Andy Griffith Show, from the Round Peak-style of old-time string music and old-time dances to a new emerging viticulture scene, which is quickly becoming the Napa of the East known as Yadkin Valley wine country. About Mount Airy Mount Airy is the quintessential small town located in the upper Yadkin Valley near the Virginia state line, surrounded by views of both the Sauratown and Blue Ridge Mountains. A former stagecoach stop along the Ararat River, this designated “Friendly City” is thought to have inspired Mayberry, the fictional North Carolina town where The Andy Griffith Show was set. The town was incorporated in 1885 and was once among the state’s largest producers of tobacco, furniture, and textiles. Mayberry, NC It is a fact that actor and native son Andy Griffith grew up here, and it’s no coincidence that fans of The Andy Griffith Show come to Mount Airy to trace the steps of native son Andy Griffith and to experience, at least for a moment, life in that nostalgic, fictional town known as Mayberry, NC. The fabric of life in Mount Airy echoes that of Mayberry, NC, and at least 35 Mount Airy people, places and things are referenced in the classic 1960s sitcom. For example, Mount Pilot in the nearby town of Mayberry was a reference to the actual town of Pilot Mountain and Pilot Mount State Park that also sits nearby to Mount Airy. Andy Griffith fans from all 50 states and numerous countries come to Mount Airy to visit The Andy Griffith Museum, Floyd’s City Barber Shop, Wally’s Service Station, Snappy Lunch, Andy’s childhood home, the Andy Griffith Playhouse, and take a ride in a squad car. An Emerging Wine Country In the last few years, Surry County has become fertile ground for a booming vineyard and winery trade. This Yadkin Valley wine region has grown to over 40 wineries since 2002, with many wineries in close proximity to Mount Airy. Old North State Winery is located in downtown Mount Airy with many more vineyards within a short drive of Mount Airy. One of the Southeast’s largest vineyard estates, Shelton Vineyard is only 15 minutes from downtown Mount Airy. Round-Peak Style of Old-Time Music Mount Airy is more than just Mayberry as it is home of old-time music legends Tommy Jarrell and Benton Flippen along with country singer Donna Fargo. Many musicians from the Round Peak community could play music passed down from the earliest English and Scotch-Irish settlers. This music eventually became known as Round Peak music, which was one of several distinct regional styles of a genre called “old-time” music. Tommy Jarrell was raised in the Round Peak community where old-time music was not only a form of entertainment, but a way to bring neighbors and the community together. Tommy Jarrell was enormously influential on the old-time music revival in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Live Bluegrass Music Mount Airy’s WPAQ 740 AM radio station has been operating the nation’s second longest-running radio show, the Merry-Go-Round, (The Grand Ole Opry is the longest running show) since 1948. The live broadcast has featured bluegrass and old-time legends, such as Tommy Jarrell, Benton Flippen, and the Carter family. Many Things to See Whether it is those fans who are seeking out Mount Airy’s rich music traditions to wine connoisseurs searching for Yadkin Valley’s finest wines or those who trek to see the roots of Mayberry, NC, there are many reasons to come to love Mount Airy. Mount Airy Visitors Center P.O. Box 913 • 200 North Main Street Mount Airy, North Carolina 27030-0913 Phone: 800-948-0949 or 336-786-6116

i don't know

Sometimes referred to as a Western, what name is commonly given to the omelet filled with diced ham, onions, and green bell peppers?

Culinary Dictionary - C, Whats Cooking America Culinary Dictionary Linda’s Culinary Dictionary – C A Dictionary of Cooking, Food, and Beverage Terms   An outstanding and large culinary dictionary and glossary that includes the definitions and history of cooking, food, and beverage terms. Please click on a letter below to alphabetically search the many food and cooking terms:   A      B      C      D      E      F      G      H      I      J      K      L      M      N      O      P      Q      R      S      T      U-Y      Z   cabbage – There are over 70 varieties of cabbage. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kohlrabi, collards, kale, turnips, and many more are all a member of the cabbage family.  These plants are all known botanically as members of the species Brassica oleracea, and they native to the Mediterranean region of Europe History:  According to horticultural historians, barbarians were eating the juicy, slightly bulbous leaves of wild cabbage in Asia long before the dawn of recorded history.  The Greeks revered the cabbage for its many medicinal properties.  Cato, an ancient Roman statesman, circa 200 BCE, advised people to eat plenty of raw cabbage seasoned with vinegar before a banquet at which one plans to “drink deep.”  Even the ancient Egyptians advised starting the meal with raw cabbage, including cabbage seeds, to keep one sober.  It is an historical fact that the laborers who built the Great Wall in China were fed sauerkraut to prevent scurvy and other debilitating diseases that come from eating only rice.  Europeans were devouring stewed cabbage during the cold winter months because it was one of the few staples available when the ground produced little else.   cabernet sauvignon (cab-air-nay so-veen-yawn) – One of the finest of red wines.  It is associated with the Bordeaux region in France but the grapes are now grown worldwide.   caciocavallo cheese (kah-choh-kuh-VAH-loh) – This cheese is said to date back to the 14th century, and believed by some to have originally been made from mare’s milk.  Today, Caciocavallo cheese is made from cow’s milk, though its cryptic name literally means “horse cheese” – the Sicilian word “cacio” sharing the same root as casein while “cavallo” means horse.   (There’s a theory that the cheese owes its name to the manner in which two bulbs were attached by a string and suspended from a beam “a cavallo” as though astride a horse.)  It takes at least eight months to age Caciocavallo cheese properly, achieving a sharper flavor in about two years.  Caciocavallo is a good complement to stronger wines, and widely used for grating over pasta.  It is a favorite of Sicilian chefs for use with pasta.  It Is usually shaped as a large wheel.  “Caciovacchino” was a similar product made in times past.   Caesar Salad (SEE-zer) – The salad consists of greens (classically romaine lettuce) with a garlic vinaigrette dressing.  The Caesar salad was once voted by the International Society of Epicures in Paris as the “greatest recipe to originate from the Americas in fifty years.” History:  For a detailed history of the Caesar Salad, check out  History of Salads and Salad Dressings   cafe noir – French for black coffee (coffee without cream or milk).   caffe (kah-FEH) – It is the Italian term for “coffee.”  In Italy, the term caffe usually refers to a small cup of espresso coffee.   Cajun cuisine (KAY-juhn kwee-ZEEN) – Cajun food is essentially the poor cousin to Creole.  Today it tends to be spicier and more robust than Creole, utilizing regionally available resources and less of the foods gained through trade.  Some popular Cajun dishes include pork based sausages such as andouille and boudin; various jambalayas and gumbos; coush-coush (a creamed corn dish) and etouffee. The true art of Louisiana seasonings is in the unique blend of herbs and spices that serve to enhance the flavor of vegetables, seafood, meats, poultry and wild game, along with a “Cajun” cook that knows how to blend these spices. History:  Learn about the history and recipes of  Cajun Cuisine.   cake – Cakes are made from various combinations of refined flour, some form of shortening, sweetening, eggs, milk, leavening agent, and flavoring.  There are literally thousands of cakes recipes (some are bread-like and some rich and elaborate) and many are centuries old.  Cake making is no longer a complicated procedure.  Baking utensils and directions have been so perfected and simplified that even the amateur cook may easily become and expert baker.  There are five basic types of cake, depending on the substance used for leavening. History:  For a detailed  History of Cakes .   cake flour – Cake flour is very finely ground soft wheat used to make tender, fine-textured cakes.  It is bleached with chlorine gas, which, besides whitening the flour, also makes it slightly acidic.  This acidity makes cakes set faster and have a finer texture.   calamari (kah-lah-MAH-ree) – Calamari are squid.  This cephalopod has a long body with swimming fins at the rear, two tentacles, and eight arms.  Calamari takes their name from the Latin word “calamus,” which refers to the inky liquid excreted by the squid and used in pastas and sauces.   Calas – Calas are fried balls of rice and dough that are eaten covered with powdered sugar, not unlike rice-filled beignets. History:  It is said that long ago, on cold mornings in New Orleans, women would walk the streets of the French Quarter selling these warm fried cakes for breakfast.  “Calas! Calas, Tout Chaud!” as the Creole women used to shout when they sold them in the French Quarter of New Orleans.     California Roll – A California roll is a slender mat-rolled sushi roll containing crab, avocado, and cucumber.  Today, in California and Hawaii, sushi reigns supreme, and the most popular sushi today are the California Rolls.  Most people in Japan have never heard of the California Roll.  Learn how to make California Rolls – American-Style Sushi Rolls . History:  During the 1970s in the early stage of the sushi boom in California, most people did not like the thought of raw fish and nori, so a smart unknown California chef created the now famous California Roll.  Most people in Japan have never heard of the California Roll.   calzone (kahl-ZOH-nay) – An Italian word meaning “a trouser leg.”  It is a pizza crust rolled out and topped with all the ingredients of a normal pizza except tomato, then folded over to a half-moon or crescent-shaped turnover.  The tomato sauce is sprinkled on top and it then goes into the oven.  It is lightly drizzled with olive oil upon its emergence.   Camembert cheese (KAM-uhm-behr) – (French) Soft and ripened (tastes much like Brie cheese), but more pointed in flavor and richer in texture.  It is made from 100% cow’s milk.  The most widely marketed of all French cheeses. It is used for dessert and snacks. History:  Marie Fontaine at Camembert in Orne, France first made Camembert cheese in 1791.  It is said that Napoleon was served this cheese (which was as yet unnamed) and he then named it Camembert.   Canadian bacon – It is a lean, boneless pork loin roast that is smoked.  Called back bacon in Canada, Canadian bacon is precooked and can be fried, baked, or added to casseroles or salads.   canape (KAN-uh-pay) – A French term that consists of bite-size bits of savory food spread on edible bases (toasted or untoasted bread) and garnished or decorated.  They are served as snacks (appetizers) at cocktail and buffet parties.   candlenut – Candlenut is the name of a tropical nut used in Malaysian cuisine.  It derives its peculiar name from the fact that the oil of the nut is also used to make candles.  Candlenuts are available only roasted, whole, or in pieces, because raw they are highly toxic.  The function of the candlenut in satays or curries is to flavor and thicken.   candy bar – History:  At the 1893 Columbian Exposition, a World’s Fair held in Chicago, chocolate-making machinery made in Dresden, Germany, was displayed.  Milton S. Hershey, who had made his fortune in caramels, saw the potential for chocolate and installed chocolate machinery in his factory in Lancaster, and produced his first chocolate bars in 1894.  Other Americans began mixing in other ingredients to make up new candy bars throughout the end of the 1890’s and the early 1900’s. It was World War I that really brought attention to the candy bar.  The U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps commissioned various American chocolate manufacturers to provide 20 to 40 pound blocks of chocolate to be shipped to quartermaster bases.  The blocks were chopped up into smaller pieces and distributed to dough boys in Europe.  Eventually the task of making smaller pieces was turned back to the manufacturers.  As a result, from that time on and through the 1920s, candy bar manufacturers became established throughout the United States, and as many as 40,000 different candy bars appeared on the scene.  The Twenties became the decade that among other things was the high point of the candy bar industry. The original candy bar industry had its start on the eastern seaboard in such cities as Philadelphia, Boston, and New York.  The industry soon spread to the Midwest, because shipping and raw materials such as sugar, corn syrup, and milk were easily available.  Chicago became the seat of the candy bar industry and is even today an important base.   candy cane – History:  The symbol of the shepherds’ crook is an ancient one, representing the humble shepherds who were the first to worship the newborn Christ.  Its counterpart is our candy cane (so old as a symbol that we have nearly forgotten its humble origin).  In 1670, the choirmaster at the Cologne Cathedral handed out sugar sticks among his young singers to keep them quiet during the long Living Creche ceremony. In honor of the occasion, he had the candies bent into shepherds’ crooks.  In 1847, a German-Swedish immigrant named August Imgard of Wooster, Ohio, decorated a small blue spruce with paper ornaments and candy canes. It was not until the turn of the century that the red and white stripes and peppermint flavors became the norm.  The body of the cane is white, representing the life that is pure.  The broad red stripe is symbolic of the Lord’s sacrifice for man.  In the 1920s, Bob McCormack began making candy canes as special Christmas treats for his children, friends and local shopkeepers in Albany, Georgia.  It was a laborious process – pulling, twisting, cutting and bending the candy by hand.  It could only be done on a local scale.  In the 1950s, Bob’s brother-in-law, Gregory Keller, a Catholic priest, invented a machine to automate candy cane production.  Packaging innovations by the younger McCormack made it possible to transport the delicate canes on a scale that transformed Bobs Candies, Inc. into the largest producer of candy canes in the world. Although modern technology has made candy canes accessible and plentiful, they have not lost their purity and simplicity as a traditional holiday food and symbol of the humble roots of Christianity.   candy thermometer – A large glass mercury thermometer that measures temperatures from about 40 degrees F. to 400 degrees F.  A frame or clip allows it to stand or hang in a pan during cooking.  Learn more about Candy Thermometer & Candy Temperatures .     cannellini bean (kan-eh-LEE-nee) – A large white Italian kidney bean that’s great in soups and stews.   cannoli/cannola (cah-KNOW-lee) – (cannola = singular, cannoli = multiple) –  They are sometimes called “Turkish hats.”  The cannoli is perhaps the best-known Sicilian pastry and is part of Sicily’s ancient tradition of pastry and dessert making.  It is made by stuffing cylinders of fried dough (wafer shells) with a mixture of ricotta or custard, candied fruit, chocolate, and other ingredients.  Originally, the pastry was flavored with wine, and in Sicily this is still done.  They are traditionally prepared for festivities at Carnival time (though nowadays they are to be found all year round). History:  Sicilian cooking is a living history text; the island has been home to Greeks, Romans, Normans, Bourbons, and Arabs over the centuries.  Each wave of military conquerors has helped shaped the Sicilian table.   According to legend, it is said that cannoli have been invented in the 9th century by the women of a harem in the city of Caltanissetta, Sicily, which got its name from the Arab, Kalt el Nissa, meaning “city or castle of women.”  It later became known as a carnival dessert, the “scepter of the Carnival King,” but it is now consumed throughout the year.  During carnival time, people gave cannoli to all their friends.   canola oil – Canola’s history goes back to the rapeseed plant, but canola and rapeseed are not the same.  Because canola and rapeseed have different chemical compositions, the names cannot be used interchangeably.  Canola is an oilseed crop, which is grown primarily in regions of Western Canada, with some acreage being planted in Ontario and the Pacific Northwest, north central, and southeast United States. History:  Historically, rapeseed was grown for its oil, which was used for lubricants and not for human consumption.  Canola was derived from rapeseed in the early 1970’s and has a different chemical composition.  Canola was originally a trademark that was registered in 1978 in Canada, but is now considered a generic term.   cantaloupe (KAN-tuh-lohp) – A variety of muskmelon.  It is found in many shapes and sizes.  Because of trade usage, cantaloupe has become the name commonly applied to muskmelons grown in the U.S. History:  It is named after the castle of Cantaloupe in the province of Ancona, Italy.   capellini (ka-pel-LEE-nee) – In Italian, capellini means, “thin hair.”  This is one of the very thin varieties of flat spaghetti.  Also called angel hair pasta.   capers (KAY-per) – Capers are the unopened green flower buds of the Capparis Spinosa, a wild and cultivated bush grown mainly in the Mediterranean countries, notably southern France, Italy, and Algeria.  They are now also grown in California.  They range in size from that of a tiny peppercorn (the petite variety from southern France and considered the finest) to some as large as the tip of your little finger (from Italy).  They generally come in brine but can also be found salted and sold in bulk.  Either way, rinse before using to flush away as much salt as possible.   Learn more about Capers . non-pareil capers – These are the French words, which literally mean “without equal.”  In relation to capers, they refer to the small pickled capers, which originate from Provence, France.  Because they are considered “the best” this variety is named “non-pareil.”   capon (KAY-pahn) – A 6 to 8 pound castrated male chicken (an unsexed rooster).  More richly flavored than regular chicken and with a denser texture. History:  It was under a Roman prohibition that the capon was created.  The law prohibited eating any fowl except a hen, and this bird was not to be fattened.  A surgeon, looking for a way around this law, transformed a rooster into a capon by the now old and well-known surgical trick.  Neither hen nor rooster, the capon was a huge success.  It was perfectly safe to eat him because he was “within the law.”   caponate (kah-poh-NAH-tah) – A Sicilian vegetable dish made of various ingredients, but usually includes cooked eggplant, celery, capers, anchovies, chile peppers, olives, tomatoes, vinegar, and onions. History:  Sailors’ taverns in Sicily were called “caupone,” where the dish was usually made and served with sea biscuits.  The dish seems to have gotten its name from this word suggesting the kind of robust food served at a tavern or inn.   cappuccino – Coffee made by topping espresso with the creamy foam from steamed milk.  A small amount of the steamed milk is also added to the cup.  The foam’s surface is sometimes dusted with sweetened cocoa powder, nutmeg or cinnamon.   Caprese (kah-PREH-seh) – In the style of Capri. such a sauce is usually made from lightly cooked tomatoes, basil, olive oil, and mozzarella, to use on pastas, meats, fish, or salads.  Check out this very easy-to-make Caprese salad:   Mozzarella, Tomato and Basil Plate .   capsicum (KAP-sih-kuhm) – All peppers are members of the genus Capsicum, and the family Solanaceae, which include tomatoes and eggplant.  The name Capsicum comes from the Greek word “kapto” which means, “to bite.”  There are 26 species of peppers categorized at present; however there is much discussion and argument involved. Most of these are only found in the wild.  Also known as Bell Pepper.   caramel (KAR-uh-mul or KAR-uh-mel) – Also called “burnt sugar.”  A flavoring made by melting white sugar in a heavy skillet until it colors.  It must be stirred constantly over a very low heat to prevent burning.   caramelize (KAR-uh-mul-lze, KAR-uh-mel-lze or KAHR-mul-lze) – (1)  To heat sugar until it liquefies and becomes a clear caramel syrup ranging in color from golden to dark brown. (2)  Heating of meats or vegetables until the natural sugars in them break down and turn light brown (such as caramelizing onions).  Sugar will begin to caramelize at 320 degrees F.  Generally it occurs between 320 and 360 degrees F.   caramelized sugar – To heat sugar to its melting point, at which time it liquefies into a clear caramel syrup.  The new flavor it attains works nicely in desserts.  Learn how to Caramelizing Sugar  (Photo Tutorial).   caraway seed – They are the fruit of the “carum carvi” a biennial plant, which grows in northern and central Europe and Asia, and have been cultivated in England and America for its seeds.  They are available whole; if desired, grind or pound before using.Caraway seeds can become bitter during long cooking.  When preparing soups and stews, add the crushed or whole seeds only 15 minutes before you take the pot off the stove. History:  Caraway seeds have been used as a spice for about 5,000 years; there is evidence of its culinary use in the Stone Age.   carbonara – Carbonara in Italian means “charcoal” or “coal,” and “alla carbonara” means “in the manner of the coal miners.”  In Italy, the names of dishes generally tell us where or with whom they originated: dishes called Bolognese come from Bologna, alla Romana from Rome, Neapolitan from Naples; anything marinara is prepared in the manner of sailors, puttanesca is favored by hookers, and carbonara comes to us from the charcoal makers or wood cutters.  A classic Roman dish is Spaghetti alla Carbonara.  Most of the ingredients for Spaghetti alla Carbonara could easily be carried by charcoal makers traveling to the forests of the Abruzzi to get wood, and the rest could be bought or “found” along the way. The town now called Aquilonia, was originally named Carbonara during the Samnite and Roman period.  Carbonara most likely derived its name from the principal activity of coal mining in the nearby woods.  Carbonara was destroyed by the barbarians and rebuilt on its ruins by the Longobard in the 6th century. (1)  There are several ideas that one hears from time to time. It is thought that a coal miner’s wife first cooked pasta this way that probably cooked over a coal or charcoal cooking fire, and it was popular among coal miners’ families before it spread to the general public. (2)  Another story suggests that the abundant black pepper in Pasta alla Carbonara symbolized the charcoal that inevitably fell from the artisan onto the plate.  The other, that the pepper simply camouflaged the flecks of charcoal on the plate. (3)  Carbonara Americana was invented as a way to use bacon and eggs bought on the black market from American service personnel during the Second World War.  After World War II when the GI’s tasted the original Spaghetti alla Carbonara, they “Americanized” it in the mess halls by tossing in peas, mushrooms, and using American bacon that the Army shipped over.   carbohydrates – Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds that contain carbon in combination with the same proportion of hydrogen and oxygen (as in water).  All starches and sugars are carbohydrates.  The body receives a large amount of heat and energy from carbohydrate foods.  The body changes all carbohydrates into simple sugar and the surplus is stored in the body as fat (and in the liver as glycogen).  A large excess of sugar is normally eliminated by the kidneys.  The usual “sweet tooth” of people is the result of body hunger for carbohydrates.  Children require more carbohydrates than adults because they must satisfy the needs of growing bodies.   cardoon (karh-DOON) – The cardoon is a vegetable that is very popular in France, Italy, and Spain.  It resembles a large bunch of wide flat celery and is silvery-gray in color.  Once the tough outer ribs are removed, cardoon can be boiled, braised, or baked.  Cardoon tastes like a cross between an artichoke, celery, and salsify and its season is from midwinter to early spring.   carob (KEHR-uhb) – The long, leathery pods from the tropical carob tree contain a sweet, edible pulp (which can be eaten fresh) and a few hard, inedible seeds.  After drying, the pulp is roasted and ground into a powder.  It is used to flavor baked goods and candies.  Both fresh and dried carob pods, as well as carob powder, may be found in health food and specialty food stores.  Because carob is sweet and taste vaguely of chocolate, it is often used as a chocolate substitute.   Carpaccio (karh-PAH-chee-oh) – Carpaccio is a classic Italian dish of paper-thin slices of raw beef, served with salt, pepper, and olive oil.  The term also means very thin slices of meat, fish, and/or vegetables. History:  Giuseppe Cipriani, owner of Harry’s Bar in Venice, Italy, invented Carpaccio in 1950s.  The dish was named for the 15th century painter Vittore Carpaccio (1450-1526) who was noted for his use of red and black, with some shades of brown in his paintings. There are two theories on why Cipriani invented this dish.  They are: (1) Cipriani had to come up with a brand new dish for a large banquet to be held in his restaurant in honor of Carpaccio and inauguration of the exhibition of the artist’s work;  (2) A Venetian countess, who was a regular at Harry’s Bar, was forced to go on a very strict diet by her doctor and ordered to forgo all cooked meat.  Giuseppe Cipriani made for her a dish of thinly sliced raw beef filet.  Because the red of the meat reminded Cipriani of the color often used by the Venetian painter, Carpaccio, he named the dish in his honor.   carrot – Carrots are a member of the parsley family and are the roots of the plant.  Other root crops are celeriac, parsnip, beets, potatoes, and turnips.  Carrots are always in season and can be found with their curly green tops, pre-trimmed for easy use, cut into sticks for use as snacks, or in packages of miniature varieties perfect for school lunches. History:  Carrots were in common use during the times of ancient Rome and Greece.  They are native to Afghanistan, and early varieties were black, red, and purple and not the familiar orange.  It was in Belgium that the carrots was refined and bred to the orange rood in the 1500s.   In 1776, Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations refers to them as a crop that changed “cultivation from the spade to the plough.”   Carry-Over Cooking or Residual Heat – Have you ever noticed that the internal temperature of foods (such as meats, fish, vegetables, pasta, and eggs) continues to rise after removing it from your stove, grill, or oven?   This is called “Carry-Over Cooking.” Your meats, fish, vegetables, pasta, and even eggs will continue to cook after being removed from the heat source.  Understanding how this works and using it carefully can greatly improve the quality of your foods you cook. Definition:  Carry-over cooking is caused by residual heat transferring from the hotter exterior of the meat to the cooler center.  As a general rule, the larger and thicker the cut of meat, and the higher the cooking temperature, the more residual heat will be in the meat, and the more the internal temperature will rise during resting due to carry-over cooking.  This means the meat must be removed from the heat at an internal temperature lower than your desired final internal temperature, allowing the residual heat to finish the cooking. When cooking meats and fish, use a thermometer to check your meat’s temperature, and remove it from the heat when it’s 5 to 10 degrees away from where you want it to be when you eat it.  When cooking vegetables and eggs, remove from heat source just before you think it is about done.   Cashew nut  – The cashew is native to American and no is also grown in India and East Africa.  The nut hangs below the branch much like an apple.   Cassata (kas-ata) – There are two theories on where cassata derives it name from; (1) A term in Arabic, “quas at,” meaning the round bowl in which this sweet was originally made. (2) Other sources say that the word derives from the Latin word caseus (cheese) which would clearly refer to the ricotta cheese, one of the main ingredients needed for making cassata. Cassata is a spectacular Sicilian dessert of ricotta, candied fruit, pistachios, sugar, chocolate, liqueur soaked sponge cake and green pistachio icing. History:  Cassata was perfected by a group of nuns in the convents in Palermo, where such great quantities were made at Easter time that in 1575, the diocesan was compelled to prohibit production for fear that the nuns might neglect their religious duties during Holy Week. Cassatella – A miniature versions of cassata, perfectly domed and frosted white with a cherry on top, is said to recall St Agata, the patron saint of Catania, who was martyred by being rolled in hot coals and having her breasts cut off.  Catanians, with their intense emotional inner life and love of melodramatic gesture, are proud of their little cakes.  The rationale is that if you eat the body of Christ in communion, why not the breasts of a saint.   casserole (kasa-rol) – The word casserole is derived from the Old French word casse and the Latin word cattia meaning a “frying pan or saucepan.”  As often happens in history, the name of the cooking utensil was used for the dish name.   (1) A casserole is an ovenproof or flameproof dish or pan that has a tight lid. It is used to cook meat and vegetables slowly.  (2) A casserole is also a stew or ragout consisting of meat and vegetables, which are put in a casserole dish at the same time and cooked by stewing.     cassoulet (kas-soo-LAY) – A cassoulet  (which was first made in Languedoc in the southwest of France) is a casserole, which consists of different kinds of meat (usually five different kinds), one of which should be pork and another a bird (such as goose, duck, or chicken).  The dish also includes white haricot beans, sausage, and garlic. It is covered while cooking and cooked very slowly. ghivetch – The word derives from the Turkish word “guvec” which means a “cooking pot.”  It is a casserole of vegetables (such as carrots, potatoes, beans, squash, onions, cauliflower, peppers, etc.), which is simmered in a bouillon.   cassolette (kaso-let) –  (1) Cassolette means a small dish for food sufficient for one person (a one-portion dish), which is usually made from earthenware.  (2) It can also mean a very small case made from fried bread, pastry, egg, and breadcrumbs that are filled with a savory mixture (these are served as snacks or appetizers).   catfish – A mostly freshwater fish with long, cat-like whiskers (like feelers) around the mouth. Most catfish are farmed.  The U.S. leads all other nations in the consumption of catfish.  It is particularly popular in the southern and central states.  Catfish have skin that is similar to that of an eel, which is thick, slippery, and strong. A ll catfish should be skinned before cooking.  The most common and easiest method to skin a catfish is to nail the head of the dead fish to a board, hold on to its tail, and pull the skin off with pliers. There are 2,000 species of catfish, whose name (probably due to the “whiskers”) first appeared in print in 1612.  North America has 28 species of catfish, over a dozen of which are eaten.  The most popular edible catfish are the channel catfish, the white catfish, and blue catfish.  Of all the catfish grown in the United States, eighty percent comes from Mississippi, where more than 102,000 acres are devoted to catfish farms.  Learn more about  Catfish .   caviar/caviare (KA-vee-ahr) – Caviar is from the Persian word “khav-yar” meaning “cake of strength,” because it was thought that caviar had restorative powers and the power to give one long life. Caviar is from the salted roe (eggs) of several species of sturgeon (it was originally prepared in China from carp eggs).  The carp is really a goldfish and is the only fish besides the sturgeon that has gray colored eggs.  Up until 1966, any fish roe that could be colored black was called caviar.  Then the Food and Drug Administration defined the product, limiting it to sturgeon eggs.  It takes up to twenty years for the female sturgeon fish to mature before it produces eggs (called berries). Serving caviar begins with buying. The most important think to look for is that each berry is whole, uncrushed, and well coated with its own glistening fat.  The best caviar is generally eaten as is, au natural, on a piece of freshly made thin toast, with or without butter (though the caviar itself should be fat enough not to require butter).  It can also be sprinkled lightly with some finely chopped hard-cooked egg, and onions or chives. Beluga (buh-LOO-guhl) -The Russian name for a sturgeon found in the Black and Caspian Seas (they can grow up to 2,000 pounds). It is the largest of the sturgeon family and is considered the finest caviar. The eggs are light to dark gray in color. lumpfish roe – The lumpfish is found mainly in Scandinavian waters, but also in Chesapeake Bay and off the coasts of Greenland and Iceland.  It is widely used as a garnish for soups and canap instead of “real” caviar.  Available in small jars, the red or black roe can be found at most supermarkets for a very reasonable price. It is usually pasteurized and vacuum packed. Malossol (MAHL-oh-sahl) -The Russian for “little salt” or “lightly salted.”  Only eggs in prime condition are prepared and labeled t his way (caviar prepared “malosol” are considered fresh). Oscietre – This is spelled many ways, including “ossetra”, “oestrova”, and ” osietr”.  This is the second largest species of sturgeon and is the Russian name for the Caspian Sea sturgeon roe that is dark brown to golden in color with large granules and a delicate skin. salmon roe – The eggs of the Atlantic Salmon.  They are large and bright red and they are excellent for garnishing dishes. Sevruga – The smallest eggs of a sturgeon with a fine dark gray (almost black) color.  It is considered of lower quality than the Beluga and Osetra caviar. Tobiko – The Japanese name for a flying fish roe. They have very small red eggs with a crunchy texture History:  The American caviar industry got started when Henry Schacht, a German immigrant, opened a business catching sturgeon on the Delaware River.  He treated his caviar with German salt and exported a great deal of it to Europe.  At around the same time, sturgeon was fished from the Columbia River on the west coast, also supplying caviar. American caviar was so plentiful that it was given away at bars for the same reason modern bars give away peanuts – to make patrons thirsty. The sturgeon is a prehistoric dish; fossil remains dating from that time have been found on the Baltic coast and elsewhere.  Around 2400 B.C., the ancient Egyptian and Phoenician coastal dwellers knew how to salt and pickle fish and eggs, to last them in times of war, famine, or on long sea voyages.  There are some bas-reliefs at the Necropolis near the Sakkara Pyramid that show fisherman catching all kinds of fish, gutting them and removing the eggs. In the Middle Ages. shoals of sturgeon were to be found in the Thames, Seine, Po, and Ebro rivers and the upper stretches of the Danube.  At this time, sovereigns of many countries (including Russia, China, Denmark, France, and England) had claimed the rights to sturgeon. Fisherman had to offer the catch to the sovereign. In Russia and Hungary, the sections of rivers considered suitable for fishing the great sturgeon (the Beluga as we know it) were the subject of special royal grants.  Under the czar’s benevolence, the Cossacks of the Dnieper, the Don, and the Ural were allowed to fish for one two-week period twice a year (in the spring and fall).  Apart from he Cossacks and their families, the banks of the rivers were crowded with rich dealers from Moscow, Leningrad, and parts of Europe.  The fresh fish were sold to the highest bidder, who then had the fish killed, prepared the caviar on the spot, and then packed it in barrels filled with ice to be transported.  The Cossacks continued to have the right to sturgeon fishing until the Russian Revolution in 1917. To learn more about Caviar, check out Linda Stradley’s web page on Caviar .   cayenne pepper (kiy-ann) – The cayenne is one of the most widely used peppers in the world.  The cayenne is about 3 to 5 times hotter than the jalapeno, and when ripe, has it’s own distinct, slightly fruity flavor. Heat range is 6-7.   ceci bean (CHEH-chee) – See garbanzo bean.   celeriac (seh-LER-ay-ak) – Also known as celery knob, celery root, celeri-rave, and turnip-rooted celery.  Though known by many names, celeriac or celery root is easily identified where specialty vegetables or root crops (such as turnips and parsnips) are found.  A member of the celery family, celery root is a brown-to-beige-colored, rough, gnarled looking vegetable.  It hints of celery with an earthy pungency (its aroma is a sure indicator of its membership in the celery family).  It is in season from late fall through early spring.  Look for as smooth a surface as you can find to aid in peeling.  A one-pound weight is preferred.  It should be firm with no indication of a soft or spongy center.   celery –  Celery is ordinarily marketed as the whole stalk, which contains the outer branches and leaves.  Sometimes the outer branches are removed and the hearts are sold in bunches. History:  The ancient Chinese credited celery with medicinal qualities and used it as a blood purifier.  The Romans like to use it to decorate coffins at funerals.  The Romans also felt that wearing crowns of celery helped to ward of headaches after a lot of drinking and partying.   celery salt – Celery salt is a mixture of fine white salt and ground celery seeds.   celery seed – Celery seeds are the fruit of a plant related to the parsley family and are not to be confused with the plant we recognize and serve as a vegetable.  They are now grown extensively in France, Holland, India, and the United States.  Celery seeds are tiny and brown in color.  They taste strongly of the vegetable and are aromatic and slightly bitter.  They are sometimes used where celery itself would not be appropriate.   cellophane or glass noodles – Also known as bean thread noodles, these are made from mung bean flour.  They are usually softened by soaking in hot water for 10 -15 minutes before cooking with other ingredients.   ceviche, seviche, cebiche – Often spelled serviche or cebiche, depending on which part of South America it comes from, is seafood prepared in a centuries old method of cooking by contact with the acidic juice of citrus juice instead of heat.  It can be eaten as a first course or main dish, depending on what is served with it.  The preparation and consumption of ceviche is practically a religion in parts of Mexico, Central, and South America, and it seems as though there are as many varieties of ceviche as people who eat it.  Latin American flavors first found a place on Florida menus with South Florida’s “New World Cuisine” in the late 1980’s.  This cuisine comes from the diverse cooking styles and tropical ingredients of the Caribbean, Latin America, Central, and South America. History:  For a detailed history, check out  Ceviche, Seviche, Cebiche .   Chablis (shah-blee) – A white wine that is made from chardonnay grapes.   chafing dish – The chafing dish is a metal pan, with a water basin, which is heated by an alcohol lamp and used for cooking at the table.   Chai tea (chi tee) – Chai is the word used for tea in many parts of the world.  It is a fragrant milk tea that is growing more popular in the U.S.  The tea originated in India, where those in the cooler regions add spices to their tea (not only for flavoring but to induce heat in the body).  It is a centuries-old beverage, which has played an important role in many cultures.  It is generally made up of rich black tea, milk, a combination of various spices, and a sweetener.  The spices used vary from region to region.  The most common are cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, cloves, and pepper. It ca n be served following a meal or anytime.  Though some Americans serve Chai tea chilled or even iced, Bengal custom is to serve Chai tea hot.  Check out Linda’s recipe for  Chai Tea – Masala Chai – Spiced Milk Tea .   chakalaka – A very hot and spicy South African cooked vegetable relish/sauce/salad (in some ways it is like a Mexican salsa) that usually includes tomatoes, garlic, chile peppers, grated carrots, and grated cabbage with beans or diced cauliflower.  Preparing chakalaka is very much an individual thing, and depends on what you have available.  A traditional dish with the black community that is now popular in the urban areas as well as a side dish at barbecues.   chalazae (kuh-LAY-zee) – Ropey strands of egg white which anchor the yolk in place in the center of the thick white.  They are neither imperfections nor beginning embryos.  The more prominent the chalazae, the fresher the egg.  Chalazae do not interfere with the cooking or beating of the white and need not be removed, although some cooks like to strain them from stirred custard.   champagne (sham-pain) – Champagne is a sparkling wine.  Only wines produced in Champagne, France can legally be called champagne.  Otherwise it is called sparkling wine.  It is considered the most glamorous of all wines (the name has become synonymous with expensive living). History:  Champagne was once called devil wine (vin diable).  Not because of what it did to people, but for what it did to its casks.  The wine would “blow out the barrels” in the monasteries when warm weather got fermentation well under way.   champignon (sham-pee-NYOHN) – French word for an edible mushroom. History: In Greece, around 400 B.C. Hippocrates makes mention of the delicacy of mushrooms that were consumed by the wealthy.  The mushroom was thought to possess divine and magical powers.  The first written reference to eating mushrooms is the death of a mother and her three children from mushroom poisoning in about 450 B.C.  In ancient Rome, the easiest way to get rid of an enemy was to invite him to a disguised mushroom meal using the deadly mushroom from the Borgia family.   chanterelle mushrooms (shan-tuh-REHL) – These trumpet-shaped mushrooms flourish in the wilderness areas of the Pacific Northwest and a few places on the east coast.  The European and Asian varieties are usually about the size of a thumb.  But on the west coast, Chanterelles can be larger than a foot wide and heavier than two pounds.  They smell a bit like apricots, have a mild, nutty flavor, and a chewy texture.   chapon (shad-PONH) – A small piece from end of French loaf, a slice, or a cube of bread that has been rubbed over with a clove of garlic, first dipped in salt.  Placed in bottom of salad bowl before arranging salad.  A chapon is often used in vegetable salads and gives an agreeable additional flavor.   chardonnay (shar-doe-nay) – Is considered the world’s most popular dry white wine.  Chardonnay has become almost synonymous in the mass market with a generic “glass of white wine.”   charlotte (SHAR-lot) – Charlotte is a corruption of the Old English word “charlyt” meaning a “dish of custard.” (1) One meaning of a charlotte is a round mold used to make a charlotte dessert.  (2) The other meaning is the molded dessert that is composed of a filling surrounded by ladyfingers or bread. Apple Charlotte – It is a golden-crusted dessert made by baking a thick apple compote in a mold lined with buttered bread. History:  Named after Queen Charlotte (1744-1818) of England. Wife of George III. It is said that she was an enthusiastic supporter of apple growers. Check out Linda’s History of Charlotte Russe. Charlotte Russe – A cake is which the mold is lined with sponge fingers and custard replaces the apples.   It is served cold with cream. History:  It is said to have been invented by the French chef Marie Antoine Careme (1784-1833), who named it in honor of his Russian employer Czar Alexander. Charlotte Malakoff – It has a lining of ladyfingers and a center filling of a souffle mixture of cream, butter, sugar, a liqueur, chopped almonds, and whipped cream. It is decorated with strawberries. cold charlottes – They are made in a ladyfinger-lined mold and filled with a Bavarian cream.  For frozen charlottes, a frozen soufflor mousse replaces the Bavarian cream.   Chasseur Sauce – Chasseur is French for hunter.  It is a hunter-style brown sauce consisting of mushrooms, shallots, and white wine (sometimes tomatoes and parsley).  It is most often served with game and other meats. History:  For a detailed history of Chasseur Sauce, check out Linda Stradley’s  History of Sauces .   chaud-froid – A French word that mean “hot-cold.”  A sauce that is prepared hot but served cold as part of a buffet display.  It is usually used as a decorative coating for meats, poultry, and/or seafood.  Classically made from bechamel, cream, or aspic.   chat/chaat/chatt – The word literally means, “to lick” in Hindu.  Chaat belongs to the traditional Hindu cuisine.  In India, chaat refers to both a spice blend and a cold, spicy salad-like appetizer or snack that uses the spice blend.  It can be made with chopped vegetables or fruits, or both.  Indian Chaat is usually vegetarian. Chat is considered a “street-corner food” in India.  Today there isn’t a town in India where one would not find some form of Chaat.  It is tasty, pungent and really spicy, traditionally eaten from roadside stalls in banana leaves or even newspaper.  Different regions of India have their different chats.  A supplier of chaat is called a “chaatwallah.”   chateaubriand (sha-toh-bree-AHN) – It is a recipe, not a cut of meat.  The choice (center section or eye) of the beef tenderloin is generally broiled or grilled and served with a sauce.  There is generally sufficient meat for two people and traditionally the fillet is cut at the table. History:  It was invented by the chef Montmireil for his employer Francois Rene Visconte de Chateaubriand (1768-1848), French author and statesman (he was said to be an excellent eater but just a fair author).  He gave the name to the thickest band best cut from the heavy end of a beef tenderloin.  Most state that it was originally served with Berrnaise sauce, but some say the sauce was made with reduced white wine, shallots, demi-glace, butter and lemon juice.  It is agreed that the steak was served with chateau potatoes (small olive shaped pieces of potato sauteed until browned).   chaurice (shor-REEC) – This is a Creole pork sausage that is a local favorite in Louisiana.  The term is similar to the Spanish “chorizo.” History:  It is an old local favorite dating back to the 19th Century, but isn’t as easy to find as it once was. It would seem to have come to Louisiana with the Spanish, where it was adapted to local custom and ingredients.   chayote (chi-OH-tay) – The chayote is a pear-shaped member of the gourd family.  Also called vegetable pear, mirliton (southern United States), choko (Australia and New Zealand).  Several varieties of chayote exist, but the commonly available one has thick apple-green skin and generally weighs 1/2 to 1 pound.  Thr crisp flesh is mild in flavor, falling somewhere between cucumber and summer squash. It is prominent in the cuisine of Mexico, and today is a mainstay in the cuisines of all of South and Central America, as well as the West Indies, Africa, India, Indonesia, Australia, and New Zealand.  In the United States, it’s grown in the Southwest, in Louisiana and in Florida.  Though the chayote can be prepared many ways, it is always cooked, never eaten raw (even if used in salad).  Its thick skin is edible, but many cooks prefer to remove it (it can be chewy unless used in a long cooking preparation).  The large seed is also edible (many of the vegetable’s proponents insisting that the seed is the best part). History:  The chayote is native to Mexico where it was cultivated centuries ago by the Aztecs and the Mayas.   cheddar cheese – Cheddar, the most widely imitated cheese in the world.  Mature English Farmhouse Cheddar is aged over nine months.  Cheddar cheese stands by itself at the end of the meal, as a companion to well-aged Burgundy.  It is also marvelous shredded over salads, melted over omelets, served with fruit pies and cobblers, or nibbled with crusty rye bread and a hearty beer. History:  It was first made in southwestern England near the Village of Cheddar in Somerset County.   cheese – Cheese is a food made from the curds of milk pressed together to form a solid.  Through the centuries, cheese has been made from the milk of any milk-producing animal, from the ass to the zebra.  Today it is most commonly made from milk of cows, goats, or sheep, with a small fraction from water buffaloes.  The differences in cheeses come from the way the curds are drained, cut, flavored, pressed, the bacteria involved, the type and length of curing in caves, cellars, or under refrigeration, and a host of other subtle to severe variations.  Generally cheese is grouped into four categories: soft cheese – These include the fresh, unripened cheeses such as cottage, cream, farmer, or pot cheese that need only a starter, perhaps buttermilk, and a few hours before they’re ready to eat.  More complex soft cheeses include quickly ripened brie and camembert, as well as those made with added cream, known as double-cremes and triple-cremes; all have thin, white edible rinds with creamy to runny interiors and are ready to eat within a few days or weeks. semi-soft cheese – With this group are cheeses ripened three ways: bacteria- or yeast-ripened mildly flavored cheeses such as Italian fontina and Danish havarti.  Also included are blue-veined cheeses such as gorgonzola, Roquefort, and English Stilton that are ripened by the presence of “penicillium” molds. firm cheese – Originally termed “farmhouse cheese” but now mostly made in factories, these cheeses are formed into wheels or blocks, usually with a wax coating to seal out molds and external bacteria.  This category includes cheddar, Edam, Gouda, Swiss cheese, Jarlsberg, etc. hese are generally aged a few weeks to more than a year. hard cheese – These are the carefully aged cheeses with grainy textures that are primarily intended for grating.  These include Asiago, Parmesan, and Romano.  The aging process takes form one year to over seven years. History:  Archaeologists have discovered that as far back as 6000 BC cheese had been made from cow’s and goat’s milk and stored in tall jars.  Egyptian tomb murals of 2000 BC show butter and cheese being made, and other murals which show milk being stored in skin bags suspended from poles demonstrate a knowledge of dairy husbandry at that time. It is likely that nomadic tribes of Central Asia found animal skin bags a useful way to carry milk on animal backs when on the move.  Fermentation of the milk sugars would cause the milk to curdle and the swaying motion would break up the curd to provide a refreshing whey drink.  The curds would then be removed, drained and lightly salted to provide a tasty and nourishing high protein food, i.e. a welcome supplement to meat protein.  The earliest type was a form of sour milk, which came into being when it was discovered that domesticated animals could be milked.  According to legend, cheese was discovered 4,000 years ago when an Arabian merchant journeyed across the desert carrying a supply of milk in a pouch made of a sheep’s stomach.  The rennet in the lining of the pouch, combined with the heat of the sun, caused the milk to separate into curd and whey.  That night he drank the whey and ate the cheese, and thus, so the story goes, cheese was born. The ancient Sumerians knew cheese four thousand years before the birth of Christ.  The ancient Greeks credited Aristaeus, a son of Apollo and Cyrene, with its discovery;  it is mentioned in the Old Testament. In the Roman era cheese really came into its own.  Cheese making was done with skill and knowledge and reached a high standard.  By this time the ripening process had been developed and it was known that various treatments and conditions under storage resulted in different flavors and characteristics.  Cheese making, thus, gradually evolved from two main streams.  The first was the liquid fermented milks such as yogurt, koumiss and kefir.  The second through allowing the milk to acidify to form curds and whey.  Whey could then be drained either through perforated earthenware bowls or through woven reed baskets or similar material. The art of cheese making traveled from Asia to Europe and flourished.  When the Pilgrims voyaged to America (in 1620), they made sure the Mayflower was stocked with cheese.  In 1801, an enterprising cheese maker delivered a mammoth 1,235-pound wheel of cheese to Thomas Jefferson.  Intrigued citizens dubbed it the “big cheese,” coining the phrase, which has since come to describe someone of importance.  Cheese making quickly grew in the New World, but remained a local farm industry until 1851.  In that year, the Jesse Williams in Oneida County, New York built the first United States cheese factory.  As the U.S. population increased, so did the appetite for cheese.  The industry moved westward, centering on the rich farmlands of Wisconsin, where the American cheese industry really took off. Most Wisconsin farmers believed their survival was tied to cheese.  They opened their first cheese factory, Limburger, in 1868.   cheese curds – Cheese curds, a uniquely Wisconsin delicacy, are formed as a by-product of the cheese making process.  They are little “nubs” of cheese, which if very fresh, squeak when you bite down on them.  Unlike aged cheese, curds lose their desirable qualities if refrigerated or if not eaten within a few days.  The squeak disappears and they turn dry and salty.  Every restaurant or bar in Wisconsin seems to serve them, as they are listed on most appetizer sections of restaurant menus in the state.  Learn more about Cheese Curds .   cheesecake – Now days there are hundreds of different cheesecake recipes.  The ingredients are what make one cheesecake different from another.  The most essential ingredient in any cheesecake is cheese (the most commonly used are cream cheese, Neufchatel, cottage cheese, and ricotta.) History:  For a detailed history of Cheesecakes, check out History of Cakes .   Chef Titles: Executive Chef:  The term literally means “the chief” in French.  Every kitchen has a chef or executive chef who is responsible for the operations of the entire kitchen.  (A commonly misused term in English, not every cook is a chef.) Sous-Chef:  This position means “the under chief” in French.  This is person is second in command and takes responsibility for the kitchen operations if the chef is absent. Chef de Partie:  Also known as a “station chef” or “line cook”, is in charge of a particular area of production.  In large kitchens, each station chef might have several cooks and/or assistants.  In most kitchens however, the station chef is the only worker in that department.  Line cooks are often divided into a hierarchy of their own, starting with “First Cook”, then “Second Cook”, and so on as needed.  The Chef de Partie is in charge of any of the following kitchen positions: Sauce chef or saucier:  The person responsible for sauteed items and many different sauces.  Traditionally, it is the third person in command.  This is usually the highest position of all the stations: Boulanger:  The bread cook Fish cook or poissonier:  The fish cook – all fish and shellfish items and their sauces Friturier:  The deep fry cook Grillardin:  The grill cook Pantry chef or Garde Manager:  The person who prepares cold savory items Boucher Pastry chef or patissier:  Is responsible for cold foods, including salads and dressings, cold hors d’oeuvres, and buffet items. Potager:  The soup and often stock cook Roast cook or rotisseur:  Prepares roasted and braised meats and their gravies, and broils meats and other items to order.  A large kitchen may have a separate broiler cook or grillardin (gree-ar-dan) to handle the broiled items.  The broiler cook may also prepare deep-fried meats and fish. The Butcher Commis:  The common cook under one of the Chef de Partie.  This level of cook comprises the bulk of the kitchen staff Tournant (or chef de tournant):  The Relief cook. This term describes the cook in the kitchen who provides help to all the different cooks rather than having a specific job. Vegetable cook or entremetier:  Prepares vegetables, soups, starches, and eggs.  Large kitchens may divide these duties among the vegetable cook, the fry cook, and the soup cook.   chenin blanc (shay-naN blaN) – A widely produced white wine.  It is often used as a blending wine in generic blends and jug wine.   cherimoya (chehr-uh-MOY-ah) – The heart-shaped cherimoya is sometimes referred to as a custard apple, which describes its appearance and texture.  The taste, however, is uniquely its own.  Cherimoya combines the flavors of pineapple, mango, banana, and papaya into a slightly fermented flavor of the tropics.  They are available November through April with the largest supply in February and March.  Ripe cherimoyas are dull brownish-green in color and give to pressure when gently squeezed.  Eat within a day or two.  If fruit is pale green and firm, store at room temperature until slightly soft and then refrigerate, carefully wrapped individually in paper towels, for up to 4 days.  Peel fruit with a sharp knife and cut into cubes, discarding the dark black seeds.  Add to fruit salads or puree and incorporate into a mousse, custard, or pie filling.   Cherries Jubilee – It is a dessert that consists of cherries flamed table side with sugar and Kirsch (cherry brandy) spooned over vanilla ice cream. History:  Cherries Jubilee was created by Chef Auguste Escoffier (1847-1935) in honor of Queen Victoria’s Jubilee celebration.  There seems to be some conflict as if it was her 1887 Golden Jubilee or her 1897 Diamond Jubilee.  Then, as now, the British public delighted in every detail of the Royal Family’s life and everyone know that cherries were the queen’s favorite fruit.  The whole nation celebrated at her Golden Jubilee in 1887.  The original dish did not call for ice cream at all.  Sweet cherries poached in simple syrup that was slightly thickened, were poured into fireproof dishes, and then warmed brandy was added and set on flame at the moment of serving.   cherry – There are now 250 different kinds, which vary in color, size, and taste.  There are two main groups of cherries, sweet and sour. sweet cherry – It is the larger of the two types and they are firm, heart-shaped sweet cherries.  The most popular varieties range from the dark red to the black Bing, to the golden red-blushed Royal Ann.  Some varieties are Bing cherry, Rainier cherry, Lambert cherry, and Van cherry. sour cherries or tart cherries – To learn more about  Sour, Tart, or “Pie” Cherries . History:  Sweet cherries date back to the Stone Age in Asia Minor.  They were dispersed throughout prehistoric Europe and brought to America by ship with early settlers in 1629.  Cherries are named after the Turkish town of Cerasus (now called Giresun).  Cherry stones found in the ancient lake dwellings in Switzerland attest to the prehistoric growth of this fruit.  The early Romans cultivated several varieties of cherries. Modern day cherry production in the Northwest began in 1847, when Henderson Lewelling transported nursery stock by ox cart from Iowa to Western Oregon and established orchards.  The Bing variety was developed on the Lewelling farm in 1875 from seeds and was named for one of his Chinese workmen.  The Lambert started as a cross on the same farm.  The Rainier originated from the crossing of the Bing cherry and the Van cherry by Dr. Harold W. Fogle at the Washington State University Research Station in Prosser, Washington.   cherry pepper – Also called cherry bombs.  They are very thick fleshed and about the size and shape of a small red ripe tomato.  They also pack a considerable punch.  Heat range is 4 to 6.   chervil (CHER-vuhl) – Chervil is a mild-flavored herb and a member of the parsley family.  It has dark green curly leaves that have parsley-like flavor with overtones of anise.  Chervil is generally used fresh rather than dried, although it is available in dried form.  Though most chervil is cultivated for its leaves alone, the root is edible and was, in fact, enjoyed by early Greeks and Romans.  It is one of the main classic ingredients in Fines Herbes (along with chives, parsley and tarragon), a finely chopped herb mixture that should be added to cooked foods shortly before serving because their delicate flavor can be diminished when boiled.   Chess Pie – Chess pies are a Southern specialty that has a simple filling of eggs, sugar, butter, and a small amount of flour.  Some recipes include cornmeal and others are made with vinegar.  Flavorings, such as vanilla, lemon juice, or chocolate are also added to vary the basic recipe. History:  Check out  History of Pies for a detailed history of Chess Pie. chestnut – Known as castagne in Italy.  There are many varieties of chestnuts and the trees are common throughout Europe, Asia, and the United States. Chestnuts can be roasted, boiled, pureed, preserved, and candied.  Choose unblemished shells that show no sign of drying.   chestnut flour – Chestnut flour is used primarily in Italian and Hungarian cake and pastry making.  The chestnut flour used in Italian cakes and pancakes is made from pulverized raw chestnuts, whereas in Hungary it is made from dried chestnuts.   chevre cheese (SHEHV-ruh) – Chevre is the French word for goat and for the fresh goat’s milk cheese.  Goat cheeses are not usually aged, so they are fresh and creamy looking with a fairly mild, salty flavor.  They are French in origin.  This cheese can be molded into any shape.  They come plain or coated with herbs and pepper.  Used for relishes, appetizers, sauces, and compliments any cheese board.   chewing gum – When Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, the Mexican leader of the Alamo attack, was in exile on Staten Island, N.Y, in 1869, he brought with him a large lump of chicle, the elastic sap of the sapodilla tree, which Mayan Indians had been chewing for centuries.  He hoped that Thomas Adams, an inventor, could refine the chicle for a rubber substitute.  Adams experimented with the stuff, but it remained lifeless.  By chance, he saw a little girl buying paraffin a “pretty poor gum” at a drug store.  Adams asked the druggist if he would be willing to try a new kind of gum.  He said yes.  Adams rushed home, soaked and kneaded the chicle into small grayish balls.  The druggist sold all of them the next day.  With $55, Adams went into business making Adams New York Gum #1 and set the world to chewing and snapping!   chianti (ki-AHN-tee) – A classic dry red wine of Tuscany.  Often called “pizza wine” as it is often served in wicker-wrapped bottles.   Chicago Deep-Dish Pizza – Chicago deep-dish pizza is different from the regular thin crust pizza as it has a thicker crust with more ingredients topping it.  It is almost like a casserole on bread crust. History:  The origin of this style of pizza is credited to Ike Sewell, who in 1943 created the dish at his bar and grill named Pizzeria Uno.  The pizza was so popular that he had to open more pizza restaurants to handle the crowds.  Deep-dish pizza may be one of Chicago’s most important contributions to 20th century culture.  There are more than 2,000 pizzerias serving this much beloved deep-dish pizza there.   For history of the following Chicken Dishes, Check out Linda Stradley’s History of Poultry Dishes . Chicken A’ La King – This is a rich chicken dish that uses lots of cream with pimentos and sherry.  It is served either on hot buttered toast, pastry shells, or in a nest of noodles. Chicken Booyah – A super “stick to your ribs” soup-stew made with chicken.  While chicken soup is universal and variations of this dish can be found in many cultures world wide, northeastern Wisconsin is the only place in the world where Chicken Booyah is found.  It is a favorite at the many festivals, church picnics, bazaars, and any other large gathering in the northeast part of Wisconsin.  Restaurants have their own special recipe.  Booyah is lovingly called “Belgian Penicillin.”  It is believed that the word “Booyah” comes from the word “bouillon.” Chicken Cacciatora – Cacciatore means “hunter’s style.” See cacciatore.  This dish developed in central Italy and has many variations.  It is considered a country-style dish in which chicken pieces are simmered together with tomatoes and mushrooms.  The dish originated in the Renaissance period (1450-1600) when the only people who could afford to enjoy poultry and the sport of hunting were the well to do,  This dish developed in central Italy and has many variations. Chicken Divan – A chicken casserole dish with broccoli and mornay or hollandaise sauce. Chicken-Fried Steak – It is also known as Country-Fried Steak and affectionately called “CFS” by Texans.  There is no chicken in Chicken-Fried Steak.  It is tenderized round steak (a cheap and tough piece of beef) made like fried chicken with a milk gravy made from the drippings left in the pan.  Although not official, the dish is considered the state dish of Texas.  According to a Texas Restaurant Associate, it is estimated that 800,000 orders of Chicken-Fried Steak are served in Texas every day, not counting any prepared at home. Every city, town, and village in Texas takes prides in their CFS.  Some, admittedly, are better than others.  Texans have a unique way of rating restaurants that serve CFS.  The restaurants are rated by the number of pickup trucks that is parked out in front.  Never stop at a one pickup place, as the steak will have been frozen and factory breaded.  A two and three pickup restaurant is not much better.  A four and five pickup place is a must stop restaurants, as the CFS will be fresh and tender with good sopping gravy. Chicken Kiev (kee-EHV) – Also called Tsiplenokovo Po-Kievski. A boned and flattened chicken breast that is then rolled around a chilled piece of herbed butter. It is then breaded and fried.  This poultry dish is also called “Chicken Supreme.” Chicken Marengo – Originally made with crayfish and chicken.  Today, the crayfish is usually left out.  Chicken Marengo today is chicken cut into pieces, browned in oil, and then cooked slowly with peeled tomatoes, crushed garlic, parsley, white wine and cognac, seasoned with crushed pepper and served with fried eggs on the side (with or without crayfish, also on the side) and toast or croutons, doubling as Dunand’s army bread. Chicken Rochambeau – This Louisiana Creole dish is half a chicken (breast, leg, thigh), which is boned and not skinned.  It is grilled, then served as a layered dish – first a slice of baked ham, then the brown Rochambeau sauce (chicken stock and brown sugar), then the chicken is covered with a Bernaise sauce.  Antoine’s restaurant in New Orleans, Louisiana is famous for this chicken dish.   chickpea (chik-peez) – See garbanzo bean.   chicory (chick-ory) – An herb of which the roots are dried, ground, and roasted.  It is now used to flavor coffee (there is a popular belief that chicory smoothes out coffee). History:  For thousands of years, these plants have been cultivated and used in home remedies and a drug of choice for royalty.  Queen Elizabeth I of England took chicory broth.  In the U.S., chicory is so common on roadsides that it is hard to realize that is not native.  Thomas Jefferson had some planted at Monticello in 1774 with the seeds probably coming from Italy.  He used it as a ground cover in his fields, as cattle fodder, and as “a tolerable salad for the table.”   chiffon cake – It is the first really new development in cake making in many years.  It uses vegetable oil in place of conventional shortening. History:  For history of Chiffon Cake, check out History of Cakes .   chiffonade (shihf-uh-NAHD) –  (1) This is a French word, which comes from the word “chiffon” which means, “rag”.  In culinary terms, a chiffonade describes a way of cutting herbs and lettuces into thin strips or shreds, which look a bit like rags.  (2) Chiffonade is also a dish consisting of a mixture of green vegetables (such as spinach, lettuce, and sorrel) which are shredded or cut finely into ribbons (sometimes melted butter is added).  It is used to form a bed for a dish such as egg mayonnaise or as a garnish for soups.   chile, chilie, chili pepper – Chile peppers are all members of the capsicum family.  There are more than 200 varieties available today.  They vary in length from 1/2-inch to 12 inches long with the shortest and smallest peppers being the hottest.  Always take caution when handling them (wear rubber gloves when seeding a fresh one).  Colors range from yellow to green to red to black.  The best antidote for a “chile burn” in the mouth is sugar or hard candy.  The heat of chiles comes from a compound called capsaicin.  It is located in the “ribs” of the chile.  Seeds do contain some heat, but not at the same intensity as the ribs.  Chiles are called peppers, but are not related to black pepper.  Botanically, they are berries and horticulturally, they are fruits. When fresh, we use them as vegetables. When dried, we use them as spices. Scoville unit is the thermometer of the chile business.  Established by Wilbur Scoville, these are the units of heat of a chile’s burn.  A habanero is considered 100 times hotter than a jalapeno!  Units rank from 0 to 300,000.  To learn more about these peppers, check out the web page on Chile Peppers .   Chiles Relleno – A Mexican and Southwest dish of stuffed chile peppers.   chili – Chili is the stew-like soup made entirely with meat, chiles or chili powder (or both) and according to what region of the country that you live in, it can also include beans.  Will Rogers called chili “bowl of blessedness.” History:  For a very detailed history of Chili, check out History and Legends of Chili . chimichanga (chim-me-CHAN-gaz) – A burrito prepared with your choice of meat, vegetables, and spices that are rolled up to form a large spring roll, either deep fried or grilled deep-fried, and served on a bed of lettuce with cheese and mild sauce.  The chimichanga or “chimi” is the quintessential Tucson, Arizona food item, which has achieved a cult status in that city.  The residents of Tucson take their “chimis” very seriously and would prefer to pay more money so as not to be served a smaller one with fewer ingredients.  They love the large, gigantic ones.  Every restaurant and Mom and Pop eatery has his or her own version of this favorite dish. History:  Culinary historians argue about exactly where in Tucson chimichangas were invented.  Several restaurants claim the bragging rights of being the first to serve one.  The strongest claim comes from Tucson’s El Charro Cake, the oldest Mexican restaurant in Tucson.  Family legend says that, Monica Flin, who started the restaurant in 1922, cussed in the kitchen when a burrito flipped into the deep fryer.  As young nieces and nephews were in the kitchen with her, she hanged the swear word to chimichanga, the Spanish equivalent of “thingamagig.” Chinese gooseberry – It is now called kiwi fruit and it is a native of China. History:  It was introduced into New Zealand in 1906 and has been commercially cultivated there ever since.  Since Chinese gooseberry is a rather unenchanting name, they decided to rename the fruit “kiwi.”  This name not only identifies New Zealand but also describes the tiny New Zealand Kiwi bird. Chinese parsley – See cilantro.   chipotle chile (chih-POHT-lay) – A chipotle pepper is simply a smoked jalapeno pepper.  These chilies are usually a dull tan to coffee color and measure approximately 2 to 4 inches in length and about an inch wide.  It is sold either dried or canned with adobo sauce. Most of the natural heat of the jalapeno is retained in the process.Chipotle peppers are very hot, and they can easily over power dishes and recipes.  Chipotles are available dried whole, powdered, pickled, and canned in Adobo sauce.   chitterlings/chitlins (CHIHT-lingz) – Chitterlings are the middle section or small intestines of animals (hot intestines or guts).  Chitterlings are the more formal name, but most people call them chitlins.  Some people turn up their noses at the mention of chitlins, as they are a food that you either love or hate.  Others leave the house while they are cooking, driven away by their earthly odor.  The volume sold for New Year’s dinners, with Christmas and Thanksgiving not far behind, attests to chitlins’ popularity in the United States.  Learn more about Chitterlings/Chitlins and also a recipe. History:  In colonial slave days of the sold South of the United States, December was the time when the hogs were slaughtered.  The hams and all the better cuts went to the plantation owners, while the leftovers or garbage (chitterlings) were given to the slaves.  Because of the West African traditional of cooking all edible part of plants and animals, these foods helped the slaves survive in the United States. Animal innards have long been treasured foods around the world Scotland has their national dish of haggis (sheep’s stomach stuffed with animal’s minced heart, liver, and lungs); Throughout Europe, tripe (cow or ox stomach) is popular, and French chefs in upscale restaurants serve dishes based on cow’s brains and kidneys.   chives – Chives are a member of the onion family.  They are used to delicately flavor soups, salads, dips, cheeses, eggs, sauces, and dressings.  They make an eye-catching garnish when sprinkled on top of a favorite recipe.  Their lavender flowers are an attractive and tasty addition to salads.  Chives are almost always used fresh or added to hot foods at the last minute so they retain their flavor. History:  Chives have been respected for their culinary versatility for more than 3000 years.  In Ancient China, raw chives were prescribed to control internal bleeding.  But when chives made their way to Europe, herbalists had a different opinion.  They warned that eating the herb raw would induce evil vapors in the brain.  Despite the admonishments, chives became everyday sights in European households; bunches of them were hung in houses to ward off evil spirits.  Gypsies used chives for their fortune-telling rituals and also hung them from the ceiling to drive away diseases and evil spirits.   chocolate (CHAWK-lit or CHAWK-uh-lit; CHAHK-lit or CHAHK-uh-lit) – A delicate tree, cacao, it is only grown in rain forests in the tropics, usually on large plantations, where it must be protected from wind and intense sunlight.  The cacao bean is harvested twice a year. bittersweet chocolate – Still dark, but a little sweeter than unsweetened.  Bittersweet has become the sophisticated choice of chefs. converture – A term generally used to describe high-quality chocolate used by professional bakers in confectionery and baked products.  It has more cocoa butter than regular chocolate.  It’s specially formulated for dipping and coating things like truffles. milk chocolate or sweet chocolate – Candy bar chocolate. Chocolate to which whole and/or skim milk powder has been added.  Rarely used in cooking because the protein in the added milk solids interferes with the texture of the baked products. semisweet chocolate – Slightly sweetened during processing and most often used in frostings, sauces, fillings, and mousses.  They are interchangeable in most recipes.  The favorite of most home bakers. German chocolate – Dark, but sweeter than semisweet. German chocolate is the predecessor to bittersweet.  It has no connection to Germany; a man named German developed it. unsweetened chocolate – It is also called baking chocolate or plain chocolate.  This is the most common type used in baking and is the only true baking chocolate. white chocolate – According to the FDA, “white chocolate” cannot legally be called chocolate because it contains no cocoa powder, a component of chocolate. True chocolate contains pulverized roasted cocoa bean, consisting of cocoa butter and cocoa solids.  White chocolate contains no cocoa solids and thus technically is white confectionery coating.  Beware–some white confectionery coatings don’t even contain cocoa butter. Even in “real” white chocolate the chocolate flavor is subtle at best, being to real chocolate what white soul is to soul. History:  Aztec Indian legend held that cacao seeds had been brought from Paradise and that wisdom and power came from eating the fruit of the cacao tree.  Because of a spelling error, probably by English traders long ago, the cacao beans became know as the cocoa beans.  The Spanish general, Hernando Cortes, landed in Mexico in 1519.  The Aztecs believed he was the reincarnation of one of their lost gods.  They honored him by serving him an unusual drink, presented in a cup of pure gold.  This unusual drink was called chocolatl by the Aztecs. During his conquest of Mexico, Cortez found the Aztec Indians using cocoa beans in the preparation of the royal drink of the realm, “chocolatl,” meaning warm liquid.  In 1519, Emperor Montezuma, who reportedly drank 50 or more portions daily, served chocolate to his Spanish guests in great golden goblets, treating it like a food for the gods.  Montezuma’s chocolate was very bitter, and the Spaniards did not find it to their taste.  To make the concoction more agreeable to Europeans, Cortez and his countrymen conceived the idea of sweetening it with cane sugar.  While they took chocolate back to Spain, the idea found favor and the drink underwent several more changes with newly discovered spices, such as cinnamon and vanilla.  Ultimately, someone decided the drink would taste better if served hot.  This sweet drink became fashionable and soon there were chocolate houses in all the capitals of Europe. Swiss chocolatier, Daniel Pieter, invented milk chocolate in 1876.  Today, the finest chocolate is still made in Switzerland, and the consumption of milk chocolate far out-weights that of plain chocolate.  Chocolate was introduced to the United States in 1765 when John Hanan brought cocoa beans from the West Indies into Dorchester, Massachusetts, to refine them with the help of Dr. James Baker.  The first chocolate factory in the country was established there in 1780.  It was America’s first chocolate mill where they made a blend of quality chocolate called BAKER’S chocolate.    chocolate chips – History:  In 1939, Nestle created the convenient, ready-to-use chocolate pieces, introducing chocolate chips.  In the 1940s, Mrs. Wakefield sold all legal rights to the use of the Toll House trademark to Nestle.  In 1983, the Nestle Company lost its exclusive rights to the trademark in federal court. Toll house is now a descriptive term for a cookie. See chocolate chip cookie. chocolate chip cookie – Today the chocolate chip cookie remains a favorite choice among cookie connoisseurs.  The term “toll house” has become a part of the American language. History:   For the history of Chocolate Chip Cookies, check out History of Cookies . cholent (CHUH-lent) – Cholent is traditional Jewish cuisine served on the Sabbath.  Whether the hamin of Sephardic communities, the cholent of Ashkenazic ones, or a fusion of the two, it is still favored by many for Shabbat, particularly on a cold winter day. History:  It was born of Orthodox Jewish observance of the Sabbath, when fires could not be kindled.  Instead, families would either leave a real low oven going at home or take their pots to the village baker and let the food cook overnight.  Some contend that every slow-cooking dish made with beans derives from this Jewish technique.  There is no doubt that, in Hungary, it evolved into shalet, one of the national dishes, while the Pilgrims, after spending time with Sephardic Jews in Holland, adopted it prior to sailing to the New World.  The substitutions they later had to make for some ingredients resulted in Boston baked beans.  The origin of cholent is likely in the pre-Inquisition Sephardic kitchen.  From there, it probably traveled to Alsace, where it is believed to have been called chault-lent, Old French for hot and slow. When it was then brought to Germany and Eastern Europe, it took on the basic composition, which characterizes it today. chop – To cut food into irregular pieces.  The size is specified if it is critical to the outcome of the recipe.   Chop Suey – Chop Suey is the English pronunciation of the Cantonese words tsap seui (tsa-sui in Mandarin), which means, “mixed pieces.”  It is a Chinese-American dish consisting of bits of meat or chicken, bean sprouts, onions, mushrooms, etc., cooked in its own juices and served with rice.  Most Chinese are not fond of Chop Suey as it is mainly popular with non Chinese-Americans.  According to the Chinese-Americans, its presence on a restaurant’s menu is often times a harbinger of bad food to come . It is only served in Chinese restaurants that cater to American customers. History:  An American dish that Chinese immigrants in the 1860s, who were untrained as cooks, created out of meat and vegetables fried together in their own juices and served over rice.  In the 1860s, a pattern of discrimination emerged that prevented the Chinese from working their own gold mining claims, causing them to take work as laborers and cooks for the Transcontinental Railway.  It was this Chinese influence that gave us the totally American Chop Suey, as these dishes were created to feed the workers with what food was on hand.  Constrained by the lack of Asian vegetables, and trying to produce a Chinese dish palatable to Westerners, the cook stir-fried whatever vegetables were handy, thus Chop Suey is a mixture of odds and ends of large pieces of vegetables and meat.  After World War II, Chop Suey became as American as apple pie to the non-Chinese population.   chopsticks – Eating utensils, about eight inches long, rectangular at the top and tapered at the eating ends.  Today, chopsticks are used in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, as well as China, making them the world’s second-most popular method of conveying food to mouth, the most popular being the fingers.  Chopsticks are never made of metal because metal may react with the acids found in food and taint its taste.  Usually made out of wood, some of the more fancy ones are intricately carved out of bone or ivory.  Bamboo is used also. History:  It is not known when chopsticks first began to be used, although it is fairly certain that they were invented in China, where they have been traced back at least as far as the 3rd century BC. Knives, with all their associations with war and death, were not brought to the dinner table, as they were in the West. Chinese chopsticks – In China, chopsticks are usually made of bamboo or other wood.  Chinese chopsticks were once referred to as chu, meaning, “help in eating.”  Today, they are called k’uai-tzu, meaning “something fast.”  This phrase is said to have originated among boatmen, who renamed the utensils, originally called chu, which means, “help,” because the word sounded so much like their word for a slow or becalmed ship.  This struck them as particularly inappropriate for such an efficient eating tool.  The word with which we are all familiar came into being during the 19th century, when traders into Pidgin English translated Chinese words.  The word chop means fast, as in the phrase “chop chop!” Japanese chopsticks – The Japanese word for chopsticks, hashi, means “bridge.”  Unlike Chinese chopsticks, which are squared-off and blunt at the end, the Japanese utensils are rounded and tapered to a point.  It has been suggested that this is in order to facilitate the removal of bones from fish, which makes up a great part of the Japanese diet. chorizo (CHORE-ee-so) – A highly seasoned Mexican sausage that is made with ground pork and hot peppers.  It is sold fresh or dried and usually encased in narrow casings, but also sold in bulk in some markets.  Mexican chorizo is made with fresh pork, while the Spanish version uses smoked pork.   Chorley cake – Chorley cakes are a British pastry made with dried fruit similar to the cakes and buns common in Banbury, Eccles, Coventry, and Clifton.  A typical recipe consists of a pie crust (like pastry cut into small rounds) filled with a mixture of dried currants, peel, brown sugar, butter, and spices such as nutmeg.  The pastry is folded, and then rolled out until the fruit begins to show through.  They are baked, then eaten fresh with butter, or kept for several days. History:  It is believed that they were developed to take on trips during medieval times.  Each city claimed its own version, differing in spices, fruits, and the use of rum. choux pastry (shoo) – Choux derives from the French work “chou” which means “cabbage.”  It was used to describe layered pastry, as the layers were thought to resemble the leaves of cabbage.  It is a kind of pastry made from smooth dough consisting of flour, water, salt, butter, eggs, and sometimes sugar.  This pastry is used for cream puffs, eclairs, beignets, and other dishes requiring a puff pastry.    chow – An American slang term for food.  The named is credited to American servicemen for have to stand in line and wait for their food.  The word is thought to be from the Chinese word “ch’ao” meaning “to fry or cook” during 1850s when Chinese laborers worked on the Pacific railroads. chowhound – A person who enjoys eating and live to eat. chow line   – A line of people waiting for food, as in a cafeteria.   chowder (chowda) – Chowder comes from the French word “cauldron,” meaning a cooking kettle.  Vegetables or fish stewed in a cauldron thus became know as chowder in English speaking nations (a corruption of the name of the pot or kettle in which they were cooked). History:  For a detailed history of Chowder, check out History of Chowder, Clam Chowder/Fish Chowder .   Chow Mein – A Chinese-American dish consisting of stewed vegetables and meat with fried noodles.  It comes from the Mandarin Chinese words ch’ao mien meaning “fried noodles.”  It is thought that this Chinese dish was brought to America by the Chinese laborers and cooks for the Transcontinental Railway in the 1850s. chutney (CHUHT-nee) – The word comes from the Hindustani word chatni, which means “a hot, spicy condiment.”  Originally this word referred to a sweet and spicy preserve of fruit, vinegar, sugar, and spices that was used exclusively in Indian cooking.  American chutneys are less spicy and very sweet.  They are used more as jams or preserves.  However, with the advent of “fusion cuisine” and with all culinary terms bandied about rather loosely these days, a chutney can be just about any topping or accompaniment, somewhat sweet, usually made with fruit and used the way we do salsas. History:  Chutney became an accepted part of the British culinary scene after the British who lived in India brought it back.   cider – Cider is fermented apple juice that is made by pressing the juice from fruit.  Although apples are the most common fruit from which cider is made, pears and sweet cherries are often pressed for cider as well.  It can be drunk straight or diluted with water. hard cider – Hard cider is a fermented beverage prepared from the juice of apples.  The fermentation continues until the sugar is transformed into alcohol. commercial grade cider – Apple juice or cider is usually more refined than ordinary cider.  They remove the yeasts and develop to produce hard cider.  They are destroyed by a low temperature method without affecting the vitamin content.  Apple juice is also put through very fine filters.  Of course, they usually add preservatives. fresh or sweet cider – The liquid is fresh cider as long as it remains in its natural state and is not sweetened, preserved, clarified, or otherwise altered.  In sweet cider, fermentation is not permitted at all. History:  Hard cider made from ripe apples usually contains from 4% to 8% alcohol.  Hard cider was a staple of life in the U.S. from the earliest colonial times until the mid-19th century temperance campaigns that resulted in the destruction of thousands of acres of apple orchards.  By the turn of the century, hard cider had all but disappeared from the national diet.   cilantro (SEE-lan-trow) – Cilantro is the Spanish word for coriander leaves.  It is also sometimes called Chinese or Mexican parsley.  Technically, coriander refers to the entire plant.  It is a member of the carrot family.  Chopped fresh leaves are widely used in Mexican and Tex-Mex cooking, where they are combined with chiles and added to salsas, guacamoles, and seasoned rice dishes.  Most people either love it or hate it.  Taste experts are not sure why, but for some people the smell of fresh coriander is fetid and the taste soapy. In other words, while most people love coriander, for some people, coriander just does not taste good. When purchasing, look for leaves that are tender, aromatic, and very green.  If it has no aroma, it will have no flavor.  Avoid wilted bunches with yellowing leaves.   cinnamon (SIH-nuh-muhn) – It is the aromatic inner bark of the “cinnamonum zeylanicum”, a native tree in Ceylon. History:  Cinnamon was considered one of the spices that started world exploration.  This common spice was once the cause of much intrigue and bloodshed among traders and growers.  The Arabs first introduced it on the world market, but kept the source secrets.  They invented fantastic tales of bloodthirsty monsters that roamed the cinnamon country.  It was once considered a gift fit for a monarch.  In ancient times, it was thought to inspire love, and a love portion was concocted from it.  When the Dutch were in control of the world spice market, they burned cinnamon when its price went too low to suit them.   Cincinnati Chili – The main differences between Cincinnati and Texas chili is that the Cincinnati Chili calls for some sweet spices and the way you start cooking the meat.  The sauce has a thinner consistency that is more like a topping and is mixed with an unusual and secret blend of spices that includes cinnamon, chocolate, or cocoa, allspice, and Worcestershire sauce.  Cincinnati Chili is truly the unofficial food of the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, and is the most chili-crazed city in the United States.  Cincinnati prides itself on being a true chili capital with over 180 chili parlors. If you choose “the works,” you are eating what they call “Five-Way Chili.”  Make sure to pile on the toppings – that is what sets it apart from any other chili dish.  To test a restaurant for authenticity, ask for a Four-Way.  If they ask you whether you want the bean or onion option, you have a fake Cincinnati Chili as Four-Way comes with onions. History:  This chili is unique to the Cincinnati area and was created in 1922 by a Macedonian immigrant, Tom Kiradjieff.  He settled in Cincinnati with his brother, John, and opened a small Greek restaurant, called the Empress, only to do a lousy business because nobody there at the time knew anything about Greek food.  He then created a chili made with Middle Eastern spices, which could be served in a variety of ways.  His “five-way” was a concoction of a mound of spaghetti topped with chili, chopped onion, kidney beans, shredded yellow cheese and served with oyster crackers and a side order of hot dogs topped with more shredded cheese. Check out two different recipes and methods of making Cincinnati Chili:  Cincinnati Chili  – Version 1- Cincinnati Chili – Version 2     Cioppino (chuh-PEE-noh) – It is a fish stew that is considered San Francisco’s signature dish.  It is a descendant of the various regional fish soups and stews of Italian cooking.  The best way to make Cioppino, is as you like it.  It can by prepared with as many as a dozen kinds of fish and shellfish.  It all depends on what the day’s catch is like and what your own personal choice is.  The origin of the word is something of a mystery and many historians believe that it is Italian-American for “chip in.”  It is also believed that the name comes form a Genoese fish stew called cioppin.  Check out Linda’s favorite San Francisco Cioppino  recipe. History:  This fish stew first became popular on the docks of San Francisco’s Fisherman’s Wharf in the 1930s.  It is thought to be the result of Italian fishermen adding something from their day’s catch to the communal stew kettle on the wharf.  After World War II, Cioppino migrated to the East Coast.   citron (SIHT-ron) – (1) Citron is a semi-tropical citrus fruit like a lemon, but larger and less acidic.  It grows as an irregular, open-headed shrub or small tree with large, light green leaves.  The flowers are purple on the outside and are followed by large, oblong or ellipsoid fruits.  The peel is very thick and is rough and yellow on the outside and white inside.  They were originally grown in Europe out of interest for its fragrant fruits, but later, the white pulp was used raw, being served as a salad or with fish.  A method of candying the peel was developed and candied peel is now the main Citron product.  This plant is never eaten raw but is harvested for usage of its peel.  The plant is soaked in a brine solution to extract the oil, which is used in liqueurs.  The peel is then candied.  This product is used in many baking dishes and desserts. History:  This was the first Citrus fruit that was introduced to Europe by the armies of Alexander the Great about 300 BC.  It found a suitable home in the Mediterranean region where it has been cultivated from that time to the present.  Southern Italy, the island of Corsica and some Greek islands grow nearly all the Citrons. (2) Citron (see-TRAWN) – Citron is also the French word for “lemon.”   citronella (sih-truh-NEHL-uh) – It is also known as lemongrass.  It is a stiff tropical grass that resembles a large fibrous green onion.  It is an essential herb in southeast Asian cooking.  It adds a lemony flavor to dishes.     citrus fruits – Citrus fruits are native to the southern and southeastern mainland of Asia and the bordering Malayan islands.  Their flowers smell sweet and they have five petals that are white and some kinds have purple staining the outer surfaces.  The fruits are spherical or egg-shaped and have 8-14 juicy sections containing large, white or greenish seed leaves (cotyledons).  These trees are cultivated in orchards or groves and in gardens where the climate and soil are suitable and as greenhouse plants.  Florida and California produce an abundant supply of Citrus fruits.  Citrus trees require a minimum winter temperature of 45-50 degrees. History:  Citrus fruits are native to Southern China and Southeast Asia where they have been cultivated for approximately 4,000 years.  In fact, the oldest Oriental literature includes stories about these fruits.  The citron was carried to the Middle East sometime between 400 and 600 BC.  Arab traders in Asia carried lemons, limes, and oranges to eastern Africa and the Middle East between AD 100 and 700.  During the Arab occupation of Spain, citrus fruits arrived in southern Europe.  From Europe they were carried to the New World by Christopher Columbus and Portuguese and Spanish explorers and were well known in Florida and Brazil by the 16th century.  Superior varieties from Southeast Asia also arrived in Europe with the Portuguese traders in the 16th century.   clams – All clams are mollusks that live in the sediments of bays, estuaries, or the ocean floor.  Clams are sold in the shell or shucked.  There are three major types of clams. soft-shell clams – Known as steamers, manninoses, or squirts. T hey have brittle shells that break easily. hard-shell clams – Known as quahog, littleneck, cherrystone, and hard clam. surf clams – These make up the bulk of the commercial catch.  They are used for preparing chowders, clam sauces, and fried clam strips.   clarified butter – Clarified butter is butter, which has been slowly heated up in order to separate the white milk solids (which burn at high heat) from the butterfat.  The milk solids (which sink to the bottom of the pan) are discarded and the pure butterfat (clarified butter), which remains, is saved for frying and sautng.  Chefs clarify butter because it has a higher smoking point and they can then fry or saute in it without it burning.  Learn how to make Clarified Butter .   clarify – To clear a liquid of all solid particles using a special cooking process.(1) To clarify butter means to melt it and pour off the clear top layer from the milky residue at the bottom of the pan.  The resulting clear liquid can be used at a higher cooking temperature and will not go rancid as quickly as unclarified butter.  (2) To clarify stock, egg whites and/or eggshells are commonly added and simmered for about 15 minutes.  The egg whites attract and trap particles from the liquid.  After cooling, strain the mixture through a cloth-lined sieve to remove residue.(3) To clarify rendered fat, add hot water and boil for about 15 minutes.  The mixture should then be strained through several layers of cheesecloth and chilled.  The resulting layer of fat should be completely clear of residue.     clotted cream – Traditionally served with tea and scones in England.  It is a 55% minimum milk fat product made by heating unpasturized milk to about 82 degrees C, holding them at this temperature for about an hour and then skimming off the yellow wrinkled cream crust that forms (until the cream separates and floats to the surface).  It is also known as Devonshire cream.  It will last up to four days if refrigerated in a tightly-sealed container.     cloves – The name clove is derived from the Latin word clavus meaning “nail.”  Cloves are the fried flower buds of the clove tree belonging to the evergreen family. History:  Trade between the Ternate (clove island) and China goes back at least 2500 years.  In China, cloves were used for cooking and also to cover bad breath and body odor, any one having an audience with the emperor had to chew cloves to prevent any undesired smell.  This spice was jealously fought over by the early growers and traders.  They were grown in the Molucca islands for many centuries and then later in Zanaibar.  After a cyclone had destroyed the Zanaibar crops, a number of barrels of cloves reached New York that had been stored for 100 years.  The cloves were in perfect condition.     Club Sandwich – It is a sandwich with cooked chicken breast and bacon, along with juicy ripe tomatoes and crisp lettuce layered between two or three slices of toasted bread with mayonnaise. History:  For the history of the Club Sandwich, check out History and Legends of Sandwiches .     coagulation – The curdling or clumping of protein (usually eggs) due to the application of heat or acid (such as lemon juice or vinegar) in sauces and custards.  In normal environments, the proteins in the egg yolk will begin to coagulate at 160 degrees F.  A sauce or custard can be thickened, called coagulation, by adding egg and heating.   coat – To cover food completely with a glaze, aspic, mayonnaise, sauce, or icing.     Cobb Salad – Typically a Cobb Salad consists of chopped chicken or turkey, bacon, hard cooked eggs, tomatoes, avocado, cheddar cheese, and lettuce.  It is served with crumbled blue cheese and vinaigrette dressing.  The original recipe for Cobb salad included avocado, celery, tomato, chives, watercress, hard-boiled eggs, chicken, bacon, and Roquefort cheese. History:  For the history of the Cobb Salad, check out History of Salads and Salad Dressings .   cobbler – (1) An iced drink made of wine or liqueur, sugar, and citrus fruit.   Served in a Collins or highball glass garnished with fruit. (2)- Cobblers are an American deep-dish fruit dessert or pie with a thick crust (usually a biscuit crust) and a fruit filling (such as peaches, apples, berries).  Some versions are enclosed in the crust, while others have a drop-biscuit or crumb topping.  These desserts have been and are still called by various names such as cobbler, tart, pie, torte, pandowdy, grunt, slump, buckles, crisp, croustade, upside-down cakes, bird’s nest pudding or crow’s nest pudding.  They are all simple variations of cobblers, and they are all based on seasonal fruits and berries.  Whatever fresh ingredients are readily at hand.  They are all homemade and simple to make and rely more on taste than fancy pastry preparation.  Early settlers were very good at improvising.  When they first arrived, they bought their favorite recipes with the.  Not finding their favorite ingredients, they used whatever was available. That’s how all these traditional American dishes came about with such unusual names. History:  Check out  History of Cookies .   cooking spray – Aerosol cans sold in grocery stores containing vegetable or olive oil, which can be sprayed in a fine mist.  This spray is used for “oiling” cooking pans so food does not stick.  One of the benefits of using cooking spray is that fewer calories are added than if the pan is coated in oil.       copha – Copha is a solid fat that is derived from the coconut. It is used primarily in recipes where it is melted and combined with other ingredients and left to set.     coppa – A hard dry sausage of Italian origin that is prepared by combining meat from the most marbled part of pork necks and shoulders.  It is served thinly sliced for antipasto or on sandwiches or pizza.   coquille ((kok-eeya) – It is French for a shell (of a snail, oyster, or other shellfish).     Coquille St. Jacques (kok-eeya sa zhak) – Coquille is the French word for “shell.”  Translated, the name means “Shell of St. James.” Coquilles St.  Jacques are scallops cooked in white wine with a little salt, peppercorn, parsley, bay leaf, chopped shallots, and water.  A sauce of fish stock, butter, flour, milk, egg yolks, and cream accompanies them. History:  In the 12th century, the scallop was around the necks, worn on the robes, and on the hats of pilgrims traveling to the Spanish shrine of St. James the Apostle (St. Jacques in French) in Campostello, Spain.  Galicians who would accept passing pilgrims into their homes also hung scallop shells over their doors.  The shrine of St James ranked with Rome and the Holy Land as a destination for pilgrims.  Pilgrimages were undertaken as a penance for grievous sins such as murder or adultery, to seek help with health problems, or simply as an act of worship.  The scallop symbol identified them as harmless pilgrims and allowed them to move unmolested through wars and civil unrest.     cordials – A sweet alcoholic beverage made from an infusion of flavoring ingredients and a spirit.  Today cordials are usually served at room temperature in small glasses. History:  The history of cordials (also called liqueurs) goes all the way back to the 1200s in Europe, when every sort of spice, fruit, flower, and leaves were distilled or infused in alcohol in an attempt to discover cures for diseases, the secret of eternal youth, or a magic portion to turn base metals into gold.  Alchemists and monks in monasteries produced these elixirs behind closed doors and guarded the recipes.  A single drink might call for over 100 different ingredients (many of which are familiar today).  In France, in the 1700s, the character of cordials changed.  Their medicinal properties were forgotten and they began to be consumed for pure pleasure following a meal.  They were named digestif, a drink to aid digestion.  A new cordial was often created to commemorate a victory or other happy occasion.  Lighter, sweeter, and more brightly colored than earlier cordials, they were first cousins to the cordials we enjoy today.     cordon bleu (kor-dohn-BLUH) – It is French for “blue ribbon” or “cord.”  (1) The term is now used to mean “an exceptional cook.”  By the eighteenth century, the term Cordon-bleu was applied to anyone who excelled in a particular field.  The term became chiefly associated with fine cooks.  (2) There is a cooking school in Paris, established in 1895, called the Cordon Bleu.  The “Grand Diplome” of the Cordon Bleu Cooking School is the highest credential a chef can have.  It is considered to be one of the greatest references a chef can have.  (3) The term is also applied to outstanding foods prepared to a very high standard, such as a chicken or veal dish stuffed with cheese and ham. History: There is more than one story on the history of the term. Some claim this association arose after Louis XV bragged to his mistress, Madame du Barry, that only man made great chefs.  The lady believed otherwise and invited the king to a small meal prepared by her cuisinie.  It was a great success and the king exclaimed, “Who is the new man you have cooking for you?  He is as good as any cook in the royal household.”  “It’s a woman cook Your Majesty,” Madame du Barry replied, “and I think you should honor her with nothing less than the Cordon-Blue.” A cooking school, called Cordon Bleu, run by Madame de Maintenon, the second wife of Louis XIV, where each young girl, upon her graduation, wore a blue ribbon a an emblem of her culinary accomplishment and expertise. It derives from the sixteenth-century French knight’s order, Ordre du Saint Esprit the most exclusive in France, whose members – royalty included – were called Cordon-bleus after the broad blue ribbons they wore.  Nothing was too good for a Cordon-bleu, and the dinners that accompanied their ceremonious meetings were legendary.   Courgette – is the French word for zucchini squash.  This name is used throughout Europe.     coriander (CORE-ee-an-der) – Coriander is related to the parsley family and native to the Mediterranean and the Orient.  It represents a seeds, a leaf, and a powder used in cooking. Coriander, the leaf, is also known as cilantro and Chinese parsley.  The flavors of the seeds and the leaves bear no resemblance to each other.  The tiny (1/8-inch), yellow-tan seeds are lightly ridged.  They are mildly fragrant and have an aromatic flavor akin to a combination of lemon, sage, and, caraway.  Whole coriander seeds are used in pickling and for special drinks, such as mulled wine.  Ground coriander seed is also called cumin.     corn – ( 1) The word “corn” is sometimes used to denote grains in general.  Corn was the term used for whatever grain was the primary crop in a given place.  Therefore, corn in one area might be barley, while in another area it might be wheat.  (2) In the U.S., it applies to “maize” or “Indian corn” which was used for food by the earliest natives of the Western Hemisphere.  Corn had an important part in early tribal ceremonies and celebrations.     corned beef – A beef brisket (a fibrous, tough muscle located in the belly between the animal’s front legs) is considered the meat of choice, though a bottom round can also be used.  The meat was preserved in brine using a salt so coarse that it was the size of corn kernels.  The traditional corning mix also used saltpeter and spices.  Thus, the term “to corn” was coined, and it refers to the process of making the brine for preserving the meat for several weeks. History:  Corned beef is of British origin. Corning was a preservation method much used by their military.  It was also found well suited to the rigors of colonial life, as few communities had butchers.  Although the word “corn” is now used as a verb, it originally was a noun, describing small grains and other, particles.  Corned beef was heavily salted and spiced with ingredients in particulate form.  Corned beef was originally made with a cut known as “silverside” (part of the round).     corn oil – It is made from the germ of the corn kernel.  Corn oil is almost tasteless and is excellent for cooking because it can withstand high temperatures without smoking.  It is high in polyunsaturated fat and is used to make margarine, salad dressings, and mayonnaise.     cornmeal – In Italy, it is known as polenta.  Made from ground corn, fresh ground cornmeal is excellent flour for baking. It is similar to semolina in texture.  Tortillas and cornbread are two of the most common cornmeal based foods.  Cornmeal is versatile enough to be used in both sweet and savory dishes. steel-ground cornmeal – The husk and germ have been almost completely removed from the corn’s hull.  Because of this, it can be stored almost indefinitely in an airtight container in a cool, dark place. stone- or water-ground cornmeal – This cornmeal retains some of the corn’s hull and germ.  Because of the fat in the germ, it is more perishable,  Store in an airtight container in the refrigerator for up to four months.     corn salad – It is a salad green (not actually corn), having small, white to pale bluish flowers and edible young leaves.  Mache leaves are tender, velvety green with either a mild or sweet, nutty flavor.  It is also sometimes called mache, field salad, field lettuce, feldsalat, lamb’s tongue, and lamb’s lettuce.  It is considered a gourmet green and usually is expensive and hard to find.  This plant grows wild in Europe and is used as a forage crop for sheep.  It is a pest in wheat and cornfields.  Chefs, who love these early spring greens, desire it.  Mache is very perishable, so use immediately.  Cook it like spinach, or use it in fruit and vegetable dishes.     cornstarch – A white, dense, powdery thickener that is finer than flour. It is extracted from the starch (endosperm) of the wheat of corn.  It must be dissolved in a cold liquid before it is added to a hot mixture or it will lump.  It results in a glazy opaque finish.     corn syrup – Also know as syrup glucose. It is produced when starch granules from corn are processed with acids or enzymes.  It varies in color from clear white to amber.  It is not as sweet as cane sugar and is used a lot in candy making.  Baked goods made with corn syrup retain their moisture and stay fresh longer. light corn syrup – It has been clarified to remove all color and cloudiness. dark corn syrup – The more strongly flavored dark corn syrup is a mixture of corn syrup and refiners’ syrup.     cottage cheese – Cottage cheese, as we know, is a soft, lumpy cheese, made from drained and pressed milk curds.  It is a soft, uncured cheese made from skim milk or from reconstituted concentrated skim milk or nonfat dry milk solids.  If the cheese contains 4% or more of fat, it is called creamed cottage cheese.  It has also been known, at various times in various places, in various name such as pot cheese, smearcase, bonnyclabber, farmer cheese, sour-milk cheese, and curd cheese. History:  For centuries the standard type of cheese was cottage cheese, made by souring milk.  The technique of using rennet (a substance taken from the stomach lining of calves) to hard cheese first appeared in Switzerland around the 15th century.  Since such cheese could be stored for lengthy periods, it soon became part of the basic food of travelers. The Gaelic term bonnyclabber (bainne clabhair), clabber cheese or clabbered milk dates back to at least 1631, while the name “cottage cheese” only shows up in 1850 or so.  In the early part of the 19th century, the name for such cheese was “pot cheese,” which is pretty much synonymous with cottage cheese today.  By the 1820s, the German communities of American used the term “smear case” from Schmierkase.  Other names are “farmer cheese,” “sour-milk cheese,” and “curd cheese.”     cotton candy – Also known as candy flosh, spun sugar, and sugar cotton wool.  A fluffy confection that is made from long spun sugar threads.  Traditionally made by melting sugar and flossine together in a centrifuge.  These resulting strands become long thread that collect on the sides of the centrifuge. History:  The inventor of cotton candy is uncertain, as there are two claimants.  (1) The city of New Orleans claims that Josef Delarose Lascauz, a dentist, was the inventor of cotton candy and the cotton candy machine and that it was first introduced at the 1830 World’s Fair.  (2) Thomas Patton received a patent for the cotton candy machine in 1900 and that cotton candy first appeared in 1900 at the Ringling Bros. Circus.     cottonseed oil – A clear yellow oil with almost no taste.  It is produced from the seeds of the cotton plant and it is primarily used for commercial margarine and salad dressings.     coulis (koo-LEE) –  (1) A French culinary term.  It is a type of a sauce, usually a thick one, which derives its body (either entirely or in part), from pureed fruits or vegetables.  A sauce of cooked down tomatoes can be a tomato coulis as can a puree of strained blackberries.  (2) Today coulis also denotes some thick soups made with crayfish, lobster, prawns, and other crustaceans, the word being employed where bisque has formerly been used. History:  In old English cookbooks, the word cullis is found but this has fallen into disuse and coulis has taken its place.At one time, coulis were sauces and also the juices, which flowed from roasting meat.  Some cooks called liquid purees coulis, but only those prepared with chicken, game, fish, crustaceans, and some vegetables.     Country Captain Chicken – A curried chicken dish.  The chicken is browned and then stewed in a sauce of tomatoes, onion, garlic, and curry powder.  At the end, golden raisins are added.  The dish is served over rice sprinkled with toasted almonds.  As with all chicken recipes in the South, Country Captain Chicken varies with the cook.  Some recipes call for a long cooking time and other use quick-cooking chicken breasts.  One thing is always certain about this dish; it is perfumed and slightly spiced with curry. History:  For history of the following Country Captain Chicken,  Check out Linda Stradley’s History of Poultry Dishes .     court bouillon (koor- bwee-YAWN) – It is a French term that means, “short broth.”  It is used in place of water when boiling various types of food (mostly used for poaching fish or as a base for fish soups).  The broth is made of wine, water, herbs, and spices.  It usually is also flavored with onions, celery, carrots and cloves.     couscous (KOOS-koos) – It is a French term that comes from the Arabic word kuskus, which in turn evolved from another Arabic word, kaskas, meaning “to pound, to make small.”  It is the national dish of Morocco.  There are a number of recipes for couscous, which vary from one part of the world to another.  It basically is a dish consisting of tiny pellets of crushed durum wheat or rice and salted water.  The large-grain couscous has grains about the size of peppercorns, while regular couscous is very similar to Cream of Wheat in size. It has been a staple food in all the Middle East countries and North Africa from the earliest times . It is an Arab dish that was adopted from the Chinese method of steaming rice or other cereal grains over cooking meat.     couscousier – This is the traditional pot in which couscous is cooked.  It looks like an enormous double boiler with a deep bottom and a perforated top in which the couscous grain is steamed over an aromatic spicy stew.     cover charge – A fee levied by restaurante “to cover” the cost of tablecloths, napkins, cutlery, glasses, etc.  It has also become the custom for nightclubs, which offer entertainment as well as food and drink, to levy a cover charge of these professional services.     crab boil – It is a phrase that describes a mixture of dried herbs and spices that are added to water in which crab, shrimp, or lobster is cooked (it’s strong, pungent and spicy).  They come either in a flow-through packet, in dry powdered form, or as a liquid concentrate.  The blend is sold packaged in supermarkets or specialty stores.  Crab boil includes some or all of the following: whole allspice, bay leaves, hot chiles, cloves, ginger, mustard seeds, and peppercorns.     Crab Louie Salad – This famous west coast salad is also called “King of Salads,” and is sometimes written as Crab Louis Salad.  Today there are as many versions of this famous salad as there are cooks. History:  For history of Crab Louie Salad, check out Linda Stradley’s History of Salads and Salad Dressings .     cracklin, cracklings – Also called gratons or grattons by the Cajuns.  Cracklings are bits of roasted or deep-fried pork skins.  You can make your own, or you may be able to find them at small Mom and Pop grocery stores. History:  During slavery, after the slave-owner had rendered his pork fat, the skin was given to the servants. They would then deep-fry this skin and eat then plain or stirred into cornbread batter, and baked delicious cracklin’ bread.     cranberry – (Vaccinium macrocarpon) As cranberries bounce when they’re ripe, they are also called bounceberries.  Also since their blossom resembles the neck of a sand hill crane, thus another name, “crane-berries.”  Gradually, this word became “cranberry,” the name we use today.  These berries, blueberries and Concord grapes are North America’s only true native fruits.  They are grown in huge, sandy bogs on low, trailing vines across northern North America. Cranberries are usually harvested in September and October.  Although, they can be hand-scooped (dry-harvested), most are mechanically harvested while the bogs are flooded. History: The cranberry helped sustain Americans for hundreds of years.  Native Americans used cranberries in a variety of foods.  They also used it as a medicine to treat arrow wounds and as a dye for rugs and blankets.  Ripe berries were mixed with fat and meat to make pemmican.  Native Americans taught the Pilgrims how to use cranberries.  The Pilgrims considered cranberries such a delicacy that in 1677 the Plymouth colonists sent 10 barrels of them to King Charles II. The tart fruit did not impress him. Cultivation of the cranberry began around 1810.  Captain Henry Hall (a veteran of the Revolutionary War), of Dennis, Massachusetts, made an accidental discovery that led to their commercial cultivation.  He noticed that the wild cranberries in his bogs grew better when sand blew over them.  Captain Hall began transplanting his cranberry vines, fencing them in, and spreading sand on them himself.     crawfish (craw-fish) – Sometimes it is also spelled crayfish but the word is always pronounced crawfish.  Crawfish resemble tiny lobsters, but are also know in the South as mudbugs because they live in the mud of freshwater bayous.  They are more tender than lobster, more delicate than shrimp, and has a unique flavor all its own.  These delicious crustaceans are now raised commercially and are an important Louisiana industry.  Louisiana is famous for its Cajun cuisine of which crawfish is a traditional element. History:  The local Indians are credited with harvesting and consuming crawfish even before the Cajuns arrived.  They would bait reeds with venison, stock them in the water, and then pick up the reeds with the crawfish attached to the bait.  By using this method, the Indians would catch bushels of crawfish for their consumption.  By the 1930s, nets were substituted, and by the 1950s, the crawfish trap was used.  Crawfish have become synonymous with the hardy pioneers that settled there after being forced to leave their homes in Nova Scotia, but up until 40 years ago crawfish were used mainly as bait; it took too much effort to remove the meat from the tiny crustacean.     crawfish boil – A traditional event or party where friends and family gather to feast on pounds of steaming, boiled crawfish that are highly seasoned with a secret blend of Cajun spices, and served with boiled skin-on potatoes, whole onions, and corn-on-the-cob.  In the Spring, whole families will go out fishing on the bayous or crawfish farms in an age-old tradition that thrives to this day.  Boiling crawfish is an art and every cook seems to have their own recipe and opinions about what should and should not go into the pot. History:  Learn more about the Crawfish Boils and also how to have your own Crawfish Boil.       cream –  (1) To work one or more foods until smooth and creamy with a spoon or spatula, rubbing the food against the sides of the mixing bowl until of the consistency of cream.  See creaming.  (2) A rich filling for cakes, eclairs, cream puffs, flans, or fancy tarts.  It is somewhat similar to custard filling.  (3) The rich, fatty, aggregation of oil globules found in milk.  Learn more about the different types of Cream . half and half cream – It is a blending of heavy cream and milk and has about 12% butterfat, 7% milk solids, and 51% water. heavy cream – Also called whipping cream. It contains about 40% butterfat, 5% milk solids, and over 50% water. light cream – It contains about 20% butterfat and 7% milk solids; the rest is water. sour cream – This is cream that has been processed commercially so as to be soured under ideal conditions.  It contains about 20% butterfat, 7% milk solids, and the remainder is water. cream cheese – It is a soft, white, smooth, cheese that melts quickly and should not be frozen.  It is similar to unripe Neufchatel cheese but has a higher fat content.  It is one of the most popular soft cheeses in the United States.     creaming – Creaming incorporates air into the butter, margarine, or vegetable shortening to give the cake a light, fine-grained texture.  When creaming butter and sugar together, beat sugar gradually into room temperature butter to be sure it is absorbed.  If you use an electric mixer to cream, use medium speed.  Excessive speed can damage the air bubbles and melt the butter, resulting in a loss of volume and a cake that’s too dense.     cream of tartar – Cream of tartar or tartaric acid is a natural component of grapes.  Utilizing leftover particles from wine production creates this fine white powder.  Crystalline acid deposits form on the inside walls of wine barrels and these deposits are purified and tartaric acid is pulverized into a fine powder.  It is also added to baking soda to create baking powder.     cream puff – A very light, delicate, hollow pastry puff made from choux pastry.  It is usually filled with a sweetened whipped cream or custard.  Sometimes they are filled with savory fillings (such as chicken salad). See pate a choux.   cream sauce – See bechamel sauce.     creme (krehm) – It is the French word for “cream.”  (1) It refers to a puree of vegetables.  (2) Refers to custard like (such as caramel custard) pudding.  (3) It also is the cream-like foam on top of a well-made espresso.  (4) A term used to distinguish those liqueurs, usually French that have an unusual amount of sweetness.     creme anglaise (krehm ahn-GLEHZ) – Anglaise means “English.”  It is French custard, which can be served either, or cold.  Also called cream inglese.   crema catalana – The Spanish name for creme brulee.  See creme brulee.     creme brulee (krem broo-LAY) – It is simple custard of nothing more than cream, eggs, sugar, and vanilla that is topped with a caramelized topping. History:  The origins of this custard are very much in contention, with the English, Spanish, and French all staking claim . (1) The Spanish have taken credit for this dessert as Crema Catalana since the 18th century.  (2) The English claim it originated in the 1860s at Trinity College, Cambridge.  It is said that it was born when an English chef accidentally burned custard he had sprinkled with sugar.  The chef then passed it off as an original creation calling it burnt cream.  It is also called Trinity Cream and Cambridge Burnt Cream. Around the end of the 19th century, the French translation came into vogue.  It is thought that Thomas Jefferson, who loved the dish, may have influenced the dish to be called creme brulee.  The theory is that Jefferson always referred to this dish by its French name and before long, American and English people were doing the same.  Whatever its origins, creme brulee came to the U.S. sometime in the 19th century in New Orleans.  It wasn’t until the 1980s that creme brulee gained popularity after being introduced by Chef Alain Sailhac of New York’s Le Cirque restaurant.     creme chantilly – It is lightly whipped cream, which has been sweetened with sugar and flavored with vanilla.  It is used with many cakes and meringues. History:  This cream is named after the city of Chantilly in France was the heavy cream was first produced at a dairy there.     creme de cacao – It is a dark, chocolate flavored liqueur created by soaking parts of the cocoa plant in spirit-laced sugar syrup.     creme de Menthe – It is the most popular of liqueurs and it tastes of fresh mint. It comes in green and white colors.  It is commonly served after dinner.     creme fraiche (krem FRESH) – It is a matured, thickened cream that has a slightly tangy, nutty flavor and velvety rich texture.  The thickness can range from that of commercial sour cream to almost as solid as room temperature margarine.  In France, the cream is unpasteurized and therefore contains the bacteria necessary to thicken it naturally.  In America, where all commercial cream is pasteurized, the fermenting agents necessary can be obtained by adding buttermilk or sour cream.  To make creme fraiche, combine 1 cup whipping cream and 2 tablespoons buttermilk in a glass container.  Cover and let stand at room temperature from 8 to 24 hours, or until very thick.  Stir well before covering and refrigerate up to 10 days.  It is an ideal addition for sauces or soups because it can be boiled without curdling.  It is also delicious spooned over fresh fruit or other desserts such as warm cobblers or puddings.     Creole cuisine (CREE-ol) –  (1) The word originally described people of mixed French and Spanish blood who migrated from Europe or were born in southeast Louisiana.  (2) It is also a local term used in the New Orleans area meaning the finest regionally raised products (such as Creole garlic, Creole tomatoes, etc).  (3) Today the term has expanded and now embraces a type of cuisine.  Creole cuisine uses more spices than Cajun cuisine and is considered more sophisticated and complex.  Cajun cooking is “city cooking.”  New Orleans, the capital of Creole cuisine, had established a culinary reputation by early 19th century. History:  The Creoles were the European born aristocrats, wooed by the Spanish to establish New Orleans in the 1690’s.  Second born sons, who could not own land or titles in their native countries, were offered the opportunity to live and prosper in their family traditions here in the New World.  They brought with them not only their wealth and education, but also their chefs and cooks.  With these chefs came the knowledge of the grand cuisines of Europe.  The influences of classical and regional French, Spanish, German and Italian cooking are readily apparent in Creole cuisine.  The terminologies, precepts, sauces, and major dishes carried over, some with more evolution than others, and provided a solid base or foundation for Creole cooking. Creole cooking is based upon French stews and soups, and is influenced by Spanish, African, Native American, and other Anglo Southern groups.  The Spanish brought into the cuisine the use of cooked onions, green peppers, tomatoes, and garlic.  African chefs brought with them the skill of spices and introduced okra.  Native foodstuffs, such as crawfish, shrimp, oysters, crabs, and pecans found their way into both Cajun and Creole cuisine.  From the Choctaw Indians came the use of file, a powdered herb from sassafras leaves, to thicken gumbo.  One factor typically overlooked in the development of Creole-style cooking was that it was food prepared for affluent whites by their black slaves and servants.  So often the emergence of a new dish was the result of creative chefs intermingling their cooking experience and heritage with the tastes of their employers.     crepe (krayp) – Crepe is French for “pancake” is derived from creper meaning “to crisp.”  It is used in referring to the final filled culinary creation and also the “pancake” made from batter.  Though the French word has been adopted in the U.S. the crepe is by no means exclusively French.  Almost every nationality developed its own version.  This culinary delight is almost as old as civilization itself and through the years has been perfected in humble kitchens of the world.  A crepe is made from batter comprising beaten eggs, flour, melted butter, a pinch of salt, and a liquid (such as water, milk, or even beer).  The batter is poured into a frying pan containing hot oil or butter and fried on both sides until fairly crisp.     Crepes Suzettes (krayps soo-ZEHT) – Probably the most famous crepe dish in the world.  In a restaurant, a crepe suzette is often prepared in a chafing dish in full view of the guests.  They are served hot with a sauce of sugar, orange juice, and liqueur (usually Grand Marnier). Brandy is poured over the crepes and then lit. History:  Check out  History of Crepes Suzette .   crimp –  (1) To seal a double crusted pie by pinching the edges together. ( 2) To gash a freshly caught fish on both sides of the body at intervals of about one and one-half inches.  The fish is then plunged into ice-cold water for about one hour.  This is done to keep the flesh firm and to retain the original flavor.     crisp -(1) To make crisp by immersing in cold water or refrigerating.  This is used particularly with greens.  (2) To crisp foods by heating in the oven.  (3) A crisp is fruit topped with a crumbly mixture of butter, sugar, flour and, sometimes, nuts.  Other crisp toppings include oatmeal, buttered breadcrumbs, cookie crumbs, graham cracker crumbs, and cake crumbs.     croissant (kruh-SAHNT) – Croissant is the French word for “crescent-shaped.”  Originally the croissant was made from rich bread dough but is now usually made with dough similar to puff pastry.  Layers of dough are separated by butter creating a flaky, moist, richly flavored pastry.  They can also be served stuffed. History:  It originated in 1686, in Budapest, when the attacking Turks were defeated thanks to the bakers (during their night baking, detected the enemy’s approach and gave the alarm in time).  The bakers were granted the privilege of making a special pastry, which they shaped into crescents like the crescent moon on the Turkish flag.  They called them “gipfel”. When Marie Antoinette became the Queen of Louis XVI, she brought the recipe with her to France.  The French bakers enriched the dough and developed the process of refrigerating the dough after each butter application and of folding and refolding the dough.     croquembouche (kroh-kum-boosh) – (French) The word can also be written croque-en-bouche.  It derives from the French word croquer meaning to “munch or crunch” or “crisp-in-the-mouth.”  The term applies to foods that are glazed with sugar.  A croquembouche consists of balls of baked choux pastry (called profiteroles and cream puffs) stacked in a pyramid (cone shape).  The pastry is covered with spun caramelized sugar. It is considered the traditional French “wedding cake” and when featured as a wedding centerpiece, it is known as a “piece monte.”  It also plays an important role at French baptisms, christenings, and other French gatherings. History:  French Chef Antonin Careme (1783-1833) is created with popularizing croquemboche. He was known for the eatable architectural structures he created from the choux pastry puffs.     croquette (kro-ket) – Croquette is derived from the French word “croquer” meaning to “crunch or munch.”  Ette is a suffix meaning “small.”  It literally means “a small crunchy morsel.”  Croquettes come in various shapes such as balls, pear-shaped, and barrel-shaped.  They are made from a wide variety of ingredients, such as minced meat, fish or poultry, mashed potatoes, rice, tapioca, and semolina.  The main ingredient is bound with egg yolk or a mixture of butter, egg, flour, and milk.  It is fried in hot oil until golden brown and crispy.   crochette – This is the Italian croquette. Its main ingredients are bound with a bechamel sauce.     crostini (kroh-STEE-nee) – Crostini means “little toasts” in Italian.  Technically, the appetizer is named after the toast that makes up its base. T hey are small slices of bread, usually brushed with olive oil or butter, then toasted.  They are then topped with a variety of savory toppings.  They are the Italian version of canape.   A long thin loaf (such as a baguette bread) will work well.  Slice it on a diagonal into half-inch slices.  The topping should be spread about a quarter-inch thick.  In addition to bread, you can also use polenta squares, cut to the same size and fried for a few minutes, or until crisp and golden, in hot oil.     croute (KROOT) – In French the word means “crust.” (1) It is the French culinary name for round or oval pieces of stale bread fried in butter (or any other fat). They are used as a foundation upon which all manner of fish, meat, and vegetables preparations are served either as hors d’ oeuvres, canap,e or for garnishings.  (2) Also the name of thin slices of stale crusty bread, toasted or not, which are added to some soups at the time of serving.     crouton (KROO-tawn) – The French culinary name for a small piece of bread (usually cube or dice shaped), which has been browned by toasting, baking, or frying.  Croutons are used as a garnish or an accompaniment for everything from soup to salads.     crown roast – A crown roast is made from either lamb or pork.  It is made from the rib chops, using enough ribs (two racks or parts of two), to make a handsome crown.  After it is cooked, the tips of the bone are often covered with paper frills.     crumpet (KRUHM-pit) – Crumpets are British griddlecakes.  A cross between a pancake and an American-style English muffin, the crumpet is a soft yeast-raised bread that is poured into special rings about the size of a small pancake (flat discs about three inches across and an inch or so deep), then baked on a stovetop.  They are similar to an English muffin (one side is smooth, the other full of tiny holes) but flatter.  You don’t slice a crumpet and it is best toasted.  Some, especially in the north of England, call crumpets muffins, while others, particularly in the Midlands call them pikelets (a much thinner and bigger version of a crumpet). History:  British history relates to them as teacakes.  Crumpets have been known for several centuries, though the origin of the name is obscure.  There are records as far back as the 14th century where they are called a crompid cake.  Crompid means “curved up” or “bent into a curve”, which is what usually happens to thin cakes baked on a griddle; the word may be linked to crumb, crimp and other words from a common Germanic origin.  In the 1930s, the word crumpet became British English slang for a woman regarded as an object of sexual desire.     crustacean (krust-ashan) – Crustacean derives from the Latin word “crusta” meaning “crust, shell, or hard surface.” “Cean” is the Latin suffix indicating “belonging to.”  The word came to mean a class of animals, mainly sea animals, with hard shells (edible shellfish with shells, such as crabs, crawfish, lobster, langoustine, mussels, scallops, scampi, and shrimp).     cube – Cut into small, straight-sided cubes.  The size is specified if it is critical to the recipe.  Larger cubes are often called chunks.  

Omelette

According to Greek legend, what was the only thing left in the box after Pandora released all the evils of mankind?

Food Dictionary : Cook Advice Home › Food Dictionary a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z A la mode Served with or in the fashion of. Desserts served a la mode are served with ice cream; meats served a la mode are braised with vegetables and served with gravy. Abaisse A piece of dough rolled to a required size. Abalone This gastropod can be found along the coasts of California, Mexico and Japan. The edible portion is the "adductor muscle" (false foot) by which it clings to rocks. Its iridescent ear-shaped shell is the source of mother-of-pearl. Abattis Paper towel. Acerola A cherry-like fruit from a small tree in the West Indies and adjacent areas. This fruit contains a high concentration of vitamin C. Also called "Barbados cherry" and "Puerto Rican cherry." Achar Very spicy relish from the cuisine of India and the Caribbean Islands. Achar may be made from fruits and vegetables. Achiote Dried brick red seeds of the annatto tree, used as a seasoning and to give food a deep red color. Achiote is used to add a yellowish-orange color to dishes, especially arroz con pollo. Substitute a little turmeric, paprika or saffron in a recipe if achiote is unavailable. Achiote paste Ground seeds of the large and shady annatto tree; earthy flavor with a hint of iodine; used as a coloring agent and commercially to color Cheddar cheeses and butter; used in slow-cooked sauces and stews. Acid A substance having a sour or sharp flavor. Most foods are somewhat acidic. Foods generally referred to as acidic include citrus juice, vinegar, and wine. Degree of acidity is measured on the pH scale; acids have a pH of less than 7. Acidophilus Milk Milk that has had lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria added to it. Many experts believe that this addition of bacteria helps restore or maintain "nature's balance" in the digestive tract. Acidulated water Water to which an acid substance such as lemon juice or wine vinegar is added. Once peeled, vegetables such as celeriac, globe artichokes or salsify are immersed in it to stop them discolouring. Ackee A bright red tropical fruit ("blighia sapida") that features a soft, creamy white flesh. Captain Bligh brought the fruit from West Africa to Jamaica in 1793. Certain parts of the fruit are toxic when under-ripe. Acorn Fruit of the oak tree. This nut may be eaten raw, roasted, or baked. It can be chopped to the size of coffee beans, roasted until brown, ground, mixed with a small amount of butter, and prepared as a coffee substitute. Acorn Squash An oval winter squash with a ribbed, dark green skin and slightly sweet orange flesh. May be eaten baked or directly from the shell. The word squash comes from the Massachusetts Indian word "asquash," meaning "eaten green." Additives Products that are added to meat to produce a certain flavor or result. Anything added to a meat or poultry product other than meat, poultry, or meat and poultry by products. Adobado In Texas, a sour marinade paste made with chiles, herbs and vinegar; in New Mexico and El Paso, a marinade for pork made with red New Mexican chiles, Mexican oregano and garlic. Adobo Piquant sauce or paste used as a seasoning for meats, seafood or poultry. It includes chiles, tomato, vinegar and spices; adobo may also be used for pickling. Adulterated food Food that has been contaminated to the point that it is considered unfit for human consumption. Aduski beans A small (one-quarter inch long or so), oval, brown or reddish-brown dried bean. This is an Asian bean usually made into flour, sprouted or used in desserts. Its slightly sweet flavor makes it an odd choice for a dinner bean. Aerobic Bacteria Bacteria that requires the presence of oxygen to function. Agar A tasteless dried seaweed that is used as a thickening agent. Sold in blocks, powder, or stands. Agar can be used in place of gelatin, but less is required. Also called "kanten" and "Japanese Gelatin." Agave Agave americana; botanical name for the maguey cactus from which tequila, mescal and pulque are made. Aging As applies to hams - After curing and salt equalization are completed, hams are hung in an area protected from insects and has good air exchange. Temperatures should be 70-90° and humidity at 50- 60%. Hams can be aged for 6 months. The aging process imparts a flavor due to the enzyme activity in the ham. As applies to tenderizing meat - Meat is normally required to age for a period of up to three weeks in order for it to be commercially acceptable for human consumption according to generally accepted standards of tenderness and quality. During the aging process, the connective tissues and the meat are generally affected by the natural enzyme or bacteria action of the meat, thereby improving the tenderness and edibility. Several methods are employed to reduce the aging period and to increase the degree of tenderness. One of these is the regulated application of heat, light, or both of these, to the meat which speeds up the natural enzyme or bacteria action. Agnolotti The name for a dish of small half moon-shaped pasta shells filled (usually) with tortellini stuffing. It is boiled and served in a broth or in a sauce. Aguacates Avocados; alligator pear; name comes from the Aztec word "ahuacacuahatle," meaning "testicle tree" (avocados grow in pairs). Ahi These tuna reach about 300 pounds in weight. They feature a pale pink flesh that is relatively mild. Also called "Yellowfin tuna." Aiguillette Long, thin slices of poultry breast or some other meats or fish. Aioli Sauce - a cold egg and oil emulsion with olive oil and garlic. Many variations of this sauce are made. Basically is a garlic mayonnaise. Airtights Canned goods; term common used in the old West. Aji dulce sweet chile pepper. Aku This small tuna (6 to 8 pounds) has a light-colored meat similar to yellowfin. The Japanese call this fish "Katsuo." Akule This marine fish, found near Hawaii, is normally served salted and dried. Also known as "Bigeye Scad." Al Dente An Italian phrase used to describe the texture of pasta, rice and vegetables as tender or soft on the outside but still firm to the bite within. Al Pastor A term used in Spanish and Italian referring to a dish cooked in the style of shepherd cooking, usually vertically over a grill or spit. Alaskan Cod This saltwater fish, which is not a true cod, has a soft textured flesh and a mild flavor. Its high fat content makes it a good fish for smoking. Also called "Sablefish." Albacore A highly prized, mild-flavored tuna that weighs between 10 and 60 pounds. This high-fat fish is the only tuna that can honestly be called "white." It is the most expensive variety of canned tuna. Albert a French hot horseradish sauce. Albondigas Meatballs. Made of chicken, shrimp, beef or pork; usually used as a garnish for broth soups or served in tomato sauce as an appetizer or light entree. Albumen The white of an egg. Ale An alcoholic beverage that is brewed from malts and hops. It is generally stronger than beer and varies in color from light to dark amber. Because of the hops, ale is normally more bitter in taste than beer. Alewife One of the most popular members of the herring family, the alewife is anadromous (it spawns in fresh water). This fish provides high-fat flesh with a fine, soft, texture. Alfalfa One of the world's most important forage plants. It is widely cultivated and is increasing in popularity for human consumption due to its promotion as a dietary supplement. The seeds are often sprouted much like mung beans. Alfredo sauce A pasta sauce originally consisting of butter, cream, and the finest parmesan cheese available. Modern versions add garlic, peas, and less expensive parmesan. All of these will make fine sauces, but nothing can compare to the original version. All-Purpose Flour Half cake flour, half bread flour. Suitable for all applications. Allemande A rich cream sauce made of Veloute (usually veal), a liaison of egg yolks and lemon juice. Alligator A large aquatic reptile that grows up to 19 feet in length. The meat is generally only available in its native regions--Louisiana and the Gulf States. Alligators feature meat ranging from white to dark--mild to strongly flavored. Allspice An aromatic spice, also called Jamaica pepper or pimento, from the dried berry of the West Indian allspice tree. The berry is the size of a pea and, when ground, has the aroma and taste of a combination of cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg and pepper. It is used in both sweet and savoury dishes. Almond Nuts that can be bought as skin-on, blanched, whole, halved, flaked, chopped or ground. Used in sweet or savoury dishes, especially those with an Arabic influence. There are two main types of almonds - sweet and bitter. The flavour of sweet almonds is delicate and slightly sweet. They're readily available and, unless otherwise indicated, are the variety used in recipes. Bitter almonds are more strongly flavoured and contain traces of lethal prussic acid when raw. Processed bitter almonds are used to flavor extracts and liqueurs. Almond extract An intense flavoring made from bitter-almond oil, usually combined with ethyl alcohol. Keeps indefinitely if stored in a cool dry place. Almond paste A sweet paste made from finely ground blanched almonds mixed with confectioners' (powdered) sugar and enough glucose or syrup to bind it together. Amaranth Amaranth was a sacred food of the Aztecs and, in Asia, varieties of Amaranthus tricolor have been grown as a green vegetable since the beginning of recorded history. It is a tall plant with broad leaves that produces many thousands of tiny seeds. Both leaves and seeds are edible. The greens have a good, slightly sweet flavour and can be used both cooked and in salads. The seeds are used as a cereal or can be ground into flour. Amaranth seeds and flour can be found in health-food shops as well as in some Caribbean and Asian shops. Amaretti Small Italian macaroon biscuits. Some are made using ground sweet and bitter almonds, baked with egg and sugar, others from ground apricot kernels. They are a popular after-dinner treat, served with sweet wine and/or liqueurs. They can be used as a base for trifles and tiramisu. Amarettini are the miniature version. Amaretto A liqueur with the flavor of almonds (although it is often made from the kernels of apricot pits). The original amaretto liqueur came from Italy. Amberjack A lean, mild fish found along the South Atlantic coast. Difficult to find in markets; usually sold whole. Ambrosia "Ambrosia" means "immortality" and was the food of the gods on Mount Olympus. Today, it refers to a dessert of chilled fruit mixed with coconut. The fruits used are normally oranges and bananas. Amchoor Sour, unripe mangoes that are dried and sold in slices and powder. Their primary use is in Indian cooking, giving foods a sweet and sour flavor. Americaine A French sauce or garnish containing lobster meat. American Buffalo American Buffalos are presently raised on game farms. The meat is very tender and tastes quite a bit like lean beef. It has no pronounced gamey flavor. Also called "bison." Anaheim chiles New Mexican chiles; very few, if any, Anaheim chiles are grown near Anaheim, California now; mildly hot peppers; slim, ranging between five and eight inches long and sometimes twisted in appearance; not normally stuffed because their flesh is thin; dried and tied in strings (ristras), or ground and blended in commercial chili powder mixtures; may be purchased in cans labeled as mild green chiles. Anaheim pepper, fresh Slightly hot light-green pepper. Found in most supermarkets. There is also a Red Anaheim pepper. These are usually fond dried. Do not substitute the dried for the fresh. Anasazi beans Named after the ancient ones, ancestors of the southwestern Native Americans, this is one of the oldest varieties; developed by forebears of the Pueblo Indians in what is now New Mexico, these beans have a variegated cranberry and white coloring that adds color to bean dishes and salads. Ancho chile Wide, broad; ripened, dried poblano chile; wrinkled and dark reddish brown color, measuring about 5 inches long and 3 inches across the shoulders; most often used in sauces and stews; sometimes ground into a powder for use in chilis and spice rubs; pasilla chiles may be substituted. This relatively mild dried chile pepper is a deep reddish brown in color. In its fresh green state, it is known as a poblano. Anchoiade A dip made of pureed anchovies mixed with garlic and olive oil. Raw vegetables and bread are served with this dip. Anchovies Small, silvery fish that are usually cured with salt. Many are then tightly packed with oil in flat two-ounce tins, but salt-cured anchovies are also available. These should be rinsed, and may need to be filleted before using. Anchovy An oily fish related to the herring, anchovy fillets are covered in salt for anything between a month and a year; use sparingly as their saltiness goes a long way. Anchovy essence A natural juice concentrate from the anchovy. Anchovy fillets, sweet pickled A spicy smoked sausage made with pork and garlic, used especially in Cajun cooking. Angel Hair In Italian, this fine spaghetti is called capelli d'angelo. Goes best with light, delicate sauces. Cooks in six minutes. Angelica A biennial herb used mainly in dessert cooking but which can also be steamed and eaten as a vegetable. Frequently used to add to fruit when cooking to reduce the need for sugar; used in jams and preserves. Candied angelica is commonly used in cake and dessert decoration. Angler Fish This large low-fat, firm-textured salt-water fish has a mild, sweet flavor that compares with lobster. Sometimes referred to as "poor man's lobster." Also called "Monkfish," and "goose-fish." Anise A small annual plant from the parsley family was used as far back as 1500 B.C. The leaves and the seeds have a distinctive sweet licorice flavor. Used to flavor a number of confections and savory dishes. Aniseed Crescent-shaped seeds which are a member of the parsley family; used in both sweet and savory dishes; impart a strong licorice flavor and a lightly sweet tone to food. Anisette A very sweet clear liqueur made with anise seeds. The taste is that of licorice. Anna potatoes The name for a potato pancake made of thin slices of potato which are assembled in concentric circles and cooked with liberal amounts of butter. The cake is then baked until crisp and golden brown. Annatto Seeds Also known as 'achiote seeds', commonly used in South American cooking. The flavour of this spice is favoured less than its colouring properties. Commercially produced, annatto is used to give colour to cheese such as Cheshire and Leicester and also smoked fish such as mackerel and kippers. Antelope A large, deer-like animal that inhabits Asia, Africa, and Europe. Their meat is called "venison" and may be cooked by roasting. Plenty of fat is recommended to prevent the meat from becoming too dry. Anticuchos Marinated and grilled beef hearts. Antioxidant A substance that retards oxidation. Antioxidants are added to meat and poultry products to prevent or slow oxidative rancidity of fats that causes browning. Used with fresh meats. Antipasto The Italian word, meaning 'before pasta', for hot or cold starters or hors d'oeuvres. A mixture of antipasti could include cheese, smoked meats, salamis, olives, fish and marinated vegetables. Aperitif A French term referring to a light alcoholic drink taken before a meal to stimulate the appetite. Examples include drinks based on wine (eg vermouth) or alcohol (eg anise, bitters) and certain spirits and liqueurs. Appetizer A food or drink served usually before a meal to stimulate the appetite. Any small or bite-size food served before a meal, also called hors d'oevres. Apple Cultivated in temperate zones throughout the world for at least 3,000 years, there are now thousands of varieties of this popular member of the rose family. Applejack A brandy made from apple cider which, in the United States, must spend a minimum of two years in wooden casks before being bottled. It ranges from 80 to 100 proof in strength. Apricot A relative of the peach, this fruit has been grown in China since 2,000 B.C. 90% of the American crop comes from California. Select plump, relatively firm fruit with a uniform color. Apricot Kernel Oil Oil produced from the kernels of the apricot pit. Like bitter almonds, apricot kernels are poisonous until roasted. Arbol pepper Skinny, small, hot; red or green when fresh; reddish brown dried; adds heat and flavor to tomato and tomatillo salsas. Arborio Rice One of the Italian medium-grain rices used to make risotto. It absorbs a lot of cooking liquid yet still retains a good bite in texture. Once grown only in Italy, Arborio has become so popular it is now being cultivated in California and Texas. Arbroath smokie A whole smoked haddock with the backbone still inside. Good for poaching, grilling, fishcakes and pies, kedgeree and soup. Arctic Bonito This small tuna (6 to 8 pounds) has a light-colored meat similar to yellowfin. The Japanese call this fish "katsuo" and the Hawaiians call it "aku." Argan oil Oil from the Argan tree which is indigenous to Morocco. It is related to the olive but has a distinct flavour of its own. Arm steak A steak cut from the chuck which require rather long slow cooking. Armadillo A game animal indigenous to the Southwest, it has a flavor comparable to duck. Aromatic A vegetable, herb, or spice that gives food a lively fragrance and flavor. In classic cooking, a reference to "aromatics" most often means onions, carrot and celery. Aromatic Rice A broad term for a group of mostly long-grain rices with a pronounced nutty aroma. Basmati, Texmati, Wild Pecan and Jasmine are all aromatic rices. Arracheras The word used in Mexico for fajitas, or skirt steak. Arrowhead A Chinese water plant with arrowhead-shaped leaves. The starchy roots can be thin sliced, lightly fried, and used in various Chinese dishes. The roots can also be powdered like arrowroot. Arrowroot A flavourless starch extract of the maranta root, ideally used for thickening sauces, juices and syrups; when heated the starch turns to jelly and so thickens the liquid. Artichoke Three different, unrelated plants are all known by this name. The globe artichoke is related to the thistle - its leaves and the bottom part of the flower, called the heart, are eaten. Boil the vegetable to serve as a first course. Dip each leaf into melted butter, mayonnaise or a vinaigrette and scrape of the soft fleshy base with your teeth. When you get to the centre, pull or slice off the hairy 'choke' and then eat the base, the heart or fond, with the remaining sauce. The Jerusalem artichoke belongs to the sunflower family and it is the plant's underground tubers that are eaten. They are rather knobbly and irregular in shape, with a pale brown or purply-red skin. Scrub them and boil or steam until tender and then peel. If a recipe calls for peeled Jerusalem artichokes, peel them and drop into acidulated water until ready to use. The Chinese artichoke is a perennial herb in the mint family, grown for its edible tuberous underground stems. It has a sweet, nutty taste, similar to the Jerusalem artichoke. Artichoke Heart The tender center of the globe artichoke. Artificial sweeteners Numerous kinds and brands on the market. Available in liquid, granular, and tablet forms. Follow label instructions carefully. Not a good substitute for sugar in baked recipes. They may be stored indefinitely if kept tightly closed at room temperature. Artisanal cheese Made by hand, in small quantities, with respect for cheese-making traditions; frequently farmstead, but sometimes using others' known herds. Arugula This slightly bitter, aromatic salad green (also called "rocket," "Rugula," and "Rucolo") has a peppery mustard flavor. Look for bright green, fresh-looking leaves. Makes a lively addition to salads, soups, and sauteed vegetables. Asadero Rubbery white cheese originally made only in the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Michoacan, it is now made in the United States; a cooked cheese made from equal portions of fresh and sour milk; frequently sold braided; it melts in gooey strings; also called Chihuahua, Mennonite or Oaxaca cheese; Monterey Jack or Longhorn Cheddar may be substituted. Asafetida A gummy resin derived from a special plant. Also comes in powder form. Used as a flavoring or spice in Persian and Indian cooking or as a condiment to be sprinkled over food after it has been cooked. It has a bitter taste and a pungent aroma similar to garlic and truffles. Asafoetida An extremely pungent spice extracted from a plant of the giant fennel family, commonly used in Indian and Middle Eastern cooking. In fact, asafoetida's dung-like smell is quite off-putting (the Germans call it Teufelsdreck or devil's dung), but if you can overcome the stink, which disappears in the cooking process, the smallest amount of it transforms vegetable dishes, meat stews and fish. Ascorbic-acid mixture for fruit A crystalline or powdered mixture containing vitamin C and sugar. It is used to prevent darkening of fruits and vegetables after peeling. Asiago cheese This semi-firm cheese has a rich, nutty flavor. Made from whole or part-skim cow's milk. Young Asiago cheese is used as a table cheese. After it has aged for over a year, it is suitable for grating. Asparagus This vegetable is a member of the lily family. Normally green with purple-tinged tips. Europeans prefer white asparagus which is grown underground to prevent greening. Choose bright green or pale ivory stalks with tight tips. Asparagus Bean A pencil-thin legume from the black-eye pea family that looks like a very long green bean. These beans can grow a yard long, but are usually picked at 18" or less. These beans are slightly less sweet and crispy as the green bean. Aspartame A sugar substitute that is said to be 180 times sweeter than sugar. Aspartame, which is synthesized from tow amino acids, breaks down and loses its sweetness when it is heated. Aspic Aspic is the transparent jelly in which cold fish, poultry and meat are sometimes served. It is used as a garnish to glaze and protect fish and other foods from drying out (the clear aspic allows any decoration to be seen); and to set savoury foods in a mould. It can also be mixed with bechamel, cream or mayonnaise to make a chaudfroid sauce to coat cold pieces of chicken, fish and so on. Atole Pre-Columbian drink made from corn; corn gruel; made by boiling ground dry-roasted corn and water; traditionally served with tamales; may be flavored with chocolate, nuts or cinnamon and other spices and sweetened with sugar for a breakfast drink; sometimes blended with chiles to make a savory dish. Au gratin A French phrase that refers to food that is topped with grated cheese or breadcrumbs mixed with bits of butter. This food is then broiled until brown and crisp. Au jus The French phrase that refers to meat served in its own natural juices. Aubergine The most common type of aubergine, also known as eggplant, is fairly large, an elongated oval shape and purple in colour. Others are white, mauve and green, some even striped. Aubergines are available for most of the year. Look for a firm, bright, shiny skin and a green, fresh-looking stalk end. The flesh inside is white and spongy but it browns when cut. Salting them is meant to remove their bitterness, but varieties sold these days are less bitter than they used to be (although salting does make them absorb less of the oil in which they're cooked). Aubergines are common in Greek and Turkish cooking: dishes such as moussaka and imam bayildi (stuffed aubergines). They can also be used in vegetable stews such as ratatouille or on their own, sliced and fried or grilled. Aurore A term associated with a pink cream sauce, colored with paprika or that have tomato puree or concasse added to it. Avocado A rich fruit known for its lush, buttery texture and mild, nutty flavor. Comes from the Nahuatl word for "testicle," perhaps for its shape. 80% of the U.S. crop comes from California. Avocados are the chief ingredient in "guacamole." Awa An important food fish of the Indo-Pacific region that offers a tender, white flesh. Hawaiians use Awa for making fish cakes and sashimi. Also called "Milkfish." Azafran Used as a substitute for saffron; lacks flavor and is used only for color. Baba a French or Italian small sweet cake made from enriched yeast dough, often flavored with candied fruits and soaked with a rum or Kirschwasser syrup after baking. This dough is also used to make the larger savarin. Baba ghanoush A Middle Eastern specialty that is a mixture of roasted eggplant, tahini (sesame paste), olive oil, lemon juice, and garlic. Served as either a dip or a spread. Traditionally garnished with pomegranate seeds and mint. Backstrap Tenderloin steak. Bacon A smoked and cured product made from the meat taken from the back, sides, and belly of pigs. Fat, which gives bacon its sweet flavor and tender crispness should be half to two-thirds of the total weight. Bacon (slab) bacon in a chunk. You must slice it by hand (and may want to remove the rind first). Slab bacon is often the only way to find top-quality bacon. Bacon rashers Canadian bacon or ham. Baekenhofe an Alsatian stew made of pork, lamb, and beef layered with potatoes and onions. The meat is first marinated in wine and herbs for a minimum of 24 hours, then assembled and baked in a paste sealed casserole until the meat is buttery tender. The juices are reduced and the top is browned under the broiler. Crisp bacon and fried leeks are used to garnish this dish. Bagel a hard, glazed, doughnut- shaped roll. Bagna Cauda A dip for raw vegetables made from butter, anchovies, garlic and oil. Baguette A long, narrow loaf of French bread, usually with a crispy brown crust and a soft, but chewy interior. Bain-marie A metal "bath" half-filled with water which protects a dish requiring gentle heat from the fierce heat of the oven or over which you can melt ingredients (eg chocolate) without burning them. Bake To cook using dry heat by placing foods in an oven (covered or uncovered, whatever your choice), under coals, or on a heated stone.. Baked Alaska A dessert made of a layer of sponge topped with ice-cream, all of which is then coated in a layer of meringue. Bake the Alaska quickly (about 5 minutes) in a very hot oven until the outside is golden-brown. The meringue insulates the ice-cream and stops it melting. Baking potato This term refers to Idaho and russet potatoes, the big potatoes with rough, brown skin and numerous eyes. These potatoes are low in moisture and high in starch, which makes them ideal for baking. They also make good mashed potatoes and French fries. Baking powder A raising agent used in cakes, biscuits and breads. Commercial baking powder contains bicarbonate of soda and tartaric acid with a dried starch or flour to absorb any moisture during storage. It has only a limited shelf life. Make your own by combining 15ml/1tbsp bicarbonate of soda with 30ml/2tbsp cream of tartar. Measure carefully as too much or too little can upset a recipe’s balance. Baking soda Baking soda ("bicarbonate of soda") is a leavener used in baked goods. When mixed with an acid ingredient (such as butter-milk, yogurt, or molasses), baking soda produces carbon dioxide bubbles that make the dough rise. Baking tray Cookie sheet. Baklava This popular Greek and Turkish pastry is made from layers of filo pastry, nuts, and honey. A spiced lemon-honey syrup is poured over the pastry after it’s baked and left to soak into the layers. Ballottine A pate-like dish in which forcemeat is stuffed back into the boneless carcass from which the forcemeat was made. This may include fish, poultry, game birds, or even some cuts of meat. The mixture is wrapped in muslin and poached or braised. These dishes may be served hot or cold. Balsam Pear Not a pear at all, but the fruit of a tropical climbing herb in Africa and Asia. It is similar to a cucumber and is used as a vegetable in meat dishes, fish dishes, and in soups. Also called "bitter melon" or "bitter gourd." Balsamic vinegar A dark brown vinegar from Modena, Italy, made from reduced grape juice aged in wooden casks. The best quality product can be over 100 years old but is more commonly sold at 3 to 4 years of age. Bamboo leaves Used in Asian cooking to wrap ingredients for steaming. They need to be reconstituted before use. Bamboo shoots The tender-crisp, ivory colored shoot of a particular edible species of bamboo. The shoots are cut as soon as they appear above ground while they are still young and tender. Fresh shoots, tender and ivory-colored occasionally turn up in Asian markets, but rarely. The canned ones are tasteless but provide a decent crunch. found in Asian markets and many supermarkets. Banana The world's most popular fruit. The most common U.S. variety is the yellow Cavendish. They are picked green and develop better flavor when ripened off the bush. Two sweeter varieties are the red banana and the dwarf or finger banana. Banana pepper Fresh, can be mild or slightly hot; roast on the grill to eat or use to season tacos. Bangers British colloquial term for sausages. "Bangers and Mash" are sausages and mashed potatoes. Bara brith A traditional cake-like fruit bread from Wales. Barbados Cherry A cherry-like fruit from a small tree in the West Indies and adjacent areas. This fruit contains a high concentration of vitamin C. Also called "acerola" and "Puerto Rican cherry." Barbary duck Bred in large quantities in France, Barbary duck is less fatty than the common duck. It requires careful basting when cooking so that it doesn’t dry out. Barbecue Sauce A sauce used to baste barbecued meat. Also used as an accompaniment to the meat after it is cooked. Traditionally made with tomatoes, onions, mustard, garlic, brown sugar, and vinegar. Beer or wine is also a popular ingredient. Barding The practice of wrapping lean cuts of meat to be with thin slices of back fat. The converse of this is larding, in which long strips of fat are inserted into the cut of meat to keep it moist during cooking. Barley A hardy grain that dates back to the Stone Age. Used in cereals, breads, and soups. Hulled barley has the outer husk removed and is the most nutritious form of barley. Baron (of beef or lamb) The two legs and saddle cooked as a unit. Barquette A small oval shaped pastry shell with either sweet or savory fillings. Barracuda A pike-like sea fish with long pointed jaws filled with razor-sharp teeth. It is a firm-textured fish with moderate fat content. The type most commonly found in the U.S. is the Pacific barracuda (also called the California barracuda). Basella An edible leaf from a tropical plant that is cultivated in certain parts of France. Basella may be prepared in any manner appropriate for spinach. Also called "vine spinach." Basil An herb with a pungent flavor described as a cross between licorice and cloves. The ancient Greeks called this member of the mint family the "royal herb." Most varieties have green leaves, but one variety, the opal basil, is purple. Basmati Rice Basmati is an Indian rice with very small but long grains, with a distinctive flavour. It should be rinsed before cooking. Basquaise Food prepared in the style of Basque which often includes tomatoes and sweet or hot red peppers. Bass A white sea fish with three varieties - silver, sea and striped - sold as steaks and fillets. Can be barbecued, grilled, steamed, poached or baked. Good with strong flavourings. Baste To moisten and improve the flavor of foods (usually meats) by brushing on, drizzling or spooning over pan drippings, fruit juices, sauces, etc. Basting The process of spooning stock or fat over meat at intervals to prevent it drying out during roasting. Batarde A French butter sauce made with egg yolks. Batter A flour-liquid mixture that is thin enough to pour. One example is pancake batter. Batterie de cuisine An expression, commonly used by top chefs, to describe the essential equipment every good cook needs for the preparation of food in the kitchen. Bavarian cream A cream made with pastry cream lightened with whipped cream and stabilized with gelatin. This cream may then be poured into molds, or used as a filling for cakes or pastries. Bavarian cream is often flavored with fruit purees or alcohol. Bay boletes or boletus This wild mushroom is often found in areas where conifers grow. A member of the ‘cep’ family (cep in France, porcini in Italy), it is a robust and meaty mushroom that dries well. Often used in risottos or omelettes or simply fried with a little garlic. Bay leaf Also called laurel leaf or bay laurel, this aromatic herb is native to the Mediterranean. Turkish bay leaves are milder than the California variety. Used to flavor soups, vegetables, and meats. Normally removed before serving. Bay leaves An evergreen shrub, cultivated for ornament and for its aromatic leaves. Bay leaves are one of the most commonly used culinary herbs: a leaf is always incorporated in a bouquet garni and is good for casseroles, stews and pickling. Bay doesn’t lose anything through being dried. Bean curd Cheese-like product made from soybean milk. Buy fresh in cakes in most supermarkets. Can be found in cans also but the flavor is far inferior. Bean sauce A soybean condiment that is an essential ingredient in stir-fries. It is labeled either "whole bean sauce" or "ground bean sauce," which tends to be saltier. Available in Asian markets and many supermarkets. Bean sprouts The crisp, tender sprouts of various germinated beans. Mung bean sprouts, used often in Chinese cooking, are the most popular. However, other seeds and beans, such as alfalfa seeds, soybeans, and wheat beans are also sprouted. Bean Threads A form of translucent Chinese noodle. These are not true noodles, but are made from the starch of mung beans. Also called "cellophane noodles." Beans There are many varieties of bean; they can be divided into two main groups: those with edible pods (green beans), including the French bean and the runner bean, and those of which only the seeds are eaten, such as haricot beans. Bear A large, partly carnivorous quadruped found in America, the Arctic, and in Europe. Bear steaks should be cooked like beef, except that they are generally marinated for a couple of days in oil and vinegar or wine to help tenderize the meat. Bear sign or bear claw Fried pastry similar to the modern doughnut. Bearnaise This is the most notable of all the hollandaise sauce variations. It is made with a wine and vinegar reduction, egg yolks, butter and flavored with tarragon or other herbs. This sauce makes a good companion to grilled meats and fish. Bearnaise Sauce A classic French sauce made with a reduction of vinegar, white wine, tarragon, black peppercorns and shallot. It is finished with egg yolks and butter. It is good served with any plain meat or fish. Beating Process of mixing food to introduce air and make it lighter or fluffier. Tools utilized to beat an ingredient or mixture include a wooden spoon, hand whisk or electric mixer. Beaver A semi-aquatic animal of the rodent family. The tail is considered the best part to eat. Care must be taken when skinning to avoid severing the musk gland, which will permeate the entire flesh when cut. Bechamel sauce A white sauce given extra flavour by infusing the milk with carrot, onion, celery, black peppercorns, blade mace and bay leaf for 30 minutes. Bechamel is the base for many other sauces and was named after its inventor, Louis XIV's steward Louis de Bechamel. Beechnut The small, triangular fruit of the beech tree that has been used since prehistoric times. The flavor has been described as a cross between a hazelnut and a chestnut. Usually roasted before serving. Used in breads and pressed for oil. Beef The meat from cows, steers (males castrated when very young), heifers (females that have never borne a calf) and bulls under 2 years old. The eight USDA grades are Prime, Choice, Select, Standard, Commercial, Utility, Cutter, and Canner. Beef fillet (filet mignon) This tender but expensive boneless cut of meat comes from the small end of the tenderloin. It should be cooked quickly by frilling or sauteing. Not an overly flavorful cut of meat. Beef stock Real beef stock is superior to any. But consomme or bouillon (mostly salt) may be substituted in a pinch. Beef Tartare A dish of coarsely ground beef. The meat is normally high-quality, lean, and seasoned with salt, pepper, and seasonings. Beef tartar is often served with a raw egg placed on top, along with capers, parsley, and onions. Beefalo A cross between the American bison (commonly called buffalo) and cattle, the beef strain being dominant. The dark red meat of beefalo is very lean and has a somewhat stronger flavor than beef. Beer A low-alcohol beverage brewed from malted barley and cereals (such as corn or rye) mixed with yeast (for fermentation) and flavored with hops. Since about 90% of beer is water, the water used in very important to the taste of the beer. Beerwurst A German cooked sausage with a garlic flavor and a dark red color. Normally used as lunch meat. Also know as "Bierwurst." Beet A firm, round-rooted vegetable with nutritious leafy greens. Commonly known as the garden beet. In addition to the garden beet, are the spinach or leaf beet ("Swiss chard"), the sugar beet, and the mangold, which is used mostly for fodder. Beignet A French or Creole version of doughnuts. Dough or batter is deep fried and dusted with powdered sugar or glazed with a flavored syrup. Bell peppers Also known as sweet peppers, bell peppers are "mature" when they turn bright green, but they are not yet ripe; their flavor is sharp, even acrid at this point. If picked after they have changed to red, yellow, or orange their flavor will have mellowed considerably. Belle Helene Best known as the name of a dessert with poached pears, ice cream, and chocolate sauce. It is also a term used in French cookery as a name for a garnish to grilled meat dishes. Belly-Fish This large low-fat, firm-textured salt-water fish has a mild, sweet flavor that compares with lobster. Sometimes referred to as "poor man's lobster." Also called "angler fish," "monkfish," and "goosefish." Benedictine A sweet liqueur named after the Benedictine monks of Normandy who first created it in the 16th century. This liqueur is based on cognac and flavored with various aromatics, fruit peels, and herbs. Bercy A French sauce with white wine and shallots as a base. Berliner-Style Sausage Cooked, smoked sausage -- Made of cured, coarsely ground pork and some mildly cured, finely chopped beef; contains no seasoning other than sugar and salt; available in rolls or packaged slices. Bermuda onion This big, sweet, ivory-colored onion truly does not come from Bermuda. A sweet, crisp topping for sandwiches, this onion is also a good choice for everyday cooking. Bermudas have a shorter shelf life than the basic yellow onion. Also called Spanish onion. Besan Used in East Indian cooking, besan is a pale yellow flour made from ground, dried chickpeas. This nutritious, high-protein flour is used for myriad preparations including doughs, dumplings, noodles, a thickener for sauces and in batter for deep-fried foods. Besan, also known as gram flour can be found in Indian or Asian markets. Store, wrapped airtight, in the refrigerator for up to 6 months. Betty a baked dessert dating to Colonial America, It is a baked pudding made with layers of spiced sweetened fruit (usually apples) and buttered bread crumbs. Apple Brown Betty is made with brown sugar and sliced apples. Beurre Blanc An emulsified sauce made of a wine or vinegar reduction blended with softened butter. This may be flavored in many ways, for fish, vegetables, and poultry dishes. This is a very tricky sauce and does not hold for long periods of time. Because of this, modern versions add a touch of cream to stabilize the sauce for longer periods of time. Beurre Manie French for ‘kneaded butter’, beurre manie is a paste of flour and softened butter, usually in equal parts, used to thicken sauces and stews. Beurre Noir A tart sauce made with browned butter mixed with vinegar. Bibb Lettuce A type of butterhead lettuce with soft, loose, tender whitish-green leaves and a mild flavor. Other butterhead lettuce varieties include "Boston" and "buttercrunch." Bigarade A sauce, usually served with duck, which includes orange juice and orange rind. Binder An additive used to improve the binding properties of lean meat or poultry or meat and/or poultry mixtures. Binders have strong affinity for water, therefore misuse binders may cause the product to be adulterated with excess water. Binding A method of preparation that adds eggs, cream, melted fat or roux to a dry mixture in order to hold it together and keep the mixture from separating. Bird’s eye chillies A general term for tiny chillies which are extremely pungent and spicy. Sometimes used to describe Thai chillies which are, paradoxically, Mexican in origin. Birria Spanish name given to a dish of seasoned meat, then barbecued or steamed. Biscochitos Crispy anise-flavored cookies native to New Mexico; cut into stars or other decorative shapes and traditionally served at Christmas. Biscotti Twice-baked Italian biscuits flavoured with aniseed, chocolate or almonds. These hard, crunchy biscuits are ideal for dipping in dessert wine or coffee. Biscuit 1. A small cake of shortened bread leavened with baking powder or soda. 2. Chiefly British. a. A thin, crisp cracker. b. A cookie. Bison Also know as the "American Buffalo," bison is presently raised on game farms. The meat is very tender and tastes quite a bit like lean beef. It has no pronounced gamey flavor. Bisque A rich, creamy soup, usually made with shellfish. Bistella See Pastilla for a definition. Bitter Melon The fruit of a tropical climbing herb in Africa and Asia. It is similar to a cucumber and is used as a vegetable in meat dishes, fish dishes, and in soups. Also called "Balsam pear" or "bitter gourd." Bitters A liquid combination of cloves, cinnamon, quinine, nutmeg, rum, dried fruits, and other root and herbal extracts. Primarily used in cocktails. Bittersweet chocolate Often used in cake and cookie recipes. Bittersweet or semisweet chocolates are often used interchangeably, although bittersweet generally has more chocolate liquor, a paste formed from roasted, ground cocoa beans. Semisweet chocolate contains at least 35% chocolate liquor while finer bittersweet chocolates contain 50% or more chocolate liquor. Both chocolates have a deep, smooth, intense flavor that comes from the blend of cocoa beans to dairy products. Sugar, vanilla extract, and cocoa butter are added to the chocolate liquor to create an even richer chocolate flavor. Blachan A pungent shrimp paste used in very small amounts as seasoning in Thai soups and curries. Black (turtle) bean (frijoles negros) Native of the Yucatan; satiny black on the exterior, creamy white inside, with a hearty, almost smoky flavor; commonly used in soups and low-fat sauces, side dishes, salads and pureed; cooked beans can be rinsed and added to salsas for visual interest. This multipurpose dried bean is medium-sized (up to one-half inch long), round to almost square, and deep black with a white line and interior. Black Beans Also known as "turtle beans" or "black turtle beans," these beans have black skin, cream-colored flesh, and a sweet flavor that forms the base for black bean soup. Black bream The black bream is a dark grey sea fish with tough scales that need to be removed before cooking; relatively inexpensive, it is delicious either as fillets, stuffed or baked. Black butter A classic accompaniment to fish, particularly skate and plaice. Made by browning butter in a pan and adding lemon juice and parsley. Black Cod This saltwater fish, which is not a true cod, has a soft textured flesh and a mild flavor. Its high fat content makes it a good fish for smoking. Also called "sablefish." Black pepper The pepper plant is a climbing vine, native to India, Java and the Sunda Islands. The fruits ripen from green to red and finally to brown. Black pepper is whole red peppercorns, sold dried. They can be used whole, crushed or ground to add heat and flavour to a dish. Freshly ground peppercorns have much more flavour than bought ready-ground pepper. Black potatoes Varieties of potato with deep purple flesh which are known individually as Purple Congo potatoes, Blue Salad potatoes or Truffe de Chine. Black Pudding This large link sausage is made of pig's blood, suet, bread crumbs, and oatmeal. It is generally sold precooked. Also known as "blood sausage." Black Radish A large plant thought to be of Oriental origin. These plants are grown chiefly for their pungent peppery root, which can get up to 2 pounds or more. This radish is popular in Germany and in the East. Black rice Milled rice is white in appearance, but the outer bran layer can be brown, red or black. Raw black rice appears charred and, when cooked, appears much like the color of blackberries. There are many varieties of black rice from China, Thailand and Indonesia. Black Russian a. Large, full-flavoured tomato with dark purply-black skin. Good for slicing, in salads, stuffing and baking with garlic and parsley. b. A cocktail made with vodka, coffee liqueur and ice. Black Salsify Also called "Scorzonera," this is a black-skinned variety of salsify. Most varieties of this vegetable are grayish or pale golden in color. Black Turtle Beans Also known as "black beans," these beans have black skin, cream-colored flesh, and a sweet flavor that forms the base for black bean soup. Black Walnut A highly fat walnut that is better used with other foods than out-of-hand. Used in cakes, confections, and ice cream. Black-eyed peas A small beige bean of the legume family with a round black "eye" located at its inner curve. This bean is popular, particularly in the south. Also called the "cowpea." Varieties with yellow "eyes" are called "yellow-eyed peas." Blackberry Also called "bramble," these are the largest of the wild berries, up to 1 inch long when mature. Look for plump, deep colored berries without hulls. (If hulls are present, the berries were picked too early and will be tart.) Blackfish A lean, delicately flavored Pacific Ocean fish that is popular in Chinese cookery. Also called "Black Trout" and "Chinese Steelhead." Blackstrap Molasses Thick, black syrup, produced from sugar cane. In the UK and Australia, simply known as molasses. It produces a bitter flavor. Blanch To plunge food, such as vegetables, into and out of boiling water for just a few seconds or minutes, to allow the minimum time for cooking; this preserves colour and texture and lessens strong flavours, and can also loosen the skins of nuts or tomatoes before skinning. Blancmange A simple stove-top pudding made with milk, sugar, and vanilla, thickened with cornstarch. Blanquette A stew or white meat (veal, lamb or poultry) cooked in white stock or water with aromatic flavourings. A sauce is made with the liquor left over after cooking. Blanquettes are also made with fish and vegetables. Bleach To make white or colorless by means of chemicals or the sun's rays. Blender Electric liquefier with a glass or plastic container into which ingredients are added. A set of rotary blades is attached to the base of the vessel and rapidly reduces most ingredients to a smooth, or blended, consistency. Blending Preparation method that combines ingredients with a spoon, beater or liquefier to achieve a uniform mixture. Blind baking A method of preparing a pastry case before adding the filling to prevent the bottom becoming soggy and undercooked. The pastry is baked with a lining and beans before it is filled. Blintz A very thin pancake that is rolled up to encase either sweet or savory fillings. The most common fillings are cottage or ricotta cheese, fruits, and meat mixtures. Often sauteed and served with sour cream. Blood Sausage Also known as "blood pudding" and "black pudding" in Ireland. This large link sausage is made of pig's blood, suet, bread crumbs, and oatmeal. It is generally sold precooked. Bloody Mary Invented by Pete Petiot at Harry's Bar in Paris, 1921. This drink contains vodka, lemon juice, Tabasco, Worcestershire sauce, pepper and V 8, tomato juice, or cocktail juice. Blue cheese This type of cheese has been treated with molds that form blue or green veins that give it its characteristic flavor. Blue cheeses, including Danablu, Gorgonzola, Roquefort and Stilton, tend to increase in flavor and aroma with age. Blue corn A variety of corn with blue-gray kernels; indigenous to the Southwest and originally grown by Pueblo Indians; dried and ground blue corn is more flavorful than yellow cornmeal. Blue Crab Named after its blue claws and dark blue-green shell, this crab is found along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts. It is sold in both its soft and hard-shell stages. The "soft-shell crab" is simply a blue crab caught just after molting. Blueberry The blue-black berries of this plant are smooth-skinned, round, juicy, and sweet. Look for firm, uniformly sized blueberries that are indigo blue with a silvery frost. Bluefin Tuna Regarded as the highest grade tuna; used in top-class restaurants for sashimi and sushi. Bluefish A fatty, fine-textured fish that is also known as "bulldog of the ocean" because of its tenacity. Found in the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Discard the dark oily strip that runs down its center to prevent a strong, fishy flavor. Bluegill One of a large number of North American freshwater fish closely related to the perch. Known for their bright, sunny colors, bluegill are also known as "sunfish." Boar An uncastrated male swine. In culinary terms, it is the male of a wild boar species found in Europe, Asia, North Africa and the U.S. Young boar is the best eating and is often prepared roasted, grilled, braised, or smoked like ham. Bobwhite A small game bird of the partridge family that resembles a small, plump chicken. The flesh is white and delicately flavored. Most of these birds are raised on bird farms today. Known also as "quail." Bockwurst A German ground-veal sausage that is flavored with chopped parsley and chives. This sausage is normally sold raw. Bockwurst is traditionally served with bock beer, particularly during the Bavarian bock beer festivals. Boiling Preparation method which cooks a liquid at a temperature of 212F or 100C. Bok Choy Also called Chinese cabbage, this variety of cabbage has crinkly, thick veined leaves which are thin, crisp, and delicately mild. Choose firm, tightly packed heads with crisp, green-tipped leaves. It is best suited to brief stir-frying or steaming to keep its mild flavour. Boletus A family of wild mushrooms known for their rich taste and meaty texture. Porcinis and cepes are two members of this family of mushroom. Bolillos Mexican hard rolls which are similar to French bread; also a short rolling pin 2 inches in diameter and 8 inches or more long which rolls tortillas to a uniform thickness. Bollito A boiling bean native to the Southwest; an ancestor of the pinto bean; takes a bit longer to cook; often used in broth-style side dishes of Mexican cuisine. Bollito Misto Italian dish of pieces of meat boiled in stock, including chicken, ox tongue, pigs’ trotters. Served on New Year’s Eve in northern Italy with lentils and preserved, candied fruit. The meat represents good health, the lentils wealth and the fruit good spirits. Bologna Also known as "baloney." This is a highly seasoned sausage meat that takes its name from the Italian city of Bologna. True Italian sausage is called "mortadella." Bolognaise A term that applies to several dishes inspired by Italian cookery from the Bologna region. Bolognaise sauce is a thick sauce based on various vegetables and meats. Bolognese sauce Ragu bolognese, also known simply as ragu, is the all-purpose thick Italian sauce made from minced beef and tomatoes. It can form the basis of lasagne or be served with spaghetti. Bombay duck Dried fish from India and Bangladesh, crumbled over stews and curries. Bombe A rich dessert containing cream or custard mixtures arranged and frozen in a mold. Bonbel Cheese A mild-flavored semi-soft cheese sold in small paraffin-coated rounds. It is pale cream in color. Its smooth, buttery texture makes it popular with fruit, sandwiches, and salads. Boniato Also called batata, this is a popular tuber in both Latin America and Asia. The blotchy skin may be purplish or reddish, and the inside is white or creamy and slightly mealy when cooked. It tastes like a cross between white and sweet potatoes, and can be treated like either. The flavor somewhat suggests roasted chestnuts. Boning Preparation process which removes bones from meat, poultry, game or fish. Bonito Large fish from the same family as tuna and mackerel. Bonito is an oily fish and is prepared in the same way as tuna. Bonito flakes The dried flakes of a dark, full-flavored fish, used in the Japanese soup stock dashi, which is among the simplest stocks to make. Bonito flakes are available in Asian markets. Bonne femme Cooked home-style; often with a creamy mushroom sauce. Borage This European herb has a flavor similar to that of cucumber. Both the flowers and leaves are used in salads. The leaves are also used to flavor teas and vegetables. Bordelaise This is a term primarily used to describe a dark brown sauce that includes shallots and red wine, vegetables, and garlic. Some versions of this sauce include slices of bone marrow added at the end of cooking. Fish dishes with this name will be cooked with white Bordeaux wine. Borecole A non-heading member of the cabbage family. Also called "kale." Cultivated for over 2,000 years, this vegetable can be prepared and eaten in much the same way as spinach. Borlotti beans A large, plump bean, pinkish brown in colour with reddish brown streaks; rarely found fresh in this country but readily available dried, it is widely used in Italian cooking. Borscht Also known as "borsch." This is a beet soup. It is prepared with beets and an assortment of vegetables with meat and/or meat stock. It is served hot or cold and is often garnished with a dollop of sour cream. Boston lettuce Part of the butterhead family, this simple lettuce sports soft but fairly well-defined heads with lots of loose outer leaves. The bland tenderness mingles nicely with some bitter loose leaf and super-crisp romaine. Botanas Plugs; stoppers; appetizers served with drinks. Boterhamworst Cooked, smoked sausage -- Dutch-style sausage made of veal and pork, finely chopped and blended with coarsely chopped pork fat and seasonings. Bottle Gourd A common variety of hard-shelled gourd, also called "white-flowered gourd" and "Calabash gourd." This gourd is used in the West Indies to produce a very popular syrup. Its shell is often used to create bowls and other utensils. Bouchee A small round puff pastry shell baked blind used for sweet or savory fillings. Boudin Acadian pork blood sausage, highly seasoned and containing rice. The proportion of blood to rice produces "white" or "red" boudin. It originated among the Bayou communities. Smooth sausages of two types. Boudin blanc contain veal, pork, and chicken. Boudin noir are made with blood and rice or potatoes. The latter type are popular in European and Creole cooking. Bouillabaisse Stew made of a variety of fish, saffron and tomatoes, traditionally associated with the Provence region of France, especially Marseilles. There are many 'authentic' recipes for bouillabaisse. Bouilli Meat used to prepare soup which is then served as a separate course. Bouillon A flavor-concentrated powder of dehydrated beef, chicken or vegetable stock. Dehydrated bouillon must be dissolved in a hot liquid before using. Boule A ball-shaped loaf of bread that's baked without a pan in the oven. Bouquet garni A small bunch of herbs, classically bay leaves, parsley stalks and thyme, wrapped in a leek leaf or piece of celery and tied with string; ideal for flavouring soups, stews and stocks during cooking and removed before serving. Bourbon Named after Bourbon county, Kentucky. Straight bourbon is distilled from a mash of at least 51% corn; blended bourbon contains at least 51% straight bourbon; sour mash is made by adding some of the old mash to ferment each new batch. Bourrride Another fish stew from southern France. Here the broth, in which large pieces of fish are poached, is strained and thickened with aioli. The two are then served together in shallow bowls with bread or croutons. Boysenberry Created by horticulturist Rudolph Boysen in 1923 by crossing a raspberry, blackberry, and a loganberry. It is shaped like a large raspberry and has a rich sweet-tart flavor. Brains Gourmets say that sheep's brains are best, followed by calves, then pigs. Often boiled with salted water and a dash of vinegar, then reheated with butter and capers or deep fried in egg and bread crumb batter. Braising A method of cooking foods (most often used for meats) by quickly browning in oil and then cooking slowly in liquid (wine, stock, etc) in a covered pot . Bramble These are the largest of the wild berries, up to 1" long when mature. Look for plump, deep colored berries without hulls. (If hulls are present, the berries were picked too early and will be tart.) More commonly known as "blueberry." Bran The outer layer of grains such as wheat or oats. This outer layer is normally removed during the milling process. Bran is a good source of carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, and fiber. Brandade A puree of salt cod mixed with olive oil and potatoes. Another version of brandade is covered with Gruyere cheese and browned in the oven. Both are served with croutons. Brandy A liquor distilled from wine or other fermented fruit juice. Brandies are aged in wood, which contributes to the flavor. The finest brandies are called "cognacs." Bratwurst A German sausage made of pork and veal and seasoned with ginger, nutmeg, and coriander or caraway. Each German district has its own special variety of this sausage. Also called "brotwurst." Braunschweiger A smoked German liver sausage made with eggs and milk. It is soft enough to spread and is usually served at room temperature. Brazil Nut A large nut with a very hard shell, cultivated in Brazil and Paraguay. The white kernel is very nutritious with a high fat content and can be eaten raw or used in cooking in the same way as coconut. Bread To dip foods into a liquid (beaten eggs, milk, etc) then coat food with bread crumbs. Bread crumbs There are two kinds of bread crumbs - fresh and dry. They should not be used interchangeably. Fresh crumbs can be made in a food processor or blender/ Dried bread crumbs are lightly browned and may be plain or flavored. They can be bought or made from good quality stale bread. Bread Flour A high gluten flour made from hard wheat. Perfect for yeast breads. Breadfruit This fruit is native to the Pacific. The fruit is up to ten inches in diameter and it has a bumpy green skin and a bland cream-colored center. Breadfruit can be baked, grilled, fried, or boiled, and served as a sweet or savory dish. Breadnut Tree Seeds The seeds of a tree from the mulberry family that is grown in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. These seeds are boiled, ground into flour and made into bread. Also called "Jamaican breadnut" and "Ramons." Breads Any type of yeast or quick breads Bresaola A cured and dried beef filet from Italy with a more delicate texture but stronger flavor than that of prosciutto. A Swiss version of this is called bundnerfleisch. This style is pressed into a rectangular shape and has a bit drier texture than bresaola. Both are served thinly sliced with bread and fruit or pickled vegetables. Bretonne An Espagnole sauce with onions. Brick Cheese This pale yellow semi-soft cheese comes from Wisconsin and is brick shaped. When young, it has a mild flavor; as it ages, however, it becomes almost as strong as Limburger cheese. Brie Cheese This cheese has an edible white rind and a cream-colored, buttery soft inside that should ooze when ripe. French brie is considered the world's best. Made from whole or skim milk. Brine Salt and water solution used for pickling and preserving. Brioche A slightly sweet, French yeast bread, rich with butter and eggs. The traditional shape has a fluted bottom and a topknot and is made in a special mould. Good as a sweet bread or served with cheese or pate. Brisket Cut of beef from the belly, used for slow roasting, casseroles, stews or mince. Broad Bean Also known as the "fava bean," "faba bean," and "horse bean." This bean looks like a very large lima bean. The pod is inedible unless the plant is very young. Avoid pods bulging with beans as this is an indication of age. Broccoli This vegetable is related to the cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower. It is a deep green vegetable that comes in tight clusters of tiny buds that sit on stout edible stems. Broccoli raab Broccoli raab, or rape, is more bitter, and has more stems and leaves than head broccoli, which has more florets. It can be found from fall to spring in markets with specialty produce sections, and can be used in any broccoli recipe. Brochette Cubes of meat or fish and vegetables threaded on to a skewer and then grilled or barbecued. Broil Using intense heat to cook food (usually meats) by placing it directly under a broiler or on a grill. This is a low-fat way to cook as the fat drips away. Broilers Also called fryers or broiler-fryers, these are young chickens weighing from 1 1/2 to 4 pounds. They can be broiled, sauteed, fried, roasted, and braised. Broth Liquid in which meat, poultry or vegetables have been simmered. Closely related to stock. Brown To cook food quickly (usually meats) over high heat by either frying or broiling until the surface browns sealing in all the succulent juices Brown beans Smaller and rounder than American beans, these are used in Scandinavian dishes. found in specialty stores or Scandinavian markets. Brown Rice This is the entire rice grain minus only the inedible husk. The nutritious, high-fiber bran coating gives it its distinctive light tan color and nut-like flavor. The presence of the bran means a shorter shelf life (about 6 months). Brown sugar White sugar combined with molasses. The darker the brown sugar, the more molasses that is used. Browned flour Wheat flour browned in an oven or skillet; favored by Mexican and pioneer cooks for gravies and stews. Brownie A dense, chewey cake, usually made with chocolate in a large tin and cut into squares. Browning Preparation method, usually in a skillet or pot on the stove top, which sears in the outer surface of meat to seal in the juices. Brulee Finishing method applied to dishes such as cream custards finished with caramelized sugar glaze. Can be done with a torch or under the broiler. Brunoise A very fine dice usually applied to vegetables. Bruschetta Italian bread, sliced and grilled or toasted then brushed with garlic and olive oil. Served as a starter or snack with a variety of toppings. A French baguette would make a good alternative. Brussels sprouts This vegetable is a member of the cabbage family and, in fact, looks like miniature heads of cabbage. The smaller spouts are more tender. Storing Brussels sprouts too long will produce a strong flavor. Brut This is a term that refers to the driest champagnes. Brut champagnes are even drier than formulations labeled "extra dry." Bucatini Long, narrow tubes of pasta usually served with a hearty meat sauce. Buckwheat A type of grain used extensively in eastern European cooking. Buckwheat flour is traditionally used to make blinis - small pancakes eaten with caviar. Buckwheat Groats Also known as "Kasha." Buckwheat groats are the hulled, crushed kernels of buckwheat. Normally cooked like rice and is available in coarse, medium, and fine grains. Buffalo Also know as the "bison," buffalo is presently raised on game farms. Buffalo meat is very tender and tastes somewhat like lean beef. It has no pronounced gamey flavor. Buffalo Fish This freshwater fish, which belongs to the sucker family, is similar to carp. It offers a coarse but sweet, low-fat flesh that lends itself to a variety of cooking methods. Buffet A vast array of hot and cold foods, often elaborately garnished. Bulghur A nutritious staple in the Middle East, bulghur consists of wheat kernels that have been steamed, dried, and crushed. It has a tender, chewy texture and can be made into a pilaf. It is sometimes confused with "cracked wheat." Bulgur wheat Processed wheat made from the whole kernel that has been cooked and dried, used a lot in Middle Eastern dishes. Most commonly used in breads and tabbouleh salad. Three grinds; fine, medium, and coarse. Find in fancy supermarkets or gourmet stores. Bullhead A small, freshwater catfish that usually weighs in at under a pound. Its flesh is lean and mild in flavor. Bullock's Heart Also called "Custard Apple," this tropical fruit tastes like a cross between pineapple, mango, and strawberry. The flesh is cream-colored and has the texture of firm custard. Bundles A measured unit of casings ready for sale in salted, pre-flushed, or tubed form; bundles will be either hog casings or sheep casings consisting of 91 meters (100 yards). Bundt cake A ring-shaped cake baked in a tube pan that has fluted sides. Bunuelo A thin, deep-fried Mexican pastry. It is normally sprinkled with a cinnamon and sugar mixture. Burbot A freshwater cod with a lean white flesh and a delicate flavor. It is normally poached, baked, broiled or sautéed. Burdock This slender root vegetable has brown skin and grayish white flesh. Used in soups as well as with vegetables and meats. Known by the Japanese as "Gobo." Burger 1. A sandwich consisting of a bun, a cooked beef patty, and often other ingredients such as cheese, onion slices, lettuce, or condiments. Often used in combination: a cheeseburger. 2. A similar sandwich with a nonbeef filling. Often used in combination: a crab burger; a tofu burger. Burgundy One of the most famous wine growing regions in France (and therefore in the world). Burgundy wines tend to be more robust and full bodied than bordeaux wines. Burrito Burros (Arizona) and burritos (New Mexico and Texas) Flour tortillas stuffed with meats, beans, cheeses and chile sauces or any combination thereof. Bush Nut More commonly known as the "Macadamia nut." This is a small, round, brown nut with a buttery, slightly sweet flavor and a high fat content. Used in a variety of dishes. Butcher's knots Butcher's knots are slip knots that make it possible to tighten and loosen string as needed when rolling a boned roast. Butter This product is made by churning cream until is reaches a semi-solid state. By U.S. law, butter must be at least 80% butter-fat. The USDA grades butter quality based on flavor, body, texture, color and salt. The grades are AA, A, B, C. Butterbean A pale green, plump-bodied bean with a slight kidney-shaped curve. Baby limas are smaller and milder than the Fordhook variety (which are not mature baby limas). More commonly known as the "lima bean." Butterfish This small, high-fat fish has a tender texture and a rich, sweet flavor. Found off the coast of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, this fish is also called the "dollarfish," "Pacific pompano," and "pomfret." Buttermilk Buttermilk is the liquid that is left over when milk is churned to butter. It has a sour taste and is often used in scones and soda breads. It can also be used to replace milk for a healthier milkshake. Butternut This is the seed of a giant tree that grows in the Amazon jungle. The kernel of this nut is white, rich, and high in fat. Also known as "Brazil nut." Butternut Squash Large winter squash that looks like a pear-shaped baseball bat. This vegetable weights about 2 to 3 pounds and has a sweet orange flesh. Used in breads, stews, soups, muffins, and puddings. Butterscotch Butterscotch flavor is a blend of butter and brown sugar. Button mushroom This is the standard, white, cultivated mushroom. Button mushrooms work well in concert with "wild mushrooms," which are more intensely flavored, but also more expensive. Cabanossi A salami-type sausage popular in Southern Europe. Cabbage Cabbage comes in many forms: flat, conical, or round shapes and leaves that are compact, loose, curly, or flat. The most popular U.S. cabbage varieties are round, have waxy leaves, are heavy for their size, and vary from white to red. Cabbage Turnip This vegetable is a member of the cabbage family. Popular in Europe, the cabbage turnip's bulb tastes like a sweet turnip. Eaten steamed, in soups, and in stews. Also called the "kohlrabi." Cabernet-Sauvignon A superior red-wine grape cultivated in France and California. This small, thin-skinned black grapes are used to produce the fine clarets of France and Cabernets of California. Cabrito Unweaned goat; suckling goat; kid goat; usually split and spit roasted whole; considered a delicacy in Mexico and the Southwest; a favorite dish in northern Mexico, especially at Easter. Cacciatore The Italian word for "hunter." Refers to food prepared "hunter-style." That is, with mushrooms, onions, tomatoes, various herbs, and sometimes wine. Chicken cacciatore is the most popular type of cacciatore. Cactus The pads and fruits of the Opuntia cactus are cooked and eaten. Cactus paddle In the southwest and Mexico, the large, flat, fleshy, oval green pads of the nopal cactus are prepared as a vegetable. When cooked, pieces have the color and translucence of cooked bell pepper, but they are also viscid, like okra. The flavor is something between a bell pepper and artichoke or asparagus or okra. Cafe Brulot Spices and other ingredients flamed with brandy or some other spirits to which hot coffee is added. Caffeine A slightly bitter alkaloid found in coffee, tea, and many other foods and beverages. Caffeine is stimulating to the heart and nervous system. It is toxic in large doses. Caimit The purple, white, green, yellow, or rose-colored fruit of a West Indian tree. When cut open, the seeds are disposed into the shape of a star. Also called "star apple." Cajun A form of cooking that is a combination of French and Southern cuisines uses a dark roux and animal (usually pork) fat. Creole cooking emphasizes the use of butter and cream. Cajun food is very spicy and makes good use of file powder. Cake cooler A high starch flour made from soft wheat. Ideal for baking. Cake tin Baking pan. Cal dolomitic lime; slaked lime; mineral added to corn when making nixtamal masa to loosen the kernels' skins. Calabash A common variety of hard-shelled gourd, also called "bottle gourd" and "white-flowered gourd." This gourd is used in the West Indies to produce a very popular syrup. Its shell is often used to create bowls and other utensils. Calabaza This pumpkin-like winter squash, usually sold in slices or hunks in markets catering to Central and South Americans. Also known as West Indian pumpkin, calabaza is quite frequently better than pumpkin when cooked in the same way. Calamari This ten-armed cephalopod, commonly known as "squid," is related to the octopus. They vary in size from 1 inch to 80 feet in length. The meat is firm and chewy, with a somewhat sweet flavor. Over-cooking can lead to a rubbery texture. Calamata olives Purple-black Greek olives of generally high quality. Also spelled kalamata olives. Caldo Verde A Portuguese soup made from a sharp flavored cabbage, potatoes, broth, and olive oil. Sausage is then cooked in the soup. Calico Bass One of a large number of North American freshwater fish closely related to the perch. Known for their bright, sunny colors, calico bass are also known as "sunfish." Caliente This is the Spanish word for "hot," and it refers to temperature. "Picante" means "pepper hot." California Sheepshead A saltwater fish belonging to the wrasse family. Also called "sheepshead," "fathead," and "redhead." Its meat is white, tender, and lean. Calvados A dry spirit made from distilled cider, made in Normandy, northern France. Calzone A stuffed pizza, folded over and baked, like a Cornish pasty. A calzone is usually made as a single serving. Camembert Cheese This cow's milk cheese has a white, downy rind and a smooth creamy inside. When ripe, the cheese should ooze thickly. When overripe, it is bitter and rank. Canadian bacon A lean, smoked meat that is closer to ham than to bacon. It comes from the lean tender eye of the loin, located in the middle of the back. It is called "back bacon" in Canada. Canape Plain or toasted bread or crackers topped with a savory mixture. Usually served as appetizers, with cocktails, snacks or for lunch. They may be served hot or cold, they are often elaborately garnished. Candied Cooked in sugar or syrup until transparent and well-coated. Candlefish A rich and oily mild-flavored fish. This variety of smelt is so named because Indians sometimes run a wick through their high-fat flesh and use them for candles. Also known as the "Eulachon." Candy thermometer Cooking tool comprised of a large glass mercury thermometer that measures temperatures from about 40F to 400F. A frame or clip allows it to stand or hang in a pan during cooking for accurate temperature measurement. Cane syrup Thick, extremely sweet syrup made from the sugar cane. Used in Caribbean and Creole cooking. Canned cowboy Canned milk - a term from the American West. Cannellini beans Large, creamy white bean often included in Italian cooking. Also known as Northern beans, this legume makes an excellent vegetarian substitute for both fish and chicken due to its rich texture. Cannelloni Large tubular-shaped noodles usually served stuffed. An Italian dish made of sheets or tubes of pasta filled with meat, cheese or fish, sauced and baked au gratin. Variations of this use thin pancakes, called crespelle, which are similar to crepes and are filled and cooked in the same manner as the pasta. Cannoli A crisp pastry tube filled with sweetened ricotta cheese, chocolate chips, and candied fruit. Cinnamon and vanilla are common flavorings for this cheese mixture. Canola oil This is the market name for "rapeseed oil," Canada's most widely used oil. Also called lear oil, for "low erucic acid rapeseed" oil. Canola oil is lowest in saturated fat of any oil. Canola oil is 6% saturated fat; palm oil is 79%. Cantaloupe True cantaloupes are European and are not exported to the U.S. North American "cantaloupes" are actually muskmelons. The light orange flesh is mild, sweet, and very juicy. Cantonese A type of Chinese cuisine that is famous for its meat roasting and grilling, fried rice, bird's nest soup, and shark fin soup. Capacolla Prepared meat -- Italian origin; boneless pork shoulder butt seasoned with ground red hot or sweet peppers, paprika, salt and sugar; mildly cured and air dried. Cape Gooseberry Also known as physalis. A small, smooth round fruit wrapped in its own papery case that resembles a Chinese lantern. Physalis can be unwrapped and eaten as is or dipped in melted chocolate and served after dinner with coffee. They make excellent jams, jellies and purees. Also called "ground cherry," this fruit has a bitter-sweet, juicy flesh. This fruit is eaten out of hand and used with meats, pies, jams, and savory foods. Capers The pickled flower buds of a shrub native to the Mediterranean and parts of Asia. Capers are usually packed in brine but can also be preserved in salt. They should be rinsed before use to remove excess salt. Their pungent flavour adds piquancy to many sauces and condiments (eg tartare sauce), and they can be used as a garnish for meat and vegetable dishes and in tapenade. Capicolla A coarse Italian pork sausage. Usually highly seasoned, this sausage is served cold, thinly sliced, as for prosciutto. Capirotada Bread pudding. Usually served during Lent and Holy Week (Easter). Capocollo An Italian sausage made from pork shoulder and flavored with sweet red peppers. It is pressed (rather than chopped), put into casings, and air dried. It is a specialty of the Parma region of Italy. Capon A castrated cockerel fattened for eating. It is no longer legal to produce capons in the UK. Caponata Best known as a spread or cold salad containing eggplant, celery, tomatoes, raisins, and pine nuts seasoned with vinegar and olive oil. Modern variations will add other vegetables such as zucchini and season it with fresh herbs. Capons Castrated cocks, weighing 6 to 7 pounds or more, these birds are especially desirable for roasting when a large bird is in order. Cappuccino An Italian coffee made by topping espresso with the creamy foam from steamed milk. Often dusted with cinnamon or sweetened cocoa powder. Capsicum The generic name for the pepper family which includes the large, sweet, mild peppers (red, green and yellow) as well as any of the hundreds of hot chilli peppers. Capsaicin is the chemical compound in chillies that gives them their heat and fieriness. Carambola Star fruit. Originally from Indonesia, this is one of the most recent tropical imports, now grown in Florida and found in most supermarkets. It has yellow, near-translucent skin (which is tough but edible), and slices take the shape of a star. Best eaten raw, but also takes well to grilling. Caramel Caramel is a mixture produced when sugar has been cooked until it melts to become a thick clear liquid ranging in color from gold to brown. Caramel is used to flavor soups, stocks, desserts, and sauces. Caramelise The process of either heating sugar to a point when it melts and resets as a hard glaze, as on the top of a creme brulee, or cooking small or cut fruit or vegetables in water and sugar until they become brown and glazed. Caraway seed The aromatic seed of an herb in the parsley family with a flavor described as a cross between aniseed and fennel. Used to flavor cheese, breads, cakes, stews, meats, vegetables and the liqueur "Kummel." Carbonade Braised or grilled, or sometimes stewed meat. Carbonara An Italian term that refers to a pasta dish of spaghetti or other noodles with a sauce of cream, eggs, Parmesan cheese, and bits of bacon. Fresh green peas are sometimes used to add flavor and color. Cardamom An aromatic spice from south-western India. Cardamom seeds are contained in small pods about the size of a cranberry. The spice has a pungent aroma and a warm, spicy-sweet flavour and is widely used in Scandinavian and east Indian cooking. Cardamom can be bought in the pod or ground but, as the ground seeds soon lose their flavour, it is preferable to use the pods, either removing the seeds and grinding them or grinding the whole pod, quickly done with a pestle and mortar. If using cardamom to flavour dishes such as stews and curries, lightly crush the whole pod and add it to the mixture: the shell will disintegrate while the dish cooks. Be frugal when using cardamom - a little goes a long way. Cardinal Fish dishes which have sauces made with lobster fumet and are garnished with lobster meat. Cardoon A large stalky vegetable, related to the artichoke, the cardoon is very popular in France, Italy and Spain. Cardoons can be found from midwinter to early spring. Look for stalks that are firm and have a silvery grey-green colour. To prepare, remove tough outer ribs, cut the inner ribs into 8cm/3in slices and soak in acidulated water to prevent browning. Cardoons can be boiled, braised or baked. Pre-cooking for about 30 minutes in boiling water is suggested in many recipes. Though high in sodium, cardoons are a good source of potassium, calcium and iron. They were very popular with the Victorians. Caribe chiles Flaked red chiles. Caribou Any of several large North American deer which are related to Old World reindeer. Caribou meat is called "venison." Antelope, elk, deer, moose, and reindeer meat are also classified as venison, the most popular large animal game meat. Carissa This scarlet fruit of a South African shrub is an oval berry about 2 inches long. This fruit is used in pies, jellies, and preserves. Also called "Natal plum." Carne adovada Meat cured in red chile sauce. Traditional New Mexican dish. Carnitas Little pieces of meat; small chunks of pork which have been seasoned, slow-cooked, and fried crisp in their own fat; it is a traditional taco and enchilada filling. Carob The fruits of this evergreen tree, native to the Middle East, grow in pods about 20cm/8in long and ripen from green to brown. They contain hard, brown seeds. In the Middle East, the sweet pods are chewed raw, and are used as animal feed. Carob beans are also ground and used as a healthier alternative to chocolate and coffee as they contain no caffeine or oxalic acid, and only half the fat of cocoa. The flavour is sweet and treacly, so is excellent in baking. Carp This freshwater fish ranges from 2 to 7 pounds and has a lean white flesh. It is the primary ingredient for the Jewish dish called "gefilte fish." Carpaccio An Italian dish, served as a starter, of very thin shavings of raw beef fillet, served cold with olive oil and lemon juice or with a mayonnaise or mustard sauce. The dish is often topped with capers and sometimes onions. Carrot This member of the parsley family has long green foliage and an edible orange root. This very popular vegetable has been cultivated for over 2,000 years. Casaba Melon This member of the muskmelon family has cream-colored flesh, is extremely juicy, and has a mild cucumber-like flavor. Cascabel chiles Little rattler; jingle bells; sleigh bells; small, round, hot chiles that rattle when shaken; measure about 1 1/2 to 2 inches across and have smooth skins; woodsy chile with tones of hazelnut, citrus and tobacco, gives off a wonderful aroma when roasted; great in stews, soups, salsas, salad dressing and vinaigrettes; blend well with apples, pears and other fruits and with spices such as star anise, canela and cinnamon; arbol chiles may be substituted. Cashew The fruit of the cashew tree, originally from South America but widely cultivated in India and other tropical countries since the 16th century. The nut contains a smooth creamy-white kidney-shaped kernel that is rich in vitamin A and has a high fat content. In Europe cashews are usually eaten dried, roasted and salted as a snack or in salads. Casing There are many types of casing. Natural casing are made from intestines of sheep, hogs or beef and are edible. Fibrous and plastic casings are manufactured and cannot be eaten. Collagen casings are manufactured from corium layer of split beef hides, a natural product and are edible. Cloth casing are made of muslin and are not edible. Cassava The cassava is a root with a crisp white flesh. There are two main categories of cassava: sweet and bitter. Bitter cassavas are toxic until cooked. Cassava is used to make "cassreep" and "tapioca." Casserole (from the French for 'stew pan') is a dish consisting of tough cuts of meat, poultry or game stewed in liquid with vegetables and flavourings. Vegetarian versions also exist. The pot to be used, called a casserole dish or just casserole, has a tight-fitting lid, and is placed in an oven or on the hob. The culinary term en casserole (also from French) means 'served in the vessel used for cooking'. Hot dish is a Midwestern (and particularly Minnesotan) term for a casserole-like main course; it is one of the quintessential foods of that region. Cassoulet A dish from southwest France consisting of white beans and an assortment of meats like confit, lamb, pork, and Toulouse sausage. The dish is enriched with large amounts of duck fat and is baked until the top is brown and crispy. Variations of this dish include seafood and lentils. This dish is very substantial and needs nothing else to be served with it but a bitter green salad to cut through the richness. Castor/Caster sugar A very fine granulated sugar. Similar to U.S. superfine sugar. Catfish This fish is firm, low in fat, and has a mild flavor. Most catfish are fresh water varieties, but there is a salt water variety that called the "hogfish." The channel catfish is considered the best for eating. Catsup, Ketchup A thick, spicy sauce with vinegar, sugar, salt, and spices. Catsup usually has a tomato foundation, but gourmet markets often carry condiments with a base of anything from walnuts to mangos. Also called "ketchup." Caul Fat The lacy fatty membrane encasing the internal organs of an animal, pork caul is often used for wrapping faggots or pates. Cauliflower This member of the cabbage family is composed of bunches of tiny creamy white florets on stalks of the same color. The entire white portion--called the curd--is edible. Caviar These are the eggs of sturgeon that have been salted and cured. Grading for caviar is determined by the size and color of the roe and the species of the sturgeon. Beluga caviar, which is the most expensive of the three types of caviar, are dark gray in color and are the largest eggs. Ossetra caviar are light to medium brown and are smaller grains than beluga. Sevruga caviar are the smallest grains, the firmest in texture and are also gray in color. Pressed caviar is made of softer, lower quality eggs and have a stronger, fishier flavor. The term malossol is used to describe the amount of salt used in the initial curing process. The roe from other fish such as salmon, lumpfish, and whitefish are not considered caviar, regardless of their label. They should be addressed as roe. Caviar should be served as simply as possible. Traditional accompaniments, inspired by the Russians, are sour cream, blinis, and ice cold vodka. Lemon and minced onion are often served with caviar, but their flavors will only detract from the pure delicate flavor of the caviar. Cavolo nero An Italian cabbage with dark green leaves that have a strong flavour. It can be used as in all cabbage recipes but it is particularly favoured used as a vegetable in soups or fried in olive oil with garlic and chillies. Cayenne Cayenne pepper is used to describe almost any hot, finely ground red chile pepper, but it was named after several tropical varieties that originated in Cayenne in French Guiana. A dried chile, they is also known as ginnie peppers; 3 to 8 inches long and slender, measuring about 1/2 inch across; fiery chiles that can be used in soups and stews, but are most commonly ground and used as a seasoning; chiles de arbol are closely related and may be substituted. Cazuelas glazed or unglazed Mexican casserole-style dishes; ideal for long, slow cooking, either in the oven or on top of the stove; can also be used as serving dishes. Ceci The round irregularly shaped buff-colored legumes with a firm texture and a mild nut-like flavor. Also called "chick-peas" and "garbanzo beans." Used in salads, soups, and stews. Celeriac A large root vegetable with a taste of celery, celeriac is sold without its leaves. It is available from mid-September to the end of April. To prepare, peel like potato, rinse and keep in acidulated water until ready to use. It can be mashed, roasted, boiled, steamed or made into soup. Shredded, lanched for a few minutes in boiling water and then cooled, it can be served as a salad with a vinaigrette or piquant dressing. Celery One of the most popular vegetables in the Western world. This plant grows in bunches of leaved ribs surrounding a tender heart. Eaten raw and used in soups, stews, and casseroles. Celery Salt A seasoning composed of celery seed and salt. Celery Seed The seed of the wild celery called "lovage," most of which is grown in India. Because of its strong flavor, it should be used sparingly. Used in soups, salads, and meat dishes. Cellophane Noodle A form of translucent Chinese noodle. These are not true noodles, but are made from the starch of mung beans. Also called "bean threads." Celtuse A variety of lettuce that exhibits characteristics of both celery and lettuce. Celtuse can be eaten raw or cooked. Cepes A wild mushroom of the boletus family known for their full flavor and meaty texture. Cervelat Semi-dry sausage -- General classification for mildly seasoned smoked, semi-dry sausages. Popularly termed "Summer Sausage". Farmer Cervelat contains equal parts of coarsely chopped pork and beef; cured, dried and delicately seasoned, without garlic. Goettinger Cervelat is a high quality dry, hard sausage; pork and beef; delightfully spiced. Goteborg Cervelat is made of coarsely chopped pork and beef; heavily smoked, seasoning is salty and somewhat sweet from the spice, cardamon; of Swedish origin. Gothaer is a cervelat of German origin; made only of very lean pork, finely chopped and cured. Holsteiner Cervelat is similar to farmer cervelat, but packed in a ring-shaped style. Landjaeger Cervelat is a semi-dry sausage of Swiss origin; beef and pork; heavily smoked with a black, wrinkled appearance; in links the size of large franks, but pressed flat. Thuringer Cervelat is a popular semi-dry sausage made of beef and ham or pork fat; distinctive tangy flavor; mildly spiced. Ceviche A South American dish of raw white fish, marinated and 'cooked' in lemon or lime juice. It is served with sweet limes, raw onion rings, tomatoes and boiled sweetcorn. Chablis An elegant dry wine grown in the Chablis district of northern Burgundy (France). Chablis is clear and pale in color. It is made from the Chardonnay grape and is extremely dry and has a "flinty" taste similar to champagne. Chai The Indian name for tea, often served with milk and sugar. Chalupas Fried corn tortillas in the shape of a boat or basket containing shredded chicken or beans topped with salsa, guacamole or cheese. Chamomile An aromatic flower that is dried and used to flavor chamomile tea. This tea is purported to be a soothing drink. Also spelled "camomile." Champagne A popular bubbling wine from the Champagne region of France. Bubbling wine is called "spumante" in Italy, "Seki" in Germany, and "vin mousseux" in other regions of France. Americans unashamedly call their bubbling wines "champagne." Chanterelle A wild mushroom with a golden color and a funnel-shaped cap. The whole mushroom is edible and is savored for its exquisite flavor and firm texture when cooked. Chantilly Sweetened whipped cream flavored with vanilla. The term may also be used to describe sauces that have had whipped cream folded into them. This includes both sweet and savory sauces. Chapati A whole wheat Indian flatbread that can be grilled or fried. Charcuterie The generic term used to refer to products based on pork meat or offal, including cured and cooked meats, fresh and smoked sausages, pates, black puddings, salamis. The word is also used for the shop where this type of product is sold. Chard A type of beet that doesn't develop the swollen, fleshy roots of ordinary beets. This vegetable is grown for its large leaves which are used much like other green vegetables. Also called "Swiss chard." Chardonnay The wine from the Chardonnay grape, which is grown chiefly in France and California. This is one of the grapes used in making fine French champagnes and white burgundies. Charlie Taylor a butter substitute of sorghum and bacon grease. Charlotte Small, waxy, yellow-fleshed potato, good for use in salads. Charlotte mould A plain mold for charlottes and other desserts, sometimes used for molded gelatin-based salads. Charmoula A sauce and marinade used in Middle Eastern cooking made of stewed onions flavored with vinegar, honey and a spice mixture called "rasel hanout". This is a complex spice mixture containing cinnamon, black pepper, cloves, cumin and sometimes paprika and coriander. This sauce is used on meat and fish and can even be adjusted to make a unique vinaigrette. Chartreuse An aromatic liqueur that was originally made by the monks of La Grande Chartruese monastery in France. The yellow variety, colored with saffron, is lighter and sweeter than the green type, which is higher in alcohol content. Chasseur A sauce made with wine, mushrooms and shallots. Chateaubriand Steak A very fillet of beef, exceedingly tender and juicy, cut laterally from the heart of the tenderloin, grilled or sauteed and simply sauced. Many restaurants claim their chateaubriand to be the head of the tenderloin, cut for two, which is roasted and carved tableside. Chaud-Froid Meat or fish that has been poached or roasted, chilled and served cold, masked with a thick sauce and glazed with aspic. The whole preparation was once quite popular and used consistently on elaborate buffets. Modern tastes have moved away from this style of food, opting for cleaner, less adulterated flavors. Chayote This gourd-like fruit has a bland white flesh. Chayotes can be prepared in any way suitable for summer squash. It is a good source of potassium. Cheddar Cheese which is mild in flavor and melts easily, it is a favorite in many Southwestern dishes; Longhorn cheese is a very good substitute, and it is usually a little less expensive. Cheese Most cheeses derive from milk (usually cow, sheep or goat), jolted by a "startar" culture, then thickened by the addition of rennet (animal or vegetable) until it separates into curds (semi-solids) and whey (liquid). Cheesecake A creamy dessert made by creaming cheese. Chenin Blanc A grape of French origin that produces excellent white wines. It has proven itself highly productive in California. Cherimoya This large tropical fruit tastes like a cross between a pineapple, mango, and strawberry. The flesh is cream-colored and has the texture of firm custard. Cherry There are two main types of cherries: sweet and sour. The sweet varieties include Bing, Lambert, Tartarian, and Royal Ann (from which Maraschino cherries are made). The sour types include Early Richmond, Montemorency, English Merello. Cherry Tomatoes Miniature sweet tomatoes available in colors of red, orange and yellow. Store cherry tomatoes in the same way as full-size tomatoes, at room temperature for up to 3 days. Chervil A mild, aromatic herb of the parsley family. It can be used like parsley, although its delicate flavor is diminished when boiled. Cheshire Cheese A rich, cow's milk cheese that originated in Cheshire county England. This cheese is semi-firm, mild, and has a tangy cheddar flavor. The blue Cheshire has a golden interior veined with blue. Chestnut This nut of the chestnut tree was once abundant in America, but most were killed by a fungus at the turn of the century. The many varieties of chestnuts can be boiled, candied, dried, preserved, pureed, roasted, or ground into flour. Chevre The French word for 'goat' has come to be used to refer to goat’s cheese. Chevres can vary in maturity (and strength of flavour) and range in texture from moist and creamy to dry and semi-firm. They come in a variety of shapes including cylinders, discs, cones and pyramids, and are often coated in edible ash or leaves, herbs or pepper. Chia Seeds Seeds from a plant of the mint family that grows in the U.S. Southwest and Mexico. These seeds are used as food and brewed to make a beverage commonly called "chia." Chianti A sturdy dry red Italian wine that is was packaged in a strawcovered bottle (now more commonly in a Bordeaux-type bottle). The word "Riserva" on the label indicates a superior Chianti that it has been aged in oak for at least 3 years. Chiboust A custard made originally as the filling for the gateaux Saint-Honor, consisting of pastry cream lightened with Italian meringue and stabilized with gelatin. Chicharron Crispy fried pigskin used in Mexican cooking for salads, fillings and snacks. Chick-Pea The round irregularly shaped buff-colored legumes with a firm texture and a mild nut-like flavor. Also called "garbanzo beans" and "ceci." Used in salads, soups, and stews. Chicken This bird, taken from the jungles of southeastern Asia around 1400 B.C., has become a popular food fowl throughout the world. Boiler-fryers are 2.5 months old; roasters are 8 months old; stewing chickens are 10 to 18 months old. Chicken Maryland In Australia refers to chicken leg with both thigh and drumstick attached. In the US, refers to any parts of chicken, crumbed, browned in hot fat, baked and served with cream gravy. Chicken steak A small, very tender and flavorful steak cut from the shoulder blade. Chicken stock A chicken soup or stock made from chicken backs and necks, carrots, yellow onions, celery and salt and pepper and allowed to simmer for at least an hour. Then strained. Chickpeas Also called garbanzo beans, chickpeas are nutty-tasting, relatively large legumes. Chicon The correct term to describe a single bulb of chicory. Chicories These are sharp crunchy greens (closely related to endives) that vary wildly in appearance, but much less so in taste and texture. Tight-headed, bright red radicchio; long, green, leafy radicchio; lettuce-looking escarole; and lacy frilly frisee are all crunchy and feature a stark bitterness tamed by cooking or smoothed by olive oil. Chicory An endive relative with curly, slightly bitter leaves that are used in salads or cooked as greens. "Radicchio" is the red-leafed Italian chicory. "Succory," a coffee substitute, comes from the roasted, ground chicory roots. Chicos Corn kernels that are roasted, steamed in a horno, then dried; they are not treated with lime; may be cooked for hours to serve as a vegetable, or ground into harinella, which may be used interchangeably with Masa Harina®. Chiffonade Thin strips or shreds of vegetables (classically, sorrel and lettuce), either lightly sauteed or used raw to garnish soups. Chihuahua Queso menonita. Cheese which is white and creamy; was created by Mennonites in Mexico, and they still produce the finest version, queso menonita; has a slightly spongy texture and a buttery flavor; melts easily; Muenster or a mild white Cheddar can be substituted. Chikuwa A variety of Japanese fish paste cake. Chilaca chile fresh pasilla chiles; long, thin and dark green. Chilaquiles A family-style casserole of tortilla strips, salsa, meat and/or cheese, most often served for breakfast; it is very difficult to find in restaurants. This is a highly seasoned dish, often served as a brunch or lunch dish with eggs or grilled meats. Chile ancho wide chile pepper; refers to the broad, flat heart-shaped dried pod; in its fresh green form is known as poblano chile. Chile caribe red chile paste made from crushed or ground red chiles, garlic and water; liquid fire. Chile Colorado red chile; usually refers to ancho or New Mexico dried chiles or the stew made with them. Chile paste Sometimes labeled "chili-garlic paste." This hot condiment is made with chiles, salt and garlic. it is available in Asian markets and many supermarkets, and will keep almost indefinitely if refrigerated. Chile pequin Chilipiquin; chiltepin; chili tepins. Small, dried, quite hot red chiles; common names are bird pepper, chile bravo and chile mosquito; the size and shape of a cranberry; range in color from immature green to orange to very ripe brick red; grows wild in southerly regions of the Southwest; cayenne powder or hot red chile powder may be substituted. Chile powder The plants or pods of the Capsicum genus. Chiles de arbol Treelike; chile de arbol; small, thin, 2 to 3 inch long (including the stems), very hot dried chile; usually ground into a powder for use in chile sauces; go well with tomatoes, tomatillos, citrus, and herbs such as rosemary and oregano; common Mexican names are pico de pajaro (bird's beak) and cola de rata (rat's tail). Chilhuacle a chile found almost exclusively in Oaxaca; one of the main ingredients of Oaxaca's renowned mole negro; the chiles are very expensive. Chili con carne "Chili with meat," this dish is a mixture of diced or ground beef and chiles or chili powder (or both). It originated in the Lone Star State and Texans, who commonly refer to it as "a bowl of red." They consider it a crime to add beans to the mixture. In many parts of the country, however, beans are used, and the dish is called "chili con carne with beans." Chili Pepper Any of over 200 varieties of hot pepper. They vary from mild to blistering hot and make very powerful seasonings. Chili powder A seasoning mixture of dried chilies, garlic, oregano, cumin, coriander, and cloves. Chili rellenos A Mexican dish consisting of a batter-fried, cheese stuffed, poblano chili pepper. Chili sauce A spicy condiment composed of tomatoes, chili peppers, onions, green peppers, vinegar, sugar, and spices. Chilli Chilli peppers are much smaller than sweet peppers and can be green, yellow, orange, red or black. The seeds and flesh are extremely hot and should be used sparingly. Removing the seeds lessens the heat of the chilli. It is very important to avoid contact with the eyes or any sensitive skin - even washing the hands after preparing chillis may not be enough to remove all the capsaicin, the volatile oil in the fruit that gives it its hot taste. There are many different varieties of chilli, including bird's eye, chipolte, habanero and Scotch bonnet. Chilling Process of cooling prepared or partially prepared food, without freezing it, in a refrigerator. Chilorio Cooked and shredded meat, fried with a paste of ground chiles and other seasoning. Chiltepins Small, round, wild chile that grows in Arizona; in Texas there is a wild variety called chilipiquin. Chimichanga Stuffed burro fried in deep fat, then topped with cheese, guacamole and chile sauce; found almost exclusively in Arizona. Chinese cabbage Also called bok choy, Napa cabbage, chinese celery cabbage, wong bok, and Peking cabbage. Has crinkly, thick veined leaves which are thin, crisp, and mild. Choose firm, tightly packed heads with crisp, green-tipped leaves. Chinese Cellophane Noodles Also known as slippery noodles or bean threads, these noodles are made from the starch of mung beans, a.k.a. "sprouts" to most of us. Dried they're translucent, but softened in hot water and cooked they become gelatinous and transparent. Although they don't have much taste on their own they do have a knack for picking up the flavors other ingredients they're mingled amongst. To cook: soften in hot water for 15 minutes, then boil or stir fry for 1 minute. Or deep-fry briefly in hot oil until puffed and lightly golden and use to garnish anything from quirky Asian-inspired appetizers to salads. Chinese Date A leathery skinned, olive-sized fruit that ranges from red, to off-white, to black, depending on the variety. It has a rather dry flesh that tastes somewhat like a prune. Also known as "Chinese Jujube" and "Red Date." Chinese Fungus A fungus that resembles a human ear. It is found almost exclusively on dead elder tree branches. Used in many Chinese dishes. Normally dried before use. Also know as "Jew's Ear." Chinese Gooseberry A fruit containing a brilliant green flesh with tiny, edible black seeds. It has a unique tart-sweet taste. Also known as the "kiwi fruit." Chinese Mushroom Find in Oriental markets. Soak in water before cooking. Trim the stems and save for making soup. Chinese parsley A plant native to the Mediterranean and the Orient. It is related to the parsley family and is valued for both its leaves and its seeds--both of whose flavors bear no resemblance to each other. Chinese Parsley Leaves This pungent herb, also called "cilantro" and "coriander," is used in highly seasoned foods. Although it is purported to be one of the world's most popular herbs, Americans and Europeans find it to be an acquired taste. Chinese Parsley Seed The seed of the Chinese parsley, also called "cilantro" and "coriander." They are mild and have an aroma similar to a cross among lemon, sage, and caraway. Used in baking, curry blends, pickling, special drinks, and soups. Chinese Radish This radish has a sweet flavor and a crisp, juicy white flesh. Used raw, in salads, in stir-fries, and as a garnish. Also called "Oriental radish" and "Daikon," which means "big root" in Japanese. Chinese Watermelon The melon-like fruit of a tropical Asian vine belonging to the gourd family. Also called "white gourd." Chinese Yam Large bulbous root vegetable with a thin brown skin and a white crunchy flesh with a texture similar to water chestnut. It has a sweet, nutty flavor and can be eaten raw or cooked. Also called "Yam Bean Tuber." Chining Meat carving process whereby the backbone is separated from the ribs in a join to make carving easier. Chinois A conical strainer with a handle, used for soups and sauces. Chinook Salmon Considered the finest Pacific salmon. This high-fat, soft textured fish can reach up to 120 pounds. Also called the "king salmon." Chip wagon A wagon which carried campfire "prairie coal." Chipolte A mild, smoky, dried chilli commonly used in Mexican and south-west American cookery. Chipotle chiles Chiles that take their name from the Aztec words for chile and smoke; a term for any smoked chile; normally a smoked, dried jalapeno with a wrinkled appearance, similar to a dried mushroom; some chipotles are pickled and canned in adobo sauce; go well with orange and other citrus flavors, balsamic and sherry vinegars, and herbs such as cilantro and basil; moritas, smoked serranos, may be substituted. These chiles are extremely hot and caution should be taken when using them in cooking. Chipped beef Wafer-thin slices of salted and smoked, dried beef; usually packed in small jars and were once an American staple. Chipped beef is also referred to simply as dried beef. SOS is military slang used for creamed chipped beef served on toast. Chitterlings The small intestines of animals, usually pigs. They are cleaned, simmered, then served with a sauce or used as a sausage casing. Chitterlings are also added to soups or battered and fried. Chive Related to the onion and leek, this fragrant herb has slender, vivid green, hollow stems. Chives have a mild onion flavor and are available fresh year-round. They are a good source of vitamin A and also contain a fair amount of potassium and calcium. Chocolate A preparation made from cocoa seeds that have been roasted, husked, and ground. Chocolate today is often sweetened and flavored with vanilla. Aztec king Montezuma drank 50 goblets a day in the belief that it was an aphrodisiac. Chocolate sauce Chocolate syrup to which milk, cream, and/or butter has been added, making it richer and thicker than the syrup. Chocolate syrup Sweetened liquid chocolate. use as topping for desserts or as an ingredient in beverages. Chongos Dessert of cooked milk curds. Chop To cut food either into small chucks (finely chopped) or large chunks (coarsely chopped). Chopped Ham Cooked meat specialty -- Firm loaf made of ground, chipped or cubed cured pork; ham-like in color and flavor. Chorizo Used in Spanish and Mexican cookery, chorizos are fresh sausages or dried salamis of pork, flavoured with paprika and sometimes garlic. Chorizo can be used in cooking or sliced for eating. Fresh chorizo sausages can be smoked or unsmoked and are delicious fried or grilled whole or skinned and crumbled into stews. Choron A variation of Bearnaise sauce with tomato puree or concasse added. Choucroute An Alsatian specialty consisting of sauerkraut that is simmered with assorted fresh and smoked meats and sausages. This is a grand dish served on huge platters so that diners may witness all of the components displayed at one time. The kraut is first washed, then seasoned with garlic, caraway seeds, and white wine. The meats are layered in the casserole with the kraut and cooked until all the meat is tender and the flavors have blended together. Pork sausages, smoked pork shanks and shoulders, and fresh pork loin are all used. A variation of this, though not actually called a choucroute, is a whole pheasant cooked in sauerkraut with champagne. There are other recipes that consist of solely fish in with the sauerkraut. This can be quite delicious if properly prepared. Choux pastry A very light, double-cooked pastry usually used for sweets such as cakes and buns. Chowchow A mustard-flavored relish of vegetables and pickles. Chowchow is believed to have been brought to America by Chinese railroad workers. Chowder A thick, chunky seafood soup from North America, of which clam chowder is the best known. Chub One of the most prized whitefish found in the Great Lakes and in Canada. May be prepared in any manner suitable for salmon. Also called "?Lake Herring" and "Cisco." Chuck A cut of beef from the region of the shoulder, neck, and upper back, slightly tough. Thus best used for braising and stewing, or for grinding into hamburger. Cowboy's word for any food. Chuck and Blade Cut of beef from the shoulder, ideal for casseroles and stews. Chuck wagon kitchen on wheels used on the range. Chuck wagon chicken bacon; also called Kansas City fish. Chum Salmon This, the smallest and most delicate flavored of the salmons, has the lightest color and the lowest fat content of the various salmon varieties. Also called the "dog salmon." Chump Cut of either lamb or pork taken from the lower back. Sold as chops and steaks, ideal for grilling and barbecues. Churros Deep-fried cakes named for the shaggy, long-haired Mexican sheep they resemble. Chutney From the East Indian word chatni, this spicy relish contains fruit or vegetables, vinegar, sugar and spices. It can range in texture from chunky to smooth and in degrees of spiciness from mild to hot. Chutney is a delicious accompaniment to curried dishes. The sweeter chutneys also make interesting bread spreads and are delicious served with cheese. Ciabatta A loaf of moist aerated Italian bread made with olive oil. Cider A drink almost always made from pressed apples. To many people, but not all, it is alcoholic. In the US usage is typically that "cider" is not alcoholic and "hard cider" is. Cilantro The American term for coriander. Cilantro Leaves This pungent herb, also called "Chinese parsley" and "coriander," is used in highly seasoned foods. Although it is purported to be one of the world's most popular herbs, Americans and Europeans find it to be an acquired taste. Cilantro Seed The seed of the Chinese parsley, also called "Chinese parsley" and "coriander." They are mild and have an aroma similar to a cross among sage, and caraway. Used in baking, curry blends, pickling, special drinks, and soups. Cinnamon This warm, sweet spice comes from the bark of several tropical trees. The bark is removed, dried and rolled up to make a tube. Cinnamon is sold dry as sticks but also often as a powder. Used in baking and with fruit but can be added to savoury dishes. Cinnamon roll A cinnamon roll (also cinnamon bun) is a type of pastry found commonly in North America. It consists of dough onto which cinnamon and sometimes raisins are sprinkled; the dough is then rolled, cut and baked. Cinnamon buns are frequently served with icing of some sort. The size of a cinnamon bun varies from place to place; most vendors supply a smaller size about 5cm in diameter and a larger size about 10cm to a side. Cioppino A rich fish stew from San Francisco made with shrimp, clams, mussels, crabs, and any available fish. The broth is flavored with tomato, white wine, garlic, and chile flakes. This stew needs no other courses served but a simple green salad and a lot of sourdough bread. Cisco One of the most prized whitefish found in the Great Lakes and in Canada. May be prepared in any manner suitable for salmon. Also called "lake herring" and "chub." Citric Acid Used to add a tangy or fermented taste to sausages. Lowers the pH of sausage. Also used to preserves color of fresh sausage during storage. Citron A semitropical fruit that resembles a six-to-nine inch long lemon. Because the pulp is very sour, it is unsuitable for eating. The extremely thick peel, however, is candied and used in baking. Citrus A large family of fruits that include grapefruits, lemons, limes, oranges, shaddocks, tangerines, and kumquats. Civet A French stew usually containing game, though duck and goose are used. The meat is marinated in red wine for long periods of time, then stewed with pearl onions and bacon. The sauce was once thickened with blood, but that is a method not used much anymore. Clabber Milk which has soured to the point where it is thick and curdy but not separated. Clafouti A dessert of fruit, originally cherries, covered with a thick batter and baked until puffy. The dessert can be served hot or cold. Clam These bivalve mollusks come in two varieties. Hard-shell clams include littleneck, cherrystone, and chowder clams. The soft-shelled clams, such as steamer, razor, and geoduck clams, have thin brittle shells that can't completely close. Clarified butter Butter cleared of its water content through heating and then straining. It can then be cooked to higher temperatures without fear of burning. Clarify To clear fats by heating and filtering; to clear consommes and jellies with beaten egg white. Clay pot cooking Clay pot cooking is a technique of cooking food in an unglazed clay pot which has been soaked in water so as to release steam during the cooking process. This technique has a long history, streching back at least to ancient Roman times. Typically, an unglazed clay pot is submerged for 15 to 30 minutes to absorb water before cooking, then filled with the food and placed into an oven. The walls of the pot help to diffuse the heat, and as the pot warms it releases the water as steam. Clingstone A term that refers to a fruit with a pit to which the flesh clings tenaciously. The best known fruits of this type are "cling peaches" or "clingstone peaches." The term with the opposite meaning is "freestone." Clotted Cream Thick, baked cream, traditionally from Devon and Cornwall. Served with scones or desserts or made into ice-cream. Cloud Ear/Tree Ear Thin, brownish-black mushrooms with a subtle, woodsy taste; A good addition to stir-fries. Available in dried form in Asian markets and may supermarkets. They become ear-shaped and five times as big when soaked in warm water. Tree ears are the larger variety; an albino type is called silver ears. May be sold under the name "wood ear mushrooms." Clove This spice is the dried, unopened flower bud of the tropical evergreen clove tree. Used both for savoury stews and roasts as well as with fruits. Club Steak A rib steak from the top portion of the short loin. The higher the rib, the larger the steak. Size depends on thickness of cut also, and may serve one or two; very tender and juicy. Cobbler Cobbler is a traditional American baked dish, usually a dessert. It consists of a filling which is placed in a large baking dish, such as a Dutch oven, which is covered by a layer of pastry as a crust. The result is then baked. Cobblers are generally filled with fresh fruit, most commonly apples, peaches, and cherries. They can also be filled with meat and vegetables to be served as a main course. A cobbler is similar to a pie, but lacks the bottom crust. Cobnut This nut is also known as the "hazelnut" or "filbert." Used whole, chopped, and ground in baking, candies, desserts, and salads. Cochineal Small red bug crushed to make red food coloring. Cock-a-Leekie A thick Scottish soup made with chicken, leeks, and barley. Modern versions have lightened up this soup by using a chicken broth garnished with leeks and barley. Cocktail Onion Tiny pearl onions that are mild-flavored and about the size of a marble. Used as a garnish in certain cocktails. Cocktail Sauce A combination of catsup or chili sauce with prepared horseradish, lemon juice, and hot red pepper seasoning. Used with seafood and as a condiment for hors d'oeuvres. Cocoa The fruit of the cocoa plant. These beans are fermented, dried, roasted, cracked, and ground. After extracting half the fat, it is again dried into unsweetened cocoa. "Dutch cocoa" is treated with alkali to neutralize acidity. Cocoa Butter The natural, cream-colored vegetable fat extracted during the process of making chocolate and cocoa powder. Cocoa powder The dried powder formed from chocolate liquor after the cocoa butter has been removed. This mixture is then dried and ground into a fine powder. Dutch process cocoa has been treated with alkali to give a darker appearance and less bitter taste. Instant cocoa has sugar, milk solids, and other flavorings and emulsifiers added to it which aides it to dissolve more readily. Coconut The fruit of the coconut palm, the coconut has a very hard woody shell covered with a thick, hairy husk. The shell is lined with a firm white pulp and the hollow centre contains a sweet milky-white liquid which makes a refreshing drink. The pulp is rich in fat. In western countries coconut is mostly used in desiccated (shredded) form in baking, confectionery and ices. In Indian, Indonesian, African and South American cooking, the pulp is used fresh or dried in chicken, beef or shellfish stews. Coconut Cream Coconut cream is made by combining one part water and four parts shredded fresh or desiccated coconut meat and simmering until foamy. The coconut is then discarded. Used in recipes, particularly those in curried dishes. Coconut milk Coconut milk is made by combining equal parts water and shredded fresh or desiccated coconut meat and simmering until foamy. The coconut is then discarded. Used in recipes, particularly those in curried dishes. Coconut Oil Coconut oil is made by pressing the coconut meat ("copra"). Used in frying and as an ingredient in many packaged goods. Because this oil is high in saturated fats, many food makers are replacing it with more costly unsaturated oils. Coconut Water The opaque white liquid in the unripened coconut that serves as a beverage for those living near the coconut palm. Cocotte A small, straight sided metal, earthenware or porcelain baking dish with a cover, used for cooking eggs (in a pan of hot water) in the oven. Cod Popular white sea fish with flaky flesh, available fresh or frozen, whole or as steaks and fillets. It is a resident of northern seas, but is in danger of being over-fished. Can be poached, baked, fried, or grilled and served with or without sauce. Cod Liver Oil A valuable, vitamin-rich oil produced from the liver of the saltwater cod fish. Coddle To cook food slowly in water keeping the water just below boiling. Coddled eggs Eggs which have been placed in rapidly boiling water and at once allowed to stand undisturbed for 10 to 15 minutes, in the cooling water; results in the whites and the yolks having the same degree of jellied firmness. Coeur a la Creme Meaning "the heart of the cream", this is a soft cheese dessert where the mixture is drained in a mold to help it set. The cheese is then turned out onto a platter and served with fruit and bread. Alternate versions use mixtures of ricotta and cream cheese and flavored with liquor and citrus juice. This is then molded and served with a berry coulis. Coffee A coffee bean beverage. Believed to have originated in Ethiopia, but Brazil and Columbia are the two largest producers today. American roast ("regular roast") beans are medium-roasted, resulting in the moderate brew favored by Americans. Coffeecake A cake or sweetened bread, often containing nuts or raisins. Cognac A fine brandy produced in and around the town of Cognac in western France. Coho Salmon This high-fat variety of salmon provides a firm-textured, pink to orange-red flesh. Also called the "silver salmon." Cointreau a clear, mildly bitter, brandy based liqueur, flavored with the peel of sour and sweet oranges from Curacao and Spain. It is considered to be a high quality Triple Sec. Cojack American cheese that blends Colby Cheddar and Monterey Jack. Colache Stew made of squash and other vegetables. Colander Cooking utensil comprised of perforated metal or plastic and shaped as a basket. Primarily used for draining away spent or reserved liquids. Colby Cheese A mild, whole-milk cheddar cheese with a softer, more open texture than regular cheddar. Because it is a high-moisture cheese, it doesn't keep as well as many other cheeses. Cold Duck A pink sparking wine--originally from Germany--that is a combination of sparkling Burgundy, champagne, and sugar. This very sweet wine is often made from less expensive grapes. Cold Smoking Smoking meats or fish at low temperature for a long period of time. The temperature should be under 100 degrees. Cole A non-heading member of the cabbage family. Also called "kale." Cultivated for over 2,000 years, this vegetable can be prepared and eaten in much the same way as spinach. Cole Slaw A salad composed of shredded red or white cabbage and mayonnaise, vinaigrette or other type of dressing. Chopped onion, celery, peppers, pickles, bacon, nuts, and herbs are also sometimes added. Colewart A non-heading member of the cabbage family. Also called "kale." Cultivated for over 2,000 years, this vegetable can be prepared and eaten in much the same way as spinach. Collagen Casing An edible casing made from the corium layer of split beef hides. Collar Cut of pork from the neck which is sold as chops or diced and minced. Good for casseroles and stews. Collard greens One of a variety of "greens" with a firm leaf and sharp flavor somewhere between cabbage or kale and turnip greens, fellow members of the mustard family. Depending on their age, they can be mild and sweet or mustardy. Collards do not form a head but grow on stalks that are too tough to eat. Collards A variety of cabbage that doesn't form a head, but grows in a loose rosette at the top of a tall stem. Tastes like a cross between cabbage and kale, which is a close relative. Also called "collard greens." Collop A piece of meat tenderized by beating or slicing thinly. Colombard A productive French grape that produces a dry and full-bodied good quality white wine. Also grown in California. Colombo A West Indian stew seasoned with a spice mixture of the same name. This is similar to curry powder, containing coriander, chiles, cinnamon, nutmeg, saffron, and garlic. The stew may contain pork, chicken, or fish. Vegetables are cooked in the stew and rice and beans are served on the side. Comal Flat iron griddle for cooking tortillas. Comminuted Ground meat, poultry, meat byproducts, or poultry byproducts; finely comminuted meat, poultry, meat by- products or poultry by-products are often referred to as emulsified. Compote Dried and fresh fruit cooked with sugar to a jam like consistency, brief enough to allow the fruit to retain their individual identity. A deep bowl, often stemmed, from which such desserts and other foods are served. Compound butter Butter creamed with herbs, spices, garlic, wine, or whatever you wish. Perfect for finishing sauces or jazzing up just about any grilled or broiled foods. Conch These "univalve" mollusks (their shells do not open and close) can be as large as a foot long. Also called whelk. The only preparation before cooking is cutting off the operculum, the shell-like covering that protects the meat. Conchas Mexican sweet-topped buns; named for the seashell design drawn in the topping. Conchiglie Large shell shaped pasta noodles. These are often stuffed and baked au gratin. Small shells are called conchigliette. Conde Dessert made with rice; pastry biscuits topped with icing and glazed in the oven. Condensed milk Evaporated milk to which a lot of sugar has been added Condiment A substance, such as a relish, vinegar, or spice, used to flavor or complement food. A savory, piquant, spicy or salty accompaniment to food, such as a relish, sauce, mixture of spices and so on. Ketchup and mustard are two of the most popular condiments. Confectioners' sugar A refined finely-powdered sugar, often used in frostings. Confectionery 1. Candies and other confections considered as a group. 2. The skill or occupation of a confectioner. 3. A confectioner's shop. Confit This is a preparation for meat to preserve it for long periods of time when fresh meat would be scarce. The meat is first salted to remove moisture. It is then cooked at the lowest of simmers, submerged in fat, until the meat is buttery tender. After the meat is cooled, it is stored in crocks and covered with the fat to prevent exposure to air. The whole crock is stored to help age the meat. During this aging period the meat develops a new flavor, completely different from its original state. When ready to eat, the meat is fried in a skillet or grilled until the skin is crisp and the meat is warmed through. Duck confit was once served with potatoes fried in the same duck fat as the confit. This practice is less popular now, but good companions to the confit are lentils or bitter green salads to balance the richness of the meat. Fatty meats such as duck, goose, and pork work best in confit. Confit is an indispensable component in cassoulet. Conserve Whole fruit preserved by boiling with sugar and used like jam. Consomme A very rich meat or chicken stock (bouillon) which has been clarified, usually with egg white; also a clear bouillon which will jell when cold. Converted Rice Rice that has had the unhulled grain soaked, pressure steamed, and dried prior to milling. This infuses some of the bran's nutrients into the kernel and gelatinizes the starch in the grain to produce a "non-sticky" cooked rice. Cooked Ham Prepared meat -- Most prepared ham is steam or water cooked and therefore is generally known as "boiled ham;" cured, molded and fully cooked; sold whole or sliced and packaged. Cooked, pressed cheese Curd cooked before pressing (parmigiano reggiano, gouda, gruyere). Cookie A small, usually flat and crisp cake made from sweetened dough. Cookies are eaten on their own as a snack or dessert. When crushed, mixed with melted margarine or butter, and pressed into a pan, they make flavorful crusts for pies. Spicy gingersnaps, rich chocolate wafers, classic vanilla wafers, and whole-grain graham crackers, the varieties most frequently used for crusts, are sold in packages in grocery stores. Cooking Banana The fruit of a large tropical herb that belongs to the banana family, but are larger, starchier, and not as sweet. It has a squash-like flavor and is used much like a potato. Also called the "baking banana" and "plantain." Cooking Wine Generally a wine that should not be used as a beverage. Some experts recommend only using wines that you would drink as a cooking wine. Coppa The loin or shoulder of pork that is cured, cooked and dried. It is served thinly sliced for antipasto or on sandwiches or pizza. Coquito tropical eggnog. Cordial A synonym for liqueur. In Great Britain, New Zealand and Australia, a thick syrup (which may or may not contain real fruit) which is diluted to give a non-alcoholic fruit drink. Cordon Bleu French for "blue ribbon." A dish in which a thin scallop (usually chicken or veal) is topped with a thin slice of prosciutto and Gruyere cheese, then with another meat scallop. This is then breaded and sauteed until brown. Coriander Coriander is the world's most commonly used herb, in spite of the fact that the name comes from the Greek, koris, meaning a bug. Native to southern Europe and the Middle East, the plant is now available worldwide. Both the fresh leaves and seeds are used. The herb has a fresh taste, similar to orange, and is an important ingredient in curry. Coriander Leaves This pungent herb, also called "cilantro" and "Chinese parsley," is used in highly seasoned foods. Although it is purported to be one of the world's most popular herbs, Americans and Europeans find it to be an acquired taste. Coriander Seeds The seed of the coriander herb. They are mild and have an aroma similar to a cross between lemon, sage, and caraway. Used in baked goods, curry blends, pickling, special drinks, and soups. Corn This cereal grain was brought from the American Indians to Europe by the early colonists. As soon as it is picked, the corn's sugar begins to convert into starch. For this reason, the corn should be eaten very soon after it is picked. Corn Dog A frankfurter or other sausage that has been dipped into a heavy cornbread batter, impaled onto a smooth round stick, then deep-fried and often served with mustard. Created in 1942 by Neil Fletcher for the Texas State Fair. Corn Flour Finely ground cornmeal. It is available in white or yellow varieties (from white and yellow corn). Corn flour is milled from the entire kernel; cornstarch is milled from the endosperm portion of the kernel. Corn Grits Coarsely ground corn that is available in coarse, medium, and fine grains. Grits can be cooked in milk or in water, normally by boiling. Usually served as a cereal or as a hot side dish. Sometimes called "Groats." Corn husks Dried corn husks, softened by soaking, and used to wrap food before it is cooked (such as tamales); will keep indefinitely, but should be used within a day or two of being rehydrated. Corn Oil A nonhydrogenated oil derived from the kernel of corn. The refined product is tasteless and odorless. Used in U.S. for salad dressings, frying, and as a shortening in baking. Corn syrup A common ingredient in the US made by adding enzymes to corn starch, turning it into syrup of dextrose, maltose and/or glucose. It comes in two flavours - dark and light. Light corn syrup is very sweet like golden syrup while dark corn syrup has a molasses flavour. Corn Syrup Solids Corn syrup solids are also useful in sausage making as they have excellent binding qualities when sausage is being cured at low temperatures. They are especially important to the semidry or dry-cure process, as they not only add flavor, but help to support the fermentation process. Corn syrup solids help to hold the color of the meat, which is especially important commercially. Fluorescent lights in the meat markets tend to bleach out meat, but corn syrup solids help to hold the cured color for longer periods of time. Cornbread Bread made from cornmeal flour, the product of ground, dried maize; in Italy the same golden cornmeal is known as polenta. Corned beef Beef brisket (or round) cured in a seasoned brine. Old-fashioned corned beef is grayish-pink and is very salty; the newer style is bright reddish and less salty. Most corned beef today is free of nitrites (alleged carcinogens). Cornflour Cornflour is the starch extracted from maize which is soaked and ground to separate the germ and the bran. It contains no gluten. A fine white powder with no taste, it is used to thicken sauces. It cuts down the need for fat as, unlike other flours, it blends to a smooth cream with liquid. To use, blend with double the amount of cold liquid to cornflour and stir into sauce to be thickened. Keep stirring while the sauce comes to the boil, and it will clear and thicken. Cornichon Crisp little pickles, intensely sour, traditionally paired with pates. Cornish Game Hen Also called "Rock Cornish game hen." This is a hybrid of Cornish and White Rock chickens. These miniature chickens are about 4 to 6 weeks old and weigh about 2.5 pounds... usually enough for one serving. Cornmeal Coarsely ground corn. Nowadays, the corn is ground after removing the hull and germ. Although this lowers its vitamin A content, this formula keeps better because of its lower fat content. Cornstarch Cornstarch is produced by milling the endosperm portion of the corn kernel. Used as a thickener in sauces, gravies, and puddings. Cos Lettuce Also called "Romaine," this variety of lettuce is long and cylindrical. Its broad, crisp leaves are used in Caesar salads. Cotechino A fresh pork sausage with a very fine consistency and delicate flavor. It contains a small amount of ground pork rind, coteca in Italian, thus giving it the name. It is a large sausage, about 3 x 9 inches, used in stews and Pasta e Fagioli. Cotija (anejo) Aged cheese with dry, crumbly texture; has a salty, sharp flavor; does not melt, so it is used mainly for toppings for tacos, beans and enchiladas; is added to the dish just before serving; feta cheese may be substituted, but drain and blot with paper towels before you crumble it. Cottage Cheese A fresh cheese made from whole, part-skimmed, or skimmed pasteurized cow's milk. If cottage cheese, which is very moist, is left to drain longer, "pot cheese" is formed. Draining longer still produces "farmer cheese." Cottonseed Oil A widely used vegetable oil that is--like olive oil and peanut oil--high in monounsaturated fat. Cottonseed oil is used in some margarines and salad dressings and is often mixed with other oils to create vegetable oil products. Coulibiac A Russian pie made with alternating layers of salmon, hard cooked eggs, rice, mushroom duxelle, and vesiga. Vesiga is the spinal marrow of sturgeon and has all but disappeared from commercial markets. The dough used to wrap the pie can be pate brisee, puff pastry, or brioche dough. Crepes are often layered in the bottom of the pie. Coulis Smooth, thick fruit or vegetable sauce eg apricot, raspberry, red pepper. It may be used to enhance the flavour of a sauce or may itself be used as a sauce. Court Bouillon A well-seasoned cooking liquor, sometimes made with broth, used to poach fish and shellfish. Court-bouillons mainly consist of wine, water, herbs, and onion. Vinegar is sometimes added to the bouillon to help set the fish and enhance its white color. Truite au bleu is a perfect example of this technique. Court bouillon is also a thick fish stew or soup served over rice in Cajun/Creole cuisine. Couscous Using the same flour that goes into pasta, couscous is made by rolling and coating durum or hard wheat semolina grains in fine wheat flour, and is a staple ingredient in North Africa. Couscous is also the name of a dish in which the grains are steamed together with a spiced stew of vegetables and/or sometimes meat or chicken. Cover Pickle A liquid brine, cure, or vinegar solution that covers submerged pieces of meat or poultry. Cow grease Cowboy term for real butter. Cow's Milk Most U.S. milk is pasteurized, meaning that potentially harmful microorganisms have been destroyed. Although cow's milk is the most popular, animals such as camels, goats, llamas, reindeer, sheep, and water buffalo also provide milk. Cowpea A small beige bean of the legume family with a round black "eye" located at its inner curve. This bean is popular, particularly in the south. Also called the "black-eyed pea." Varieties with yellow "eyes" are called "yellow-eyed peas." Crab Any of a large variety of 10-legged crustaceans (shelled animals). There are freshwater and salt water varieties. It is the second most popular shellfish. (Shrimp is the most popular.) Crab apple The small fruit of the wild apple tree that has more core than flesh. Crab apples are sour to taste when eaten raw and so are best used to make a sweet jelly for scones and brioches or as a condiment for roasted meats and game. Cracklings (Cracklins) The crispy residue of skin, usually of pork, remaining after the fat is rendered. Or the rind left when most of the fat of a roast has been melted off. Commonly made from pork, duck, and goose it is used in salads, stuffing, and seasonings. Cranberry A bright red berry of the heath family. About 70% of the crop comes from the Cape Cod area. Because of their tartness, they are often combined with other fruits and used in chutneys, pies, and other desserts. Cranberry bean Also known as "Roman beans," these beans are buff-colored with reddish streaks. Used at add interest and visual appeal to salads and dishes like succotash. Crappie One of a large number of North American freshwater fish closely related to the perch. Known for their bright, sunny colors, crappie are also known as "sunfish." Crayfish Also called "Crawfish" and "crawdads." Crayfish are freshwater crustaceans that look like tiny lobsters. Crayfish can be prepared in any manner appropriate to a lobster. Cream The rich, fatty part of whole milk that rises to the top and which can be separated from the milk. The longer sweet cream stands, the thicker it will be. Cream cheese A mildly tangy, creamy, spreadable cow's milk cheese. It was developed in 1872 and by law it must contain at least 33% butterfat and no more than 55% moisture. Cream cheese is often combined with herbs, spices or fruit. Cream Nut This is the seed of a giant tree that grows in the Amazon jungle. The kernel of this nut is white, rich, and high in fat. Also known as "Brazil nut." Cream of coconut thick sweetened "milk" extracted from coconut flesh and used in desserts and drinks such as pina colada; Coco Lopez is the most widely available brand. Cream of tartar A natural fruit acid in the form of a fine white powder derived from a crystalline deposit found inside wine barrels. Used as the acid in some baking sodas. Also used in frostings, candies, and as an egg white stabilizer. Creme Anglaise This is the French term for custard cream, made with sugar, egg yolks and milk flavoured with vanilla. Creme Brulee A dessert made from an egg custard with a hard caramel topping. Creme Caramel Like the Spanish flan, this is a baked custard that is flavored with caramel. When the dish is inverted, the caramel creates a sauce for the dessert. Creme de Menthe This mint-flavored liqueur is available clear ("white") and green. The green variety gives the Grasshopper cocktail its distinctive color. Creme Fraiche A French cream made from pasteurised cows' milk to which a lactic bacteria culture has been added. This thickens the cream and gives it a distinctive sharp flavour. Richer than soured cream, it can be used to lace soups, sauces and stews or it can be spooned over puddings and stirred into sweet dishes. It is not, however, suitable for whipping. Creme Patisserie This is a thick pastry cream made of milk, eggs, and flour. Other versions of this use all or a portion of cornstarch. Cremini This domesticated brown mushroom has much better flavor than button mushrooms, but is usually more expensive as a result. Crenshaw This hybrid muskmelon is considered one of the most succulent of melons. They weigh in at between 5 and 9 pounds. Creole A style of cooking that features a spicy sauce or dish made especially with tomatoes, peppers, onion, celery, and seasoning. Creole cuisine is often served over rice. Creosote desert bush used as medicine and for tea. Crepaze A cake made of crepes layered with vegetables, cheese, or ham. The cake is then baked to blend the flavors and help set it so that it may be cut into wedges. Crepe The French word for "pancake." Available in various flavors and filled with savory or dessert fillings. Crepinette A small sausage patty wrapped in caul fat. They are filled with ground pork, veal, or poultry and fried or grilled. Some are shaped into balls. You may also use cooked meat or vegetables to flavor a forcemeat in the crepinette. Crespelle An Italian pancake, similar to a crepe, used in place of pasta in preparations of dishes like manicotti and cannelloni. Cress Any of various plants belonging to the mustard family, especially the watercress, which has a pungent-tasting leaf. Used for salads and as a garnish. Crimini Firm, dense consistency mushroom; earthy flavor. Best used stuffed with herbs and nuts. Crimping Process of making a decorative border on pie crusts; gashing fresh skate, then soaking it in cold water and vinegar before cooking, in order to firm the flesh. Croaker Any of a variety of fish named for the peculiar drumming or deep croaking noise they make. These fish are firm and low in fat. The croaker family includes the black croaker, black drum, hardhead, kingfish, and redfish. Crock-pot In food preparation, a crock-pot (also crock pot) is the name given by some manufacturers to their brands of slow cookers. It is a trademarked term in many countries, but is often used generically. When used to refer to the trademarked brand of cooker, both words are capitalized. This type of slow cooker consists of a pot (typically 10" (25 cm) across and similarly high) made of fired clay and usually glazed, surrounded by a housing, usually metal, containing a thermostatically controlled electric heating element. The ceramic pot, often referred to as a crock, acts as both a cooking container and a heat reservoir. Many crockpots have two settings for power. Crockpots have loosely fitting lids (often of glass or similar material) to retain moisture and heat. Croissant A rich crescent-shaped flaky roll whose dough includes some puff paste. Crookneck Squash Any of several varieties of summer squash with a long curved neck and a bulbous base. The creamy-white flesh has a mild flavor. Croque-Monsieur The French version of a grilled ham and cheese sandwich with Gruyere cheese. Croquembouche Means "crunch in the mouth." A grand dessert made up of cream puffs that are dipped in caramel and assembled into a large pyramid shape. The whole dessert is then brushed with more caramel and elaborately decorated. Nougat cut into decorative shapes adorns the croquembourhe. Guests pluck off the puffs with their fingers. Croquette A mixture of minced meats or vegetables, a thick white sauce and seasonings that is formed into small cylinders, ovals or rounds, dipped in beaten egg and breadcrumbs, then deep-fried until crisp and brown. Crostini Traditionally a festive Italian appetiser. Baguette-style bread is thinly sliced and lightly toasted and then topped, usually with a moist spreadable pate made from a variety of ingredients such as mushrooms, chicken livers, capers, garlic and ham. In addition to bread, fried squares of polenta can be used. Croustade A light pastry shell. Croutes Pastry covering meat, fish and vegetables; slices of bread or brioche, spread with butter or sauce, and baked until crisp. Crouton A small piece of bread--often cubed--that has been either sauteed or baked. Used in soups, salads, and other dishes. Croutons are available plain or seasoned with herbs and/or cheeses. Crown roast A ring of rib chops, usually lamb or pork, which is roasted in one piece, the center filled with a mixture of chopped meat and vegetables. Crudites Raw vegetables, thinly sliced or grated, served as a starter or, with a dip, as a snack. Crudites include carrots, celeriac, cucumber, sweet peppers, red cabbage, celery, fennel, tomatoes, mushrooms and radishes. A plate of crudites may also include hard-boiled egg in mayonnaise. Crullers Pastry strips or twists, fried in deep fat. Crumpet Small yeast-raised breads that are about the size of English Muffins. They are "baked" on the stovetop in special metal "crumpet rings." Crystallized ginger Crystallized ginger is candied ginger; it has been cooked in a sugar syrup and coated with a coarse sugar. Available in Asian markets and specialty food shops. Cubanelle chile pepper A fresh mild and slightly sweet light green to yellow chile, measuring 4 to 5 inches long. Very close in flavor to a real Hungarian pepper. Found in good supermarkets or in Caribbean markets. May substitute with fresh green Anaheim pepper, but these are a bit hotter. Good for roasting and cutting into rajas, dicing and using raw in colorful salsas and pickling for escabeches; Anaheims may be substituted if unavailable. Cube To cut foods into uniform 1/2" to 1" cubes. Cube steak A beef cut, usually top round or top sirloin, which is tenderized by a "cubing" process involving a pounding with a special mallet or being run through a "cubing" machine. Cucumber A long, green, cylinder-shaped member of the gourd family with edible seeds surrounded by mild, crisp flesh. Used for making pickles and usually eaten raw. Cucumbers have been cultivated for thousands of years. Culatello The heart of the prosciutto. Cultured Butter Cultured butter is butter churned from cultured cream (cream fraiche). Most butter produced in the U.S. before 1920 was cultured butter, but in the 20's, the U.S. Government guaranteed the sale of every pound of butter produced, so quality became a non-issue and sweet cream butter prevailed. Cumberland Sauce Cold sauce made from port, orange and lemon juice and redcurrant jelly, traditionally served with hot or cold ham, sausages and pate. Cumin This spice is a member of the parsley family and dates back to the Old Testament. Also called "cumino." Its nutty-flavored seeds are used to make curries, chili powders, and Kummel liqueur. Curacoa This is an orange-flavored liqueur made from the dried peel of bitter oranges grown on the Caribbean island of Curacao. Curd When milk coagulates, it separates into two parts--the curds and the whey. The curd is the semisolid formed by this separation. Cheese is made from the curd. The whey is the watery liquid. Curdle Process which causes fresh milk or a sauce to separate into solids and liquids by overheating or by adding acid; common cooking error whereby the addition of creamed butter and sugar in a cake recipe is separated due to adding eggs too quickly. Cure To add salt or salt brine and nitrite and/or nitrate, with or without sugar and other ingredients, to a meat or poultry product. The process of preserving meat using nitrite and nitrate. This process has its own characteristic flavor and helps retain the pink color of the meat. When properly cured, meat is protected from spoiling to a certain extent. Cured, Comminuted Products Products consisting of coarsely or finely ground meat and/or poultry and cure ingredients mixed together (bologna, turkey salami, pepperoni, pepper loaf, etc. ). Cured, Dry Products Products that have dry or powdered cure ingredients directly applied to the surface of the meat or poultry ( ham, pork shoulder, pork belly, etc. ). Cured, Pickled Products Products that are pumped or massaged ( tumbled ) with, or immersed in, a pickle solution of cure ingredients ( ham, corned beef, poultry breasts, etc. ). Curing salt A salt that has nitrates added and is used as a preservative in sausage making. Available in some supermarkets and specialty markets. Currant This fruit is a tiny berry from the gooseberry family. There are black, red, and white currants. Black ones are used in syrups and liqueurs; red and white ones are eaten and used in some preserves and sauces. Curry From the southern Indian word kari , meaning 'sauce', comes this catch-all term, used to refer to any number of hot, spicy, sauce-based dishes of east Indian origin. Curries are nowadays categorised as mild, hot and very hot. Curries from south and east Asia require different seasoning to Indian curries. Thai curry pastes tend to be hotter and more fragrant, and are flavoured with chillies. Cusk A large saltwater fish related to the cod. It has a firm, lean flesh. Also called "tusk" or "torsk." Custard A sweet sauce, usually quite thick, made from milk, egg yolks, sugar and cornflour. Often used to accompany sweet dishes, the custard may be flavoured, or may be chilled and served semi-solid. Custard Apple Also called "Cherimoya" and "Bullock's Heart," this tropical fruit tastes like a cross between pineapple, mango, and strawberry. The flesh is cream-colored and has the texture of firm custard. Cut in To mix butter, shortening, etc., into dry ingredients by using a pastry blender or two knives. Cutlet A tender, thin, boneless cut of meat; it could be part of a chicken or turkey breast, or veal, lamb, or pork, usually taken from the leg. Also used for minced meats shaped like chops. Cuttlefish A relative of the squid and octopus, the cuttlefish has ten arms that can reach up to 16 inches in length. "Sarume," which is available in ethnic stores, is cuttlefish that has been seasoned and roasted. Dab This flatfish is variety of flounder that features a sweet, firm flesh. Dacquoise A cake made of nut meringues layered with whipped cream or buttercream. The nut meringue disks are also referred to as dacquoise. Daikon Radish From the Japanese words dai (large) and kon (root). A large, long, white tubular radish with a sweet, fresh flavor. Eaten in many Asian cultures. Can be as fat as a football but is usually 2 to 3 inches in diameter. Use raw in salads, shredded as a garnish or cook in a variety of ways including stir-fry. Found in Oriental markets and some supermarkets. Daiquiri A cocktail prepared with rum, lime, and sugar. Daiquiris are also made with fruit. Frozen daiquiris are made by adding crushed ice and fruit chunks and pureeing them in a blender. Dal This is the Indian term for all varieties of dried beans, split peas, and lentils. There are many different varieties of dal, all of which have a specific use in Indian cooking. Danbo Cheese A Swiss-style cheese with red or yellow wax rind and a pale yellow interior. Danbo has a mild sweet taste, firm texture, and is dotted with holes. Available in regular and lowfat varieties. Dandelion Commonly considered a weed, dandelions provide excellent salad leaves when young (larger, older leaves become bitter). The flowers can add a vibrant colour to a dish. In some parts of Europe, cultivated varieties are available that have longer, more tender leaves. These are available from specialist herb growers in the UK. Wild varieties should be picked early in the year when the leaves are small and sweet. Take care, as they may have been chemically sprayed. Danish Pastry This butter-rich pastry begins as yeast dough that is rolled out, buttered, folded, then rolled out several more times. Danish is often filled with fruit, cream cheese, and/or nuts. Dariole A small steep-sided cylindrical mould - or whatever has been cooked in such a mould, usually small pastries, cheese flans, individual babas etc. Dark Soy sauce Used in dishes in which you want to color the meat and sweeten the flavor with caramel sugar. Most common soy sauce. Dash A very small quantity measuring three drops to 1/4 teaspoon. Dasheen A variety of taro that is grown in the southern states. It is a high-starch tuber. Although acrid in the raw state, it has a nut-like flavor when cooked. Taro can be boiled, fried, baked, and used in soup. Dasheen Leaf The large "elephant ear" leaves of the dasheen (a variety of "taro") that are edible when young. Dashi Stock A broth that is a basic ingredient in Japanese cooking. The stock is made from dried seaweed or from dried tuna shavings. Instant dashi stock is also available. A Japanese fish stock made with dried bonito and kombu seaweed. This is used for soups, sauces, and marinades. Date The stoned fruit of the palm tree, eaten either fresh or dried and sold in their clusters or in boxes. Dates are rich in sugar and also contain calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and vitamins B and B2. Often eaten raw as a sweet snack, they can also be chopped and added to cakes and biscuits. North African cuisine makes varied use of dates, notably in tagines, sweet couscous, and curry-flavoured dishes. Daube A method of braising meat, certain vegetables and some fish. Meat cooked en daube is braised in red-wine stock, well seasoned with herbs. A daube usually refers to a piece of beef cooked this way. Dauphine The name for little puffs made of potato puree, that are mixed with choux paste and deep fried. Dauphinoise (a la). Baked in a slow oven with cream and garlic. A gratin dauphinois is a dish of potatoes cooked in such a way. Deba knife The deba knife cuts thinner slices than any other knife. Its super-sharpness makes it ideal for juliennes and for cutting herbs without destroying their fragile membranes. You can find a deba knife wherever gourmet kitchen products are sold. Deep fat Hot fat or oil which is deep enough to cover food during frying. Ensure that you put oil into a deep enough pot or deep fryer to prevent burning yourself. Deep Fry To cook food by placing in enough hot oil cover the food completely Deglaze To heat wine, stock or other liquid together with the cooking juices and sediment left in the pan after roasting or sauteing in order to make a sauce or gravy. Delmonico steak Sometimes called a shell steak; a tender cut from the short loin. Demerara sugar A pale-coloured and mild-tasting raw cane sugar named after its place of origin in Guyana. Demi-Glace A rich brown sauce comprised of espagnole sauce, which is further enriched with veal stock and wine and reduced to proper consistency. This is a very long procedure and requires constant skimming. A quick version of this involves reducing brown veal stock to which has been added mirepoix, tomato paste, wine, and brown roux. The latter recipe saves time, but never reaches the intensity of flavor as does the former method. Due to the quantity and length of time required to prepare it, it is not usually made in the home. However it is available for home gourmands. Demitasse A small cup ("half cup") of black coffee, usually served after dinner. Descaling fish Removing the scales from a fish, which is best done by first cutting off the fins and then, holding on to the tail, scraping away the scales in an upwards motion with the back of a knife, working towards the head, and followed by rinsing. Deviled Highly seasoned, often containing mustard; frequently topped with bread crumbs and grilled. Deviled Ham Cooked canned meat specialty. Whole hams are finely ground and seasoned. Popular as a spread or a base for dips. Dewberry A trailing-vine variety of blackberry. Dextrose Dextrose is a sweetener, but is only 70% as sweet as regular sugar. It is used in processing semi-dry cured and dry-cured products. Powdered dextrose is an ideal nutrient for lactic acid organisms that assist fermentation and give us the desired tang of flavor. Dextrose is heavier than meat and forces itself into the cells of the meat. Dextrous Sugar This type of sugar is produced from grape or corn sugar. Also called "grape sugar" or "corn sugar." Diable Sauce A meat and poultry sauce that is composed of a basic brown sauce with wine, vinegar, shallots, and red or black pepper. Diane A peppery sauce flavored with game essence, with added butter and cream. Dice To cut into small cubes (smaller than 1/2 inch). Dijon Originally from Dijon, France, this pale variety of mustard is known for its sharp, clean flavor that can range from mild to hot. It is made from brown mustard seeds, white wine, unfermented grape juice and a variety of seasonings. Dijonnaise This is a name given to dishes that contain mustard or are served with a sauce that contains mustard. Dill A hardy, aromatic herb that has been cultivated for thousands of years. Marketed in two forms: dill weed, which is the dried leaves; and dill seed, the dried seeds of the herb. Dill was a symbol of good luck for first-century Romans. Dim Sum Small steamed or deep-fried dumplings with various fillings served as a starter at a Chinese meal. Dips Type of appetizer made of a creamy mixture into which vegetables, chips, etc. are dipped Dishcloth Gourd The fruit of any of several tropical vines of the gourd family. Also called the "Loofah," "rag gourd," and "vegetable sponge." The dried insides of these gourds can be used as a sponge. Distillation The process of separating the components in a liquid by heating it to its vapor point, then condensing the vapor into a purified and/or concentrated form. Ditalini Diagonally cut thick tubular noodles, 2 to 4 inches long. Short pasta tubes. Divinity A fluffy, creamy candy made from sugar, corn syrup, and beaten egg whites. Nuts, chocolate, and other flavorings are often added to the mixture. Dock Any of several varieties of the hardy perennial herb from the perennial herb from the buckwheat family. The most strongly flavored variety is "sour dock." The mildest form is "dock sorrel," also known as "herb patience dock." Dogfish Also known as cape shark. Fillets are longer, more narrow, and sturdier than those of any other white-fleshed fish. Can be substituted in recipes that call for less tender fillets. This is the fish most frequently used in England's fish and chips. Dollarfish This small, high-fat fish has a tender texture and a rich, sweet flavor. Found off the coast of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, this fish is also called the "butterfish." Dolma A cold hors d oeuvre made of grape leaves stuffed with cooked rice, lamb, and onion. They are marinated with olive oil and lemon. Vegetarian versions of this are also made. Dolphin Fish Also called "Mahi Mahi" and "Dorado." Although this fish is a dolphin, it is not a mammal. To avoid confusion, the Hawaiian name "Mahi Mahi" is becoming prevalent. This fish is moderately fat with firm, flavorful flesh. Domestic Turbot A highly prized flatfish with a lean, firm white flesh and a mild flavor. Turbot is also the market name for several varieties of flounder fished from Pacific waters. Dory or John Dory Found in European waters, this white-fleshed sea fish, also known as St Peter's fish, is an odd-looking creature with an oval, flat body and a large, spiny head. The flesh is delicate and mild and can be cooked in a variety of ways including grilling, sauteing and poaching. Double boiler A cooking method consisting of two saucepans fitting together so that the contents of the upper pan can be cooked or heated by boiling water in the lower one. Double cream Double cream is 48 per cent fat and is the most versatile cream as it withstands boiling, whips and freezes well. In the US it is known as heavy cream. Dough Dough is a mixture of four, liquid, and usually a leavening agent (such as eggs or yeast), which is stiff but pliable. The primary difference between dough and batter is the consistency - Dough is thicker and must be molded by hand, while batter is semi-liquid, thus spooned or poured. Dough keg An old Western term for the wooden barrel which held the sourdough starter. Dover sole A flat sea fish found in coastal waters from Denmark to the Mediterranean, Dover sole is best cooked whole, though fillets can be bought. Can be grilled, fried or poached and is ideal for combining with other foods and sauces. Dragon's Eye A small, round fruit with a thin brown shell. Its flesh is soft, white, juicy, and surrounds one large black seed. Used as a snack, in oriental soups, desserts, and some sweet-and-sour dishes. Also called "Longan." Drambuie This Scotch-based liqueur is sweetened with honey and flavored with a variety of herbs. Dredge To coat food with flour, bread crumbs, etc. Dress To pluck, draw and truss poultry or game; to arrange or garnish a cooked dish; to prepare cooked shellfish in their shells. Dressing 1. A sauce-usually cold-used to coat or top salads and some cold vegetable, fish and meat dishes. 2. A mixture used to stuff poultry, fish, meat and some vegetables. It can be cooked separately or in the food in which it is stuffed. Dressings (also called stuffings) are usually well seasoned and based on bread crumbs or cubes though rice, potatoes and other foods are also used. Dried Beef Prepared meat -- Also known as "chipped"; long cured product made from beef round; cured, smoked, dehydrated and thinly sliced. Dried European Mushroom Cepe, boletus, or porcini. Keep in a tightly sealed jar in your refrigerator. Will keep about 1 year. Dried fruit When it is dried, fruit becomes very concentrated in nutrients and fiber, which is why a standard serving is quite small. Just a quarter-cup (a scant handful) of dried fruit counts as a serving, yet it contains the same amount of fiber found in a whole piece of fruit or a half-cup of diced fruit – about two or three grams. Because dried fruit is so portable, it makes an excellent snack. The trick is to watch your portions, because calories are concentrated and they can add up quickly. One serving of most dried fruit contains 50 to 80 calories. That's a great bargain, because it provides more nutrients and will probably satisfy your hunger longer than a cookie with 100 calories or a low-fat granola bar containing 150 calories. Drippings Fat and juices drawn and left from meat or poultry as it cooks. Dropping consistency The consistency required of cake mixes where the mixture reluctantly falls off the spoon. Drum Any of a variety of fish named for the drumming or deep croaking noise they make. These fish are firm and low in fat. The drum family include the black croaker, black drum, hardhead, kingfish, and queenfish. Dry Aging A process usually referring to beef. This process not only adds flavor but tenderizes the beef through enzyme action. Maximum flavor and tenderness is achieved in 21 days. Dry Cure The application of curing salts directly to the meat surface by rubbing thoroughly. Water or liquids are not used. Dry Salt Cured Products Products that have had a pickle solution of cure ingredients directly pumped into the muscle tissue ( not through the circulatory system) before having the dry or powdered cure ingredients applied to the surface of the meat or poultry. The meat and poultry may not be immersed in the pickle solution. To facilitate the penetration of salt, the meat or poultry may be momentarily moistened just before being covered with the dry curing ingredients. Dublin Bay prawn Also known as langoustine, Norway lobster and scampi, available fresh or frozen, in and out of their shells. Cook by boiling or grilling, if fresh. Duchess The name for potato puree that is enriched with cream, then piped into decorative shapes and browned in the oven. They are often piped around the rim of a platter onto which a roast or whole fish may be served. Duck Any of a variety of species of wild or domestic web-footed birds. Broilers and fryers are under 8 weeks old, roasters are no more than 16 weeks old. Duck is generally higher in fat than other domestic birds. Duck Sauce A thick, sweet and sour condiment made from plums, apricots, sugar and seasonings. Often served with duck, pork, or spareribs. Dumpling Savory dumplings are small or large mounds of dough that are usually dropped into a liquid mixture (such as soup or stew) and cooked until done, Some are stuffed with meat or cheese mixture. Dessert dumplings most often consist of a fruit mixture encased in a sweet pastry dough and baked, They're usually served with a sauce. Some sweet dumplings are poached in a sweet sauce and served with cream. Durian A large, green, spiky, south-east Asian fruit about the size of a football. To all but its fans, the durian has a nauseating smell — in fact its transport has been outlawed by many airlines. The creamy, slightly sweet flesh, however, has an exquisitely rich, custardy texture. Dust To sprinkle lightly with sugar or flour. Dutch oven A heavy cooking pot, usually of cast iron or enamel-on-iron, with a heavy cover. Dutch process cocoa powder Treated with an alkali to neutralize its naturally acidic taste, making it a little more mellow than American cocoa powder; intense flavor. Duxelle Finely chopped mushrooms that are cooked in butter with shallots and wine. When cooked dry, duxelle make a good filling for omelets, fish, and meat. They may also be moistened with wine or broth and served as a sauce. Duxelle are also flavored with fresh herbs and brandy or Madeira. Duxelles is used as a stuffing or garnish and in the preparation of various dishes called a la duxelles. Traditionally used in Beef Wellington. Eatin' irons An old Western term for utensils; fork, spoon and knife. Eau de framboise A raspberry brandy or spirit. As well as a drink, eau de framboise is often used in cooking to flavour sweet and savoury dishes. Eclair A small finger-shaped bun made of puff paste with a glace icing, filled with custard or whipped cream. Edam Cheese This mellow, savory Holland cheese has a pale yellow interior and a paraffin coating. Made from part-skimmed cow's milk, it is Holland's second most exported cheese ("Gouda" is number one). Eel A long snake-like fish with smooth scaleless skin and a rich, sweet, and firm flesh. Eels, which are considered a fatty fish, are very popular in Europe and Japan. Effiler To remove the fibrous string from a string bean; to thinly slice almonds. Egg Most eggs come from hens, but duck, goose, and quail eggs are also available. Eggs should be refrigerated in the original container, large end up. Because the yolk is high in cholesterol, imitation eggs come from egg whites and additives. Egg Noodles Well-stocked Asian markets usually offer a selection of dried and fresh egg noodles, both thin and thick. Although they are often neon yellow, some of the dried varieties are made without eggs. If you can't find Chinese egg noodles, substitute fresh or dried Italian pasta. To cook egg noodles boil fresh noodles for 2 1/2 to 4 minutes or dried noodles 4 1/2 to 5 minutes. Egg roll Usually served as an appetizer, this small, deep-fried Chinese pastry is filled with minced or shredded vegetable and often meat. Egg roll skins are available in Asian markets and most large supermarkets. Egg thread Lightly beaten eggs that are poured slowly into a hot broth, creating irregular shaped threads used to garnish soups. Egg White Powder Spray dried egg albumen, which can be used in most recipes requiring egg white. It produces an exceptionally high volume, stable egg white foam for use in angel food cakes, chiffon pies, meringues, and divinity. Use egg white powder for uncooked foods such as marzipan and buttercream icing, or foods which are lightly cooked (pie meringues), without the worries associated with fresh egg white, because it is heat treated to meet USDA standards for being salmonella negative. Egg Yolk This part of the egg contains all of the fat in an egg. Yolks are a good source of protein, iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, choline, and phosphorus. The egg white is a good source of protein and riboflavin. Eggnog A traditional Christmas beverage, eggnog is a smooth, cold drink containing beaten raw eggs, sugar, milk or cream, and flavoring. Brandy, rum, or whiskey is often added. Eggplant Beaten egg mixed with water and a little salt, used for glazing pastry or bread. Elderberry The purple-black fruit of the elder tree. Used to make jams, jellies, and the famous homemade elderberry wine--a spicy brew that can become as potent as its maker desires. Elephant garlic Elephant garlic is not true garlic but a form of leek. Its white- or purple-skinned cloves are the size of Brazil nuts, and their flavor mild enough to not require cooking. Peel the cloves as you would an onion and use as you would garlic. Elk A large member of the deer family. Elk meat is called "venison." Antelope, caribou, elk, deer, moose and reindeer meat is also classified as venison, the most popular large animal game meat in the U.S. Emmental cheese Named for Switzerland's Emmental valley, this mellow, sweet but nutty cheese is the best Swiss cheese you can buy. It has big holes and a natural, light-brown rind. Empanada Large rectangular pies of olive-oil pastry with meat or fish filling, served as tapas in Spain. The classic empanada comes from Galicia in north-west Spain and is made with chicken, onions and peppers. Empanaditas Tiny turnovers; traditional New Mexican Christmas food when filled with a Southwestern version of mincemeat. Emulsify To combine fats such as butter or oil with vinegar or citric juices into a smooth and even blend using an emulsifier such as an egg yolk which binds to each set of ingredients and prevents them from separating. Hollandaise is a classic emulsified sauce. Emulsion A mixture of two or more liquids that don't easily combine, such as oil and vinegar. Encebollada A dish, often meat, covered with cooked onions. Endive This salad green is related to the chicory. Belgian endives are grown in darkness and never turn green. Curly endive has curly leaves and a slightly biter taste. Escarole is the mildest variety of endive. English chop A double-rib lamb chop. English Walnut Also called the "Persian walnut," this nut is widely available and features a plump, crispy meat. Enoki A slender Asian mushroom sold in small packages; good raw in salads or cooked as a garnish. To use, just trim off the spongy base and separate the strands. Enriched Resupplied with vitamins and minerals lost or diminished during processing of food. Entrecote Boneless beefsteak cut from the sirloin, also known as a sirloin steak. Entree a. The main dish of a meal. b. A dish served in formal dining immediately before the main course or between two principal courses. In America, the term entree refers to the main course of a meal. In parts of Europe, it refers to the dish served between the fish and meat courses during formal dinners. Epazote Strong, bitter perennial herb used primarily to flavor beans; also known as Mexican tea, stinkweed, pigweed, wormseed or goosefoot; occasionally mistaken for lamb's lettuce; grows wild in the United States and Mexico; flavor is intense, reminiscent of eucalyptus; used for tea, stews, soups, green pipians and moles; cooked with all types of beans to reduce their gaseous qualities. Escabeche A spicy cold marinade (of olive oil, vinegar and herbs) that originated in Spain and is used for preserving cooked foods. It is mostly used for small cooked fish which are de-headed, fried or lightly browned and then marinated for 24 hours. The fish en escabeche are served as an hors d'oeuvre. Escalope Thin slice of meat, often beaten thinner for quick cooking. The classic method of preparing veal escalopes is to coat them with breadcrumbs. Americans call this cut a "scallop." Escargot An edible snail. It is the common name for the land gastropod mollusk. The edible snails of France have a single shell that is tan and white, and 1 to 2 inches diameter. Escarole Escarole is a variety of endive with broad, slightly curved leaves. It has a milder flavor than Belgian or curly endive. Espagnole (a la). a l'espagnole is the name given to several ways of preparing food inspired by Spanish cuisine. The main ingredients are tomatoes, sweet peppers, onions and garlic, usually fried in olive oil. Espagnole Sauce This is the foundation of all of the brown sauces. A number of modifications have been made of this sauce since its conception. The sauce is now made of a rich brown veal stock thickened with a brown roux. The sauce is then simmered with a mirepoix, bouquet garni, and wine. The long, slow cooking help to purify and concentrate its flavor. It is finally strained through very fine muslin. Demi-glace and glace de viande are all structured around a fine espagnole sauce. Espresso This thick, strong coffee is made from French or Italian roast - beans with a shiny, dark oily surface. Essence Extract. While the words may be used interchangeably US-Great Britain, all essences are extracts, but extracts are not all essences. A stock is a water extract of food. Other solvents (edible) may be oil, ethyl alcohol, as in wine or whiskey, or water. Wine and beer are vegetable or fruit stocks. A common oil extract is of cayenne pepper, used in Asian cooking (yulada). Oils and water essences are becoming popular as sauce substitutes. A common water essence is vegetable stock. A broth is more concentrated, as in beef broth, or bouillon. Beef tea is shin beef cubes and water sealed in a jar and cooked in a water bath for 12 to 24 hours. Most common are alcohol extracts, like vanilla. Not possible to have a water extract of vanilla (natural bean) but vanillin (chemical synth) is water solution. There are also emulsions lemon pulp and lemon oil and purees (often made with sugar) Oils, such as orange or lemon rind (zest) oil, may be extracted by storing in sugar in seal ed container. Distilled oils are not extracts or essences. Attar of rose (for perfume) is lard extracted rose petal oil. Estouffade A beef stew made with red wine. Eulachon A rich and oily mild-flavored variety of smelt fish. The eulachon is also called the "candlefish" because Indians sometimes run a wick through their high-fat flesh and use them for candles. European Turbot A highly prized flatfish found in European waters. This fish has a lean, firm white flesh and a mild flavor. Turbot is also the market name for several varieties of flounder fished from Pacific waters. Evaporated milk Unsweetened milk concentrated by partial evaporation. Extender An additive that increases the weight and changes the texture of meat and poultry products, e.g., cereal, starches, etc. Faggot A stalk of celery tied with parsley, bay leaf and thyme. Used in cooking soups, then discarded; Small savory cake made of pork offal, onion and bread, then baked. Fajitas Skirt steak that has been marinated in a mixture of oil, lime juice, red pepper and garlic for at least 24 hours before being grilled. The cooked meat is cut into strips that are then usually wrapped (BUMTO-Style) in warm Tortillas, accompanied by a variety of garnishes including grilled onions and sweet peppers, Guacamole, Refried Beans and Salsa. A dish consisting of strips of marinated meat, poultry, or vegetables that are grilled over an open fire and served in a tortilla, usually with spicy condiments. Falafel Middle Eastern street food of spiced chickpea fritters, often served in warm pitta bread. Farfalle Pasta shaped like bow-ties or butterflies. Farina A bland-tasting flour or meal made for cereal grains that can be cooked to create a hot breakfast cereal. Farina is cream colored, rich in protein, and easy to digest. Farmer Cheese This mild, slightly tangy cheese is a form of cottage cheese from which most of the liquid has been pressed. Also called baker's or pot cheese; dry-cured cottage cheese may be substituted. Farmstead cheese Made by using only the milk from the cheese-maker's own herds. Fathead A saltwater fish belonging to the wrasse family. Also called "California sheepshead." Its meat is white, tender, and lean. Fava Bean This bean looks like a very large lima bean. The pod is inedible unless the plant is very young. Avoid pods bulging with beans as this is an indication of age. Also known as the "broad bean." Feed bag Ranch eating place; also mess house or nose bag. Feijoa This small, egg-shaped fruit is native to South America. It provides a very fragrant, cream-colored flesh with a jelly-like center. Feijoada A Brazilian dish very similar to cassoulet, made with black beans. Sausage, bacon, ham, and various cuts of pork cooked in with the beans. The traditional accompaniments are plain white rice, cooked greens, fresh orange slices, and a very hot sauce, similar to pico de gallo, called molho carioca. Toasted cassava flour is used as a condiment, to be added by each diner. Fen Berry Another name for a small variety of cranberry - also known as cram-berry, crawberry, moss-millions, sow-berry, sour-berry, marsh wort, bog-berry and swamp red-berry. It is found in many English recipes. Fennel There are two main types of this aromatic plant, both with pale green, celery-like stems and bright green, feathery foliage. Florence fennel, also called finocchio, has a broad, bulbous base with a mild aniseed flavour and is treated like a vegetable. Both the base and stems can be eaten raw in salads or cooked by braising or roasting. Common fennel is a herb. Its greenish-brown seeds and leaves both have a strong aniseed flavour that complements fish, especially oily varieties such as mackerel or herring. Fennel Seed The seed of the common fennel plant. Available whole or ground. Used in sweet and savory foods, and as a flavoring agent in many liqueurs. Fenugreek An aromatic Mediterranean plant that produces long pods containing oblong, brownish seeds. These have a slightly bitter taste and are roasted and ground and used as a flavouring in curries. Fenugreek Seed Come from the fenugreek plant, a member of the pea family. The seeds are pleasantly bitter and somewhat sweet. Used in curry powders, chutneys, spice blends, and teas. Fermented black beans This pungent Chinese specialty consists of small black soybeans preserved in salt and sold in covered jars or plastic bags. Available in Asian markets, sometimes under the name "salty black beans." They will keep indefinitely. Fermento A dairy based, controlled fermentation product in powdered form. It is the key to making high quality semi-dry sausage with the traditional tangy flavors and is used in summer sausage, pepperoni, thuringer, etc. Accepted levels range from 1% to 6% depending on the desired result. The more fermento used the higher the tang. Use fermento only in the production of semi-dry products. Fermento eliminates the curing times necessary for the fermentation process to take place. Feta cheese A creamy white Greek cheese traditionally made from ewes' milk or ewes' and goats' milk mixed (but now sometimes made using cows' milk), and preserved in brine or oil. In Greek cooking, feta is used mostly for gratins and pastries. It is also crumbled over the top of mixed salads and can be cut into cubes and served as a snack with olives and crusty bread. Fettuccine Long flat pasta, similar to tagliatelle. Fiddlehead ferns A barely emerged, tightly coiled (hence the name) shoot of the ostrich fern. Their flavor is reminiscent of asparagus and artichoke- some say with a touch of green beans. Available only in spring, and locally - they will not ship. Field Peas A variety of green or yellow pea that is grown to be dried. "Split peas" are field peas that have been dried and split along the natural seam. Field peas normally do not require pre-soaking. Filbert This nut is also known as the "hazelnut" or "cobnut." Used whole, chopped, and ground in baking, candies, desserts, and salads. File powder A powder made of dried sassafras leaves which has a glutinous quality and gives to certain dishes (as gumbos) a delicate flavor and thickening. Filet (or fillet) A piece of meat, fish or poultry which is boneless or has had all the bones removed. Filet mignon An expensive and very tender cut of beef that is taken from the small end of Tenderloin. Filo pastry Thin sheets of pastry commonly used in Greek, eastern European and Middle Eastern cuisines. As the sheets are very thin, working quickly to prevent drying out is essential and fillings, sweet or savoury, should be almost cooked before use as the pastry only requires a short cooking time. Financier A small cake or cookie that is made with ground nuts and whipped egg whites. These are soft like sponge cake, and have a rich flavor of nuts. Fines Herbes A mixture of chopped aromatic herbs used in French cooking, particularly in egg dishes, sauces, salads and soups. A classic combination is chopped chervil, tarragon, parsley and chives. Finnan Haddie A world-famous smoked haddock from Scotland. Finnochio A variety of fennel that is eaten raw and in salads. Also called "Florence fennel." Firkin The sourdough container on a chuck wagon; also dough keg. Fish Cakes Japanese. Fish paste molded into cakelike shapes and grilled or deep fried. Available frozen in Japanese markets. Fish Sauce A condiment made from fermented anchovies, salt and water. Common in Cambodian, Vietnamese and Thai cooking. The Cambodian version nam pla, is considered the finest, and has the richest flavor. The Vietnamese variety, nuoc mam, most widely available, is milder. The different varieties are interchangeable. Available in Oriental, Asian and some supermarkets. Five spice powder A pungent mixture of five spices commonly used in Chinese cookery; it is made up of star anise, fennel seeds, cloves, cinnamon and Szechuan peppercorns. Flageolet These immature kidney beans harvested before maturity are medium in size (about one-half inch long), kidney shaped, and a pale green. Quick-cooking and very fresh-tasting, the classic treatment features cream and herbs. Flake To break food into small pieces, usually done with a fork Flaky pastry A pastry made in layers that become flakier towards the outside when cooked. It's a heavier pastry than puff pastry, but easier to make. Usually used for savoury pies. Flambe Served flaming, accomplished by pouring spirits over food and igniting them. Flameproof Cookware that can be used directly on a burner or under a broiler without damage. Flan Open pie containing sweet or savoury filling in a custard of eggs and cream. Flan ring A metal pan for baking tarts, with low sides and a detachable side ring. Flank steak The triangular-shaped muscle from the underside of a flank of beef; when broiled, served rare and sliced thin, as horizontally as possible, this is tender and juicy, and is called London Broil. Flank steak is also served with a stuffing, rolled and baked. Flat-Iron Steak Beef shoulder top blade cut. Flatfish Fish that have a flat body with both eyes located on the upper side. Flatfish swim "sideways" and include "flounder," "halibut," and "sole." Flautas Filled, tightly rolled, and deep-fried enchiladas. Flaxseed The seed of the flax, a slender, erect, annual plant that is cultivated for its fiber and its seeds. The fiber is used to make linen yarn. The seeds are used to make linseed oil. Fleuron A small crescent shaped pastry made of puff dough that is used to garnish fish dishes and soups. Fleurs de sel Fleurs de sel is a moist salt from France Florentine a. Dish containing spinach, eg eggs Florentine. b. Small biscuit of nuts and dried fruit covered with chocolate on one side. Florets Florets are the small, individual flower stems that make up the heads of vegetables such as broccoli and cauliflower. Flounder A fine-textured flatfish prized for its delicate flavor. Some of the more popular varieties include "Fab," "English Sole," and "Plaice." Flour Finely ground cereal, such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, rice and maize (corn). In Britain, the word 'flour' usually refers to flour produced from wheat. Wheat flour contains gluten, a protein that forms an elastic network that helps contain the gases that make mixtures (such as doughs and batters) rise as they bake. Different types of flour are needed for different products. Bread flour, or strong flour, for example, has a high protein content and good gluten strength. Plain household flour is usually a soft flour and is best for cakes and pastries. Self-raising flour has a standard amount of raising agent already added to it. Varying degrees of processing in the milling of the grain give wholewheat, brown and white types of flour. Spelt flour is made from an ancestor of our wheat and, although it does contain a small amount of gluten, some people who are intolerant to wheat flour can cope with it. FLP FLP was a curing salt sold to locker plants; FLP is an acronym 'For Locker Plants'. The product has been discontinued. Modern Cure, Praque Power or Instra Cure is now used in sausage-making and any recipe calling for FLP salt is likely to be very old. Sugar cures such as Mortons or Zachs are used in curing hams, bacon, and turkeys and for corning beef. If you hear the term "FLP" used by others it was because this is the term they learned from old timers or from old recipes. Fluff-duff Ranch term for fancy foods such as cakes or puddings. Flute To make decorative indentations, as on the rim of a pie crust. Flying Fish This fish, a delicacy in the West Indies and Japan, gains speed underwater then leaves the water except for the lower lobe of its tail. It then vigorously beats its tail, extends its ventral fins and can fly a 1,000 feet or more. Focaccia Italian olive-oil bread, large and flat, often flavoured with herbs, sometimes with a filling of ham or cheese. Foie Gras Literally French for 'fat liver', but usually used to refer to the rich pate made from the liver of ducks and geese that have been force-fed and fattened until their livers become enlarged. It is a great French delicacy - and very expensive. After preparation, the livers are marinated in armagnac, port or madeira, depending on the chef's recipe. They are then stuffed with black truffle, pressed into a terrine, sprinkled with salt and sealed. The dish is baked in a bain-marie and then chilled. The flavour is rich and the texture silky smooth. Foie gras is usually served in thin slices at the start of a meal with a sweet wine. It is also available in tins. Fold To combine two ingredients, usually a heavier ingredient (whipping cream) with a lighter ingredient, (egg white). Using a rubber spatula, lift the heavier mixture from the bottom and blend with the lighter mixture on top.. Fon Goot Large bulbous root vegetable with a thin brown skin and a white crunchy flesh with a texture similar to water chestnut. It has a sweet, nutty flavor and can be eaten raw or cooked. Also called "Jicama." Fond The French word for stock - the flavoured liquid base used for making a sauce, stew or braised dish. Fondant a. Soft-textured sweet made of flavoured icing. b. Fondant potatoes are sauteed potatoes, crisp on the outside and melting in the middle. Fondue A Swiss dish of melted cheese served at the table in a pan; each person dips pieces of bread into it and then eats them. Other varieties of fondue include fondue bourguignonne in which cubes of beef are dipped in hot oil at the table until cooked, and then eaten with dips and sauces; and chocolate fondue served with fruit and biscuits. Fonduta An Italian style fondue made of Fontina cheese and served over toast or polenta. Exceptional with truffles. Fontina Semi-soft Italian cow's-milk cheese, which is easily melted. When matured, fontina can be grated and used like Parmesan. Fontina Cheese An Italian cheese that is semi-soft to firm, made from cow's milk or sheep's milk. Fool Cold dessert consisting of fruit puree and whipped cream. Forcemeat A rich, highly seasoned paste containing meat or fish, herbs and vegetables finely minced and pounded, used as a stuffing or garnish. Forestiera Sauce A French sauce containing sliced sauteed mushrooms added to a base made from demiglace flavored with sherry. Formaggio Supplied with more vitamins and minerals than were present in the natural state. Fortune Cookie This Chinese-American invention is a plain, griddle-baked wafer which is wrapped around a strip of paper and allowed to cool. The paper provides a written "fortune." Fougasse A flatbread from France that was once served sweetened with sugar and orange water. It is now more commonly seen as a bread eaten with savory dishes. In this case, the dough is brushed with olive oil and sprinkled with herbs or salt before baking. Foyot This is a variation of a bearnaise sauce with the addition of a well reduced meat glaze. Fractioned To separate chemically into fractions by distillation, crystallization, etc. Fragrant rice An aromatic long-grain rice favoured in Thai and Vietnamese cooking. For more information about rice, visit our store cupboard. Frangipane A pastry cream used when preparing various desserts, sweets, cakes and pancakes. It is made with milk, sugar, flour, eggs and butter mixed with either crushed macaroons or with ground almonds. Frankfurters Cooked, smoked sausage -- Originated in Frankfurt, Germany; combination of beef and pork or all beef which is cured, smoked and cooked; seasonings may include coriander, garlic, ground mustard, nutmeg, salt, sugar and white pepper; fully cooked but usually served hot; terms "frankfurter," "wiener" and "hot dog" often used interchangeably; sizes range from big dinner frankfurters to tiny cocktail size; may be skinless or with natural casings. Frappe Sweetened fruit juices frozen until semi-hard, then chilled. Free-range chicken or turkey In theory, these birds are much better than the standard. They're fed differently, given fewer drugs, and have more room to roam. However, the quality is inconsistent and the price often outrageously expensive. Freestone A term that refers to a fruit with a pit to which the flesh does not cling. The opposite term is called "clingstone." Freeze-Dry To subject foods to quick-freezing followed by drying under high vacuum at low temperature. This process helps foods keep for long periods at normal room temperatures. Freezing Process whereby food is solidified or preserved through chilling and storing it at 0C or 32F degrees. French Bean Any young, green, string bean that can be eaten whole (including the pod). French chop A rib lamb chop. French dressing Also known as vinaigrette. A cold sauce used for dressing salads, made from a mixture of olive oil, wine vinegar, pepper and salt to which various flavourings can be added. French Fries Raw potatoes that have been cut into strips, soaked in water, then deep fried until golden brown. French fry To cook in hot fat which entirely covers the food, often in a special wire basket. Frescadilla Plum-sized, bright green fruit, covered with a light green papery husk; they have a citrus-like, acidic flavor; taste best when they are brilliant green in color; often called green tomatoes, they are more closely related to the kiwi fruit than to tomatoes, and are members of the gooseberry family. Also a member of the nightshade family; originally eaten by the Aztecs; the best substitute is small green tomatoes. If using fresh, remove the papery husks. Canned are a good substitute, but rinse well before using. Fresh cheese Unripened or slightly ripened curds (ricotta, farmer, cottage, mascarpone). Fresh Pork Sausage Fresh sausage -- Made only from selected fresh pork; seasoned with black pepper, nutmeg, and rubbed sage, or other spices; sold in links, packaged patties or bulk; thorough cooking is required. Fresno chile A fresh chile; similar in size and appearance to a ripe jalapeno; bright red and thick-fleshed; great in salsas and ceviches; usually available only in the fall; substitute ripe jalapenos if unavailable. Fricadillee Meat balls, made with minced pork and veal, spices, white bread crumbs, cream and egg, then poached in stock or shallow-fried in a pan. Fricassee A white stew made from poultry and other white meat. The meat is just turned in fat but not browned before being cooked in a white sauce. A fricassee is usally cooked with cream and garnished with small glazed onions and lightly cooked mushrooms. Fritada Stew usually made with goat meat, which always contains some animal blood. Frittata An Italian omelette with a variety of fillings, eg potatoes, mushrooms, pumpkin, ham, cheese. Unlike a French omelette, the ingredients are mixed with the eggs rather than being folded inside them. The frittata is cut into wedges and eaten hot or cold. Similar to a Spanish omelette. Fritter Piece of raw or cooked meat, fish, fruit or vegetable coated in batter and deep-fried until crisp, golden and cooked through. Fritto Misto An Italian dish (meaning literally 'fried mixture') of a variety of deep-fried meats and vegetables including lamb, rabbit, veal, sausage, liver, courgettes, carrots, aubergine, fennel and tomatoes. Fruit, such as apples and peaches, may be added too. Fritto misto di mare is a selection of deep-fried fish and seafood. Frizzes Dry sausage -- Cured lean pork, chopped coarsely and a small quantity of cured lean beef; highly spiced. Some varieties made with hot spices, some with sweet spices. Frog's Legs The tender, faintly sweet white meat from the hind legs of frogs. Because of their delicate flavor, they should be cooked briefly without too many seasonings. Frogfish This large low-fat, firm-textured salt-water fish has a mild, sweet flavor that compares with lobster. Also called "angler fish," "monkfish," or "goosefish." Fromage A French cheese. Fromage frais A fresh, low-fat curd cheese made from pasteurised cow’s milk which can be used in cooking or in desserts. Frost to coat a cake or petit fours with an icing; to dip the rim of a glass in egg white and caster sugar and then chill in a refrigerator until set; to dip the rim of a glass in lemon juice and coat with salt, then chill in the freezer. Fructose A natural byproduct of fruits and honey. More water-soluble than glucose and sweeter than sucrose with half the calories. Can be used by diabetics. Fruit paste A firm, but gelatinous, sweet paste of a fruit such as mango, papaya or guava, eaten for dessert. Fruit pectin A substance found naturally in fruits such as apples, quince, and all citrus fruits. Pectin's ability to gel liquids makes it a key ingredient in jelly and jam making. Pectin from citrus fruit is refined is refined and bottled or powered. You can purchase pectin in powder or liquid form, or use high pectin fruits in the recipe. Do not substitute one for the other. Fruit Sweetener If a recipe calls for 1/2 cup fruit sweetener, substitute 1/4 cup concentrated apple juice plus 1/4 cup granulated fructose. Granulated fructose can be found among the dietary foods or sugars in the supermarket. Fruitcake A traditional winter holiday cake of candied fruit, fruit rinds, nuts, and spice. Fruitcakes are often soaked in some sort of liquor or brandy. Fry To cook food in hot fat over medium to high heat Fry bread Indian fried bread; flat discs of dough that are deep-fried and topped with honey or refried beans; usually found in Arizona and New Mexico. Fudge A creamy, semi soft candy most often made with sugar, butter or cream, corn syrup and various flavorings The most popular fudge flavor is chocolate, though maple (made with maple syrup), butterscotch (made with brown sugar or dark corn syrup) and vanilla are also favorites. Fudge can be plain and perfectly smooth or it may contain other ingredients such as nuts, chocolate chips, candied or dried fruit, etc. It may be cooked or uncooked, but both styles must be allowed to set before cutting. Fugu Swellfish; globefish; blowfish; ballonfish; puffer (japanese). Fugu is caught in winter only, and it is eaten as chiri-nabe (hotpot) or fugu-sashi (raw fugu, sliced paper-thin). Only licensed fugu chefs are allowed to prepare this fish in Japan, since it contains a deadly poison. Ful An Egyptian dried bean. Available in specialty food shops. The best are the small variety. Fumet A strong-flavoured cooking liquor used for flavouring sauces; fumet usually refers to concentrated mushroom and fish stocks. For meat, poultry and game stocks, the word fond is used. Fungi Salted and fermented tofu (soybean curd cake). Galangal Galangal is a member of the ginger family, widely used in south-east Asian cuisine, particularly Thai cookery, being an important component in Thai curry pastes. It is also widely used medicinally as an aid to digestion and for respiratory problems. Galantine A pate-like dish made of the skin of a small animal, most often chicken or duck, which is stuffed with a forcemeat of this animal. Additional strips of meat, blanched vegetables, and truffles are also layered with the forcemeat. This is then wrapped or tied and poached in broth. Galantine are always served cold with their aspic, whereas ballottines may be hot or cold. These terms are often used interchangeably. Galette Pancake, usually sweet, made of batters, doughs, or potatoes. Brioche-type dough or puff pastry are often used. Small short butter cookies were once also called galettes. The term has now been stretched to include preparations made of vegetables or fish. Different from a croquette, these cakes are not breaded. Gambrel The flexor tendon behind the the cannon bone or Achilles tendon above the hock. Game Usually considered meat taken from animals found in the wild Garam Masala A mixture of ground spices used as a base for Indian dishes; the proportion of spices changes according to the dish being cooked but the basic ingredients are cumin, coriander and turmeric, and many others depending on whether the dish includes meat, vegetables or fish. Garbanzo Bean The round irregularly shaped buff-colored legumes with a firm texture and a mild nut-like flavor. Also called "chick-peas" and "ceci." Used in salads, soups, and stews. Very popular legume utilized in Mediterranean and Mexican cuisine. Garbanzo flour Flour ground from dried garbanzo beans. Also called ceci flour. Found in delicatessens, Italian specialty shops, health food stores and some supermarkets. Garbanzos Chickpeas; originally from Spain; round, beige beans with a nutty flavor. Garlic Probably native to Central Asia, garlic is a member of the same family as leeks and onions. There are many varieties of differing size, pungency and colour. The bulb or 'head' of garlic is formed of 12-16 bulblets, commonly called 'cloves'. The most widely used variety has a white/grey skin and is grown in southern France. Garlic is used to flavour many types of dishes and, for real lovers of its taste, can be roasted whole and served as a vegetable. Garlic and Red Chili Paste Very hot Chinese sauce made of red peppers and garlic. Good condiment for other Asian cuisines as well. Found in Oriental markets some finer supermarkets or substitute garlic and Tabasco. Garlic chives Light green in color, long thin stalks with a small bud on the tip. Find fresh is some Asian markets. Garnacha Round antojito of tortilla dough; tartlets of fried masa filled with black bean paste and ground beef, covered with tomato sauce, and sprinkled with cheese; usually served as an appetizer. Garnish edible ornaments to enhance the appearance of food Gazpacho Originally a peasant bread soup flavoured with olive oil, garlic and vinegar and any vegetables growing in the vegetable patch. In winter the soup could be eaten hot and in summer cold. The modern version of this Spanish soup is more like a cold tomato soup, almost like a salad, but still with the essential flavours of olive oil, garlic and vinegar. Gefilte Fish This popular Jewish dish consists of ground fish mixed with eggs, matzo meal, and seasonings that have been formed into balls or patties then simmered in vegetable or fish stock. The fish used is usually carp, pike, or whitefish. Gelatin, gelatine A protein produced from animals, used to gel liquids. It is odorless, flavorless, and colorless. It is found in granular and sheet form. It is found available also in fruit flavored form. Fruit flavor gelatin has sugar and flavors added. Gelato An Italian frozen dessert made of whole milk and eggs. This gives richness without flavors becoming masked by the fat from cream. The flavors are very intense and the texture is soft and silky. Gem A sauce for fish made from a special white roux. Genoise 1. A very rich sponge cake made with eggs and butter. This may be eaten as is with whipped cream or fruit, but also used as the foundation for many other cake preparations. 2. A cold mayonnaise sauce made with nuts and cream. Gewurztraminer An excellent white-wine grape that is grown in Germany and California. It is pink and yields a spicy, heavily perfumed, soft wine. "Gewurz" means "spice" in German. Ghee A form of clarified butter used in Indian cookery. The clarified butter (slowly melted, thereby separating the milk solids, which sink to the bottom of the pan, from the golden liquid on the surface) is simmered until all the moisture evaporates and the milk solids begin to brown, giving the resulting butter a nutty, caramel-like flavour and aroma. This extra step gives ghee a longer life and much higher burning point, making it practical for a number of sauteing and frying uses. Gherkin The young fruit of a small variety of dark green cucumbers grown especially for pickling. The French call this pickle "cornichons." Gianduia a classic Italian combination of chocolate and hazelnuts. Giblet "Giblets" usually refers to the heart, liver, gizzard, and sometimes the neck of poultry. All of these except for the liver are normally used to flavor stocks, soups, and gravies. Gibson This drink is identical to the Martini, which is made with gin and vermouth, except that it is garnished with a white cocktail onion. This drink was named after the illustrator Charles Gibson, the creator of the famous "Gibson Girl." Gill Liquid measure equal to 1/4 pint. Gimlet A cocktail composed of sugar syrup, lime juice, vodka (or gin) and sometimes soda water. Gin An unaged liquor using of distillates from barley, corn, or rye, and juniper berries. London dry gin is colorless. Hollands gin is a Dutch gin that tastes very different from other gins because of its large proportion of barley malt. Ginger A tropical plant cultivated for its root. The flavor is peppery and sweet, the odor is spicy. Used to flavor candy, soups, meat, poultry, curries, gingerbread, and cakes. Also the chief flavoring agent for ginger ale. Ginkgo Nut A delicately sweet nut from the heart of the inedible fruit of the maidenhair tree. Particularly popular in oriental cooking. Ginseng The Chinese name for this sweet licorice-flavored root means "human-shaped root." Often used in teas, ginseng has been credited over the centuries for being everything from a restorative to an aphrodisiac. Gjetost Cheese A Norwegian cheese made from goat's and cow's milk whey. The brown color and sweetness are the result of slow cooking the milk until its colors caramelize. Scandinavia's "Mysost" cheese is made using cow's milk only. Glace A highly reduced stock used as an essence in flavoring sauces and enriching soups and stews. Veal glace is used for all meat preparations and stands up the best to the long reduction required. Fish and shellfish glaces are used, but their flavor can become dirty tasting and bitter from too long of a reduction. Glaze To coat with a food with a thin liquid, such as aspic, jelly, egg wash or chocolate topping, that will be smooth and shiny after setting. Globe artichoke The globe artichoke is related to the thistle - its leaves and the bottom part of the flower, called the heart, are eaten. Boil the vegetable to serve as a first course. Dip each leaf into melted butter, mayonnaise or a vinaigrette and scrape of the soft fleshy base with your teeth. When you get to the centre, pull or slice off the hairy ‘choke’ and then eat the base, the heart or fond, with the remaining sauce. See also artichoke, for information about Jerusalem and Chinese artichokes. Glucose Glucose is a sugar. The most common form of this sugar is called "dextroglucose"--commonly referred to as "dextrose." Corn syrup is a form of glucose made from cornstarch. Gluten A protein in flour which, when mixed with water, gives the dough elasticity and strength. Glutinous Rice Also called "pearl rice," this rice is actually gluten-free. It is the preferred variety in the Orient because it is sticky and therefore easily handled with chop sticks. Gnocchi Small Italian dumplings made of flour, semolina, potato or choux pastry. They are usually poached and then cooked au gratin (with grated cheese) in the oven and served as a hot starter. Goa Bean A fast-growing, high-protein legume. Also called the "winged bean." This bean is entirely edible, including the shoots, flower, roots, leaves, pods, and seeds. Tastes somewhat like a cross between the cranberry bean and the green bean. Goat Goat meat has been eaten in other countries for centuries, but it never got very popular in the U.S. Most goat meat comes from kids--goats under 6 months old. Kid meat is as tender and delicate as lamb. Goat cheese Also packaged as "chevre," goat's milk cheese is pure white with a distinctive tart flavor. It can range from creamy and moist to dry and semi-firm, and is packaged in a wide variety of shapes, from cylinders to discs. Goat's Milk Goat's milk can often be found canned in supermarkets. Fresh goat's milk is sometimes available in health food stores. This milk is often made into goat cheese, which is better known as "chevre." Goatfish Goatfish is so named because of its two long "whiskers" that resemble a goat's whiskers. The meat is firm and lean. This fish is normally available only on the East Coast and through the Florida Keys. Gobo This slender root vegetable has brown skin and grayish white flesh. Used in soups as well as with vegetables and meats. Also known as "burdock." Goetta Cooked meat specialty -- Fully cooked sausage of German origin similar to scrapple; made with ground pork and/or beef, oats, herbs and spices; available in rolls and slab form. Golden beets Yellow ocher-colored beets. Sweeter vegetable than red beet varieties. Golden Cadillac A creamy, gold-colored cocktail made from Galliano, white Creme de Cacao, and heavy cream. Gonch Hook used to lift lids from Dutch ovens. Goose Any of many species of fatty, web-footed wild or domesticated birds that are larger than ducks. The female is the "goose," the male is called the "gander." Roasted goose is traditional holiday fare in many European countries. Gooseberry Large tart berries used in jams, jellies, pies and desserts. The English and French use this berry to make gooseberry sauce for use with boiled or baked mackerel. Goosefish This large low-fat, firm-textured salt-water fish has a mild, sweet flavor that compares with lobster. Also called "angler fish," and "monkfish." Gorditas Little fat ones; corn flour patties, usually slit, then stuffed; often found unslit, with the filling served on top or between two of them. Gorgonzola An Italian cow's milk cheese, pale in colour and streaked with blue. It has a distinct smell and can be mild, strong or sharp in flavour depending on its maturity. Gouda Cheese This is Holland's number one exported cheese. It is mild and has a nut-like flavor that is similar to Holland's number two exported cheese, edam. Some goudas are flavored with cumin or herbs. Available in both young and aged varieties. Gougere A savory pastry made of choux paste flavored with cheese. This may be made in individual puffs or piped into a ring of puffs, which is served with a pool of sauce in the center of the ring. Goulash A Hungarian soup/stew made with beef and liberally seasoned with paprika. Some versions add gremolata at the very end of cooking or sprinkled over the top. Gram flour A flour made from ground chickpeas. It is pale yellow and powdery and has an earthy flavour best suited to savoury dishes. Gram flour contains no gluten. It is widely used in Indian cookery. Granadilla An exotic fruit belonging to the passion fruit family, granadillas are twice the size of passion fruit with a smooth, fragile orange skin and a mild sweet pulp inside. Granita An Italian sorbet made of a lightly sweetened syrup flavoured with coffee or liqueur. It is served between courses or as a refreshment. Granola A food composed of grains (mostly oats), nuts and dried fruits. Granulated sugar This is the basic, refined "white sugar" for daily use and most baking. Grape Any of thousands of varieties of edible berries that grow in clusters. "Slip-skin" varieties have skins that slip off easily. Table grapes are eaten out-of-hand. Grapes used for wines are highly acid and generally too tart to eat. Grape Leaves The large green leaves of grapevines. These leaves are often used in the Middle East to wrap foods, such as "dolmas," for cooking. Also called "vine leaves." Grapefruit So named because they grow in grape-like clusters. These large citrus fruits are grown in Arizona, California, Florida, and Texas. They are available in both seeded and seedless varieties. Grapeseed Oil Oil derived from the seeds of grapes. Used in salad dressings and for sauteing. Grasshopper A sweet after-dinner cocktail made with cream, Creme de Menthe, and white Creme de Cacao. Grate To shred hard food by rubbing it against a grater. Grater A kitchen utensil with different sized sharp-edged holes, for rubbing off small particles of any hard food.. Gratin A gratin is any dish that is topped with cheese or breadcrumbs mixed with bits of butter, then heated in the oven or under the grill until brown and crispy. The terms au gratin or gratine refer to any dish prepared in this way. Special round or oval gratin pans and dishes are ovenproof and shallow, which increases a dish's surface area, thereby ensuring a larger crispy portion for each serving. Gravad Lax Whole salmon fillets that have been cured with salt, sugar, and pepper, then flavored with dill. The salmon is then sliced paper thin and served with pumpernickel bread, sour cream, capers, onion, and lemon. Other spellings for this are gravadlax and gravlax. Gravlaks A Scandanavian speciality where the freshest raw salmon is cured in a mixture of sugar, salt, pepper and fresh dill. True gravadlax should be left to marinate at a temperature of between 3 and 4C for three to four days. It is often served with a dill and mustard dressing. Gravy A sauce made from meat juices, usually combined with a liquid such as chicken or beef stock, wine or milk and thickened with flour, cornflour or some other thickening agent. A gravy may also be the simple juices left in the pan after meat, poultry or fish has been cooked. Grease To prevent foods from sticking by lightly coating a pan with butter, shortening, cooking spray, etc. Greaseproof paper Used packouts on mules instead of a chuck wagon. Great Northern Bean A very large white bean with a distinctive, delicate flavor. Popular in the Midwest for baked bean dishes. Can be substituted for any variety of white beans for most recipes. Grecque (a la). a la grecque means with the addition of a dressing of tomatoes, fresh herbs, lemon juice and olive oil. It usually refers to a dish of cooked vegetables, served cold as a salad or hors d'oeuvre, as in mushrooms a la grecque. Green and red leaf lettuce These basic salad greens are distinctive, pleasantly biter loose leaf, bunching, or cutting lettuces. Green beans These may be one of any number of beans that are eaten fresh, such as string bean, the thin haricot vert, the yard long bean, the wax or yellow bean, and the romano. All can be eaten raw, briefly cooked, so they remain crunchy, or cooked to complete tenderness. Buy beans that snap rather than fold when you bend them. Green onions Long green herb, like a large chive. Also known commonly in some parts of the world as a scallions. Green Pea A small, round green vegetable from the legume family. Also known as the garden pea. Unlike snow peas, which are eaten pod and all, green peas are eaten without the pod. Used by the Greeks and Romans long before Christian times. Greens A variety of vegetables are classified as greens, broccoli raab, kale, mustard or turnip greens, spinach, collards, chard, dandelions, escarole, and so on. Look for bright, crisp, firm leaves with no wilting, dry, or yellowing leaves. Gremolata Italian garnish of raw, finely chopped garlic, parsley and lemon zest. Sprinkled over slow-cooked braised meats, especially osso bucco. Grenadine A brilliant scarlet non-alcoholic syrup made from the juice of pomegranates. Used to color and flavor drinks and desserts. Called grenadine because was originally available only from the island of Grenada in the Caribbean. Griddle A flat cast-iron pan traditionally used for breads and scones. More recently griddles have a ridged surface and are used, lightly oiled, for cooking vegetables, meat and fish. Grill To cook food on a rack over hot coals or other heat source Grillade An individual serving of round steak, usually top round, and usually broiled. Grind To transform food into pieces ranging from small (fine grind) to large (coarse grind) using a food processor or grinder. Grinding Knife The 4 sided flat device used with the grinding plate to cut the meat in a grinder or chopper. Grissini Bread sticks. Grits "Grits" refers to any coarsely ground grain such as corn, oats, or rice. Today, most "grits" are hominy grits. Grits are available in coarse, medium, and fine grinds. Groats The dried kernels of wheat or oats. Ground Allspice Comes from the pea-sized berry of the evergreen pimiento tree, native to the West Indies and South America. Named "allspice" because it tastes somewhat like a combination of cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves. Ground beef Simply beef that has been finely chopped, ground beef is sold fresh or frozen. The USDA recommends cooking to the well done stage (165°F). Ground Beef, Extra Lean Also called "ground round" or "ground sirloin", this type of ground beef contains approximately 11% fat. Ground Beef, Lean Also called "ground chuck." The fat content is approximately 15% to 20%. This form of ground beef is flavorful, yet doesn't shrink excessively--it's the favorite choice for making hamburgers. Ground Beef, Regular This form of ground beef is usually made from the lower cost cuts such as brisket or shank. The fat content is up to 30%. Ground Cherry Also known as "cape gooseberry," this fruit has a bittersweet, juicy flesh. This fruit is eaten out of hand and used with meats, pies, jams, and savory foods. Ground Husk Tomato A small fruit, also called the "Tomatillo," that is related to the tomato and the cape gooseberry. Their flavor is said to resemble a cross between lemon, apple, and herbs. Used in guacamole and many sauces. Ground Mace Mace is a spice made from the membrane that covers the nutmeg seed. Tastes like a stronger, more aromatic version of nutmeg. Ground Pepper The result of grinding peppercorns, the berries of the pepper plant. Ground pepper is the world's most popular spice. (Salt is not a spice--it's a mineral.) Ground pepper stimulates gastric juices and aids in digestion. Ground red chiles When finely ground from dried red chiles, it is pure chile powder, which is different from blended chili powder. Groundnut Also known as a peanut. This edible nut is the seed of a member of the pea family, not a true nut. The pods mature underground and each contain 2-4 seeds. Groundnuts can be roasted, salted and eaten whole or used in cooked dishes. Peanut or groundnut oil is widely used in cooking and margarine manufacture. Grouper This true sea bass, found in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic, has a lean firm flesh. Its skin has a strong flavor and should be removed prior to cooking. Groupers have the ability to change to the color of their surroundings. Grouse A small, low-fat game bird. Quality birds should have no odor. Grunt Ranch term for dough pudding. Gruyere A moderate-fat cow milk cheese with a rich, sweet, nutty flavor that is prized for both out-of-hand eating and cooking. It is usually aged for 10 to 12 months and has a golden brown rind and a firm, pale-yellow interior with well-spaced medium-size holes. Tastes like Swiss, except a bit sharper. Guacamole A Mexican dish of mashed avocado mixed with lemon or lime juice and various seasonings (usually chili powder and red pepper). Sometimes finely chopped tomato, onion and coriander are added. Guacamole can be used as a dip, sauce, topping or side dish. If making in advance, cover well as guacamole will discolour. Guajillo chiles Also known as chili gauque; fresh guajillo chiles are known as mirasol chiles; medium-hot Mexican orange-red chiles; skinny and about four to six inches long; used in stews, soups, sauces; go well with chicken and pork dishes, blackberry and apple flavors, and grassy herbs such as marjoram and thyme; New Mexico chiles may be substituted. Guanabana The large, dark-green, slightly acidic and pulpy flesh of the fruit of a small West Indies tree called the "soursop." Not surprisingly, this fruit is also called "soursop." Guava A sweet, aromatic tropical fruit from the myrtle family. Used in jams, jellies, preserves, sauces, and beverages. Can also be eaten out of hand. Guero chiles A fresh chile; blond or light skinned; a generic term applied to a variety of yellow chiles; generally refers to long tapered varieties such as banana peppers, Hungarian wax chiles and Santa Fe grandes; mildly sweet to slightly hot, with a waxy but tart texture; used in yellow moles, salads, salsas and escabeches. Guinea Fowl Traditionally a game bird but now domesticated and available all year round, the guinea fowl has a flavour between that of chicken and pheasant. A young bird has tasty flesh, though it's drier than chicken, and has a tendency to dry out when roasted unless basted frequently. When older, it is a good bird to casserole as this helps keep the flesh moist - try casseroling in red wine with chestnuts. Gumbo A thick, gelatinous, soupy stew from Louisiana thickened with okra. Made with chicken, fish, pork, turkey or seafood, it is typically spicy in flavour, as is all Cajun cooking. Gumbo File A seasoning and thickening agent made from the young leaves of the sassafras tree. Originated from the Choctaw Indians who lived in Louisiana prior to the settlers' arrival. Used to make the creole specialty "gumbo." Gut robber In Western United States lingo, the cook; also known as bean master or biscuit roller. Gyros A blend of lamb, beef and seasonings, seared and stuffed in a pita topped with diced tomatoes, onions and tzatziki, a savory yogurt sauce loaded with garlic and cucumbers. Habanero chile A dried chile; Havana-like; small orange or red chiles from the Caribbean and Yucatan; originally from Havana, Cuba; they are the hottest peppers in the world, about 40 times hotter than a jalapeno; they are lantern shaped (resembling a tam or bonnet), pungent and fruity, with an apricot-like aroma; has tones of coconut and papaya; other names include Scot's Bonnet or Scotch Bonnet; jalapenos or serranos may be substituted. Haddock White sea fish similar to cod, with flaky flesh, available fresh or frozen, whole or as steaks and fillets. Can be poached, baked, fried, smoked or grilled and served with or without sauce. Haggis Scottish dish of a sheep’s stomach stuffed with offal, oatmeal, suet and seasonings. Traditionally served with mashed swede ('bashed neeps') and potatoes on Burns’ Night (which celebrates the birthday of Scottish poet Robbie Burns on 25th January). Hake Various members of the cod family are known as hake and are available fresh or frozen, whole or as steaks and fillets. Mild, subtle flavour suitable for frying, poaching and in soups. Half Smokes "Half smokes" is a old term referring to the smoking but not cooking of sausage. The sausage is cool smoked for a while for color and flavor but not long enough or hot enough to be cooked or done. To eat you must cook the sausage by hot water or by frying until the internal temp reaches 165 degrees. Water at a simmering 180-190 degrees for 15 to 20 minutes or pan frying will do this. Kielbasa, Thuringer, Bratwurst and some frankfurters can be processed this way Half-and-Half This combination of equal parts cream and milk cannot be whipped, and has between ten and fifteen percent milk fat. Although it can be substituted for cream in some recipes, it is mostly used on cereal and in coffee. Halibut Flat sea fish available mostly in steaks, fillets and cutlets. Its firm white flesh is greatly valued; probably best prepared with a sauce. Halvah A middle East confection made from ground sesame seeds and honey. Sometimes prepared with chopped, dried fruit and pistachios. Ham The hind leg of a hog. The taste of ham is affected by the age and breed of the hog, as well as by the food that the hog was fed. The unprocessed meat is called "fresh ham," but most ham is cured. Ham and Cheese Loaf Cooked meat specialty -- Loaf made of ground ham with cubes of firm cheese. Ham hock Cut from the hog's lower leg, often smoked or cured. Great in bean soups and other slow-cooked soups and stews, where they lend rich, smoky flavors. Hamburg Parsley A parsley subspecies grown for its beige carrot-like root which tastes somewhat like a cross between a carrot and celery. Used in stews and soups. Also eaten as a vegetable. Also called "parsley root." Hamburger Ground beef formed into a patty for use in a hamburger sandwich. The best type of ground beef to use for this purpose is lean ground beef, which contains about 15% to 20% fat. Hanging Suspending meat or game in a cool, dry place until it is tender. Hangtown fry Cooked, pressed and long-aged (parmigiano reggiano, pecorino) Hard sauce A sweet white sauce made with butter, sugar and lemon juice, chilled until thick, served as a dessert topping. Hardtack hard biscuit or bread made with flour and water only. Haricot A generic term for all New World beans, which includes almost everything; kidney, pinto, navy, pea, Great Northern, anasazi, cannellini, flageolets, appaloosa, and more. Haricots vert Very small and slender green bean [syn: haricot vert, French bean] Harissa This north African hot paste, usually served with couscous, is a fiery mixture of chillies, garlic, cumin, coriander, mint and oil. Hartshorn a source of ammonia used in baking cookies or, as "salt of hartshorn," as smelling salts. Once the word meant literally the ground horn of a hart's (male deer's) antlers, but ammonium carbonate was later used as a substitute, which also went by the name of "salt of hartshorn." it is available in American pharmacies. It is also an old-time leavening agent, and is used occasionally in making cookies. It is also the ingredient in some homemade pesticides. Harvey Wallbanger A sweet cocktail made with vodka, orange juice, and Galliano (an anise-flavored liqueur). Hash From the French hatcher, which means "to chop," hash is a dish of chopped meat, usually roast beef or corned beef, combined with vegetables and seasonings and sauteed until lightly browned. It is frequently served with a sauce or gravy. Hatch chiles A fresh chile; close relative of the New Mexico green chile. Haunch Hindquarters; ham. Havarti Cheese A semi-soft, mild, yet tangy pale yellow cheese similar to "Tilsit." Named after "Havarti," the Danish experimental farm where this cheese was developed. Hazelnut A hard-shelled nut with an oval or round kernel, high in dietary fibre, also known as cob nut. Used whole, grated or ground to flavour savoury and sweet dishes. Hazelnut Oil This fragrant full-flavored oil is pressed from hazelnuts and takes on the flavor of roasted nuts. The nuts are often toasted for a browner color and better flavor. The nuts are never blanched. Head Cheese This is not a cheese, but a sausage made from the edible parts of a calf's or pig's head that are combined with a gelatinous meat broth. Ingredients include cheeks, snouts, underlips and sometimes brains, hearts, tongues, and feet. Heart The heart of most animals and birds are used in cooking. Some say that the best hearts are calf's or lamb's hearts. Hearts are sometimes stuffed with breadcrumbs and herbs or used in making gravies. Heart Nut A kidney-shaped nut that grows on the outside of the cashew apple at its base. The shell is highly toxic. These nuts have a sweet buttery flavor and contain about 48% fat. More commonly known as "cashew nuts." Hearts of palm The edible inside portion of the stem of the cabbage palm tree. They are slender, ivory-colored, and have a delicate flavor reminiscent of artichoke. Heavy cream Heavy cream is the American term for double cream (48 per cent fat, the most versatile cream as it withstands boiling, whips and freezes well). Herbaceous A term used in describing the aroma of herbs in the following wines: Sauvignon Blanc, Cabarnet Sauvignons, and Merlots. Herbes de Provence A mixture of heady herbs from the south of France made up of any combination of thyme, oregano, marjoram, bay, basil, rosemary and hyssop. The Mediterranean flavour of these herbs is essential to flavour meat, poultry, game and vegetables and especially tomato-based and grilled dishes. Herbs Culinary herbs, which are available fresh or dried, include basil, bay leaf, chervil, marjoram, mint, oregano, parsley, rosemary, sage, savory, tarragon and thyme. Used for their aromatic properties, flavor and texture. Hermitage A French appellation located in northern Rhone. Its highly regarded red wines, made from Syrah grapes, and white wines, made from Marsanne and Rousanne, are the epitome of a world class wine. Herring An oil-rich fish usually sold whole. Can be poached, fried or grilled as well as pickled, marinated, salted and smoked. Hibachi Small, portable charcoal grill. Hibiscus blossoms Also called sorrel blossoms, these make a delicious iced tea. Find in Latin and Caribbean markets. Jamaica is the Spanish name; the blossoms of this tropical plant provide a brilliant color and an intense blackberry and dried cherry flavor to cocktails, marinades and vinaigrettes; Jamaica is also a beverage made from this blossom. Hickory Nut An extremely hard-shelled, high-fat nut used in cakes, cookies, sweet breads, and candies. They are also suitable in recipes calling for pecans. High-altitude baking At altitudes above 5,000 feet, batters and doughs behave differently from the way they do at sea level. You may compensate for the lower atmospheric pressure in several ways. Increase oven temperature by 25°F. Shorten rising time for yeast doughs, letting your eye or the finger poking method be your guide. In batters containing baking powder, reduce the baking powder by 1/4 teaspoon for every teaspoon called for; do not change the amount of baking soda. In batters containing beaten egg whites, underbeat the egg whites somewhat. For more information about high-altitude cooking, consult the home economics department of your state university. Highball A cocktail composed of whiskey and soda water or plain water. It is most often served over ice in a tall glass. Hijiki A form of dried seaweed. Found in Japanese markets. Hiritake Mushroom This fan-shaped mushroom is often grows on rotting tree trunks. This fungus is fairly robust and slightly peppery when raw, but is becomes much milder when cooked. Also known as "oyster mushroom." Hock A joint in the hind leg; British term for Rhine wines derived from the German wine town of Hochhheim. Hoe cakes Corn cakes cooked on a hoe. Also known as johnny cakes - pancakes made with cornmeal. Hog Maws A pig's stomach, often stuffed with a sausage mixture, simmered, then baked. Hog Plum The edible fruit of a tropical American tree that is plentiful in northeastern Brazil. It is bright yellow, oval, average an inch long, and features a soft, juicy sub-acid pulp surrounding a large seed. Also called "yellow mombin." Hog side Salt pork used in cooking and some baking; also called Old Ned. Hoisin Sauce A thick, reddish-brown sweet and spicy sauce, widely used in Chinese cooking. It's a mixture of soybeans, garlic, chilli peppers and various spices. Hoisin sauce is mainly used as a table condiment and as a flavouring for meat, poultry and shellfish dishes. Hollandaise Hollandaise sauce is an emulsion of egg yolks, a vinegar reduction and hot melted butter. It is the basic sauce from which other sauces, such as bearnaise and mousseline, are made. It is served with fish cooked in a court-bouillon, or with boiled or steamed vegetables. Holy Trinity of chiles ancho, mulato and pasilla. Hominy Dried white or yellow corn kernels with their hulls and germ removed. Also called "samp." Ground hominy is called "grits." This popular staple in the South and Southwest came to us from the Algonquin Indians. Homogenize To create an emulsion by reducing all the particles to the same size. In milk and salad dressings, for instance, all the fat globules are mechanically broken down until they are evenly distributed throughout the liquid. Honey Naturally sweet, viscous liquid produced by bees. Used as a sweetener to replace sugar in sweets, drinks and baking. Can also be used as a glaze for roasts. Honey Loaf Cooked meat specialty --Meat mixture similar to franks and bologna; contains about equal parts of pork and beef. Flavorings include honey, spices and sometimes pickles and/or pimentos. Honeydew Melons related to cantaloupes, casaba and Persian melons. Honeydew melons are used to accompany meat, seafood, and cheese. They are also used in salads, desserts, and fruit soups. Horn of Plenty Mushroom This is a wild mushroom with a hollow, funnel-shaped cap and is dark gray or black in color. Because of this, it also has the name etrumpet of deathe. This mushroom is somewhat stringy, but has a robust flavor and may be used to flavor sauces, soups, or any other mushroom preparation. Horse Bean This bean looks like a very large lima bean. The pod is inedible unless the plant is very young. Avoid pods bulging with beans as this is an indication of age. Also known as the "broad bean." Horse Meat Taboo for Jews, horse meat is eaten in many parts of the world, particularly France and Belgium. The flesh is on the sweet side and can be mistaken for beef if flavored with garlic or some other strong herb. May be cooked like beef. Horseradish A perennial plant originating in eastern Europe, horseradish is cultivated for its tough, twisted root. Once peeled, this is grated and mixed with cream and other ingredients to provide a hot-flavoured sauce to accompany roast beef or fish such as trout. Care must be taken when grating as the vapours can make the eyes sting. Hot Cross Buns Sweet yeast buns with currants, slashed crosswise before baking, then glazed as they come from the oven. Hot Smoking Using smoke to flavor meat or fish while cooking at temperatures over 250 degrees. Hot water crust pastry A heavy dough pastry made of flour, water and lard, bound together by heating. It can be moulded, when still warm, for pork, ham and raised game pies. Hot-pot Mutton and vegetable stew. Hotte Grape picking basket worn on the backs of French grape pickers. It is traditionally made of wood, but today can be found made of metal or plastic. Hubbard Squash A large winter squash of American origin. Often mashed and mixed with butter and seasonings. Also used in casseroles, muffins, and pies. Huitlacoche Corn fungus delicacy; sleepy excrement (Aztec); common in central Mexico; during the rainy season, a fungus develops between the husks and the ripe kernels where the kernels will blacken, contort and swell to form this musty fungus; valued for centuries in Mexico; has an earthy and distinct taste finally similar to mushrooms or truffles; lends a black hue and resonant aroma to stuffings for empanadas, tamales and quesadillas; makes distinctive sauces; usually sold cut from the cob and frozen; needs cooking to release flavor and aroma; often sauteed with roasted garlic and onions, and either fresh marjoram, oregano or epazote, then simmered with a little water or stock; harvested during the rainy season, usually late spring to early fall. Hull To remove the outer covering, or pull out the stem (the green calyx) and leafy top portion, of berries, especially strawberries. Human Milk Human breast milk is about 20 calories per ounce. It is about 40% carbohydrate, 50% fat, and 10% protein. Human milk contains certain protein immune substances that are lacking in cow's milk and infant formulas. Hummus A puree or dip of crushed cooked chickpeas flavoured with tahini (pounded sesame seeds), oil, garlic and lemon juice. Hunza apricots Very sweet and scented apricots that come from the Hunza valley in Pakistan. Hyacinth Bean An Old World vine of the legume family. The beans are black or white and are contained in a papery, beaked pod. Hydrogenate The process of hardening an unsaturated oil into a semisolid by transforming it into a saturated fat. Hygrometer A device used to measure the humidity. Hyssop An aromatic perennial herb from the Mediterranean region. During the Middle Ages it was popular as a flavouring for soups and stuffings but now its main use is in the distillation of liqueurs, such as Chartreuse. However, the young leaves can be used in cooking to aid digestion of fatty or rich foods, eg as a seasoning for oily fish or to flavour stuffings. Ibarra chocolate The traditional Mexican chocolate; contains cinnamon, ground almonds and sugar; the modern version of an Aztec chocolate drink that sometimes contained chiles; ideal for making hot chocolate, but should not be substituted for regular chocolate in most other recipes; there are a few dessert recipes which call for Ibarra chocolate; can be purchased in most grocery stores throughout the Southwest. Ice Cream America's most popular dessert, a frozen food made from milk products, sweeteners, and flavorings. The first ice cream was served by King Charles I, around 1640. He ordered the cook to keep the recipe a secret forever. He didn't. Ice Milk This dessert is made much the same way as ice cream, but with less milk fat. Iceberg Lettuce The most popular variety of lettuce. Although less flavorful and less nutritious as the other varieties, it costs less, is easier to shred, and keeps longer than other varieties. Icing Sweet coating for cakes and pasties - most often sugar-based and flavored. Ile flottante A very light dessert made from egg whites and sugar, cooked in a bain-marie, and served on a custard cream. The name means 'floating island'. Imam bayildi A Turkish dish of stuffed aubergines whose name neams 'the imam fainted'. According to legend, a certain imam or priest was so moved by the fragrant smell of the dish that he fainted from sheer joy. The stuffing is made with a mixture of aubergine pulp, onions and tomato. Imbu The edible fruit of a tropical American tree that is plentiful in northeastern Brazil. It is bright yellow, oval, averages an inch long, and features a soft, juicy sub-acid pulp surrounding a large seed. Also called "yellow mombin." Indian cress Nasturtium leaves and flowers, used in salads. Indian meal Yellow cornmeal. Infuse To extract the flavour from herbs, spices, tea or coffee either by pouring on boiling water and allowing the water to take on the flavours before drinking hot, or by bringing the mixture to the boil and allowing it to cool. Infusion The flavor that is extracted from any ingredient such as tea leaves, herbs or fruit by steeping them in a liquid such as water, oil or vinegar. Involtini Thin slices of meat or fish which are stuffed and rolled. They may then be sauteed, grilled or baked. Iodize To combine or impregnate with iodine. Iodine is a chemical element that is used to help prevent thyroid disorders. Iodized Salt Table salt to which sodium iodine has been added. This additive is a preventative for hyperthyroidism ("goiter"). Iplermagronen Swiss specialty of macaroni, potatoes, onions, cheese and cream. Iraqi Cuisine Iraqi food is rich and diverse, incorporating spices typical of Arabic cooking, such as saffron and mint. The preferred meats in Iraq are lamb, beef, goat, mutton and poultry; Muslims do not eat pork or pork products. As in other Middle Eastern countries, Iraqi meat dishes often combine vegetables and rice. Iraqui popular main courses include kebabs, which are skewered chunks of grilled meat; quzi, roasted and stuffed lamb; and kubba, which is minced meat with nuts, raisins and spices. Masgouf is a special dish made from fish that live in the Tigres river. Another popular dish is tripe, a dish made of cow's stomach. Most meals are accompanied by flat rounds of bread (samoons). For dessert, people enjoy some of Iraq's local fruits, rice pudding, Turkish Delight, sesame cookies, or baklava, a pastry made with honey and pistachios layered between filo sheets. The most widely consumed drinks in Iraq are coffee and tea. Arabic coffee is famous for its strong flavor. In Iraq, people brew their coffee thick and bitter, and serve it black. Tea is usually served in small glasses and drunk sweetened, without milk. Fruit juices and soft drinks are also popular. Irish coffee A drink made from black coffee, sugar and Irish whiskey, topped with fresh cream. Irish Soda Bread A classic Irish quickbread that uses baking soda as its leavener. This bread is often made with buttermilk and is sprinkled with currants and caraway seeds. Irish stew A stew including mutton and vegetables. Isinglass Gelatin made from fish viscera. Italian sausage A popular pizza topping consisting of pork flavored with garlic and fennel. Available in sweet and hot styles, the latter of which contains hot peppers. Italian Style Pork Sausage Fresh sausage -- Fresh pork sausage, highly seasoned; cook thoroughly before use. Jack Bean Seed Also known as "horse bean seed." This bean looks like a very large lima bean. The pod is inedible unless the plant is very young. Avoid pods bulging with beans as this is an indication of age. Jackfruit A large fruit related to the fig and the breadfruit. This fruit, indigenous to Africa, Brazil, and Southeast Asia, which weighs up to 100 pounds, is used in desserts. Jackrabbit A hare native to North America; originally called "jackass rabbit" because of its long ears; five-pound jackrabbits are about one year old and are best for roasting; the meat is dark, rich and more gamey than rabbit. Jalapeno cheese Asadero cheese blended and molded with jalapeno chiles; jalapeno jack may be substituted. Jalapeno peppers The dark green jalapeno is the unripe version of the red which often ships with white veins on the outer skin. This does not affect the flavor or quality. They are about 3 inches long, with a rounded tip. They ripen to red and range from hot to very hot, the smallest being the hottest; they take their name from Jalapa, the capital of Veracruz, Mexico; sold fresh, canned or pickled; when dried and smoked, they are called chipotle peppers. Delicious when roasted, stewed or pickled; both are a delight stuffed with cheese or peanut butter and grilled. Jalapeno Poppers became popular in the 90s. Heat ranges from hot to very hot. Jam Thick syrupy mixture of fruit and sugar. Jamaican Breadnut The seeds of a tree from the mulberry family that is grown in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. These seeds are boiled, ground into flour and made into bread. Also called "Ramons." Jambalaya A spicy Cajun rice dish from Louisiana with ham, sausage, chillies and tomatoes. Jamberry A small fruit, also called the "tomatillo," that is related to the tomato and the cape gooseberry. Their flavor is said to resemble a cross between lemon, apple, and herbs. Used in guacamole and many sauces. Jambolan An olive-sized fruit of a tropical evergreen that is cultivated throughout Southeast Asia to the Philippines. The several varieties vary in sweetness and range from white to dark purple. Also called the "Java plum." Japanese fish sauce A powerful sauce, made of small fermented fish, used sparingly as a flavouring and as a condiment. Japanese Gelatin A tasteless dried seaweed that is used as a thickening agent. Sold in blocks, powder, or stands. Agar can be used in place of gelatin, but less is required. Also called "agar" and "kanten." Japanese Horseradish A horseradish that is dried, powdered, and made into a pale green paste with an extremely potent flavor. Often mixed with soy sauce and served with sushi, sashimi, and other Japanese specialties. Also called "wasabi." Japanese Medlar This pear-shaped fruit has a juicy, crisp flesh and a sweetly tart flavor. Used as a snack, in salads, and in chicken and duck dishes. Also called "loquat" and "Japanese Plum." Japanese Plum This pear-shaped fruit has a juicy, crisp flesh and a sweetly tart flavor. Used as a snack, in salads, and in chicken and duck dishes. Also called "loquat" and "Japanese Medlar." Japanese Soba Noodles The brownish buckwheat soba noodles from Japan are becoming more popular as their beguiling nutty flavor and nutritional value engage the attention of Western cooks. Rich in protein and fiber, they are most commonly served cold with a dipping sauce or hot in soups. Soba noodles are extraordinarily versatile and lend themselves to salads and stir-fried dishes as well. You can find soba noodles flavored with green tea, lemon zest, or black sesame seeds. For the best-quality check out the Japanese brands. To cook boil fresh noodles 1 to 1 1/2 minutes or dried ones 4 to 4 1/2 minutes. Japanese Soy sauce Chinese soy is very different from Japanese. Japanese soys contain much more wheat flour and sugar. Buy in larger quantities in a Japanese market. It is cheaper that way and it will keep well if kept sealed. Japanese White Radish This radish has a sweet flavor and a crisp, juicy white flesh. Used raw, in salads, in stir-fries, and as a garnish. Also called "Daikon." Jardiniere A French term that refers to dishes garnished with vegetables. Jarlsberg cheese A mild semi-firm Swiss-style cheese from Norway with a mild, slightly sweet flavor. Jasmine rice Fragrant long grain rice from Thailand that is distinctly aromatic when cooked. The length of each grain is four to five times its width. Java Plum An olive-sized fruit of a tropical evergreen that is cultivated throughout Southeast Asia to the Philippines. The several varieties vary in sweetness and range from white to dark purple. Related to the rose apple and the pitanga. Javelina Collared peccary; small wild pig found in the Southwest. Jellied Beef Loaf Cooked meat specialty -- Cooked beef, shredded and molded with gelatin, and cooked in loaf or roll. Also available are Jellied Tongue, Jellied Corned Beef and Jellied Veal Loaf. Jellied Corned Beef Cooked meat specialty, made from precooked, lean corned beef which is shredded and mixed with pure gelatin, formed into a loaf and cooked. Jellyroll A thin sheet of sponge cake layered with jelly and then rolled up. Jerky Meat that is cut into long, narrow, strips then dried. Beef is the most commonly used meat for jerky. Also known as "Jerked Meat." Jerusalem Artichoke Not to be confused with the globe artichoke, the Jerusalem artichoke belongs to the sunflower family and it is the plant’s underground tubers that are eaten. They are rather knobbly and irregular in shape, with a pale brown or purply-red skin. Scrub them and boil or steam until tender and then peel. If a recipe calls for peeled Jerusalem artichokes, peel them and drop into acidulated water until ready to use. Can be used as a main ingredient or side serving. Often baked and cooked in soups. Jew's Ear A fungus that resembles a human ear. It is found almost exclusively on dead elder tree branches. Used in many Chinese dishes and is also know as "Chinese fungus." Normally dried before use. Jicama Large bulbous root vegetable with a thin brown skin and a white crunchy flesh with a texture similar to water chestnut. It has a sweet, nutty flavor and can be eaten raw or cooked. Also called "Mexican potato." Jobo The edible fruit of a tropical American tree that is plentiful in northeastern Brazil. It is bright yellow, oval, averages an inch long, and features a soft, juicy sub-acid pulp surrounding a large seed. Also called "yellow mombin." Jocoque Mexican sour cream that has equal or less fat content than American sour cream. Also referred to as salted buttermilk, although thicker. Its flavors range from mildly tangy to refreshingly sharp. John Dory Found in European waters, this white-fleshed sea fish, also known as St Peter's fish, is an odd-looking creature with an oval, flat body and a large, spiny head. The flesh is delicate and mild and can be cooked in a variety of ways including grilling, sauteing and poaching. Joint Prime cut of meat for roasting; to divide meat, game or poultry into individual pieces. Jugged Meat or wild game dishes, such as jugged hare, which is stewed in a covered pot. Jujube A small, hard, gelatinous candy with a fruit-flavor. Also refers to a Chinese jujube, a red, olive-sized fruit with a leathery skin with a prune-like flavor. Julienne Vegetables or citrus zest shredded or cut into thin matchsticks. The julienne is cooked in butter in a covered pan until quite soft and then used as a garnish, especially for soups and consommes. Raw vegetables to be served as an hors d'oeuvre can also be cut as a julienne. Juniper berries The darkish berries of the juniper tree provide the main flavouring for gin. These spicy, aromatic berries are also used, fresh or dried, crushed or whole, to flavour casseroles, marinades and stuffings, and complement pork, rabbit and beef, especially pork pates. They can also be used in sweet dishes such as fruit cake. Jus This French word is roughly the equivalent of 'juice', but it has more specific meanings in French cookery: a. the unthickened juices from a piece of roast meat b. the juice squeezed from raw vegetables or fruit Kaffir lime leaves Dried leaves from the Kaffir lime tree. Pale green in color, resembling a bay leaf. Purchase in packages in Oriental markets. Kahlua A sweet coffee liqueur imported from Mexico. Kalakukko A Finnish dish of bread filled with fish. Kale A non-heading member of the cabbage family. Cultivated for over 2,000 years, this vegetable can be prepared and eaten in much the same way as spinach. Kamoboko A variety of Japanese fish paste cake. Kampyo Japanese gourd shavings that are a popular stuffing for sushi. Find in Japanese markets. Kamut A variety of high-protein wheat that hasn't yet been hybridized. Kamut kernels are two-to-three times larger than most wheat and provides a higher nutritional value. Kanpyo Strips of dried gourd, popular in Japan. The strips are soaked in water to soften before they are used in sushi, soups, and broths. Kanten A tasteless dried seaweed that is used as a thickening agent. Sold in blocks, powder, or stands. Agar can be used in place of gelatin, but less is required. Also called "agar" and "Japanese Gelatin." Kasha Also known as "buckwheat groats." Kasha is the hulled, crushed kernels of buckwheat. Normally cooked like rice and is available in coarse, medium, and fine grains. Katsuo This small tuna (6 to 8 pounds) has a light-colored meat similar to yellowfin. "Katsuo" is the Japanese name for this fish. The Hawaiians call it "aku." Katuray The edible flower of a tree native to the South Pacific and parts of Asia. Especially popular as a food in the Philippines. Also called "Sesbania Flower." Kebab A dish of small pieces of meat or vegetables threaded on skewers and cooked over coals or a grill. Usually associated with Middle Eastern cookery. Kedgeree Traditional British breakfast dish, originally from India, mainly consisting of rice, cooked flaked fish and hard-boiled eggs. The fish is usually smoked haddock. Kefir A fermented milk drink similar to a lassi, flavored with salt or spices. Where available, kefir is made with camel milk. The word "kefir" is derived from the Turkish word keif, which loosely translates to; good-feeling, feeling of well-being or feeling-good. Kefir is a refreshing probiotic cultured-milk beverage, which is believed to originate in the Northern Caucasus Mountains many centuries ago. Kefir has a uniform thick creamy consistency, a slightly sour refreshing taste, with a mild aroma of fresh yeast. Kefir also has a slight naturally carbonated effervescent "zest". To round this all off, kefir may contain between 0.08 to 2 % alcohol. Many aromatic compounds contribute to kefir's unique flavor and distinctive pleasant aroma. Kelp A long, dark brown to grayish-black algae which is harvested, sun-dried, then folded into sheets. A popular ingredient in Japanese cookery. Sometimes pickled and used as a condiment. Ketchup A thick, slightly sweet sauce, with one flavour predominating, often used as a cold accompaniment to meals. The best known type is tomato. Ketjap manis or kecap manis Similar to soy sauce but sweeter, this extremely rich, dark and thick sauce is used in marinades or as a condiment in Indonesian cooking. The sweetness comes from palm sugar and other flavourings include garlic and star anise. Key limes Small, yellow-green limes that are tarter in flavor than the more common Persian limes. They are most famous for their role in key lime pie, the tangy custard pie made with a meringue topping. Key limes are often hard to find. Kidney The kidneys are a pair of glandular organs in the abdominal cavities of mammals and reptiles. Calf's and lamb's kidneys are amongst the most delicate. Pig's kidneys are larger and coarser and make good pâtés. Kidney bean A popular, firm bean with a dark red skin and a full-bodied flavor. Considered the world's second most important bean (behind the soybean). Popular in "chili con carne" (chili with meat), soups, and salads. Kielbasa A highly seasoned smoked sausage of Polish origin made from pork and (sometimes) beef. It is flavored with garlic and other spices. Can be served cold or hot. Killing the Onion A Turkish technique for taming onions is described as "killing" the onion: soaking it in salted water to draw out some of its harshness. Kimchi (kimchee) The fiery cabbage-based staple of Korea, heavily seasoned with garlic and chile. King Crab A giant crab that can grow up to 10 feet, claw-to-claw. It has snowy white meat edged in red. Because their numbers are rapidly decreasing, the catch is rigidly quota-controlled. King Salmon Considered the finest Pacific salmon. This high-fat, soft textured fish can reach up to 120 pounds. Also called the "Chinook Salmon." Kingfish Any of several varieties of drum found along the Atlantic coast. Kipper Salted, smoked herring. Kippered Snack Herring that is split, cured by salting, drying, and cold-smoking. Also called "Kippered Herring" and "Kippers." Kirsh A clear form of brandy that is distilled from cherry juice and pits. "Kirsh" means "cherry" in German. Kirsh is used in fondues and Cherries Jubilee. Kitchen Bouquet Brand name for a bottled seasoning used to flavor and color gravy. It is also known as "baker's caramel (burnt sugar caramel)" or "blackjack." You can make your own by combining 1 cup firmly packed brown sugar and 2 tablespoons water in a saucepan and cook, stirring constantly, until sugar is dissolved (about 2 minutes). Gradually add 1 cup boiling water; continue cooking until it becomes syrupy (about 15 minutes). Kitchen paper Paper towel. Kiwano An exotic fruit, also known as horned cucumber or jelly melon, with a spikey orange skin. The kiwano's pulp is a pale yellow-green colour and jellylike in texture with a sweet-tart flavour reminiscent of bananas and cucumbers. Kiwi The kiwi fruit is originally from China, but is now widely grown in all moderate climates. Its stark green color makes it a popular garnish, but it is a pleasant tasting fruit on its own. It has a unique tart-sweet taste. Also known as the "Chinese gooseberry." Knackwurst A smoked and cooked sausage made from beef and/or pork. It is shorter and larger in diameter than a frank and is strongly seasoned with garlic. Knead To work and stretch dough either by hand or an electric dough hook. The process makes the mixture smoother and softer or more elastic and evenly incorporates air or additional ingredients at the same time. Knish A Jewish potato pancake that is deep-fried or baked. Sometimes meat (primarily beef) or other ingredients are encased in its outer dough. Kohlrabi Pale green or purple coloured bulb-shaped vegetable of the cabbage family. It cooks like a turnip and is said to taste of asparagus. Popular in German cookery. Kolbassy A highly seasoned smoked sausage of Polish origin made from pork and (sometimes) beef. It is flavored with garlic and other spices. Can be served cold or hot. Also called "polish sausage" or "Kielbassa." Kombu (Konbu) A large edible seaweed used in Japanese cooking. Kome-Kogi Miso made from rice. Korean Buckwheat Noodles One of the most popular varieties of noodles among the Koreans are the brownish noodles known as "naengmyon" which are sold dried. They are made with buckwheat flour and potato starch and are slightly chewier than soba noodles. To prepare buckwheat noodles boil for 3 to 3 1/2 minutes. Naengmyon are mostly used in soups. Korean Pickling Salt A coarse salt used in making Korean delicacies like Kimchee. Substitute kosher salt if necessary. Kosher Derived from the Hebrew word "kasher," which means "proper" or "pure." Kosher foods conform to strict Jewish biblical laws pertaining to the type of food eaten, the kinds of foods combined in one meal, and how an animal is killed. Kosher salt Coarse salt used for pickling. Koulibiac A Russian pie filled with fish, vegetables, rice and hard-boiled eggs. European cooks have adapted and varied the recipe in many ways, making it with brioche dough or puff pastry and filling it with rice, chicken and mushrooms or with salmon, onions, parsley and shallots. Koyodofu Dried tofu (soybean curd cake). Kugelhopf A yeast cake from Alsace baked in a large crown-like earthenware dish. It is similar to brioche, though less rich, and flavored with currants or golden raisins and almonds. This is mainly eaten for breakfast. Kummel A sweet, clear liqueur that has been flavored with caraway seed, cumin, and fennel. Kumquat Small citrus fruit originating in central China but now cultivated in the Far East, Australia and America. Kumquats can be eaten whole - including the skin - or used for pickling and preserves. They are particularly good in stuffings for poultry. Lactose Also called "milk sugar," lactose is that sugar that occurs naturally in milk. It is less sweet than any of the other sugars. Used in baby formulas and candies. Ladies' fingers An alternative name (because of its appearance) for okra, an ingredient that is widely used in Indian, Caribbean and southern US cookery where it is an essential ingredient of gumbo. A long green pod, full of seeds, the okra exudes a sticky juice in cooking which thickens stews and braised dishes. Ladyfingers Known in Italy as "savoiardi." Sweet, light, delicate sponge cake roughly shaped like a rather large, fat finger. It's used as an accompaniment to ice cream, puddings and other desserts. Ladyfingers are also employed as an integral part of some desserts, including Charlottes. Ladyfingers can be made at home or purchased in bakeries or supermarkets. According to the Parisian cooking school, Le Cordon Bleu, leftover sponge cake, brioche, or genoise cake may be used in place of ladyfingers. They advise cooks to be careful, for ladyfinger batter is very fragile. They recommend folding the flour and yolks in very carefully into the meringue so that the whites don't lose their volume. Ladyfingers may be stored up to a week in an airtight container. They may also be frozen to extend their useful life. Lagniappe An old Creole word for "something extra." Soup meat is the lagniappe from vegetable soup preparation. Lahvosh A round, flat, crispbread that ranges from about 6 to 14 inches in diameter. Also known as "Armenian Cracker Bread." Lake Herring One of the most prized whitefish found in the Great Lakes and in Canada. May be prepared in any manner suitable for salmon. Also called "cisco" and "chub." Lamb A sheep under 1 year old. "Baby lamb" in slaughtered at between 6 - 8 weeks of age, "spring lamb" at 3 - 5 months, "regular lamb" at under one year. Lamb over 1 year old is "mutton" and is less tender and has a stronger flavor than lamb. Land cress Land cress, curly cress, broadleaf cress and upland cress are all quick-growing, delicate textured greens that have the sharp, peppery flavor of watercress. Great in salads and sandwiches or paired with delicate vegetables such as beets or potatoes. Langouste Spiny lobster, differentiating from Maine lobsters in that they have no claws. Langoustes are warm water crustaceans that can be found in the south Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and off the coasts of South America, Australia and the West Indies. Langoustine Another name for the Dublin Bay prawn, also known as Norway lobster and scampi, available fresh or frozen, in and out of their shells. Cook by boiling or grilling, if fresh. Lard Rendered and clarified pork fat, lard is a fine white fat which is less used these days because of its high animal-fat content. It is used particularly for slow cooking but also for deep-frying and for making pastry. Larding To introduce fat to lean meat by threading slivers of bacon or salt pork through it. Or to thread vegetables into the meat. Larding with vegetables gives the meat a contrast of color plus the addition of flavor. This practice is not used as often now because of the higher quality of meat available. Lardons Lardons are small, chunky strips of fat bacon or pork fat (smoked or unsmoked) used to flavour dishes such as quiches or salads or they can be sweated with onions as a base for soup. Larrup molasses; also called blackstrap. Lasagna A wide, flat pasta noodle with a ruffled or plain edge. The dish called lasagne is usually prepared with alternate layers of bolognese sauce, pasta and bechamel sauce, topped with grated parmesan cheese and baked in the oven until browned. A meat is sometimes included. The plural of "lasagna" is "lasagne." Lassi A traditional Indian drink that used to be made from buttermilk poured into earthenware crocks, with salt added to combat dehydration in the hot climate. It is now made from thin yogurt, with salt or sugar. To make your own, dilute plain yogurt, with water or milk, add salt or sugar to taste, then blend vigorously with crushed ice. Lattice topping A topping consisting of strips of dough crisscrossed atop a pie. Laurel Tree on which bay leaves are grown; used as a seasoning in many dishes, the leaves should always be removed before serving. Laver A very nutritious seaweed that is normally sold in tissue-thin sheets. It has a tangy, sweet flavor and a dark purple color. Used in soups or deep-fried as an appetizer. Leaven Adding a leaving agent such as yeast, baking powder or baking soda to ingredients in order to allow either dough or batter to rise. Leavening agent An ingredient that causes dough or batter to rise, lightening its texture and increasing its volume, such as beaten eggs or egg whites, baking powder, baking soda and yeast. Lebanon Bologna Semi-dry sausage -- Originated in Lebanon, Pennsylvania; made of coarsely chopped beef; heavily smoked; has a tart, tangy taste; dark surface appearance. Leeks Leeks look like very large green onions (scallion) in the produce section. The leek is related to both garlic and the onion even though its flavor and fragrance are milder and more subtle. Because they are so sweet, leeks are often cooked and served as a side vegetable. Wash carefully to remove the dirt between the layers. Look for leeks with lots of white. Lefse A thin, flat potato pancake, about the consistency of a tortilla and cooked by similar method. Very mild, starchy, slightly sweet taste. Lefse is enhanced by the addition of peanut butter, brown sugar or lutefisk. Lemon Very sharp, acidic citrus fruit rich in vitamin C but with a low sugar content. Used mainly for its juice to flavour drinks, sweet and savoury dishes and as an accompaniment to fish. The aromatic zest or outer rind contains essential oils and is also used as a flavouring. Remove it by grating, using a potato peeler or a zester; take care not to remove any pith with the zest, as it is very bitter. Lemon balm As its name suggests, this leafy, green herb has a lemon flavour and fragrance, lending itself well to fish, poultry and vegetables as well as salads, stuffings and drinks. Lemon grass A main ingredient in Thai and south-east Asian cuisines, lemon grass is a root that can be used fresh, dried or powdered to impart its lemon flavour to sweet or savoury dishes. Lemon sole Lemon sole is in fact a flounder. Flounders can be bought as fillets or whole and cooked by grilling, frying or serving with a sauce. Lemon verbena Fragrant, sweet, lemony herb that makes a good tea and adds delicate flavor to custards and similar desserts. Lemon zest The outer part of the lemon skin (yellow part of the peel only), grated fine and used as a flavoring agent or garnish. Lemonade A popular beverage made of lemon juice, sugar, and water. Lentils Flat and round, lentils are the fastest cooking of all dried beans. The three major varieties are Le Puy, the most intensely flavored lentil; common green or brown lentils; and yellow or red lentils, which are popular in Indian cooking- particularly Dal. Lettuce There are several hundred varieties of lettuce. The four most general classifications include "butterhead," "crisphead," "leaf," and "Romaine." The darker green outer leaves contain the most vitamins. Liaison The process of thickening a sauce, soup or stew. This includes all rouxs, starch and water mixtures (slurries), beurre marni and egg yolks with or without cream. Egg yolks must be tempered with hot liquid before adding to the liquid in order to prevent curdling. Lick molasses; also called blackstrap or larrup. Licorice A plant whose root provides an extract that has long been used to flavor confections and medicines. "Licorice" also refers to candy that has been flavored with licorice extract. Light Soy sauce To be used when you don't want to color a dish with caramel coloring, which is what dark soy contains. Do not confuse this with "Lite" soy sauce. Lighter Bake made by Sunsweet - a 100% fat- and cholesterol-free baking ingredient that replaces butter, margarine, oil or shortening in scratch recipes and packaged mixes. Made from a blend of dried plums and apples, this new fat "imposter" creates moist, chewy baked goods that are lower in fat. Lighter Bake is located in the cooking oil or baking ingredients section of supermarkets nationwide. Lightnin' bread Quick breads leavened with baking soda or baking powder. Lima Bean A pale green, plump-bodied bean with a slight kidney-shaped curve. Baby limas are smaller and milder than the Fordhook variety (which are not mature baby limas). The popular combination of lima beans and corn is called "succotash." Limburger Cheese A highly aromatic whole cow's milk cheese with a cream-colored interior and a light grayish brown surface. It originated in Belgium but most of it is imported from Germany. Most consider it an acquired taste. Lime This small, green citrus fruit is used mainly for its juice, added to cooked dishes (especially in Asian cuisine) and to drinks. Lime leaves The leaves of a wild lime tree which appear as double leaves joined tip to end and have a spicy, lemon flavour; the leaves give a distinctive citrus scent to soups and curries of Thai and Indonesian cooking. Limoncello Lemon liqueur. A digestif made only in Italy along the Amalfi Coast and on the islands of Ischia and Capri. Limousin Beef A breed of cattle which is naturally lower in fat and cholesterol. These cattle were brought to the United States from France around 1930. Lingcod A North American Pacific coast fish with a mildly sweet flavor and a firm, lean texture. Lingonberry Lingonberries are a dark red soft fruit, traditionally used in Swedish cooking. Linguica Uncooked, smoked sausage -- Portuguese sausage made from coarsely ground pork butts, seasoned with garlic, cumin seeds and cinnamon, cured in vinegar pickling liquid before stuffing; smoked; also called Longanzia. Linguine An oil pressed from flaxseed. Linzertorte An Austrian pastry comprised of a short crust dough flavored with ground almonds and hazelnuts, cinnamon, and lemon zest. This is then spread with raspberry jam and topped with a cross-hatch of dough. Almond paste is sometimes layered underneath the raspberry jam. Other versions of this use fresh cranberries or apricots in the filling. Liqueur Sweet alcoholic beverages flavored with fruits, herbs or spices, usually served after dinner. Some, such as Amaretto and Grand Marnier, are useful as flavorings in desserts. Liquid Smoke Find in the condiment section of supermarkets. Litchi This fruit is used in salads and as a dessert. It has a creamy white flesh that is juicy and sweet. The litchi has been cultivated in China for over 2,000 years. Dried litchis are eaten like nuts. Also called the "lychee nut." Littleneck clams There are essentially two types of clams - the softshell (or steamer) and the hardshell (or quahog). Littlenecks are the smallest of the hardshells. Liver This nutritious organ meat filters toxins from the blood. Select the youngest liver you can find. Poultry generally offers the mildest flavored and most tender livers; pork has the strongest and toughest liver of those commonly available. Liver Cheese or Liver Loaf Cooked sausage, sometimes called liver pudding -- Ingredients and processing similar to liver sausage but with slight alteration to achieve more body for slicing. Molded in sandwich-size brick shape. Liver Sausage, Liverwurst Cooked sausage -- Finely ground, selected pork and livers; seasoned with onions and spices; may also be smoked after cooking or may include smoked meat such as bacon. Liverwurst German for "liver sausage." Liverwurst is a ready-to-eat sausage of at least 30% ground pork liver plus other meats combined with spices and seasonings. The most famous liverwurst is called "Braunschweiger." Livornaise A sauce made with olive oil, egg yolks and anchovy paste. Lobster A sea crustacean related to the crayfish, crawfish and crab and found in cold seas. It is the largest, most sought-after shellfish and is usually sold whole. Lobster is best cooked simply by boiling, steaming or grilling. Lobster mushroom A wild mushroom that has a firm texture and a red and orange color like lobster shells. Loganberry A cross between the blackberry and raspberry. It has a less subtle flavour than the raspberry and can be quite tart, so needs plenty of sugar when used in desserts. Loin Cut of either pork or lamb which is taken from the back. Sold as a roasting joint, with or without bones, as well as chops and steaks which are good for grilling and barbecues. Lola (Lolita) Dry sausage -- Italian origin; made of mildly seasoned pork; contains garlic. London Broil A flank steak that has been cut into large pieces, tenderized by marinating, broiled or grilled, then sliced into thin strips across the grain before it is served. Long Island Tea An alcoholic beverage consisting of gin, vodka, cola and lemon. Tequila is sometimes also used. Longan A small, round fruit with a thin brown shell. Its flesh is soft, white, juicy, and surrounds one large black seed. Used as a snack, in oriental soups, desserts, and some sweet-and-sour dishes. Longbean A pencil-thin legume from the black-eye pea family that looks like a very long green bean. These beans can grow a yard long, but are usually picked at 18" or less. These beans are slightly less sweet and crispy as the green bean. Longhorn cheese Mild Cheddar cheese produced in the United States; any mild Cheddar can be substituted. Loofah The fruit of any of several tropical vines of the gourd family. The dried insides of these gourds can be used as a sponge. Also called "vegetable sponge" and "sponge gourd." Looseleaf Lettuce Looseleaf lettuce varieties include "greenleaf," "oakleaf," and "redleaf." These varieties of lettuce offer large loose heads of crisp, delicately flavored leaves. More perishable than iceberg or romaine. Lop Chong Sweet pork sausage. Loquat This pear-shaped fruit has a juicy, crisp flesh and a sweetly tart flavor. Used as a snack, in salads, and in chicken and duck dishes. Lotte This large low-fat, firm-textured salt-water fish has a mild, sweet flavor that compares with lobster. Sometimes referred to as "poor man's lobster." Also called "angler fish," "monkfish," and "goosefish." Lotus The lotus is a water lily whose leaves, root, and seeds are used in oriental cooking. The root can be used as a vegetable. The seeds are used in desserts. Lotus leaves Very large leaves that, after reconstituting, can be used as wrappers in Asian cuisine. Lovage Also known as sea parsley, the leaves and stem of the lovage plant add an intense celery flavour to soups, stews and stocks or pork and poultry dishes, as well as enhancing any potato dishes. Lox Smoked, oiled salmon. Lumpia This Philippine version of the Egg Roll consists of a lumpia wrapper (a thin skin made of flour or cornstarch, eggs and water) wrapped around a filling and fried. Sometimes a lettuce leaf is used to enfold the filling mixture, in which case lumpia is not fried. The filling can be made of chopped raw or cooked vegetables, meat or a combination of the two. Lumpia can be served as an appetizer or side dish. Luncheon Meat Cooked meat specialty -- Chopped Pork, ham and/or beef, tastily seasoned and ready to serve. Available in loaves, canned or sliced in vacuum packages, sliced. Lupine This flat, yellow bean native to the Mediterranean basin, has been cultivated since ancient times. A three-hour soaking in water removes a bitter taste. Occasionally eaten roasted as a snack. Lutefisk Fish dish of dried cod, cured in lye, then reconstituted by boiling. Traditionally served with clarified butter or in white sauce and served with lefse. In its finest form, lutefisk has a delicately mild buttery flavor and flaky consistency. In its not-so-fine form, it is reminiscent of fish-flavored gelatin. Lychee A fruit that originated in China and which is now grown in the Far East and the West Indies. It is about the size of a small plum and has a thin, hard rough shell that is easily removed. The white, juicy flesh surrounds a large dark-brown stone. In Europe, fresh lychees are available from November to January, but they are probably most often sold tinned, preserved in sugar syrup. Lyonnaise (a la). a la lyonnaise describes various dishes, usually sauteed, characterised by the use of chopped onions, cooked in butter until golden and often finished off with vinegar and sprinkled with chopped parsley. Lyonnaise sauce is a classic French sauce made with onions and white wine, then strained and served with meat or poultry. Lyonnaise Sauce A classic French sauce preparation made with sauteed onions, white wine and demi-glace. The sauce is strained before being served with meats and sometime poultry. Lyons Sausage Dry sausage -- An all-pork sausage with finely diced fat; of French origin; seasoned with spices and garlic; cured and air dried. Macadamia A relatively expensive nut that is native to Australia. Its white kernel has a taste reminiscent of coconut. In Asia it is used in curries and stews; in the United States it is a flavouring for ices and cakes. Also known as "bush nut." Macaire A potato pancake made with seasoned potato puree. Macaroni A noodle made from semolina and water. Most are tube-shaped, but twists and ribbons are available too. Popular tube shapes are: elbow (short, curved), mostaccioli (large, diagonally cut), rigatoni (short, grooved), ziti (long, thin). Macaroni and Cheese Loaf Cooked meat specialty -- Made of finely ground pork and beef with generous quantities of Cheddar cheese and macaroni distributed throughout. Macaroon A small biscuit or cake, crunchy outside and soft inside, made with ground almonds, sugar and egg whites. Macaroons are sometimes flavoured with coffeee, chocolate, nuts, fruit etc. Mace A spice derived from the outer layer of nutmeg, mace is sold either in blades or ground. It adds a mild nutmeg flavour to soups and sauces as well as sausages, pates and fish dishes. Macedoine A mixture of fruit or vegetables. Vegetable macedoine are cut into small dice and used as a garnish to meats. Fruit macedoine are cut in larger pieces and often marinated in sugar syrup with liqueur. Macerate To soak raw, dried or preserved fruit or vegetables in liquid (usually alcohol, liqueur, wine, brandy or sugar syrup) to soften or take away bitterness and so that they absorb the flavour of the liquid. Dried fruits for winter compotes are often treated this way. Mache A wild lettuce with small round leaves that may be used for salads or cooked and used as you would spinach. The taste is a little less pronounced than spinach. Mache grows wild, and can be found in the fall. It is cultivated in France, Italy, and the US from September to April. It is also known as lamb's lettuce and field salad. Mackerel A firm-fleshed oil-rich fish, usually sold whole. Can be grilled, fried, barbecued or poached. It also suits being pickled, marinated, salted and smoked. Mackerel, King Also called the "kingfish," this is the most popular variety of mackerel. This fish has a firm, high-fat flesh with a savory flavor. Mackerel, Pacific Also called the "chub," this species of Pacific mackerel is also found in the Mediterranean. Like other mackerels, this fish is fatty and has a strong flavor. Madeira Madeira is a fortified wine that comes from the island of the same name. Drunk as an aperitif, especially served chilled, but also used in cooking where it is similar to a dry sherry. Madeleine French scallop-shaped cake, made with sugar, flour, melted butter and eggs, often flavoured with lemon or almonds. Magret The breast meat from a mallard or Barbary duck. These ducks are specially raised for foie gras. Their breasts are large and have a much thinner layer of fat than do the Peking or Long Island duckling. Maguey Cactus plant (Agave americana) from which tequila, mescal and pulque are made. Mahi Mahi Also called "dolphin fish." Although this fish is a dolphin, it is not a mammal. To avoid this confusion, the Hawaiian name "Mahi Mahi" is becoming prevalent. This fish is moderately fat with firm, flavorful flesh. Mahi-mahi is a great alternative to swordfish. Mai Tai An alcoholic beverage made from light and dark rums, orgeat syrup, curacao, and orange and lime juices. In Tahitian, "Mai Tai" means "out of this world." Main Dish The main food to be eaten, most often at dinner accompanied by one or more side dishes. Mako shark Fairly inexpensive fish with ivory-pink flesh that resembles swordfish in color and texture (but not in appearance). Other available shark includes dusky, black tip, silky, lemon, bull, tiger, or hammerhead shark. Malanga A tuber sold in all Latin American markets and some supermarkets; you might find it under the name "yautia." Raw, it has the texture of jimica, but it is not eaten raw. It's best boiled, fried, or included in stews - in short treated exactly as a potato. Peel and trim before cooking. Maldon salt An exceptional sea salt which comes from the Maldon area of Essex. Sea salt is produced as the sea washes over rocks and then recedes with the tide, leaving pools of water. The sun evaporates the water and leaves the salt in the form of crystals that can be used in cooking or preserving, as whole crystals or ground. Malt A powder made by germinating, drying, and grinding grains. Enzymes are added during the process to partially convert the starch to sugar. This creates the sweet-tasting malt used in brewing, distilling, yeast-making, and vinegar. Mame-Kogi Miso made from soy beans. Manchego A Spanish cheese made from ewe's milk which originated in La Mancha. The cheese is very fatty and firm to the touch. Mandarin A cooking style which, in Chinese, means "Chinese official." Mandarin cooking is an aristocratic cuisine that takes the very finest elements from all the Chinese regions. Mandarin Orange A category of thin-skinned citrus fruit that includes several varieties. The most common variety sold in the U.S. is the "tangerine." It has a delicate, somewhat spicy tart. Mandoline The original food processor, and still highly useful, the mandoline is the easiest way to cut thin slices of vegetables. Mango The fruit of the tropical mango tree. The flesh is very juicy and pleasantly acid. Used in snacks, jams, jellies, and desserts. Green mangos are used to make pickles and chutney. Mangosteen A tropical fruit from south-east Asia, the mangosteen is the size of a small peach with a leathery skin which, when peeled away, reveals five sweetly scented white segments. Manhattan An alcoholic beverage made with bourbon or blended whiskey mixed with sweet vermouth and garnished with a maraschino cherry. Manicotti A tube-shaped pasta noodle approximately 4 inches long by 1 inch in diameter. Normally stuffed with a cheese or meat mixture, covered with a sauce, then baked before serving. Manioc A root with a crisp white flesh. There are two main categories of manioc: sweet and bitter. Bitter maniocs are toxic until cooked. Manioc is used to make "cassreep" and "tapioca." Also called "cassava." Maple sugar Sugar made from the sap of the sugar maple. It is sold loose or pressed into cakes or decorative molds. Maple syrup The boiled-down sap of the maple tree, this syrup is very popular in the United States and Canada. It is expensive; cheaper varieties are made from a mixture of maple syrup mixed with cane syrup. Marchand de vin A dark brown sauce made with meat and wine. Marengo A chicken or veal dish made with white wine, tomato and garlic. Chicken Marengo is said to have been served to Napoleon after his battle at the Italian town of the same name in 1800. Margarine Margarine was invented in the 1860s by a French chemist as a cheap replacement for butter. Nowadays it is bought as a product in its own right, frequently in the belief that it is a healthier option than butter. There are many types available using different fats and with differing flavours and uses. Some are purely vegetable-based, containing no animal products at all, and are labelled dairy-free or vegan. Others contain a mixture of animal and vegetable fats. Some are designed for spreading, and others are hard and designed for baking. All margarine contains as much fat as butter, but some are lower in cholesterol and saturated fats. Margarita An alcoholic beverage containing tequila, triple sec, and lime juice. A frozen margarita is blended with ice cubes. Marguery A Hollandaise sauce made with shellfish essence and wine. Marinade A highly seasoned liquid in which foods are soaked. Marinating foods permits them to absorb the flavor of the marinade. Most marinades contain a acid of some sort (lemon juice, vinegar, wine) which aid in tenderizing meats. Marinara A highly seasoned Italian tomato sauce used with pasta and some meats. Marinara is made with tomatoes, onions, garlic, and oregano. Marinate To steep fish, meat or vegetables in a flavoured liquid (the marinade) usually containing oil, wine or lemon juice, herbs and spices, in order to tenderise and add flavour. Mariniere (a la). A method of preparing shellfish or other seafood, especially mussels, by cooking them in white wine, usually with onions or shallots. Marjoram A culinary herb from the mint family with a mild, sweet sagelike flavor. Used to flavor meats and stews. Marlin Sport-fishermen of big-game fishing find catching the great marlin a challenge. Found in the waters off Hawaii, Florida, Venezuela and Australia, marlin is available in other parts of the world sold as steaks. These are best cooked under the grill, on a barbecue or as kebabs. Marmalade A preserve of citrus fruits (most commonly oranges) and sugar. Marmalade Plum Fruit of a tree, native to Mexico and Central America, also called the "marmalade tree" or "sapote." It offers a sweet, edible fruit. Marmite A rich meat soup or stock; an earthenware stock pot. Marrons Bone substance and gut eaten by Native Americans and pioneers. Marrow Bean A type of white bean that is generally dried before use. Marrow Squash Also known as "vegetable marrow," this oval squash-like gourd, which is related to the zucchini, has a bland flavor and is often stuffed with a meat filling. Marsala This is Italy's most famous fortified wine. It features a rich, smoky flavor that ranges from sweet to dry. Sweet Marsala is used as a dessert wine. Dry Marsala is often used as an apertif (a light, alcoholic drink appetizer). Marshmallow An American confection made from sugar gelatin, corn syrup, gum arabic, and flavoring. Some add egg whites for additional fluffiness. Marshmallows used to be made from the sweetened extract of the roots of the marshmallow plant. Martini An alcoholic beverage made with gin and vermouth, then garnished with a green olive or a lemon twist. A "dry" martini contains less vermouth. A "vodka martini" uses vodka instead of gin. Marzipan Thick paste made from ground almonds, sugar and egg whites that is used in making cakes and pastries, especially as a topping for Simnel cake or as a base for the icing on a Christmas or wedding cake. It can be coloured and flavoured and used to make petits fours. It can be also be moulded into the shapes of fruits, vegetables etc. Masa Dough of ground dried corn and flour; usually refers to ground nixtamal; instant corn flour tortilla mix; cornmeal dough made from dried corn kernels that have been softened in a lime solution, then ground; fresh frozen masa is available in supermarkets throughout the Southwest; comes finely ground in a dehydrated form and can be used to make tortillas and tamales. Mascarpone Cheese Soft and delicate Italian cream-enriched cow's milk cheese with a high butter fat content. Sometimes blended with other flavors or sweetened with fruit. Mask To cover completely, as with mayonnaise, jelly, ganache, aspic, etc. Mastic a resin that gives a sour flavor to dishes. A shrub rarely growing higher than 12 feet, much branched, and found freely scattered over the Mediterranean region, in Spain, Portugal, France, Greece, Turkey, the Canary Islands, and Tropical Africa. The best Mastic occurs in roundish tears about the size of a small pea, or in flattened, irregular pear-shape, or oblong pieces covered with a whitish powder. They are pale yellow in color, which darkens with age. The odor is agreeable and the taste mild and resinous, and when chewed it becomes soft, so that it can easily be masticated. This characteristic enables it to be distinguished from a resin called Sanderach, which it resembles, but which when bitten breaks to powder. Mata pepper Small; when fresh, extremely hot; use in fresh sauces or stir-fry into oil before adding vegetables; add to shaker jar with vinegar to make hot sauce. Matafan A thick pancake eaten sweet as a snack, or savory as an accompaniment to cheese. They are also made with bacon, spinach, and potatoes. Matai The nut-like kernel of a water plant that grows in southeast Asia. The flesh is white, crunchy, crisp, juicy and a somewhat sweet nutty flavor. More commonly known as "water chestnut." Matelote A fish stew made with wine. The Alsatian version of this dish is made with freshwater fish, Riesling wine, and thickened with cream and egg yolks. The Normandy version includes seafood and is flavored with cider and Calvados. These stews are normally embellished with pearl onions and mushrooms. Also, asauce made with court bouillon and red wine. Matjes herring A reddish herring that has been skinned and filleted before being cured in a spiced sugar-vinegar brine. Matzo A thin, crisp, unleavened bread that is traditionally eaten during the Jewish Passover. Tradition dictates that matzos be made only with water and flour, but moderns include certain flavors, such as onion. Mayonnaise A thick, creamy, cold sauce made by beating oil and egg yolks, usually with some wine vinegar, salt, pepper and mustard. Used to dress salads or mixed with other ingredients. Meat The part of the muscle of any cattle, sheep, swine, or goat that is skeletal or that is found in the tongue, in the diaphragm, in the heart, or in the esophagus with or without the accompanying and overlying fat, and the portions of bone, skin, sinew, nerve, and blood vessels which normally accompany the muscle tissue and which are not separated from it in the process of dressing. Meat tenderizer Most chemical meat tenderizers are a powder composed chiefly of "papain," an enzyme extracted from papayas. This enzyme is effective in breaking down the meat fibers. Meatball Chopped meat formed into balls and cooked. Additional ingredients are sometimes added to the meat. Megrim Flat fish from the brill and turbot family. Melba The name given to various dishes dedicated to Dame Nellie Melba, the famous 19th-century Australian opera singer. The best known is peach Melba, created by Escoffier when he was chef at the Savoy in London. The original was an elaborate dish of a swan of ice with peaches on top on a bed of ice-cream and topped with spun sugar. Today, the dessert consists of peach halves on a bed of vanilla ice-cream and coated with raspberry puree. Melba Toast This accompaniment to soups and salads is a very thin, dry toast. Created by Auguste Escoffier for opera singer Dame Nellie Melba. Melon There are three kinds of melons (aside from watermelon, a different species entirely). Small melons with ridged skin, such as the charentais, more common in Europe; and those with a meshed rind, such as cantaloupe; and those with a smooth rind, like the honeydew. When looking for ripe melons, an appetizing smell is a good sign. Shake the melon. Loose seeds are a fairly good indication of ripeness. Squeeze the ends, especially the one opposite the stem; it should be fairly tender, almost soft. Menudo Tripe and cow's foot soup or stew; fiery Mexican "hangover cure," traditionally eaten on Saturday and Sunday; traditional dish for New Year's Day; normally served with lime wedges, oregano, red pepper flakes and hot tortillas. Meringue A very light sweet confection made from stiffly whipped egg whites and sugar. When baked it becomes hard on the surface but remains soft inside. Used to cover pies and tarts or on its own with fruit. Mesclun A mixture of young shoots and leaves used in a salad. Mesclun usually contains various types of wild and cultivated chicory, lamb's lettuce and dandelion but may also include rocket, chervil, purslane and oak leaf lettuce. Mesophilic Cheesemaking term which describes the temperature at which the culture thrives. From the Greek words meso - meaning intermediate - and philic - which means loving. Mesophilic cultures thrive around room temperatures.These terms describes at the temperature the culture thrives at. Mesophilic (from the Greek words meso - meaning intermediate and philic - which means loving) cultures thrive around room temperatures. Mesophilic cultures require a temperature than thermophilic cultures. Mesquite A hardwood tree indigenous to the American Southwest. Mesquite it used in barbecuing and smoking foods. It imparts a slightly sweet flavor to the meats. Metate Old Native American utensil, made of volcanic rock; used for grinding corn, mesquite beans, etc. Mettwurst Uncooked, smoked sausage -- Cured beef and pork, ground and lightly spiced with allspice, ginger, mustard and coriander, smooth; spread-able consistency; cook before serving. Meuniere (a la). A method of cooking that can be used for all types of fish. The fish is coated in seasoned flour, fried in butter and served with some more melted butter with the addition of a squeeze of lemon juice and a few freshly chopped herbs. Traditionally, whole trout and fillets of sole are cooked in this manner. Mexican chocolate A mixture of chocolate, almonds, sugar and sometimes cinnamon and vanilla, ground together and formed into octagonal tablets; Ibarra is the most common brand in the United States; can be used in desserts, chocolate beverages and some mole sauces; the best substitute is to add a dash of cinnamon to bittersweet chocolate. Mexican Garlic Mexican garlic has a dark pink-blue hue to the husk and is sharper than white garlic; usually mashed or roasted for Southwestern cooking. Mexican mint marigold Also known as "sweet mace"; flavor of the leaves is similar to tarragon with a subtle anise flavor; both the leaves and petals can be used in sauces and relishes and as a garnish. Mexican oregano Much larger leaves and a different appearance from the oregano most commonly found in the United States; almost always sold dried in the United States; used in many traditional recipes for red sauces, moles and stews; should be toasted slightly before using to enhance the flavor. Mexican Potato Large bulbous root vegetable with a thin brown skin and a white crunchy flesh with a texture similar to water chestnut. It has a sweet, nutty flavor and can be eaten raw or cooked. Also called "Jicama." Mexican strawberries Cowboy term for red beans. Migas A dish made of eggs scrambled with chorizo, tortilla chips, onions, tomatoes, cheese and chiles, it is normally eaten for breakfast. Mignon, Migonette This is a term used to describe coarsely ground pepper used for au poivre preparations and in bouquet garni. This is also used to describe small round pieces of meat or poultry. Milanese Foods that are dipped in egg and bread crumbs, sometimes parmesan cheese, and fried in butter. Mild chiles New Mexico or Anaheim chiles. Milk chocolate Most popular form of eating chocolate in the United States due to its mild, mellow flavor. It has only 10% chocolate liquor and usually contains about 12% milk solids. Milk chocolate has a less robust flavor than sweet or semi-sweet chocolates. Milkfish An important food fish of the Indo-Pacific region that offers a tender, white flesh. Hawaiians use milkfish for making fish cakes and sashimi. Also called "awa." Milkshake An American beverage consisting blended milk, ice cream, and flavorings. Mille-feuille Pastry made of thin layers of puff pastry, whipped cream and jam or some other filling such as fresh fruit. Mille-feuilles are usually small rectangular pastries but can also be made as large gateaux. Literally means 'a thousand leaves'. Millet A bland flavored cereal grass used chiefly for forage in the U.S., but as a staple for one-third of the world's population. Millet can be boiled and used to make a hot cereal pilaf or ground and used as flour. Mince To finely chop food, resulting in tiny pieces. Minced Luncheon Specialty Sandwich spread; cooked meat specialty -- Made of lean beef and pork trimmings; cured; finely ground, spiced. Mincemeat A spicy preserve in English cookery that consists of a mixture of dried fruit, apple, suet, candied fruit and spices, steeped in rum or brandy. It is the traditional filling for individual mince pies, served warm at Christmas. Minestrone A thick Italian soup containing a mixture of vegetables and pasta or rice. Mint The two most popular types of the over 30 varieties of mint are peppermint and spearmint. Peppermint is more pungent. Mint is used in both savory and sweet dishes. Detailed definition of Mint Mint Julep A cocktail composed of fresh mint, bourbon, and crushed ice. Traditionally served in an iced pewter or silver mug at the running of the Kentucky Derby. Mint sauce A thin sauce made from chopped mint, vinegar and sugar, traditionally served in England as an accompaniment to roast lamb. Minute steak A tender and juicy very thin steak cut from the top round, which can be quickly sauteed, broiled or pan-broiled. Mirabelle Small yellow plum, used as tart filling; a liqueur made from small yellow plums. Mirasol chiles Mirasol means looking at the sun; also called chile travieso, or naughty chile; the dried pods are used like dried red New Mexican chiles in corn dishes, meat dishes, sauces and stews; when fresh and green, it can be substituted for the serrano chile mochomos - cooked or roasted meat, shredded and fried crisp. Mirepoix A mixture of diced vegetables, usually onion, leek, carrot and celery, that are sauteed in butter to form a base for many sauces, soups and stews. Mirin Mirin is sweetened sake (rice wine) used in Japanese cooking, especially for sauces. Mirliton (vegetable pear) A vegetable resembling a pale green squash. Mirlitons are also referred to as vegetable pears or chayote squash. You can find them on vines growing in Louisiana back yards. Their delicate flavor generally absorbs the taste of other foods they come in contact with. They are also used as an ingredient in Caribbean as well as Latin and Southwestern American dishes. Miso A paste made from soya beans, used in Japanese cookery. Popular when made into soup. Mix To combine ingredients until smooth and evenly distributed. Mocha A strong, slightly bitter coffee that originally referred only to a very fine coffee grown in Arabia and shipped from Yemen's port of Mocha. Mocha also refers, nowadays, to a hot coffee-and-chocolate beverage. Mochi A sweet, short-grained, Glutinous rice with a very high starch content that is used to make rice cakes. Mojo A spicy, rich sauce consisting of nuts, seeds, spices, chocolate, and peppers. Molasses A thick, dark, heavy syrup that is a by-product of sugar refining. It is far less sweet than syrup or honey and the darker the molasses, the less sugar it contains. Molasses has a slightly bitter flavour that is favoured in traditional North American recipes such as Boston baked beans and it also goes into the making of rich fruit cakes, gingerbread and treacle toffee. Mole A rich, dark reddish-brown Mexican sauce that is often served over poultry. Mole contains onion, garlic, chili peppers, ground seeds, and a small amount of Mexican chocolate. Molinillo A wooden whisk used to whip hot chocolate; the handle is rolled between the palms of the hands, whipping the mixture until it is frothy. Molletes Yeast rolls flavored with anise; toasted open-faced sandwich filled with refried beans and cheese. Monk's beard A vegetable grown in Tuscany, Italy, monk's beard is in season for only five weeks of the year. Similar in appearance to samphire, it is best prepared by light steaming and served with lemon or olive oil. It can also be added to risotto. Monkfish This large low-fat, firm-textured salt-water fish has a mild, sweet flavor similar to lobster. Sometimes referred to as "poor man's lobster." Also called "Angler," "Lotte," "Belly-Fish," "frogfish," "Sea Devil," and "Goosefish." Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Additive made from sodium salt crystals and used to enhance the flavour of foods, especially in Oriental cuisine. MSG is much used by commercial manufacturers of foods such as soups and sauces. It has a unique taste, different to sweet, sour, bitter and salty, called umami. Some people have reactions to MSG that cause them to suffer from a variety of symptoms including dizziness, headache, flushing and burning sensations. Mont blanc A rich dessert of chestnut puree and whipped cream. Monterey Jack Cheese This semi-soft buttery ivory cheese is made from whole, partly skim, and skim milk. It hails from Monterey, California and is also called "California Jack" or "Jack." Somes contain jalapenos and other flavorings. Montmorency A sauce made with cherries; also, a garnish made with artichoke hearts. Moochim A Korean-style dried fish with soy sauce. Mooli Long white Japanese vegetable of the radish family. Also known as daikon, it is mild and crunchy and good in salads. Unlike other radishes it is as good cooked as raw. Moose A large member of the deer family with enormous palmate antlers. Moose meat is called "venison." Antelope, caribou, elk, deer, and reindeer meat is also classified as venison, the most popular large animal game meat in the U.S. Mora and morita pepper Dried red jalapeno, two or three inches long, red-brown; smoked flavor; medium hot; used in salsas, soups, etc. (Moritas are smaller.) Morel Morels are a highly prized wild fungus. They grow in dry, sandy areas and have a sponge-like cap so it is important to wash them well to get rid of any grit. They are often used dried and are excellent in all mushroom dishes and as additions to stews and casseroles. Morello cherries Pie cherries. Mornay Sauce A bechamel sauce enriched with egg yolks and flavoured with grated Gruyere cheese. It is used to coat dishes to be glazed under the grill or browned in the oven, including poached eggs, fish, shellfish, vegetables. Mortadella A large, lightly smoked Italian sausage flavoured with myrtle berries and studded with pistachios or green olives. Mortadella, German-Style Cooked meat specialty -- High grade, finely chopped bologna with cubes of fat pork and pistachio nuts added; smoked at high temperature. Mortadella, Italian-style Semi-dry sausage -- Italian-style sausage composed of very finely chopped, cured pork and beef with added cubes of white fat; delicately spiced with garlic and anise; smoked at high temperature; air dried. Mostaccioli A large, 2-inch macaroni tube cut on the diagonal. This noodle is available with both a ridged or a plain surface. Moth Bean A low, trailing Indian plant of the legume family. The edible beans are mottled grayish-yellow. Moules mariniere Mussels prepared a la mariniere, ie by cooking in white wine with chopped shallots, parsley, thyme and a bay leaf. Mountain oysters Roasted calf testes eaten as a between-meal snack. Moussaka A dish from Greece, Turkey and the Balkans, made of layers of lamb, slices of aubergine, potatoes and onions and covered with white sauce and cheese. Mousse A name describing either a sweet or savoury dish which is light and creamy. Sweet versions are made with beaten egg whites, savoury mousses use gelatine. Mousseline These are fine purees or forcemeats that have been lightened with whipped cream. The term is also used to describe a hollandaise sauce which has unsweetened whipped cream folded into it. Mousseron mushroom A wild mushroom with an off-white to beige color. The flavor is full-bodied and the texture is fleshy like bolets. Mozzarella An Italian fresh or unripened cheese made from the milk of the water-buffalo and sold swimming in whey; fans often prefer its soft sponge-like texture and mild creamy flavour to the alternative cow’s milk mozzarella which can be more rubbery and less flavoursome. Muenster Cheese The American of this has a light yellow interior and a bland taste that is different from the European originals, which are yellow, semi-soft and have flavors ranging from mild (when young) to very assertive (when aged). Muesli The German word for "mixture." Muesli was developed as a health food by a Swiss nutritionist near the end of the 19th century. Now a popular type of cereal. Often labeled "granola." Mugi-Kogi A dried green herb that rich in iron and calcium. Mulato chile A dried chile; in Mexican cooking it refers to the chile mulato, a dark black-brown dried chile famous for its use in Mole Poblano; tastes of licorice, chocolate and dried fruit; used in many dark moles; if unavailable, use anchos or pasillas. Mulberry A berry resembling a blackberry that comes in white, red and black varieties. Their flavor is sweet and somewhat bland. The leaves of the white mulberry are used in silkworm cultivation. Mullangi A type of radish with a sweet flavor and a crisp, juicy white flesh. Used raw, in salads, in stir-fries, and as a garnish. Also called "Oriental radish." Mullet This term is used to describe several families of important food fish. In general, they are saltwater fish with a moderate to high fat content and flesh that is tender, white, and firm textured. They have a sweet, nut-like flavor. Mulligatawny A spicy soup originally from India, adopted by the British and especially popular in Australia. It is a chicken consomme with stewed vegetables, highly seasoned with curry and spices. Mung beans A versatile tiny (about one-eighth inch in diameter), dried bean is common throughout Asia. The bean or pea is also the source of bean sprouts, also used to make bean-thread noodles. Muscatel A strong sweet wine made from the muscat grape. It is a rich, sweet dessert wine. Muscatel can be amber, golden, red, white. It is sometimes sparkling. Mushroom There are thousands of varieties of this fleshy fungus. The cultivated mushroom is commonly available, but other wild varieties include cepe, chanterelle, enokitake, morel, puffball, and shiitake. Many wild mushrooms are poisonous. Music roots sweet potatoes; so called because of the gaseous effect. Muskellunge A freshwater pike that averages between 10 and 30 pounds. Some specimens, however have reached 60 pounds and up to six feet in length. Muskellunge offers a lean, firm, low-fat flesh. Muskmelon Muskmelons are called "cantaloupes" in North America, but they are not actually cantaloupes. True cantaloupes are European and are not exported to the U.S. The light orange flesh is mild, sweet, and very juicy. Muskrat Also known as a "marsh rabbit" and "musquash," this animal is a large, aquatic, North American rodent with a red, gamey flesh. Muskrat has a lot of bones, but it makes a good stew. Mussel A bivalve mollusk with worldwide distribution. There are salt and freshwater varieties. The thin shell means there is more meat compared to the same weight of clams or oysters. The yellow meat has a sweet and delicate flavor. Must a sweet, viscous liquid that is red-yellow in color. It comes from fresh grape must, known as "stafilopat." In other parts of Greece it is known as "petmezi." Mustard A herbaceous plant whose seeds are used to prepare the condiment of the same name. There are three varieties: black mustard (spicy and piquant), brown mustard (less piquant), and white or yellow mustard (much less piquant but more pungent). Mustard seeds are sold whole, ground into powder or processed into prepared mustard. Mustard seeds can be stored for up to a year in a dry, dark place and powdered mustard for about 6 months. Whole seeds are used for pickling, flavouring cooked meats and vegetables. Powdered mustards and freshly ground seeds are used in sauces, as a seasoning in main dishes and as an ingredient in salad dressings. Different blends of made-up mustard include English, Dijon and French. It is often eaten with meats and can be used to add flavour and thickness to sauces. Mustard Greens The peppery leaves of the mustard plant. Mustard greens can be steamed, sauteed, or simmered. Mustard Spinach An herb of the mustard family whose leaves are cooked and eaten like spinach. Americans cultivate this plant for its leaves; Asians cultivate it also for its thick, tuberous crown, which they pickle. Also called "tendergreens." Mutton The flesh of sheep over one year old. Muttonfish A marine fish of the eelpout family found mainly in the Pacific. The flesh is sweet and white and contains very few bones. Also called "ocean pout." Naan a white flour Indian flat bread. It is one of the most loved Indian breads. A trip to an Indian restaurant usually involves the ordering of some kind of Naan. It is traditionally made in a brick and clay tandoor oven. Traditionally served as an accompaniment with an Indian curry, Naan's can also be used to wrap seasoned grilled meats, seafood, or vegetables. A naan should be served hot and eaten immediately or else it tends to get chewy. Nachi or Asian pear An exotic fruit that has the texture of a pear but the flavour of an apple, and is excellent in fruit salads. Nacho Cheese A cheese (usually cheddar) used to top crisp tortilla chips in a Mexican snack called "nachos." Nachos Tortilla chips that are topped with cheese, chiles, etc., then heated until the cheese melts; originated in El Paso, Texas. Nage An aromatic broth in which crustaceans are cooked. The shellfish is then served with this broth. The most notable of these dishes is lobster la nage. Nam pla This fish sauce is fundamental to Thai food. It is made with the liquid that comes from fermented anchovies and is very pungent. Nantua A name given to dishes containing crayfish. This includes crayfish tails and sauces made with a crayfish fumet. Napa cabbage Sometimes called Chinese celery cabbage. Found in many supermarkets and Oriental markets. Nasturtium An annual flowering plant whose leaves and yellow/orange flowers are sometimes used as an ingredient or garnish in salads. The leaves have a good peppery bite. The flower buds and seeds, picked when soft and pickled in vinegar, can be used as a substitute for capers. Natal Plum This scarlet fruit of a South African shrub is an oval berry about 2 inches long. This fruit is used in pies, jellies, and preserves. Also called "Carissa." Natilla Custard dessert; similar to floating island, with stiffly beaten egg whites layered on top of an egg custard; often accompanied with fresh or poached fruits. Natto Soy beans that have been steamed, fermented, and mashed until they have a glutinous texture and a strong cheese-like flavor. Popular condiment in Japan. Often served at breakfast over rice or mixed with chives, mustard, and soy sauce. Natural Cheese The product of thickening milk into a liquid "whey" and a semi-solid called "curd." Normally, the curd is pressed, treated with cultures, and ripened into approximately 18 distinct families of cheese with over 400 specific types. Natural-rind cheese Self-formed thin rinds, no molds or washing (English stilton, mimolette, tomme de savoie). Navarin French stew of lamb or mutton with potatoes and/or other vegetables, especially young spring lamb and new vegetables. Navy Bean A small white legume that takes its name from the fact that the U.S. Navy has served it as a staple since the 1800's. Used widely in canned pork and beans and in Boston baked beans. Neapolitan A type of ice cream featuring three distinctive flavors, usually chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla. Usually served in slices to display the three different colors. Nectarine A fuzzless relative of the peach, the nectarine is one of the oldest fruits. The flesh is very juicy and may be red, yellow, or white. Best eaten raw. Nesselrode A dessert or sauce with rum and fruit flavor, often with chestnuts. Neufchatel Cheese A soft, white, mild French cheese from whole or skim milk or milk and cream mixtures. Other cheeses that differ mainly in fat content are Bondon, Malakoff, Petit Suisse, and Petit Carre. The Swiss call this cheese "Neuchatel." It has a fat content of 44 to 48%. Also available as low-fat cream cheese in the U.S. New England-Style Sausage Cooked, smoked sausage -- A Berliner style sausage made of coarsely chopped cured lean pork. New Mexico red chiles A fresh chile; mild to medium hot; keeps its same name in both dried and fresh forms; mild chile with an earthy flavor, slightly tart with a hint of dried cherry; seen often strung in ristras for drying; used in pipians, salsas and barbecue sauces. New Zealand Spinach This plant, brought to England by Captain Cook, looks and tastes like spinach. Its leaves are covered with minute dots that reflect the sun. Also called "tetragone" and "New Zealand Ice Plant). Newburg Sauce A very rich sauce of butter, cream egg yolks, sherry, and seasonings used over cooked shellfish such as lobster, crab or shrimp. It was created by a chef of the once famous Delmonico Restaurant in New York. Nibbed almonds Skinned almonds cut into pieces about 2mm square and the length of the nut, shaped like nibs. Noisette Has three meanings: a. small round steak, usually of lamb or mutton, cut from the rib or loin. Noisettes are very tender and can be fried in butter and served with a variety of garnishes. The name is also given to small round cuts of beef or veal b. as in beurre noisette: butter heated until it turns nut brown; used as a finishing touch for many dishes, especially fish c. French for hazelnut. So, pommes noisettes are hazelnut-sized balls of potato, cut with a melon baller, lightly fried and browned in butter. Used as a garnish. Noisette Butter Whole butter which has been cooked until it reaches a rich, nutty brown color and aroma. Non-Iodized Salt Ordinary table salt to which sodium iodine has not been added. Nonpareil A tiny colored sugar pellet used to decorate cakes, cookies, candies, etc. The name also refers to a confection that is covered with these pellets. In France, it means "without equal" and often refers to small pickled capers. Noodles A type of pasta made with flour and water and sometimes egg, cut into thin flat strips. Italian noodles are tagliatelle and fettucine. Noodles are used extensively in Oriental cuisine to accompany soups, sauces and stir-fried dishes. Nopal The Prickly Pear cactus. Nopales are the fleshy leaves ("paddles"). These leaves are pale to dark green and feature a delicate, slightly tart flavor similar to that of green beans. Nori Nori is an edible seaweed, dark green in colour and used in Japanese cooking for, among other things, wrapping sushi. Normande (a la). Used to describe various dishes based on the cooking of Normandy or made using typical products from that region of France: butter, cream, seafood, apples, cider and Calvados. Norway Haddock This important commercial fish is a member of the rockfish group. Also known as "ocean perch," although it is not a true perch. Nougat A sweet substance made from sugar, almonds or other nuts and honey. Can be chewy or britlle. Nougatine A darker candy, made of caramel syrup and nuts. This is rolled into thin sheets and formed into cups or bowls to serve as a vessel for other candy or fruit. Nutella A commercial brand of gianduja. This is a creamy paste of chocolate and hazelnuts treasured in Italy. This is used in candy making, for flavored milk drinks, and when thinned out, spread on bread as a quick snack. Nutmeg The spice of the nutmeg tree. The lacy membrane around the seed, when dried and powdered, is the spice we call "mace." The mild, sweet flavor of nutmeg is used in cream dishes and fruit desserts. Also sprinkled on custards and eggnog. Oat A very nutritious cereal grass. Oats that have been cleaned, toasted, and hulled become "oat groats" which can be cooked and served. Steaming and flattening the grain in rollers produces "rolled oats." The hull is called the "bran." Oat Bran The outer casing of the oat grain. This part of the grain is very high in soluble fiber, which is believed to be effective in helping to reduce cholesterol levels in the blood. Oatcake A flaky, flat Scottish biscuit made with oatmeal. Ocean Perch This important commercial fish is not a true perch, but is rather a member of the rockfish group. Also known as "sea perch." Ocean Pout A marine fish of the eelpout family found mainly in the Pacific. The flesh is sweet and white and contains very few bones. Sometimes called a "muttonfish." Oceanic Bonito This small tuna (6 to 8 pounds) has a light-colored meat similar to yellowfin. The Japanese call this fish "katsuo" and the Hawaiians call it "aku." Octopus This cephalapod, related to the squid and the cuttlefish, can reach 50 feet in length. It features a highly flavorful meat that tends to be a bit on the rubbery side. Octopus is eaten raw, boiled, pickled, sautéed, and fried. Oeuf a la Neige Sweet meringue puffs that are poached in milk and chilled. When served, these puffs are drizzled with caramel and served with creme anglaise. Offal The internal organs and innards of an animal or fish, including brain, tongue, liver, kidney, tripe, and heart. Okara The ground-up byproduct that results from the production of tofu. Okra A vegetable that is widely used in Indian, Caribbean and southern US cookery where it is an essential ingredient of gumbo; also called ‘ladies’ fingers’ because of its appearance. A long green pod, full of seeds, the okra exudes a sticky juice in cooking which thickens stews and braised dishes. Old Fashioned Loaf Cooked meat specialty -- Made of carefully selected lean pork with enough beef to add flavor and firmness of texture to the loaf. Olive Small oval fruit of the olive tree, widely cultivated in Mediterranean regions. Olives are harvested and preserved in oil or brine at various stages of development. The early olives are green, while the later, more mature olives are black. They taste very different, and black olives tend to have a more intense flavour. The fleshy pulp of the fruit is the source of olive oil. The whole fruit is available in a variety of guises: flavoured, stuffed, stoned or with stones, in oil or in brine, sliced or whole. It is used in cookery as a flavouring or garnish, an ingredient or as an hors d'oeuvre. Olive Loaf Cooked meat specialty -- Blend of lean pork and beef chopped to a fine texture, seasoned and mixed with whole, stuffed olives. Olive Oil Pressed from olives, a rich fruity oil used for frying (but not deep-frying), marinades, dressings and baking. The oil from the first pressing is pure, pale greenish-yellow in colour and is much prized. The pulp is then pressed again to yield more, darker, oil. Extra virgin indicates the first press of the olives and is not suitable for cooking, though oil from subsequent pressings is. Olive oil has many health-promoting properties. Olla Common Mexican pot which is tall and tapered inward on the top; it is shaped especially for cooking beans; stockpots and saucepans are good substitutes. Onion This underground bulb is related to leeks, garlic, and chives and is prized for its distinct, pungent flavor and aroma. There are two types: green ("scallions") and dry onions. The white-skinned onion has the mildest flavor of the onions. Onion Salt A mixture of onion powder and salt. Ono The Hawaiian name for "Wahoo," a marine fish whose flesh compares favorably with Albacore. It provides a moderate to high-fat flesh that is white and slightly sweet. In Hawaii, "Ono" means "sweet." Opakapaka Pink snapper. A Hawaiian favorite, especially around the holidays. Opossum A cat-sized marsupial with a prehensile tail native to the Southern and Midwestern U.S. Opossum, which has a flavor resembling young pig, can be prepared in the same manner suitable for a roast suckling pig. Opuntia Prickly pear cactus. Orange Citrus fruit from the orange tree. There are three major types of oranges: Sweet (Valencia, Mediterranean, and Navel), Loose-skinned (Mandarin, King), and Bitter (Seville, Bergamot). Bitter oranges are used in marmalades. Orange blossom water (orange water) Orange blossom extract can be found in fancier food shops. Common in the Middle East. Orange roughy A New Zealand area fish with lean, white flesh that is firm and mild. Also called "Slimeheads" (by fishermen--not by fish vendors). This popular fish can be poached, baked, broiled, or fried. Oregano A popular culinary herb of the mint family with a flavor similar to that of sweet marjoram or thyme. Also called "wild marjoram." Oregano is not quite as sweet and has a stronger flavor that marjoram. Organic Food Technically, anything that contains at least 1 atom of carbon. In common usage, "organic" refers to foods cultivated and processed without fertilizers, insecticides, artificial coloring, artificial flavorings, or additives. Oriental Radish This radish has a sweet flavor and a crisp, juicy white flesh. Used raw, in salads, in stir-fries, and as a garnish. Also called "daikon," meaning "big root" in Japanese. Orientale An Americaine sauce with added cream and curry powder. Ortolans An old Western term for pigs and hogs; sometimes bacon. Oxidized Wine that has been in contact with air too long, causing it to darken and smell stale. Oyster A saltwater shellfish, invariably sold fresh. Can be steamed, grilled, poached or eaten raw. Oyster mushroom This fan-shaped mushroom is also known as "oyster caps" and "tree mushrooms" because it often grows on rotting tree trunks. This fungus is fairly robust and slightly peppery when raw, but is becomes much milder when cooked. Oyster mushrooms have a subtle flavour and are often used in Oriental cookery. Oyster plant Also known as "salsify," this biennial herb is cultivated for its root which is used as a vegetable. Its taste hints of a delicately flavored oyster. Can be found in the U.S. in Spanish, Italian, and Greek markets. Oyster sauce Classic cooking sauce from China. Also used in other Asian cuisines. Originally made from oysters, water and salt only, oyster sauce now contains added cornstarch and caramel color, to improve it's appearance and also to thicken liquids in stir-fries. Surprisingly it has no fishy taste. Found in large supermarkets and Oriental markets. Oyster sauce is a molasses-colored, reddish, dark brown sauce consisting of oysters, brine and soy sauce cooked until thick and concentrated. Paella A traditional Spanish dish of rice and saffron that usually includes tomatoes, chicken and seafood. Paillard A piece of meat or fish that has been pounded very thinly and grilled or sauteed. Pak Choi Also known as bok choi, this leafy green Chinese vegetable belongs to the cabbage family. It is best suited to brief stir-frying or steaming to keep its mild flavour. Palm Kernel Oil This oil comes from the nut or kernel of the fruit of the African palm tree. Like palm oil, it too is very high in saturated fat. It is used in the making of margarine. Often listed in the ingredients as "palm oil." Palm Oil The reddish-orange oil derived from the pulp of the fruit of the African palm tree. Contains a very high percentage of saturated fat. Palmier A cookie made of sheets of puff pastry that are rolled in sugar and folded to resemble palm leaves. These cookies are baked until the sugar becomes caramelized. Pan-bagnat A sandwich from southern France, consisting of small round loaves of bread which have been hollowed out and filled with onions, anchovies, black olives, and tuna, then drenched in extra virgin olive oil. Pan-broil To cook quickly in a hot skillet with very little fat or a sprinkling of salt. Panada A thick paste used as a binding agent for forcemeats. Flour panadas are made in a style similar to choux paste. Other types use bread crumbs or potato puree. Panboil To cook uncovered over high heat in a pre-heated, lightly-greased heavy pan, constantly removing any fat that accumulates. Pancakes Also known as crepes. Thin, flat cakes made by shallow frying on both sides a thin layer of batter of flour, milk and eggs. Can be sweet or savoury, served by themselves or used to wrap other ingredients. Pancetta Cured belly pork used in Italian cookery, usually either in thin slices or thicker cubes. Its flavour is salty, sweet and slightly aniseed. Either dry fry in its own juices or fry in oil and then use to flavour the rest of the dish. It can be grilled until crisp and then crumbled over pasta, rice, salads and soups. If unavailable, use thinly sliced, unsmoked, streaky bacon rashers. Panela White cheese made with rennet; slightly salty; it holds its shape when melted; normally sold in blocks or rounds; often sliced thick and broiled or baked; Monterey Jack can be substituted. Panetone An Italian cake made with a dough rich in egg yolks, traditionally served around Christmas time. The dough is studded with raisins, candied fruits and occasionally pistachios. Panforte A rich dense torte made of candied fruit and nuts. Panko Also known as Japanese breadcrumbs; coarse dry white breadcrumbs used for breading rellenos and other fried foods; similar to untoasted coconut in appearance; provides a nuttier, crispier crust than regular breadcrumbs; found in Asian markets and many grocery stores; ordinary breadcrumbs may be substituted if necessary. Panna cotta The name for this cold dessert from Italy means cooked cream, although not all recipes call for the cream to be actually cooked. To make panna cotta, cream is added to gelatine and then flavoured with a wide variety of ingredients such as vanilla or cinnamon. The mixture is then cooled until it sets and is served with a sweet sauce. Panocha Mexican brown sugar. Pansit Wild rice noodles used in Filipino cooking. Soak in warm water for 15 minutes until supple, and drain before using. Panzanella A salad consisting of toasted cubes of bread tossed with vegetables and vinaigrette. The salad is then marinated for at least one hour. The bread should be very firm so that it will endure the soaking of dressing. Vegetables can include tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, and onions. Lots of garlic, capers, black olives, and anchovies are added to the salad. Papadum Flat lentil wafers that puff up when deep-fried. Used in Indian cuisine. Papaya Also called a paw paw. A fruit with green skin, fragrant and sweet orange flesh and black seeds. Papillote The term en papilotte is used to describe a dish cooked in a parcel that protects the food from the high heat of the oven and keeps in the aroma and flavour. The dish is usually served in the parcel so that each diner can unwrap their own. Greaseproof paper is the better wrapping to use as foil does not puff up as well. Pappardelle Wide flat pasta noodles served with rich, hearty sauces. Paprika Milder than cayenne, paprika is the ground red powder of mild and hot peppers and is an important ingredient in Hungarian goulash and in Spanish sausages and salamis. Paranut This is the seed of a giant tree that grows in the Amazon jungle. The kernel of this nut is white, rich, and high in fat. Also known as "Brazil nut." Parathas Triangular shaped, fried flaky breads. Like chapatis, they are made out of whole wheat flour, but they are prepared using a slightly different method. The dough for parathas is oiled, rolled, and folded several times, giving this bread its distinctive flaky texture. The result is a bread crispy on the outside, soft on the inside. Parboil To boil vegetables until half cooked. Used to part-cook potatoes and other hard root vegetables prior to roasting them at a high temperature to ensure that the inside is cooked while the outside crisps up well. Parboiled Wheat A nutritious staple in the Middle East, made of wheat kernels that have been steamed, dried, and crushed. It has a tender, chewy texture and can be made into a pilaf. Also called "bulghur." Parch To dry; to cook in dry heat until almost scorched. Parchment paper A silicon based paper that can withstand high heat. Often used to prepare sugar and chocolate confections because they do not stick to the paper at all. Parchment paper may be reused several times. Pare To remove skin from fruits and vegetables using a knife. Parfait An American parfait consists of ice cream layered with flavored syrups and whipped cream, then topped with chopped nuts and a maraschino cherry. A French parfait is a frozen custard with egg yolks, sugar, whipped cream and flavorings. Parisienne A white sauce with egg yolks. Parmagiano-Reggiano Cheese developed in northern Italy in the Parma and Reggio Emilia regions, the original Parmagiano-Reggiano reflects 800 years of tradition and is considered one of the great cheeses of the world. This hard cheese, aged 12 to 24 months or longer, is produced by artisans from the raw milk of cattle fed fresh fodder in their spring and summer pasture. Its uniform color ranges from a pale straw yellow to a deep yellow shade, and it is dotted throughout with barely visible holes. It has an exceptionally fine flavor, full but not pungent. Whole Parmesan cheeses are large and drum-shaped and may weigh 40 to 55 pounds (18 to 25 kg). Methods of production vary from one region to another, with different aging times and temperatures. Parmesan Hard, grainy cow's-milk cheese extensively used in Italian cuisine, often grated over dishes, as in spaghetti bolognese. Parmigiano reggiano is the true parmesan cheese, manufactured from 15th April to 11th November in the province of Parma and also Bologna and Mantua. Parmesan is always best grated just before use. The world's finest quality parmesan is "Parmigiano-Reggiano." After it is aged 3 years, it is called "Stravechhio." At 4 years, they're called "Stavecchions." U.S. parmesans are aged about 14 months. Parmigiana This term refers to foods that have been cooked with Parmesan cheese. Parrot Fish Any of various chiefly tropical marine fish, especially those of the family Scaridae. These fish are called parrot fish because of the brilliant coloring and the shape of their jaws. "Also called "Pollyfish." Parsley Herb used as flavouring and garnish or eaten as a vegetable. Available as curly or flat-leafed varieties. Parsley Root A parsley subspecies grown for its beige carrot-like root which tastes somewhat like a cross between a carrot and celery. Used in stews and soups. Also eaten as a vegetable. Parsnip The edible creamy-white root of the parsnip plant. Used as a vegetable and prepared using just about any cooking method. The sweet flavor of the parsnip develops only after the first frost, when the cold converts its starch into sugar. Pashka A traditional Russian dessert for celebrating Easter. Made from curd cheese, cream, almonds, chocolate and dried fruit. Pasilla chiles Called a chilaca in its fresh form. The mature chilaca turns from dark green to dark brown. After drying (when it becomes a pasilla) it changes to a blackish-brown. It has a rich hot flavor and is generally ground and used for sauces. Pasilla means little raisin; in some places the Ancho chile is called pasilla chile; long, thin and dry with a dusky flavor; they are hot; thin fleshed, with flavors of dried fruit and licorice; anchoes may be substituted. Passata A smooth tomato sauce that you can buy in bottles or packets, with or without herbs. Passion fruit A tropical fruit native to Brazil, but now grown in the U.S, New Zealand, and Australia. The flavor is sweet, yet tart, and has a perfumy tropical fragrance. Used as a table fruit, as well as for sherbets, candies, and beverages. Pasta A dough made from durum-wheat semolina, water and often eggs which is kneaded and cut into a wide variety of shapes. Eaten with sauces, stuffed, or added to soups for bulk. Bought fresh or dried, it is used in dishes from Italy to China. It is sold dried or fresh. Pasta Campanelle This fancy-looking pasta with a cone shape and wavy edges traps and holds chunky sauces with meat and vegetables. Cooks in 13 minutes. Pasta Castellane The ridges and conch-shell shape of this pasta help trap hearty sauces. Cooks in 13 minutes. Pasta e Fagioli A rich bean soup with pasta, in which a large sausage (such as cotechino) has been cooked. The soup is eaten first, followed by the sausage served with mustard and bread. Pasta Elbows Short, curved tubes of pasta are available in different sizes. Most often associated with macaroni and cheese, elbows also can be used with other creamy sauces or with meat sauce. Cooks in seven minutes. Pasta Farfalle Also called bow-ties or butterflies. They come in small, medium and large. Their large, flat surface makes them best for tomato, meat and vegetable sauces. Cooks in 11 minutes. Pasta Fettuccine Translates to "little ribbons." This pasta is usually 1/4 inch thick and available straight or in coils. Its thickness makes it perfect for heavier sauces, such as alfredo. Cooks in 12 minutes. Pasta Fiori In Italian, fiori means flower. This pasta has rounded petals that provide extra surface area for chunky tomato-based sauces. Has lots of kid appeal. Cooks in seven minutes. Pasta Penne Diagonally cut smooth tubes are great for trapping sauces. Those with ridged sides are called penne rigate. Cooks in 12 minutes. Pasta Rigatoni Ridged tubes about 2 inches long and 1/2 inch wide. This hearty pasta should be served with hearty, chunky sauces. Cooks in 13 minutes. Pasta Rotini Short, 2-inch-long, corkscrew-shaped pasta that's good with chunky sauces. Cooks in eight minutes. Pasteles Envelopes of dough made of plantains filled with tasty ingredients. Pasteurize To kill bacteria by heating milk (or other liquids) to a moderately high temperature for a brief period. Milk is a beverage that benefits from this process. Pasteurization was discovered by the French scientist, Louis Pasteur. Pastilla (Bistella) A Moroccan pie made with chicken wrapped in phyllo dough. When finished cooking, the pastilla is dusted with sugar and cinnamon. Pastina Tiny bits of noodles. Pastrami A highly seasoned preserved meat made from beef dry-cured with salt or saltpeter. The seasonings include garlic, ground pepper, cinnamon, red peppers, cloves, allspice and coriander seeds. Commonly served as a sandwich on rye bread. Pastry Dough made with flour, butter and water and baked or deep-fried until crisp. Pastry cream A cooked custard thickened with flour. Some versions may use cornstarch or a mixture of the two starches. Pastry wheel Small, serrated wooden or metal wheel-like utensil for cutting and fluting pastry. Pasty Small pastry pie with a savory filling of meat, potatoes and onion. Pate Literally, a pate is a French pie, but the word is now most often taken to mean a rich paste made of liver and other meats, a pate en terrine. Patty Small, flat, round or oval shaped cake of food, such as potato cake or fish cake, which is served hot; small, flat, individual pie, such as a chicken patty, which is served hot or cold; small, round form for meats such as hamburger. Patty cups Small, circular, green or yellow courgette with fluted edges. Patty shell A shell made from puff paste to hold creamed mixtures or fruit. Patty tin Baking tin with 6, 9 or 12 shallow round compartments used for making individual pies and tarts. Paupiette A thin slice of meat, like a scallopine, which is stuffed and rolled. These may also be made of fish or vegetables. Pave Cold savory mousse mixture set in a square mold coated with aspic jelly; square sponge cake, filled with butter cream and coated with icing. Paysanne A dish prepared country-style. A vegetable garnish. Pe-Tsai This form of Chinese cabbage features an oval-shaped heart with very tightly closed leaves. It can be prepared in any manner appropriate for other green cabbages. Also used raw in salads and marinated in a manner similar to red cabbage. Pea Peas are popular members of the legume family. There are many varieties of peas, some of which were cultivated by the Greeks and Romans long before Christian times. Peas are a fair source of protein, iron, and vitamin A. Peach This fruit is third in importance in the U.S. (behind apples and second-place oranges). There are two general classifications: Freestone, in which the pit falls freely away from the flesh, and Clingstone, in which it does not. Peanut Also known as a groundnut. This edible nut is the seed of a member of the pea family, not a true nut. The pods mature underground and each contain 2-4 seeds. Peanuts can be roasted, salted and eaten whole or used in cooked dishes. Peanut or groundnut oil is widely used in cooking and margarine manufacture. Peanut oil A clear oil derived from peanuts. It has a high smoke point which makes it useful for frying. The fat in peanut oil is approximately 50% monounsaturated and 30% polyunsaturated. Pear A fruit from to the rose family which includes apples, plums, cherries, apricots, and strawberries. There are over 5,000 varieties of pears. It improves in texture and flavor after it is picked. France is the leading pear-growing country. Pearl barley De-husked barley grains, primarily used in soups. Pearl onions Tiny, marble-size onions that are difficult to peel but make a good side dish or addition to soups and stews. Frozen ones are easier to handle, but less flavorful. Pearl Rice A short-grain sticky rice, sometimes called sushi rice. It is grown across Asia, California and Arkansas. Pease pudding Puree of cooked, dried peas which is made into puddings, boiled and traditionally served with pork. Pecan A North American nut related to the walnut, high in vitamins and minerals. Widely used in sweets, especially pecan pie, but can be used in savoury dishes. Probably originated in Texas; grown commercially in Arizona, Georgia, New Mexico and Texas. Pecorino Romano Hard grating cheese made from sheep's milk with a nutty, earthy flavor. Pectin A natural gelling agent found in ripe fruit. Pectin is an important ingredient in making jams and jellies. Some fruit have high pectin levels – eg citrus fruit, blackberries, apples, redcurrants - but others are low in pectin – eg strawberries – so lemon juice is added to strawberry jam to help the set. Peel A large tool, that looks like a shovel, used to slide pizza onto a hot stone. Pemmican Of Native American origin; dried, pounded meat mixed with fat and berries, pressed into cakes for survival food; was later adapted by the U.S. Army. Penne Pasta tubes shaped like quills. Peperoni Made with peppers. Pepitas Edible pumpkin seeds that have had their white hull removed. There are green, and have a delicate nutty flavor. These seeds are often roasted and salted. Pepitas are popular in Mexican cookery. Pepper Steak A beefsteak sprinkled with black pepper, sautéed in butter and served with a sauce made from the drippings, stock, wine, and cream. Also refers to a Chinese stir-fry of steak strips, green peppers, and onion cooked in soy sauce. Pepperoni - A highly spiced dry sausage made of pork and beef. Seasoned with salt, black pepper, cayenne, and garlic. Often thin sliced and served as an appetizer or as a topping for pizzas. Peppered Loaf Cooked meat specialty -- Pressed beef and pork loaf; distinctive seasoning of cracked peppercorns. Pepperoni Sausage made of beef and pork, seasoned with red pepper and coarse ground. Perch Any of a number of spiny-finned freshwater fish found in North America and Europe. The best known U.S. perch is the "yellow perch." Perch have a mild, firm, low-fat flesh. The saltwater white perch and ocean perch are not true perches. Perciatelli Long macaroni. Percolator Two-part coffee pot which forces boiling water from lower half up through coffee grains contained in upper half, and finally filtered through a fine sieve. Perigeux Perigeux sauce is a demi-glace sauce made with the addition of finely diced or chopped truffles. It is served with small cuts of meat, poultry or game. Perigourdine A Perigeux sauce with added goose liver. Perilla A Japanese herb that has a dark, russet-purple dentate leaf. Peron or Manzana pepper Fresh, thin fleshed, meaty; medium hot to extremely hot; add to sauces or roast and peel for stuffing or rajas. Perry An alcoholic drink, similar to cider, made from varieties of perry pears; the single variety perry is still and made by artisan producers who may be hard to find, but sparkling perry is readily available in supermarkets. Persian Walnut Also called "English walnut," this nut is widely available and features a plump, crispy meat. Persillade A combination of chopped parsley and garlic, usually added to dishes at the end of cooking. nice combined with breadcrumbs as a crust. Persimmon A warm-weather fruit of which there are two important varieties: "Hachiya" (Japanese persimmon) and the "Fuyu" which is milder. The Fuyu is smaller. Both should be completely ripe before eaten. Used in baked goods and desserts. Pesto A green Italian sauce for pasta, typically made from pine nuts blended with fresh basil, Parmesan cheese, garlic and olive oil. The sauce can be stirred into freshly cooked pasta, spooned on to thick soups, toasted on bread or added to mayonnaise and salad dressings. Red pesto contains grilled red pepper or pimiento. Pesto Sauce An uncooked sauce of basil, garlic, pine nuts, olive oil, and parmesan or pecorino cheese. Often served with pasta. Petit Four A small fancy biscuit or cake often served at the end of a meal. Petite marmite A rich meat and vegetable soup. Pheasant A medium-sized game bird related to the partridge and the quail. The female's flesh is plumper, juicier, and more tender. Farm-raised birds have a somewhat milder flavor than wild varieties. Phosphate An additive used to increase the water-retaining capacity of meat and poultry tissue. Misuse of phosphate solutions may cause the product to be adulterated with excess water. Phyllo This word is Greek for "leaf." It refers to the tissue-thin layers of pastry dough used in Greek and Near Eastern preparations such as Baklava and Spanakopita. Phyllo Dough (Filo) Paper-thin sheets of pastry dough for Middle Eastern baking. Can be found in most supermarkets frozen in boxes. Used for Greek Baklava and many other baked dishes. Pib, pibil A hot and spicy sauce, most often tomato-based. "Picante" means "pepper hot." Picatta A classic Italian dish that consists of veal or chicken that has been seasoned and floured, sauteed, and served with a sauce made from the pan drippings, lemon juice, and parsley. Piccalilli Pepper A highly seasoned pickled vegetable relish. The vegetables can include cucumber, cauliflower, beans, onions, sweet peppers, etc. Pickerel A small (between two and three pound) variety of the freshwater pike. Pickerel are know for their lean, firm flesh. Pickle A food that has been preserved in vinegar or a seasoned brine. Commonly pickled foods include cucumbers, pearl onions, cauliflower, baby corn, pig's feet, watermelon rind, and herring. Flavors include dill, sweet, and sour varieties. Pickle and Pimento Loaf Cooked meat specialty -- Made from finely chopped lean pork and beef with sweet pickles and pimentos added. Pickling salt A salt that contains no iodine. Pickling Spice A blend of seasonings used to flavor pickles, including varying combinations of allspice, bay leaves, cardamon, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, ginger, mustard seeds, and peppercorns. Pico de Gallo A topping made from fresh tomatoes, onions, and hot peppers. Pierogi A Polish specialty consisting of half-moon-shaped noodle dumplings filled with a mixture, often of pork, onions, cottage cheese, and seasonings. Served as a first course or side dish. Pig's Feet The feet and ankles of a pig. Available fresh, pickled, and smoked. Fresh and smoked pig's feet are used in sauces, soups, and stews. Pig's feet are called "trotters" in England. Pigeon A widely distributed bird that is normally eaten only when young. Squabs are young pigeons that have never flown are therefore very tender. Squabs are normally under a pound and about 4 weeks old. May be prepared like chicken. Pigeon Pea A tiny grayish-yellow legume that can be eaten raw but is more often dried and split. Popular in the southern states, pigeon peas are prepared in a manner similar to other dried beans. Pignoli Pine nuts. Pike A family of fish that includes the pike, pickerel, and the muskellunge. These freshwater fish have long bodies, pointed heads, vicious teeth, and provide a lean, firm, bony flesh. Used in French "quenelles" and the Jewish "gefilte fish." Piki Indian bread baked as thin and crisp as paper. Pilaf A dish that starts with browned rice or bulgur and adds cooked vegetables, meat, seafood, or poultry. It originated in the Near East and is called know as "Pilau." Pilchard Pilchards are an oil-rich fish. Sardines, which are baby pilchards, are sold whole, fresh or frozen while pilchards are mainly processed and canned. Pili Nut A nut from a tree native to the Philippines and other Pacific Islands. This light brown, triangular nut has a smooth, hard shell. Normally roasted before being eaten and is added to rice dishes and used to make confections. Pimenton Mexican paprika; similar in taste to New Mexico ground red mild chile peppers. Pimentos A name used for roasted red peppers that have been canned or bottled in liquid. Used for stuffing green olives. Pimiento chile Meaty and luscious with a tinge of spice; grown in California and southern United States; when dried, is ground into paprika; use fresh red bell peppers if pimientos are unavailable. Pin bone steak A steak cut from the sirloin. Pina Colada A tropically flavored alcoholic beverage made with coconut cream, pineapple juice, and rum. The coconut-pineapple flavor has also become popular in desserts and candies. Pinch a measure of dry ingredients that is normally the amount that can be held between the thumb and forefinger, usually much less than 1/8 teaspoon Pine Nut Or pine kernel. The small edible seed of the stone pine which grows in the Mediterranean region. Pine nuts are rich in protein and oily - so they tend to go rancid quite quickly. They are used in many savoury dishes, especially vegetarian ones. Pineapple An exceedingly juicy fruit with a distinctive tangy sweet taste. Pineapples must be picked when ripe because they won't ripen off the plant. The English named this fruit for its resemblance to a pine cone. Pink Bean A reddish-brown dried bean used to make refried beans and chili con carne. This bean, which is popular in the western U.S., can be used as a substitute for "pinto beans" in just about any dish. Pink fir apple A knobbly, pinky-beige skinned, waxy potato, good for use in salads. Pink Salmon A lower fat variety of salmon. Also called the "humpback salmon." Pinocchio An high-fat nut from inside the pine cones of certain pine trees. These nuts are expensive because it is labor-intensive to heat the pine cones and remove of the nut. These nuts have a pungent pine flavor. Also called "pignolia." Pinto beans Name taken from pintar (to paint); reddish-brown speckled beans that turn pink when cooked; used in traditional Mexican cookery; when a recipe title says "frijoles," it is most likely referring to pinto beans. Pinto beans make great refried beans; they are also good for beans and rice, chili, or served as a puree. Pipe To squeeze a paste-like mixture (usually frosting) through a pastry bag. Piquant, Piquante Spicy or sharp in flavor. Piquin pepper Small, dried, red; extremely hot; simmer in cooked sauces, soups, stews. Piri-Piri Piri-piri is an African word for chilli and also a hot chilli sauce used in Portuguese, African and Brazilian cookery. The Portuguese introduced chillies to their African colonies after discovering them in Brazil so piri-piri plays a major part in the fiery food of Mozambique – chicken, fish, seafood and vegetables are all cooked with piri-piri. Pissaladiere A southern French pizza consisting of a thick bread crust covered with cooked onions flavored with garlic. The pizza is then topped with black olives and anchovies. Pistachio Nuts that have a distinctive open shell, allowing them to be roasted and salted whole. Eaten as a snack or used for cooking. Pistachios go best with veal, port and poulty. The green colour makes it very popular for creams and ice-creams. In confectionery it is especially associated with nougat. Pistachio Nut The edible seed of a certain small evergreen tree. Naturally tan-colored, these nuts are often dyed red to make them stand out in a dish of mixed nuts. Available raw or roasted, salted or unsalted. Pit (Or "stone.") To remove the pit or seed from a fruit or olive. Pita bread A Middle Eastern flat bread which can be opened up to form a pocket which cab be stuffed with a variety of fillings. Throughout the Middle East, pitas are served with meals or cut into wedges and used to dip in dishes such as baba ganoush and hummus. Pitahaya The fruit of a central American cactus, the pitahaya has a deep pink, dense flesh and mild sweet flavour. It adds vibrant colour to fruit salad. Pitanga The yellow to deep red, cherry-like fruit of a Brazilian tree of the myrtle family. These fruit, which are now grown in the U.S., are slightly acid and are eaten out-of-hand and used in jams and jellies. Also called "Surinam cherry." Pith The white cellular lining of the rind covering the flesh of citrus fruits. Pizza Flat baked dough covered with various combinations of tomatoes, olive oil, anchovies, sausage, cheese, etc. Plaice Orange-spotted flat sea fish available whole or in fillets. Can be grilled, fried or poached. Plank An oiled, grooved hard-wood platter, usually oak, on which meat is served and carved. Also, sometimes roasted on. Plantains Vegetable banana. Resemble bananas in size and shape but are starchier and not sweet. Both green (hard) and brown (ripe) are used in the cuisines of the Caribbean and South America. Ripe plantains can be peeled like bananas but not green ones. Most commonly sliced thin and fried. Found in some larger supermarkets, Hispanic and Caribbean markets. Also known as machos. Plants Four sacred plants of the Southwest Indians are beans, corn, squash and tobacco. Pluck Offal; to remove the feathers from a domesticated or game bird. Plugra butter also known as European-style butter, has a higher butterfat and lower moisture content than regular butter, which makes pastries flakier and sauces smoother. Plum There are hundreds of varieties of this edible fruit. Colors include blue, green, purple, red, and yellow. The flesh is thick and juicy and the flavor ranges from sweet to tart. Plums are eaten out-of-hand and used in sauces and desserts. Plum sauce An Asian sweet-and-sour sauce made from plums, apricots, sugar, and other seasonings. Sold in jars or cans, store tightly covered, in the refrigerator. Plum tomatoes These oval-shaped tomatoes have great flavor. They are the best sauce tomato, because is quite thick in comparison to the round tomato. Poach To cook food gently in a liquid at or just below its boiling point. Meats are normally poached in stock, eggs in lightly salted water, fruit in light sugar syrup. Poblano chiles "People chiles"; in dried form, known as ancho chiles; frequently used for chiles rellenos; dark green, almost black, ranging from mild to hot, they look like deflated bell peppers; normally roasted before using; when dried, it is called the ancho chile; in California it is usually called a pasilla chile; preferred choice for making chiles rellenos. Poblano pepper Fresh, dark green or red; up to five inches long and three and one-half inches wide; medium-hot; always roasted before using for stuffing or rajas. Poha Also known as "cape gooseberry," this fruit has a bitter-sweet, juicy flesh. This fruit is eaten out-of-hand and used with meats, pies, jams, and savory foods. Poire Helene Cooked pears with ice cream and chocolate sauce. Poivrade Made with pepper. Pokeberry Shoots Shoots from the pokeweed shrub, a native of North America. The root is poisonous. The young leafy shoots are picked and cooked the same way as asparagus, except that it is boiled twice (each time in fresh water). Polenta A cornmeal porridge that is the traditional basic dish of northern Italy. Polenta can be eaten fresh or, when set, cooked in a variety of ways. Polish Sausage Also called "kielbasa," this is a highly seasoned smoked sausage of Polish origin made from pork and (sometimes) beef. It is flavored with garlic an other spices. It can be served cold or hot. Pollack This low to moderate fat fish has firm, white, flesh with a delicate, somewhat sweet flavor. Pollack is often used to make imitation crab meat. Also known as "Coalfish" or "Saithe," this saltwater fish is a member of the cod family. Pollyfish Any of various chiefly tropical marine fish, especially those of the family Scaridae. These fish are called parrot fish because of the brilliant coloring and the shape of their jaws. "Also called "parrot fish." Pomegranate The pomegranate is an orange-sized fruit with a hard leathery skin. Inside are hundreds of edible seeds with a sweet pleasantly acidic taste. Pomegranates are eaten out-of-hand, used in salads, and sprinkled over desserts. Pomegranate molasses [Middle Eastern] also known as pomegranate syrup. Condiment prepared from yellow sour pomegranates cooked with sugar. Provides fruity and tangy flavor to savory dishes. Pomelo Also called "shaddock" and "pumello," this large citrus fruit is very similar to large grapefruits, but can weight up to 25 pounds. May be prepared and served any way that grapefruits are prepared and served. Pomfret This small, high-fat fish has a tender texture and a rich, sweet flavor. Found off the coast of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, this fish is also called the "butterfish." Pompano This saltwater fish is a succulent, fine-textured fish with a mild delicate flavor. This expensive, moderately fat fish is considered by many experts as America's finest fish. Pone bread Cowboy favorite of stewed tomatoes, sugar and biscuits. Popcorn A variety of corn with small, hard kernels and a large endosperm. When heated, these kernels explode from internal pressure to produce an inside-out white popped corn. Can be eaten as a breakfast food or flavored and served as a snack. Popover Indian fry bread. Poppy Seed These small, dried seeds of the poppy plant have a crunchy, nutty flavor that find use in baked goods, salad dressings, and a multitude of cooked dishes. 900,000 poppy seeds weight about a pound. Porcini Rich and velvety texture mushroom; woodsy flavor which is stronger when dried. Simmer in soups and sauces. Porgy Also know as "Scup" or "Porgie." These saltwater fish are generally lean, and coarse-grained. Porgy is often grilled, poached, and pan-fried. Pork The flesh of domestic swine. Today's pork is leaner (1/3 fewer calories) and higher in protein than a decade ago. And with improved feeding techniques, trichinosis has become extremely rare. Most pork is slaughtered at 6 to 9 months. Pork Chitterlings The small intestines of freshly slaughtered pigs. They are cleaned and simmered until tender. Chitterlings are served with sauce, added to soups, battered and fried, and used as sausage casings. Pork Lard Rendered and clarified pork fat. The best lard is "leaf lard" which comes from the fat around the pig's kidneys. Unprocessed lard has a very strong flavor and a soft texture. Processed lard is firmer and milder. Porridge Hot cooked (usually oatmeal) cereal. Port A fortified Portuguese wine with an alcoholic strength of more than 16.5%. Brandy is added to the wine part way through the fermentation process. Port is most often served as an after-meal drink. Port du Salut Cheese A semi-soft cow's milk cheese that was first made by 19th century Trappist monks at the monastery of Port-du-Salut in France. It has a mild, savory flavor and a smooth texture that goes well with fruit. Porter house steak A steak cut from the thick end of the tenderloin, or short loin, of beef. Portobello Mushroom. Thick-fleshed with sanity caps; rich and hearty flavor. Best used for grilling, burger-style. Posole, pozole Corn that has been treated with slaked lime to remove the tough outer husks of the kernels, then dried; thick stew made with hominy as an ingredient; the stew usually includes pork and chiles; also another name for hominy. The base of the soup is water flavored with onions, tomatoes (or tomatillos), and herbs. Hominy is cooked into this broth and condiments include minced onion, avocado, lime wedges, oregano, queso fresco, and fried pork skin. Pot Cheese A soft, fresh cheese made by draining cottage cheese longer to produce a cheese that is drier. When drained longer still, "farmer cheese" is formed. Pot roast Beef cooked in a manner similar to braising, but on top of the stove. Pot-au-feu A combination of stock with meat, bones, and vegetables, cooked together but often served as separate courses. Potassium Sorbate The Potassium Salt of Sorbic Acid, a novel, highly efficient, safe and nonpoisonous food preservative. It is the substitute for the Sodium Benzoate as a traditional preservative. Potassium Sorbate is a inhibitor for mold, yeast and aerobion. Potato The edible tuber of a plant from the nightshade family. "Russet" or "Idaho" potatoes have a long, rounded shape and many eyes. The less starchy medium-sized "round whites" and "round reds" are also called "boiling potatoes." Potato Flour This very fine gluten-free flour is made from cooked, dried, and ground potatoes. Also called "potato starch." Used as a thickening agent and in some baked goods. Corn flour and starch has replaced potato flour for the most part. Potato Starch This very fine gluten-free flour is made from cooked, dried, and ground potatoes. Also called "potato flour." Used as a thickening agent and in some baked goods. Corn flour and corn starch have pretty much taken its place today. Potato starch or flour Starch made from dried potatoes ground into flour. Find in some Scandinavian shops, delicatessens and health food stores. Pothook Bent iron for hanging a kettle over the fire. Pots de creme Small custards, variously flavored. Potted Meat A meat that has been cooked and ground to a fine paste, lightly seasoned, and packed. Poultry Any domesticated bird chicken, turkeys, ducks, geese, or guineas) Poultry Seasoning Equal amounts of dried sage, dried thyme and dried marjoram. Poussin A small immature chicken, sometimes called a spring chicken. As the bird is only four to six weeks' old, the flavour has not developed and there is not much flesh on the bones, but one bird is perfect for a single serving. Poussins benefit from a rich stuffing to add flavour. Prairie coal Cow or buffalo manure, dried and used in campfires. Prairie strawberries Red beans; also called Arizona strawberries. Praline A sweet made of almonds and sugar invented for the French Comte du Plessis-Praslin by his cook in the 1600s. Prawn Shellfish available in different varieties, fresh or frozen, in or out of shell. Can be boiled, steamed, fried or barbecued. Prawns For culinary purposes, the same as shrimp. In the U.S., large shrimp are sometimes called prawns. The true prawn is a small shellfish closely related to shrimp, but it is European. Preserved lemons Popular in Moroccan dishes, these are lemons that have been preserved in brine. Preserves Fruit cooked with sugar and usually Pectin, used as a spread for bread, Preserves differ from jam in that the chunks of fruit are medium to large rather than the texture of thick puree. Prickly pear The fruit of a type of cactus containing yellow or pink edible seeds with a sweet and mild flavour; care needs to be taken when handling this fruit as the prickly needles in the skin can stick into your hands. Primavera Italian word for "spring style." Culinarily, it refers to the use of fresh vegetables as a garnish to various dishes--often pasta. The vegetables are most often raw or blanched. Processed cheese Some amount of cheese cooked together with dyes, gums, emulsifiers and stabilizers (American cheese, Laughing Cow, rambol). Profiterole A small bun made with choux pastry and usually filled with cream and covered with chocolate. Prosciutto The Italian word for ham, used in the names of raw hams such as prosciutto di Parma. Parma ham is served in very thin slices. Provolone Cheese An Italian cow's milk cheese with a firm texture and a mild, somewhat smoky flavor. Most provolone is aged 2 to 3 months, but some is aged for a year or more. Aged provolone is often grated. Prune A dried plum. Traced back to Roman times, the prune is popular for its ability to store well. Commercial dehydration has replaced sun-drying as the method of producing plums. Psyllium A plant, also known as "fleawort," that is valued for its high fiber content. The powdered seeds of this plant are often used as a laxative. Pudding Like custards, thick, creamy mixtures of milk, sugar, and flavorings. Custards are thickened with eggs, puddings with cornstarch or flour. Puerto Rican Cherry A cherry-like fruit from a small tree in the West Indies and adjacent areas. This fruit contains a high concentration of vitamin C. Also called "acerola" and "Barbados cherry." Puff Pastry A very light pastry made in layers that expand when cooked, leaving large air pockets inside. Used for sweet or savoury dishes. Pulla pepper Dried, up to five inches long, light reddish brown; hot; used like arbol in sauces and for seasoning soups and stews. Pulp The succulent flesh of a fruit. Pulque Beer made by fermenting the juice of the maguey cactus (century plant). Pulverize To break a food down to powder by crushing or grinding. Pumpernickel A course black bread made with rye flour. Pumpkin A large orange gourd related to the muskmelon and the squash. Pumpkins are popular in pies, but can be prepared like any winter squash. The seeds, which are known as "pepitas," are often husked and roasted to produce a nutty snack food. Pumpkin seeds The edible seeds of the pumpkin. These seeds are hulled to reveal a green seed with a delicate nutty flavor. These seeds are often roasted and salted. Also called "pepitas," these seeds are popular in Mexican cookery. Puree Used to describe either the act of making a smooth sauce or paste from various ingredients or the final result. Detailed definition of Puree Purslane A garden herb with a reddish green stem, thick leaves, yellow flowers, and a mild acidic fatty flavor. Purslane is used in salads, used as a potherb in soups and gumbos, and can also be eaten raw. Also called "pussley." Puttanesca A piquant pasta sauce made of tomatoes, onions, black olives, capers, anchovies, and chile flakes. The hot pasta is tossed in this sauce prior to serving. Some recipes leave the ingredients raw, allowing the heat of the pasta to bring out the flavors. Puy lentils Small slatey-blue lentils grown in France and Italy that keep their shape during cooking. Pyramide Cheese A truncated pyramid is the shape of this small French chevre that is often coated with dark gray edible ash. The texture can range from soft to slightly crumbly and depending upon it’s age, in flavor from mild to sharp. It is wonderful served with crackers or bread and fruit. Quahog The American Indian name for the East Coast hard shell clam. It is also used to describe the largest of these hard shell clams. Other names used are chowder clam or large clam. Quail A small game bird of the partridge family that resembles a small, plump chicken. Known also as "bobwhites" and "partridges." The flesh is white and delicately flavored. Most quail today are raised on bird farms. Quatre-epices A French spice mixture containing ground cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, and pepper. This mixture is used to season stews and pates. Quenches Light savory dumplings made of meat or fish and used as a garnish or in a delicate sauce. Quenelle A round or oval dumpling of pounded, seasoned meat or fish usually poached in stock, eg chicken, salmon or pike quenelles. Quesadilla Flour tortilla turnover which is usually stuffed with cheese, then toasted, fried or baked. Originally a corn masa empanada filled with meat then deep fried. Modern versions found throughout restaurants in the US are made with flour tortillas that are filled with cheese and perhaps beans, meat, salsa or vegetables, and folded over when cooked. Usually pan-fried or cooked under a broiler. Queso anejo Aged cheese; salty white cheese slightly similar to feta in flavor, but since it is not brined, its flavor is somewhat milder; a good substitute is grated feta cheese. Queso asadero A rubbery-textured cheese that is pulled and twisted into strands; traditionally used in fillings where it becomes stringy when heated; whole-milk mozzarella, Monterey jack or Muenster may be substituted. Queso Blanco Cheese (Mexican) This creamy white cheese is made from skimmed cow's milk. When it is heated, it becomes soft and creamy but doesn't melt. It is ideal for stuffing burritos and enchiladas. Queso cotija Cheese (Mexican) Sharp, firm and good for grating. Simply sprinkle it on top of beans, chili or other dishes to enhance their flavor. Queso fresco Cheese which has a texture similar to farmer's cheese; crumbly white cheese made from partially skimmed milk; lightly tangy and very subtle; usually sold in small round cakes; used for fillings and crumbled into soups and over sauces; often called queso blanco; white Cheddar or a mixture of farmer's and feta cheese are fairly good substitutes. Queso Oaxaca Cheese (Mexican) Also known as quesillo, this soft, mild cheese is perfect for quesadillas. It is similar in texture to string cheese, and should e pulled apart into thin strings before being put on the tortilla. Queso panela Cheese (Mexican) This soft white cheese often is served as part of an appetizer or snack tray. It absorbs other flavors easily. Like queso blanco, it doesn't melt. Quiche An open flan or tart with a savoury filling usually of egg and milk with other ingredients added to taste. Originally from Lorraine, the quiche has become a classic of French cuisine. Quick bread A bread made with a leavening agent, such as baking powder, that expands during baking and requires no leavening period beforehand. Quick rising yeast Quick rising yeast causes a dough to rise in half the the time. Be sure to follow manufacturer's instructions for best results. Find in any supermarket. Quince When fully ripe, the quince has a wonderful perfume. It belongs to the apple family with much the same shape as an apple but a furry skin. Quince should not be eaten raw because it is very hard and bitter but it makes excellent preserves, especially marmalade. Quinoa Dating back to the Incas, this grain is still grown in Bolivia and Peru. It is regarded as a 'superfood' as it is extremely rich in complete protein, so is excellent for vegetarians. The small round grains look similar to millet but are pale brown in colour. The taste is mild, and the texture firm and slightly chewy. It can be cooked like millet and absorbs twice its volume in liquid. When cooked, the grains sweeten and become translucent, ringed with white. It makes a good pilaf, but requires a lot of seasoning. Try as a porridge, served hot with cream, dried fruit and brown sugar. Rabbit Rabbit meat is mostly white, fine textured and mildly flavored. Domesticated rabbit is generally plumper and less strongly flavored that wild rabbits. Rabbit can be prepared in any manner suitable for chicken. Raccoon A North American mammal that served as an important food source for pioneers. The flesh is mostly dark meat, and the fat is strong in flavor and aroma. Young raccoons are usually roasted; older raccoons should be braised or stewed. Raclette Cheese A cow's milk cheese from Switzerland. It is semi-firm and dotted with holes--similar to Gruyere. Radicchio A crisp variety of chicory with a bitter, peppery taste. Radicchio has small hearts, red with white veins, and is generally used in salads mixed with other salad leaves. Radish A popular salad vegetable that is the root of a plant from the mustard family. The flavor of radish can vary from mild to peppery, depending on the variety and the age. Rag Gourd The fruit of any of several tropical vines of the gourd family. The dried insides of these gourds can be used as a sponge. Also called the "sponge gourd." Ragout A French stew of meat, poultry or fish. The term is also used to describe a sauce. Ragu Meaty, slow-cooked tomato sauce, ideal with lasagne, raviloi, and other fresh pasta. Raised pie A pork, ham or game pie that is made with hot water crust pastry. Raisin A dried grape. Raisins have a higher sugar content and a different flavor from grapes. Raisins are eat out-of-hand and used in cereals, puddings, cookies, cakes, muffins, stuffings, salads, and rolls. Rambutan A relation of the lychee, this exotic fruit has a brown leathery skin with soft spines and a white, translucent flesh that resembles the lychee in taste and texture. Ramekins Individual ovenproof baking dishes made of ceramic, porcelain or glass and used in the preparation of custards and other miniature sweet or savory dishes. Ramen Noodles Most of us recognize ramen noodle from the dried, curly variety found in those inexpensive instant noodle soup packages. Made with an egg-based dough, ramen are usually served with meat and vegetables in a flavorsome broth. Because fresh ramen is not always easy to find, fresh or dried Chinese egg noodles or Italian pasta make an adequate substitute. Ramons The seeds of a tree from the mulberry family that is grown in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. These seeds are boiled, ground into flour and made into bread. Also called "Jamaican breadnut." Rapeseed Oil An oil expressed from rapeseeds. Contains more monounsaturated fat than any other oil except for olive oil. Marketed in the US as "Canola Oil." Ras el Hanout A Moroccan spice mixture that can contain up to 100 different spices and is used in couscous, rice, meat and vegetable dishes; like garam masala, the mixture of spices in ras el hanout depends on the maker and the spices available, but may include cardamom, cayenne, aniseed, nutmeg, mace, ginger, galangal or even dried ground rosebuds. Raspberry A strongly-flavored berry made up of many connecting drupelets (individual sacs of fruit, each with its own seed). Varieties include golden, black, and red. The red type is the most common. Attached hulls indicate immaturity. Ratafia Flavoring made from bitter almonds; liqueur made from fruit kernels; tiny macaroon. Ratafia biscuits Light biscuits made with almond essence, very similar to the Italian amaretti biscuit. Used in trifles or crumbled into puddings. Ratatouille Vegetable stew trypical of Provencal cookery, made from aubergines, courgettes, sweet peppers, tomatoes, onions and garlic simmered in olive oil with herbs. Ravigote A veloute sauce with added onions, herbs, white stock and vinegar; served cold. Ravioli Small, square pasta cases that are stuffed with meat, cheese or vegetables and cooked in water and served with tomato sauce and grated cheese. Raw sugar The residue left after sugar cane has been processed to remove molasses and refine the sugar crystals. Because raw sugar contains contaminants such as molds and fibers, it is (in the US) purified. Raw-milk cheese Made with unpasteurized milk (parmigiano reggiano, Swiss gruyere, French roquefort, traditional cheddars). Ray This kite-shaped fish features edible fins. The fish is firm, white, and sweet; similar to the texture and taste of scallop. Also known as a "Ray." Razor clam A long, thin, razor-shaped clam, considered one of the most delicious of clams; eaten raw or cooked. Recess cake tin To bring a dried, dehydrated food back to its original consistency by adding a liquid. Red Banana Available in some markets is the short, chubby red banana. This variety of banana is sweeter than the extremely popular yellow variety known as the "Cavendish." Red beans Sometimes referred to as "the Mexican strawberry" in the Southwest; brighter in color than the pinto bean and lacks the surface streaks of the slightly smaller pinto bean; similar to and interchangeable with pinto beans. Medium-size, dark red beans akin to kidneys and pintos. Red Curry Paste A spicy condiment used in Thai cooking. Rather hot, with it's main ingredient being red chili peppers. Found in some supermarkets and Oriental markets. Red Pepper A hot red pepper powder made chiefly from the dried ripe pepper Caspsicum frutescens. While very hot to most people, it is not as hot as chili pepper, which is sometimes sold as cayenne. Also called "cayenne." Red pepper flakes The dried flakes of dried ripe red hot chile pepper. Most are quite hot. Red Perch This important commercial fish is a member of the rockfish group. Also known as "ocean perch," although it is not a true perch. Red Rice Rice with a reddish-brown bran layer, a nutty taste and chewy consistency. Red rice is often marketed as Wehani (also called Russet), Bhutanese red rice and Thai red rice. Red Snapper This is the most popular of a few hundred species of snapper. This is a lean, firm-textured saltwater fish. Some species of rockfish and tilefish are also called snappers, but are not. Redeye Salmon Prized for canning, the sockeye salmon has a firm, red flesh. Also known as the "sockeye salmon." Redfish This important commercial fish is a member of the rockfish group. Also known as "ocean perch," although it is not a true perch. Redhead A saltwater fish belonging to the wrasse family. Also called "California Sheesphead." Its meat is white, tender, and lean. Reduce To evaporate by fast boiling a flavoured liquid, such as a sauce or syrup, in order to concentrate the flavour or to thicken it. Reduction sauce A sauce that uses as its base the pan juices that are created from the stove-top cooking or oven-roasting of meat, fish, poultry, or vegetables. Reform sauce An English sauce based on poivrade sauce which contains shallots, red wine, herbs and vinegar, reform sauce has the rich combination of port, gherkins, tongue, mushrooms and hard-boiled egg whites, and is best served with either lamb or game. Refried Beans Also known as "frijoles," refried beans are "pink beans," "pinto beans," or "red beans" that have been mashed then fried, often in lard. Relax Term used to describe 'resting' pastry after rolling out to prevent shrinkage. Relish a. A spicy or savory condiment or appetizer, such as chutney or olives. b. A condiment of chopped sweet pickle. Remoulade This classic French sauce (or salad dressing) is made by combining mayonnaise (usually homemade) with mustard, capers and chopped gherkins, herbs and anchovies. It is served chilled as an accompaniment to cold meat, fish and shellfish. Render To cook a food over low heat until it releases its fat. Rennet An extract from the stomach of cows or sheep, used to curdle milk for cheese making. A vegetarian alternative to rennet is now used in making vegetarian cheese. Renuevos de rastrojo [Spanish] tumbleweed shoots; they have a wild bean flavor and can be used as a vegetable or in salads. Reuben Sandwich A sandwich composed of corned beef, Swiss cheese, and sauerkraut on sourdough rye bread. Rhine This term refers to fine German white wines that are smooth, not too dry, relatively low in alcohol, have a delicate fragrance, and are often slightly effervescent. Rhubarb The rhubarb is a very tart member of the buckwheat family. It is generally eaten as a fruit but is actually a vegetable. It is used in sauces, jams, and desserts. Rhubarb leaves contain the toxin "oxalic acid" and should not be eaten. Rib steak A steak cut from the rib portion, that part of the beef from which the standing rib roast or rolled rib roast is also taken; a club steak. Ribeye Steak A tender, flavorful beef steak that comes from the rib section between the chuck and the short loin. Rice Long-grain rice (including basmati rice) cooks in firm, dry kernels; short-grain or medium-grain, rice cooks up moist and slightly sticky, as its outer outer layer absorbs more liquid than long-grain rice. Rice Bran Oil An oil pressed from the outer hull (the "bran") of the rice grain. Rice Flour Rice flour can be used to thicken soups and stews, as well as providing an alternative to wheat flour in cakes and biscuits. Rice noodles Common in Southeast Asia, we can find these dried in supermarkets and in Asian markets. Can be served after soaking in hot water, but best when soaked and then boiled quickly. Rice paper An edible paper made from rice and used to wrap dumplings, Vietnamese summer rolls, and other Asian foods; edible, glossy white paper made from the pith of a tree grown in China. Frequently used for macaroon base. Rice sticks Clear noodles made from ground rice. Available in varying widths. Found in most Asian markets and larger supermarkets. Rice vinegar Wine vinegar made from rice wine used in oriental cookery. Rice wine An essential ingredient in Chinese and Japanese cooking and other Oriental cuisines. This sweet wine is low in alcohol and is made by fermenting freshly steamed glutinous rice. Also known as mirin or sake, rice wine is used in sauces, marinades and glazes. Ricer A plunger-operated utensil that is the best tool for making mashed potatoes. It also rices potatoes for potato dumplings. Ricotta An Italian ewe’s milk curd cheese that when unripened is creamy, soft and smooth. It can be eaten fresh with fruit or flavoured with sugar and cinnamon as it has rather a bland flavour. It is used in many Italian dishes especially as a stuffing for ravioli or in pastries. Riddling An important step in removing sediment from Champagne. Bottles are placed in racks and then turned by hand or machine over weeks or months until they are upside down and the sediment has settled on top of the corks, whereby the sediment is readily removed. Riesling This is the classic white-wine grape of Germany that is believed to be native to the Rhine Valley. It is responsible for the finest German wines and has been successfully transplanted to California, Chile, Austria, and Italy. Rigatoni Large ribbed pasta tubes. Rijsttafel A Dutch word, meaning "rice table." It is a Dutch version of an Indonesian meal consisting of hot rice accompanied by several (sometimes 20 or 40) small, well-seasoned side dishes of seafoods, meats, vegetables, fruits, sauces, condiments, etc. Rillette A paste made from pork, rabbit, goose or poultry meat cooked in lard. The smooth pounded meat is potted and served as a cold hors d'oeuvre. Ring tin Baking pan Ripened (aged) cheese The drained curds are cured by heat, bacteria and soaking. Salt, spices and herbs or natural dyes (certain cheddars) may be added. Aging in a controlled environment begins. Risotto Italian dish made from rice cooked with stock, similar to a stew or broth. Other ingredients are added as required. Rissole Dish made of chopped meat or fish mixed with breadcrumbs, shaped into balls or cakes and fried. Roast To cook food in an oven, using dry heat.; placing food on a spit before a fire; or surrounding food with hot embers, sand or stones. Roasters These are somewhat older and larger chickens (3 to 5 pounds), delicious when roasted, poached, or braised. Robert A spicy brown sauce containing onions and vinegar, served with game and other meats. Robert Sauce One of the oldest brown sauces, invented in the 17th century by Frenchman Robert Vinot. Made with butter, flour, onions, wine bullion, seasoning, and French mustard. Used with goose, pork, and venison. Rock salt A salt derived from the huge seams of impacted salt that have formed below the dried-out, underground saline lakes of prehistoric times. Rocket Also known as arugula. This green salad vegetable is popular in Mediterranean countries. The leaves have a slightly bitter, peppery flavour and should be gathered when young. Rocket is a rich source of iron as well as vitamins A and C. Rockfish A low-fat fish of the Pacific Coast. There are two categories: the elongated varieties are milder and softer, and include Yellowtail and Goldeneye. The more full-flavored deep-bodied types include Bocaccio, Chilipepper, and Shortbelly. Roe A seafood delicacy with two varieties: "Hard roe" is the female fish's eggs. "Soft roe" (also called "white roe") is the milt (male reproductive glands filled with seminal fluid) of the male fish. Salted roe is called "caviar." Rogan josh A spicy, rich red lamb stew from India. Roggenbrot Rye bread. Romaine Lettuce Also called "cos," this variety of lettuce is long and cylindrical. Its broad, crisp leaves are used in Caesar salads. Roman Bean Also known as "Cranberry beans," these beans are buff-colored and feature reddish streaks. Used to add interest and visual appeal to salads and dishes like succotash. Romano Cheese One of several types of Roman cheese, all of which take their name from the city of Rome. The sharp and tangy "Pecorino Romano" comes from sheep's milk. The very sharp "Caprino Romano" comes from goat's milk. Rompope Mexican eggnog. Root Beer Created in the mid-1800s by pharmacist Charles Hires. The original root beer was very low in alcohol, and was made by fermenting a blend of sugar and yeast with various roots, herbs, and barks such as sarsaparilla and sassafras. Roquefort Cheese Called "the king of cheeses," this blue cheese in made from sheep's milk and aged in the limestone caverns of Mount Combalou near Roquefort, France. This cheese is creamy rich and has a pungent and slightly salty taste. Roquette This slightly bitter, aromatic salad green has a peppery mustard flavor. Look for bright green, fresh-looking leaves. Makes a lively addition to salads, soups, and sauteed vegetables. Also called "arugula." Rose A red wine made with the skins and stems removed almost immediately. This gives it its light pink (rose) color. It is light-bodied, slightly sweet, and served cold. In the U.S., the term "blush wine" is replacing the term "rose." Rose Apple The oval, yellow fruit of various tropical trees belonging to the myrtle family. These fragrant fruits not generally eaten out-of-hand but are most often used in making jams, jellies and confections. Rose Hip The ripe reddish-orange fruit of the rose that is often used to make jellies, jams, syrups, teas, and wines. Because of their high vitamin C content, rose hips are dried, ground, and sold in health-food stores. Rose water A flavoured water made by distilling rose petals, rosewater is essentially a flavour used in Eastern cooking. Its fragrance can be added to jellies and syrups, and it is often sprinkled over cakes and milky puddings. Rosefish This important commercial fish is a member of the rockfish group. Also known as "ocean perch," although it is not a true perch. Roselle A tropical plant of the mallow family that is cultivated for its thick, red calyx and bracts, used in making jellies and as a cranberry substitute. Rosemary An aromatic shrub native to Mediterranean countries whose evergreen leaves are used either fresh or dried. Rosemary has a very pungent taste, so not much is needed to flavour a marinade, a stew or a grill. It goes particularly well with lamb, veal, sausagement and some tomato sauces. A sprig of rosemary gives a delicate flavour to milk used for a dessert. Rosti or roesti A large Swiss potato cake made from layers of sliced or grated potatoes, fried until golden. Rotini Short spirals of spaghetti noodles. Rouille A pungent Provencal sauce to serve with bouillabaisse, made from chillies, garlic and oil. Roulade Rolled meat, chocolate cake, vegetables, etc. Round steak Meat from the thick central portion of the hind leg. Roux A roux is a cooked mixture of equal quantities of butter and flour that is the base for sauces such as white sauce and bechamel. Rugula This slightly bitter, aromatic salad green has a peppery mustard flavor. Look for bright green, fresh-looking leaves. Makes a lively addition to salads, soups, and sauteed vegetables. Also called "arugula." Rum A slightly sweet liquor distilled from fermented sugar-cane juice or molasses. Most of the world's rum is produced in the Caribbean. Rump Cut of beef from the lower back, sold as roasting joints and steaks - slightly less tender than sirloin. Rumrunner A cocktail made with white rum, orange juice, lime juice, sugar syrup, and orange bitters. Often served on ice and garnished with a twist of orange. Russian dressing Basically a simple mixture of mayo and ketchup. Rutabaga A root vegetable from the mustard family that resembles a large turnip. Also known as "Swedish turnips," this vegetable can be prepared any way that turnips can be cooked. Rye A hardy annual cereal grass related to wheat. Rye flour is often mixed with wheat flour to make rye breads. The seeds are used to make flour, malt liquors, whisky, and Holland gin. "Pumpernickel" is a heavy, dark bread made of rye flour. Rye Whiskey American law requires that this liquor be made from a minimum of 51% rye. Straight ryes are from a single distiller; blended ryes are a combination of several straight ryes. Sabayon Also known as zabaglione. A delicious dessert containing egg yolks, wine, cream, and sugar. Can be eaten by itself or served as a sauce for other desserts. Sabayon Sauce The French word for "Zabaglione," an ethereal dessert made by whisking egg yolks, Marsala wine, and sugar over simmering water to convert the eggs into a foamy custard. Sable A rich short cookie similar to shortbread. Sablefish This saltwater fish has a soft-textured flesh and a mild flavor. Its high fat content makes it a good fish for smoking. Called "Alaskan cod," "Black Cod," "Butterfish," and "Skil," although it is neither a cod nor a butterfish. Saccharine This sugar substitute contains 1/8 calorie per teaspoon and is said to be about 400 times sweeter than sugar. Some feel that saccharine has a bitter aftertaste. There is also controversy as to whether or not it is a carcinogen. Saddle The undivided loins of an animal, roasted as a unit. Saddle blankets Cowboy name for large pancakes. Safflower Oil A light, odorless, flavorless and colorless cold-pressed oil made from white seeds of the safflower plant. It contains more polyunsaturates than any other vegetable oil, and it has a high smoke point. Safflower Seed The seeds of the safflower plant, used to yield a low-cholesterol oil used in cooking oils and margarines. Safflower Seed Meal A meal made from the seed of the safflower plant. The seeds are rich in polyunsaturated fats. Also called "Mexican saffron" because the flower's stigmas can produce a lower quality substitute for the expensive "saffron." Saffron The most expensive spice in the world fortunately goes a long way; derived from the stamens of the saffron crocus, it can be used either whole or in powdered form, giving a distinctive flavour and yellow colour to Spanish paella and Italian risotto. It is also a classic ingredient in the French fish soup bouillabaisse. Sage A perennial broad-leaved herb that is widely cultivated for its leaves which have an aromatic, slightly bitter flavour and are used for flavouring fatty meats (such as pork), stuffings, marinades, certain cheeses and various drinks. Sago A starch made from the pith of the sago palm, used to make puddings. Saguaro Tall cactus found in Arizona; its fruit is made into jams and jellies. Sake Japanese rice wine. Used as an alcoholic beverage and in oriental cookery. The alcohol content is typically between 12 and 15 percent by volume. Salamander A salamander is a commercial grill that can be heated to very high temperatures. It is used by professional cooks for glazing, browning or caramelising savoury or sweet dishes. Salami A sausage made from a mixture of raw meat such as pork, beef or veal and flavoured with spices and herbs; salamis can be salted, smoked or air-dried and are found all over the world. Salinometer A device used to measure the amount of salt in a liquid, such as a brine. Salisbury steak A ground beef patty seasoned with onions and seasonings before it is broiled or fried and served with gravy. Named after Dr. J. H. Salisbury who recommended eating a lot of beef for a wide variety of ailments. Salmagundi A mixture of many foods cut into pieces - meat, chicken, seafood, cheese, vegetables, combined with or without a sauce, served cold. Salmis A fricassee or stew made from game birds. Salmon Perhaps the best-known of all fish, pictures of salmon from 12,000 B.C. have been found. Salmon migrate from the seas into freshwater to spawn. Over the years, some varieties have become landlocked in lakes. Salsa Spicy, thick, cold relish made from tomatoes, chillis and fruit, usually used as a dip. Salsiccia Fresh sausage -- Made of finely cut pork; highly spiced; unlinked; Italian origin. Salsify Salsify is a root vegetable. There is a black-skinned variety with white flesh sometimes called scorzonera, and a white salsify, sometimes called oyster plant. The delicate flavour is similar to asparagus. Best cooked simply - boiled or poached and served with butter. It is easier to peel after cooking. Salt Crystals used as a seasoning and preservative. One of the major taste groups. Available as sea salt or rock salt, which is then further refined for cooking salt and table salt. Salt cod Dried, salted cod which needs to be de-salted and rehydrated before use. Popular in French, Spanish and Portuguese cuisines Salt hoss Cowboy term for corned beef. Salt Pork The salt-cured layer of fat taken from the pig's belly and sides. Salt pork is sometimes confused with fatback, which is unsalted. It is similar to bacon except that it is much fattier an has not been smoked. Salt Substitute A substitute for salt that contains little or no sodium. Used by persons on a salt restricted diet. Saltimbocca A dish consisting of rolled pieces of veal or poultry, cooked with herbs, bacon and other flavourings. The word comes from the Italian for 'leap into the mouth'. Saltpeter Potassium Nitrate. A common kitchen chemical used in preservation of meat or preparing corned beef or pork. May be purchased at drugstores. Sambuca A colourless Italian liqueur flavoured with aniseed. It is drunk with one or two coffee beans floating in the glass, after it has been flamed. Sambuca is very strong but has a sweetish taste. Samosa A deep-fried Indian pastry stuffed with spiced vegetables or meat, usually triangular in shape. Samphire Also known as glasswort or pickle-plant, this fleshy-leaved green plant grows on seaside marshes. Its flavour is salty and it has a crisp, interesting texture. Use it fresh in salads or serve it with fish, simply boiled and dipped in melted butter and eaten like asparagus. Sangria Spanish drink of red wine with fruit, mineral water and spices added. Sapodilla A large evergreen tree of tropical America that bears an edible fruit. The sapodilla is the source of "chicle," the key ingredient in the manufacture of chewing gum. Sapote This tree, native to Mexico and Central America, is also called the "marmalade tree" or "sapota." It offers a sweet, edible fruit. "Sapote" is also used to refer to the "sapadilla tree." Sardine Sardines are baby pilchards - an oil-rich fish. Sardines are sold whole, fresh or frozen while pilchards are mainly processed and canned. Ideal fish for grilling and barbecuing when whole. Sarsaparilla This flavor was originally derived from the dried roots of tropical smilax vines. Today, products featuring sarsaparilla use artificial flavors. Sashimi Japanese dish of raw fish and shellfish served with dipping sauces and vegetables. Sassafras The leaves of the sassafras tree are used in making traditional gumbo. Satay Pieces of meat or fish skewered and grilled, then served with spiced sauce. Satsuma Orange A small Japanese orange that belongs to the Mandarin family. It contains relatively few seeds. Saturated fat Mainly derived from animals, although some vegetables are also highly saturated. A good clue that a fat is saturated is that it is solid at room temperature. Sauce A thickened and flavored liquid that is created to enhance the flavor of the food that it accompanies. In the days before refrigeration, sauces were used to disguise the taste of foods that were going bad. Sauce piquante A thick, sharp-flavored sauce made with roux and tomatoes, highly seasoned with herbs and peppers, simmered for hours. Sauerkraut German for "sour cabbage." Made by combining cabbage, salt, and occasionally other spices and permitting the mixture to ferment. Though thought of as a German invention, this pickled food was eaten in China over 2,000 years ago. Sausage Basically, sausage is ground meat with fat, salt, seasonings, preservatives, and sometimes fillers. They may be smoked, fresh, dry or semi-dry, uncooked, partially cooked, or fully cooked. There are thousands of variations of sausage. Sausage casings Made from beef or pork products, available by special order from good meat markets or by mail order. Saute to cook quickly over high heat in an open frying pan with a small amount of butter, oil or cooking spray, turning food frequently Sauterne A sweet wine from the Sauternes region of France. It is made from Sauvignon Blanc or Semillon grapes that have been infected with a special mold that causes them to shrivel and leave a sugary fruit with highly concentrated flavors. Sauvignon Blanc An excellent white-wine grape that rivals Chardonnay and the Reisling. This grape imparts a grassy, herbaceous flavor to the wines produced from them. Savarin A ring-shaped cake made of a rich yeast dough, soaked with a rum syrup, and filled with pastry or whipped cream. Savory A strongly flavored herb of the mint family. There are two varieties: winter and summer. The summer savory is slightly milder, but both should be used carefully. Savory has a flavor reminiscent of a cross between thyme and mint. Savoy Cabbage A loose, full headed, and mellow-flavored cabbage that is considered by many to be the finest cabbage for cooking. Scald To heat milk to just below the boiling point. Scallion Also called "spring onions," these are very young ordinary onions (such as "shallots") picked when beds of onions need to be thinned. Scallop Shellfish with a delicate taste available in a range of sizes. Scallops can be steamed, fried or grilled but should be cooked gently. The flesh is firm and white, the coral (or roe) is orange or pale red in colour. Scallop Squash A flat, whitish variety of squash that features a scalloped edge. Also known as "cymling" and "pattypan squash." Scampi The Italian name for the tail portion of any of several varieties of miniature lobsters. In the U.S., the term refers to large shrimp that are split and brushed in a garlic oil or butter, then broiled. "Scampo" is the singular form. Scone A small, rounded cake that can be sweet, often served with clotted cream and jam, or savoury, used as an accompaniment to other meals. Score To make lengthwise gashes on the surface of food. Scorzonera Also called "black salsify," this is a black-skinned variety of salsify. Most varieties of this vegetable are grayish or pale golden in color. Scotch This distinctive liquor, made only in Scotland, uses barley for flavoring instead of corn (which is used in American whiskeys). The sprouted malted barley is dried over peat fires to impart a characteristic smoky flavor to the scotch. Scotch bonnet Very hot, small chilli, similar to the habanero. After preparing chillis, it is very important to avoid contact with the eyes or any sensitive skin - even washing the hands may not be enough to remove all the capsaicin, the volatile oil in the fruit that gives it its hot taste. Scrag Cut of lamb from the neck, used in casseroles and stews. Scrapple Cooked meat specialty -- Ground cooked pork combined with cornmeal; other flours may be used in small amounts; available in loaf, brick or rolls, canned. Screwdriver An alcoholic beverage made with orange juice and vodka. It is said to have been named by American oil-rig workers in the Middle East who opened and stirred cans of this beverage with their screwdrivers. Scrod Scrod is the name for young cod (and haddock) that weight less that 2.5 pounds. It is a popular fish from the Pacific and the North Atlantic with a lean, firm, white flesh. "Haddock," "hake," and "pollock" are close relatives of the cod. Scungille A shellfish. Scup Also know as "porgie" or "sea bream." These fish are generally lean, and coarse-grained. Scup is often grilled, poached, and pan-fried. Sea bass A term used to describe a number of lean to moderately fat marine fish, most of which aren't actually members of the bass family. "Striped bass" and "Black Sea bass" are true bass. The "white sea bass" is a member of the drum family. Sea Bream White fish with a number of varieties available, sold whole or as fillets. Coarse, succulent flesh ideal for grilling, baking and frying. Sea Devil This large low-fat, firm-textured salt-water fish has a mild, sweet flavor that compares with lobster. Also called "angler fish" "monkfish," and "goosefish." Sea Perch This important commercial fish is a member of the rockfish group. Also known as "ocean perch," although it is not a true perch. Sea plums Canned oysters. Sea Salt Salt produced by evaporating sea water. Salt produced in this manner is more expensive than salt that has been mined. Sea Trout An anadromous (spawns in fresh water) brown trout that spends part to its life cycle in the sea. Sea trout have meat that is pink to red in color and is very comparable to salmon. May be prepared any way appropriate for salmon. Sea Urchin A round spiny creature found off the coasts of Europe and America. The only edible portion is the coral, usually eaten raw with fresh lemon juice. Sea vegetables A rich source of iodine and an important food source in many oriental cultures. Sea vegetables such as dulse, hijiki, and arame can be soaked briefly in water, squeezed dry, and cut up for salad. Laver (nori) is what you use to make sushi. Seafood Sauce A combination of catsup or chili sauce with prepared horseradish, lemon juice, and hot red pepper seasoning. Used with seafood and as a condiment for hors d'oeuvres. Sear To cook at very high heat for a short period of time in order to brown meat and seal the surface ensuring that the juices are trapped within. Season To add flavor to foods in the form of salt, pepper, herbs, spices, vinegar, etc. so that their taste is improved. Seasoned flour Flour flavored with salt and pepper and sometimes other seasonings. Seasoning Something, such as a spice or herb, used to flavor food. Also called seasoner. Ingredients added to food to intensify or improve its flavor. Some of the most commonly used seasonings include herbs (such as oregano, rosemary and basil), spices (like cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves and allspice), condiments (such as Worcestershire sauce, soy sauce and mustard), a variety of vinegars and-the most common of all-salt and pepper. Seaweed Any of a multitude of sea plants from the algae family. Used in soups, as vegetables, in teas, in shushi, and as a seasoning. Seaweed is a rich source of iodine. A seaweed called "carrageen," is used in McDonald's McLean hamburger. Seaweed sheets, dried Also known as nori and laver. Find in Oriental markets and larger supermarkets. Self-Rising Flour A mixture of all-purpose flour, baking powder and salt. Seltzer A flavorless, naturally effervescent water that takes its name from the town of Nieder Selters in Germany. Soda water is man-made by injecting carbon dioxide into water. Semifirm cheese Cooked and pressed, but not so long-aged, not crumbly (edam, jarlsberg). Semifreddo Meaning "half cold", this is gelato with whipped cream folded into it. Semisoft cheese Either cooked or uncooked, soft, but sliceable (gouda, tilsit, monterey jack). Semisweet or bittersweet chocolate often utilized in cake and cookie recipes. Both terms are often used interchangeably, though bittersweet generally has more chocolate liquor (the paste formed from roasted, ground cocoa beans). Semisweet chocolate contains at least 35% chocolate liquor, while some fine bittersweets contain 50% or more. Either chocolate possess a deep, smooth, intense flavor that comes from the blend of cocoa beans used rather than added dairy products. Sugar, vanilla, and cocoa butter must be added to the liquor to enhance the chocolate flavor. Semolina A very coarse flour used to make pizza and bread. Also refers to rounded parts of wheat used to make a pudding of the same name. Serrano chiles Serrano means from the mountains; medium green chile, becoming brilliant red when ripe; extremely hot; usually shorter and thinner than the jalapeno; a basic ingredient for salsas, sauces, marinades and escabeches; jalapenos may be substituted. Sesame oil This oil is high in polyunsaturated fast (4th behind safflower, soybean, and corn). There are two basic forms: light and dark. The light form is lighter in color and flavor and has a hint of nuttiness. The dark from is much stronger. Sesame Seed A tiny, flat seed with a nutty, slightly sweet flavor used in breads, cakes, confections, cookies, pastries, and salads. This seed was used at least as far back as 3,000 B.C. in Assyria. Sesame seeds, toasted Often used as garnish in many cuisines. To make - Toast raw sesame seeds in a frying pan over medium heat until golden brown. Shake and stir the seeds over the burner to get even coloring. Ready for use. Sesbania Flower The edible flower of a tree native to the South Pacific and pasts of Asia. Especially popular as a food in the Philippines. Also called "Katuray." Seviche A popular dish in Latin-American cookery, a dish of raw fish, scallops, or shrimp marinated in citrus juices until the flesh becomes "cooked". Onions, peppers, and chiles are then added to finish the dish. Shad Small, delicate saltwater fish related to the alewife, herring, and sardine. They are larger than herrings and spawn in fresh water. Some species of shad have been landlocked and live in freshwater lakes. Shallot The mild-flavored cousin to the onion, chive, leek, and garlic. The bulb is edible and is used like onions or garlic. The green tops are harvested and marketed as "scallions." Shark A flavorful, low-fat fish that includes varieties such as Leopard, Mako, Spiny Dogfish, Soupfin and Thresher. Shark meat tends to have an ammonia-like smell that can be eliminated by soaking the flesh in milk or acidulated water. Shaslik Skewered, broiled marinated lamb. Sheanut Oil Oil from the seed of the shea tree, an African tree from the sapodilla family. "Shea butter" (also called "galam butter") is the solid green, yellow, or white fat derived from the seeds of the shea tree. Sheepshead A saltwater fish belonging to the wrasse family. Also called "California Sheephead," "Fathead," and "Redhead." Its meat is white, tender, and lean. Shell steak The same as Delmonico. Shellfish A broad term for all aquatic animals that have a shell of some kind. Shellfish are separated into two basic categories Crustaceans and mollusks. Crustaceans include Crabs, Crayfish, Lobster and Shrimp. Mollusks are divided into three groups Mopods (also called univalves) such as the Abalone and Snail, Bivalves like the calm and OYSTER; and CEPHALOPODS such as the octopus and squid). Sherbet A frozen mixture containing fruit juices, water or milk, to which various thickeners are added before freezing, such as egg whites or gelatin. Sherry This famous Spanish fortified wine is also made in the U.S. Sherries range in color, flavor, and sweetness. They are drunk as an apertif (appetizer) or after dinner. Cry sherries are usually served cold; sweet sherries unchilled. Sherry vinegar This recent addition to American markets is a good wine vinegar that is better than inexpensive balsamic vinegar. May be used in salads, and also as a marinade for grilled and broiled dishes. Shiitake The best domesticated mushroom, with a rich, distinctive, smoky flavor. Do not eat the stem, but save it for stocks. Can be found in most Oriental markets dried. Also found fresh or dried in some larger supermarkets. An expensive mushroom that originated in Japan, but is now grown in the U.S. Sometimes called "golden oak," this tasty, dark brown mushroom has a meaty flesh and a full-bodied flavor. Shimeji Mushroom This fan-shaped mushroom often grows on rotting tree trunks. This fungus is fairly robust and slightly peppery when raw, but is becomes much milder when cooked. Also called "oyster mushroom." Shin Cut of beef from the foreleg, used for casseroles and stews. Shirred eggs Eggs broken into shallow ramekins containing cream or crumbs, then baked or broiled until set. Shish kebab Cubes of meat cooked on a skewer, often with vegetables. Short loin The tenderloin. Short ribs The cut off ends of the prime rib, which should be cooked in liquid until quite tender. Short'nin' bread The same as parboiling or poaching. Short-grain rice The most common rice in Japanese cooking. It has a short oval shape compared to long-grain rice. Also known as pearl rice. Shortbread A sweet biscuit, fairly dense and rich in butter. Eaten on its own or used as a base for tarts. Shortcrust pastry Probably the most useful and versatile pastry, shortcrust is a crumbly pastry that is ideal for pies and pasties. Shortening Any fat, liquid, or solid used in pastry, dough, or batter for making the resulting product flakier, richer, or more tender. In common use are hydrogenated shortenings like butter, lard, margarine, and the edible oils. Shoyu A dark, salty sauce made from fermenting boiled soybeans and roasted wheat or barley. Extremely popular in the Orient; used to flavor fish, meat, marinades, sauces, soups, and vegetables. Better known in U.S. as "soy sauce." Shred To cut or tear food into long, thin strips Shrimp American's most valuable and popular shellfish. This ten-legged crustacean got its name from English word "shrimpe," which means "puny person." Shrimp powder, dried Tiny shrimp dried and ground into a fine powder. Found in Oriental markets. Shrinkage The weight lost by a meat or poultry product during cooking, cooling, drying and storing. Shuck To open an oyster shell with a small, thick-bladed knife. Sicama Large bulbous root vegetable with a thin brown skin and a white crunchy flesh with a texture similar to water chestnut. It has a sweet, nutty flavor and can be eaten raw or cooked. Also called "Jicama." Sichuan pepper Sichuan or anise pepper is actually not pepper but the very hot and peppery dried red berries of a type of ash tree. The berries are roasted and ground to make a very pungent and aromatic seasoning used in Chinese cuisine. Sichuan pepper is also one of the spices of Chinese five-spice powder. Side Dishes Any dish served to accompany and balance a main dish, frequently a vegetable and starch. Sieve A fine, mesh strainer. Sift To pass dry ingredients, usually flour and baking powder, salt, etc., through a fine-meshed strainer or sifter to blend ingredients thoroughly and remove larger pieces thereby lightening the texture of the mixture. Silver foil (Vark) Edible silver in ultra-thin sheets. Used for fancy garnishing in Indian cooking. Silver Hake A small gray and white saltwater fish that is also called the "whiting." This low-fat fish, which is related to both the "cod" and the "hake," has a tender white fine-textured flesh and a flaky, delicate flavor. Silver Salmon This high-fat variety of salmon provides a firm-textured, pink to orange-red flesh. Also called the "coho salmon." Silverside Cut of beef from the rear of the animal, used for boiling, stews, casseroles and mince. Sim Sim A tiny, flat seed with a nutty, slightly sweet flavor used in breads, cakes, confections, cookies, pastries, and salads. This seed was used at least as far back as 3,000 B.C. in Assyria. Better known in U.S. markets as "sesame seed." Simmer To cook in liquid just below the boiling point.. Simnel cake Now an Easter cake, this was originally given by servant girls to their mothers when they went home on Mothering Sunday. A fairly rich fruit cake, it is covered with almond paste or marzipan, stamped with the figure of Christ and decorated with 11 marzipan balls to represent the 11 apostles (excluding Judas). Singapore Sling A cocktail of gin, cherry brandy, and lemon juice. This mixture is shaken in ice, strained into a tall glass, and topped off with soda water. Said to have originated in Singapore's Raffles Hotel. Sippets Small pieces of toast, soaked in milk or broth for the sick; bits of biscuit or toast used as a garnish. Sirloin Premium cut of beef from the back, sold as roasting joints and fillet steaks. Slake To mix a thickening agent with liquid, eg cornflour, arrowroot. Sirloin steak A juicy, flavorful cut of beef from the portion of the animal between the rump and the tenderloin. Skate This kite-shaped fish features edible fins. The flesh is firm, white, and sweet, similar to the texture and taste of scallop. Skate wings This is the edible portion of the skate. The flesh, when cooked, separates into little fingers of meat and has a distinctive rich, gelatinous texture. The taste is similar to that of scallops. Never buy skate with the inedible skin on as it is very difficult to remove. Skewers Long thin metal pins on which food is impaled for grilling or broiling. Skil This saltwater fish has a soft-textured flesh and a mild flavor. Its high fat content makes it a good fish for smoking. Also "black cod" and "sablefish," although it is not a cod. Skim To remove cream from the surface of milk, fat from the tops of gravies and sauces or frothy scum from broths or jam and jellies during cooking. Skipjack Tuna Also called the "oceanic bonito," "watermelon," and "Arctic bonito," this small tuna (6 to 8 pounds) has a light-colored meat similar to yellowfin. The Japanese call this fish "katsuo" and the Hawaiians call it "aku." Skirt steak The diaphragm muscle, a little know but delicious cut of beef, very tender and juicy if broiled quickly and served rare. Skunk Cabbage A perennial herb of the arum family. Its thick leaf stalk is used in salads after it has been boiled in two or more changes of water. Also known as "swamp cabbage." Skunk egg Cowboy term for an onion. Slap bread Hand-shaped bread, slapped thin, such as tortillas and fry bread. Sliced Beef Cooked meat specialty -- Made from boneless beef; chopped, cooked, smoked and sliced; moist, not dehydrated; more perishable than dried beef. Sliver To cut foods into thin strips. Sloe Gin A liqueur made by steeping gin with crushed sloes. "Sloes" are wild European plums with an extremely tart flesh. Smelt A rich and oily mild-flavored fish. Popular varieties of smelt include "Eulachon" and "Whitebait." The eulachon is called the "candlefish" because Indians sometimes run a wick through their high-fat flesh and use them for candles. Smitane Wine sauce with sour cream and onions added. Smoked Country Style Pork Sausage Uncooked, smoked sausage -- Fresh pork sausage, mildly cured and smoked; cook thoroughly before use. Smokies Cooked, smoked sausage -- Coarsely ground beef and pork; seasoned with black pepper; stuffed and linked like frankfurters. Smoking Method of curing foods, such as bacon or fish, by exposing it to wood smoke for a considerable period of time. Smoothie A non-alcoholic cold drink made up of a mixture of the juices and pulp of fruit or vegetables blitzed into a smooth drink. Smorgasbord An assortment of hot and cold dishes served in Sweden as hors d'oeuvres or a full buffet meal. It should not just simply be a few salmon canapes, cold meats and cheese but a vast buffet from which guests serve themselves. Smother Cook slowly in covered pot or skillet with a little liquid added to sauteed mixture. Snacks Any light dish to each between meals for something to "tide you over". Snail Popular since prehistoric times, the snail was greatly favored by ancient Romans who set aside special vineyards where snails could feed and fatten. Snap Bean A small green bean that is eaten in its long green pod. The snap bean used to have a fibrous "string" down the center of the pod; this characteristic has been bred out of the species. Also called "green bean" and "string bean." Snapper There are a few hundred species of this lean, firm-textured saltwater fish, 15 or so which are available in the U.S. The most popular snapper is the "red snapper." Some species of rockfish and tilefish are called snappers, but are not. Snow peas Edible-pod peas with soft, green pods and tiny peas. Soba A Japanese noodle made from buckwheat flour. The buckwheat gives soba a dark brownish gray color. Soba noodle Buckwheat noodles, brown, flat, resembling spaghetti, used in Japanese cooking. Usually served in broth. Sockeye Salmon Prized for canning, the sockeye salmon has a firm, red flesh. Also known as the "redeye salmon." Soda bread Irish bread; a baking powder bread, or one made with sour milk and baking soda. Sodium Erythorbate A food grade cure accelerator and color stabilization in cured meats. An antioxidant whose chemical structure resembles Vitamin C or Ascorbic Acid. It is added to hot dogs, cured meats and a few other foods to reserve their flavor and color when exposed to air. It is used in the food processing industry to preserve the color of cured meats and related products. It actually is a chemical salt of Erythorbic Acid Sofrito Famous seasoning mix which includes cured ham, lard or canola oil, oregano, onion, green pepper, sweet chile peppers, fresh coriander leaves and garlic. Soft Drink Any drink that is non-alcoholic. Although carbonation is not required, most people think of soft drinks as being effervescent. Soft grub Hotel or diner food. Soft-ripened (bloomy rind) cheese The surface is exposed to molds, ripening the cheese from the outside in, to form thin, velvety rinds (brie, camembert). Softshell Crab The "soft-shell crab" is actually the blue crab caught just after molting (discarding its shell). This crab is found along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts. It is sold in both its soft and hard-shell stages. Sole A popular flatfish with a delicate flesh with a firm, fine texture. The best-known variety is "Dover sole" (also called "channel sole)." Much of what is sold as "sole" in the U.S. is actually a variety of flounder, which isn't a true sole. Somen Noodles The most delicate of all the Japanese noodles, somen are often distinguished by their elegant packaging. Made from a wheat-flour dough with a touch of oil added, like soba noodles they are often served cool with a dipping sauce, but don't forget they also make a light and delicate garnish for hot soups. To cook somen noodles just boil for 2 1/2 to 3 minutes. Sopa seca Dry soup with very little liquid left after cooking. Sopes Little round antojitos of tortilla dough. Sorbet A semi-frozen water ice, usually made with fruit or a liqueur, and eaten as a palate cleanser between courses, or as a dessert. Sorghum A genus of cereal grasses with a large number of species, cultivated throughout the world for food, forage, and syrup. It is the world's third largest food grain. Sorghum Syrup The stalks of the cereal grass sorghum can be boiled down to produce a thick syrup which can be used as a table syrup and to sweeten baked goods. Also called "sorghum molasses." Sorrel Sorrel comes in several varieties, including wild sorrel and French sorrel. Its name derives from the French for sour, in reference to the plant’s characteristic acidity. Although often used in salads, sorrel should not be eaten in large quantities as it contains a high amount of oxalic acid. Souffle A light, airy mixture that is normally made by taking an egg yolk-based sauce that has been lightened by adding stiffly beaten egg whites. Souffles may be sweet or savory and served cold or hot. Sour cream Also known as "dairy sour cream." This commercial product is made from homogenized pasteurized sweet cream to which a dairy culture has been added for souring. Sour oranges Yeasty fermented bread; the natural starter is kept in a jar or crock. Soursop The large, dark-green, slightly acidic and pulpy flesh of the fruit of a small West Indies tree called the soursop. Also called "guanabana." Souse to pickle food in brine or vinegar; such as soused herrings. Souse Loaf Well-cooked pig's head and feet that are chopped into small pieces, marinated in lime juice, chili pepper and salt, then pressed into a loaf. Souse of Sulz Cooked meat specialty -- Similar to head cheese except for sweet-sour flavor added by vinegar pickling liquid; dill pickles, sweet red peppers and bay leaves sometimes added. Soy bean The world's most important bean is the low carbohydrate, high-protein soybean. This inexpensive, yet nutritious legume is used to make soybean oil, soy flour, soy sauce, miso, tamari, and tofu. Can also be used like any other bean. Soybean are round, under one-half inch in diameter, and usually yellowish, although the may be other colors. Soy Flour A very high-protein, low carbohydrate flour made from soybeans. Soy flour has approximately twice the protein of wheat flour. Soy milk This milky, iron-rich liquid is the product of pressing cooked and ground soybeans. Soy milk is higher in protein than cow's milk. It is cholesterol-free and low in calcium, fat, and sodium. Soy Protein Used as a binder to reduce shrinkage, to retain water and natural juices, to bind the fat and meat for a smoother, more favorable consistency. Use 3% for fresh products and 5% for smoked products. Pound for pound, this product contains 7 times more protein than meat Soy Sauce A condiment made from fermented soya beans and salt which forms a basic ingredient in both Japanese and Chinese cooking. Soybean Curd Cake A low-calorie, high-protein, cholesterol-free food made from curdled soy milk. It is creamy white with a firmness that varies from soft to firm. Should be kept refrigerated. The water it is packed in should be changed daily. Soybean Oil An inexpensive oil that is nutritious and has a high smoke point. Soybean oil is approximately 58% polyunsaturated fat, 23% monounsaturated, and 15% saturated fat. Used extensively in making margarine and shortening. Spaetzle This is a coarse noodle from Alsace and Germany made of flour, eggs, oil, and water. The soft dough is dropped into boiling water (with a spaetzle press) and poached until cooked through. The noodle is then fried in butter or oil and served as a side dish to meat dishes. Spaetzle may also be flavored with cheese, mushrooms, and herbs. Spaghetti Like its cousin "macaroni," spaghetti is made from semolina and water. Sometimes eggs are added. The name comes from the italian word for "strings." Spaghetti squash This creamy-yellow watermelon-shaped squash is so named because its flesh, when cooked, separates into yellow-gold spaghetti-like strands. Avoid greenish squash (indicating immaturity). Spaghettini A thin form of the spaghetti pasta. It is not quite as thin as vermicelli, however. Other spaghettis include "fettuccine" and "linguine," which are flat rather than round. Spanish onions Like Bermuda onions, these are large, relatively mild, easy to handle, and keep well for weeks. Good for baking. Spare ribs The long cut of meat from the lower breast bone of the hog. Spareribs are best cooked slowly, so that their fat can be rendered and they can become tender. Spatchcocking A technique whereby poultry shears or a sharp knife is used to split chicken along backbone, leaving breastbone intact. Spatchcocked chicken is generally served with a vinaigrette sauce Speck Cured and smoked pork flank. Spelt Native to southern Europe, where it's been used for thousands of years, spelt is an ancient cereal grain that has a mellow nutty flavour. The easily digestible spelt has a slightly higher protein content than wheat and can be tolerated by those with wheat allergies. Spelt flour, available in health-food stores, can be substituted for wheat flour in baked goods. Spiedini An Italian word for skewers of meat or fish grilled over a flame or under a broiler. Known as Spiedies in the Eastern United States. Spiedino Fried cheese with anchovy sauce. Spinach An annual potherb from southwestern Asia grown for its leafy green leaves. Spinach can be used raw, or cooked by boiling or sauteing. Its leaves contains small amounts of oxalic acid which gives spinach a slightly bitter flavor. Spit Revolving skewer or metal rod on which meat, poultry or game is roasted over a fire or under a grill. Process creates high heat and forces fat to spit out of meats. Split peas A variety of yellow or green field pea that is grown specifically for drying. These peas are often dried and split along a natural seam, whereupon they are called "split peas" and are used in soups and other dishes. Sponge The portion of dough in bread-making containing all or part of the yeast, to which are added the remaining ingredients. Sponge Gourd The fruit of any of several tropical vines of the gourd family. The dried insides of these gourds can be used as a sponge. Also called the "Luffah." Spoon bread A kind of baked cornmeal pudding. Spot A small fish (approximately 1.5 pounds) belonging to the drum family. In 1925, these fish appeared in New York harbor in such vast numbers that they clogged the condenser pumps of the electric company and caused a blackout. Spotted pup Chuckwagon name for raisin pudding; without the raisins, it was just called "pup." Spreads Type of thick appetizer made to be spread on bread or crackers Spring roll Thin sheets of dough which are filled with meat, seafood, or vegetables and rolled into logs. Spring rolls are most often deep fried, though they may also be steamed. Chinese versions use wheat dough, while the Vietnamese and Thai versions use a rice paper wrapper. Springform mold Baking tin with hinged sides, held together by a metal clamp or pin, which is opened to release the cake or pie which was cooked inside. Sprue asparagus The thinnings or first pickings of the asparagus bed which have a good flavour - and should be cheaper than asparagus proper. Spumoni Ice cream made with fruit and nuts. Squab A young domesticated pigeon that has never flown and is therefore very tender. Squabs are normally under a pound and about 4 weeks old. May be prepared in any manner suitable for chicken. Squab chicken The poussins of France, these are mere babies weighing about a pound and sufficient for one person. They are unusually tender and delicate and are best when roasted whole or split and broiled. Squash blossoms Blossoms of winter squashes such as zucchini, yellow squash and pumpkin; commonly used in Southwestern cooking; best when used the day they are picked or bought; may be cooked briefly for use in soups or sauces, or stuffed and fried. Squash Seeds The edible seeds of the pumpkin. These seeds are hulled to reveal a green seed with a delicate nutty flavor. These seeds are often roasted and salted. Also called "pepitas," these seeds are popular in Mexican cookery. Squaw bread Indian bread deep-fried in 6-inch circles; fry bread; popovers. Squawberries Red-orange berries from thorny desert bushes. Squid A sea mollusc related to the cuttlefish, also known as calamari. Squid can be grilled or fried and larger squid can be added to stews or cooked in their own ink. Squirrel An abundant, largely arboreal rodent. Red and gray squirrels are commonly eaten in the U.S. The gray squirrel is fatter and has a flavor considered by many as superior to the red squirrel. Squirrels do not have a strong "gamey" taste. Squirrel can Cowboy term for large can used for after-meal scraps. Sriracha A hot sauce made from sun-ripened chiles which are ground into a smooth paste along with garlic. It is excellent in soups, sauces, pastas, pizzas, hot dogs, hamburgers, chow mein or on almost anything else to give it a delicious, spicy taste. Star anise The fruit of a shrub native to the Far East, star anise is shaped like an eight-pointed star and contains seeds with an aniseed flavour. It is used widely in Chinese cooking. Star Apple The purple, white, green, yellow, or rose-colored fruit of a West Indian tree. When cut open, the seeds are disposed into the shape of a star. Also called "caimit." Starch Carbohydrate obtained from cereals and potatoes or other tubers. Starfruit Also known as carambola, this yellow fruit becomes a five-pointed star when sliced widthways. Star fruits have a slightly sweet and sour taste, so are often used more for decoration in fruit salads. Steak Diane Very lean beef, minced and served raw. Steam to cook food in the steam created by boiling water. Steep To soak in liquid until saturated with a soluble ingredient; soak to remove an ingredient, such as to remove salt from smoked ham or salted cod. Sterilize To destroy germs by exposing food to heat at specific temperatures. Stew To cook food slowly and for a long period of time using a small amount of liquid in a covered pan or pot Stewing chicken Also called mature, old chickens, or hens, these should be poached or simmered. Stir To mix with a circular movement, using a spoon or fork or other utensil. Stir-fry Any dish that has been prepared by stir-frying. That is, the food is chopped into small pieces and cooked very quickly over high heat in a large pan for a short period of time while briskly stirring the food. Stock A flavoured liquid base for making a sauce, stew or braised dish. Made by simmering beef, chicken or fish with vegetables, aromatic ingredients and water. Vegetable stock simply misses out the meat. Stone fruits Stone fruits are simply fruits with a stone, such as peach or plum. Stone Ground Flour Wheat that is ground between two slowly moving stones. This process creates less heat than the usual high speed steel grinding. Some cooks believe the stone grinding method produces a better product. Strain To remove solid particles from a mixture or liquid by pouring through a colander or sieve. Strasbourgeoise Served with goose livers and truffles. Straw mushrooms, canned Small button-like mushrooms indigenous to Asia. Fresh ones are so delicate that they aren't usually shipped. Strawberry This hardy member of the rose family is a red, juicy sweet-tart berry. The French "European Alpine" strawberries are tiny, very sweet berries and are considered the finest. Eaten out-of-hand, used in wines, liqueurs, and in desserts. Streaker Usually refers to bean purees or other colorful pastes made from nondairy products and used to decorate plates and finished dishes; may also refer to brightly colored cremas. Streusel A delicious topping of sugar, butter, flour, and other spices that adds flavor and crunch to crumb cakes, coffee cakes and some muffins. String Bean A small bean that is eaten in its long green pod. Named after the fibrous "string" that used to grow down the center of the pod; this characteristic has since been bred out of the species. Also called "green beans" and "snap beans." Striped bass This true bass is found along the Atlantic coast. It features six to eight horizontal stripes and provides a moderately fat, firm flesh with a mild, sweet flavor. Stroganoff A dish of thinly sliced beef (usually tenderloin or top loin), onions, and mushrooms sautéed in a combination of butter and sour-cream sauce. Often served with a rice pilaf. Invented by Count Paul Stroganoff in the 19th century. Strudel Austrian sweet made from very thin layers of pastry wrapped round fruit, most famously apple. A savoury version can also be made. Stuffing Thick paste made from dry ingredients like herbs, breadcrumbs and nuts, bound together with egg. Can be used to stuff the inside of roast meats or baked separately and served as an accompaniment. Sturgeon A name for various migratory species of fish know for its rich, high-fat flavor, firm texture, and excellent roe. Their average weight is 60 pounds, but one freshwater "Beluga" sturgeon was 26 feet long and weighed 3,221 pounds. Sub gum A stew of Chinese vegetables. Succotash A dish composed of a combination of lima beans and corn. Suchet With the flavoring of carrot. Sucker A name popularly applied to various types of freshwater fish closely related to carp. Suckers live and feed near the bottoms of streams. They may be cooked in any way appropriate for other fish. Suckeyes The hard fat around the kidneys and loins of beef, mutton or pork. Sugar alcohols Sugar alcohols like mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol are sweeteners that occur naturally in fruits, and are often added to certain foods. They're called "alcohols" because of their chemical structure, not because they contain the kind of alcohol in drinks like beer, wine and spirits. Because sugar alcohols do not promote tooth decay, they are often used in "sugarless" gum. They are also used to add texture to some foods. Some studies suggest that because sugar alcohols take longer to break down than regular sugar, they may cause a less rapid spike in blood sugar than sugar-sweetened products. But remember that they are not calorie-free, are not likely to help with weight control and, when consumed in excessive amounts, can lead to intestinal gas, cramping or diarrhea. Sugar Beet A type of beet with a very high sugar content that is cultivated primarily for making sugar. Most varieties of sugar beet are white inside and out and can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable, just like ordinary garden beets. Sugar Cane A tall grass of tropical and warm regions with tough, jointed stalks that can be processed to produce sugar. Sugar Cure A mixture of salt and sugar. The salt is the essential ingredient. The sugar counteracts the salt taste and gives the meat a better flavor and good color. Sugar snaps Also called snap peas, these flavorful pea-filled pods are newly developed (introduced in 1979). Sugar snaps are crisp, with crunchy pods and sweet peas. Sugar Substitute Also called "non-nutritive sweeteners," sugar substitutes are used by persons with reasons for avoiding or restricting their intake of sugar. "Saccharin" and "aspartame" are two common sugar substitutes. Sugar syrup Differentiating from natural syrups, this term refers to a solution of sugar and water. Simple syrups are made with equal quantities of water and sugar. Heavy syrup is made with twice as much sugar as water. These types of syrups are used in making sorbets, soft drinks, and for soaking cakes. Sukiyaki Japanese dish of meat, vegetables and seasonings, usually cooked at the table. Sultanas A type of large raisins, originally Turkish. Seedless white raisins. Sumac Spice that comes from the grated skin of a dark berry that possesses a a slightly acidic, astringent flavor. Summer squash The fruit of various members of the gourd family. Summer squash has a thin edible skin, soft seeds, high water content, and a mild flavor. Sun-dried tomatoes When a tomato is dried in the sun (or more likely the oven) the end result is a shriveled, intensely flavored tomato. They are usually packed in olive oil or packaged dried (when dried soak them in hot water to reconstitute). Sunchokes Also called Jerusalem artichokes, sunchokes are the knobby roots of a perennial sunflower. They resemble ginger in appearance and have a subtle, delicious flavor. Their high sugar content enables them to brown well when fried or roasted. Sundae Ice cream topped with syrup, nuts, and whipped cream. In the 19th century, moralists decried the drinking of carbonated beverages--including ice cream sodas--on Sundays. Vendors removed the soda, added toppings, and changed the spelling. Sunfish Any of a number of North American freshwater fish closely related to the perch. Known for their bright, sunny colors and interesting shapes, popular varieties include "Bluegill," "Crappie," and "Calico Bass," commonly called "Sunnies." Sunflower These bright yellow flowers turn and track the sun throughout the day. The seeds are either roasted or dried, salted or unsalted. The seeds (excluding the shell) are 47% oil and 24% protein by weight. Sunflower Oil The pale yellow mild-flavored oil derived from sunflower seeds. This oil is high in polyunsaturated fat and low in saturated fat. Used in cooking and in salad dressings. Not well suited for frying because of its low smoke point. Sunflower seeds Seeds of the sunflower, these can be roasted or dried in or out of their shells. They can be added to many sweet and savory dishes, including salads, baked goods, and granola. Sunsweet Lighter Bake a 100% fat- and cholesterol-free baking ingredient that replaces butter, margarine, oil or shortening in scratch recipes and packaged mixes. Made from a blend of dried plums and apples, this new fat "imposter" creates moist, chewy baked goods that are lower in fat. Lighter Bake is located in the cooking oil or baking ingredients section of supermarkets nationwide. Superfine sugar Also called caster sugar, this finely granulated sugar is good in meringues and cold drinks; it dissolves quickly and easily. It can be made by blenderizing granulated sugar in the blender until it is powdery. Supreme A rich heavy cream sauce. Surimi Imitation crab meat processed from fish. Surinam Cherry The yellow to deep red, cherry-like fruit of a Brazilian tree of the myrtle family. These fruit, which are now grown in the U.S., are slightly acid and are eaten out-of-hand and used in jams and jellies. Also called "pitanga." Swamp Cabbage A perennial herb of the arum family. Its thick leaf stalk is used in salads after it has been boiled in two or more changes of water. Also known as "skunk cabbage." Swamp seed Rice. Sweat To cook vegetables very slowly in a little fat and their own steam so they soften but do not brown. Swedish Meatballs A combination of ground meat (often a combination of beef, pork, or veal), sautéed onions, milk-soaked breadcrumbs, beaten eggs, and seasonings. The mixture is formed into small balls, then sautéed until brown. Swedish Turnip A root vegetable from the mustard family that resembles a large turnip. This vegetable can be prepared any way that turnips can be cooked. Also called "Swedish turnips." Sweet and Sour Sauce A sauce that has a flavor intended to balance sweet with pungent. This is usually accomplished by using sugar and vinegar. This type of sauce is often served over meat, fish, or vegetables. Sweet chestnut The fruit of the sweet chestnut tree that is edible when cooked. Often roasted and eaten whole, or added to other dishes such as stuffing. Can also be ground to make flour. Chestnuts make a good accompaniment to Brussels sprouts and are served with many winter dishes, especially poultry and game. Sweet Chocolate Highly like the composition of semisweet chocolate, sweet chocolate has more sugar added and less chocolate liquor. Sweet Pepper Any of a wide variety of mildly-flavored peppers, including "bell peppers," "pimiento," "bull's horn," "Cubanell," and the "sweet banana pepper." Sweet Pickle Cure A solution of sugar, salt, water, sodium nitrate/or sodium nitrite. This solution is used to cure meats by injecting or soaking the meat. Sweet potato Root vegetable that resembles a potato, but is quite different. Often pinkish in colour, the sweet potato can be cooked in a variety of ways - though it is often baked. Sweet Potato Noodles "Tangmyon" or sweet potato noodles are similar to cellophane noodles, and they are often made with mung bean starch. Like cellophane noodles, they become translucent once cooked and will absorb the flavors of the foods they are cooked with. Used in stir fry dishes, to cook simply soften noodles in hot water for 10 minutes then stir-fry for 45 seconds to 1 minute. Sweetbreads The culinary term for the thymus gland of an animal. Those of veal and lamb are most commonly eaten. The pancreas is also considered a sweetbread, but its taste and texture is inferior to that of the thymus gland. Sweetened condensed milk Milk that has been evaporated to about half of its volume and has sugar added. Sticky and sweet. Sweetsop Also known as "Sugar Apple," this is the sweet pulpy fruit of a tropical American tree. The skin of this heart-shaped fruit is sweet and custard-like. It is similar in flavor to a mild cherimoya. Eaten raw and in desserts and in ices. Swiss Chard Another name for "chard," a type of beet that doesn't develop the swollen, fleshy roots of ordinary beets. This vegetable is grown for its large leaves which are used much like other green vegetables. Swiss Cheese A term for cheeses that have a pale yellow, slightly nutty-flavored flesh and large holes. Switzerland is famous for two cheeses: "Emmentaler," and "Gruyere." Swiss cheeses are prized for their excellent melting properties. Swiss roll tin Jellyroll pan. Swiss steak Round or chuck steak that has been tenderized by pounding, coated with flour, and browned on both sides. The meat is then smothered in chopped tomatoes, onions, carrots, celery, broth, and seasonings, then baked for about two hours. Swordfish A saltwater food and sport fish with mild-flavored, moderately fat flesh. The flesh is red, dense, and meat-like. Thanks to its firmness, swordfish can be prepared by baking, broiling, grilling, poaching, or sautéing. Syllabub English dessert made of whipped cream, white wine and sugar, usually infused with lemon. Syllabub dates back to the time of Elizabeth I. Syrup Thick, sweet liquid made by boiling sugar with water or fruit juices. Szechuan Sauce A sauce prepared with the Szechuan pepper. This pepper (and therefore the sauce) has a very distinctive mildly hot flavor and aroma. T-bone steak A cut from the center section of the tenderloin, directly in front of the porterhouse steak. Tabasco chile The famous chile from Tabasco, Mexico; seeds were introduced to Louisiana in the 1860s. Tabasco Sauce A hot, thin, spicy sauce made from vinegar and red chilli peppers. It can be used to season meat or sauces or added to cocktails for an extra kick. Tabbouleh Middle Eastern salad made with bulgar wheat, tomatoes, lemon and parsley. Traditionally wrapped in lettuce leaves and eaten with the hands. Table Queen Squash An oval winter squash with a ribbed, dark green skin and slightly sweet orange flesh. May be eaten baked or directly from the shell. Also known as "acorn squash." Taco A Mexican-style sandwich consisting of a folded corn Tortilla filled with various ingredients such as beef, pork, chicken, chorizo sausage, tomatoes, lettuce, cheese, onion, guacamole, refried beans and salsa. Most tacos in the United States are made with crisp (fried) tortilla shells, but there are also soft (pliable) versions. The latter are more likely to be found in the Southwest and California. Tacos may be eaten as an entree or snack. Tagine Or tajine. A north African earthenware dish with a conical shaped lid. The dish has given its name to the north African stew of meat and vegetables cooked in it. Tagliarini A flat ribbon pasta, narrower than tagliatelle, measuring approximately 3mm across. Tagliatelle Pasta made into thin ribbons, often served with creamy sauces. Tahini A thick paste made of ground sesame seed. Popular in the Middle East in a number of specialties, including "hummus" and "babghanoush." Tailgate Outdoor snack, meal or beverages originally served from the back of a pick-up truck at any sporting event. Hot food prepared on the grill at a sporting event. Taleggio A square creamy cheese from the Lombardy region of Italy, with a fat content of almost 50%. Has a mild, salty-sweet flavor, which can become pungent if left to age for too long. Often served with salads and fruit. Tallow The harder and less fusible fat in animals and vegetables. Tallow biscuits Hot biscuits spread with fresh tallow. Tamae Any filling enclosed in masa, wrapped in a corn husk or parchment paper, and steamed; the plural is tamales. The cornmeal is spread on a corn husk, then filled with chile-seasoned mixture of meats and red pepper, rolled, tied and steamed. Tamales Cornmeal dough wrapped in a corn husk and steamed, often stuffed with pork, olives or turkey. Tamari A dark, thicker form of soy sauce with a distinctive mellow flavor. Used as a dipping sauce, for basting, and as a table condiment. Tamarillo A red, egg-shaped tropical fruit that should be eaten cooked as the raw fruit can be quite tart; as a puree, tamarillo makes a good ingredient in ice-cream or sorbet and can also be served with poultry or fish. Tamarind A spice made from the pods of the tamarind tree by drying and pressing the pulp of the pods; a small piece can be broken off and infused to create an acidic liquid flavouring in authentic Indian curries. Tandoori In Indian cookery, a method of cooking chicken or other meat. Tandoori spices - ginger, cumin, coriander, paprika, turmeric, cayenne - are mixed with pureed garlic, pureed ginger, lemon juice and oil to make a paste that is used to coat the food which turns a red-orange colour. It is then cooked in the ‘tandoor’, a tall cylindrical clay oven. Traditional naan breads are also cooked in the tandoor. Tandoori spices can also be added to yogurt and used as a marinade. Tangelo A cross between a tangerine and the pomelo. This fruit contains only a few seeds and provides a juicy, sweetly tart taste. Tangerine Tangerines are a small orange citrus fruit. Mandarins and satsumas are simply different varieties of tangerine, and clementines are a hybrid between the tangerine and the sweet orange. They are usually eaten raw. Tapenade Tapenade is a paste made of black olives, capers, anchovies, mustard, basil and parsley. You can use it on crostini or bruschetta, with pasta and in sauces, as a marinade for meat and also for adding to casseroles and stews. Tapioca A starchy substance derived from the root of the "cassava plant" that is used as a thickening agent for soups, fruit fillings, and desserts. Used much like cornstarch. Taramasalata A thick, creamy Greek dip made from olive oil, fish roe, breadcrumbs and seasonings. Usually served as mezze dish or as an hors d'oeuvre. Taro A high-starch tuber grown in West Africa. The American variety is called "dasheen." Although acrid in the raw state, taro has a nut-like flavor when cooked. "Poi" is made from taro root. Taro can be boiled, fried, baked, and used in soup. Taro Leaf The large "elephant ear" leaves of the taro that are edible when young. Tarpon A large, powerful game fish from the warmer waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Tarragon An aromatic perennial herb, often used in French cooking. Its pointed leaves have a distinctive aniseed flavour and can be used to flavour oils and vinegar. Tarragon is particularly good with chicken. Tart A sweet- or savory-filled baked pastry with no top crust. Tartar Sauce A creamy white sauce composed of mayonnaise, minced capers, dill pickles, onions or shallots, olives, and lemon juice or vinegar and other seasonings. Tartar sauce is often served as an accompaniment to fried fish. Tartare a. sauce made from mayonnaise, gherkins and capers b. steak tartare is made with minced beef served raw with egg yolk and seasoning Tarte Flambe An Alsatian pizza with a thin crust topped with fresh white cheese, onions, and bacon. This is also called an Alsatian firepie. Tarte Tatin The name given to an apple tart that is cooked under a lid of pastry, but served upside down - with the pastry underneath and the fruit on top. It combines the taste of caramel with the flavour of apples cooked in butter and was made famous by the Tatin sisters who ran a hotel-restaurant in France in the early 1900s. Many variations of the original apple 'upside down' tart have since been developed. Tea Tea was used 4,000 years ago in China to flavor water that had been boiled (to make it safe). Americans invented tea bags and iced tea. All tea is a single species--the climate, soil, and processing creates the individual characteristics. Tea towel Dish towel. Teaseed Oil The oil pressed from the seed of a small Chinese tree of the Camellia family (C. oleifera). This commercial tea oil is said to equal olive oil in quality and is used in a similar manner. Teff a tiny, round grain that flourishes in the highlands of Ethiopia. While teff is very nutritious, it contains practically no gluten. This makes teff ill-suited for making raised bread. Teff Flour The flour produced by grinding the seeds of the teff, a northern African grass cultivated for its seeds. Teff Seed The seed of the North African teff plant. Tempeh A fermented soybean cake used in Indonesian cooking. Tempura A Japanese specialty prepared by deep frying fish and vegetables that have been dipped in tempura batter. The resulting batter is light, thin, and crispy. Usually served with rice and soy sauce. Tendergreens An herb of the mustard family whose leaves are cooked and eaten like spinach. Americans cultivate this plant for its leaves; Asians cultivate it also for its thick, tuberous crown, which they pickle. Also called "mustard greens." Tenderloin That portion of the beef between the sirloin and the ribs; also known as short loin. Steaks from the tenderloin include the Porterhouse and the T-bone. Tequila Originally from Tequila, Mexico, tequila is a colorless or pale straw-colored liquor made by fermenting and distilling the sap of the agave plant. Teriyaki A Japanese dish consisting of food, such as beef or chicken, that has been marinated in a mixture of soy sauce, sake, sugar, ginger and seasonings before being grilled, broiled or fried. The sugar in the marinade gives the cooked food a slight glaze. Teriyaki sauce is made with the above ingredients. Terrapin This eight-inch long freshwater turtle is considered by many to have the best meat among turtles. Its flesh is often pounded and served like steak. Terrine Usually describes a kind of pate made of pieces of meat in a deep dish with straight sides. Can also be used to describe the dish itself. Tex-Mex A term given to food based on the combined cultures of Texas and Mexico. Tex-Mex food encompasses a wide variety of dishes such as Burritos, Nachos and Tacos. Texas butter A butter substitute of hot lard, flour and water. Thai fish sauce An oriental flavouring made from fermented, salted fresh fish, also known as fish gravy: it has a fishy aroma with a salty taste and adds richness to dishes like stir-fries and soups. Thermophilic Cheesemaking term which describes the temperature at which the culture thrives. From the Greek words thermo - meaning heat - and philic - which means loving. Thermophilic cultures require a higher temperature than mesophilic cultures. Thuringer Cervelat A fresh, smoked sausage named after the former German region of Thuringia. Coriander (also called "cilantro") is an important spice used in this variety of sausage. Thuringer-Style Sausage Fresh sausage or cooked sausage -- Made principally of ground pork; may also include veal and beef; seasoning similar to pork sausage, except no sage is used; may be smoked or un-smoked. In some regions of the U.S. also called summer sausage. Thyme A perennial plant with small grey-green aromatic leaves and small purple flowers. It is one of the basic herbs used in cooking. Alone or in a bouquet garni, fresh or dried, it is used in a huge range of dishes but particularly in casseroles, stews and marinades. Tia Maria A dark-brown, rum-based liqueur from Jamaica that features a strong coffee flavor. Tilefish This low-fat Atlantic fish is delicately flavored and has a flesh that is firm yet tender. Available fresh and frozen, in steaks and fillets. Suitable for just about any cooking method. Tilsit Cheese A cheese that was accidentally created when Dutch immigrants were trying to make "gouda." This mild cheese is made from pasteurized milk. A very strong called "Farmhouse Tilsit" is made from raw milk and is aged 5 months. Timbale A layered dish cooked in a tall mould (timbale) and then turned out. Often made of rice layered with vegetables or slices of aubergine layered with other vegetables and tomato sauce. Tipsy cake, tipsy pudding Sponge cake soaked with sherry and brandy, covered with custard and almonds. Tiramisu An Italian dessert made of sponge or macaroons soaked in coffee, brandy or liqueur with mascarpone cheese and chocolate. Tisane An infusion of fresh or dried herbs that is drunk hot. Most tisanes are made from medicinal plants. Toad in the Hole An English dish consisting of pieces of meat or sausages covered with batter and baked in the oven. Toast To brown with dry heat in an toaster or oven. Toast points Toast slices, cut in half diagonally. Toasting (nuts) Using heat to bring the oils closer to the surface of the nut which brings out more flavor. Method is useful in low fat cooking in order to use less nuts. Toasting also makes removing the skins off of nuts easier. Toasting also gives the nuts a much better flavor. Tofu Important protein source in oriental cooking. Made from cooked soya beans, it is quite bland in flavour and responds well to marinades. Good for stir-frying, barbecuing, grilling, it is also high in calcium and vitamin E and low in saturated fats. Detailed definition of Tofu Tokay A famous wine from Tokay, a town in Hungary. Louis XIV said Tokay was "the wine of kings and the king of wines." 28 villages in Hungary have the right to call the vine they produce "tokay." Tomally The liver of the lobster. Tomate verde Mexican green tomato. Tomatillo A small fruit, also called the "Mexican tomato," that is related to the tomato and the cape gooseberry. Their flavor is said to resemble a cross between lemon, apple, and herbs. Used in guacamole and many sauces. Tomato A fruit from the nightshade family (like the potato and eggplant). The U.S. government classified it as a vegetable for trade purposes in 1893. Tomatoes should not be refrigerated--the cold adversely affects the flavor and the flesh. Tomato Paste The paste that results from cooking tomatoes for several hours, then straining them and reducing them to a thick red, richly flavored concentrate. Tomato Puree Tomatoes that have been cooked briefly, then strained. Tomato Sauce A slightly thinner tomato puree, often mixed with seasonings to facilitate their use in other sauces and dishes. Tonic Carbonated water that is sometimes flavored with fruit extracts, sugar, and a small amount of quinine, a bitter alkaloid. Tonic water is popular as a mixer. It is also called "quinine water." Topping A sauce, frosting, or garnish for food. Topside Cut of beef from the rear of the animal, sold as a roasting joint. Torrone Nougat candy. Torsk A large saltwater fish related to the cod. It has a firm, lean flesh. Also called "cusk." Torta Rustica A large pie similar to coulibiac, filled with salmon, cabbage or spinach, eggs, and mushrooms. Other versions use meat or sausage in the filling. The crust is usually made of bread dough and sprinkled with salt before using. Torte A rich multi-layered cake made with little or no flour, but with ground nuts, breadcrumbs, eggs, sugar, and flavorings. The word "torte" is also used to describe some tart-like preparations. Tortellini A small, stuffed pasta pocket made from little rounds of dough, then twisted to form dumplings. Fillings can be made with anything and are served sauced or in a simple broth. Tortelloni This is a larger version of the tortellini. Tortilla In Spain a tortilla is a set omelette of eggs, potatoes, olive oil and salt. Sometimes other ingredients such as peppers, onion, tuna, asparagus and mushrooms are added. This is very different from Mexico where tortilla refers to a flatbread made from corn or wheat flour. Toss To blend foods together by gently turning the pieces over until the ingredients are well mixed Tostada Shell A flat, crisp-fried flour or corn tortilla shell. This serves as the base upon which tostadas are created by adding refried beans, shredded chicken or beef, lettuce, tomatoes, cheese, sour cream, guacamole, and other ingredients. Tournedo A fillet of beef from the heart of the tenderloin, approximately an inch thick. This term is rarely used in America today, being replaced by filet of beef or filet mignon. Tourte Similar to pate en croute, these are pies made in a round shape and served cold. They are generally highly seasoned and preparations are indicative to the region they are from. Tree Fern Any of various ferns, mostly tropical, that grow as large as trees, sending up a straight trunk-like stem. Tree Oyster Mushroom This fan-shaped mushroom is often grows on rotting tree trunks. This fungus is fairly robust and slightly peppery when raw, but is becomes much milder when cooked. Also known as "oyster mushroom." Trennette Flat noodles, wider than fettuccine, that have one flat edge and one scalloped edge. Tripe The stomach of a cow, pig or sheep used as food. It is usually sold specially prepared or cleaned for cooking. Triple Sec A strong, clear liqueur with an orange flavor similar to Curacao. It is used in making Margaritas. Triticale A nutritious hybrid of wheat and rye which contains more protein and less gluten than wheat. Normally found in health food stores, it is available as whole berries, flakes, and flour. Used in cereals, casseroles, and pilafs. Triticale Flour The flour made from triticale. Because this flour is low in gluten, bread made from triticale flour is very heavy. For this reason, it is usually combined half-and-half with wheat flour. Trout A delicately flavored fish that belongs to the same family as salmon and whitefish. Most are freshwater, but some are marine (sea trout). The very popular "rainbow trout" has been transplanted from California to many different countries. Truffle An underground fungus with a very strong taste. Expensive to buy as they are generally picked in the wild, often found with trained pigs. Truffles are rounded, of variable size and irregular shape and come in a range of colours. The word can also refer to a chocolate and cream confectionery often flavoured with rum. Truss To tie up, as a bird, so that all parts will remain in place while cooking. Try out To heat fat slowly until it liquefies and can be drawn off. Tube pan Ring-shaped tin for baking cakes. Most often used to prepare sponge cakes and angel food cakes. Tuiles Crisp, paper thin cookies named for their tile-like appearance. They are often flavored with almond slices, lemon, and vanilla. Tumeric A slightly bitter spice taken from the root of a plant in the ginger family. Usually available ground, this spice is used to flavor baked goods, curries, fish, poultry, gravies, salads, and dressings. Tuna A saltwater fish related to the mackerel. Probably the most popular fish used in canning today. Tunas have a distinctive rich-flavored flesh that is moderately high in fat and has a firmly textured flaky but tender flesh. Tunas Prickly pear cactus fruits which turn from green to ruby red; their juice is magenta-colored; their exotic flavor is like a blend of pomegranates, cherries and strawberries; the fruit is used in making jelly, candies and syrup. Tunka The melon-like fruit of a tropical Asian vine belonging to the gourd family. Also called "white gourd." Turbinado Sugar A raw sugar that has been steam-cleaned. The coarse crystals are blond in color and have a delicate molasses flavor. Turbot A flat sea fish with firm flesh. Available as fillets, steaks or whole. Suits poaching or grilling. Turducken A Louisiana specialty - a chicken stuffed inside a duck stuffed inside a turkey. Turkey An American game bird from the pheasant family that has been domesticated. Self-basting turkeys have been injected with butter or vegetable oil. "Roaster-fryers" (6 - 8 lb. birds), are becoming more popular for everyday fare. Turmeric Bright yellow spice often used in curry. Turmeric has a more bitter taste than saffron. It is used mainly in Indian and south-east Asian cooking. Turnip A cool-weather, white-fleshed root vegetable that is easy to grow. The so-called "yellow turnip" is actually a rutabaga. Choose smaller turnips because young turnips have a delicate, somewhat sweet flavor that becomes stronger with age. Turnip Greens The green tops of the turnip plant. These greens start out slightly sweet, but become stronger-tasting and tougher with age. These greens may be served boiled, sauteed, steamed, or stir-fried. Turnip-Rooted Parsley A parsley subspecies grown for its beige carrot-like root which tastes somewhat like a cross between a carrot and celery. Used in stews and soups. Also eaten as a vegetable. Also called "parsley root." Turnovers Pastries filled with a savory or sweet mixture, doubled over to the shape of a semicircle, then baked or deep-fried. Turtle Any of several varieties of shelled reptiles that live on land, in freshwater, or in the sea. Turtles can weigh over 1,000 pounds. Sea or Green Turtles are best known as food. Turtle Beans Also known as "black beans" and "black turtle beans," these beans have black skin, cream-colored flesh, and a sweet flavor that forms the base for black bean soup. Tusk A large saltwater fish related to the cod. It has a firm, lean flesh. Also called "cusk." Tybo Cheese A mild-flavored Danish Cow's milk cheese. It features a cream-colored inside that is dotted with holes. This cheese goes well with sandwiches, salads, sauces, and many cooked dishes. Sometimes flavored with caraway seeds. Tzatziki Sauce Dipping sauce derived from yogurt, garlic, cucumber, olive oil and lemon juice. Served with calamari. Tzimmes Traditionally served on Rosh Hashana, this sweet Jewish dish consists of various combinations of fruits, meat and vegetables. All are flavored with honey and often with cinnamon as well. The flavors of this casserole-style dish develop by cooking it at a very low temperature for a very long time. Udon Noodles Fat, slippery white noodles found bobbing about in soups or casseroles, udon noodles are made from a wheat-flour-and-water dough and may be round, square, or flat in shape. In most recipes, udon noodles are interchangeable with soba noodles and Chinese wheat-flour-and-water noodles. Boil the fresh variety for 2 to 2 1/2 minutes and the dried anywhere from 4 to 4 1/2 minutes. Ugli An irregular-shaped citrus fruit hybrid between a grapefruit and a tangerine native to Jamaica. It is available around the United States from winter to spring. It has an acid-sweet flavor and is an excellent source of vitamin C. Uncooked, pressed cheese Curds not cooked but pressed to obtain a firm texture (Cheddar, morbier, mont asio, manchego). Unleavened bread Describes a dough that is without leavening or yeast. Unleavened bread plays an important role in Jewish ritual. Baked thin. Unmould To turn out a cake, jelly, ice-cream etc from a tin or mould. This can be a delicate operation needing a little gentle help. Aspics and jellies: plunge the base of the mould in hot water for a few seconds. Sponge cakes: line tin with greaseproof paper or grease and dust it with flour; turn out immediately after removing from oven. If the cake seems stuck in the tin, turn it over on to a plate and cover base with a damp cloth or place it immediately on a cold surface. Ices: dip mould briefly into cold water and then into lukewarm water. Loosen ice with knife blade, place plate on top of mould and turn over quickly. Unsaturated fats Mainly come from plants and are liquid (oil) in form. Largely polyunsaturated fats include corn oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, and sesame oil. Largely monounsaturated fats, which may lower blood cholesterol levels, include olive oil, canola oil, and peanut oil. Unsweetened chocolate Chocolate with no added sugar; generally composed of 55% cocoa butter and 45% chocolate mass from the bean. Produces an intense chocolate flavor that must be tempered by sugar and other ingredients. Upside down cake A cake made by arranging fruit in the baking pan, over which the batter is poured. When cooled it is inverted so that the fruit is on the top. Vacherin A seasonal cheese that is made in the winter months in France and Switzerland. Ripe after two to three months, the crust of this cheese encases a runny textured cheese that has a mild, sweet and creamy taste. It is so soft that, traditionally, it is eaten with a spoon. A vacherin is also a cold dessert made of a ring of meringue or almond paste filled with ice-cream, so-called because its shape and colour are similar to the cheese. Valencia Rice Valencia rice (sometimes sold as paella rice), is a large white oval grain. Grown in Spain, it is similar to Arborio. It's the rice used for paella, the Spanish dish that pairs rice with seafood, chicken, rabbit or chorizo and vegetables. Valencienne A sauce for rice containing tomatoes, mushrooms, meat strips, and grated cheese. Vanilla There are over 20,000 types of orchid, but only one produces anything edible--the vanilla plant. "Vanilla extract" comes from macerating beans into an alcohol/water solution. "Imitation vanilla" comes from treated wood-pulp byproducts. Vanilla pod The sweetly fragrant dried pods of the vanilla orchid, a native of Mexico, which can be used either whole or split to reveal the aromatic seeds, and then stored in a sugar jar to impart its flavour, or used directly in custards, creams and milk puddings. Vanilla essence or extract is the concentrated liquid extract of vanilla pods which can be used as flavouring in place of the real thing. Vanilla sugar Granulated sugar flavored with vanilla by enclosing it with a vanilla pod in an airtight jar. Veal Calves that are slaughtered from 1 - 3 months of age. "Milk-fed" veal are unweaned calves. "Bob veal" is under a month old; "baby beef" is 6 - 12 months old. To keep their flesh from darkening, these animals are not fed grains or grasses. Veal Loaf Cooked meat specialty -- The meat in the loaf is primarily veal with some pork. Vegetable marrow This edible squash-like gourd, also known as "marrow squash," is related to the zucchini. It has a bland flavor and is often stuffed with a meat filling. Vegetable Oil Any of a wide variety of non-animal oils. Most vegetable oils--with the exception of coconut and palm oils--are lower in saturated fats than are animal-derived oils. Vegetable Oyster Plant Also known as "salsify," this biennial herb is cultivated for its root which is used as a vegetable. Its taste hints of a delicately flavored oyster. Can be found in the U.S. in Spanish, Italian, and Greek markets. Vegetable shortening An vegetarian alternative to lard often used in baking and when basting meat. Veloute An extremely smooth creamy sauce of various stock bases thickened with a roux. This is used as a base for other more complex sauces, though it may be used alone. Velvet A term used in Chinese cookery: meat strips to be stir-fried are coated first in cornflour, or egg white and cornflour, to protect them while frying. Venison This term covers the meat from antelope, caribou, elk, deer, moose, and reindeer. Venison is probably the most popular large game meat eaten today. Verjus A sour grape juice which can be used in cooking. Vermicelli Pasta made into long thin strands, often used in soups. The name means ‘little worms’ in Italian. Vermouth A white wine that has been steeped with an infusion of herbs, plants, roots, leaves, peels, seed, and flowers. It has a aroma and taste designed to be served as an apertif (appetizer). Vichy A sparkling mineral water from Vichy, France. Vichyssoise A soup made from potatoes, leeks and cream, served cold, garnished with chopped chives. The name is also used to refer to any cold soup based on potatoes and another vegetable. Victual A small frankfurter, often served as an hors d'oeuvre. Vigo Coloring Common substitute for the yellow color of saffron. Can be found in small envelopes in any Latin American, Mexican, or Cuban market. Vinaigrette A cold sauce made from a mixture of vinegar, oil, pepper and salt, to which various flavourings can be added: herbs, mustard etc. Vinaigrette is used mostly for dressing green salads. The choice of oil (olive, sunflower, walnut etc) and vinegar is made according to the type of salad. Lemon juice can be used instead of vinegar. Vine Spinach An edible leaf from a tropical plant that is cultivated in certain parts of France. Vine spinach may be prepared in any manner appropriate for spinach. Also called "basella." Vinegar A weak solution of acetic acid and water used in pickling, preserving, tenderizing, and to add a sour flavor to foods. Cleopatra dissolved a perfect pearl in vinegar and drank it in front of Mark Antony as a demonstration of her wealth. Vitello Tonnato Thinly sliced roast or braised veal, served cold with a creamy, piquant tuna sauce. This combination may sound a bit unusual, but is surprisingly delicious. Vodka An eastern European spirit distilled from grain. It has neither taste nor smell, although some vodkas are flavoured with spices, plants, leaves or fruits. Vol-au-Vent A round case of puff pastry with a pastry lid which is filled after baking and served as a hot starter or hors d'oeuvre. The filling is made up of meat, seafood or vegetables in a sauce. Waffle Pancake batter cooked in a special hinged cooking utensil called a "waffle iron" which cooks both sides at once and gives waffles their honeycombed syrup-catching surface. Belgian waffles are often heaped with fruits and whipped cream. Wakami A dried seaweed. Wakami is soaked in cold water before it is served. It is often served with cucumbers, miso, and vinegar. Also used in soups. Popular in Japanese cooking. Walnut A popular nut with a distinctive brain shape. Walnuts are used in sweet and savoury cooking, and are good pickled and served with cheese. They can also be used finely chopped with sweet dishes or roughly chopped with salads and stir fries. Best stored whole with shell on. Walnut or hazelnut oil These highly flavorful oils should (almost) never be used for cooking, but are wonderful in salad dressing and drizzled over cooked foods. Always refrigerate, as nut oils go rancid more quickly than other oils. Wasabi A Japanese horseradish that is dried, powdered, and made into a pale green paste with a sharp, pungent, extremely potent flavor. Often mixed with soy sauce and served as a condiment to sushi, sashimi, and other Japanese specialties. Washed-rind cheese Frequently orange, rinds washed or rubbed with brine, wine, beer or brandy (pont l'eveque, tallegio, Spanish mahon). Water bath The French call this cooking technique "bain marie." It consists of placing a container of food in a large, shallow pan of warm water, which surrounds the food with gentle heat. The food may be cooked in this manner either in an oven or on top of a range. This technique is designed to cook delicate dishes such as custards, sauces and savory mousses without breaking or curdling them. It can also be used to keep foods warm. Water Buffalo A buffalo native to the Old World tropics with large flattened horns. Also called "water ox." Water chestnut The nut-like kernel of a water plant that grows in southeast Asia. The flesh is white, crisp, and juicy and has a bland, somewhat sweet nutty flavor. Their crunchy texture makes them popular in stir-fried dishes. Water Convulvolus A perennial herb of the arum family. Its thick leaf stalk is used in salads after it has been boiled in two or more changes of water. Also known as "swamp cabbage." Watercress A member of the mustard family that grows in running water. Watercress has small, crisp, green leaves and a pungent flavor with a slightly bitter peppery flavor. Use in salads, in cream soups, and to garnish vegetables. Waterglass Sodium silicate; used as a preservative for eggs Watermelon Originally from Africa, this melon has a sweet, moist red flesh. Asians roast the seeds, and pickled watermelon rind is popular in some parts of the world. If slapping the watermelon returns a resounding hollow thump, it is ripe. Watermelon Seed The seed of the watermelon. More popular in Asia than in the U.S. Waterzooi A rich Flemish stew with chicken or fish and assorted vegetables. The sauce is enriched with a liaison of cream and egg yolks. Wax Bean A pale yellow variety of the green bean that is eaten with its pod." Waxy red or white potatoes Sometimes sold as "new" potatoes when they are small, these are low-starch potatoes with thin red or white skins. Weakfish Has a mouth that is easily torn by fishing hooks - hence its name. This unusual fish with delicate flesh flakes easily, making it quite difficult to handle. Has a soft white to rosy flesh. Weisswurst Fresh sausage -- Of German origin, the name means "white sausage;" made of pork and veal; mildly spices; links are about four inches long and plump; very perishable. Welsh Onion A species of onion with a bunching, leek-like interleaved bulb and tubular leaves. It is a perennial evergreen with a delicate flavor that can be used by breaking off leaves as the plant matures. Also called the "everlasting onion." Welsh rarebit A British speciality consisting of a slice of toasted bread covered with a mixture of cheshire or cheddar cheese melted in pale ale with English mustard, pepper and sometimes a dash of Worcestershire sauce. This is then grilled and served very hot. Wheat There are over 30,000 varieties of this ubiquitous grain. Cultivated for over 6,000 years, wheat is second only to rice as a grain staple. Wheat contains more gluten than other cereals, making it an excellent choice for breadmaking. Wheat Bran The rough outer covering of the wheat kernel. Wheat bran is low in nutritional value but high in fiber. Wheat bran is sold separately and is used to add flavor and fiber to baked goods. Wheat Cake A pancake made of wheat flour. Wheat Flour A flour produced by milling the endosperm portion of the wheat kernel. "Whole wheat flour," which is more nutritious, is made by milling the entire kernel, including the outer covering, or "bran." Wheat Germ The tiny nucleus of the endosperm (the inner part of the wheat kernel without the outer bran). Wheat germ has a nutty flavor and is a concentrated source of oil, vitamins, minerals and protein. Used to add nutrients to various foods. Wheat Gluten The protein remaining after wheat flour has been washed to remove starch. Gluten helps hold in the gas bubbles produced by leavening agents. This is why bread flours contain high levels of gluten and cake flours contain low levels. Wheat kernels wheat berries. Wheat Pilaf A pilaf made from either the wheat berries (whole unprocessed kernels) or cracked wheat (the whole berries broken into coarse, medium, and fine parts). Wheat-Flour Noodles Made with wheat flour and water, this is the oldest noodle form found in China. Still made by hand in fine restaurants around the world, they are created from a soft dough, resulting in a silky texture. They do vary in thickness and may be round or flat. The thinnest are used in refined soups, whereas the thicker varieties stand up to heartier soups and casseroles. Although these noodles come in shrimp-, chicken- and crab-flavored varieties the quality can vary dramatically along with their flavor. To cook wheat-flour noodles boil fresh noodles for 2 1/2 to 4 minutes or dried ones for 4 1/2 to 5 minutes. Whelk A marine snail often eaten direct from the shell. Cooked for 10 minutes in salted water, whelks are eaten with bread and butter. Whey The liquid part of milk that remains after the curd is removed. Most whey is further separated with the fattier parts used in making butter. Some whey is used to make "whey cheese" or "Ricotta cheese." Whip To add air and volume to food by beating rapidly using a wire whisk, beater or electric mixer until mixture is light and fluffy. Whipping cream Cream with a fat content over 35 per cent, the minimum amount necessary to allow it to stay firm once beaten. Single cream doesn't contain enough butterfat to thicken when beaten: it's the fat globules that trap whisked air, creating the characteristic foam and texture of whipped cream. Whisk A wire kitchen utensil used for mixing dry ingredients together Whiskey A liquor produced from the fermented mash of grains such as barley, corn, and rye. Popular varieties of whiskey (spelled "whisky" in Canada and Scotland) include bourbon, Canadian whisky, Irish whiskey, rye, and scotch. Whiskey Sour An alcoholic beverage made from whiskey, lemon juice, and a small amount of sugar. Sours can also be made with bourbon, gin, or rum, but the whiskey sour is the most popular. White Bean A rather generic term that refers to any of several dried beans, including "marrow beans," "great northern beans," "navy beans," and "pea beans." White chocolate Not a true chocolate at all. It is, rather, a blend of sugar, cocoa butter, milk solids, lecithin and vanilla. If a product does not contain cocoa butter, it isn't "white chocolate." White Pepper White peppercorn is somewhat less pungent than the black variety. After ripening, its skin is removed and the berry is dried. White pepper is used in light-colored sauces and dishes where black speckles could be unaesthetic. White Rice Rice that has had the husk, bran, and germ removed. White rice is sometimes called "polished rice." White Russian An alcoholic beverage made by combining vodka, Kahlua (or other coffee liqueur), and cream. A Black Russian is similar, but contains no cream. White sauce The basis of many other sauces, made from flour, butter and milk. Smooth, slightly thick consistency, which is basically tasteless. White Truffles Truffles are quite expensive. Available in most places only in the late fall, they come primarily from France, where they are sniffed out in forests by hunting pigs. But a little goes a long way, so don't be shocked when you hear the price per pound. If you've never tried them, you must. There is no ordinary mushroom that can remotely approximate their flavor and aroma. White truffles are more delicate and are meant to be used right at the table. You can use either a grater or a truffle shaver to introduce their flavor immediately before serving. White truffles are most complementary to foods in butter and cream sauces such as risotto and other pastas. The shavings also work well on warm salads and certain delicate fishes. White-Flowered Gourd A common variety of hard-shelled gourd, also called "bottle gourd" and "Calabash gourd." This gourd is used in the West Indies to produce a very popular syrup. Its shell is often used to create bowls and other utensils. Whitebait The young of the herring, very tiny, usually sauteed. Whitefish A high-fat, mild-flavored member of the salmon family with a firm white flesh. The whitefish can be poached, baked, broiled, grilled, pan fried, or stuffed. Its roe (eggs) can be cooked or made into caviar by adding salt. Whiting White sea fish, a member of the cod family, best bought fresh. Good for fish cakes and mousse. Whole wheat flour White flour has had the germ and bran removed; whole wheat flour contains both. It is nutritionally superior and has a stronger flavor. The ground germ contains oil which can grow rancid and bitter. Store carefully (in the freezer if you have room). Wiener Cooked, smoked sausage -- Both wieners and Vienna-style sausages take their names from the city of Vienna, Austria. Wiener-style, as originated, is sausage braided in groups of links. Vienna-style frankfurters are twisted into a chain of links. Terms are frequently used interchangeably with "frankfurter" and formula may be the same. Wiggle "Wiggle" is applied to a variety of shrimp recipes that feature shrimp in a sauce, served on toast or crackers. Wild Rice A plant from the same family as rice, but with a gray and brown grain that is about twice the length of ordinary rice grains. Wild rice has a unique, almost nutty flavor. Used to stuff game or poultry and served as a side dish. Wine An alcoholic beverage produced through the fermentation of grape juice. Other fruit and vegetable juices, such as dandelion and elderberry are also occasionally used in winemaking, an art the goes back at least 12,000 years. Wine vinegar Wine vinegar can be made from either red or white wine. Winged Bean A fast-growing, high-protein legume. Also called the "goa bean." This bean is entirely edible, including the shoots, flower, roots, leaves, pods, and seeds. Tastes somewhat like a cross between the cranberry bean and the green bean. Winter Radish A large plant thought to be of Oriental origin. These plants are grown chiefly for their pungent peppery root, which can get up to 2 pounds or more. This radish is popular in Germany and in the East. Also called "black radish." Winter squash These long-keeping squashes have much in common with with pumpkin and sweet potato - yellow to orange flesh, usually quite sweet and creamy when cooked. Look for firm squash with no soft spots or obvious damage, and store in a cool, dry place. Witloof Chickory The largest and most popular variety of "chicory," a vegetable with long silvery-white leaves. Used in salads and as a seasoning. Wolf Fish A firm, white-fleshed saltwater fish with a large head, strong jaws, and sharp canine teeth and molars that can grind clams, whelks, and other mollusks. Sometimes sold in the U.S. under the confusing name of "ocean catfish." Won ton A ravioli-like Chinese dish of noodles folded around a filling of meat, fish or vegetables. They may be boiled, steamed, or deep-fried, and served with dipping sauce. Won Ton Skin Paper-thin round or square sheets of dough made from flour, eggs, and salt. Used as wrappers to make "won tons" and egg rolls. Won tons are small dumplings of thin dough around a minced mixture of meat, seafood, and/or vegetables. Wood ear mushroom Crunch and chewy texture; subtle and mild flavor. Best used in spicy soups and stir-fries. Wool on a handle A cowboy term for a lamb chop; generally greatly disliked by cattlemen. Worcestershire Sauce A thin, spicy dark brown sauce originally from an Indian recipe. Used to flavour stews and casseroles, as a condiment and in drinks. Wreck pans Cowboy term for pans filled with water to accept dirty dishes. Xanthan Gum Produced from the fermentation of corn sugar. It is most commonly used as a stabilizer, emulsifier and thickener. Xanthan Gum is made from a tiny microorganism call Xanthomonas Carmpestris and is a natural carbohydrate. It is also a substitute for gluten and to give volume to breads and other gluten-free baked goods. Xanthan gum can be added to liquids such as salad dressings, gravies, sauces, sour cream, yogurt and even ice cream to give them a creamy smooth texture. It also has the unique ability to hold particles of food together, making it a good stabilizer. Xavier A cream soup or consomme thickened with arrowroot or rice flour and garnished with diced chicken. XO XO stands for extra old and is used to show that a cognac is particularly old, where VS (very special) is two years old and VSOP (very special old pale) is four years old. XXX; XXXX Label symbols used for confectioners’ (powdered) sugar. Yakidofu Grilled tofu (soybean curd cake). Yakimono The Japanese term for foods (usually meat) that are grilled, broiled or pan-fried. The ingredients are generally either marinated in sauce or salted. They're then skewered so they retain their shape and grilled over a hot fire so the skin (if any) is very crisp while the meat stays tender and juicy. Yakitori is a specific type of yakimono dish using chicken. Yakitori A Japanese dish of chicken kebabs cooked over charcoal embers. The meat is threaded on to bamboo skewers, soaked in teriyaki sauce, and then grilled for 4-5 minutes. Yam The round or elongated edible tuber of a tropical climbing plant, cultivated in Africa, Asia and America. The flesh has different colours depending on the variety. Yam is a basic food in many tropical countries. Small yams can be cooked in their skins, larger ones are peeled and blanched for 10-20 minutes in boiling salted water before being used in the same way as potatoes. Yam Bean Tuber Large bulbous root vegetable with a thin brown skin and a white crunchy flesh with a texture similar to water chestnut. It has a sweet, nutty flavor and can be eaten raw or cooked. Also called "Jicama." Yankee Pot Roast A "pot roast" is a piece of chuck or round cut that is browned, then braised very slowly in a covered pot with a little liquid. A "Yankee pot roast" includes vegetables that are added part way through the cooking process. Yardlong Bean A pencil-thin legume from the black-eye pea family that looks like a very long green bean. These beans can grow a yard long, but are usually picked at 18" or less. These beans are slightly less sweet and crispy as the green bean. Yeast A microscopic living fungus that multiplies rapidly in suitable conditions and is used in bread-making to make the dough rise. Yellow Mombin The edible fruit of a tropical American tree that is plentiful in northeastern Brazil. It is bright yellow, oval, averages an inch long, and features a soft, juicy sub-acid pulp surrounding a large seed. Also called "hog plum." Yellowfin Tuna These tuna reach about 300 pounds in weight. They feature a pale pink flesh that is relatively mild. Also called "ahi." Yellowtail A large game fish (up to 100 pounds) from the jack family with a flavor and texture resembling tuna. May be prepared in any manner suitable for tuna. Yogurt A thick, custard-like, mildly acid preparation. Usually made by fermenting partly skim or skim milk with a special culture. Fruit of other flavorings may be added. In the Middle East it is served as a sauce with meat, fruit and vegetables. Yokan A popular Japanese confection made from adzuki-bean paste and agar. Adzuki beans are small, dried, russet-colored beans with a sweet flavor. Agar is a thickening agent made from seaweed. Yorkshire pudding A baked batter of flour, milk and eggs, commonly with the addition of meat juices. Youngberry A hybrid variety of blackberry with a dark red color and a sweet juicy flesh. Yucca Plant native to Latin America and the Southwest; petals, fruit and root can all be eaten; root is also used as a thickener for soups and stews. There are two main categories of yuca: sweet and bitter. Bitter yucas are toxic until cooked. Yuca is used to make "cassreep" and "tapioca." Also called "cassava." Zabaglione Rich, foamy Italian dessert made by whisking egg yolks, wine and sugar together over a gentle heat. It is served barely warm. Zakuski The Russian version of tapas involving a lot of food and vodka. Zampone A specialty of the town of Modena in northern Italy, this consists of a hollowed and stuffed pig trotter which is poached and served as a part of a traditional Bollito Misto. Zander Large, fresh-water fish with firm flesh. Zante Currant This fruit of the Zante grape is a tiny, dark raisin. It comes from Corinth Greece and is used primarily in baked foods. The Zante Currant is unrelated to the other fruit called the "currant." Zartar Blend From Lebanon. Find in Middle Eastern markets. A blend of zaatar (a marjoramlike herb), sumac bark and chick peas or sesame seeds. Common in foods from the Middle East. Zest The outer rind of citrus fruit containing essential oils; remove it carefully using a grater, a potato peeler or a zester, depending on the intended use. Take care not to remove any pith with the zest, as it can be very bitter. Zester Small tool for scraping off zest. Zinfandel A dry red wine with a fruity flavor that some compare to the flavor of raspberries. Zingara A sauce made with white wine, meat glaze, mushrooms, ham and tongue, finely chopped and peppered. Zita Macaroni that has been shaped into long, thin tubes. Zombie A very potent alcoholic beverage consisting of two types of rum, two types of liqueur, and two or three fruit juices. Normally garnished with slices of pineapple and orange and a Maraschino cherry. Zucchini Italian and American word for courgette. Zuccotto This is an Italian form of Charlotte Royale. In this dessert, triangles of sponge cake are placed in a bowl to form a shell for the filling. The filling consists of stiffly whipped cream which is studded with toasted almonds, hazelnuts, chocolate chips and candied fruit. A final layer of cake is placed over this, and when well set, the dessert is inverted onto a platter to form a large dome, reminiscent of Florence Duomo. Zuppa Inglese A refrigerated dessert similar to the British favorite, trifle (Tipsy cake or Tipsy pudding). It is made with rum sprinkled slices of sponge cake layered with a rich custard or whipped cream (or both) and candied fruit or toasted almonds (or both). Zwieback "Zwieback" is the German word for "twice baked." Refers to bread that has been baked, then sliced and returned to the oven and cooked until very crisp and dry. Zwieback is popular for its easy digestibility.

i don't know

Sept 30, 1966 saw the public unveiling of which popular model of Boeing aircraft?

The Boeing Company - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on The Boeing Company The Boeing Company - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on The Boeing Company 7755 East Marginal Way South Seattle, Washington 98108 U.S.A. Company Perspectives: The Boeing Company, after its merger in 1997 with McDonnell Douglas and acquisition in 1996 of the defense and space units of Rockwell International, became the largest aerospace company in the world. Its history mirrors the history of aviation. Boeing is the world's largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners, military aircraft and the nation's largest NASA contractor. History of The Boeing Company The Boeing Company is the largest aerospace company in the world, thanks to its 1997 merger with McDonnell Douglas Corporation and its 1996 purchase of the defense and space units of Rockwell International Corporation. The corporation is the world's number one maker of commercial jetliners and military aircraft. Boeing has more than 9,000 commercial aircraft in service worldwide, including the 717 through 777 families of jets and the MD-80, MD-90, and MD-11. In the defense sector, the company makes military aircraft, including fighter, transport, and attack aircraft; helicopters; and missiles. In addition to its position as the nation's top NASA contractor--and the leader of the U.S. industry team for the International Space Station--Boeing is also involved in commercial space projects such as satellite networks and a sea-based satellite launch platform. Beginnings, Early 20th Century Founder William Boeing was raised in Michigan, where his father operated a lucrative forestry business. While he was in San Diego, California, in 1910, Boeing met a French stunt pilot named Louis Paulhan who was performing at the International Air Meet. When Paulhan took Boeing for an airplane ride, it marked the beginning of Boeing's fascination with aviation. After two years of study at Yale's Sheffield School of Science, Boeing returned to Michigan to work for his father. He was sent first to Wisconsin and later to the state of Washington to acquire more timber properties for the family business. In Seattle he met a navy engineer named Conrad Westerveldt who shared his fascination with aviation. A barnstormer named Terah Maroney gave the two men a ride over Puget Sound in his seaplane. Later Boeing went to Los Angeles to purchase his own seaplane, thinking it would be useful for fishing trips. The man who sold him the plane and taught him how to fly was Glenn Martin, who later founded Martin Marietta. While in Seattle, Boeing and Westerveldt made a hobby of building their own seaplanes on the backwaters of Puget Sound. It became more than a hobby when a mechanic named Herb Munter and a number of other carpenters and craftsmen became involved. In May 1916, Boeing flew the first 'B & W' seaplane. The next month he incorporated his company as the Pacific Aero Products Company. The company's first customer was the government of New Zealand, which employed the plane for mail delivery and pilot training. In 1917 the company's name was changed to Boeing Airplane Company. Boeing and his partners anticipated government interest in their company when the United States became involved in World War I. They discovered their hunch was correct when the company was asked to train flight instructors for the army. After the war, Boeing sold a number of airplanes to Edward Hubbard, whose Hubbard Air Transport is regarded as the world's first airline. The company shuttled mail between Seattle and the transpacific mailboat that called at Victoria, British Columbia. Later, when the post office invited bids for various airmail routes, Hubbard tried to convince Boeing to apply for the Chicago to San Francisco contract. Boeing mentioned the idea to his wife, who thought the opportunity looked promising. In the prospect, he and Hubbard created a new airline named the Boeing Air Transport Company. They submitted a bid and were awarded the contract. To meet the demands of their new business Boeing and his engineers developed an extremely versatile and popular airplane called the Model 40. Fitted with a Pratt & Whitney air-cooled Wasp engine, it could carry 1,000 pounds of mail and a complete flight crew, and still have room enough for freight or passengers. The Kelly Airmail Act of 1925 opened the way for private airmail delivery on a much wider scale. As a result, a number of airline companies were formed with the intention of procuring the stable and lucrative airmail contracts. One of these companies was Vernon Gorst's Pacific Air Transport, which won various routes along the Pacific Coast. Boeing purchased this company and then ordered a young employee named William Patterson to purchase its outstanding stock. Boeing also purchased Varney Airlines, which began operation in 1925 and won almost every mail contract it applied for until it became overextended and had financial difficulties. 1929-34: 'United' Era With the addition of National Air Transport, Boeing's airline holdings formed the original United Air Lines. In 1928 all these companies were organized under a holding company called the Boeing Aircraft and Transportation Company. In 1929 a larger holding company was formed, the United Aircraft and Transportation Company. Included in this group were the 'United' airlines and Stout Airlines; Pratt & Whitney (engines); Boeing, Sikorsky, Northrop, and Stearman (manufacturers); and Standard Steel Prop and Hamilton Aero Manufacturing (propellers). Boeing was made chairman of the company and Fred Rentschler of Pratt & Whitney was named president. Boeing and Rentschler became extremely wealthy in this reorganization by exchanging stock with the holding company in a method similar to J.P. Morgan's controversial capital manipulation. They multiplied their original investments by a factor of as much as 200,000 times. It was, however, entirely legal at the time. In 1933 the government conducted an investigation of fraud and other illegal practices in the airline industry. Boeing was called upon to testify and explain his windfall profits before a Senate investigating committee. Under examination he admitted to making $12 million in stock flotations. Boeing was so infuriated with the investigation that he retired from the company (at age 52) and sold all his aviation stocks. Upon Boeing's departure the company's production manager, Phil Johnson, was named the new president. But William Boeing was not forgotten by the aircraft industry. In 1934 he was recognized for his innovation in aeronautical research and development with the award of the Daniel Guggenheim medal, 'for successful pioneering and achievement in aircraft manufacturing and air transport.' 1934-52: Breakup and Military Aircraft In 1934 a government investigation of collusion in the airmail business led to a suspension of all contracts awarded. As a result, the U.S. Congress declared that airline companies and manufacturers could not be part of the same business concern. This led to the break-up of the three aeronautic conglomerates: Boeing's United, the Aviation Corporation of the Americas, and North American Aviation. All of the Boeing company's aeronautic properties east of the Mississippi became part of a new company, United Aircraft (later renamed United Technologies), operated by Fred Rentschler. The western properties, principally the Boeing Airplane Company, remained in Seattle exclusively manufacturing airframes. Pat Patterson was put in charge of the commercial air carriers, which retained the name of United Air Lines and based their operations at Chicago's Old Orchard (later O'Hare) airport. In the years leading up to World War II Boeing led the way in developing single-wing airplanes. They were constructed completely of metal to make them stronger and faster; more efficient aerodynamic designs were emphasized; retractable landing gear and better wings were developed, along with multiple 'power plant' technology; and, finally, directional radios were installed which enabled better navigation and night flying. Boeing had established itself as the leading manufacturer of airplanes. When the United States launched its wartime militarization program, Boeing was called upon to produce hundreds of its B-17 'Flying Fortresses' for the U.S. Army. During the war the B-17 became an indispensable instrument for the U.S. Air Corps. In June 1944, when production was at its peak, Boeing's Seattle facility turned out 16 of these airplanes every 24 hours. By this time the company was also producing an improved bomber called the B-29 'Super Fortress.' It was this airplane that dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. Boeing's president, Phil Johnson, died unexpectedly during the war. He was replaced with the company's chief lawyer, William M. Allen, on the last day of the war. Under Allen's leadership, Boeing produced a number of new bombers, including the B-47, B-50, and the B-52. Boeing's B-307 Stratoliner, a B-17 converted for transporting passengers, was succeeded by the B-377 Stratocruiser in 1952. The Stratocruiser was a very popular double-deck transport, most widely used by Northwest Orient. It was also Boeing's only airplane built for the commercial airline market since before the war. 1953-69: Jets, Missiles, and Rockets In the spring of 1953 Bill Allen persuaded the secretary of the U.S. Air Force, Harold Talbot, to allow Boeing the use of the government-owned B-52 construction facilities for the development of a new civilian/military jet. Boeing invested $16 million in the project, which was intended to put the company ahead of the Douglas Aircraft Company. Douglas had dominated the commercial airplane market for years with its popular propeller-driven DC series. This new jet, the B-707, first rolled off the assembly line in 1957. American Airlines, a loyal Douglas customer, was the first to order the new jet. Their defection so alarmed Douglas that the company accelerated development of its nearly identical DC-8 passenger jetliner. The government later took delivery of Boeing's military version of the jet, the KC-135 tanker, alternately known as the 'missing 717.' Meanwhile, Boeing expanded its involvement in the defense market through the 1960 acquisition of Philadelphia-based Vertol Aircraft Corporation, a maker of military helicopters. During the Vietnam War, Boeing Chinook and Sea Knight helicopters were heavily utilized by American forces. Boeing, which changed its name to The Boeing Company in 1961, enjoyed a large degree of success and profitability with the 707. The company devoted its resources to the development of a number of other passenger jet models, including the 720 (a modified 707) and the 727, which was introduced in 1964. The 727 was Boeing's response to a successful French model called the Caravelle. The Caravelle's engines were located in the rear of the fuselage, uncluttering the wings and reducing cabin noise. Boeing adopted this design for its three-engine 727, which carried 143 passengers. Douglas, unwilling to be passed by, introduced a similar two-engine model called the DC-9 in 1965. During this time the company also recognized a demand for a smaller 100-passenger jetliner for shorter routes. As a result, Boeing developed the 737 model. The 737 seemed to run counter to the general trend at Boeing of building larger, more technologically advanced jetliners, but it did have a place in the market and made a profit. Boeing's next engineering accomplishment was the creation of a very large passenger transport designated the 747. This new jetliner was capable of carrying twice as many passengers as any other airplane. Its huge dimensions and powerful four-engine configuration made it the first of a new class of 'jumbo jets,' later joined by McDonnell Douglas's DC-10 and Lockheed's 1011 Tri-Star. The first 747 was produced in 1968, and it made its first commercial voyage in January 1970 on a Pan American flight from New York to London. The 1960s also saw Boeing active in the defense and NASA contracting sectors. As the Cold War continued, Boeing was selected to develop the Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile system. The company completed the first test launch of a Minuteman missile at Cape Canaveral, Florida, in February 1961. The Minuteman II and Minuteman III followed later in the decade. In 1966 Boeing was selected to design, develop, and test the short-range attack missile (SRAM); by the early 1970s the company had produced 1,000 SRAMs. As far back as 1959 Boeing had developed a prototype manned, reusable space vehicle similar to the Space Shuttle of two decades later. Called Dyna-Soar, the project was canceled in 1963. Boeing was heavily involved in NASA's Apollo project of the 1960s, beginning with its production of several Lunar Orbiters, the first of which was launched in 1966. The Orbiters circled the moon, sending photographs of the moon back to Earth, which helped NASA select safe landing sites for the Apollo missions. Boeing was also responsible for the first stage of the Saturn V Apollo rocket, which launched Apollo 8 in December 1968, the mission that took the first astronauts around the moon. (The second stage of the Saturn V was built by Rockwell's aerospace unit and the third by McDonnell Douglas--two entities that would be acquired by Boeing late in the 20th century.) In 1969 Boeing began building the Lunar Roving Vehicle, which was used to explore the moon in the early 1970s on the final three Apollo missions. 1970-82: Averting Bankruptcy; Diversification; the 757 and 767 Boeing had seemingly ended the 1960s on high notes. On July 20, 1969, the first human being walked on the moon, with Boeing having played its key role in the Apollo 11 mission. By the time the 747 was first delivered in 1969, 160 orders had been placed for the jetliner. Boeing was counting on increased sales of commercial aircraft to make up for the revenue shortfall engendered by the winding down of the Apollo program. But the aviation industry was hit by a recession just as the 747 was beginning production, leading to an 18-month period when the company received not one new order from a domestic carrier. Aggravating the situation for a new jet that had not yet established itself in the market were higher than expected startup costs and initial delivery problems. A further blow came when development was halted on the 2707, a supersonic transport better known as the 'SST.' Boeing and Lockheed had been selected to design the SST back in 1964, but progress on this aircraft was slow and costly. Despite the support of Senator Henry Jackson, the U.S. Congress in 1971 voted not to fund further development of the SST. Shortly thereafter Boeing abandoned the project altogether. Boeing's situation was so dire that the company was close to bankruptcy. In 1969 a new chief executive, Thornton Wilson, was appointed to head the organization. Faced with an impending disaster, Wilson pared the workforce down from 80,400 to 37,200 between early 1970 and October 1971. The layoffs at Boeing had a profound effect on the local economy, as unemployment in Seattle rose to 14 percent. Wilson's austerity measures paid off quickly. Soon Boeing's jets were rolling off the tarmac, and employees were called back to work. After the company's initial recovery, it received a deluge of commercial airplane orders and military contracts. Boeing had been selected as the prime contractor for the airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft. First test-flown in 1972, the AWACS was a modified version of a 707 used by the military as an airborne early warning system. The first NATO AWACS was delivered to West Germany in 1981. Another key defense contract won by Boeing was for the air-launched cruise missile (ALCM), which was first test-launched from a B-52 in 1976. Under a $4 billion defense department contract, construction began on an assembly facility for the ALCM program in July 1980 in Kent, Washington. In the space sector Boeing built the Mariner 10 spacecraft, which was launched in November 1973 and completed a flyby of Mercury in March 1975. Three years later the company won a contract with NASA to construct the inertial upper stage rocket used to boost the Space Shuttle. In 1978 Boeing started development of two new passenger jet models--the 757 and the wide-body 767--intended to take the company into the 21st century. The 767 made its first flight in 1981 while the 757 did likewise one year later. Utilizing advanced technology and improved engines, these jetliners were Boeing's response to McDonnell Douglas's MD series and the European Airbus consortium's 300 series. They also were more fuel-efficient than previous models, in response to the oil shortages of the 1970s, and quieter--the latter a nod to growing concern over aircraft noise. For airlines, the 757 and 767 also had added benefits: they required smaller crews and their shared design led the Federal Aviation Administration to declare in 1983 that any pilot qualified to fly one model was automatically qualified to fly the other. Besides the 757 and 767, Boeing offered an updated 737 for the shorter-range rural 'puddle-jumper' market and modified 747s capable of greater range and passenger capacity. During this period of prosperity with commercial jetliners, Boeing made several attempts to diversify its business. Not all of them were successful. In the 1970s Boeing entered the metro-rail business, manufacturing mass transit systems for Boston, San Francisco, and Morgantown, West Virginia. The systems were modern, computerized, and efficient. They were also prone to frequent breakdowns. After fulfilling its obligation to rectify the systems (at great cost), Boeing decided to discontinue its ground transport business. Other short-lived ventures were the management of a housing project for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, the building of a desalinization plant in the Virgin Islands, the construction of three huge wind turbines in the Columbia River gorge, and the irrigation of a 6,000-acre farm in an eastern Oregon desert. Mid-1980s to Mid-1990s: The 777 and Another Industry Downturn Boeing established an 'Advanced Products Group' in the later years of the 1980s to oversee the company's more futuristic aircraft and keep it at the technological vanguard. Boeing's twin-engine wide-body 777, originally scheduled to be introduced with the 757 and 767, attracted little interest and was temporarily shelved. The development of the fuel-efficient, 150-passenger 777 was also delayed when declining fuel costs and rising research and development expenses reduced demand. By 1990 the 777 had made a comeback: an initial order of 34 airplanes and 34 options placed by United Airlines put the new jet, which carried 350 passengers, into official production. The first 777-200 was delivered to United in 1995. Frank Shrontz advanced to Boeing's chief executive office in 1986, at the start of the world's largest aircraft order binge in history, and led the manufacturer from sales of $16.3 billion in 1986 to $29.31 billion in 1991. Although Boeing remained profitable, its earnings declined steadily in the mid-1980s and its stock dropped 20 points in October 1987. Boeing jets were involved in four fatal air accidents from December 1988 to March 1989, and the company missed its first delivery deadline in two decades when the 747-400 experienced production delays. These internal problems were exacerbated by increased competition from Airbus, which was heavily subsidized by a consortium of European companies and governments. Nevertheless, in 1990 Boeing chalked up record sales and net profits of $27.6 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, and ended the year with a $97 billion backlog. But after its experiences of the 1980s, and due to CEO Shrontz's vigilance, Boeing began to institute retrenchment moves. Although the manufacturer experienced three years of rising sales and earnings from 1989 to 1992, prospects for the future of the company--and the industry--were not bright. Worldwide orders of all aircraft declined from 1,662 in 1989 to 439 in 1991, and cancellations from the besieged airlines diminished expected delivery figures even more. The commercial airline industry's downturn started in 1990, heralding brutal price wars and canceled aircraft orders. Around the same time, the Cold War was winding down and Pentagon spending on military systems went into a sharp decline as well, buffeting Boeing's defense unit. By the fall of 1992, Boeing's stock suffered on Wall Street, selling for about $35 per share, down from a high of nearly $62 in 1990. Shrontz moved to reduce Boeing's cost structure by 20 to 30 percent by 1997, even though his firm was the world's lowest-cost aircraft producer. Production cuts soon led to layoffs. Boeing's workforce declined each year from 1989 to 1993, for a total of 40,000 jobs lost. Early in 1994, Shrontz announced that about 30,000 jobs--one-fourth of the company's remaining workforce--would be eliminated over the course of the year. Sales for 1993 declined to $25.44 billion from 1992's $30.18 billion, and net earnings slid from $1.55 billion to $1.24 billion. Additional workforce reductions came in 1994 and 1995, years in which revenue and earnings declined still further, dropping to $19.52 billion and $393 million, respectively, by 1995. Meanwhile, in 1993 NASA selected Boeing as the prime contractor for the International Space Station, which was called the largest international science and technology endeavor ever undertaken, and which was scheduled for completion in the early 21st century. In addition, the company was also becoming increasingly involved in commercial space projects, most notably Sea Launch, a consortium 40 percent owned by Boeing with partners from Russia, the Ukraine, and Norway. In December 1995 this venture received its first order: ten commercial space satellite launches from Hughes Space and Communication Co. In October 1999 Sea Launch successfully made the first launch of a commercial satellite from a floating platform at sea. In the military contracting sector, in late 1996 Boeing was selected as one of two finalists, along with Lockheed Martin, to build and test two variants of the Joint Strike Fighter, a multiservice aircraft slated to be deployed in the 21st century by the U.S. Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy, along with the U.K. Royal Navy. The project carried the potential for a massive $160 billion contract. Also in 1996 Philip Condit was named CEO of Boeing; Condit became chairman as well in early 1997. Late 1990s and Beyond: Major Acquisitions and the 747-x Stretch The industrywide difficulties in the aerospace and defense fields in the first half of the 1990s led to a wave of consolidation through mergers and acquisitions. Preoccupied with straightening out its own house, Boeing watched from the sidelines--that is, until the company completed two major acquisitions within an eight-month period. In December 1996 Boeing paid $3.2 billion for the aerospace and defense holdings of Rockwell International. Gained in the transaction were Rockwell's contracts for the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station, as well as activities in launch systems, rocket engines, missiles, satellites, military airplanes, and guidance and navigation systems. In August 1997 Boeing completed a $14 billion acquisition of McDonnell Douglas, vaulting Boeing into the number one position worldwide in the aerospace industry. McDonnell had been the world's number three maker of commercial aircraft, with its MD series of jets; the acquisition therefore increased Boeing's share of the world market for large commercial jetliners to more than 60 percent--and it left Boeing with just one major competitor in that sector: the European Airbus consortium, which held about one-third of the world market. As the market for commercial planes was once again on the upswing at the time, Boeing particularly coveted the added production capacity the acquisition brought. Another key attraction--and perhaps even more important--was the opportunity to further bolster the company's defense and space operations, which it hoped would provide a counterbalance to the boom-and-bust cycle of commercial jets. McDonnell was number two among U.S. defense contractors and was the number one maker of military aircraft worldwide. Among the military aircraft were the F/A-18, which formed the core of the U.S. Navy's jet fleet, and the F-15, which was the U.S. Air Force's top fighter aircraft. Following the McDonnell acquisition, Condit remained chairman and CEO of Boeing, while Harry Stonecipher, McDonnell's CEO, was named president and chief operating officer. Unfortunately, 1997 turned disastrous for Boeing for reasons wholly unrelated to its acquisition spree. Attempting to take advantage of the upswing in airplane orders, which was in part caused by the aging of the airliners' fleets, Boeing committed to doubling its production over an 18-month period. Various snafus led to production delays, including the wholesale shutdown of some production units while out-of-sequence work was brought back into line. The company took pretax charges in 1997 totaling a whopping $3 billion plus, more than half of which stemmed from the production difficulties. Boeing also took a $1.4 billion charge related to its decision to phase out production of the MD-80 and MD-90 jets by early 2000. These charges led the company to record its first loss in 50 years, a net loss of $178 million on revenues of $45.8 billion. Additional charges were taken during 1998, but the company managed to post net income of $1.12 billion on sales of $56.15 billion thanks to the strong performance of its defense and space operations. It also managed to increase the number of aircraft it produced from the 374 of 1997 to more than 550 in 1998. The company was in the midst of a major cost-containment effort, with its workforce expected to be reduced from its peak of 238,000 at year-end 1997 to between 185,000 and 195,000 by the end of 2000. As it prepared for the 21st century, Boeing's defense and space operations appeared to be healthy despite such setbacks as the August 1998 explosion of a Delta III rocket making its maiden voyage, with a satellite in tow, and the delays in the development of the International Space Station because of economic turmoil in Russia. In October 1998 the Air Force awarded Boeing a $1.38 billion contract to launch a new generation of rockets, and Boeing in 1999 also won a $4.5 billion contract to develop spy satellites for the CIA and others. If anything was clouding Boeing's future it was the commercial aircraft sector, where Airbus was developing into a formidable adversary. In late 1999 Aerospatiale SA of France merged with the aerospace unit of DaimlerChrysler AG to form European Aeronautic Defense & Space Co., which now held 80 percent of Airbus, with the other 20 percent owned by British Aerospace plc. This streamlining of the ownership structure brought closer the long-anticipated transformation of Airbus into a publicly traded, focused corporation; should that occur, no longer could Boeing dismiss Airbus as a clumsy consortium propped up by government subsidies. In fact, the battle lines appeared to have been drawn by the two rivals at the end of the 20th century in the development of the next generation of super jumbo jets. Airbus had in the planning stages a brand-new jet, the A-3XX, envisioned as the largest jetliner ever, featuring four engines, double decks running the length of the fuselage, a range of 8,800 miles, and passenger capacity of 555 to 655. The project was estimated to cost $12 billion. Boeing had in mind producing a bigger, longer-range version of its 747 jet, dubbed the 747-x Stretch, with seating capacity of 500 to 520, a range of 8,625 miles, and a projected cost of just $2-$3 billion. An intense competition for contracts with airliners was expected in the early 21st century as the super jumbos began to take shape. Principal Subsidiaries:757UA, Inc.; 767ER, Inc.; Aileron Inc.; Akash, Inc.; Aldford-1 Corporation; ARGOsystems Inc.; Astro Limited; Astro-II, Inc.; Autonetics, Inc.; Bahasa Aircraft Corporation; BCS Richland, Inc.; Beaufoy-1 Corporation; Boeing Aerospace Ltd.; Boeing Aerospace Operations Inc.; Boeing Agri-Industrial Company; Boeing Commercial Information and Communication Company; Boeing Commercial Space Company; Boeing Constructors, Inc.; Boeing Domestic Sales Corporation; Boeing Enterprises, Inc.; Boeing Financial Corporation; Boeing Global Services, Inc.; Boeing Information Services, Inc.; Boeing International Corporation; Boeing International Logistics Spares, Inc.; Boeing International Sales Corporation; Boeing Investment Company, Inc.; Boeing Leasing Company; Boeing Logistics Spares, Inc.; Boeing Middle East Limited; Boeing North American, Inc.; Boeing Offset Company, Inc.; Boeing Operations International, Incorporated; Boeing Overseas, Inc.; Boeing Precision Gear, Inc.; Boeing Space Operations Company; Boeing Support Services, Inc.; Boeing Technology International, Inc.; Boeing Travel Management Company; Canard Holdings, Inc.; CBSA Leasing II, Inc.; CBSA Leasing, Inc.; Cougar, Ltd.; Dillon, Inc.; Gaucho-1 Inc.; GAUCHO-2 Inc.; Hanway Corporation; Longacres Park, Inc.; Longbow Golf Club Corporation; McDonnell Douglas Corporation; Montana Aviation Research Company; North American Aviation, Inc.; Rainier Aircraft Leasing Inc.; Rocketdyne Technical Services Company; Rocketdyne, Inc.; Sunshine Leasing Company - 1; Taiko Leasing, Inc.; Thayer Leasing Company - 1; VC-X 757, Inc.; Wingspan, Inc. Principal Competitors:Aerospatiale Matra; Airbus Industrie; The BFGoodrich Company; Bombardier Inc.; British Aerospace plc; Cordant Technologies Inc.; DaimlerChrysler AG; Dassault Aviation SA; Kaman Corporation; Lockheed Martin Corporation; Northrop Grumman Corporation; Raytheon Company; Sextant Avionique; Textron Inc.; Thomson S.A.; United Technologies Corporation. Chronology Key Dates: 1917: Founder William Boeing incorporates Pacific Aero Products Company, involved in plane making, mail delivery, and pilot training. 1918: Company changes its name to Boeing Airplane Company. 1929: United Aircraft and Transportation Company is formed as a holding company for Boeing-controlled airlines and makers of airplanes, engines, and propellers. 1934: Government investigation of airmail business leads to break-up of United, with Seattle-based Boeing Airplane Company emerging with a sole focus on manufacturing. 1944: In peak wartime production, 16 B-17s are produced every 24 hours. 1954: The Boeing 707 jet makes its first flight. 1960: Philadelphia-based Vertol Aircraft Corporation, a maker of military helicopters, is acquired. 1961: Company changes its name to The Boeing Company; completes first test launch of a Minuteman missile at Cape Canaveral, Florida. 1964: The three-engine 727 passenger jet is introduced. 1966: Company launches first Lunar Orbiter, which sends photos of the moon back to Earth. 1967: The shorter-route 737 jet makes its first commercial flight. 1968: Apollo 8, which takes the first astronauts around the moon, is launched in December boosted by a Saturn V rocket, for which Boeing had built the first stage. 1970: The 747, the first of the 'jumbo jets,' makes its first commercial flight. 1971: Strict austerity measures, including the layoff of 43,200 employees, save the company from bankruptcy. 1976: First air-launched cruise missile is test-fired from a B-52. 1981: The first NATO AWACS is delivered to West Germany; the 767 makes its first flight. 1982: The 757 makes its first flight. 1993: NASA names the company the prime contractor for the International Space Station. 1995: First 777-200 is delivered to United Airlines. 1996: The aerospace and defense units of Rockwell International are acquired. 1997: McDonnell Douglas, number one in military aircraft and number three in commercial aircraft worldwide, is acquired, making Boeing the largest aerospace company in the world. 1999: Company-led consortium successfully launches a commercial satellite from a floating platform at sea. Additional Details Incorporated: 1934 as Boeing Airplane Company Employees: 227,000

seven hundred and forty seven

The Pepsi Center is home to a professional basketball and hockey teams, as well as the National Lacrosse League team, the Mammoths, and also hosted the 2008 Democratic National Convention. In what major US city is it located?

Boeing 737-800 Next Generation, Photos and Specifications Boeing 737-824, N76265, cn 31585/928, Continental Airlines, photo © 2007 Skytamer Images by John Shupek Delta Airlines, Boeing 737-832 (N3744F, c/n 30837, 2001), (10/08/2011 photos © John A. Shupek) Overview The Boeing 737 is a short-range to medium-range twinjet narrow-body airliner. Originally developed as a shorter, lower-cost twin-engined airliner derived from Boeing's 707 and 727, the 737 has developed into a family of ten passenger models with a capacity of 85 to 215 passengers. The 737 is Boeing's only narrow-body airliner in production, with the 737 Next Generation (737-700, 737-800, and 737-900ER) variants currently being built. Production has also begun on the re-engined and redesigned 737 MAX, which is set to enter service in 2017. Originally envisioned in 1964, the initial 737-100 made its first flight in April 1967 and entered airline service in February 1968 at Lufthansa. Next, the lengthened 737-200 entered service in April 1968. In the 1980s Boeing launched the 737-300, 737-400, and 737-500 models, subsequently referred to as the Boeing 737 Classic series. The 737 Classics added capacity and incorporated CFM56 turbofan engines along with wing improvements. In the 1990s, Boeing introduced the 737 Next Generation, with multiple changes including a redesigned, increased span laminar flow wing, upgraded "glass" cockpit, and new interior. The 737 Next Generation comprises the four 737-600, 737-700, 737-800, and 737-900 models, ranging from 102 ft (31.09 m) to 138 ft (42.06 m) in length. Boeing Business Jet versions of the 737 Next Generation are also produced. The 737 series is the best-selling jet commercial airliner. The 737 has been continuously manufactured by Boeing since 1967 with 8,966 aircraft delivered and 4,380 orders yet to be fulfilled as of March 2016. 737 assembly is centered at the Boeing Renton Factory in Renton, Washington. Many 737s serve markets previously filled by 707, 727, 757, DC-9, and MD-80/MD-90 airliners, and the aircraft currently competes primarily with the Airbus A320 family. As of 2006, there were an average of 1,250 Boeing 737s airborne at any given time, with two departing or landing somewhere every five seconds. Role: Narrow-body jet airliner and Business jet National origin: United States Developed into: Boeing 737 Classic; Boeing 737 Next Generation; Boeing 737 MAX Development Background Boeing had been studying short-haul jet aircraft designs and wanted to produce another aircraft to supplement the 727 on short and thin routes. Preliminary design work began on May 11, 1964, and Boeing's intense market research yielded plans for a 50-passenger to 60-passenger airliner for routes 50 to 1,000 mi (80 to 1,609 km) long. Lufthansa became the launch customer on February 19, 1965, with an order for 21 aircraft, worth $67 million in 1965, after the airline received assurances from Boeing that the 737 project would not be canceled. Consultation with Lufthansa over the previous winter resulted in an increase in capacity to 100 seats. On April 5, 1965, Boeing announced an order by United Airlines for 40 737s. United wanted a slightly larger airplane than the original 737. So Boeing stretched the fuselage 91 centimeters (36 in) ahead of, and 102 cm (40 in) behind the wing. The longer version was designated 737-200, with the original short-body aircraft becoming the 737-100. Detailed design work continued on both variants at the same time. Boeing was far behind its competitors when the 737 was launched, as rival aircraft BAC-111, Douglas DC-9, and Fokker F28 were already into flight certification. To expedite development, Boeing used 60% of the structure and systems of the existing 727, the most notable being the fuselage cross-section. This fuselage permitted six-abreast seating compared to the rival BAC-111 and DC-9's five-abreast layout. Design engineers decided to mount the nacelles directly to the underside of the wings to reduce the landing gear length and kept the engines low to the ground for easy ramp inspection and servicing. Many thickness variations for the engine attachment strut were tested in the wind tunnel and the most desirable shape for high speed was found to be one which was relatively thick, filling the narrow channels formed between the wing and the top of the nacelle, particularly on the outboard side. Originally, the span arrangement of the airfoil sections of the 737 wing was planned to be very similar to that of the 707 and 727, although somewhat thicker. However, a substantial improvement in drag at high Mach numbers was achieved by altering these sections near the nacelle. The engine chosen was the Pratt & Whitney JT8D-1 low-bypass ratio turbofan engine, delivering 14,500 lbf (64 kN) thrust. With the wing-mounted engines, Boeing decided to mount the horizontal stabilizer on the fuselage rather than the T-tail style of the Boeing 727. Production and Testing The initial assembly of the 737 was adjacent to Boeing Field (now officially named King County International Airport) because the factory in Renton was filled to capacity with the building of the 707 and 727. After 271 aircraft were built, production moved to Renton in late 1970. A significant portion of fuselage assembly occurs in Wichita, Kansas, which was previously done by Boeing but now by Spirit AeroSystems, which purchased some of Boeing's assets in Wichita. The fuselage is joined with the wings and landing gear, then moves down the assembly line for the engines, avionics, and interiors. After rolling out the aircraft, Boeing tests the systems and engines before its maiden flight to Boeing Field, where it is painted and fine-tuned before delivery to the customer. The first of six 737-100 prototypes rolled out in December 1966, and made its maiden flight on April 9, 1967, piloted by Brien Wygle and Lew Wallick. On December 15, 1967, the Federal Aviation Administration certified the 737-100 for commercial flight, issuing Type Certificate A16WE. The 737 was the first aircraft to have, as part of its initial certification, approval for Category II approaches. Lufthansa received its first aircraft on December 28, 1967, and on February 10, 1968, became the first non-American airline to launch a new Boeing aircraft. Lufthansa was the only significant customer to purchase the 737-100. Only 30 aircraft were produced. The 737-200 had its maiden flight on August 8, 1967. It was certified by the FAA on December 21, 1967, and the inaugural flight for United was on April 28, 1968, from Chicago to Grand Rapids, Michigan. The lengthened 727-200 was widely preferred over the 737-100 by airlines. Initial Derivatives The original engine nacelles incorporated thrust reversers taken from the 727 outboard nacelles. However, they proved to be relatively ineffective and apparently tended to lift the aircraft up off the runway when deployed. This reduced the downforce on the main wheels thereby reducing the effectiveness of the wheel brakes. In 1968, an improvement to the thrust reversal system was introduced. A 48-inch tailpipe extension was added and new, target-style, thrust reversers were incorporated. The thrust reverser doors were set 35 degrees away from the vertical to allow the exhaust to be deflected inboard and over the wings and outboard and under the wings. The improvement became standard on all aircraft after March 1969, and a retrofit was provided for active aircraft. Boeing fixed the drag issue by introducing new longer nacelle/wing fairings, and improved the airflow over the flaps and slats. The production line also introduced an improvement to the flap system, allowing increased use during takeoff and landing. All these changes gave the aircraft a boost to payload and range, and improved short-field performance. In May 1971, after aircraft #135, all improvements, including more powerful engines and a greater fuel capacity, were incorporated into the 737-200, giving it a 15% increase in payload and range over the original 737-200s. This became known as the 737-200 Advanced, which became the production standard in June 1971. In 1970, Boeing received only 37 orders. Facing financial difficulties, Boeing considered closing the 737 production-line and selling the design to Japanese aviation companies. After the cancellation of the Boeing Supersonic Transport, and scaling back of 747 production, enough funds were freed up to continue the project. In a bid to increase sales by offering a variety of options, Boeing offered a 737C (Convertible) model in both 737-100 and 737-200 lengths. This model featured a 340 cm × 221 cm (134 in × 87 in) freight door just behind the cockpit, and a strengthened floor with rollers, which allowed for palletized cargo. A 737QC (Quick Change) version with palletized seating allowed for faster configuration changes between cargo and passenger flights. With the improved short-field capabilities of the 737, Boeing offered the option on the 737-200 of the gravel kit, which enables this aircraft to operate on remote, unpaved runways. Until retiring its 737-200 fleet in 2007, Alaska Airlines used this option for some of its rural operations in Alaska. Northern Canadian operators Air Inuit, Air North, Canadian North, First Air and Nolinor Aviation still operate the gravel kit aircraft in Northern Canada, where gravel runways are common. In 1988, the initial production run of the 737-200 model ended after producing 1,114 aircraft. The last one was delivered to Xiamen Airlines on August 8, 1988. Improved Variants Development began in 1979 for the 737's first major revision. Boeing wanted to increase capacity and range, incorporating improvements to upgrade the aircraft to modern specifications, while also retaining commonality with previous 737 variants. In 1980, preliminary aircraft specifications of the variant, dubbed 737-300, were released at the Farnborough Airshow. Boeing engineer Mark Gregoire led a design team, which cooperated with CFM International to select, modify and deploy a new engine and nacelle that would make the 737-300 into a viable aircraft. They chose the CFM56-3B-1 high-bypass turbofan engine to power the aircraft, which yielded significant gains in fuel economy and a reduction in noise, but also posed an engineering challenge, given the low ground clearance of the 737 and the larger diameter of the engine over the original Pratt & Whitney engines. Gregoire's team and CFM solved the problem by reducing the size of the fan (which made the engine slightly less efficient than it had been forecast to be), placing the engine ahead of the wing, and by moving engine accessories to the sides of the engine pod, giving the engine a distinctive non-circular "hamster pouch" air intake. Earlier customers for the CFM56 included the U.S. Air Force with its program to re-engine KC-135 tankers. The passenger capacity of the aircraft was increased to 149 by extending the fuselage around the wing by 2.87 meters (9 ft 5 in). The wing incorporated a number of changes for improved aerodynamics. The wingtip was extended 9 in (23 cm), and the wingspan by 1 ft 9 in (53 cm). The leading-edge slats and trailing-edge flaps were adjusted. The tailfin was redesigned, the flight deck was improved with the optional EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrumentation System), and the passenger cabin incorporated improvements similar to those developed on the Boeing 757. The prototype 737-300, the 1,001st 737 built, first flew on 24 February 1984 with pilot Jim McRoberts. It and two production aircraft flew a nine-month-long certification program. In June 1986, Boeing announced the development of the 737-400, which stretched the fuselage a further 10 ft (3.0 m), increasing the passenger load to 188. The 747-400s first flight was on February 19, 1988, and, after a seven-month/500-hour flight-testing run, entered service with Piedmont Airlines that October. The 737-500 series was offered, due to customer demand, as a modern and direct replacement of the 737-200. It incorporated the improvements of the 737 Classic series, allowing longer routes with fewer passengers to be more economical than with the 737-300. The fuselage length of the 737-500 is 1 ft 7 in (48 cm) longer than the 737-200, accommodating up to 140 passengers. Both glass and older-style mechanical cockpits arrangements were available. Using the CFM56-3 engine also gave a 25% increase in fuel efficiency over the older 737-200s P&W engines. The 737-500 was launched in 1987 by Southwest Airlines, with an order for 20 aircraft, and flew for the first time on June 30, 1989. A single prototype flew 375 hours for the certification process, and on February 28, 1990, Southwest Airlines received the first delivery. After the introduction of the 737-600/700/800/900 series, the 737-300/400/500 series was called the 737 Classic series. The price of jet fuel reached a peak in 2008, when airlines devoted 40% of the retail price of an air ticket to pay for fuel, versus 15% in 2000. Consequently, in that year carriers retired Classic 737 series aircraft to reduce fuel consumption; replacements consisted of more efficient Next Generation 737s or Airbus A320/A319/A318 series aircraft. On June 4, 2008, United Airlines announced it would retire all 94 of its Classic 737 aircraft (64 737-300 and 30 737-500 aircraft), replacing them with Airbus A320 jets taken from its Ted subsidiary, which has been shut down. Next-Generation Models Prompted by the modern Airbus A320, Boeing initiated development of an updated series of aircraft in 1991. After working with potential customers, the 737 Next Generation (NG) program was announced on November 17, 1993. The 737NG encompasses the 737-600, 737-700, 737-800, and 737-900, and is to date the most significant upgrade of the airframe. The performance of the 737NG is, in essence, that of a new aircraft, but important commonality is retained from previous 737 models. The wing was redesigned with a new airfoil section, greater chord, increased wing span by 16 ft (4.9 m) and area by 25%, which increased total fuel capacity by 30%. New, quieter, more fuel-efficient CFM56-7B engines were used. The wing, engine, and fuel capacity improvements combined increase the 737's range by 900 nautical miles to over 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km), now permitting transcontinental service. With the increased fuel capacity, higher maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) specifications are offered. The 737NG included redesigned vertical stabilizers, and winglets were available on most models. The flight deck was upgraded with modern avionics, and passenger cabin improvements similar to those on the Boeing 777, including more curved surfaces and larger overhead bins than previous-generation 737s. The Next Generation 737 interior was also adopted on the Boeing 757-300. The first NG to roll out was a 737-700, on December 8, 1996. This aircraft, the 2,843rd 737 built, first flew on February 9, 1997. The prototype 737-800 rolled out on June 30, 1997, and first flew on July 31, 1997. The smallest of the new variants, the 737-600s, is the same size as the 737-500. It was the last in this series to launch, in December 1997. First flying January 22, 1998, it was given certification on August 18, 1998. A flight test program was operated by 10 aircraft; 3 × 737-600s, 4 ×: 737-700s, and 3 × 737-800s. In 2004, Boeing offered a Short Field Performance package in response to the needs of Gol Transportes Aéreos, which frequently operates from restricted airports. The enhancements improve takeoff and landing performance. The optional package is available for the 737NG models and standard equipment for the 737-900ER. The CFM56-7B Evolution nacelle began testing in August 2009 to be used on the new 737 PIP (Performance Improvement Package) due to enter service mid-2011. This new improvement is said to shave at least 1% off overall drag and have some weight benefits. Overall, it is claimed to have a 2% improvement on fuel burn on longer stages. In 2010, new interior options for the 737NG included the 787-style Boeing Sky Interior. Boeing delivered the 5,000th 737 to Southwest Airlines on February 13, 2006. Boeing delivered the 6,000th 737 to Norwegian Air Shuttle in April 2009. Boeing delivered the 8,000th 737 to United Airlines on April 16, 2014. The Airbus A320 family has outsold the 737NG over the past decade, although its order totals include the A321 and A318, which have also rivaled Boeing's 757 and 717, respectively. The 737NG has also outsold the A320 on an annual basis in past years, with the next generation series extending the jetliner's run as the most widely sold and commonly flown airliner family since its introduction.] The 10,000th aircraft was ordered in July 2012. Boeing produces 42 of the type per month in 2015, and expects to increase to 52 per month in 2018. The slow selling 737-600 is no longer being marketed and was removed from the Boeing website as of 2016; its position as the smallest model being taken by the more popular 737-700. Replacement or Re-engining Since 2006, Boeing has discussed replacing the 737 with a "clean sheet" design (internally named "Boeing Y1") that could follow the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. A decision on this replacement was postponed, and delayed into 2011. In November 2014, it was reported that Boeing plans to develop a new aircraft to replace the 737 in the 2030 time frame. The airplane is to have a similar fuselage, but probably made from composite materials similar to the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Boeing also considers a parallel development along with the 757 replacement, similar to when the 757/767 were developed in the 1970s. On July 20, 2011, Boeing announced plans for a new 737 version to be powered by the CFM International LEAP-X engine, with American Airlines intending to order 100 of these aircraft. On August 30, 2011, Boeing confirmed the launch of the 737 new engine variant, called the 737 MAX, with new CFM International LEAP-1B engines. On September 23, 2015, Boeing announced a collaboration with Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China Ltd. to build a completion and delivery facility for the 737 in China, the first outside the U.S. Design The 737's main landing gear under the wings at mid-cabin rotates into wells in the aircraft's belly. The legs are covered by partial doors, and "brush-like" seals aerodynamically smooth (or "fair") the wheels in the wells. The sides of the tires are exposed to the air in flight. "Hub caps" complete the aerodynamic profile of the wheels. It is forbidden to operate without the caps, because they are linked to the ground speed sensor that interfaces with the anti-skid brake system. The dark circles of the tires are clearly visible when a 737 takes off, or is at low altitude. 737s are not equipped with fuel dump systems. The original aircraft were too small to require them, and adding a fuel dump system to the later, larger variants would have incurred a large weight penalty. Boeing instead demonstrated an "equivalent level of safety". Depending upon the nature of the emergency, 737s either circle to burn off fuel or land overweight. If the latter is the case, the aircraft is inspected by maintenance personnel for damage and then returned to service if none is found. Engines Engines on the 737 Classic series (737-300, 737-400, 737-500) and Next-Generation series (737-600, 737-700, 737-800, 737-900) do not have circular inlets like most aircraft. The 737 Classic series featured CFM56 turbofan engines, which yielded significant gains in fuel economy and a reduction in noise over the JT8D engines used on the 737-100 and 737-200, but also posed an engineering challenge given the low ground clearance of the 737. Boeing and engine supplier CFMI solved the problem by placing the engine ahead of (rather than below) the wing, and by moving engine accessories to the sides (rather than the bottom) of the engine pod, giving the 737 a distinctive non-circular air intake. The wing also incorporated a number of changes for improved aerodynamics. The engines' accessory gearbox was moved from the 6 o'clock position under the engine to the 4 o'clock position (from a front/forward looking aft perspective). This side-mounted gearbox gives the engine a somewhat triangular rounded shape. Because the engine is close to the ground, 737-300s and later models are more prone to engine foreign object damage (FOD). The improved CFM56-7 turbofan engine on the 737 Next Generation is 7% more fuel-efficient than the previous CFM56-3 in the 737 classics. The newest 737 variants, the 737 MAX family, are to feature CFM International LEAP-1B engines with a 1.73 m fan diameter. These engines are expected to be 10-12% more efficient than the CFM56-7B engines on the 737 Next Generation family. Flight Systems The primary flight controls are intrinsically safe. In the event of total hydraulic system failure or double engine failure, they will automatically and seamlessly revert to control via servo tab. In this mode, the servo tabs aerodynamically control the elevators and ailerons; these servo tabs are in turn controlled by cables running to the control yoke. The pilot's muscle forces alone control the tabs. For the 737 Next Generation, a six-screen LCD glass cockpit with modern avionics was implemented while retaining crew commonality with previous generation 737. Most 737 cockpits are equipped with "eyebrow windows" positioned above the main glareshield. Eyebrow windows were a feature of the original 707 and 727. They allowed for greater visibility in turns, and offered better sky views if navigating by stars. With modern avionics, they became redundant, and many pilots actually placed newspapers or other objects in them to block out sun glare. They were eliminated from the 737 cockpit design in 2004, although they are still installed at customer request. These windows are sometimes removed and plugged, usually during maintenance overhauls, and can be distinguished by the metal plug which differs from the smooth metal in later aircraft that were not originally fitted with the windows. Upgrade Packages Winglets The 737 has four different winglet types: 737-200 Mini-winglet, 737 Classic/NG Blended Winglet, 737 Split Scimitar Winglet, and 737 Max Advanced Technology Winglet. The 737-200 Mini-winglets are part of the Quiet Wing Corp modification kit that received certification in 2005. Blended winglets are in production on 737 NG aircraft and are available for retrofit on 737 Classic models. These winglets stand approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) tall and are installed at the wing tips. They help to reduce fuel burn (by reducing vortex drag), engine wear, and takeoff noise. Overall fuel efficiency improvement is up to five percent through the reduction of lift-induced drag. Split Scimitar winglets became available in 2014 for the 737-800, 737-900ER, BBJ2 and BBJ3, and in 2015 for the 737-700, 737-900 and BBJ1. Split Scimitar winglets were developed by Aviation Partners Inc. (API), the same Seattle based corporation that developed the blended winglets; the Split Scimitar winglets produce up to a 5.5% fuel savings per aircraft compared to 3.3% savings for the blended winglets. Southwest Airlines flew their first flight of a 737-800 with Split Scimitar winglets on April 14, 2014. The next generation 737, 737 Max, will feature an Advanced Technology (AT) Winglet that is produced by Boeing. The Boeing AT Winglet resembles a cross between the Blended Winglet and the Split Scimitar Winglet. Carbon Brakes As of July 2008 the 737 features carbon brakes manufactured by Messier-Bugatti. These new brakes, now certified by the Federal Aviation Administration, weigh 550-700 lb (250-320 kg) less than the steel brakes normally fitted to the Next-Gen 737s (weight savings depend on whether standard or high-capacity brakes are fitted). A weight reduction of 700 pounds on a Boeing 737-800 results in 0.5% reduction in fuel burn. Short-field Design Package A short-field design package is available for the 737-600, 737-700, and 737-800, allowing operators to fly increased payload to and from airports with runways under 5,000 feet (1,500 m). The package consists of sealed leading edge slats (improved lift), a two-position tail skid (enabling greater protection against tail strikes that may be caused by the lower landing speeds), and increased flight spoiler deflection on the ground. These improvements are standard on the 737-900ER. Interior The 737 interior arrangement has changed in successive generations. The original 737 interior was restyled for the 737 Classic models using 757 designs, while 777 architecture was used for the debut of the Next Generation 737. Designed using Boeing's new cabin concepts, the latest Sky Interior features sculpted sidewalls and redesigned window housings, along with increased headroom and LED mood lighting. Larger pivot-bins similar to those on the 777 and 787 have more luggage space than prior designs. The Sky Interior is also designed to improve cabin noise levels by 2-4 dB. The first 737 equipped with the Boeing Sky Interior was delivered to Flydubai in late 2010. Continental Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, and TUIFly have also received Sky Interior-equipped 737s. Variants The 737 models can be divided into three generations, including nine major variants. The "Original" models consist of the 737-100, 737-200/-200 Advanced. The "Classic" models consist of the 737-300, 737-400, and 737-500. The "Next Generation" variants consist of the 737-600, 737-700/-700ER, 737-800, and 737-900/737-900ER. Of these nine variants, many feature additional versions such as the T-43, which was a modified Boeing 737-200 used by the United States Air Force (USAF). The fourth generation derivative - the 737 MAX - is currently under development and will encompass the 737-MAX-7, 737-MAX-8, and 737-MAX-9 which will replace the 737-700, 737-800 and 737-900/737-900ER versions of the NG family, respectively. 737 Original Series 737-100: The initial model was the 737-100. It was launched in February 1965. The 737-100 was rolled out on January 17, 1967, had its first flight on April 9, 1967 and entered service with Lufthansa in February 1968. The aircraft is the smallest variant of the 737. A total of 30 737-100s were ordered and delivered; the final commercial delivery took place on October 31, 1969 to Malaysia-Singapore Airlines. No 737-100s remain in commercial service. The original Boeing prototype, last operated by NASA and retired more than 30 years after its maiden flight, is on exhibit in the Museum of Flight in Seattle. 737-200: The 737-200 is a 737-100 with an extended fuselage, launched by an order from United Airlines in 1965. The 737-200 was rolled out on June 29, 1967, and entered service at United in April 1968. The 737-200 Advanced is an improved version of the 737-200, introduced into service by All Nippon Airways on May 20, 1971. The 737-200 Advanced has improved aerodynamics, automatic wheel brakes, more powerful engines, more fuel capacity, and longer range than the 737-100. Boeing also provided the 737-200C (Cargo), which allowed for conversion between passenger and cargo use and the 737-200QC (Quick Change), which facilitated a rapid conversion between roles. The 1,095th and last delivery of a 737-200 series aircraft was in August 1988 to Xiamen Airlines. Many 737-200s have been phased out or replaced by newer 737 versions. In July 2015, there were a combined 99 Boeing 737-200s in service, mostly with "second and third tier" airlines, and those of developing nations. With a gravelkit modification the 737-200 can use unimproved or unpaved landing strips, such as gravel runways, that other similarly-sized jet aircraft cannot. Gravel-kitted 737-200 Combis are currently used by Canadian North, First Air, Air Inuit and Air North in northern Canada. For many years, Alaska Airlines made use of gravel-kitted 737-200s to serve Alaska's many unimproved runways across the state. Nineteen 737-200s were used to train aircraft navigators for the U.S. Air Force, designated T-43. Some were modified into CT-43s, which are used to transport passengers, and one was modified as the NT-43A Radar Test Bed. The first was delivered on July 31, 1973 and the last on July 19, 1974. The Indonesian Air Force ordered three modified 737-200s, designated Boeing 737-2x9 Surveiller. They were used as Maritime reconnaissance (MPA)/transport aircraft, fitted with SLAMMAR (Side-looking Multi-mission Airborne Radar). The aircraft were delivered between May 1982 and October 1983. After 40 years the final 737-200 aircraft in the U.S. flying scheduled passenger service were phased out in March 2008, with the last flights of Aloha Airlines. The variant still sees regular service through North American charter operators such as Sierra Pacific. 737 Classic Series The Boeing 737 Classic is the name given to the 737-300/737-400/737-500 series of the Boeing 737 after the introduction of the 737-600/737-700/737-800/737-900 series. The Classic series was originally introduced as the 'new generation' of the 737. Produced from 1984 to 2000, 1,988 aircraft were delivered. 737 Next Generation By the early 1990s, it became clear that the new Airbus A320 was a serious threat to Boeing's market share, as Airbus won previously loyal 737 customers such as Lufthansa and United Airlines. In November 1993, Boeing's board of directors authorized the Next Generation program to replace the 737 Classic series. The 737-600, 737-700, 737-800, and 737-900 series were planned. After engineering trade studies and discussions with major 737 customers, Boeing proceeded to launch the 737 Next Generation series. 737 MAX In 2011, Boeing announced the 737 MAX program. Boeing will be offering three variants-the 737-7, 737-8 and the 737-9. These aircraft will replace the 737-700, 737-800 and 737-900ER, respectively. The main changes are the use of CFM International LEAP-1B engines, the addition of fly-by-wire control to the spoilers, and the lengthening of the nose landing gear. Deliveries are scheduled to begin in 2017. Southwest Airlines announced on December 13, 2011 that it would order the 737 MAX and became the launch customer. Ryanair, Norwegian Air Shuttle, and others have also placed firm orders for 737 MAX aircraft. Boeing Business Jet (BBJ) The Boeing Business Jet is a customized version of the 737. Plans for a business jet version of the 737 are not new. In the late 1980s, Boeing marketed the 77-33 jet, a business jet version of the 737-300. The name was short-lived. After the introduction of the next generation series, Boeing introduced the Boeing Business Jet (BBJ) series. The BBJ1 was similar in dimensions to the 737-700 but had additional features, including stronger wings and landing gear from the 737-800, and had increased range (through the use of extra fuel tanks) over the other 737 models. The first BBJ rolled out on August 11, 1998 and flew for the first time on September 4. On October 11, 1999 Boeing launched the BBJ2. Based on the 737-800, it is 5.84 meters (19 ft 2 in) longer than the BBJ, with 25% more cabin space and twice the baggage space, but has slightly reduced range. It is also fitted with auxiliary belly fuel tanks and winglets. The first BBJ2 was delivered on 28 February 2001. Boeing's BBJ3 is based on the 737-900ER. The BBJ3 has 1,120 square feet (104 m²) of floor space, 35% more interior space, and 89% more luggage space than the BBJ2. It has an auxiliary fuel system, giving it a range of up to 4,725 nautical miles (8,751 km), and a Head-up display. Boeing completed the first example in August 2008. This aircraft's cabin is pressurized to a simulated 6,500-foot (2,000 m) altitude. Freighter Boeing is studying plans to offer passenger to freighter conversion for the 737-800. Boeing has signed a agreement with Chinese YTO Airlines to provide the airline with 737-800 Boeing Converted Freighters (BCFs) pending a planned program launch. Operators The 737 is operated by more than 500 airlines, flying to 1,200 destinations in 190 countries. With over 10,000 aircraft ordered, over 7,000 delivered, and over 4,500 still in service, at any given time there are on average 1,250 airborne worldwide. On average, somewhere in the world, a 737 took off or landed every five seconds in 2006. Since entering service in 1968, the 737 has carried over 12 billion passengers over 120 billion km (65 billion nm), and has accumulated more than 296 million hours in the air. The 737 represents more than 25% of the worldwide fleet of large commercial jet airliners. Civilian As of August 2013, 140 Boeing 737-200 aircraft were in civilian service. See Wikipedia article Boeing 737 Operators . Military Many countries operate the 737 passenger, BBJ, and cargo variants in government or military applications.[141] Users with 737s include: Argentina (737-500 from 2014) Pakistan (went to Pakistan International Airlines in 1999) Peru United States Competition The Boeing 737 Classics and the Boeing 737 Next Generation have faced main challenges from the Airbus A320 family introduced in 1988, which was developed to compete also with the McDonnell Douglas MD-80/90 series and the Boeing 717. Boeing has shipped 8,966 aircraft of the 737 family since late 1967, with 7,460 of those deliveries since March 1, 1988, and has a further 4,380 on firm order as of March 2016. In comparison, Airbus has delivered 6,932 A320 series aircraft since their certification/first delivery in early 1988, with another 5,531 on firm order (as of March 2016). Accidents and Incidents As of October 2015, a total of 368 aviation accidents and incidents involving all 737 aircraft have occurred, including 184 hull-loss accidents resulting in a total of 4,862 fatalities. The 737 has also been in 111 hijackings involving 325 fatalities. An analysis by Boeing on commercial jet airplane accidents in the period 1959-2013 showed that the original series had a hull loss rate of 1.75 per million departures versus 0.54 for the classic series and 0.27 for the Next Generation series. Notable accidents and incidents involving 737-100, and 737-200 aircraft include: July 19, 1970 - United Airlines Flight 611, a new Boeing 737-200 (registration N9005U "City of Bristol") was damaged beyond economical repair after an aborted take off at Philadelphia International Airport. During take off, a loud "bang" was heard, and the aircraft veered right. The captain aborted the take off, and the aircraft ran off the end of the runway, stopping 1634 feet past its end, in a field. There were no fatalities. This was the first non-fatal incident involving a 737. July 5, 1972 - Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 710 was hijacked by two men demanding $800,000 and to be taken to the Soviet Union. In San Francisco, the plane was stormed and the two hijackers were killed along with one passenger. December 8, 1972 - United Airlines Flight 553, a 737-200 (registration N9031U) crashed while attempting to land at Chicago Midway International Airport. Two people on the ground and 43 of the 61 passengers and crew on board were killed. This was the first fatal incident involving a 737. May 31, 1973 - Indian Airlines Flight 440, a 737-200, crashed while on approach to Palam International Airport in New Delhi, India. Of the 65 passengers and crew on board, 48 were killed. December 17, 1973 - In the wake of the events surrounding Pan Am Flight 110, a parked Lufthansa Boeing 737-100 (registered D-ABEY) was hijacked at Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport in Rome. Two pilots and two flight attendants were on board preparing the aircraft for departure to Munich when five Palestinian terrorists entered the aircraft with ten Italian hostages taken from the airport. The crew were then forced to fly the aircraft to Athens and then on to several other airports, until the ordeal ended at Kuwait International Airport the next day, where the hijackers surrendered. March 31, 1975 - Western Airlines Flight 470, a 737-200 (registration N4527W) overshot a runway contaminated with snow at Casper/Natrona County International Airport in Casper, Wyoming. Four of the 99 aboard were injured, and the aircraft was damaged beyond repair. October 13, 1977 - Lufthansa Flight 181 was hijacked by four Palestinians, demanded the release of seven Red Army Faction members in German prisons and $15,000,000. The captain was fatally shot. On October 17, GSG-9 stormed the plane and killed 3 of the hijackers and captured the other. December 4, 1977 - Malaysian Airline System Flight 653, a 737-200 (registration 9M-MBD) crashed following a phugoid oscillation that saw the aircraft diving into a swamp after both its pilots were shot following a hijacking. The crash happened in the Southern Malaysian state of Johor. A total of 93 passengers and seven crew were killed, including Malaysian Agricultural Minister, Dato' Ali Haji Ahmad; Public Works Department Head, Dato' Mahfuz Khalid; and Cuban Ambassador to Japan, Mario García Incháustegui. February 11, 1978 - Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314, a 737-200, crashed while attempting to land at Cranbrook Airport, British Columbia, Canada. The aircraft crashed after thrust reversers did not fully stow following a go-around that was executed in order to avoid a snowplow. The crash killed four of the crew members and 38 of the 44 passengers. April 26, 1979 - An Indian Airlines was damaged by a bomb in the forward lavatory. The plane made a flapless landing in Chennai, India. November 4, 1980 - TAAG Angola Airlines 737-200 registration D2-TAA, that landed short of the runway at Benguela Airport, slid some 900 m following the collapse of the gear; a fire broke out on the right wing but there were no reported fatalities. The aircraft caught fire during recovery operations on next day and was written off. May 2, 1981 - Aer Lingus Flight 164, a 737-200, which was hijacked and en route from Dublin Airport, Ireland to London Heathrow Airport, UK. While on approach to Heathrow, about five minutes before the flight was due to land, a 55-year-old Australian man named Laurence James Downey went into the toilet and doused himself in petrol. He then went to the cockpit and demanded that the plane continue on to Le Touquet - Côte d'Opale Airport in France, and refuel there for a flight to Tehran, Iran. Upon landing at Le Touquet, Downey further demanded the publication in the Irish press of a nine-page statement which he had the Captain throw from the cockpit window. After an eight-hour standoff (during which time Downey released 11 of his 112 hostages), French special forces stormed the plane and apprehended Downey. No shots were fired and nobody was injured. August 22, 1981 - Far Eastern Air Transport Flight 103, a 737-200 (registration B-2603) broke apart in mid-air and crashed 14 minutes after taking off from Taipei Songshan Airport in Taiwan. All 6 crew and 104 passengers were killed, including Japanese TV screenwriter Kuniko Mukoda. January 13, 1982 - Air Florida Flight 90, a 737-200 crashed in a severe snowstorm, immediately after takeoff from Washington National Airport, hitting the 14th Street Bridge and fell into the ice-covered Potomac River in Washington, D.C.. All but five of the 74 passengers and five crew members died; four motorists on the bridge were also killed. May 25, 1982 - VASP 737-2A1 registration PP-SMY, on landing procedures at Brasília during rain, made a hard landing with nose gear first. The gear collapsed and the aircraft skidded off the runway breaking in two. Two passengers out of 118 occupants died. August 26, 1982 - Southwest Air Lines Flight 611, a 737-200 (registration JA8444) overran the runway at Ishigaki Airport in Japan and was destroyed. There were no fatalities but some were injured during the emergency evacuation. March 27, 1983 - LAM Mozambique Airlines 737-200 registration C9-BAB Undercarriage failure after landing some 400 metres (1,300 ft) short of the runway at Quelimane Airport. There were no fatalities. July 11, 1983 - TAME 737-2V2 Advanced, registration HC-BIG, crashed while attempting to land at Mariscal Lamar Airport, killing all 111 passengers and eight crew on board. The cause of the crash was a CFIT (Controlled Flight Into Terrain) as a cause of the pilot's inexperience with the aircraft. It remains the deadliest aviation accident in Ecuadorean history. After a radio station reported witnesses to a mid-air explosion. September 23, 1983 - Gulf Air Flight 771, a 737-200 (registration A40-BK) experienced an attempted terrorist bomb exploded in the baggage compartment, stalled and crashed in the desert near Mina Jebel Ali between Abu Dhabi and Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. All 5 crew and 107 passengers were killed, many of whom were Pakistani citizens. November 8, 1983 - TAAG Angola Airlines 737-200 registration D2-TBN stalled and crashed shortly after taking off from Lubango Mukanka Airport in Angola resulting of the deaths of all its 130 occupants (126 passengers and 4 crew) on board. February 9, 1984 - TAAG Angola Airlines 737-200 registration D2-TBV, that departed from Albano Machado Airport operating a scheduled passenger service, suffered hydraulic problems following an explosion in the rear of the aircraft and returned to the airport of departure for an emergency landing. The plane touched down fast and overran the runway. March 22, 1984 - Pacific Western Airlines Flight 501, a 737-200 regularly scheduled flight that caught fire in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Five people were seriously injured and 22 suffered minor injuries, but no-one was killed. August 30, 1984 - Cameroon Airlines Flight 786, a 737-200 (registration TJ-CBD) caught fire as the aircraft was taxiing out for takeoff for Douala International Airport in Douala, Littoral Province, Cameroon. All but two of 109 passengers and two crew were reported to have survived. June 21, 1985 - Braathens SAFE Flight 139, a 737-200 that was hijacked by a 24-year-old man, Stein Arvid Huseby at the Trondheim Airport in Vœrnes, Norway. His demands were to make a political statement and talk to Prime Minister Kåre Willoch and Minister of Justice Mona Røkke. The plane landed at Oslo Airport in Fornebu and was surrounded by the police. After one hour, Huseby released 70 hostages in exchange for having the aircraft being moved closer to the terminal building. Thirty minutes later, Huseby released the remaining passengers. He drank throughout the incident, and after he consumed the plane's beer supply, he surrendered his weapon in exchange for more beer. The plane was immediately stormed and Huseby arrested. August 22, 1985 - British Airtours Flight 28M, a 737-200, caught fire after an aborted takeoff at Manchester Airport, UK, after a crack in one of the combustors of the left Pratt & Whitney JT8D-15 engine. Of the 136 passengers and crew on board, 56 died, most due to toxic smoke inhalation. Research following the accident investigation led to many innovations in air safety, including a redesign of the 737's galley area. January 28, 1986 - VASP 737-2A1 registration PP-SME, tried to take-off from a taxiway at São Paulo-Guarulhos Airport. The take-off was aborted, but the aircraft overran, collided with a dyke and broke in two. The weather was foggy. There was one fatality. October 15, 1986 - Iran Air 737-200 registration EP-IRG was attacked by Iraqi aircraft. Passengers were disembarking at the time of the attack. According to Iranian authorities a number of C-130 Hercules aircraft were also destroyed. Three occupants were killed. December 25, 1986 - Iraqi Airways Flight 163, a 737-200 that was hijacked and crashed, catching fire in Arar near Saudi Arabia. There were 106 people on board, and 60 passengers and 3 crew members died. August 4, 1987 - LAN Chile 737-200 registration CC-CHJ, operated in a flight, while on the approach at El Loa Airport, Chile, landed short of the displaced threshold of runway 27. The nosegear collapsed and the aircraft broke in two. A fire broke out 30 minutes later and destroyed the aircraft. The threshold was displaced by 880m due to construction work. There was one fatality. August 31, 1987 - Thai Airways Flight 365, a 737-200 (registration HS-TBC) crashed into the sea off Ko Phuket, Thailand. A total of 74 passengers and 9 crew on board lost their lives. January 2, 1988 - Condor Flight 3782, a charter operated 737-200, crashed in Serefsihar near Izmir, Turkey, due to ILS problems. All 11 Passengers and 5 crew were killed in the accident. April 28, 1988 - Aloha Airlines Flight 243, a 737-200, suffered extensive damage after an explosive decompression at 24,000 feet (7,300 m), but was able to land safely at Kahului Airport on Maui with one fatality. A flight attendant, who was not in restraints at the moment of decompression, was blown out of the aircraft over the ocean and was never found. September 15, 1988 - Ethiopian Airlines Flight 604, a 737-200, suffered a multiple bird strike while taking off from Bahir Dar Airport. Both engines failed and the airliner crashed and caught fire while trying to return to the airport. Thirty-five of 98 passengers died while all six crew members survived. September 26, 1988 - Aerolineas Argentinas 737-200 registration LV-LIU operating Flight 648 departed in Jorge Newbery Airport in Buenos Aires, Argentina and made an emergency landing at Ushuaia Airport in Ushuaia, Argentina. There were no fatalities. February 9, 1989 - LAM Mozambique Airlines 737-200 registration C9-BAD overran the runway while making an emergency landing at Lichinga Airport. There were no fatalities. September 3, 1989 - Varig 737-241 registration PP-VMK operating Flight 254 flying from São Paulo-Guarulhos to Belém-Val de Cans with intermediate stops, crashed near São José do Xingu while on the last leg of the flight between Marabá and Belém due to a pilot navigational error, which led to fuel exhaustion and a subsequent belly landing into the jungle, 450 miles (724 km) southwest of Marabá. Out of 54 occupants, there were 13 fatalities, all of them passengers. The survivors were discovered two days later. October 2, 1990 - The 1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions were the result of the hijacking of Xiamen Airlines Flight 8301, a 737-200 (registration B-2510). Whilst attempting to land at Guangzhou Baiyun it struck two other airplanes. The hijacked aircraft struck a parked China Southwest Airlines Boeing 707 first, inflicting only minor damage, but then collided with China Southern Airlines Flight 2812, a Boeing 757-200 waiting for takeoff, and flipped on its back. A total of 128 people were killed, including 7 of 9 crew members and 75 of 93 passengers on Flight 8301 and 46 of 110 passengers on Flight 2812. March 3, 1991 - United Airlines Flight 585, a 737-291 carrying 20 passengers and five crew members, lost control after a rudder malfunction and crashed outside of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport, killing everyone on board. June 6, 1992 - Copa Airlines Flight 201, a 737-204 Advanced registration HP-1205CMP en route from Tocumen International Airport in Panama City, Panama to Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport in Cali, Colombia crashed into the Darien Gap 29 minutes after taking-off from Tocumen International Airport. All 47 on board (40 passengers and 7 crew) were killed in the crash. June 22, 1992 - VASP cargo 737-2A1C registration PP-SND en route from Rio Branco to Cruzeiro do Sul crashed in the jungle while on arrival procedures to Cruzeiro do Sul. The crew of two and one passenger died. December 21, 1994 - Air Algérie Flight 702P, a 737-200C on behalf of Phoenix Aviation crashed in Coventry, England, UK. All 5 crew members were killed. August 9, 1995 - Aviateca Flight 901, a 737-200 (registration N125GU) crashed on approach to the El Salvador International Airport in San Salvador, El Salvador. 58 of 65 occupants were killed.[196] November 13, 1995 - Nigeria Airways Flight 357, a 737-2F9 (5N-AUA), suffered a runway overrun at Kaduna Airport in Nigeria. All 14 crew members survived, but 11 of the 124 passengers were killed. December 3, 1995 - Cameroon Airlines Flight 3701, a 737-200 (registration TJ-CBE) crashed after it lost control and on approach to the Douala International Airport in Douala, Littoral Province, Cameroon. 71 passengers and crew lost their lives, but there were 5 survivors. February 29, 1996 - Faucett Flight 251, a 737-200 (registration OB-1451) crashed on approach to Rodríguez Ballón International Airport in Arequipa, Peru. A total of 117 passengers and 6 crew on board lost their lives. April 3, 1996 - United States Air Force CT-43A (a modified 737-200 and serial number 73-1149) (86th Airlift Wing, based at Ramstein Air Base, Germany) operating in a VIP transport flight crashed on approach to Dubrovnik Airport in Dubrovnik, Croatia while on an official trade mission. All 5 crew and 30 passengers were killed, including U.S. Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown and The New York Times Frankfurt Bureau chief Nathaniel C. Nash. Air Force Technical Sergeant Shelly Kelly survived the crash, but died three hours after the crash from an injury sustained in an ambulance. June 9, 1996 - Eastwind Airlines Flight 517, a 737-2H5 on a scheduled domestic passenger flight between Trenton-Mercer Airport in Trenton, New Jersey and Richmond International Airport in Richmond, Virginia, the flight lost rudder control but was able to land successfully. There were no fatalities but one flight attendant suffered minor injuries, among 48 passengers and 4 crew members surviving. February 14, 1997 - Varig 737-241, registration PP-CJO operating flight 265, flying from Marabá to Carajás, while on touchdown procedures at Carajás during a thunderstorm, veered off the right side of the runway after its right main landing gear collapsed rearwards. The aircraft crashed into a forest. One crew member were killed. April 12, 1998 - Orient Eagle Airways Flight 717, a 737-200 Overran the runway at a speed of 80 knots after a heavy landing on a wet runway at Almaty International Airport in Kazakhstan. The right main gear collapsed. There were no fatalities. May 5, 1998 - Occidental Petroleum 737-200 (FAP-351) leased from Peruvian Air Force, operating a charter flight from Coronel FAP Francisco Secada Vignetta International Airport in Iquitos, Peru, which crashed in rainy weather whilst on approach to Alférez FAP Alfredo Vladimir Sara Bauer Airport in Andoas, Peru. There were 75 fatalities, only eleven passengers and two crew members survived. May 10, 1999 - Mexican Air Force 737-247 was on a training flight when it overran the runway while making an emergency landing at Loma Bonita Air Base, Mexico. The nosegear collapsed. Grass near the aircraft caught fire causing the airplane to burn out. There were no fatalities. August 31, 1999 - LAPA Flight 3142, a 737-200, crashed while attempting to take off from the Jorge Newbery Airport in Buenos Aires en route to Córdoba, Argentina. The crash resulted in 65 fatalities. April 19, 2000 - Air Philippines Flight 541, a 737-200 crashed on approach to the Francisco Bangoy International Airport in Davao City, Philippines. All 124 passengers and 7 crew members on board were killed. December 26, 2002 - TAAG Angola Airlines 737-200 registration D2-TDB and operating flight 572 that had departed from Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport bound for Luanda, was involved in a mid-air collision over Namibian airspace with a propeller-driven light aircraft Cessna 404 registration V5-WAA, that took off from Windhoek Eros Airport in Namibia. March 6, 2003 - Air Algérie Flight 6289, a 737-200 crashed shortly after taking off from Tamanrasset, Algeria. All 97 passengers and 6 crew on board perished with the exception of a 28-year-old soldier, Youcef Djillali. July 8, 2003 - Sudan Airways Flight 139, a 737-200C (registration ST-AFK) stalled and crashed in Port Sudan, Sudan resulting of the deaths of all its 117 occupants (106 passengers and 11 crew members) on board. February 3, 2005 - Kam Air Flight 904, a 737-200 registration EX-037 crashed into the Pamir mountain in Afghanistan. All 96 passengers and 8 crew members on board lost their lives. August 23, 2005 - TANS Perú Flight 204, a 737-200 crashed on approach to Pucallpa Airport in Peru. 40 of 98 occupants lost their lives, while 58 others survived. September 5, 2005 - Mandala Airlines Flight 091, a 737-200, crashed in a densely populated neighborhood of Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia, because trying to take off with incorrect flap settings. It was carrying 117 on board (of whom 100 passengers and 5 crew) as well as 49 people on the ground were killed. October 22, 2005 - Bellview Airlines Flight 210, a 737-200 (registration 5N-BFN) stalled and crashed shortly after taking off from Murtala Mohammed Airport in Lagos, Nigeria en route to the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport for the Nigerian capital Abuja, resulting of the deaths of all its 117 occupants (111 passengers and 6 crew members) on board. October 29, 2006 - ADC Airlines Flight 53, a 737-200 crashed during a storm shortly after takeoff from Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport in Abuja, Nigeria. All but seven of the 104 passengers and crew were reported to have been killed. January 24, 2007 - Air West Flight 612, a 737-200 was hijacked by a 26-year-old man, Mohamed Abdu Altif, who entered the cockpit of the aircraft approximately half an hour after takeoff from Khartoum International Airport in Sudan. The aircraft landed safely at the N'Djamena International Airport in Chad where the hijacker surrendered. All 95 passengers and 8 crew on board survived. June 28, 2007 - TAAG Angola Airlines 737-200 crashed in northern Angola. August 24, 2008, Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895, a 737-200 from Itek Air wet leased to Iran Aseman Airlines crashed while attempting an emergency landing on return, ten minutes after departure from Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The airliner was flying to Tehran, Iran. Out of 83 passengers and seven crew, there were 22 survivors. August 30, 2008 - ConViasa 737-200 Advanced registration YV-102T operating a ferry flight from Simón Bolívar International Airport in Maiquetía, Venezuela stalled and crashed into the Illiniza Volcano, Ecuador. One passenger and both pilots died. March 1, 2010 - Air Tanzania Flight 100, a 737-200 (5H-MVZ) sustained substantial damage when it departed the runway on landing at Mwanza Airport and the nose gear collapsed. Damage was also caused to an engine. August 20, 2010 - Chanchangi Airlines Flight 334, a 737-200 (5N-BIF), struck the localizer antenna and landed short of the runway at Kaduna Airport. Several passengers were slightly injured and the aircraft was substantially damaged. Chanchangi Airlines again suspended operations following the accident. August 20, 2011 - First Air Flight 6560, a 737-200, crashed near Resolute Bay in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. Of the 15 people on board, there were three survivors. April 20, 2012 - Bhoja Air Flight 213, a 737-200, crashed in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. All 127 passengers and crew on board were killed. Aircraft on Display 737-130 N515NA is on display in NASA markings at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington. It was the first 737 built. 737-222 N9065U is partially preserved at the Hiller Aviation Museum in San Carlos, California. 737-201 N213US is partially preserved at the Museum of Flight in Seattle in US Air markings. 737-2H4 N29SW, formerly operated by Ryan International Airlines, is on display at the Kansas Aviation Museum in Wichita, Kansas. 737-2H4 N86SW is partially preserved as a restaurant in Walnut Ridge, Arkansas. 737-2Z6 L-11-1/26 of the Royal Thai Air Force is displayed at Don Muang Airport, Bangkok. 737-290C N740AS, formerly of Alaska Airlines, is preserved at the Alaska Aviation Museum in Anchorage, Alaska. 737-281 LV-WTX is displayed at the National Museum of Aeronautics in Morón, Argentina. 737-3H4 at the Frontiers of Flight Museum 737-3Q8 B-2921 formerly operated by China Southern Airlines from 1993-2012 is on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona. Boeing 737-800 Next Generation Specifications Boeing 737-800 Next Generation Series Cockpit crew: Two Overall height: 41 ft 3 in (12.57 m) Maximum cabin width: 11 ft 7 in (3.53 m) Fuselage width: 12 ft 4 in (3.76 m) Cargo capacity: 756-1,835 ft³ (21.4-52.0 m³) Operating empty weight, typical: 80,200-98,500 lb (36,400-44,700 kg) Maximum takeoff weight (MTOW): 144,500-187,700 lb (65,500-85,100 kg) Cruising speed: Mach 0.78 (511 mph, 823 km/h) Maximum speed: Mach 0.82 (544 mph, 876 km/h) Takeoff field length (MTOW, SL, ISA): 5,249-9.843 ft (1,600-3,000 m) Maximum range, fully loaded: 3,050-5,510 nmi (5,650-10,200 km; 3,510-6,349 mi) Maximum fuel capacity: 6,875 US gal (26,020 L; 5,725 imp gal) Service ceiling: 41,000 ft (12,500 m) Engines (× 2): CFM International CFM56-7 series Thrust (× 2): 19,500-27,300 lbf (87-121 kN) References

i don't know

Which US National Park is spread across the most states?

United States Photos -- National Geographic United States Photos Nankoweap Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park Photograph by Ralph Lee Hopkins The Colorado River winds through Nankoweap Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. North America's geologic history is writ large in the sandstone heights across the U.S. West. Adirondack Mountains, New York Photograph by Sam Abell Outdoorsmen enjoy the gloaming at the North Woods Club in New York’s Adirondack Mountains, where American artist Winslow Homer often fished for trout and absorbed landscapes he would re-create in imagination and paint. Times Square, New York Photograph by Steve Raymer Formerly called Longacre Square, Times Square was renamed in 1904 after the New York Times building, which became the district's new cornerstone. Famous for its endless entertainment and covered with billboards, lights, and sky-high buildings, Times Square is home to world-renowned Broadway, MTV, and other tourist attractions. Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco Photograph by James A. Sugar Like the outline of a mountain peak, a tower of the Golden Gate Bridge is visible above the summer fog in San Francisco Bay. Following the rush for gold in the late 19th century, the bay’s harbor attracted sailing ships from around the globe, and a great American city was born. Ferris Wheel, San Antonio Photograph by Tyler Cleveland, My Shot High above San Antonio, Texas, a couple steals a kiss at sunset. Situated in the southern part of the state’s Hill Country, the city is home to the Alamo and the historic River Walk. Venice Beach, California Photograph by John Lee/Aurora A stretch of concrete extending to the sand attracts skateboarders to a park in Venice Beach. The southern California town is an eclectic host to beachgoers from nearby Los Angeles and around the world, boasting street artists, raucous beach bars, and bohemian enclaves. Monument Valley, Arizona/Utah Photograph by Guido Tramontano Guerritore, My Shot The sandstone cathedrals of Monument Valley served as the backdrop for the wild American frontier. Planted in the middle of desert lands, the valley’s rocks are the only formations that dare to break the infinite flatness of the Arizona-Utah horizon. Yankees Fans Photograph by Jim Rogash/Getty Images Diehard New York Yankees hope for an autograph at a game against the rival Boston Red Sox. "America's pastime" is big business: In recent years, more than 78 million people have attended major league games across the U.S. annually. Fashion Show, New York Photograph by Jodi Cobb Nicole Anderson models a pair of Manolo Blahnik stiletto heels and a white shift dress for the fashion press in New York City. A center of sartorial taste making in the U.S., the city attracts the fashion industry’s elite to its week of shows each spring and fall. Shoshone Indians, Nevada Photograph by Peter Essick/Aurora Photos Members of a Shoshone Indian tribe take part in a ritual on the side of Yucca Mountain in southern Nevada. The site was the center of a heated debate between locals and government officials who wanted to spend $50 billion burying 77,000 tons of nuclear waste inside the mountain. In 2009, the Obama Administration announced the site was no longer an option. Pistol River, Oregon Photograph by Skip Brown/National Geographic Stock A windsurfer carries his board and sail over sand dunes in Pistol River. Explorers discovered gold and other precious metals in the rivers and along the beaches of the area in 1852, and settlement depended primarily on water transportation. Today water transportation of a different sort is popular here—the area has several times played host to U.S. windsurfing championships. High School Football Photograph by John Lee/Aurora Members of a San Francisco high school football team run through a banner as they enter the playing field. High school football season usually runs September to November, and games can draw in large crowds. Vermont Farm Photograph by Melissa Eyre, My Shot A mechanic and his dog take a breather in Vermont's fresh air. The U.S. Northeast is packed with many such pastoral scenes, as well as pockets of heavy industry. Basketball Photograph by David Mclain A young man gets in some late-afternoon hoops in a Chicago neighborhood. The Illinois city has produced many avid basketball players and fans—including U.S. President Barack Obama. Hotel, Miami Beach Photograph by H. Mark Weidman Photography/Alamy Colored lights illuminate the art deco façade of what today is called the Fairwind Hotel, in Miami Beach, Florida. The city’s popular South Beach is well known for its art deco architecture, as well as its beaches, nightclubs, and beautiful people. New Orleans Jazz Photograph by Tyrone Turner/National Geographic Stock In the backstreets where it was born, the exuberant sounds of New Orleans jazz are kept fresh by neighborhood brass bands. Sustained by their music, residents of the Big Easy beat back the blues, even through hard times. Flamingos, Florida Photograph by John Frumm/Photo Library Though populations of pink flamingos still reside within the swampy midst of Florida’s Everglades National Park, the colorful scenery does not betray the park’s precarious state. Fertilizer pollution, urban encroachment, and falling water levels make this the only U.S. park to have been on the World Heritage Danger List. It was removed from the list in 2007 after extensive cleanup efforts. Nā Pali Coast, Hawaii Photograph by Lee Peterson/Photo Library The Nā Pali Coast on the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i is the scarred shoulder of an ancient shield volcano that once rose more than five miles (eight kilometers) from seafloor to summit. Many visitors to the island take the one-hour helicopter tour to get the Jurassic Park view—Nā Pali starred in that movie, as well as in King Kong, South Pacific, and many other Hollywood fantasies. Alaska Glacier Photograph by Nanci Roth, My Shot A young woman takes a bracing summer swim near a glacier in waters off Valdez, Alaska. Due east of Anchorage, the town sits nestled in the Chugach Mountains, which draw winter sports enthusiasts from far and near. Redwood National Park, California Photograph by Victor Lopez, My Shot Nature’s own defenses give giant redwood trees the ability to survive for centuries or even millennia in California’s Redwood National Park. Because their bark and heartwood are rich in compounds called polyphenols, bugs and decay-causing fungi don't like them. And since there's not a lot of resin in their stringy bark, larger redwoods are highly resistant to fire. Sculpture, Chicago Photograph by Ryan Bailey, My Shot Though artist Anish Kapoor entitled his oblique, metallic sculpture “Cloud Gate,” ask any Chicagoan about the legume-shaped steel and they’ll tell you what it really is: the Bean. The 110-ton sculpture provides an abstract reflection of Chicago’s skyline and all those who visit it. Skiing, Montana Photograph by Gordon Wiltsie Membership in Montana’s exclusive Yellowstone Club guarantees access to some of the Gallatin Mountains’ best skiing runs just miles from Yellowstone National Park. Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C. Photograph by Kimberly Johns, My Shot The Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., keeps a watchful eye over the nation’s capital. It has also provided the stage for civil rights activists: Marian Anderson gave a famous 1939 concert there after being denied the use of Constitution Hall because she was black, and in 1963 Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech on the memorial steps.

Yellowstone National Park

What ocean is surrounded on 3 sides by Australia, Asia, and Africa?

United States of America travel guide - Wikitravel dial 911 Map of the mainland US, insular areas and Minor Outlying Islands. The United States of America is a large country in North America , often referred to as the "USA", the "US", the "United States", "America", or simply "the States". Home to the world's third-largest population, with over 318 million people, it includes both densely populated cities with sprawling suburbs and vast, uninhabited natural areas. With its history of mass immigration dating from the 17th century, it is a "melting pot" of cultures from around the world and plays a dominant role in the world's cultural landscape. It's famous for its wide array of popular tourist destinations, ranging from the skyscrapers of Manhattan and Chicago , to the natural wonders of Yellowstone and Alaska , to the warm, sunny beaches of Florida , Hawaii and Southern California . "Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness." — Mark Twain The United States is not the America of television and the movies. It is large, complex, and diverse, with several distinct regional identities. Due to the vast distances involved, travelling between regions often means crossing through many different landscapes, climates, and even time zones. Such travel can often be time-consuming and expensive, but often very rewarding. Geography[ edit ] The contiguous United States (called conus by US military personnel) or the "Lower 48" (the 48 states other than Alaska and Hawaii) is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west, with much of the population living on the two coasts. Its land borders are shared with Canada to the north, and Mexico to the south. The US also shares maritime borders with Russia , Cuba , and the Bahamas . If counting the Insular Areas and Minor Outlying Islands, the United Kingdom , Samoa , and Haiti would also share maritime borders. The country has three major mountain ranges. The Appalachians extend from Canada to the state of Alabama , a few hundred miles west of the Atlantic Ocean. They are the oldest of the three mountain ranges, are covered with a diversity of Subtropical and Temperate flora and fauna, a thick canopy of dense vegetation, and offer spectacular sightseeing and excellent camping spots. The loess lands of the southern Mid-West and the Limestone cliffs and mountains of the south add beauty to the region, with lush vegetation coating the surfaces of cliff faces that border rivers, and mist shrouding beautiful green mountains and gorges. The Rockies are, on average, the highest in North America, extending from Alaska to New Mexico , with many areas protected as national parks. They offer hiking, camping, skiing, and sightseeing opportunities, as well as desert and subtropical getaways in the southern lowlands of the region. The combined Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges are the youngest. The Sierras extend across the "backbone" of California , with sites such as Lake Tahoe and Yosemite National Park ; the Sierras transition at their northern end into the even younger volcanic Cascade range, with some of the highest points in the country. The Great Lakes define much of the border between the eastern United States and Canada. More inland seas than lakes, they were formed by the pressure of glaciers retreating north at the end of the last Ice Age. The five lakes span hundreds of miles, bordering the states of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania and New York , and their shores vary from pristine wilderness areas to industrial "rust belt" cities. They are the second-largest bodies of freshwater in the world, after the polar ice caps. The western portions of the USA are rugged and very arid landscapes, complete with wind-shaped desert sand dunes like White Sands New Mexico. Death Valley (282 feet below sea level) is the lowest spot on the USA mainland and one of the hottest areas on Earth. Natural areas include vast areas of desert untouched by humans. Camping and hiking through the majestic landscapes of the Southwest is a big vacation draw for many Americans. Florida is very low-lying, with long white sand beaches lining both sides of the state. The tropical climate allows many exotic (both native and non-native) plants and animals to flourish. The Florida Everglades are a pristine "river of grass," made up of Tropical jungles and savanna that are home to 20-foot alligators and crocodiles, among many other creatures. The USA has every biome on earth, in the continental USA alone. From Tropical jungles and subtropical and temperate savannas, to searing deserts and Mediterranean coast lines, from frozen mountain peaks and coniferous forest, to a steamy Subtropical river system, the USA has something for everyone. Climate[ edit ] The climate of the continental United States varies considerably from coast to coast due to differences in latitude, and geographic features including mountains. Much of the Eastern United States has a humid continental or subtropical climate, with four distinct seasons. The Southeast has mild winters and hot humid summers. The Northeast and Midwest have much colder winters with frequent snowfalls and periods with snow on the ground. During hurricane season, which is from June to November, tropical storms and hurricanes have been known to make landfall in coastal regions of the eastern US, resulting in widespread damaging winds and flooding, and causing numerous travel delays. Farther west, the Great Plains are dry, flat and grassy, and are subtropical/semi arid in Kansas and regions south, and dry continental north of Kansas. The Great Plains are notoriously well known for their tornado season, which lasts from March to June. These severe weather outbreaks can also cause very large hail, damaging winds, and flooding. Severe weather in the Great Plains is often forecast days in advance by meteorologists and reported by local news stations via TV and social media. The Western United States is mostly mountainous hilly terrain, and has a mostly arid climate with mild to warm winters and hot summers. Parts of Arizona and New Mexico have a monsoon season which lasts from June to September. Frequent training thunderstorms often occur in this area during the summer, which can result in flooding. Dust storms can also occur, caused by downdrafts of a decaying thunderstorm. Coastal California and Oregon , from San Diego to Portland, is considered Mediterranean, and consists of warm winters and warm to hot summers. A cooler variation of the Mediterranean, also known as a maritime climate, can be found in the Pacific Northwest including coastal Washington. Hawaii, most of Florida, and far southern Texas have a tropical climate. Other areas in the south have a substantial amount of tropical microclimates. Central and northern Alaska features a subarctic climate with short mild summers and long very cold winters. The least variation of climate in the continental United States occurs during the summer, when much of the nation is toasting in 70 to 90 degree (21-32°C) weather. Valleys in the Western United States often see the highest temperatures in the nation, along with many days and sometimes weeks of very dry weather. San Francisco and coastal Washington have the coolest summers in the Western United States excluding alpine regions of eastern California and Colorado. The greatest difference in climate from region to region occurs during the winter season, which is December to March, when temperatures can range from below 0 degrees (-18°C) in the Northern Great Plains, to a much milder 70 or even 80 degrees (21°C) in Florida. Long stretches of below freezing temperatures are common during the winter season across the Northern Midwest and Northern Northeast, getting milder as you travel south. and travelers should prepare to dress accordingly. The Alamo, San Antonio , Texas What is now the United States was initially populated by indigenous peoples who migrated from northeast Asia. Today, their descendants are known as Native Americans, or American Indians. Although Native Americans are often portrayed as having lived a mundane and primitive lifestyle which consisted of day to day survival, the truth is that prior to European contact, the continent was densely populated by many sophisticated societies. For example, the Cherokee are descended from the Mississippian culture which built huge mounds and large towns that covered the landscape, while the Anasazi built elaborate cliff-side towns in the Southwest. As was the case in other nations in the Americas, the primitive existence attributed to Native Americans was generally the result of mass die-offs triggered by Old World diseases such as smallpox which spread like wildfire in the 15th and 16th centuries. By the time most Native American tribes directly encountered Europeans, they were a post-apocalyptic people. During the late 16th and 17th centuries, multiple European nations began colonizing the North American continent. Spain , France , Great Britain , the Netherlands , Sweden , and Russia established colonies in various parts of present day continental United States. Of those early settlements, it was the original British colonies in Virginia and Massachusetts that formed the cultural, political, legal and economic core of what is now the United States. Massachusetts was first settled by religious immigrants, known as Puritans, who later spread and founded most of the other New England colonies, creating a highly religious and idealistic region. Its neighbor to the southwest, Rhode Island, was founded by refugees from the religious fanatics of Massachusetts. Other religious groups also founded colonies, including the Quakers in Pennsylvania and Roman Catholics in Maryland . Virginia, on the other hand, became the most dominant of the southern colonies. Because of a longer growing season, these colonies had richer agricultural prospects, specifically cotton and tobacco. As in Central and South America, African slaves were imported and forced to cultivate in large plantations. Slavery became an important part of the economy in the South, a fact that would cause tremendous upheaval in the years to come. By the early 18th century, the United Kingdom had established a number of colonies along the Atlantic coast from Georgia north into what is now Canada. On July 4th, 1776, colonists from the Thirteen Colonies, frustrated with excessive taxation and micromanagement by London and encouraged by the ideals of Enlightenment philosophy, declared independence from the UK and established a new sovereign nation, the United States of America. The resulting American Revolutionary War culminated in the surrender of 7,000 British troops at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. This forced the British government to initiate peace negotiations that led to the Treaty of Paris of 1783, by which the victorious Americans assumed control of all British land south of the Great Lakes between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi River. British loyalists, known as Tories, fled north of the Great Lakes into Canada, which remained stubbornly loyal to the British crown and would not become fully independent until 1982. Although the Thirteen Colonies had united during the war in support of the common objective of getting rid of British tyranny, most colonists' loyalties at the end of the war lay with their respective colonial governments. In turn, the young country's first attempt at establishing a national government under the Articles of Confederation was a disastrous failure. The Articles tried too hard to protect the colonies from each other by making the national government so weak it could not do anything. In 1787, a convention of major political leaders (the Founding Fathers of the United States) drafted a new national Constitution in Philadelphia. After ratification by a supermajority of the states, the new Constitution went into effect in 1791 and enabled the establishment of the strong federal government that has governed the United States ever since. George Washington, the commanding general of American forces during the Revolutionary War, was elected as the first President of the United States under the new Constitution. By the turn of the 19th century, a national capital had been established in Washington, D.C. . As American and European settlers pushed farther west, past the Appalachians, the federal government began organizing new territories and then admitting them as new states. This was enabled by the displacement and decimation of the Native American populations through warfare and disease. In what became known as the Trail of Tears, the Cherokee tribe was forcibly relocated from the Southeastern United States to present-day Oklahoma, which was known as "Indian Territory" until the early 20th century. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 brought French-owned territory extending from the Mississippi River to parts of the present-day Western United States under American control, effectively doubling the country's land area. The United States fought the War of 1812 with Britain as a reaction to British impressment of American sailors, as well as to attempt to capture parts of Canada. Though dramatic battles were fought, including one that ended with the British Army burning the White House, Capitol, and other public buildings in Washington, D.C., the war ended in a virtual stalemate. Territorial boundaries between the two nations remained nearly the same. Nevertheless, the war had disastrous consequences for the western Native American tribes that had allied with the British, with the United States acquiring more and more of their territory for white settlers. Florida was purchased in 1813 from Spain after the American military had effectively subjugated the region. The next major territorial acquisition came after American settlers in Texas rebelled against the Mexican government, setting up a short-lived independent republic that was absorbed into the union. The Mexican-American War of 1848 resulted in acquisition of the northern territories of Mexico, including the future states of California, Nevada , Utah , Arizona and New Mexico. After 1850, the borders of the continental United States reached the rough outlines it still has today. Many Native Americans were relegated to reservations by treaty, military force, and by the inadvertent spread of European diseases transmitted by large numbers of settlers moving west along the Oregon Trail and other routes. Tensions between the US and the British government administering Canada continued to persist because the border west of the Great Lakes was ill-defined. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 failed to adequately address the complex geography of the region; the boundary dispute remained unsettled until 1871. Meanwhile, by the late 1850s, many Americans were calling for the abolition of slavery. The rapidly industrializing North, where slavery had been outlawed several decades before, favored national abolition. Southern states, on the other hand, believed that individual states had the right to decide whether or not slavery should be legal. In 1861, the Southern states, fearing domination by the North and the Republican President Nominee Abraham Lincoln, seceded from the Union and formed the breakaway Confederate States of America. These events sparked the American Civil War. To date, it is the bloodiest conflict on American soil, with over 200,000 killed in combat and a overall death toll exceeding 600,000. In 1865, Union forces prevailed, thereby cementing the federal government's authority over the states. The federal government then launched a complex process of rehabilitation and re-assimilation of the Confederacy, a period known as Reconstruction. Slavery was abolished by constitutional amendment, but the former slaves and their descendants were to remain an economic and social underclass, particularly in the South. The United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867, and the previously independent Hawaii was annexed in 1898 after a brief revolution fomented by American settlers. After decisively defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War, the United States gained its first "colonial" territories: Cuba (granted independence a few years later), the Philippines (granted independence shortly after World War II), Puerto Rico and Guam (which remain American dependencies today). During this "imperialist" phase of US history, the US also assisted Panama in obtaining independence from Colombia, as the need for a Panama Canal had become palpably clear to the US during the Spanish-American War. In 1903, the new country of Panama promptly granted the United States control over a swath of territory known as the Canal Zone. The US constructed the Panama Canal in 1914 and retained control over the Canal Zone until 1979. In the eastern cities of the United States, Southern and Eastern Europeans, and Russian Jews joined Irish refugees to become a cheap labor force for the country's growing industrialization. Many African-Americans fled rural poverty in the South for industrial jobs in the North, in what is now known as the Great Migration. Other immigrants, including many Scandinavians and Germans, moved to the now-opened territories in the West and Midwest, where land was available for free to anyone who would develop it. A network of railroads was laid across the country, accelerating development. With its entrance into World War I in 1917, the United States established itself as a world power by helping to defeat Germany and the Central Powers. However after the war, despite strong support from President Woodrow Wilson, the United States refused to join the newly-formed League of Nations, which substantially hindered that body's effectiveness in preventing future conflicts. Real wealth grew rapidly in the postwar period. During the Roaring Twenties, stock speculation created an immense "bubble" which, when it burst in October 1929, contributed to a period of economic havoc in the 1930s known as the Great Depression. The Depression was brutal and devastating, with unemployment rising to 25%. On the other hand, it helped forge a culture of sacrifice and hard work that would serve the country well in its next conflict. President Herbert Hoover lost his re-election bid in 1932 as a result of his ineffective response to the Depression. The victor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ("FDR") pledged himself to a "New Deal" for the American people, which came in the form of a variety of aggressive economic recovery programs. While historians still debate the effectiveness of the various New Deal programs in terms of whether they fulfilled their stated objectives, it is generally undisputed that the New Deal greatly expanded the size and role of the US federal government. In December 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, a American military base in Hawaii, thus plunging the United States into World War II, which had already been raging in Europe for two years and in Asia since 1937. In alliance with the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, the United States helped to defeat the Axis powers of Italy , Germany , and Japan . By the end of World War II, with much of Europe and Asia in ruins, the United States had firmly established itself as the dominant economic power in the world; it was then responsible for nearly half of the world's industrial production. The newly developed atomic bomb, whose power was demonstrated in two bombings of Japan in 1945, made the United States the only force capable of challenging the Communist Soviet Union, giving rise to what is now known as the Cold War. After World War II, America experienced an economic resurgence and growing affluence on a scale not seen since the 1920s. Meanwhile, the racism traditionally espoused in various explicit and implicit forms by the European-American majority against the country's African-American, Asian-American, Hispanic-American, Native American and other minority populations had become impossible to ignore. While the US was attempting to spread democracy and the rule of law abroad to counter the Soviet Union's support of authoritarian Communist governments, it found itself having to confront its own abysmal failure to provide the benefits of democracy and the rule of law to all its citizens. Thus, in the 1960s a civil rights movement emerged which ultimately eliminated most of the institutional discrimination against African-Americans and other ethnic minorities, particularly in the Southern states. A revived women's movement in the 1970s also led to wide-ranging changes in gender roles and perceptions in US society, including to a limited extent views on homosexuality and bisexuality. The more organized present-era US 'gay rights' movement first emerged in the late 1960s and early 70s. During the same period, in the final quarter of the 20th century, the United States underwent a slow but inexorable transition from an economy based on a mixture of heavy industry and labor-intensive agriculture, to an economy primarily based on advanced technology (the "high-tech" industry), retail, professional services, and other service industries, as well as a highly mechanized, automated agricultural industry. In the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, millions of US manufacturing jobs fell victim to outsourcing. In a phenomenon since labeled "global labor arbitrage," revolutionary improvements in transportation, communications, and logistics technologies made it possible to relocate manufacturing of most goods to foreign factories which did not have to pay US minimum wages, observe US occupational safety standards, or allow the formation of unions. The outsourcing revolution was devastating to many cities, particularly in the Midwest and Northeast, whose economies were overly dependent upon manufacturing, and resulted in a group of hollowed-out, depressed cities now known as the Rust Belt. The United States also assumed and continues to maintain a position of global leadership in military and aerospace technology through the development of a powerful "military-industrial complex", although as of the turn of the 21st century, its leadership is increasingly being challenged by the European Union and China. US federal investments in military technology also paid off handsomely in the form of the most advanced information technology sector in the world, which is primarily centered on the area of Northern California known as Silicon Valley. US energy firms, especially those based in petroleum and natural gas, have also become global giants, as they expanded worldwide to feed the country's thirst for cheap energy. The 1950s saw the beginnings of a major shift of population from rural towns and urban cores to the suburbs. These population shifts, along with a changing economic climate, contributed heavily to Urban decay from the 1970s until the late 1990s. The postwar rise of a prosperous middle class able to afford cheap automobiles and cheap gasoline in turn led to the rise of the American car culture and the convenience of fast food restaurants. The Interstate Highway System, constructed primarily from the 1960s to the 1980s, became the most comprehensive freeway system in the world, at over 47,000 miles in length. It was surpassed by China only in 2011, although the US is believed to still have a larger freeway system when non-federal-aid highways are also included. In the late 20th century, the US was also a leader in the development and deployment of the modern passenger jetliner. This culminated in the development of the popular Boeing 737 and 747 jetliners; the 737 is still the world's most popular airliner today. Cheap air transportation together with cheap cars in turn devastated US passenger rail, although freight rail remained financially viable. In 1970, with the consent of the railroads, who were eager to focus their operations on carrying freight, Congress nationalized their passenger rail operations to form the government-owned corporation now known as Amtrak. During the 20th century, the US retail sector became the strongest in the world. US retailers were the first to pioneer many innovative concepts that later spread around the world, including self-service supermarkets, inventory bar codes to ease the tedium of accurately tallying purchases, "big box" chain stores, factory outlet stores, warehouse club stores, and modern shopping centers. American consumer culture, as well as Hollywood movies and many forms of popular music, books, and art, all combined to establish the United States as the cultural center of the world. American universities established themselves as the most prestigious academic institutions in the world, thanks to generous assistance from the federal government in the form of the GI Bill, followed by massive research and development investments by the military-industrial complex, and later, the Higher Education Act. Today, US universities are rivaled only by a handful of universities in the UK, mainland Europe, and Asia. Government and politics[ edit ] The United States is a federal republic comprising 50 states, the District of Columbia (Washington DC), 16 territories, and numerous Indian Reservations. The federal government derives its power from the Constitution of the United States, the oldest written constitution in the world in continuous use. Although federal law supersedes state law in the event of an express or implied conflict (known in legal jargon as "federal preemption"), each state is considered to be a separate sovereign, maintains its own constitution and government, and retains considerable autonomy within the federation. State citizens enjoy the power to vote for federal representatives, federal senators, and the federal President. The United States has two major political parties, the Republicans and Democrats, that dominate American politics at all levels. Due to the winner-take-all electoral system, smaller "third parties" as they are known to Americans are rarely competitive in any elections at any level, and the Democrats and Republicans have won every single presidential election since 1848. The Republican and Democratic dominant leads to a heavily criticized and frequently corrupt system of "pork-barrel politics" where necessary change is too-often subject to deadlock and bi-partisan point scoring. Americans value their rights to political expression strongly, and politics are fiercely debated in American society. In fact, there are many popular web sites and cable channels devoted primarily to political opinion programming. American politics are very complex and change quickly. For example, gay people were not allowed to marry in any US state as recently as 2003, whereas gay marriage is now legal in all 50 states. Many Americans hold and passionately defend strong opinions on a wide range of political issues, many Americans, especially older Americans, are loyal to one party, and political debates often become heated and lead to insults, vulgarities, and personal attacks being exchanged. For these reasons, unless you are intimately familiar with American politics or already know and agree with the political views of the person you are talking to, you are best off not talking about politics at all. American elections are frequent and lengthy, especially the presidential election. Presidential elections in the United States last nearly two years, so there is a 50% chance that you will be visiting the United States in the midst of one. The November election is preceded by a six-month period from January to June wherein all 50 states, 5 overseas territories, and D.C. each vote one-by-one twice; one time to select the Republican nominee, and the other to select the Democratic nominee. One of these two nominees will be elected President in November. The current president, Barack Obama, first elected in November of 2008 and sworn in on January 20th, 2009, first announced his candidacy in February 2007 - nearly two years before his four-year term began. Federal elections for Congressional positions take place every two years. Compared to Western European Democracies, there are an extraordinary number of elected positions in the United States. On a single election day, there might be simultaneous elections for dozens of positions. Typically, the average american would be voting for school board members, city councilmen, mayors, deputy mayors, governors, state representatives, state senators, congressmen, senators, the president, and a number of other positions, such as tax assessor or coroner. The President of the United States is elected indirectly every four years and serves as the head of government and head of state. Each state is allocated electoral votes, and whichever candidate gets the most votes in a state get all of that state's electoral votes. Though rare, this means that a candidate can win the "electoral vote" and thus the presidency while gaining fewer popular votes than his opponent. The year 2000 election is the only election since 1888 in which this happened. The Congress is bicameral; the lower House of Representatives has seats assigned to the states proportionally, while the upper house, the Senate, comprises exactly two seats per state. By way of contrast, the District of Columbia and the overseas territories have limited federal representation, as they can only elect "delegates" to the federal House of Representatives who cannot participate in votes by the Committee of the Whole on the House floor. (D.C. does, however, get three electoral votes with respect to the election of the federal President.) Because they lack state sovereignty, the governments of D.C. and the territories exist at the mercy of the federal government, which theoretically could dissolve them at any time. The laws and legal systems of the U.S. will be complicated at best to understand and follow. State and territorial laws can vary widely from one jurisdiction to another, meaning that the US actually consists of at least 54 separate legal systems with regard to any area of law not within the purview of federal law. State and territorial laws are quite uniform in some areas (e.g., contracts for sales of goods) and extremely divergent in others (e.g., "real estate," the American term for immovable property). If this was not confusing enough, sovereign Native American tribes are allowed to operate their own legal systems separate from both federal and state law. What's more, the U.S. federal government practices the use of Federal Enclaves. Which are pieces of land or properties owned by the Federal government under a agreement of the state or territory. A example are U.S. national forests. As Federal owned land and property, most state and territorial laws do not apply. Examples are state and territorial anti-discrimination, minimum wage, and criminal laws. While state and territorial laws such as juvenile delinquency, restraining order laws still apply. The federal government consists of the President of the United States and his administration acting as the executive branch, the United States Congress acting as the legislative branch, and the Supreme Court of the United States and lower federal courts acting as the judicial branch. State government structures are organized similarly, with governors, legislatures, and judiciaries. The South's famous Bourbon Street, New Orleans , Louisiana The United States is made up of many diverse ethnic groups and its culture varies greatly across the vast area of the country and even within cities - a city like New York will have dozens, if not hundreds, of different ethnicities represented within a neighborhood. Despite this difference, there exists a strong sense of national identity and certain predominant cultural traits. Generally, Americans tend to believe strongly in personal responsibility and that an individual determines his or her own success or failure, but it is important to note that there are many exceptions and that a nation as diverse as the United States has literally thousands of distinct cultural traditions. One will find South Carolina in the South to be very different culturally from Pennsylvania in the North. Holidays[ edit ] The United States has a number of holidays — official and/or cultural — of which the traveler should be aware of. Note that holidays observed on Mondays or Fridays are usually treated as weekend-long events. (A weekend consists of a Saturday and a Sunday.) Federal holidays — i.e., holidays observed by the federal government, state and local government and banks — are indicated in bold italics. If a federal holiday with a fixed calendar date (such as Independence Day) falls on a weekend, federal and most state and local government offices will be closed on the nearest non-weekend day. Since the early 1970s, several federal holidays, including Memorial Day and Labor Day, have been observed on a certain Monday rather than on a fixed date for the express purpose of giving federal employees three-day weekends. Foreign embassies & consulates in the U.S. also observe the same federal holidays (in bold italics) in addition to the official holidays of their respective countries. The private sector (besides banks) are usually open for business on most holidays with people working except New Years, Memorial Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, the Friday after Thanksgiving and Christmas when a vast number of non-retail businesses do close or open partial hours in observance. Due to the number of major holidays in close proximity to each other, many Americans refer to the period between Thanksgiving in late November and New Year's Day as simply "the holidays." School and work vacations are commonly taken during this periods: New Year's Day (1 January) — most non-retail businesses closed; parades; brunches and football parties. Martin Luther King Day (third Monday in January) — many government offices and banks closed; speeches, especially on African-American history and culture. Chinese New Year (January/February — varies based on the Chinese lunar calendar) — Chinese cultural celebration. Airfare within the U.S. may be reasonable at this time of the year but if planning to fly from the U.S. to China, Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam, Korea and anywhere in that part of the world the seats may be limited and fares higher so plan accordingly. Super Bowl Sunday (usually the first Sunday in February) — The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the NFL (National Football League) American football league and the most-watched sporting event of the year; supermarkets, bars, restaurants and electronics stores are very busy; big football-watching parties everywhere. Those with the extra money to burn DO travel to the host city where the Super Bowl is happening to attend the game live. This makes travel to that city even more hectic with a limited availability of airline seats, hotel rooms, rental cars and parking spaces at much higher than usual prices. The host city varies annually so plan accordingly if planning to be in the host city on Super Bowl Sunday. Valentine's Day (14 February) — private celebration of romance and love. Most restaurants are crowded; finer restaurants may require reservations made well in advance. Presidents Day (third Monday in February; officially Washington's Birthday) — many government offices and banks closed; many stores have sales. St. Patrick's Day (17 March) — Irish-themed parades and parties. Expect bars to be crowded. They will often feature themed drink specials. The wearing of green or a green accessory is common. Easter (a Sunday in March or April) — Christian religious observances. Depending on location, many restaurants, including franchised outlets of major national chains, may close. Major retailers generally open; smaller shops may or may not close. Passover (varies based on the Jewish calendar, eight days around Easter) — Jewish religious observance. Cinco de Mayo (5 May) — A minor holiday in most of Mexico often incorrectly assumed to be Mexican independence day which is really September the 16th, but nevertheless a major cultural celebration for Mexican-Americans. As with St. Patrick's Day, expect bars to be crowded, frequently with themed drink specials. Memorial Day (last Monday in May) — most non-retail businesses closed; some patriotic observances; trips to beaches and parks; beginning of the traditional beginning of summer tourism season which means jacked up summer prices for rooms and airfare to some places. Independence Day / Fourth of July (4 July) — most non-retail businesses closed; airports and highways crowded; patriotic parades and concerts, cookouts and trips to beaches and parks, fireworks at dusk. Labor Day (first Monday in September) — most non-retail businesses closed; cookouts and trips to beaches and parks; many stores have sales; last day of the traditional ending of summer tourism season which means a better time to plan for travel to or within the U.S. in many places. Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur (varies based on the Jewish calendar, September or early October) — Jewish religious observances. Columbus Day (second Monday in October) — many government offices and banks closed; some stores have sales. Columbus Day can be controversial, especially among Native Americans, and is not as widely observed as it was in the past. Halloween (31 October) — trick-or-treating, parades, and costume parties. Veterans Day (11 November) — government offices and banks closed; some patriotic observances. Thanksgiving Day (fourth Thursday in November, date varies annually) — almost all businesses closed, including grocery stores and many restaurants; family dinners. Airports and highways are very crowded. The next day, known as "Black Friday," major Christmas shopping traditionally begins. Many non-retail employees are given Friday off or take it as a holiday. If planning to fly within the U.S. during the week of the Thanksgiving holiday and the weekend after plan accordingly as the airfares are jacked up. Hanukkah / Chanukah (varies based on the Jewish calendar, eight days usually in December) — Jewish religious observance, often culturally associated with Christmas. Christmas Eve (24 December)the evening or day before Christmas Day. The mythical character Santa Claus comes during that night to deliver presents. Christmas (25 December) — almost all businesses, grocery stores, and many restaurants closed the evening before and all day. Airports and highways are crowded. Families and close friends exchange gifts; Christian religious observances. If planning to fly within the U.S. and internationally around the Christmas holiday and the week between Christmas and New Years Day plan accordingly as the airfares are jacked up. Kwanzaa (26 December-1 January) — African-American cultural observance. New Year's Eve (31 December) — many restaurants and bars open late; lots of parties, especially in big cities. From a foreign traveler's point of view, there are two major services affected by federal holidays: visas and mail. First, if you are a foreigner who needs to apply for a US visa, it is important to note the federal holidays marked in bold italics. All US embassies worldwide close on those days, in addition to the official holidays of the host country and are unable to process applications on those days. Second, United States Postal Service retail counters are closed on federal holidays, and in high-crime areas, the entire post office stays closed. Self-service kiosks at post offices in relatively safe areas with 24/7 lobby access remain operational through holidays. However, mail deposited at a post office or in a mailbox will not be processed until after the holiday is over. Other federal services like national parks and airport security operate 365 days a year regardless of federal holidays. Many state governments also observe official holidays of their own which are not observed in other states or by the federal government. Units of measure[ edit ] The United States is the only industrialized country that has still not adopted metric units of measure in daily life (it still uses the customary English units that were in use prior to the revolution, similar to the later British imperial system, but typically with smaller units as one of the major differences), except for scientific, engineering, medical, and military applications. All road signs and speed limits are posted in miles and miles per hour respectively. Automotive fuel is priced and sold per gallon. Other capacities of liquid products are normally quoted and sold per gallon, quart, or ounce (although liters are often indicated and sometimes exclusively used, as with some soda, wine, and other liquor products). Temperatures are reported in Fahrenheit only; 32 degrees (with units unspecified) is freezing (equivalent to 0 degrees Celsius). The good news is that most cars on the road in the US have both mph and km/h marked on their speedometers (good for trips to Canada and Mexico), and almost all groceries and household items sold in stores are labeled in both systems. The vast majority of Americans, though, have little day-to-day exposure to the metric system (apart from having studied it a little in school) and will assume some understanding of customary measures. In addition, the US government does not regulate apparel or shoe sizes. Although there are informal standard sizes, they are not strictly enforced. The only thing you can count on is that sizes tend to be consistent within the same brand. If you plan to shop for apparel or shoes, you will have to do some trial-and-error for each brand to determine what fits, because you cannot rely on any brand's sizes as equivalent to another's. Please note that, as the average body size of Americans tends to be larger than that of those living in other countries, a concept known as vanity sizing (the labeling of larger garments with smaller sizes) exists in many clothing retailers, especially those aimed at women. It is very possible for people with smaller body types to have some difficulty finding suitably sized clothing. For more information: Electrical systems Electricity in the United States is provided to consumers in the form of 120V, 60Hz alternating current, through wall outlets that take NEMA 1 or NEMA 5 plugs. (NEMA stands for National Electrical Manufacturers Association.) NEMA 1 plugs have two flat, blunt blades (don't worry, they're not sharp), one of which may or may not be polarized (slightly larger than the other), to ensure that the hot and neutral blades are inserted correctly for devices for which that matters. NEMA 5 plugs add a round grounding pin below the blades. All US buildings constructed or renovated after the early 1960s are required to have three-hole outlets that accept the two blades and one pin of NEMA 5 plugs, as well as both polarized and unpolarized NEMA 1 two-blade plugs. The US Virgin Islands uses a slightly lower voltage of 110V. American Samoa uses US plugs, the German Schuko plug, and the Australian standard plug. All of North America, nearly all of the Caribbean and Central America, Venezuela, and Taiwan follow US standards for electricity and plugs. If you are arriving from outside of those areas, you will need to verify whether your electrical devices are compatible with US electricity and plugs. Japan uses the same plugs as the US, but has a unique standard of 100V with frequency of either 50 or 60Hz depending on region. Most of the rest of the world uses 220-230V at 50Hz, for the simple reason that they began large-scale electrification at much later dates than the US and after wire insulation technology had significantly advanced. This meant they could select a higher voltage and lower frequency, which required less conductor material (meaning less use of expensive metals) but at the expense of more insulation and larger, more heavily insulated plugs. Colombia's voltage is 110V and Ecuador's 120-127V but the frequency is the same as the US. Most consumer electronics, computers, and shavers are already designed as "dual voltage" devices capable of accepting voltages from 110V up to 230V and between 50-60Hz. For those devices, a plug adapter is sufficient. Purchase your adapter at home before you depart. Most US stores carry adapters designed to adapt NEMA plugs to other countries' outlets, not the other way around. The differences in voltage and frequency are most frequently an issue for travellers with hair long enough to require the use of a hair dryer for proper hair care. Foreign visitors regularly find their hair dryers to be starved for power in the US; conversely, Americans' hair dryers are regularly burned out and destroyed by high voltages overseas. Apart from doing without or waiting an annoying long time to dry one's hair, the solutions are to either buy a high-wattage transformer capable of stepping up 120V to 220V buy a hair dryer with a switch that allows it to be switched between 110 and 220V buy a cheap US hair dryer for use during your trip; or book hotels that cater to international travellers and place hair dryers in the rooms for this reason. For more information[ edit ] The US federal government sets foreign policy, while the states deal with tourism. As such, the federal government provides the best information about legal requirements for entry, while information about places to visit and see is best provided by state and local tourism bureaus. Contact information is available in the individual state articles. At state borders, highway rest stops sometimes feature visitor centers and often offer travel and tourism information and materials, almost all of which is also available on-line or can be requested in advance by mail. Nearly every rest stop has a posted road map with a clearly indicated "You Are Here" marker. Some also offer free paper road maps to take with you. Note that government tourism bureaus and their Web sites tend to be rather indiscriminate in their recommendations, since for political reasons they cannot be seen as overly favorable towards any particular area within their jurisdiction. Regions[ edit ] The United States is composed of 50 states, various overseas territories, as well as the city of Washington, D.C. , a federal district and the nation's capital. Below is a rough grouping of these states into regions, from the Atlantic to the Pacific: Map of the USA Hawaii A volcanic archipelago in the tropical Pacific, 2,300 miles south west of California (the nearest state), laid-back Hawaii is a vacation paradise. With beautiful cliffs, jungles, waterfalls, and beaches, its definitely a place to unwind. The indigenous Polynesian population are known for being accommodating and fun-loving. Politically, the US is a federation of states, each with its own rights and powers (hence the name). The US also administers a motley collection of non-state territories around the world, the largest of which are Puerto Rico (which has the special status of a "commonwealth") and the US Virgin Islands in the Caribbean plus American Samoa , Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands (also has special status of a "commonwealth") in Oceania , along with many others. Cities[ edit ] White House south façade, Washington, DC The United States has over 10,000 cities, towns, and villages. The following is a list of just ten of the most notable. Other cities can be found in their corresponding regions . Boston - best known for its colonial history, its passion for sports, and its university students Chicago - the country's third largest city (though still known as "the Second City"), heart of the Midwest and transportation hub of the nation, with massive skyscrapers and other architectural gems Las Vegas - gambling city in the Nevada desert, home to over half of the top 20 biggest hotels in the world; popular for its casinos, shows and extravagant nightlife Los Angeles - the country's second largest city, home of the film industry, musicians, artists, and surfers, with beautiful mild weather, great natural beauty from mountains to beaches, and endless stretches of freeways, traffic, and smog Miami - attracts sun-seeking northerners and home to a rich, vibrant, Latin-influenced, Caribbean culture New Orleans - "The Big Easy" is the birthplace of Jazz, and is known for its quaint French Quarter and annual Mardi Gras celebration New York City - the country's largest city, home of the financial services and media industries, with world-class cuisine, arts, architecture, and shopping San Francisco - the City by the Bay, featuring the Golden Gate Bridge , vibrant urban neighborhoods, and dramatic fog Seattle - rich museums, monuments, and recreational opportunities, and five distinct climates within 200 miles (321km) Washington, D.C. - the current national capital, filled with major museums and monuments, along with multi-cultural communities Get in[ edit ] The United States has exceptionally onerous and complicated visa requirements. Read up carefully before your visit, especially if you need to apply for a visa, and consult the US State Department’s Bureau of Consular Affairs . Travelers have been refused entry for many reasons, often trivial. There is no airside transit without US entry between international flights. All travelers must disembark and proceed through immigration and customs inspection to enter the United States at first port entry, even if you're only staying for the two to four hours needed to transit between flights. This is most relevant if you're transiting between Asia or Europe to/from Latin America. Therefore, all travelers must be able to enter the United States on the Visa Waiver Program (or other visa exemption) or obtain a visitor's (B1 or B2) or transit (C1) visa. See below. Law and bureaucracy[ edit ] The US federal government has five separate agencies with jurisdiction over visitors. The most important one from a visitor's perspective is Customs and Border Protection (CBP), a bureau of the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The CBP's Office of Field Operations operates 20 Field Operations offices which supervise immigration and customs inspection stations at over 320 ports of entry. All travelers entering the United States must undergo immigration and customs inspection to ensure lawful entry. All US citizens and nationals and visitors who can qualify for the Visa Waiver Program (VWP) (as explained further below) generally encounter only CBP officers. If you cannot enter the US through the VWP, you must visit a US Embassy or Consulate in your home country to apply for and obtain a visa, which will often require a short visa interview with a US consular officer. US Embassies and Consulates are operated by the Bureau of Consular Affairs of the US Department of State. If you attempt to unlawfully cross a US land border at any other point besides a port of entry, you may encounter the U.S. Border Patrol, which is also part of CBP. If you attempt to unlawfully come ashore in the US from a body of water at any other point besides a port of entry, you may encounter the U.S. Coast Guard, which is normally part of DHS (but can operate as part of the Department of Defense in wartime). Finally, if you unlawfully enter the US, commit a severe crime in the US, or overstay your visa, you will likely encounter officers from the division of Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), another DHS bureau. ICE operates a gigantic system of immigration detention facilities. Strict compliance with US law during your stay is strongly recommended. ICE is frequently criticized by human rights organizations like Amnesty International for ongoing problems with substandard healthcare and human rights violations. Planning and pre-arrival documentation[ edit ] Visa-free entry[ edit ] Citizens of the 38 countries within the Visa Waiver Program , as well as Canadians, Mexicans living on the border (holding a Border Crossing Card), Bermudians, Cayman, and Turks and Caicos Islanders (with British Overseas Territories passports) generally do not require advance visas for entry into the United States. However, the requirements for Guam, the Marianas Islands, and American Samoa are different and are listed below. For Canadians and Bermudians, the entry period is normally for a maximum of six months. However, entry may still be refused on the basis of a criminal record. Those who have criminal records should seek out a US embassy for advice on whether they need a visa. For travelers under the Visa Waiver Program, the entry period is strictly limited to 90 days (see additional requirements below). As of July 2016, the countries participating in the Visa Waiver Program are Andorra , Austria , Australia , Belgium , Brunei , Chile , Czech Republic , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Iceland , Ireland , Italy , Japan , South Korea , Latvia , Liechtenstein , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , Monaco , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal , San Marino , Singapore , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Taiwan and the United Kingdom . Citizens of the Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau may enter, reside, study, and work in the US indefinitely with only a valid passport. Citizens of the Bahamas may apply for visa-free entry only at the US Customs pre-clearance facilities in the Bahamas to the States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands, but a valid police certificate may be required for those over the age of 14. Attempting to enter through any other port of entry, whether by land, sea, or air, requires a valid visa. However, Bahamaian citizens are not exempted from visa requirements for traveling to American Samoa. Persons holding a passport from the Cayman Islands , if they intend to travel directly to the US from there, may obtain a single-entry visa waiver for about $25 prior to departure. If traveling by air or cruise ship, a police certificate will be needed to travel to the States, Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands. This is the same for holders of British Virgin Islands or Turks and Caicos Islands passports. However, passport holders of the British Virgin Islands do not need a police certificate to travel to the U.S. Virgin Islands as only a passport will be needed. Visa Waiver Program requirements[ edit ] Travel under the Visa Waiver Program is limited to transit, tourism, or business purposes only; neither study, employment, nor journalism is permitted under the VWP. The 90-day limit cannot be extended nor will travel to Canada, Mexico, or the Caribbean reset the 90-day limit. Take care if transiting through the US on a trip exceeding 90 days to Canada and/or Mexico. Travelers entering the US under the VWP and arriving by air or sea must apply for Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) approval on-line before travel, preferably 72 hours before travel. An ESTA approval is valid for two years (unless your passport expires earlier) and costs $14 (payable by credit card). If granted, it allows the traveler to commence their journey to the US but (as with any visa or entry permit) it does not guarantee entry. Entry under the Visa Waiver Program by air or sea also requires that you are using a signatory carrier. It is a fairly safe assumption that commercial scheduled services to the US will be fine, but if you are on a chartered flight or vessel you should check the status of the carrier, as you may require a visa. Travelers entering by air or sea must also have a return/onward ticket out of the United States. If the return/onward ticket terminates in Canada, Mexico, Bermuda, or any Caribbean island, the traveler must be a legal resident of that country/territory. If travelling by land, there is a $7.00 fee when crossing the border. A criminal record, including arrests, will generally make a potential traveler ineligible for visa-free travel with the following exceptions: Traffic violations Civil infractions (such as littering, noise violations, disorderly conduct) A single conviction for possession of marijuana Purely political offenses (e.g. non-violent protest in countries where it is not allowed) Offenses committed before the age of 16. The ESTA application contains a questionnaire, which if answered truthfully will direct you to apply to a visa if you are ineligible for the Visa Waiver Program for reasons of criminal history, etc. If you have any concerns, complete the ESTA application well in advance of your departure to allow time to apply for a visa if directed to do so. Effective as of 2016, any person who is a citizen of both a VWP country and of Iran, Iraq, Sudan, or Syria, or a citizen of a VWP country and who has visited any of those four countries since March 2011 is ineligible to enter the United States under the Visa Waiver Program. There are disadvantages and restrictions to entering under the Visa Waiver Program. Under normal circumstances, these include the following: you can't apply to extend your authorized stay you can't apply to change your status Obtaining a visa[ edit ] TN: NAFTA employees from Canada or Mexico WB: Visa Waiver Program, Business; not extendable past 90 days WT: Visa Waiver Program, Tourist; not extendable past 90 days For the rest of the world, or for those who don't fit the profile of a Visa Waiver Program entry (e.g., need to stay more than 90 days) the visa application fee is a non-refundable $160 (as of April 2012) for visas that are not issued on the basis of a petition (ex. business, tourist, transit, student, and journalist) and $190 for those that are (employment). This fee is sometimes waived under very limited circumstances, namely for people requesting certain exchange visitor visas. Under US law, all persons requesting entry as non-immigrants are presumed to be immigrants (that is, trying to permanently migrate) until they overcome that presumption by presenting evidence of "binding ties" to their home country as well as sufficient proof that the visit will be temporary. To obtain a visa, face-to-face interviews at the nearest US embassy or consulate are required for nearly all nationalities. When the US rejects a visa application, it is usually because the applicant did not show enough binding ties to his or her home country to convince the consular officer that they will not try to overstay their visa. Since waits for interview slots and visa processing can add up to several months, you must start researching how to obtain a visa well in advance of your planned departure date. If you do not live close to a US consulate, you will need to set aside a day (or two) to travel to the closest consulate for the visa interview. For technical and scientific fields of work or study, processing a non-immigrant visa application can take up to 70 days, as it can require eight weeks to receive approval from authorities in Washington. This especially applies to military and dual-purpose fields which are mentioned in a so-called technical alert list . Note that a visa does not guarantee entry into the US. It only authorizes you to proceed to a port of entry and request admission. Be sure you apply for the right visa for your visit. Applying for the incorrect/inappropriate visa may lead to serious legal problems, as well as a possible indefinite bar from obtaining any US visa. Statue of Liberty, New York City Travel to US possessions[ edit ] The territories of Guam , Puerto Rico , the US Virgin Islands and the Northern Mariana Islands all have the same entry requirements as the 50 states. Although, the COFA nations aren't considered part of the U.S. and are independent countries, the U.S. maintains and exersises some extent of jurisdiction over the countries so the countries are somewhat US possessions. Which is why they are included here as US possessions. Guam-Northern Mariana Islands[ edit ] Guam and the Northern Marianas Islands allow entry, by air only, for an additional group of foreign nationals under the Guam-CNMI Visa Waiver Program: Brunei, Malaysia, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Taiwan (only on non-stop flights from Taiwan), and Hong Kong. Citizens of Australia, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Singapore, and the United Kingdom are also allowed entry under the Guam-CNMI VWP and may enter either under that or the federal VWP. Entrance under the Guam-CNMI VWP requires a valid, machine-readable passport and evidence of a return airfare, and is limited to a 45-day stay in Guam and the CNMI only. Residents of Hong Kong must present a valid HK permanent identity card and are allowed entry with either a Hong Kong S.A.R. passport or British National (Overseas) passport. Residents of Taiwan must present a valid R.O.C. National Identification Card in addition to an R.O.C. passport. Citizens of Russia are eligible for parole (essentially the same as visa-free travel) to enter the Northern Marianas Islands only. Because of differences in entry requirements, a full immigration check is done when traveling between Guam and the CNMI as well as on flights to the rest of the US (currently, only Guam-Hawaii flights). Despite not being part of the Guam-CNMI Visa Waiver Program, citizens of Russia can enter both territories Guam-CNMI visa-free under the waiver program, as long as they are in possession of a machine-readable passport, a completed Form I-736 (Guam-CNMI Visa Waiver Information form) and Form I-94 (Arrival-Departure Record) and a non-refundable and non-transferable return ticket. Citizens of China will need a visa to enter Guam, but not one to enter the Northern Mariana Islands. Citizens will need to be in possession of a machine-readable passport, completed Form I-736 (Guam-CNMI Visa Waiver Information form) and Form I-94 (Arrival-Departure Record) may enter the CNMI only visa-free for up to 45 days (travel to Guam still requires applying for a visa in advance). US and American Samoan citizens must have a passport as proof of citizenship for entry to Guam and the CNMI. However, US and American Samoan citizens can live, work, and travel freely in both territories. American Samoa[ edit ] American Samoa lies outside federal immigration jurisdiction and has separate entry requirements, which even apply to US citizens. Entry is allowed for 30 days (extendable to 60 days) for tourism with a valid passport and proof of onward travel or local employment. Nationals from the following countries can visit American Samoa for tourist purposes only visa-free for up to 30 days; Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brunei, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Palau, Portugal, San Marino, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. However, a entry permit will be issued upon arrival. Entry requirements are somewhat different for Americans with US citizenship. US citizens are required to have only a six month valid passport, a entry ticket, and a exit ticket. US citizens can live, work, and travel freely for a unlimited time in American Samoa. Puerto Rico-US Virgin Islands[ edit ] Both Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands choose to follow the Maindland US entry reqirements. As with the Mainland, any non-US citizen who is eligible may enter under the Visa Waiver Program. American and American Samoan citizens don't need a passport nor visa to travel to both Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. Only some form of government ID (example; a driver's license) is needed for proof of citizenship. Any US and American Samoan citizen can live, work and travel freely for a unlimited time in both territories. COFA nations[ edit ] US citizens and citizens of countries under the federal Visa Waiver Program plus Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia are allowed visa-free entry. And can reside and work anywhere in the United States for a unlimited time. All other foreign nationals must contact the American Samoa Attorney General's office to obtain a visa at (684) 633-4163. US Minor Outlying Islands[ edit ] All foreign, US and American Samoan citizens must have special travel permits to travel to all uninhabited territories that make up the US Minor Outlying Islands. Arriving in the United States[ edit ] Before arrival, if you are not a Canadian or Bermudian, you will receive either a white I-94 (if entering with a visa) or green I-94W (if entering on a visa waiver) form to complete. For visitors travelling under the Visa Waiver Program arriving by air, the I-94W has now been replaced by the electronic ESTA system; therefore the form is not required. Again, remember that the ESTA approval is in essence, a permit to travel - not a guarantee of entry, hence there is no need to produce a copy of it at passport control - had there been any problems you would have been denied boarding at your origin airport, however most travelers tend to keep a copy of it in their possession anyway, just in case. I-94 forms are now used primarily at land ports of entry. As October 2013, the I-94 paper form is now optional for virtually all visitors arriving by common carrier at air and sea ports of entry. CBP now has arrangements in place to electronically receive manifest information directly from all major common carriers. From the manifests, CBP's computers create and maintain electronic I-94 records for all passengers who are foreign visitors. CBP operates a Web site where visitors may view their own electronic I-94 record while they are still in the United States. When you reach a CBP immigration checkpoint, you will undergo a short interview if you are not a citizen or resident of the United States. A CBP officer will attempt to determine if the purpose of your visit is valid. Usually, the determination of admissibility is made in a minute or less. Otherwise, you may be referred to further questioning in a more private area. At that stage the CBP officers will likely search your possessions, and may read any documents, letters or diaries found in your possession. Do not bring anything that could imply you intend to permanently immigrate or otherwise violate the terms of your visa. For example, you should not be carrying work-related or sales materials if you are entering on a tourist visa. If you are unable to convince the CBP officers that you will abide by the terms of your visa (or VWP ESTA authorization if applicable), it can be cancelled on the spot, and you will be denied entry. Like immigration and customs officials everywhere, CBP officials are humorless about any kind of security threat. Even the most flippant joke implying that you pose a threat can result in lengthy interrogation at best, and summary expulsion at worst. For non-residents, your entry forms will need to state the street address of the location where you will be staying for the first night. This should be arranged in advance. The name of your hotel, hostel, university, etc. is not sufficient; you must provide the street name and number. Once you are admitted, the departure portion of your I-94 or I-94W will be stapled to your passport (if you were required to fill it out). Keep it safe as you will need to give it CBP upon departure from the US. In the alternative, even if you weren't required to fill out a I-94, the CBP officer will place an admission stamp in your passport which shows that you were admitted to the United States under a certain class and until a certain date. For most travellers entering on visitor status (B1 or B2), you will normally be granted permission to stay for up to six months. Travellers entering under the VWP will receive permission to remain for 90 days only. If you enter under a student (F) or exchange visitor (J) status, your permitted duration of stay will normally be indicated as D/S, which means "permitted to remain provided status as a student/exchange visitor is maintained". At customs[ edit ] All travellers entering the US (including US citizens, nationals, and permanent residents) must fill out the Customs Declaration form, CBP Form 6059B, a blue-colored form in the shape of a tall narrow rectangle. It used to be distributed on the plane, but some airlines now hand it out at check-in for flights to the US. If you are travelling with family members, then only one form per family is required to be filled out. Normally, the head of the family is responsible for ensuring the declaration is accurate. The Customs Declaration form asks you to declare whether you are bringing with you a variety of heavily regulated items, such as more than USD10,000 in cash. In addition, you must list on the back side all goods that you are permanently bringing into the US and leaving there (such as foreign gifts for US-based friends and family). The Form 6059B is notorious for not having enough space on the back, so ask for and fill out multiple forms if you have many items to declare. After you are admitted into the US and retrieve your bags from the baggage claim, you will proceed to the secondary inspection area (the customs checkpoint), regardless of whether your journey terminates at this airport or if you are transiting onward via another flight. Hand your customs declaration to the officer. Most of the time, the officer will point you to the exit and that will be it. Sometimes, the officer may ask you a few routine questions and then let you go. The officer may refer you to an adjacent X-ray machine to have your bags inspected or may refer you for a manual hand search of your bags. Any search more intrusive than a bag search is rare and is usually indicated only if some sort of probable cause has been established through questioning or during the bag search to suggest suspicious activity. Note that you can't bring meat or raw fruit or vegetables, but you may bring cooked non-meat packaged foods, such as bread, cookies, and other baked goods. See APHIS for details. The US Customs process is straightforward. Most articles that are prohibited or restricted in any other country are prohibited or restricted in the US. One rule that is unique to America is that it is generally prohibited to bring in goods made in countries on which the US has imposed economic sanctions such as Cuba, Iran , North Korea (DPRK) and Syria . The US possessions of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Marianas Islands, and the US Virgin Islands are all outside federal customs jurisdiction. Each imposes their own separate requirements. Travel between these regions and the rest of the US requires a customs inspection. There are some differences (mostly larger) in duty exemptions for US citizens returning from these destinations. After customs[ edit ] As noted above, all inbound citizens, nationals, and visitors must pass through immigration and customs at their first point of entry, regardless of whether they have onward connections to other destinations inside or outside the US or not. Many major airports have special arrangements for travellers with connecting flights such as a bag drop, check-in counter or security checkpoint just for the use of connecting passengers (you will need to re-clear security because you had access to your bags while passing through customs) upon coming out from customs inspection. Some airports do not, meaning that you will need to proceed to the main check-in desks with other departing passengers. Closed cities[ edit ] The closed off town of Mercury If you managed to get into the United States visa-free or not, if you plan on visiting rural Nevada , be carefull on where you are. There is a closed city in Nevada called Mercury which the town was involved in nuclear testing programs by the U.S. government, something it no longer conducts. This city like many other closed cities are closed off to the public, including foreigners. You will need special permission from the U.S. government in order to enter the town. Attempting to enter without the permission will get you arrested. Leaving the United States (and re-entering from Canada or Mexico)[ edit ] Thinking of Overstaying or Violating Status?: Make sure you leave before the authorized period of stay indicated in your I-94 form (not your visa) expires. If you overstay the period granted at passport control or violate your terms of entry (e.g., work while present as a visitor), this will automatically invalidate your visa and you'll no longer have a valid immigration status. In addition, overstaying your authorized stay or violating the conditions will make it extremely difficult to re-enter the United States for any purpose, and this may, in some cases, bar you from re-entry for at least three years, if not permanently. If you entered under the Visa Waiver Program but overstayed, you will need a visa for all future visits. Even if you did not technically overstay each of your visits, if officers suspect or detect a pattern with your previous visits/travel history that suggests you are in fact spending more time in the US than your home country (e.g. you leave the US only to return there a few weeks later), you may also face severe questioning the next time you arrive. Unlike most countries, the US does not provide formal passport control checkpoints for those exiting the country. This used to be a big problem for many tourists who left by air or sea, but is not a major issue any more. Since CBP now receives manifests automatically from all major common carriers, CBP can automatically update their electronic I-94 records to show you timely departed from the United States as long as you leave on a common carrier (like a major airline). Otherwise, if you are leaving the US for the last time on a particular trip (e.g., not returning from Canada or Mexico), it is ultimately your responsibility to turnover the departure record of your I-94 or I-94(W) to CBP at the Canadian or Mexican borders if leaving by land. Seattle skyline, Washington state, Pacific Northwest Most visitors from outside Canada and Mexico arrive in the United States by plane. While many medium-sized inland cities have an international airport, there are limited flights to most of them. Most travellers enter the US at one of the major entry points along the coasts: From the east: New York City, Newark, Chicago, Philadelphia , Atlanta , Charlotte , Boston, Washington, D.C., Orlando, and Miami are the primary entry points from Europe and other transatlantic points of departure. All the major East Coast airports have service from a few key European cities. Other cities, such as Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle, while not on the east also have a good number of flights from major European cities flying over northern Greenland and the Hudson Bay or the Arctic Ocean. US immigration and customs can be completed prior to boarding in Shannon and Dublin airports in Ireland . From the west: New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Honolulu are the primary points of entry from Asia and other transpacific points of departure. with Chicago , Houston , Dallas , Detroit , Atlanta , Boston and Washington, D.C. having a few international flight options. Of course, if you arrive in Honolulu, you must take another flight to get to the mainland. Foreign airlines are not allowed to transport passengers to/from Hawaii or Alaska and the other 48 states (except for refueling and in-transit). They may allow a stopover in Hawaii for free or for an extra cost to passengers travelling onwards from the United States. If you are flying into the West Coast to transit to another destination, San Francisco International Airport has a free frequent SkyTrain linking terminals and relatively short security lines, in comparison to Los Angeles where you will be exposed to the weather catching a shuttle bus or walking between terminals and will have to put up with huge security lines. Qantas serves Dallas/Fort Worth non stop from Sydney, in addition to their daily service to Los Angeles from Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane and San Francisco from Sydney. Air New Zealand also serves Houston from Auckland as well as Honolulu, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. From the north: Chicago, Detroit and Minneapolis feature many flights from major Asian and Canadian cities. Most major US airports receive nonstop flights from most major cities in Canada while others closer to the Canadian border also have direct buses by various companies to/from the nearest Canadian city north of the border (such as Vancouver-Seattle; Toronto-Buffalo; Detroit-Windsor, etc.). In most major Canadian airports, U.S immigration and/or formalities are completed and approved PRIOR to boarding a U.S. bound flight thus arriving into the U.S. as 'domestic' flight. From the south: Miami, Atlanta, Houston, and Dallas are the primary entry points from Latin America , primarily South and Central America and the Caribbean. Also Los Angeles , Chicago , New York , Washington, DC , and Charlotte are major international waypoints. Most major US airports receive nonstop flights from most major cities in Mexico. There are very limited number of direct flights available between the 'west' (China, Japan, Korea, Australia, New Zealand, etc) and and 'south' (Central & South America) which can requires a transfer or stopover in the United States. Most travelers travelling between Asia-Pacific and Central and South American destinations usually transfer flights in Los Angeles. Others may arrive into Los Angeles and continue across to Dallas, Houston, or Miami and continue south from there (vice versa) depending on the destinations and the airlines used. From the "east" and "other side of the world" they may arrive in Chicago, Houston, New York, or Miami to make connections for south bound flights). From Cuba: Miami is the the primary entry/exit points from/to Cuba. Due to the ongoing strict embargo against Cuba, flights are available on a chartered basis through specialized travel agents authorized to sell tickets by OFAC (Office of Foreign Assets Control) and only to those with an OFAC license to spend money in Cuba. As of December 17, 2014 Presidents Barack Obama and Raul Castro announced moves to re-establish diplomatic relations between the two countries as well as to loosen trade and travel restrictions. Implementation plans are underway to normalize trade & travel in the coming months or years and this section is subject to change as the airlines plan regular flights between the US and Cuba and to apply for approval to fly the routes from authorities on both sides of the Florida Strait. From the other side of the world: New Delhi , India has non-stop service to New York (via JFK and Newark airports), Chicago, and San Francisco. Mumbai has non-stop flights to New York (JFK and Newark). From Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , Uzbekistan and United Arab Emirates you can also fly to New York (JFK). Qatar , and Saudi Arabian fly to Washington, D.C., and South African Airways goes to New York (JFK) and Washington, DC (Dulles). Los Angeles, Dallas , and Houston both offer non-stop service to Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. Luggage allowance for flights to or from the US usually operates on a piecewise system in addition to the weight system even for foreign carriers. This means that you are allowed a limited number of bags to check-in where each bag should not exceed certain linear dimensions (computed by adding the length, width and height of the bags). The exact allowances and restrictions on weight, linear dimension and number of baggage allowed are determined by the carrier you are flying with, your origin (if coming to the US) or destination (if leaving the US) and the class of service you are travelling in. Airport security[ edit ] International flights bound for the United States tend to feature extremely strict security. Besides going through a regular security search to enter the departure area of the airport terminal, it was standard up until 2015 at many airports to have an additional layer of security around waiting areas for gates for US-bound flights with a secondary security checkpoint of its own. While that kind of security is no longer seen at many airports, all airlines with US-bound flights continue to carefully inspect all documents at time of boarding and often still perform hand searches of carry-on bags on the jetway. Within the US, airport security procedures continue to evolve. The TSA (Transportation Security Administration) now requires all passengers to remove shoes and outerwear (coats and jackets) and submit those items along with all personal belongings to X-ray screening. Laptops and large cameras must be removed from bags and scanned separately. Full body scanning x-ray machines are now in use at many US airports, which are capable of detecting many non-metallic threats. Because of early problems with displaying far too much detail at security checkpoints to the embarrassment of travelers, the scanners were subsequently modified so that a fully detailed image is displayed only at a remote analysis center. The off-site screener marks rectangles on a generic diagram corresponding to any portions of a traveler's body that look unusual. Only that marked-up diagram is displayed at the checkpoint, thereby enabling TSA officers to focus any necessary pat-down on those areas. If there is nothing suspicious on the scan, the off-site screener sends an "OK" message authorizing the traveler to proceed. The full body scanners are optional and passengers have the legal right to "opt out" and request a manual search instead. Furthermore, passengers may also be randomly selected for additional screening, such as an "enhanced pat-down." Do not assume that you are in any sort of trouble or that you are even suspected of causing trouble, simply because you are being subjected to these further screenings. Pre-clearance[ edit ] Passengers whose journeys originate in major Canadian airports and involve either US or Canadian carriers will have the advantage of clearing US entry formalities (passport control and customs) at their Canadian port-of-exit. As far as most flights from Canada are concerned, they are treated similarly as US domestic flights but only because clearance has been performed at the Canadian airport. Hence once passengers from Canada arrive at their US port-of-entry, rather than walk through a secluded corridor, they can see the display of restaurants and shops at the domestic terminal on their way to baggage claim. It is worth noting that most Canadian carriers are located in US domestic terminals. Take note that passengers on US-Canadian flights operated by foreign carriers like Philippine Airlines and Cathay Pacific will still see traditional entry formalities upon arrival at their US port-of-entry; a Canadian transit visa may be required even if passengers are confined to a holding area for the entire transit time. Some airports in Canada, including Vancouver International Airport, Terminal 1 of Toronto -Pearson Airport, and Montréal -Trudeau Airport generally do not require passengers in transit from abroad to pass through Canadian Customs and Immigration controls before going through US pre-clearance formalities. However, even if you pass through these airports, make sure that your papers are in order to allow you to enter Canada. If you cannot travel to the US on the same day you go through pre-clearance, if you are not cleared for entry to the United States, or if you and/or your luggage is not checked through by your airline to at least your first destination in the United States, you will need to report to Canada Customs, and in that event, a Canadian transit or temporary resident visa may be required. Pre-clearance facilities are available at most major Canadian airports (Toronto-Pearson, Montreal-Trudeau, Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier, Vancouver, Calgary , etc.), Queen Beatrix International Airport in Aruba , Grand Bahama and Lynden Pindling International Airports in the Bahamas , Bermuda International Airport in Bermuda , and Dublin and Shannon International Airports in Ireland . Passengers on British Airways flights from London to New York City transiting via either Dublin or Shannon, Ireland can take advantage of US passport control and customs pre-clearance at Dublin or Shannon. Upon arrival at the US, they will arrive as domestic passengers and can transfer immediately to domestic flights. By car[ edit ] Visa Restrictions: All persons wishing to enter the United States by land must possess a valid passport; NEXUS, FAST, or passport card; Laser Visa; or an "enhanced driver's license" (issued by certain US states and Canadian provinces) Traffic travels on the right-hand side (as it does in Canada and Mexico), except in the US Virgin Islands , due to left-hand driving being common in the smaller Caribbean islands. If you are entering under the Visa Waiver Program, you will need to pay a $6.00 fee, in cash, at the point of entry. No fee is payable if you are simply re-entering and already have the Visa Waiver slip in your passport. The US-Canada and US-Mexico borders are two of the most frequently crossed borders in the world, with millions of crossings daily. Average wait times are up to 30 minutes, but some of the most heavily traveled border crossings may have considerable delays—approaching 1-2 hours at peak times (weekends, holidays). Current wait times (updated hourly) are available on the US customs service website . The US-Mexico border is vulnerable to high levels of drug trafficking, so vehicles crossing may be X-rayed or searched by a drug-sniffing dog. If anything about you appears suspicious, you and your vehicle may be searched. Since this is an all-too-common event, expect no patience or sympathy from border agents. As Canada and Mexico use the metric units of measure but the US uses customary units, bear in mind that after the border, road signs are published in miles and miles per hour. Therefore, if you are driving a car from Canada or Mexico, be mindful that a speed limit of 55mph in the US is 88km/h. By bus[ edit ] Greyhound offers many inexpensive cross-border services from both Canada and Mexico throughout their network. Some routes, such as Toronto to Buffalo have hourly service. Megabus US also runs multiple daily trips from Toronto (also a hub for Megabus Canada) to New York City via Buffalo for as low as $1. Be warned that bus passengers often experience greater scrutiny from US customs officials than car or train passengers. Onward travel to: Mexico is provided by Grupo Estrella Blanca ; Grupo Senda or see the specific Wikitravel articles for individual cities and towns near the border between US and Mexico. Canada is provided by Greyhound Canada which has a Canada-wide network. By boat[ edit ] Entering the U.S. by sea, other than on a registered cruise ship, may be difficult. The most common entry points for private boats are Los Angeles and the surrounding area, Florida , and the Eastern coastal states. Some passenger ferries exist between Canada and the U.S., mostly between British Columbia and Washington State (from Victoria & Sidney, BC) or Alaska (from Prince Rupert). Cunard offers transatlantic ship travel between the United Kingdom and New York City. By train[ edit ] Amtrak offers international service from the Canadian cities of Vancouver (Amtrak Cascades has two trips per day to Seattle), Toronto (Maple Leaf has a daily trip to New York City), and Montreal (Adirondack has a daily trip to New York City) into the US. Note that cross border rail service is more expensive and less quick than the buses, which are more frequent and serve a larger range of US destinations from both Canada and Mexico. On international trains from Montreal and Toronto, immigration formalities are conducted at the border. Those travelling from Vancouver clear U.S. immigration and customs at the Union Pacific Station before they get on the train itself. Be sure to allow enough time before departure to complete the necessary inspections. Amtrak does NOT offer cross border trains to/from Mexico nor are there any other onward passenger trains going south from the U.S./Mexican border. Therefore the nearest train stations to the Mexican border are in San Diego (Pacific Surfliner) and El Paso (Sunset Limited & Texas Eagle). From either train station take local transportation (light rail in San Diego or bus or taxi in El Paso ) to get to the actual border crossing. By foot[ edit ] There are many border crossings in urban areas which can be crossed by pedestrians. Crossings such as those in or near Niagara Falls , Detroit , Tijuana , Nogales , and El Paso are popular for persons wishing to spend a day on the other side of the border. In some cases, this may be ideal for day-trippers, as crossing by car can be a much longer wait. Get around[ edit ] The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California The size of the US and the distance between some major cities make air the dominant mode of travel for short-term travelers over long distances. If you have time, travel by car, bus, or rail can be interesting. Be Aware: In general, outside of the downtown areas of big cities (especially New York , Boston , Philadelphia , Washington, D.C. , Chicago and San Francisco ), public transport in the U.S. is not as commonly used, developed, nor reliable as in many European and Asian countries. Due to cheap fuel prices, endless available parking spaces, cheap auto insurance, very cheap car prices and large distances to travel, Americans prefer to drive their own car rather than opt for public transport. By plane[ edit ] The quickest and often the most convenient way of long-distance intercity travel in the US is by plane. Coast-to-coast travel takes about six hours from east to west, and five hours from west to east (varying due to winds), compared to the three or four days necessary for land transportation. Most cities in the US are served by one or two airports; many small towns also have some passenger air service, although you may need to detour through a major hub airport to get there. Depending on where you are starting, it may be cheaper to drive to a nearby large city and fly or, conversely, to fly to a large city near your destination and rent a car. Major carriers compete for business on major routes, and travelers willing to book two or more weeks in advance can get bargains. However most smaller destinations are served by only one or two regional carriers, and prices to destinations outside of the big cities can be very expensive. Service types[ edit ] There are several types of airlines flying in the United States today: Mainline or legacy carriers - Due to numerous bankruptcies and acquisitions, there are only three major and two minor legacy carriers left: Delta Air Lines (Northwest Airlines has merged with Delta), United Airlines (Continental has merged with United), and American Airlines (US Airways has merged with American); plus Alaska Airlines and Hawaiian Airlines . These carriers used to be "full-service", although because of their chronic financial distress, they are increasingly taking after overseas carriers like Ryanair and transitioning into "no-frills" carriers. On a domestic flight in economy class, expect to pay extra for anything beyond a seat (with very limited recline), 1 or 2 carry-on bags, and soft drinks. In-flight entertainment on mainline carriers' ageing domestic jetliners is generally limited to drop-down LCD screens that show the same programs to all economy passengers. Newer domestic jetliners do not even have LCD screens on the assumption that economy passengers will bring their own phones and tablets, which means flight attendants must pull out a set of props to do the pre-flight safety briefing (as has always been the case on smaller planes). Some flights to/from Hawaii or Alaska still offer a few perks, but check for your particular airline and flight. Mainline carriers also offer first class service which features a larger seat which can recline farther, free food and drinks, a fully interactive personal entertainment system, and generally better service. Round-trip fares can run over a thousand dollars, even for short flights, making the added cost not worth it for the vast majority of travelers. (Most travelers in first class get their seat as a complimentary frequent flier upgrade or similar perk.) You may also be offered an upgrade at a much lower cost during check in or at the airport if there are open seats available. Note that on certain premium transcontinental services between New York City and Los Angeles / San Francisco offered by American ("Flagship Service") and United ("United p.s."), first class and business class services are comparable to equivalent international offerings with gourmet meals and lie-flat seats. The same is true of some flights between the East Coast and Hawaii. Regional airlines come in three varieties. Regional subsidiaries operate under an umbrella brand such as "American Eagle" or "United Express" and run small regional jets or turboprops to locales where it is not economically or technically feasible to run a full-sized jet. These flights are booked through their parent's reservation system (e.g., Delta Connection through Delta), either as a stand-alone flight or connecting to a mainline itinerary, and any miles earned are recorded in the parent's frequent flier account system. Their operations are supposed to be seamlessly integrated (at least in theory) with their parent brands with respect to things like check-ins, boarding passes, and checked baggage. On-board service is very basic for all classes. They flourished in the early 1990s when the financially distressed mainline airlines began specializing in running only very large jetliners on lucrative long-distance routes. Their regional allies, specializing in operating smaller planes, would run feeder routes into the parent's hubs that would enable passengers from small towns to connect to the parent's long-distance routes; conversely, the regional airlines would enable passengers coming off the parent's long-distance routes to easily connect to outlying small towns rather than exiting at a hub airport and completing the rest of the journey by car, bus, or train. Regional airlines tend to have a mediocre safety record. They often hire desperate pilots who are eager to break into a career in commercial aviation but for whatever reason could not qualify for or did not want to earn their flight hours in the US military. Regional pilots thus tend to work for low pay and long hours in the hope of building sufficient flight experience to apply for and get a decent-paying job as the pilot of a full-size jetliner with the regional subsidiary's parent legacy airline. As a result, there have been a number of crashes or near-misses blamed upon low-paid, overworked regional pilots. They are operated by SkyWest ; Mesa Air Group ; Republic ; and Express Jet as United Express, Delta Connection, American Eagle/Envoy, Alaska Airlines, Frontier, and/or US Airways Express. They operate one or several brands of the bigger 'legacy' parent(s) at the same time. Reservations and ticketing with the "regional (commuter) carriers" are handled through the "legacy" parent carriers instead of these airlines themselves. Independent regional airlines are not affiliated with a mainline carrier. They are usually found in more out of the way places, as well as near island communities ( Cape Cod , Hawaii , Virgin Islands , etc.). The ones operating on their own names and not affiliated with the bigger carriers (as named above) are: Cape Air , Great Lakes Aviation , SeaPort , Silver Airways and Vision . Commuter airlines primarily serve the business travel market, with 10-30 seat turboprop planes. If you can work with their schedules and choice of airports (usually private aviation airports and municipal airfields) - their consistent fares can be a bargain compared even to low cost carriers. Additionally, since fares are the same whether you buy a month in advance or the day of, tickets are also flexible with no cancellation or change fees. Low-cost carriers have grown rapidly in the U.S. since the early 1990s. The most famous of these is the ubiquitous Southwest Airlines , a favorite of leisure and business travelers alike; while Frontier , Spirit ; Allegiant and others (including the big mainline carriers and hybrid carriers) have been growing into formidable competitors. Amenities vary greatly by carrier. On one end, Southwest is the only airline in the United States that lets passengers check two bags free of charge. They have done away with some of the formality of air travel; they do not take reservations from travel agents (all reservations are through their Web site or call center), and they have no assigned seating or buy-on-board programs (free soft drinks and snacks for all passengers). At the other end of the spectrum, Spirit Airlines sells seats for as low as $9.00, but charges fees for everything beyond the seat: checked and hand luggage, buying a ticket online (if you want to avoid that fee, you have to buy at the counter), advance seat assignments, checking-in at the airport, printing out documents at the airport, on-board refreshments, etc. European visitors familiar with Ryanair will find Spirit's fee-for-everything business model to be strikingly similar. Southwest and Allegiant serve destinations nationwide, although they sometimes use smaller or alternative airports such as Chicago Midway instead of the larger O'Hare International Airport, Houston Hobby instead of the Houston Bush Intercontinental or Dallas Love Field instead of Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport. Other low-cost carriers such as Allegiant and Sun Country focus on "vacation destinations" like Florida , Mexico , the Virgin Islands , etc. Hybrid carriers offer more amenities than low-cost airlines but with fares lower than the legacies. The most famous of these is JetBlue Airways which has an extensive network covering primarily major airports, one free checked bag, 34 inches between seats (very generous for an American airline) and free satellite TV (DirectTV) in every seat. A relative newcomer is the trendy brainchild of Sir Richard Branson: Virgin America which offers a relatively low-priced First Class option, as well as mood lighting, relatively comfortable seats, and interactive in-flight entertainment in all classes in its aircraft. Fees[ edit ] The FAA has been cracking down on non-disclosed fees for a while, so the good news is that most of the prices that you immediately see when searching for flights already include all taxes and other mandatory fees applicable to all passengers. This is true whether you directly check the carrier's website or an online travel agency like Orbitz. Unlike carriers in other foreign countries, most US carriers do not explicitly impose a fuel surcharge. However, carriers charge for extra services, especially mainline/legacy ones. Here is a run down of services that may incur additional fees, as well as strategies for avoiding them if they aren't a service you need or want. Even baggage fees can be avoided with careful planning: Checking in with an agent: A few airlines are charging an additional fee ($3-10) for checking in with an actual human being, and Spirit Airlines also charges you for using the airport kiosk instead of checking in online. Unless you need to check in with an agent (eg, if you have specialized equipment that qualifies for a baggage fee waiver) you should check in online and print your boarding pass at home to save time and avoid additional charges. Some airlines will let you use your iPhone, Android, or BlackBerry as a boarding pass, either by showing an e-mail with a barcode to security and the gate agent, or through a specialized app, although many smaller and regional airports do not support mobile boarding passes yet. Checked baggage: Though prices vary by airline, you're generally looking at between $25 and $35 to check a single bag, an additional $50 for a second bag, and up to $100 or more for a third bag. Bags that are oversized or overweight will easily double or triple these fees. You're allowed to carry on one small suitcase or garment bag and one personal item (like a briefcase, backpack, or purse) free of charge. If you can get everything in your carry-ons, this is the best way to avoid baggage fees. Due to ongoing security restrictions, liquids, gels, shaving creams, and similar items must be under 3.4oz (100mL) and must be removed and presented to security inside a transparent resealable plastic bag for separate examination. Razor blades, electric shavers, scissors, or anything else with a blade or sharp edge can never be placed in your carry-on, and will be confiscated on the spot if discovered. + Ultra low cost carrier Spirit Airlines charges $20-35 per bag for carry-ons, depending on whether you're a member of their fare club and whether you pay online or at the airport, in many cases it's actually cheaper to check these bags instead of carrying on. As of 2015, no other airline charges for carry-on baggage. Members of frequent flier rewards programs who have "elite" status may typically check 1 or more bags free of charge, or may receive other perks such as additional weight allowances. Some airlines have a branded credit card that offers similar perks. Pre-paying baggage charges online may give you a slight discount on some carriers. Discount carriers JetBlue and Southwest allow all passengers one and two checked bags free of charge, respectively. Due to these fees, another popular alternative is to ship luggage via UPS, FedEx or the U.S. Postal Service, although this does take some extra planning and preparation. Curbside check in: $2-10 on top of any bag or check-in fees, plus a tip is usually expected. Extra legroom seats: the cost depends on the length of the trip but expect to pay anything from 5 to 15% of the standard economy class fare. This is bookable at the time you purchase your ticket. Those in higher tiers can get this at no extra cost. Food: Most airlines offer some small snacks (e.g., peanuts, potato chips, cookies) free of charge on all flights. On flights longer than 1.5–2 hours, a buy-on-board option may be offered where you can purchase prepackaged sandwiches, snacks, and occasionally hot food at inflated prices. Many legacy airlines used to include in the base ticket price at least one hot meal service for all classes on domestic flights over four hours in length, but due to their financial distress, dramatically cut back on the quality of in-flight meals in the 1980s (which led to an epidemic of jokes in that era about "airline food") and eventually stopped including it altogether by the mid-1990s. Since then, most domestic passengers who did not have the time to stop for a real meal before arriving at the airport usually eat at a post-security airport restaurant before boarding their plane. Flights from the East Coast to Alaska, Hawaii and U.S. Pacific territories (which can be over eight hours in length) and intercontinental flights still feature traditional meal service. All airlines allow you to bring your own food and non-alcoholic beverages on board. All except the smallest airports have an array of fast food and quick serve options in the terminal — but you can't bring liquids through the security checkpoint (and some airports do not allow food either), so don't purchase anything until after you've cleared security. While airside food outlets will inevitably be more expensive than what's available before security or off-airport, it still costs much less and likely has a larger selection than what's available on board. Some cities, such as Philadelphia , regulate airport food vendors and limit how much air-side restaurants can markup. Drinks: Beverage service is one thing the airline industry hasn't done away with, and even the shortest regional jet flights still feature complimentary coffee, tea, water, juice and soda - an exception is ultra low fare carrier Spirit, who charges for anything other than water. If you'd like something stronger, you can pay $5–7 to pick among a decent selection of beer, two or three varieties of wine, and a couple of basic cocktails that can be mixed easily and quickly (e.g. gin and tonic). In-flight entertainment: Most US carriers offer entertainment of one kind or another on longer domestic routes. Delta, JetBlue, Virgin America, and some of United's fleet offer free satellite TV in every seat, as well as movies on demand for purchase for $3-8. American has overhead screens showing movies and sitcom episodes on most longer routes, while U.S. Airways and Southwest do not have in flight entertainment of any kind. In-flight WiFi: Delta, JetBlue and Southwest offer in-flight WiFi on nearly all their domestic fleets - American, U.S. Airways and United offer it on select flights. Prices range from $5-20, depending on the airline, length of flight, and device (tablets and smartphones get a discount as they use less data) but the Internet connection is good for almost the entire flight (at least until told by crew to switch-off your devices). Daily and monthly passes are also available for less than $50/month. Most airlines do not offer power ports in economy, so be sure you're charged up or have extra batteries for your device. Mobile phones are usually permitted to be operated in-flight as long as they have been set to flight mode (which effectively shuts-off the mobile phone signal from your provider) before being airborne. Pillows and blankets are disappearing rapidly. Some airlines don't have them at all; some will charge you for them (but you get to keep after you pay); and one or two offer them for free (but you have to ask for them). Red-eye and long (>5 hour) flights are more likely to have free pillows and blankets. As always, check with your airline, and bring your own from home if you think you'll need them. Lounge passes: Each mainline carrier operates a network of lounges, such as Alaska Airline's "Board Rooms" and Delta's "Sky Clubs" - offering a quieter space to relax or work in, business amenities such as free WiFi, fax services and conference rooms, as well as complimentary finger foods, soft drinks, beer and wine. Frequent flyers buy annual memberships to these lounges, but any passenger can buy a day pass during check in or at the club itself, usually around $50, although sometimes less if you buy online. Only you can decide if the fee is worthwhile, but if you're in the upper elite tiers of an airline alliance (One World Sapphire or Emerald, Star Alliance Gold or SkyTeam Elite Plus) you may have access to these lounges for free with your frequent flyer card. For members in the highest tiers, this privilege may be extended to a travelling companion. Additionally international Business and First Class passengers can also access these lounges for free. First class upgrades: Delta, United, and US Airways sell upgrades on a first come-first served basis at check-in if first class has open seats. This is one to actually consider, especially if you're checking bags - "day of" upgrades can sometimes be as low as $50 each way, less than the cost of two bag fees. You'd may be paying less to check your bags and additionally getting priority security screening, boarding and baggage handling, along with a larger seat and free refreshments on board. Most mainline carriers feature "cashless cabins" meaning any on-board purchases must be paid with either Visa or MasterCard (Delta also accepts American Express). Regional subsidiaries generally do still accept cash on-board, although flight attendants may not be able break large bills - hence the traditional request "exact change is appreciated." If you paid in advance for first class, checked baggage, meals, and alcoholic beverages are all included with the price of your ticket, as well as priority access to check-in agents, lounge access and boarding. Ironically, America's discount airlines, such as JetBlue, Southwest, and Virgin America sometimes have more amenities than the legacy carriers, and for many people may be a much better experience. Jet Blue offers over 45 channels of satellite television, non-alcoholic beverages and real snacks for free on every flight; Virgin America also has satellite TV, in addition to on demand dining (even in economy). On Jet Blue your first checked bag is free ($35 for a second bag), and Southwest is the only U.S. carrier to still offer two checked bags per passenger free of charge. Virgin America charges for checked bags, but their fees are considerably lower than the legacies. Security concerns[ edit ] Security at US airports is known to be onerous, especially during busy holiday travel periods. Allow plenty of time and pack as lightly as possible. Ensure the amount of liquids you bring does not exceed the prescribed limit and is properly placed in the prescribed containers. Currently those limits are referred to as '311' - 3 ounces or less liquid bottles placed in one single, transparent, resealable plastic bag that is 1 quart (1 litre) or less in size. Please note that you can take as many of the little "travel size" 3-ounce (100 ml) bottles that you can cram into that single bag. The little bottles of shampoo and conditioner provided in the rooms at most decent hotels are perfect for this. Many pharmacies, as well as Wal-Mart, Target, and most major grocery stores have a section for "trial or travel size" bottles of personal care liquids that fall under the three-ounce limit. By private plane[ edit ] The cost of chartering the smallest private jet begins at around $4,000 per flight hour, with the cost substantially higher for larger, longer-range aircraft, and cheaper for smaller propeller planes. While private flying is by no means inexpensive, a family of four or more can often fly together at a cost similar to or even favorable to buying first class commercial airline tickets, especially to smaller airports where scheduled commercial flights are at their most expensive, and private flying is at its cheapest. Though you may find it cheaper than flying a family of four first class internationally, it is rarely the case, except when traveling from Western Europe. Air Charter refers to hiring a private plane for a one time journey. Jet Cards are pre-paid cards entitling the owner to a specific number of flight hours on a specified aircraft. As all expenses are pre-paid on the card, you need not to concern yourself with deadhead time, return flights, landing fees, etc. Amtrak[ edit ] Except for certain densely populated corridors (mostly near and between the big cities of the Northeast), passenger trains in the United States can be surprisingly scarce and relatively expensive. The national rail system, Amtrak (1-800-USA-RAIL), provides service to many cities, offering exceptional sightseeing opportunities, but not particularly efficient inter-city travel, and is often just as expensive as a flight. In more urban locations, Amtrak can be very efficient and comfortable, but in rural areas delays are common. Plan ahead to ensure train travel between your destinations is available and/or convenient. They have promotional discounts of 15% for students and seniors, and a 30-day U.S. Rail Pass for international travelers only. If you plan to buy a regular ticket within a week of travelling, it pays to check the website for sometimes significant "weekly specials". Amtrak offers many amenities and services that are lacking from other modes of transport. Amtrak offers many routes that traverse some of America's most beautiful areas. Travelers with limited time may not find travel by train to be convenient, simply because the country is big, and the "bigness" is particularly evident in many of the scenic areas. For those with ample time, though, train travel offers an unparalleled view of the U.S., without the trouble and long-term discomfort of a rental (hire) car or the hassle of flying. Trains running on the Washington D.C. to Boston Northeast Corridor (Acela Express and the Regional) and the Philadelphia to Harrisburg Keystone Corridor (Keystone Service and Pennsylvanian) generally run on time or very close to it. These two rail lines are electrified and owned by Amtrak or other commuter railways and are passenger only. Outside these two areas, Amtrak operates on freight lines and as a result must share track with freight trains hosted by host railroads. This means you have about as good a chance of a delay as not. While these delays are usually brief (trains make up time en route), have a contingency plan for being at least three hours late when travelling Amtrak. In fact, six hour or longer delays, especially on long-distance routes, are not uncommon, either. If you miss an Amtrak connection because your first train is late, Amtrak will book you onto the next available train (or in rare cases a bus) to your final destination. If your destination is on the Northeast Corridor, this isn't a big deal (departures are every hour) but in other parts of the country the next train may not be until tomorrow. If your reservations involved sleeper accommodations (Amtrak's First Class on their long-distance overnight trains) on either your late-arriving train or your missed connection, you will get a hotel voucher for the unplanned overnight stay. For coach class passengers in the same situation, you will not get a hotel voucher; your unplanned lodging arrangements and cost will be your responsibility. However, after your travel is completed, Amtrak's Customer Service will commonly offer travel vouchers of $100 or more off future Amtrak travel to inconvenienced passengers. This is true for all classes of service. If you plan to board an Amtrak train at a location other than the train's initial place of departure, it's usually a good idea to call ahead before you leave for the station to see if the train is running on time. A major Amtrak line in regular daily use by Americans is the Acela Express line, running between Boston and Washington, D.C. It stops in New York City, New Haven , Philadelphia and many other cities on the way. Acela Express is electrified, with top speeds of 150 miles per hour (though the average speed is a good deal slower because many track sections have curves too tight to be safely traversed at more than 90mph). The Acela Express features comfortable first class intercity service, but can be quite expensive. Given the difficulty and expense of getting from the center of some of the major Northeastern cities to their respective airports, trains can sometimes be more convenient than air travel. There are also frequent but much slower regional trains covering the same stations along the Northeast Corridor for lower fares. During usual American vacation times, some long-distance trains (outside the Northeast) can sell out weeks or even months in advance, so it pays to book early if you plan on using the long-distance trains. Booking early also results in generally lower fares for all trains since they tend to increase as trains become fuller. On the other hand, same-day reservations are usually easy, and depending on the rules of the fare you purchased, you can change travel plans on the day itself without fees. One major scenic long-distance train route, the California Zephyr, runs from Emeryville in the Bay Area of California to Chicago , via Reno , Salt Lake City and Denver . The full trip takes around 60 hours, but has incredible views of the Western deserts, the Rocky Mountains , and the Great Plains , things that you just cannot see if you fly. Many of the sights on this route are simply inaccessible to cars. The trains run only once per day, and they usually sell out well in advance. Amtrak's single most popular long-distance train is the Chicago-Seattle/Portland "Empire Builder" train via Milwaukee , St. Paul/Minneapolis , Fargo , Minot , Glacier National Park , Whitefish , and Spokane . In the 2007 fiscal year, this train alone carried over 503,000 passengers. Amtrak also provides reasonably speedy daily round trips between Seattle and Vancouver, Canada and several daily trips between Seattle and Eugene , Oregon on the Amtrak Cascades line. Passengers travelling long distances on Amtrak may reserve a seat in coach (Economy class) or pay extra for an upgrade to a private sleeping compartment (there are no shared rooms), which also includes all meals in the dining car. Amtrak trains in the West feature a lounge car with floor to ceiling windows, which are perfect for sightseeing. Bradt's USA by Rail book ( ISBN 9781841623894 ) is a guide to all Amtrak routes, with maps, station details and other practical advice. Local trains[ edit ] Separate from Amtrak, many major cities offer very reliable commuter trains that carry passengers to and from the suburbs or other relatively close-by areas. Since most Americans use a car for suburban travel, some commuter train stations have park and ride facilities where you can park your car for the day to use the commuter train to get to a city's downtown core where it may be more difficult to use a car due to traffic and parking concerns. Parking rates at the commuter train stations vary due (some facilities may be operated by third parties). Some commuter train systems and services though do not operate on weekends and holidays so it's best to check the system's website to plan ahead. Please don't forget to buy tickets before you board the train as some systems will have a substantial mark-up on the tickets sold on-board while others won't sell tickets on-board and will subject you to a hefty fine instead. Some cities also have subway and light rail systems for local travel within a city. By boat[ edit ] America has the largest system of inland waterways of any country in the world. It is entirely possible to navigate around within the United States by boat. Your choices of watercraft range from self-propelled canoes and kayaks to elaborate houseboats and riverboat cruises. Rivers and canals were key to developing the country, and traversing by boat gives you a unique perspective on the nation and some one of a kind scenery. Some examples of waterways open to recreational boating and/or scheduled cruises are: The Erie Canal System of New York State operates four canal systems consisting of 524 miles of waterway open for recreational and commercial use. The most famous of these canals is the Erie Canal, which starts around Albany and heads west to Buffalo. By navigating up the Hudson River from New York City, it's possible to go all the way to the Great Lakes and beyond via these waterways. Side trips to the Finger Lakes in Western New York or to Lake Champlain and Vermont are possible. Small watercraft, including canoes and kayaks, are welcome on these canals. International Charter Group . Yacht charter and sailing, one of the worlds largest acht charter companies, can take care of all charter requirements, from bareboat to crewed in Hawaii. Operating from nine offices worldwide (USA, Spain, UK, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Caribbean, Honk Kong and Dubai). The St. Lawrence Seaway is now the primary port of entry for large ships into North America. Recreational boaters are welcome, however, the Seaway is designed for very large craft and a minimum boat length of 6m applies. The Seaway starts in eastern Canada and goes to the Great Lakes. The Mississippi River There are two channels of navigation from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi. The Mississippi affords north-south access through the interior of the U.S. to the Gulf of Mexico and connects with all major interior waterways, including the Missouri River. Each year, many first time and beginning boaters successfully navigate these waterways. Do remember that any kind of boating requires some preparation and planning. In general, the Coast Guard, Canal and Seaway authorities go out of their way to help recreational boaters. They will also at times give instructions which you are expected to immediately obey. For example, small craft may be asked to give way to larger craft on canals, and weather conditions may require you to stop or change your route. Several coastal cities, including San Francisco , Seattle and New York City , operate ferry services between local destinations. Some islands, such as Catalina Island or Nantucket are only accessible by ferry. By car[ edit ] America's love affair with the automobile is legendary and most Americans use a car when moving within their city, and when travelling to nearby cities in their state or region. However, many Americans can and do travel between the vast regions of their country by auto - often going through different time zones, landscapes, and climates. In the winter months (Dec though March) millions of American nomads travel south to the warm desert and subtropical climates in everything from cars to motor homes (called "RV's"). Generally speaking, the older American cities like New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Boston, Washington, DC, Seattle, and Philadelphia are best to see using public transport or even on foot (at least within their downtown cores). However, the newer sunbelt cities (normally in the West and South) are built for the automobile, so renting or bringing your own car is usually a very good idea. This applies even to very large cities like Los Angeles, Atlanta and Miami, where public transport is very limited and having a car is the most practical way of getting around. In the smaller American cities, everything is very spread out and public transport thin. Taxis are often available, but if you're not at the airport, you may have to phone for one and wait a half-hour or so to be picked up, making similar arrangements to return. Taxis are typically a expensive option to use. While most Americans are happy to give driving directions, don't be surprised if many aren't familiar with the local public transport options available. Gas stations usually sell regional and national maps. Online maps with directions are available on several websites including MapQuest and Google Maps. Drivers can obtain directions by calling 1-800-Free411, which will provide them via text message. GPS navigation systems can be purchased for around $100, and car rental agencies often rent GPS units for a small additional fee. Many smartphones are now bundled with GPS navigation software that offers turn-by-turn directions. Your mobile phone provider may charge you for data use, since mobile phone GPS navigation is best used with an Internet connection. Several GPS navigation apps can now support "offline maps" features where you can download maps in advance, but without Internet access, the navigation app will not have access to real-time traffic data and may direct you to drive right into the middle of a severe traffic jam. Even states that ban the use of hand-held phones by drivers often allow the use of GPS features, as long as the driver enters no data when in motion (check local laws in the places you will be travelling). Unlike most of the rest of the world, the United States continues to use a system of measurement based on the old British imperial system for the most part, meaning that road signs are in miles and miles per hour, but fuel is sold in gallons smaller than those used in the UK. If driving a car from Canada or Mexico, make sure you know the conversions from metric to imperial units. In the case of Canadian cars, you should check your owner's manual to see if your speedometer and odometer can be switched from metric to imperial (and back), and if so, how to do so, and make the switch at the border stop. Most cars sold in the US and Canada today can be readily switched between the two sets of units. The vast majority of cars in the United States (and Canada, for that matter) are equipped with automatic transmission - manual (stick shift) cars are very much the exception to the rule and are generally only found on sports cars, so bear that in mind if you do rent a car. Great American Road Trip[ edit ] A romantic appeal is attached to the idea of long-distance car travel; many Americans will tell you that you can't see the "real" America except by car. Given the dearth of public transportation in most American cities, the loss of time travelling between cities by car rather than flying can be made up by the convenience of driving around within cities once you arrive. In addition, many of the country's major natural attractions, such as the Grand Canyon , are in rugged landscapes and environments, and are almost impossible to get to without an automobile. If you have the time, a classic American road trip with a rented car (see below) is very easy to achieve and quite an adventure. Just keep in mind that because of the distances, this kind of travel can mean many hours, days, or even a week behind the wheel, so pay attention to the comfort of the car you use. Some roads go though hazardous environments (hot deserts, dense forests and jungles, harsh steppes and savannas, marshy/wet areas, geothermal areas, rugged mountains,) and through areas with dangerous wildlife (Bobcats, Pumas, Jaguars, constrictors, Pronghorn, poisonous snakes, alligators, Coyotes, bears...etc) and weather (the U.S. can be struck by any manner of disasters, from tornadoes, dust storms, and hurricanes, to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis,) so be aware of the environment you are travelling through. See also: Interstate Highway System There's always a road going your way. The United States exclusively uses miles rather than kilometers! The United States is covered with the largest and most modern highway system in the world. Interstates are always freeways—that is, controlled access divided highways with no at-grade crossings, the equivalent of what Europeans call a "motorway". These roads connect all of the major population centers, and they make it easy to cover long distances—or get to the other side of a large city—quickly. These highways cross the entire US mainland from the Atlantic to the Pacific, through several time zones, landscapes, and climates. Most of these highways have modern and safe state run "Rest Areas" or "Service Plaza" areas. These rest stops normally offer restrooms, vending machines, and phone service. Service Plazas (more likely found on toll roads) may offer fuel, restaurant(s), and simple vehicle repair. Many of these rest stops also offer tourist information and picnic areas. Additional commercial traveler services tend to congregate on the local roads just off popular interstate highway exits. Sometimes you'll find a truck stop, an establishment that caters to long-haul truckers but is open to all travelers. Signs on the highway will indicate the services available at upcoming exits, including gas, food, lodging, and camping, so you can choose a stopping point as you're driving. Note that in some eastern states, Interstates are called expressways or just highways. Western states as well as US federal law defines expressways as limited access divided highways with reduced at-grade crossings (meaning that you can and will see occasional cross-traffic on western expressways), while freeways are defined as divided highways with full access control and no at-grade crossings. Many eastern states do not follow the same distinction. Primary Interstates have one- or two-digit numbers, with odd ones running north-south (e.g. I-5) and even ones running east-west (e.g. I-80). Three-digit interstate numbers designate shorter, secondary routes. An odd first digit signifies a "spur" into or away from a city; an even first digit signifies a "loop" around a large city. The second two digits remain the same as the primary Interstate that travels nearby (e.g., I-495 is a loop that connects to I-95). The vast majority of interstates do not charge tolls. However, the Departments of Transportation of Florida, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma and Pennsylvania operate long-distance, limited-access toll roads called Turnpikes. Tolls are also frequently levied for crossing notably large bridges or tunnels, and some states are even turning to requiring tolls on Federal Interstate highways to defray their maintenance costs (West Virginia is most notable for this). While the majority of entrances and exits for the Turnpike systems of these states collect tolls in cash, states are increasingly turning to electronic tolling by outfitting vehicles with small RFID transponders, or, more recently, photographic recording and recognition of the vehicle's license plate. If you plan on driving in a state that offers toll roads, it is worthwhile to ask your rental car agency about the electronic tolling options available to you, as paying tolls in cash is becoming incrementally more difficult as electronic options and open-road tolling (paying tolls electronically without having to stop), on Florida's Turnpike in particular, are rapidly becoming more widely accepted. Nearly all rental car agencies that operate in Florida offer some form of prepaid tolling plan. Credit cards and travelers' checks are usually not accepted by state-operated toll plazas, but there are some exceptions (for example, the Ohio Turnpike accepts most major credit cards). Speed limits on Interstate Highways can vary from state to state, and also according to geography (for example, slower on mountain passes and within cities than on long straight rural sections). Posted speed limits can range from as low as 45 miles per hour (70km/h) in densely urban areas to as much as 85mph (135km/h) in certain rural stretches of Texas, but mostly they'll be between 65 and 70mph (105–113km/h) on the east coast and 65 to 75mph (105-120km/h) out west. The speed limits (in miles per hour) are always clearly and frequently posted on Interstates. American drivers often drive a bit over the posted speed limit, especially on Interstates (5 to 10mph (8–15km/h)). Driving more than 10mph over the posted speed limit greatly increases the chance of receiving a speeding ticket; 15mph or more over the limit when observed by law enforcement will usually earn you a ticket or, depending on the state, result in a license suspension. Driving too slow can actually be dangerous. A good rule of thumb is to avoid driving much faster than all other cars. Highway Patrol officers are usually most concerned with the fastest drivers, so ensuring you are slower than the fastest speeders is one way to avoid their attention. If you are pulled over, be respectful, address the officer as "Officer," and express heartfelt regret at your excessive speed. You may or may not get a ticket, but remain in your car while the officer process your information. The officer will approach the car and you should roll down your window to speak. The officer will ask to see your drivers license and car registration. Such traffic stops are often routine and low key. Many Interstate Highways, particularly around and through very large cities, will segregate the far left-hand lane or lanes and reserve them for high-occupancy use. These lanes are clearly signed, marked with white diamonds down the center of the lane, have double-white lines on the right, and are limited to vehicles with two or more occupants. High-Occupancy Vehicle lanes, called HOV lanes or carpool lanes, are designed to ease congestion on Interstate freeways around large population centers during the very start and very end of the business day, also known colloquially as Rush Hour. At least 22 U.S. cities have HOV lanes, of which about half enforce them only during rush hour and half enforce them 24 hours. If you do not see specific hours posted for HOV lanes, assume the HOV lane restrictions are in effect at all times. Off the Interstates[ edit ] A secondary system of federal highways is the US Highway system. US Highways may be divided with multiple lanes in each direction on some sections, but they are often not dual carriageways, sometimes with just one lane in each direction. US Highways, which generally pre-date the Interstate system, tend to be older routes that lead through town centers as local streets (with a local name or number) at slower speeds. In many cases, Interstates were constructed roughly parallel to US Highways to expedite traffic that wishes to bypass the cities and towns. If you don't mind stopping at traffic lights and dealing with pedestrians, US Highways can lead you to some interesting off-the-beaten-path sights. Each state is responsible for maintenance of the Interstates and US Highways (despite the names), but each one also maintains its own system of State Highways (or State Routes) that form the bulk of the inter-community road network. State Highways are usually undivided but may occasionally be freeways; you can generally count on them being well maintained (and plowed in the winter) and that following one will get you to some form of civilization sooner rather than later. In most states west of the Mississippi River, the term "freeway" means a divided highway with full access control with maximum speed limits up to 75-80mph (120-128km/h) in Utah and western Texas, while the term "expressway" means a divided highway with partial access control. Expressways in western states can and do have occasional at-grade intersections with cross-traffic (that is, travelling perpendicular to mainline traffic approaching at speeds with speed limits set between 40-65mph (64-104km/h)). Only freeways in those states are guaranteed to have no cross-traffic at grade. In most states east of the Mississippi River, the term expressway always means full access control and the term freeway is either a synonym or is not used. Driving laws[ edit ] As with the rest of North America, Americans drive on the right in left-hand drive vehicles and pass on the left. The sole exception is the U.S. Virgin Islands , which continues to drive on the left-hand side, with mostly left-hand vehicles. White lines separate traffic moving in the same direction and yellow lines separate opposing traffic. Right turn on red after coming to a complete stop is legal (unless a sign prohibits it) in the majority of US states and cities. The most notable exception is New York City, where right turn on red is illegal unless a sign expressly allows it. Red lights and stop signs are always strictly enforced at all hours in virtually all US jurisdictions, along with traffic lights and lane lines. There is zero tolerance for many traffic manoeuvres often seen elsewhere in many countries around the world. Jumping the green, running a red, driving the wrong way on one-way streets, straddling lanes (especially in a car or truck), or swerving across the double yellow line into opposing traffic on major urban roadways to pass slower (but still moving) traffic will all result in an expensive ticket. Most American drivers tend to drive calmly and safely in the sprawling residential suburban neighborhoods where the majority of Americans live. However, freeways around the central areas of big cities often become crowded with a significant proportion of "hurried" drivers — who will exceed speed limits, make unsafe lane changes, or follow other cars at unsafe close distances (known as "tailgating"). Enforcement of posted speed limits is somewhat unpredictable and varies widely from state to state. Not exceeding the pace of other drivers will usually avoid a troublesome citation. Beware of small towns along otherwise high-speed rural roads (and medium-speed suburban roads); the reduced speed limits often posted for traffic going through such towns are strictly enforced. Another issue in many locations is drivers who linger in left lanes of multi-lane divided highways — that is, who refuse to move to the right for traffic attempting to pass. While this is seen as extremely discourteous and often dangerous, it is not illegal in most US jurisdictions unless the driver is travelling well below the speed limit. (This differs, for example, from Germany, where failing to move right to make way for passing drivers and passing on the right are very serious violations and strictly enforced.) One state that has attempted to address this issue is Georgia, which passed a law in March 2014 making it a violation to fail to move to the right for a passing vehicle, even if the driver being passed is exceeding the posted speed limit. Driving law is primarily a matter of state law and is enforced by state and local police. Fortunately, widespread adoption of provisions of the Uniform Vehicle Code, and federal regulation of traffic signs under the Highway Safety Act, means that most driving laws do not vary much from one state to the next. All states publish an official driver's handbook which summarizes state driving laws in plain English. These handbooks are usually available both on the Web and at many government offices. AAA publishes a AAA/CAA Digest of Motor Laws, which is now available online for free . The Digest contains comprehensive summaries in plain English of all major driving laws that typically vary between states. The Digest's coverage includes all US states and all Canadian provinces. International visitors aged 18 and older can usually drive on their foreign driver's license for up to a year, depending on state law. Licenses that are not in English must be accompanied by an International Driving Permit (IDP) or a certified translation. Persons who will be in the United States for more than a year must obtain a driver's license from the state they are residing in. Written and practical driving tests are required, but they are usually waived for holders of valid Canadian, Mexican, and some European licenses. Traffic signs often depend on the ability to read English words. Drivers who can read English will find most signs self-explanatory. (Progress toward adopting signs with internationally understood symbols is extremely slow; don't count on seeing any.) Distances and speeds will almost always be given in miles and miles per hour (mph), without these units specified. Some areas near the Canadian and Mexican borders may feature road signs with distances in both miles and kilometers. Police patrol cars vary in make, model, color, and livery from state to state and even town to town, but all are equipped with red and/or blue flashing lights and a siren. Many police vehicles in the United States are American brand (Ford, Chevrolet, etc). If you see the lights or hear the siren, pull to the right-hand shoulder of the road to let them by. If the patrol car is directly behind you, it's your car the officer is targeting; in that case, pull over as soon as it is practical for you to do so safely, even if this means driving some extra distance. It is extremely important that you pull off the road as soon as you are able. Use your turn signals or your hazard lights to show the officer you are complying. The officer will request to see your drivers license, the registration for the vehicle, and your proof of insurance coverage, and/or rental car documentation. Many traffic stops are recorded by a video camera in the officer's patrol car, as well as a lapel microphone on their person. See the section on police officers in the Stay Safe section below. There's a chance of coming across a police interior border checkpoint when driving on the highway. The permanent ones are in the states bordering Mexico . But there's a random chance of encountering temporary ones in any state. The purpose is to help prevent illegal immigration. As with crossing into the U.S. from neighboring countries, police will require you to show proof of identification and will check your vehicle for any possible illegal immigrant(s) or other illegals federal or state wise. Car rental[ edit ] Generally, you must be 25 or older to rent a car without restrictions or special charges. Rental car agencies in some states may be able to rent a vehicle to drivers as young as 21, but may impose a hefty surcharge. The states of New York and Michigan have laws forcing rental car agencies to rent to drivers as young as 18. Virtually every car from every rental agency in the U.S. runs on unleaded gasoline and has an automatic transmission. Renting a car usually costs anywhere from $20 and $100 per day for a basic sedan, depending on the type of car and location, with some discounts for week-long rentals. Major car rental agencies found in nearly all cities are Alamo ☎ +1 877 222-9075; Atlanticchoice ☎ +1 800 756 3930; Avis ☎ +1 800 230 4898; Budget (+1 800 527 0700); Dollar [1] (+1 800 800 4000); Enterprise Rent-A-Car [2] (+1 800 RENT-A-CAR); Hertz [3] (+1 800 230 4898); National [4] (+1 877 222 9058); and Thrifty [5] (+1 800 847 4389). European car rental giant Sixt ☎ +1 888 749-8227 has been expanding into the US in recent years, and is found in a handful of states, but is absent from important states like Hawaii and Illinois. For several years, European car rental company Europcar was allied with National, but in 2013 switched its US alliance partner to Advantage Rent A Car. There are no large national discount car rental agencies, but in each city there is usually at least one. Some discount car rental companies which operate only in particular regions are Advantage Rent A Car [6] (now owned by Hertz and expanding across the country), E-Z Rent-A-Car [7] (+1 800 277 5171) and Fox Rent A Car [8] . The Internet or the Yellow Pages are the easiest ways to find them. Another well-known discount chain is Rent-A-Wreck [9] (+1 800 944 7501). It rents used cars at significantly lower prices. Most rental car agencies have downtown offices in major cities as well as offices at major airports. Not all companies allow picking up a car in one city and dropping it off in another (the ones that do almost always charge extra for the privilege); check with the rental agency when making your reservations. One factor that will strongly influence the price of your car rental will be location. Sometimes renting a car at an airport or near-airport location will cost three or four times as much as renting the same car from the same company at a location far from the airport (but your cost calculations must incorporate the additional time and money it will take to reach the distant off-airport location). In other areas, the airport location may be cheaper. Online travel websites such as Orbitz or Expedia can be useful for comparing prices and making reservations. Rental agencies accept a valid driver's license from your country, which must be presented with an International Drivers Permit if your license needs to be translated. You may wish to join some kind of auto club before starting a large American road trip, and having a cell phone is a very good idea. Most rental agencies have some kind of emergency road service program, but they can have spotty coverage for remote regions. The largest club in the United States is the American Automobile Association [10] (+1-800-391-4AAA), known as "Triple A". A yearly membership runs about $60. AAA members also get discounts at many hotels, motels, restaurants and attractions; which may make it worth getting a membership even if you don't drive. Note that some non-U.S. automobile clubs have affiliate relationships with AAA, allowing members of the non-U.S. club to take full advantage of AAA road service and discount programs. Among these clubs are the Canadian Automobile Association, The Automobile Association in the UK, and ADAC in Germany. Alternatively, Better World Club [11] (+1-866-238-1137) offers similar rates and benefits as AAA, but with often more timely service. It is a more eco-friendly choice as 1% of revenue is donated to environmental cleanup programs. . The prices shown on rental car Web sites vary dramatically based upon whether the renter is a US resident or not. There are several reasons for this. On the one hand, US residents are charged less because the rental car companies know that most Americans are covered for loss or damage to the rental car either by their credit card or the insurance policy on their primary personal vehicle at home, and most American personal auto policies extend coverage to rental cars. Without appropriate loss damage waiver cover, you could be personally liable for the entire cost of the car should it be written off in an accident, and without appropriate liability insurance, you could face serious criminal or civil liability if you are later held to be at fault by a court of law for an accident which caused serious personal injury or death. Purchasing loss damage waiver cover, and both required and supplemental liability insurance may add up to $30/day to the price of a rental, in some cases doubling the price of the rental. On the other hand, the rental car industry is well aware that many visitors are from countries which aren't as wealthy as the US, and that some countries also have strict driver licensing and testing schemes that sharply reduce the likelihood of licensed drivers getting into accidents abroad. Thus, they try to optimize pricing separately for such visitors. If you identify your country of origin or book through Web sites customized to your own local market, you may be given a quote which includes loss damage waiver and both required and supplemental liability insurance for considerably less. Many travel insurance policies include cover for some rental car damage - check your policy against the rental terms and conditions. Fuel[ edit ] Gasoline ("gas") is sold by the gallon, at stations that are primarily self-service (you must pump your own gas) with the exception of those in New Jersey and Oregon (where self-service is illegal). The American gallon is smaller than the UK gallon, and equals 3.785 liters. The US octane scale is different from that used in Europe; a regular gallon of U.S. gasoline is rated at 87 octane, the equivalent of about 92 in Europe. In most states, gas stations offer a choice of three levels of octane: 87 (regular), 89 (midgrade or plus), and 91 (premium). Unless you are renting a luxury vehicle, your vehicle will likely require only 87 regular. One octane-related detail to watch for—at higher elevations in the mountain west, regular unleaded is often rated at 85 or 86 octane. This practice began when car engines had carburetors, and lower octane helped those cars run smoothly at altitude. Using 85 or 86 octane in a modern, fuel-injected vehicle rated for 87 octane or higher for prolonged periods may cause engine damage. Visitors from countries where self-service is illegal may feel intimidated by the idea of pumping their own gas, but should not be. US self-service gas pumps have clear directions printed on them and are easy to use. The pump will automatically stop when it senses gas backing up into the nozzle (thus indicating the tank is full). When you finish, replace the nozzle in its slot on the pump, reinsert and turn the gas cap until it begins to make clicking noises, and then close the gas cap access door. Nevertheless, most self-service gas stations will have staff on-hand to pump gas for you if you need assistance. Simply honk your horn quickly a couple of times, or ask for assistance inside the office or adjoining convenience store. Diesel is not as common, due to heavier federal taxes on it. But it is still widely used and available at most stations, especially those catering to truckers. Untaxed "offroad diesel", sold in rural areas for agricultural use, is dyed red and should not be used in cars, as there are heavy fines if you're caught. Despite increasing petroleum prices worldwide and some increases in gas taxes, the American consumer-voter's attachment to his automobile, combined with abundant domestic oil reserves and relatively low taxes on gasoline, has kept retail fuel prices much lower than in many parts of the world. Prices fluctuate by region and season. As of December 2014, current prices are averaging near $2.27/gallon (equivalent to $0.59/L) for regular and $3.16/gallon for diesel ($0.83/L). Fuel prices in the United States tend to change every season. Gas prices vary dramatically from state, territory, and federal district based on a number of variables, primarily state sales tax rates (which are invariably included in the advertised price) and anti-pollution requirements. The highest prices are usually found in Hawaii, Alaska, the West Coast, Illinois, and New York. The lowest prices are generally found in the south central US and also South Carolina. Prices can also vary by city, town, village, and rural area. The only truly nationwide gas station chains are Shell and Mobil. Other large chains have achieved almost nationwide coverage but are notably absent from at least one region, like Chevron, Texaco, Exxon, Valero, and Conoco. Many gas stations have adjoining "mini-marts" or convenience stores where snacks, soda, coffee, and cigarettes are sold, and may or may not offer public bathroom access. In some states, you can also purchase beer. Larger chain stations may also be attached to an "express" version of a fast food chain (McDonald's, Dunkin Donuts, Subway, etc). Long distance[ edit ] Intercity bus travel in the United States is widespread and, while not available everywhere, there are at least three daily routes in every state. Service between nearby major cities is extremely frequent (e.g. as of July 2012 there are 82 daily buses, by seven operators, on an off-peak weekday each way between Boston and New York, an average of nearly one every 10 minutes during daytime hours). Many patrons use bus travel when other modes aren't readily available, as buses often connect many smaller towns with regional cities. The disadvantaged and elderly may use these bus lines, as automobile travel proves arduous or not affordable for some. It's commonly considered a "lower class" way to travel, but is generally dependable, safe, affordable. Greyhound Bus Lines (First Group) ☎ +1 800-229-9424 and several subsidiaries and affiliated partners ( Neon (Toronto & New York); Cruceros USA (US states of Arizona & California and Mexican states of Baja Califronia Norte & Sonora); Valley Transit (Rio Grande valley in southern Texas); Autobus Americanos (US states of Colorado, New Mexico & Texas and the Mexican states of Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipus), and Greyhound Canada ) have the predominant share of American bus travel. Steep discounts are available to travelers who purchase their tickets 7-14 days in advance of their travel date. Their North American Discovery Pass allows unlimited travel for ranges of 4 to 60 days, but you might want to try riding one or two buses first before locking yourself in to an exclusively-bus American journey. Greyhound buses typically runs in 5-7 hour segments, at which time all passengers must get off the bus so it can be serviced, even if it's the middle of the night. Continuing passengers are boarded before those just getting on. There are no reservations on Greyhound buses. All seating is on a first come, first served basis, with the exception of select cities, where you can pay a $5 fee for priority seating. Greyhound buses are being refurbished with more comfortable seating, wireless Internet, and other improvements. Stagecoach Group owns & operates Coach USA and Megabus . They offer inexpensive daily bus service departing from curbside bus stops in various parts of the country: the entire East Coast from Maine to Florida and as far west as California and Nebraska (and to Canada) from several hub cities. Trailways is another provider of intercity bus service. They are not a single company, but a group of individual companies franchised to form a network. Trailways used to have many more routes until most of them were bought by Greyhound in 1987. Today it is still possible to travel to many places by Trailways, but some companies are isolated from the system and you must connect through Greyhound while other Trailways companies operate mainly as a chartered bus and do not offer scheduled services. They do serve many places that Greyhound doesn't and ally with Greyhound against other competitors. So called Chinatown buses also provide curb-side departures for a standard walk-up cash fare often much lower than other operators' fares. These lines operate through the East Coast down with some further out destinations in the Midwest, the South, and along as along the West Coast. GoToBus.com is the largest online booking agent for these smaller "Chinatown" bus companies. Please note that most Internet-based and Chinatown buses only go to large cities, skipping the smaller towns that many bus travelers ride to. A number of these smaller "Chinatown" companies had also been shut down by the government due to safety violations. Hispanic bus companies tend to have the most spacious buses in the country. Connections within Texas or from Texas to the Midwest (all the way to Chicago), the Southeast, and/or Mexico are offered by: Peter Pan & Bonanza Northeastern states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, & Rhode Island. Vamoose New York, Maryland, Virginia Eastern New York, Maryland, Virginia The U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration regulates and certifies all interstate bus operators. FMCSA is notorious for being overworked and underfunded, which means they have a hard time properly regulating the numerous bus operators around the country. The newer curbside bus operators (as in the Chinatown and Internet-based buses) are more dangerous than traditional terminal-based operators like Greyhound, though buses in general are still far safer than driving a private vehicle. Local travel[ edit ] Otherwise see the entries for individual U.S. states and/or cities for additional independent companies and transit agencies (operated by local government (local council)) Rural (and even urban) casinos may also offer scheduled shuttle buses between their casinos and nearby cities and towns as a way to draw more customers. Even if you don't gamble you can still take their shuttle bus from 'City A' to the casino where you transfer to another bus to 'City B' for free or for a fare. Check their respective sites. There are also long distance bus and shuttle services from the airports to various places outside the principal city that airport serves. Same thing from between university towns and the nearest major cities where the majority of the students are from. The university shuttles operate on limited schedules revolving around the university schedules when students go home to their parents on Friday afternoons for the weekend, during the Thanksgiving, Christmas/New Year Break and Spring Break and return to the college town on Sunday afternoons/evenings or at the end of the break period. In most locations from small towns up to large cites, there are bus systems run by the local government that provide service either along a fixed route, as a deviation from the route or door-to-door. Bus companies are either publicly funded as local public transportation or independently owned & operated companies serving rural and urban areas locally and/or across long distances between cities & towns. In some rural areas these can be the only thing available to get there and around with limited or no Greyhound or Amtrak services. See the article(s) on a specific city, town or state as to what's there. In Alaska , Hawaii and Puerto Rico there are NO Greyhound, Megabus/Coach USA, Chinatown, Boltbus, Trailways and Amtrak services as there are in the Lower 48 or the Mainland. See the respective articles as to what's available there. By recreational vehicle (RV)[ edit ] Main article: Car Camping Recreational vehicles – large, sometimes bus sized vehicles that include sleeping and living quarters – are a distinctly American way to cruise the country. Some RVers love the convenience of being able to drive their home anywhere they like and enjoy the camaraderie that RV campgrounds offer. Other people dislike the hassles and maintenance issues that come with RVing. And don't even think about driving an RV into a huge metropolis such as New York. Still, if you want to drive extensively within the United States and are comfortable handling a big rig, renting an RV is an option you should consider. By motorcycle[ edit ] The thrill and exhilaration of cross country travel are magnified when you go by motorcycle. Harley-Davidson is the preeminent American motorcycle brand and Harley operates a motorcycle rental program for those licensed and capable of handling a full weight motorcycle. In some parts of the country, you can also rent other types of motorcycles, such as sportbikes, touring bikes, and dual-sport bikes. For those inexperienced with motorcycles, Harley and other dealerships offer classes for beginners. Wearing a helmet, although not required in all states, is always a good idea. The practice of riding between lanes of slower cars, also known as "lane-sharing" or "lane-splitting," is illegal, except in California where it is tolerated and widespread. Solo motorcyclists can legally use "high-occupancy vehicle" or "carpool" lanes during their hours of operation. American enthusiasm towards motorcycles has led to a motorcycling subculture. Motorcycle clubs are exclusive clubs for members dedicated to riding a particular brand of motorcycle within a highly structured club hierarchy. Riding clubs may or may not be organized around a specific brand of bikes and offer open membership to anyone interested in riding. Motorcycle rallies, such as the famous one in Sturgis , South Dakota, are huge gatherings of motorcyclists from around the country. Many motorcyclists are not affiliated with any club and opt to ride independently or with friends. In general, motorcycling is seen as a hobby, as opposed to a practical means of transportation; this means, for example, that most American motorcyclists prefer not to ride in inclement weather. However you choose to ride, and whatever brand of bike you prefer, motorcycling can be a thrilling way to see the country. Gateway Arch, St. Louis , Missouri in the Midwest A long history of hitchhiking comes out of the U.S., with record of automobile hitchhikers as early as 1911. Today, hitchhiking is nowhere near as common, but there are some nevertheless who still attempt short or cross-country trips. The laws related to hitchhiking in the U.S. are most covered by the Uniform Vehicle Code (UVC), adopted with changes in wording by individual states. In general, it is legal to hitchhike throughout the majority of the country, if not standing within the boundaries of a highway (usually marked by a solid white line at the shoulder of the road) and if not on an Interstate highway prohibiting pedestrians. In many states Interstate highways do not allow foot traffic, so hitchhikers must use the entrance ramps. In a few states it is allowed or tolerated (unless on a toll road). Oklahoma, Texas and Oregon are a few states that do allow pedestrians on the highway shoulder, although not in some metropolitan areas. Oklahoma allows foot traffic on all free interstates, but not toll roads and Texas only bans it on toll roads — and on free Interstates within the city of El Paso. Oregon only bans it in the Portland metro area. Missouri only bans it within Kansas City and St. Louis city limits. Hitchhiking has become much less popular due to increasing wariness of the possible dangers (fueled in part by sensational stories in the news media). International travelers to the U.S. should avoid this practice unless they have either a particularly strong sense of social adventure or extremely little money. Even many Americans themselves would only feel comfortable "thumbing a ride" if they had a good knowledge of the locale. Craigslist [12] has a rideshare section that sometimes proves useful for arranging rides in advance. If you are open with your destination it's almost always possible to find a ride on C.L. going somewhere within the U.S. to-go (in ordering food) - take-away trash/garbage - refuse/rubbish Please see our English language varieties article for more words that differ. Most Americans speak English. In many areas, (parts of the South, New England, inner cities, and in the upper Midwest), you'll find some distinctive regional accents and dialects. Nowhere should this pose any problem to a visitor, as Americans often admire foreign accents and most will approximate the standard accent to help you understand them, or try to speak your language if they can. Even so, visitors are generally expected to speak and understand English. Because of this, the US does not have an official language at the federal (national) level (most states have English as their official language). A growing number of popular tourist sites have signs in other languages, but only English is certain to be available at any given location. There is a wide accent barrier across the U.S., where certain words are spoken or pronounced differently. Due primarily to immigration from Latin America, the United States has the second-largest Spanish speaking population in the world. Spanish is the primary second language in almost all of the United States, especially California, the Southwest, Texas, Florida, and the metropolitan areas of the Midwest and East Coast. Many of these areas have Spanish-language radio and television stations, with local, national and Mexican programs. Spanish is the first language of Puerto Rico and a large minority of residents on the mainland, particularly in the western states. Spanish speakers in the United States are primarily Puerto Ricans, or first- and second-generation immigrants from Latin America. As a result, the Spanish spoken is almost invariably a Latin American or Puerto Rican dialect. Although areas where no one speaks English are extremely rare, a good handle on Spanish can make communication easier in some places. Americans are generally taught Spanish in schools from an early age, and therefore many can understand basic phrases while a small but significant population of non-immigrant Americans speaks Spanish fluently. Because many immigrants take service-industry jobs for substandard pay, employees at restaurants, hotels, gas stations, and other such establishments can generally be counted on to understand, speak, and translate Spanish. French is the primary second language in rural areas near the border with Quebec , in some areas of Louisiana, and among West African immigrants, but is not widespread elsewhere. In southern Florida, Haitian immigrants primarily speak Haitian Creole , a separate language derived from French, as their second language, although a substantial number also speak French. Thanks to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), some products now have trilingual packaging in English, Spanish, and French for sale throughout the entire trade bloc, especially household cleaning products and small electric appliances. In areas with large numbers of Spanish speakers, the major discount stores like Walmart and Target have internal directional signage in their stores in both Spanish and English. However, the vast majority of consumer products are labeled only in English, and most upscale department stores and boutiques have signage only in English, meaning that a rudimentary grasp of English is essential for shopping. Hawaiian is the native language of Hawaii but is rarely spoken. Japanese is widely spoken. In the various Chinatowns in major cities, Cantonese and Mandarin are common. Smaller immigrant groups also sometimes form their own pockets of shared language, including Russian, Italian, Greek, Arabic, Tagalog, Korean, Vietnamese, and others. Chicago, for instance, is the city with the second largest ethnic Polish population in the world, behind Warsaw . The Amish, who have lived in Pennsylvania and Ohio for generations, speak a dialect of German. Some Native Americans speak their respective native languages, especially on reservations in the west. However, despite efforts to revive them, many Native American languages are endangered, and people who speak them as their first language are few and far between. Navajo speakers in Arizona and New Mexico are an exception to this, but even a clear majority among them speak and understand English too. Bottom line: unless you're certain you'll be traveling in an area populated with recent immigrants, don't expect to get by in the United States without some English or Spanish, if you will travel in the southern half of the country. American Sign Language, or ASL is the dominant sign language in the United States. When events are interpreted, they will be interpreted in ASL. Users of French Sign Language and other related languages may find ASL intelligible, as they share much vocabulary, but users of British Sign Language or Auslan will not. Closed-captioning on television is widespread, but far from ubiquitous. Many theaters offer FM loops or other assistive listening devices, but captioning and interpreters are rarer. For the blind, many signs and displays include Braille transcriptions of the printed English. Larger restaurant chains, museums, and parks may offer Braille menus and guidebooks, but you'll likely have to ask for them. Portland Head Lighthouse, Portland , Maine, in New England The United States is extraordinarily diverse in its array of attractions. You will never run out of things to see; even if you think you've exhausted what one place has to offer, the next destination is only a road trip away. The Great American Road Trip (see above ) is the most traditional way to see a variety of sights; just hop in the car and cruise down the Interstates, stopping at the convenient roadside hotels and restaurants as necessary, and stopping at every interesting tourist trap along the way, until you reach your destination. Heartbreakingly beautiful scenery, history that reads like a screenplay, entertainment options that can last you for days, and some of the world's greatest architecture—no matter what your pleasure, you can find it almost anywhere you look in the United States. Because the country is so big, it is impossible to truly see it all in one trip. Even the longest available coast-to-coast escorted tour packages (approximately 20 to 45 days in length) only cover about half of the Lower 48 states and do not include Alaska, Hawaii, or the inhabited territories (i.e., Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam), all of which are also fine tourist destinations in their own right. Thus, as with any large country, you need to do extensive research and prioritize regions and destinations. Diamond Head & Waikiki Beach, Honolulu , Hawaii From the spectacular glaciers of Alaska to the steamy and lush, weathered peaks of Appalachia; from the otherworldly desertscapes of the Southwest to the vast waters of the Great Lakes and the perpetually warm jungles of the south; few other countries have as wide a variety of natural scenery as the United States does. America's National Parks are a great place to start. Yellowstone National Park was the first true National Park in the world, and it remains one of the most famous, but there are 57 others. The Grand Canyon is possibly the world's most spectacular gorge; Sequoia National Park and Yosemite National Park are both home to the world's largest living organisms, the Giant Sequoia; Redwood National park has the tallest, the Coast Redwood; Glacier National Park is home to majestic glacier-carved mountains; Canyonlands National Park could easily be mistaken for Mars; and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park features abundant wildlife among beautiful, verdant waterfalls and mountains. And the national parks aren't just for sightseeing, either; each has plenty of outdoors activities as well. Still, the National Parks are just the beginning. The National Park Service also operates National Monuments, National Memorials, National Historic Sites, National Seashores, National Heritage Areas... the list goes on ( and on ). And each state has its own state parks that can be just as good as the federal versions. Most all of these destinations, federal or state, have an admission fee, but it all goes toward maintenance and operations of the parks, and the rewards are well worth it. Those aren't your only options, though. Many of America's natural treasures can be seen without passing through admission gates. The world-famous Niagara Falls straddle the border between Canada and the U.S.; the American side lets you get right up next to the onrush and feel the power that has shaped the Niagara gorge. The "purple majesty" of the Rocky Mountains can be seen for hundreds of miles in any direction, while the placid coastal areas of the Midwest and the Mid-Atlantic have relaxed Americans for generations. The lush, humid forests of the east, the white sand beaches, the limestone mountains of the south, the red extraterrestrial landscapes of the west...it's a country that has something for everyone. Historical attractions[ edit ] Americans often have a misconception of their country as having little history. The US does indeed have a tremendous wealth of historical attractions—more than enough to fill months of history-centric touring. The prehistory of the continent can be a little hard to uncover, as many pre-contact sites in the Eastern and Midwestern parts of the country have been covered by other structures or farmland. But particularly in the West , you will find magnificent cliff dwellings at sites such as Mesa Verde , as well as near-ubiquitous rock paintings. In the Midwest, the Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site is worth a visit. The Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. is another great place to start learning about America's culture before the arrival of European colonists. As the first part of the country to be colonized by Europeans, the eastern states of New England, the Mid-Atlantic, and the South have more than their fair share of sites from early American history. The first successful British colony on the continent was at Jamestown , Virginia, although the settlement at Plymouth , Massachusetts, may loom larger in the nation's mind. In the eighteenth century, major centers of commerce developed in Philadelphia and Boston, and as the colonies grew in size, wealth, and self-confidence, relations with Great Britain became strained, culminating in the Boston Tea Party and the ensuing Revolutionary War... Monuments and architecture[ edit ] Americans have never shied away from heroic feats of engineering, and many of them are among the country's biggest tourist attractions. Washington, D.C., as the nation's capital, has more monuments and statuary than you could see in a day, but do be sure to visit the Washington Monument (the world's tallest obelisk), the stately Lincoln Memorial, and the incredibly moving Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The city's architecture is also an attraction—the Capitol Building and the White House are two of the most iconic buildings in the country and often serve to represent the whole nation to the world. Actually, a number of American cities have world-renowned skylines, perhaps none more so than the concrete canyons of Manhattan , part of New York City . The site of the destroyed World Trade Center towers remains a gaping wound in Manhattan's vista, however America's tallest building, the new 1 World Trade Center, now stands adjacent to the site of the former towers. Also, the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building stand tall, as they have for almost a century. Chicago, where the skyscraper was invented, is home to the country's single tallest building, the (former) Sears Tower, and an awful lot of other really tall buildings . Other skylines worth seeing include San Francisco (with the Golden Gate Bridge), Seattle (including the Space Needle), Miami , and Pittsburgh . Some human constructions transcend skyline, though, and become iconic symbols in their own right. The Gateway Arch in St. Louis , the Statue of Liberty in Manhattan , the Hollywood Sign in Los Angeles , and even the fountains of the Bellagio casino in Las Vegas all draw visitors to their respective cities. Even the incredible Mount Rushmore , located far from any major city, still attracts two million visitors each year. Museums and galleries[ edit ] In the US, there's a museum for practically everything. From toys to priceless artifacts, from entertainment legends to dinosaur bones—nearly every city in the country has a museum worth visiting. The highest concentrations of these museums are found in the largest cities, of course, but none compare to Washington, D.C., home to the Smithsonian Institution. With almost twenty independent museums, most of them located on the National Mall , the Smithsonian is the foremost curator of American history and achievement. The most popular of the Smithsonian museums are the National Air and Space Museum, the National Museum of American History, and the National Museum of Natural History, but any of the Smithsonian museums would be a great way to spend an afternoon—and they're all 100% free. New York City also has an outstanding array of world-class museums, including the Guggenheim Museum, the American Museum of Natural History,the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum, and the Ellis Island Immigration Museum. You could spend weeks exploring the cultural institutions just in D.C. and the Big Apple, but here's a small fraction of the other great museums you'd be missing: American Visionary Art Museum — Baltimore , Maryland Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh — Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Children's Museum of Indianapolis — Indianapolis , Indiana Exploratorium — San Francisco, California Itineraries[ edit ] Here is a handful of itineraries spanning regions across the United States: Appalachian Trail — a foot trail along the spine of the Appalachian Mountains from Georgia to Maine Braddock Expedition — traces the French-Indian War route of British General Edward Braddock (and a younger George Washington) from Alexandria , Virginia through Cumberland, Maryland to the Monongahela River near Pittsburgh. The Jazz Track — a nation-wide tour of the most important clubs in jazz history and in jazz performance today Lewis and Clark Trail — retrace the northwest route of the great American explorers along the Missouri River Route 66 — tour the iconic historic highway running from Chicago to Los Angeles Do[ edit ][ add listing ] Music — Mid-size to large cities often draw big ticket concerts, especially in large outdoor amphitheaters. Small towns sometimes host concerts in parks with local or older bands. Other options include music festivals such has San Diego's Street Scene or South by Southwest in Austin . Classical music concerts are held year round and performed by semi-professional and professional symphonies. Boston, for instance, occasionally puts on free concerts in the Public Park. Many cities and regions have unique sounds. Nashville is known as Music City because of the large number of country artists that live in the city. It's home to the Grand Ole Opry, one of the most famous music venues in the country. Country music is popular nationwide but is particularly concentrated in the South and rural West. Seattle is the home of grunge rock. Many of the most popular bands are based out of Los Angeles due to the large entertainment presence and concentration of record companies. Marching Band — In addition to traditional music concerts, a quintessential American experience is the marching band festival. One can find these events almost every weekend between September and Thanksgiving throughout the country and again from March to June in California. Check local event listings and papers to find specifics. Also notable is the Bands of America Grand National Championship held every autumn in Indianapolis. Those looking to see the best of the best should acquire tickets to the "finals" performance, where the twelve best bands of the festival compete for the championship. This event is now held at the Lucas Oil Stadium. Both "street" or parade marching bands as well as "field" or show bands are found at almost every high school and university in America. Baseball in Daytona Beach , Florida Professional sports — The United States has a professional league for virtually every sport, including pillow fighting. However, perhaps because at the national level the only major world team sport that the USA regularly wins at is basketball, many of the most popular leagues are: MLB [13] — Major League Baseball is very popular and the sport of baseball is often referred to as "America's pastime" (being one of the most widely played in the country). The league has 30 teams (29 in the U.S. and 1 in Canada). Season lasts from April to September with playoff games held in October. With 30 teams playing 162 games per team per season and the cheapest seats usually $10-20, this is possibly the best sporting event for international travelers to watch. NBA [14] — The National Basketball Association is the world's premier men's basketball league and has 30 teams (29 in the U.S. and one in Canada). Season runs November to April, with playoffs in May-June. NFL [15] — The National Football League, with 32 teams, is the leading promoter of American football in the world, a sport which has virtually nothing in common with the sports that most other countries call football (Americans know those sports as soccer and rugby). The day of the championship game, called the Super Bowl, is an unofficial national holiday. Season lasts from September to December, with playoffs in January ending with the Super Bowl in February. TV advertisements leading to and on the day of the Super Bowl tend to be comical and creative. NHL [16] — The premier league for ice hockey in the world, featuring 30 teams (23 in the U.S. and 7 in Canada). A slight majority of players are Canadians, but the league has players from many other parts of the world, mainly the United States, the Nordic countries (primarily Sweden and Finland), Russia, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Originally in Northern markets, recent expansions have each major region covered with a NHL team. The season runs from October to April, followed by playoffs that culminate in the Stanley Cup Finals in June. INDYCAR [17] — Beginning as the original form of American motorsport in 1911 with the first Indianapolis 500. INDYCAR has since come to be the premier open-wheel racing series in North America. The competition in INDYCAR is known to be closer, faster, and far more dangerous than that of NASCAR. Unlike NASCAR which almost races exclusively on "oval" tracks, INDYCAR competes on a wide variety of tracks ranging from city streets, road courses, to ovals like the world famous Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana which plays host to the most famous and prestigious race in the world, the Indianapolis 500, where speeds can reach up to a thrilling 240 miles per hour! INDYCAR holds races all across the United States, as well as Brazil and Canada, from March to October. NASCAR [18] — Viewed by many as a "regional sport" confined to the more rural areas of the South, the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) has seemingly broken away from those misconceptions over recent years to become a major spectator sport across the country. While a majority of the tracks still reside in the Mid-Atlantic and South, NASCAR holds races all across the country, beginning with their marquee event, the Daytona 500, in mid-February and ending in late November. MLS [19] — Major League Soccer, currently with 19 teams (16 in the U.S. and three in Canada), is the latest attempt to kick start American interest in soccer. While it may not be as popular with the media, MLS is still widely viewed and enjoyed. Foreign travelers can find particularly vibrant and familiar fan experiences in several cities, notably Washington, Chicago, Houston, Kansas City, and especially Portland and Seattle. College sports — One rare feature of the United States sports landscape, as compared to that of other nations, is the extent to which sports are associated with educational institutions. In many regions of the country, local college or university teams, especially in football and men's basketball, enjoy followings that rival or surpass those of major professional teams. The main governing body for U.S. college sports is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) [20] , which has over 1,000 member schools, including essentially all of the country's best-known colleges and universities. The college football season runs from roughly September 1 through mid-December, with postseason bowl games running into early January. The basketball regular season begins in mid-November and ends in late February or early March, followed by conference tournaments and then national postseason tournaments that run through early April. The NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, popularly known as "March Madness" (an NCAA trademark), is especially widely followed even by casual sports fans. High school sports — Many communities take great pride in their local high school teams, and especially in smaller communities, games are a large part of local culture. If your trip is during the school year (generally late August to late May), a high school game can be a great (and cheap) opportunity to get a major dose of the local culture. The most widely followed sports at this level are generally football and boys' basketball, with ice hockey also having a major presence in certain regions, mainly New England and the upper Midwest. Other sports, such as baseball, girls' basketball, volleyball (almost exclusively a girls' sport in most parts of the U.S.), and wrestling have significant pockets of popularity. In some states, a particular high school sport enjoys a special cultural place. Examples include football in Texas, basketball in Indiana, hockey in Minnesota, and wrestling in Iowa. Festivals and Fairs — A few days prompt nation-wide celebrations. They include Memorial Day, Independence Day (a.k.a. Fourth of July), and Labor Day. Other major holidays like Thanksgiving Day are marked by private festivities. Many towns and/or counties throw fairs, to commemorate the establishment of a town or the county with rides, games, and other attractions. Memorial Day — commemorates the ultimate sacrifice made by America's war dead. It is not to be confused with Veterans Day (11th November) which commemorates the service of America's military veterans, both living and deceased. It is the also the unofficial start of summer — expect heavy traffic in popular destinations, especially National Parks and amusement parks. Independence Day — Celebrates America's independence from Britain. The day is usually marked by parades, festivals, concerts, outdoor cooking and grilling and firework displays. Almost every town puts on some sort of festivity to celebrate the day. Large cities often have multiple events. Washington, D.C. celebrates the day on the Mall with a parade and a fireworks display against the Washington Monument. Labor Day — The US celebrates Labor Day on the first Monday of September, rather than May 1st. Labor Day marks the end of the summer social season. Some places, such as Cincinnati , throw parties to celebrate the day. National Parks . There are numerous national parks throughout the United States, especially the vast interior, which offer plenty of opportunities to enjoy your favorite outdoor activities, including Recreational shooting , ATV riding, hiking, bird watching, prospecting, and horseback riding. In more urban areas, some national parks are centered around historic landmarks. National Trails System is a group of twenty-one 'National Scenic Trails' and 'National Historic Trails' as well as over 1,000 shorter 'National Recreation Trails' for a total length of over 50,000 miles. While all are open to hiking, most are also open to mountain biking, horseback riding, and camping and some are even open for ATVs and cars. Money[ edit ] Official currency is the United States dollar ($), divided into 100 cents (¢). Conversion rates vary daily and are available online . The dollar is colloquially known as the buck (a reference to when buck skins were used as a median of exchange in areas far from the coastal mints) so 5 bucks means $5. Foreign currencies are almost never accepted, although some major hotel chains may accept travelers' checks in other currencies. Canadian currency is sometimes accepted at larger stores within 100 miles of the border, but discounted for the exchange rate. (This is more of an issue nowadays with a weak Canadian dollar.) Watch for stores that really want Canadian shoppers and will accept at par. Often, a few Canadian coins (especially pennies) won't be noticed, and do show up in circulation with American coins as they are the same size (but different metal contents and weight). Now that the Mexican peso has stabilized, it is somewhat accepted in a limited number of locations at border towns ( El Paso , San Diego , Laredo , etc), but you're better off exchanging your pesos in Mexico, and using US dollars instead, to ensure the best exchange rate. Common American bills are for $1, $5, $10, $20, while the $2, $50 and $100 bills are less common. All bills are the same size. All $1, $2, and the older $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100 bills are greenish on one side and printed with black and green ink in the other. Newer versions of the $5 (purple), $10 (orange), $20 (green & orange), $50 (pink) and $100 (blue) bills incorporate different gradations of color in the paper and additional colors of ink. As designs are updated every 5-10 years to make it more difficult to counterfeit, you will currently find up to three different designs of some bills in circulation. Almost all vending machines accept $1 bills and a few accept $5 bills; acceptance of larger bills ($50 and $100) by small restaurants and stores is less common. No US banknotes have been demonetized in the last 80 years. You may even find some vending machines accepting debit/credit cards. The standard coins are the penny (1¢, copper color), the chunky nickel (5¢, silver color), the tiny dime (10¢, silver color) and the quarter or quarter dollar (25¢, silver color). None of these coins display the numeral of their value, so it is important to recognize the names of each. The size doesn't necessarily correspond to their relative value: the dime is the smallest coin, followed by the penny, nickel, and quarter. Half dollar (50¢, silver) and dollar ($1, silver or gold colored) coins exist but are uncommon in general circulation. Coins haven't been devalued or demonetized, but some may be worth more because of the real silver content (40 - 90% silver) or due to demand in the coin collectors' market. 'Quarters' (25¢) and 'dimes' (10¢) dated before 1965 are 90% real silver and can appear more white in color. 'Half dollars' (50¢) dated before 1971 are also made of real silver at 40% dated 1965 through 1970 and at 90% dated 1964 and earlier. Most have been removed from circulation due to their higher intrinsic value (due to higher silver prices) above legal tender face value and less common but they can still be found in circulation from time to time. Coin-operated machines usually only accept nickels, dimes, and quarters and they may not accept the real silver coins dated before 1965 due to their different weight from the current debased coins (copper core in a nickel clad). Coins dated in the 1940s or earlier, some with a different or similar design or appearance than the current coins are still found in circulation and may be worth more as a collector's item. Currency exchange and banking[ edit ] Currency exchange centers are rare outside the downtowns of major coastal and border cities, and international airports, however, many banks can also provide currency exchange services. Note that exchange rates are mediocre at airports and downright terrible at currency exchange centers in the suburbs. It is easiest to exchange major currencies like the euro, the UK pound, the Japanese yen, the Mexican peso, and the Canadian dollar. Visitors in possession of other currencies will find less places willing to accept them, or if at all, at less optimal rates. Major foreign exchange services at airports are provided by either Travelex or ICE Plc (International Currency Exchange) The Big Four U.S. retail banks are Chase, Bank of America, Wells Fargo, and Citibank, all of which have branches and ATMs in most major cities in the Lower 48 states. Because interstate bank branching was legalized only in 1994, many parts of the U.S. (like Hawaii , Alaska , and the territories) are poorly served by the big retail banks and are dominated by local banks. A few international banks have made inroads into the U.S. like HSBC, BBVA, and Rabobank, but because the country is so big, they are still relative newcomers and interstate banking laws are so restrictive, their branch networks are relatively limited. Most automated teller machines (ATMs) can handle foreign bank cards or credit cards bearing Visa/Plus or MasterCard/Cirrus logos; note, however, that many ATMs charge fees of about $3 for use with cards issued by other banks (often waived for cards issued outside of the U.S., but banks in one's home country may charge their own fees). Smaller ATMs found in restaurants etc. often charge higher fees (up to $5). Some ATMs (such as those at Sheetz gas stations and government buildings such as courthouses) have no fee. Another option is withdrawing cash (usually up to $40 over the cost of your goods) when making a debit-card purchase at a large discount store such as Walmart or Target, or at many supermarkets. Stores almost never charge a fee for this service, though the bank that issued your card may. Unless your debit / credit card is U.S issued, expect to incur foreign transaction fees from your bank. Most bank ATMs support at least one language (usually Spanish) in addition to English. ATMs operated by the Big Four banks tend to support many more languages, especially in urban areas. If you are from a country or territory with the US dollar as a official currency, you will not need to worry about understanding prices and currency transferring. Also if you are from Bermuda , Panama , or Bahamas , the official currency(ies) of the mentioned countries and territories have fixed exchange rates to the US Dollar. Meaning what price is said in the U.S. will be understood with your country's/territory's official currency. Example; $125 US Dollars will equal $125 Bermudian dollars, but you will still have to exchange currencies. Credit and debit cards[ edit ] Major credit cards Visa and MasterCard were both launched in the U.S., so it makes sense that today, Visa and MasterCard (and their debit card counterparts/affiliates) are widely used and accepted throughout all 50 states and all inhabited territories. Nearly all large retailers will accept credit cards for transactions of all sizes, even as small as one or two dollars. However, some small businesses and independently-owned stores specify a minimum amount of money (usually $2-5, but can legally charge up to $10 minimum) for credit card use, as such transactions cost them around 30 to 50 cents (this practice is also common at bars when opening a tab). Almost all sit-down restaurants, hotels, and shops will accept credit and debit cards; those that do not post a sign saying "CASH ONLY." Other cards such as American Express and Discover are also accepted by most retailers, but not as widely. Many retailers have a window sticker or counter sign showing the logos of the four big U.S. credit cards: Visa, MasterCard, AmEx, and Discover. However, major retailers might accept only cash or debit cards for payment of prepaid/gift cards/transportation passes. Historically, logos for foreign cards like JCB and China UnionPay were very hard to find outside of high-end luxury boutiques, although both JCB and China UnionPay have longstanding alliances with Discover and can be used anywhere that takes Discover cards. In 2012, many U.S. stores, including Walmart, added JCB and China UnionPay logos to attract Asian tourists. When making large purchases, it is typical for U.S. retailers to ask to see some form of photo identification. Shops may also ask for photo identification for foreign issued cards. In certain circumstances, credit/debit cards are the only means to perform a transaction. Hence if you do not have one, you can purchase a prepaid card or gift card with Visa/Mastercard or Amex logo for yourself in a good number of stores but you may need to provide identification before the card is activated. Transaction authorization is made by signing a paper sales slip or a computer pad, although many retailers will waive the signature requirement for small purchases. The US has not yet implemented the EMV "chip-and-PIN" credit card authorization system used overseas, due to the high cost of upgrading point-of-sale systems and an ongoing dispute among retailers, banks, and credit card firms over who should bear that expense. Between August 2011 and June 2012, the four big credit card networks initially announced target dates in spring 2013 for EMV implementation among their US retailers. The vast majority of retailers failed to meet that deadline. The latest targets for EMV implementation are in 2015 for most retailers, and 2017 for gas stations, although it is still unclear whether those deadlines can be met. Gas station pumps, selected public transportation vending machines, and some other types of automated vending machines often have credit/debit card readers. Many gas station pumps and some automated vending machines that accept credit cards ask for the ZIP code (i.e., postal code) of the U.S. billing address for the card, which effectively prevents them from accepting foreign cards (they are unable to detect a foreign card and switch to PIN authentication). However, inputting the digits only of a UK Post Code of the UK billing address, or the digits only of the postal code of the Canadian billing address (in both cases, ignore spaces and letters), and adding on as many zeros as necessary to make five digits works often enough to be worth trying and does no harm. Since July 2013, this trick is guaranteed to work for Canadians who use cards with the MasterCard logo at gas stations that require a ZIP code prompt. At gas stations you can use a foreign issued card by paying the station attendant inside. In many big tourist cities, watch out for merchants trying to convert your USD purchase to your home currency when using your foreign debit / credit card. This is known as dynamic currency conversion and the exchange rate, at the point of sale, is NEVER in your favor; regardless of what you are told by the merchant. Always opt to be charged in USD. You can also avoid this by buying a prepaid debit card as long as you ensure there is sufficient funds in the card. Gift cards[ edit ] Each major commercial establishment (e.g. store, restaurant, online service) with a statewide, regional, nationwide or online presence makes its own gift card available to consumers for use at any of its establishments nationwide or its online store. In spite of the word "gift" in gift card, you can actually purchase and use these cards for yourself; however, they are most commonly given to others as gifts. This is a more polite way to give someone money as a gift, and is a standard gift for someone whom you don't know very well. A gift card for a certain establishment can be purchased at any of the establishment's branches. Supermarkets and pharmacies also have a variety of gift cards from different stores, restaurants and other services. Once these are purchased by you or given to you by friends, you can use a particular store or restaurant's gift card at any of its branches nationwide or online store for any amount. In case funds in the gift card are insufficient, you can use other payment methods to pay for the balance (like cash, credit card, a 2nd gift card particular to the establishment). VISA, MasterCard and American Express gift cards work very similarly to their credit/debit card counterparts. The gift card also has instructions on how to check your remaining balance online. Take note that the gift cards are unlikely to be accepted in the establishment's branches outside the U.S. though when you return home you can still use any remaining amount in the gift card in the establishment's online store. Sales tax[ edit ] There is no nationwide sales tax (such as VAT or GST), the only exception being motor fuels like gasoline and diesel. As a result, state and/or local taxes (see below) on major purchases cannot be refunded by customs agents upon leaving the United States. However, most states have a sales tax, ranging from 2.9% to nearly 10% of the retail price; 4-6% is typical. Sales tax is almost never included in posted prices (except for gasoline/diesel, and in most states, alcoholic beverages consumed on-premises), but instead will be calculated and added to the total when you pay. Groceries and a variety of other "necessities" are usually exempt, but almost any other retail transaction – including restaurant meals – will have sales tax added to the total. The price displayed is rarely the final price you pay. Delaware, New Hampshire and Oregon have no sales tax. Alaska has no statewide sales tax, but allows local governments to collect sales taxes. Montana also has no state-wide sales tax, but a few local governments (mostly in tourism-dominated towns) are allowed to collect sales taxes. Minnesota, Pennsylvania and New Jersey do not collect sales tax on clothes. In Massachusetts, clothing is exempt from any sales tax if the item costs no more than $175 (and sales tax is collected only on the amount over $175); in New York, clothing is exempt from state sales tax statewide and local sales tax in some locations (most notably New York City) if the item costs less than $110. At least two states, Louisiana and Texas, will refund sales tax on purchases made by international travelers taken out of the state. Regional price variations, indirect hotel and business taxes, etc, will usually have more impact on a traveler's wallet than the savings of seeking out a low-sales-tax or no-sales-tax destination. Many cities also impose sales taxes, and certain cities have tax zones near airports and business districts that are designed to exploit travelers. Thus, sales taxes can vary up to 2% in a matter of a few miles. However, even accounting for the burden of sales taxes, US retail prices still tend to be much lower than in many other countries. With one exception, the US has not implemented any form of value-added tax, where each segment in the supply chain is required to charge tax on the value it adds towards the final product. Rather, US sales taxes are charged only by the retailer at the time of the sale of the final product to the consumer. This is one reason for why Americans find everything to be so expensive when they visit other countries. The sole exception is the state of Hawaii, which charges a general excise tax that is worse than a value-added tax; it is levied on the entire price of products at every segment of the supply chain, rather than just the value added. If you are coming to the U.S. from a higher-taxed jurisdiction in search of bargains on luxury goods, note that it is much more difficult to find most of the internationally renowned brands of luxury goods in the no-sales-tax states, as such brands have traditionally positioned their boutique stores in the largest and wealthiest states: California, Texas, New York, Illinois and Florida (all of which have sales taxes). Even if you can find a particular luxury brand in a no-sales-tax state, it will likely be only one of multiple brands carried by a local luxury retailer, meaning their inventory will not be able to match the depth of a boutique dedicated solely to that brand. Places for shopping[ edit ] Shopping malls and shopping centers. America is the birthplace of the modern enclosed "shopping mall" as well as the open-air "shopping center". Most large high-end malls are operated by nationwide mall operators like Westfield, Simon, or General Growth Properties. In addition, American suburbs have miles and miles of small strip malls, or long rows of small shops with shared parking lots, usually built along a high-capacity road. Large cities still maintain central shopping districts that can be navigated on public transport, but pedestrian-friendly shopping streets are uncommon and usually small. Outlet centers. The U.S. pioneered the factory outlet store, and in turn, the outlet center, a shopping mall consisting primarily of such stores. Outlet centers are found along major Interstate highways outside of most American cities. Simon Premium Outlets is the largest chain of outlet centers in the U.S. Major retailers. American retailers tend to have some of the longest business hours in the world, with chains like Walmart often featuring stores open 24/7 (24 hours a day, 7 days a week). Department stores and other large retailers are usually open from 10 AM to 9 PM most days, and during the winter holiday season, may stay open as long as 8 AM to 11 PM. The U.S. does not regulate the timing of sales promotions as in other countries. U.S. retailers often announce sales during all major holidays, and also in between for any reason or no reason at all. American retail stores are gigantic compared to retail stores in other countries, and are a shoppers' dream come true. Travelers should be aware that bargaining is generally not practiced at established stores, though it is welcome at other sales venues (see below). While asking for a price reduction due to an item defect is generally acceptable, retail sales personnel often do not have the authority to change prices and may see attempting to haggle as rude or or even threatening. If you want to ask for a discount, be polite and accept whatever answer you are given. If you don't, you may be asked to leave. Garage sales. On weekends, it is not uncommon to find families selling no longer needed household items in their driveway, garage, or yard. If you see a driveway full of stuff on a Saturday, it's likely a garage sale. Check it out; one person's trash may just be your treasure. Bargaining is expected and encouraged. Flea markets. Flea markets (called "swap meets" in Western states) have dozens if not hundreds of vendors selling all kinds of usually inexpensive merchandise. Some flea markets are highly specialized and aimed at collectors of a particular sort; others just sell all types of items. Again, bargaining is expected. Auctions. Americans did not invent the auction but may well have perfected it. The fast paced, sing-song cadence of a country auctioneer, selling anything from farm animals to estate furniture, is a special experience, even if you have no intention of buying. In big cities, head to the auction chambers of Christie's or Sotheby's, and watch paintings, antiques and works of art sold in a matter of minutes at prices that go into the millions. Major U.S. retail chains[ edit ] Department stores[ edit ] According to Deloitte, the largest fashion goods retailer in both the U.S. and the entire world is Macy's, Inc., which operates just over 720 Macy's midrange department stores in 45 states, Puerto Rico, and Guam, plus 7 Macy's Backstage discount stores, 38 upscale Bloomingdale's stores, 16 Bloomingdale's Outlet stores, and 98 Bluemercury cosmetics stores. In other words, nearly every mall you visit will have a Macy's. Unfortunately, not all of them are all worth visiting. Most Macy's stores, especially in smaller cities and middle-class suburbs, tend to heavily feature midrange brands. Most brands featured in those stores are private brands (that is, the brand concept was created by and is exclusive to Macy's itself, and most of them are not associated with a famous fashion designer). Over time, Macy's, like other U.S. department stores, has shifted its product mix in favor of its own private brands over outside designer brands. Obviously, if it owns the brand, it captures more of the profits. Therefore, shopping at most Macy's stores makes sense only if you are actually a fan of Macy's private brands. However, in the largest U.S. cities, Macy's operates high-end regional flagship stores which feature many internationally renowned upscale designer brands, and some of those stores have visitor centers catering to international tourists. In general, you should save your time and money for Macy's regional flagship stores or its gigantic original flagship store in New York City. Nordstrom is another upscale department store that is also found in most states. Other upscale department stores that operate coast-to-coast include Saks Fifth Avenue, Neiman Marcus, and Barney's New York, but they are found only in the wealthiest cities. Besides Macy's, other midrange nationwide chains include Kohl's, Sears, and JCPenney. The lower end is dominated by Marshalls, TJ Maxx, and Old Navy. Discount stores, supermarkets, and warehouse clubs[ edit ] General discount stores like Walmart, Target, and Kmart are ubiquitous, as well as Walmart Supercenters and SuperTargets which are similar to hypermarkets overseas. (Kmart's hypermarket equivalents are called Super Kmarts, but they are extremely rare.) Many discount stores have either a small grocery section or a full supermarket; in fact, Walmart is the country's largest seller of groceries, as well as its largest retail chain. The two largest supermarket chains are Kroger and Albertsons, but both operate under legacy regional nameplates in many states. For example, in the nation's second largest city, Los Angeles, Kroger operates Ralphs and Food4Less, while Albertsons operates Albertsons, Vons, and Pavilions, and neither operates any stores under their own names. And neither chain operates in the nation's largest city, New York City, where the supermarket business is severely fragmented among a huge number of regional chains. The dominant warehouse club chain in the U.S. is Costco, whose biggest competitor is Sam's Club (operated by Walmart). Other chains[ edit ] In several areas of the retail sector, ruthless consolidation has resulted in only one surviving nationwide chain, each of which competes with numerous regional chains and local stores. Examples include bookstores (Barnes & Noble), toys (Toys "R" Us), housewares (Bed Bath & Beyond), convenience stores (7-Eleven) and electronics (Best Buy). Both of the last two compete against several almost national chains that technically operate "coast-to-coast" but are notably absent from certain regions. For example, Circle K does not operate in the Mid-Atlantic states and New York City metro and Fry's Electronics is absent from most of the East Coast except Atlanta. Some areas of retail have two nationwide chains. The two big sporting goods chains are Sports Authority and Dick's Sporting Goods. The two big office stationery chains are Office Depot (which has absorbed OfficeMax), and Staples. In others, there are still three nationwide chains. The three big pharmacy chains are CVS, Walgreens, and Rite Aid—although virtually all Walmart, Target, and Kmart stores also have pharmacies, as do many supermarkets. Even if a discount store or supermarket is open 24/7, its pharmacy counter will almost never keep that schedule—it will usually have a morning-to-evening schedule and close overnight. This is only an issue if you need to fill a prescription or purchase a decongestant containing pseudoephedrine (in the latter case, pharmacists are required to record sales because it can be used to illegally make the highly addictive drug methamphetamine). Unlike most countries, many nonprescription OTC drugs (like analgesics and cold/flu remedies) are stocked on shelves in the publicly accessible section of the pharmacy, and that section normally remains often to the public even when the pharmacy counter is closed. Generally, such items can be paid for at any checkout location. U.S. pharmacies traditionally use the mortar-and-pestle as their symbol, not the green cross used by some European pharmacists (which in the U.S. is the symbol of medical marijuana). However, many U.S. pharmacies are now marked simply by the word "pharmacy" as part of their logo. U.S. pharmacies are far larger than their counterparts overseas because in the 1950s, they began selling soft drinks, packaged foods, and general merchandise to compete against the small discount stores ("dime stores") that were then widespread, and eventually displaced them altogether. Thus, if you don't see any supermarkets close to your hotel, try a pharmacy if you need to stock up on soft drinks and snacks. Bald Eagles in Homer , Alaska Unless you live in Australia, Canada, Western Europe, or Japan, the United States is generally expensive, but there are ways to limit the damage. Many foreign visitors come to the United States for shopping (especially electronics, designer apparel, and accessories). While retail prices in the United States for luxury goods are lower than in many countries (as a result of low or nonexistent sales tax), and selection and quality are generally much better (due to the superior bargaining power of the gigantic U.S. retail chains), keep in mind that you could be charged taxes/tariffs on goods purchased abroad. That said, it's easy to go through the "green lane" at many airports and avoid paying any tax. Additionally, electronics may not be compatible with standards when you return, such as DVD region. That problem is easily avoided by using a "region-free" DVD/Blu-Ray player or by viewing the movies on a computer, where region codes are easy to evade. Your U.S.-bought item may not be eligible for warranty service in your home country. If you have generous friends from the U.S. who will give gift cards to you for some reason, the cards can sometimes help you defray some costs. A barebones budget for camping, hostels, and cooking your food could be $30-50/day, and you can double that if you stay at motels and eat at cheap cafes. Add on a rental car and hotel accommodation and you'll be looking at $150/day and up. There are regional variations too: large cities like New York and Los Angeles are expensive, while prices are usually lower in the suburbs and countryside. If you intend to visit any of the National Parks Service sites, such as the Grand Canyon or Yellowstone National Park , it is worth considering the purchase of a National Parks and Federal Recreational Lands Pass [21] . This costs $80 and gives access to almost all of the federally administered parks and recreation areas for one year. Considering the price of admission to many parks is at least $20 each, if you visit more than a few of them, the pass will be the cheaper solution. You can trade in receipts from individual entries for 14 days at the entrance to the parks to upgrade to an annual pass, if you find yourself cruising around and ending up visiting more parks than expected. [22] Many hotels and motels offer discounts for members of certain organizations which anyone can join, such as AAA (formerly the American Automobile Association, now generally referred to as "Triple-A"). If you're a member, or are a member of a club affiliated with AAA (such as the Canadian Automobile Association, The Automobile Association in the UK, or ADAC in Germany), it's worth asking at check-in. In addition, many hotels may offer senior discounts. The criteria for most is 62 (some set at 65) or older. Rates can be the same, greater, or less than AAA. Be prepared to show ID at check-in for age verification. Tipping[ edit ] Tipping in America is widely used and expected. While Americans themselves often debate correct levels and exactly who deserves to be tipped, generally accepted standard rates are: Hairdressers, other personal services: 10-15% Bartenders: $1 per drink if inexpensive or 15-20% of total Bellhops: $1-2 per bag ($3-5 minimum regardless) Hotel doorman: $1 per bag (if they assist), $1 for calling a cab Shuttle bus drivers: $2-5 (optional) Private car & limousine drivers: 15-20% Parking valet: $1-3 for retrieving your car Housekeeping in hotels: $1-2 per day for long stays or $5 minimum for very short stays (optional) Food delivery (pizza, etc.): $2-5, 15-20% for larger orders Tour guides / activity guides $5-$10 if he or she was particularly funny or informative. Taxis: Tips of 10-20% are expected in both yellow cabs as well as livery cabs. A simple way of computing the tip is to add 10% of the fare and round up from there. Thus, if the meter reads $6.20, you pay $7 and if the meter reads $6.50, you pay $8. Always tip more for better service (for example, if the cabbie helps you with your bags or stroller). Leave a small tip if the service is lousy (for example, if the cabbie refuses to turn on the air conditioning on a hot day). For livery cabs, tip 10-20% depending on the quality of the service, but you don't need to tip at all if you hail the cab on the street and negotiate the fare in advance (leave an extra dollar or two anyway!). Full-service restaurants: 15-20%. Many restaurants include a mandatory service charge for larger groups, in which case you do not need to tip an additional amount - however, tipping on top of the service charge is always welcomed by waiters especially if two waiters work on one large group and they are splitting the service charge between them. But tipping on top of the service charge is only optional and could be done if the service was particularly spectacular. It is important to keep in mind that the legal minimum wage for restaurant waitstaff and other tip-earners is quite low (just $2.13/hour before taxes), with the expectation that tips bring them up to a more "normal" wage. Thus, in restaurants (and certain other professions) a tip is not just a way to say "thank you" for service, but an essential part of a server's wages. Remember that while it is expected for you to tip normally for adequate service, you are never obliged to tip if your service was truly awful. If you receive exceptionally poor or rude service and the manager does not correct the problem when you bring it to their attention (and do bring the matter to their attention first), a deliberately small tip (one or two coins) will express your displeasure more clearly than leaving no tip at all. If you do decide not to leave a tip, don't be surprised if the restaurant's manager follows you out of the restaurant to ask you about the reasons for your dissatisfaction. Not leaving a tip is exceptionally rare, and something that will definitely be noticed. If paying your bill by cash, leave a cash tip on the table when you leave (there is no need to hand it over personally or wait until it's collected), or if paying by credit card you can add it directly to the charge slip when you sign it. Look carefully, as the slip will generally inform you whether a 15% gratuity has already been added. Tipping is not expected at restaurants where patrons stand at a counter to place their order and receive their food (such as fast-food chains). Some such restaurants may have a "tip jar" by the cash register, which may be used wholly at the customer's discretion in appreciation of good service. Some tipping at a cafeteria or buffet is expected since the wait staff often clears the table for you and provides refills of drinks and such. The majority of jobs not mentioned here are not customarily tipped, and would likely refuse them. Retail employees, or those in service positions which require high qualifications (such as doctors or dentists) are good examples. Never try to offer any kind of tip to a government employee of any kind, especially police officers; this could be construed as attempted bribery (a felony offense) and might cause serious legal problems. Comics and cartoons[ edit ] The United States is known worldwide for its comics and cartoon culture, especially in superheros and supervillans such as Superman and Joker. The U.S. is also famous for its Comic Cons(Comic Conventions) as they are known for being huge and for the variety of products other than comics. Visitors to the U.S. must be aware that it can be very difficult to find non-English cartoon DVDs and mangas. Although Spanish and French speakers will have less trouble as many DVDs nowadays have French and Spanish languages as optional choices as subtitles. Due to Japanese anime and manga being the second most popular animation products in the U.S.(after American animation and comics), it is possible to find imported anime and manga products in Japanese only. But they are usually found online or in special shops catering only to Japanese products. As with almost everywhere else in the western hemisphere, all DVDs are in formatted in NTSC. Eat[ edit ][ add listing ] Berries from Santa Monica 's farmer's market The variety of restaurants throughout the U.S. is remarkable. In a major city such as New York or Chicago, it may be possible to find a restaurant from nearly every country in the world. One thing that a traveler from Europe or Latin America will notice is that many restaurants do not serve alcohol, or may only serve beer and wine. Some restaurants, especially in larger cities, implement a BYOB (Bring Your Own Booze) policy, in other words, you are invited to bring your own alcoholic beverages. Another is the sheer number and variety of fast food and chain restaurants. Most open early in the morning and stay open late at night; many are open 24 hours a day. A third remarkable fact is the size of the portions generally served by US restaurants. Although the trend has moderated in recent years, portions have grown surprisingly large over the past two or three decades. Types of restaurants[ edit ] In-n-Out burger Fast food restaurants such as McDonald's, Burger King, KFC, and Taco Bell are ubiquitous. But the variety of this type of restaurant in the US is astounding: pizza, Chinese and Mexican food, fish, chicken, barbecued meat, and ice cream only begin to touch on it. Alcoholic beverages are not served in these restaurants; "soda" (often called "pop" in the Midwest through Western New York and Western Pennsylvania, or generically "coke" in the South) or other soft drinks are standard. Don't be surprised when you order a soda, are handed a paper cup and expected to fill it yourself from the machine (refills are often free). Americans tend to love their soft drinks ice cold so you can expect to see some fellow patrons filling their cups two-thirds with ice and then adding what would seem to be a tiny amount of the actual beverage, but this varies from person to person. The quality of the food varies, but in general it will be cheap, reliable, and fairly tasty (in a mass-market sort of way - connoisseurs and "foodies" generally avoid these places like the plague), but the menu will be somewhat limited, and aside from a couple token healthy options, generally high in fat, carbs, and salt. The restaurants are usually clean and bright, and the service is limited but friendly. Tipping is not expected but you must clear your table after your meal. Take-out food is very common in larger cities, for food that may take a little longer to prepare than a fast-food place can accommodate. Place an order by phone (or, at an increasing number of establishments, on the Web) and then go to the restaurant to pick it up and take it away. Many places will also deliver; in fact, in some cities, it will be easier to have pizza or Chinese food delivered than to find a sit-down restaurant. Pizza delivery is especially ubiquitous in the US; almost any town of 5,000 or more people will have at least one establishment offering delivery. The main national pizza chains are Pizza Hut , Domino's , Papa John's , and Little Caesars . Most Pizza Huts are dine-in restaurants that also offer carry-out and delivery. Domino's and Papa John's are delivery and carry-out only. Most Little Caesars locations are carry-out only, though some now offer delivery as well. Especially in larger cities, local pizza places compete successfully against the big national chains, and many of them offer delivery. Chipotle has become a staple in America's fast casual scene Fast-Casual is a fairly recent new genre of restaurants that grew in popularity during the 2000's. They are places that are usually around $5-7 for a meal and involve a little bit of waiting as food is prepared fresh (although much less waiting than sit-down restaurants). They tend to be a bit healthier than most typical fast food chains and offer distinct menus. Notable fast-casuals include: Chipotle, Moe's Southwest Grill, Noodles and Company, Panera Bread, Five Guys (a hamburger chain), and Freddies Burgers. Chain sit-down restaurants are a step up in quality and price from fast food, although those with discerning palates will probably still be disappointed. They may specialize in a particular cuisine such as seafood or a particular nationality, though some serve a large variety of foods. Some are well-known for the breakfast meal alone, such as the International House of Pancakes [23] (IHOP) which serves breakfast all day in addition to other meals. A few of the larger chain restaurants include Red Lobster , Olive Garden , Applebee's and T.G.I. Friday's , to name a few. These restaurants generally serve alcoholic beverages, though not always. Very large cities in America are like large cities anywhere, and one may select from inexpensive neighborhood eateries to extravagantly expensive full-service restaurants with extensive wine lists and prices to match. In most medium sized cities and suburbs, you will also find a wide variety of restaurants of all classes. In "up-scale" restaurants, rules for men to wear jackets and ties, while once de rigueur, are becoming more relaxed, but you should check first if there is any doubt. This usually only happens at the most expensive of restaurants. The diner is a typically American, popular kind of restaurant. They are usually individually run, 24-hour establishments found along the major roadways, but also in large cities and suburban areas. They offer a huge variety of large-portion meals that often include soup or salad, bread, beverage and dessert. They are usually very popular among the locals for breakfast, in the morning or after the bars. Diner chains include Denny's , Norm's , and (in the South) Waffle House , but there are many non-chain diners. Local, non-chain diners are particularly common along the east coast in New York, New Jersey, and Eastern Pennsylvania. No compendium of American restaurants would be complete without mentioning the truck stop. You will only encounter these places if you are taking an intercity auto or bus trip. They are located on interstate highways and they cater to truckers, usually having a separate area for diesel fuel, areas for parking "big rigs", and shower facilities for truckers who sleep in their cabs. These fabled restaurants serve what passes on the road for "plain home cooking": hot roast beef sandwiches, meatloaf, fried chicken, and of course the ubiquitous burger and fries -- expect large portion sizes!. In recent years the concept of the chain establishment has been adopted by truck stops as well, and two of the most ubiquitous of these, Flying J Travel Plazas and Petro Stopping Centers, have 24-hour restaurants at most of their installations, including "all you can eat" buffets. A general gauge of how good the food is at a given truck-stop is to note how many truckers have stopped there to eat. Typical food truck setup Jump to: navigation, search The most recent newcomer to the American dining scene is the food truck. Food trucks are just what they sound like - trucks, buses or vans that have been converted into mobile restaurants. The quality of the food served ranges to greasy, poor-quality stuff served at construction sites to high-end operations serving gourmet, restaurant quality food (at surprisingly affordable prices) run by renowned chefs. Food trucks are common in large cities (especially on the West Coast), tend to set up shop where large groups of hungry people typically congregate (e.g. office parks and central business districts during lunch hours, and bars/clubs during evening hours. Most trucks are open for business during afternoon and evening hours Monday through Thursday, afternoon, evening and late night hours on Fridays, and late night hours on Saturdays. These trucks frequently use social media such as Twitter to announce to their followers where they'll be setting up on any given day. Some bars double as restaurants open late at night but may be off-limits to those under 21 or unable to show photo ID, and this may include the dining area. American restaurants serve soft drinks with a liberal supply of ice to keep them cold (and fill the glass). Asking for no ice in your drink is acceptable, and the drink will still probably be fairly cool. If you ask for water, it will usually be chilled and served with ice, unless you request otherwise. Water will not be carbonated as may be typical in parts of Europe. If desired, "sparkling water" is the term for carbonated water. In many restaurants, soft drinks and tea will be refilled for you at no extra charge, but you should ask if this is not explicitly stated. Types of service[ edit ] Breakfast pastry shop Many restaurants aren't open for breakfast. Those that do (mostly fast-food and diners), serve eggs, toast, pancakes, cereals, coffee, etc. Most restaurants stop serving breakfast between 10 and 11 AM, but some, especially diners, will serve breakfast all day. As an alternative to a restaurant breakfast, one can grab breakfast food such as doughnuts, muffins, fruits, coffee, and packaged drinks at almost any gas station or convenience store. Coffee shops (of which Starbucks is the most well-known) are popular for breakfast; although they offer pastries and other items, most people frequent them for a morning dose of caffeine. Some chains, like Dunkin' Donuts or Einstein Brothers Bagels, are sometimes liked more for their coffee than their actual food. Continental Breakfast is a term primarily used by hotels and motels to describe a cold breakfast offering of cereal, breads, muffins, fruit, etc. Milk, fruit juices, hot coffee and tea are the typical beverages. There is usually a toaster for your bread. This is a quick, cheap (usually free) way of getting morning food. Lunch can be a good way to get food from a restaurant whose dinners are out of your price range. Typical brunch plate Dinner, the main meal. Depending on culture, region, and personal preference, is usually enjoyed between 5 and 9pm. Many restaurants serve portions well in excess of what can normally be eaten in one sitting, and will be willing to box up your leftover food (typically referred to as a "to go box"). Do not feel the need to finish what you have been served. Making reservations in advance is a good idea if the restaurant is popular, "up-scale", or you are dining in a large group. Buffets are generally a cheap way to get a large amount of food. For a single, flat, rate, you can have as many servings of whatever foods are set out. However, since food can be sitting out in the heat for hours, the quality can suffer. Generally, buffets serve American or Chinese-American cuisine. Many restaurants serve Sunday brunch, served morning through early afternoon, with both breakfast and lunch items. There is often a buffet. Like most other meals, quality and price can vary by restaurant. Types of food[ edit ] Ribs with coleslaw, corn bread, and beans. While many types of food are unchanged throughout the United States, there are a few distinct regional varieties of food. The most notable is in the South , where traditional local fare includes grits (ground maize porridge), collard greens (a boiled vegetable, often flavored with ham and a dash of vinegar), sweet iced tea, barbecue (not unique to this region, but best and most common here), catfish (served deep-fried with a breadcrumb coating), cornbread, okra, and gumbo (a stew of seafood or sausage, rice, okra, and sometimes tomatoes). Barbecue, BBQ, or barbeque is a delicious American specialty. At its best, it's beef brisket, ribs, or pork shoulder slowly wood smoked for hours. Ribs are served as as a whole- or half-rack or cut into individual ribs, brisket is usually sliced thin, and the pork shoulder can be shredded ("pulled pork") or chopped ("chopped pork"). Sauce of varying spiciness may be served on the dish, or provided on the side. Various parts of the U.S. have unique styles of barbecue. Generally, the best barbecue is found in the South , with the most distinct styles coming from Kansas City , Texas , Tennessee , and North Carolina . However, barbecue of some variety is generally available throughout the country. Barbecue restaurants differ from many other restaurants in that the best food is often found at very casual establishments. A typical barbecue restaurant may have plastic dinnerware, picnic tables, and serve sandwiches on cheap white bread. Barbecue found on the menu at a fancy chain or non-specialty restaurant is likely to be less authentic. Ribs and chicken are always eaten with your fingers; pork and brisket are either eaten with a fork or put into a sandwich. Note that the further one gets from the South, the more likely that "barbecue" refers to food cooked on a grill with no smoking, such as hamburgers or hot dogs. With a rich tradition of immigration, America has a wide variety of ethnic foods; everything from Ethiopian cuisine to Laotian food is available in major cities with large immigrant populations. Chinese dumplings Chinese food is widely available and adjusted to American tastes - by default, a "Chinese" restaurant will serve a menu only vaguely related to authentic Chinese food, usually meat in sugary sauce with rice and noodles, often in an all-you-can-eat buffet setting. Authentic Chinese food can be found in restaurants in Chinatowns in addition to communities with large Chinese populations. Japanese sushi, Vietnamese, and Thai food have also been adapted for the American market in recent years. Fusion cuisine combines Asian ingredients and techniques with more traditional American presentation. Indian food outlets are available in most major U.S. cities and towns. Mexican/Hispanic/Tex-Mex food is very popular, but again in a localized version. Combining in various ways beans, rice, cheese, and spiced beef or chicken with round flatbread loaves called tortillas, dishes are usually topped with spicy tomato salsa, sour cream, and an avocado-based dip called guacamole. Small authentic Mexican taquerias can be found easily in the Southwest , and increasingly in cities throughout the country. Italian food is perhaps the only cuisine that rivals Mexican for widespread popularity. All manners of pasta can be found here, and American-styled pizzas (typically a thick crust topped with tomato sauce and cheese, in addition to other meats and vegetables) are a popular choice for social events and casual dining. Italian restaurants can be found almost everywhere, and even non-specialty restaurants and grocery stores can provide you with basic pasta meals. Gyros Middle Eastern and Greek foods are also becoming popular in the United States. The gyro (known as "doner kebab" or "schawarma" in Europe) is a popular Greek sandwich of sliced processed lamb on a pita bread topped with lettuce, tomatoes and a yogurt-cucumber sauce. Hummus (a ground chickpea dip/spread) and baklava pastries are frequently found in supermarkets, along with an increasingly widespread and high-quality array of "pita" products. Vegetarian food is easy to come by in big urban areas. As vegetarians are becoming more common in the U.S., so are the restaurants that cater to them. Most big cities and college towns will have vegetarian restaurants serving exclusively or primarily vegetarian dishes. In smaller towns you may need to check the menu at several restaurants before finding a vegetarian main course, or else make up a meal out of side dishes. Wait staff can be helpful answering questions about meat content, but be very clear about your personal definition of vegetarian, as dishes with fish, chicken, egg, or even small quantities of beef or pork flavoring may be considered vegetarian. This is especially common with vegetable side dishes in the South. Meat-free breakfast foods such as pancakes or eggs are readily available at diners. People on low-fat or low-calorie diets should be fairly well-served in the U.S., as there has been a continuing trend in calorie consciousness since the 1970s. Even fast-food restaurants have "lite" specials, and can provide charts of calorie and fat counts on request. For the backpacker or those on very restricted budgets, American supermarkets offer an almost infinite variety of pre-packaged/pre-processed foods that are either ready or almost ready for consumption, e.g. breakfast cereal, ramen noodles, canned soups, etc. In the largest cities, "corner stores" abound. These small convenience stores carry a variety snacks, drinks, and prepackaged foods. Unlike most convenience stores, their products are sold at relatively low prices (especially by urban standards) and can provide for snacks or even (nutritionally partial) meals for a budget no more than $5 a day. Lobster tail Seafood is abundant on the coasts, with freshwater and saltwater varieties of fish and shellfish (although finding squid, octopus, and jellyfish will require a bit of effort). The Northeast is famed for its Maine lobsters, and the Southeast has a variety of shrimp and conch. Most of the seafood in Florida is served spicy, as influenced by the Caribbean taste. Seafood dining on the west is equally abundant, and Alaskan salmon is served in high quantity through the Pacific Northwest. The state of Maryland is famous for its Chesapeake Bay blue crabs, which are usually steamed live in a pot with a spicy seasoning. There is a bit of a learning curve to eating Maryland crabs, though any server or local, for that matter, in a crabhouse will gladly give you a lesson. It is not recommended to wear a plastic bib or napkin when eating Maryland crabs or Maine lobster. You will be instantly pegged as a tourist. Etiquette[ edit ] It is usually inappropriate to join a table already occupied by other diners, even if it has unused seats; Americans prefer and expect this degree of privacy when they eat. Exceptions are cafeteria-style eateries with long tables, and at crowded informal eateries and cafes you may have success asking a stranger if you can share the table they're sitting at. Striking up a conversation in this situation may or may not be welcome, however. Table manners, while varying greatly, are typically European influenced. Slurping or making other noises while eating are considered rude, as is loud conversation (including phone calls). It is fairly common to wait until everybody at your table has been served before eating. You should lay cloth napkins across your lap; you can do the same with paper napkins, or keep them on the table. Offense isn't taken if you don't finish your meal, and most restaurants will package the remainder to take with you, or provide a box for you to do this yourself (sometimes euphemistically called a "doggy bag", implying that the leftovers are for your pet). If you want to do this, ask the server to get the remainder "to go"; this term will be almost universally understood, and will not cause any embarrassment. Some restaurants offer an "all-you-can-eat" buffet or other service; taking home portions from such a meal is either not allowed, or carries an additional fee. If you are eating with a group, it is very rude to leave before everyone else is ready to go, even if you came separately. Cleaning your plate is a sign that you enjoyed your meal, and doesn't imply that the host didn't serve enough or should bring more. Many fast food items (sandwiches, burgers, pizza, tacos, etc) are designed to be eaten by hand (so-called "finger food"); a few foods are almost always eaten by hand (french fries, barbecue, chicken on the bone) even at moderately nice restaurants. If unsure, eating finger food with a fork and knife probably won't offend anyone; eating fork-and-knife food by hand might, as it's considered "uncivilized" and rude. When invited to a meal in a private home it is considered polite for a guest to ask if they can bring anything for the meal, such a dessert, a side dish, or for an outdoor barbecue, something useful like ice or plastic cups or plates. The host will usually refuse except among very close friends, but it is nonetheless considered good manners to bring along a small gift for the host. A bottle of wine, box of candies or fresh cut flowers are most common. Gifts of cash, prepared ready-to-serve foods, or very personal items (e.g. toiletries) are not appropriate. An exception is the potluck meal, where each guest (or group/family) must bring a food dish to share with everyone; these shared dishes make up the entire meal. Usually dishes are grouped (e.g., salads, main dishes or casseroles, side dishes, desserts); you should ask the host if they want you to bring something in particular. Ideal dishes for a potluck should be served from a large pot, dish, or bowl, and would be spooned or forked on to diners' plates—hence the emphasis on salads, casseroles, and spoonable side dishes. Smoking[ edit ] Smoking policy is set at the state and local levels, so it varies widely from place to place. A majority of states and a number of cities ban smoking in restaurants and bars by law, and many other restaurants and bars do the same by their own policy. Some states (like New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, and California) have banned any smoking indoors, while some still allow designated smoking areas. Check local information, and ask before lighting up; if a sign says "No Smoking," it means it. Breaking the ban may get you ejected, fined, or even arrested - and lots of dirty looks. Native American reservations are sovereign (independent) land and indoor smoking may be allowed on tribal lands even if you're in a state with an indoor smoking ban. In recent decades, smoking has acquired something of a social stigma (more so than in Europe )—even where smoking is permitted, be sure to ask your dining companions if they mind. With the increasing popularity of eCigarette devices, it is important to note that some establishments ask that you do not use them indoors. Although these devices simply produce an odorless, or even pleasant smelling, vapor, there is a somewhat common fear that they are unsafe and that others, especially in bars, may mistakenly assume that smoking is allowed indoors. Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] Drinking customs in America are as varied as the backgrounds of its many people. In some rural areas, alcohol is mostly served in restaurants rather than dedicated drinking establishments, but in urban settings you will find numerous bars and nightclubs where food is either nonexistent or rudimentary. In very large cities, of course, drinking places run the gamut from tough local "shot and a beer" bars to upscale "martini bars". American tradition splits alcoholic drinks into hard liquor and others. Americans drink a wide array of hard liquors, partially divided by region, but for non-distilled spirits almost exclusively drink beer and wine. Other fermented fruit and grain beverages are known, and sold, but not consumed in great quantities; most fruit drinks are soft (meaning 'non-alcoholic', not 'low alcohol volume'). 'Cider' without further qualifiers is a spiced apple juice, and 'hard cider' is a relatively little-consumed alcoholic beverage in spite of the U.S. having been one of its most enthusiastic consumers a mere two centuries ago. Be prepared to specify that you mean a liquor or cocktail in shops not specifically dedicated to alcohol. Beer is in many ways the 'default' alcoholic beverage in the U.S., but gone are the days when it was priced cheaply and bought without high expectations for quality. In the last 25 years, America has seen a boom in craft brews, and cities like Baltimore , Philadelphia and Boston are becoming renowned among beer lovers. The various idioms for alcohol consumption frequently and sometimes presumptively refer to beer. While most American beer drinkers prefer light lagers – until the 1990s this was the only kind commonly sold – a wide variety of beers are now available all over the U.S. It is not too unusual to find a bar serving 100 or more different kinds of beer, both bottled and "draft" (served fresh in a cup), though most will have perhaps a dozen or three, with a half dozen "on tap" (available on "draft"). Microbreweries – some of which have grown to be moderately large and/or purchased by one of the major breweries – make every kind of beer in much smaller quantities with traditional methods. Most microbrews are distributed regionally; bartenders will know the local brands. Nowadays all but the most basic taverns usually have one or more local beers on tap, and these are generally more full of character than the big national brands, which have a reputation for being generic. Some brew pubs make their own beer in-house, and generally only serve the house brand. These beers are also typically considered superior to the big national brands. Vineyards in Palisade , Colorado Wine in the U.S. is also a contrast between low-quality commercial fare versus extremely high-quality product. Unlike in Europe, American wines are labeled primarily by the grape (merlot, cabernet sauvignon, Riesling, etc.). The simple categories 'red', 'white', and 'rosé' or 'pink' are also used, but disdained as sole qualifiers by oenophiles. All but the cheapest wines are usually also labeled by region, which can be a state ("California"), an area of a state ("Central Coast"), a county or other small region ("Willamette Valley"), or a specific vineyard ("Dry Creek Vineyard"). (As a general rule, the narrower the region, the higher quality the wine is likely to be.) Cheap cask wines are usually sold in a box supporting a plastic bag; bottled wines are almost universally priced as semi-luxury items, with the exception of 'fortified wines', which are the stereotypical American answer for low-price-per-milliliter-alcohol 'rotgut'. All 50 U.S. states now support winemaking, with varying levels of success and respect. California wines are some of the best in the world, and are available on most wine lists in the country. The most prestigious American wine region is California's Napa Valley , although the state also has a number of other wine-producing areas, which may provide better value for your money because they are less famous. Wines from Oregon's Willamette Valley and the state of Washington have been improving greatly in recent years, and can be bargains since they are not yet as well known as California wines. Michigan , Colorado's Wine Country , and New York State's Finger Lakes region have recently been producing German-style whites which have won international competitions. In recent years, the Llano Estacado region of Texas has become regionally renowned for its wines. The Northern Virginia area, specifically Fauquier, Loudoun, and Prince William counties are also becoming well known for both their flavor, and organized wine tasting tours, supplemented by the scenery seen on the drives between locations. Sparkling wines are available by the bottle in up-scale restaurants, but are rarely served by the glass as they often are in western Europe. The best California sparkling wines have come out ahead of some famous brand French champagnes in recent expert blind tastings. They are comparatively difficult to find in 'supermarkets' and some non-alcoholic sparkling grape juices are marketed under that name. The wines served in most bars in America are unremarkable, but wine bars are becoming more common in urban areas. Only the most expensive restaurants have extensive wine lists, and even in more modest restaurants wine tends to be expensive, even if the wine is mediocre. Many Americans, especially in the more affluent and cosmopolitan areas of the country, consider themselves knowledgeable about wine, and if you come from a wine producing country, your country's wines may be a good topic of conversation. America's native spirit — bourbon, straight up Hard alcohol is usually drunk with mixers, but also served "on the rocks" (with ice) or "straight up" (un-mixed, with no ice) on request. Their increasing popularity has caused a long term trend toward drinking light-colored and more "mixable" liquors, especially vodka, and away from the more traditional darker liquors such as whiskey and bourbon that many older drinkers favor. However this is not an exclusive trend and many Americans still enjoy whiskey and bourbon. It was formerly wholly inappropriate to drink hard liquor before 5PM (the end of the conventional workday), even on weekends. A relic of this custom is "happy hour", a period lasting anywhere from 30 minutes to three hours, usually between 5PM and 8PM, during which a significant discount is offered on selected drinks. Happy hour and closing time are the only presumptive customs in American bars, although 'ladies night', during which women receive a discount or some other financial incentive, is increasingly common. Although laws regulating alcohol sales, consumption, and possession vary somewhat by state and county, the drinking age is 21 throughout the U.S. except in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (where it is 18). Enforcement of this varies, but if you're under 30 you should definitely be prepared to show photo ID when buying alcohol in a store or entering a bar (which often refuse admittance to "minors" under 21). In some states, people who are under 21 are not even allowed to be present in bars or liquor stores. A foreign passport or other credible ID will probably be accepted, but many waiters have never seen one, and it may not even be legally valid for buying alcohol in some places. As a driver's license is the most ubiquitous form of ID in the U.S. and have a magnetic strip for verification purposes, some supermarkets have begun requiring them to purchase alcohol. In such cases, it is the cash register not the cashier which prevents such purchases. It's worth noting that most American ID's have the date of birth laid out as month/day/year, while frequently other countries ID's use year/month/day or day/month/year which may cause further confusion. Using false identification to misrepresent your age is a criminal offense in all 50 states, and while most alcohol vendors will simply refuse to sell or take a blatantly fake ID away, a few also call the police which may result in prosecution. Most states (currently 45 of them) and Washington D.C. have found and use loupes in the federal law to allow underage drinking, example; in some states like Delaware and Mississippi , underage drinking is legal on private, non-alcohol premises(including private properties not open to the public). As long as he/she is accompanied by the physical presence of a parent or legal guardian who is over the age of 21 and has the approval to consume alcohol, but this varies. In states like Hawaii and Tennessee , Underage consumption of alcohol is allowed for religious purposes. Some states require that the alcohol must be provided by an official religious representative and/or limit the type of alcohol allowed. In states like Texas and Wisconsin , underage consumption of alcohol is allowed on alcohol-selling premises, such as a restaurant or bar, as long as the legal guardian gives the minor the alcohol and is in the presence of the legal guardian. This again varies. In states like Colorado and Nevada , underage consumption of alcohol is allowed for medical purposes. Again this varies. Alabama, Arkansas, Idaho, New Hampshire, and West Virginia have no exceptions to underage alcohol consumption laws. Selling alcohol is typically prohibited after a certain hour, usually 2 AM. In some states, most stores can only sell beer and wine; hard liquor is sold at dedicated liquor stores. In Indiana, sales of any type of alcoholic beverage is banned statewide on Sunday, However, bars are still open and serve alcoholic beverages. Several "dry counties" – mostly in southern states – ban some or all types of alcohol in public establishments; private clubs (with nominal membership fees) are often set up to get around this. Sunday sales are restricted in some areas. Some Indian reservations(especially the Navajo Nation ) doesn't allow any alcohol on their territory. Most towns ban drinking in public (other than in bars and restaurants of course), with varying degrees of enforcement. Even in towns which allow public drinking, a visible bottle (rather than one in a small bag, which is so commonly used for it as to be synonymous with public drinking) is either illegal or justifies police attention. All communities have some sort of ban on "drunk and disorderly" behavior, some quite stringent, and as a rule intoxication is an aggravating rather than exculpating factor in all but the most and least severe offenses. Drunk driving comes under fairly harsh scrutiny, with a blood-alcohol level of 0.08% considered "Under the Influence" and many states considering 0.05% "Impaired" - in Washington D.C. it's illegal to drive with any amount of alcohol in your system. If you're under 21, however, most states define a DUI from 0.00-0.02%. Drunk driving checkpoints are fairly common during major "party" events, and although privacy advocates have carved out exceptions, if a police officer asks a driver to submit to a blood-alcohol test or perform a test of sobriety, you generally may not refuse (and in certain states such as New York it is a crime in itself). DUI ("driving under the influence"), OUI ("operating under the influence") and DWI ("driving while intoxicated") are typically punished quite harshly, and as a foreign national it will typically mean the end of your time in the United States - even permanent residents have had their Green Cards revoked and were subsequently deported for DUI. In many jurisdictions catching and enforcing DUIs is the main job of patrolling police; it is watched for zealously and treated severely. It is also usually against the law to have an open container of alcohol anywhere in the car other than in the trunk. Some states have "open bottle" laws which can levy huge fines for an open container in a vehicle, sometimes several hundred dollars per container. If you're going out to drink with others; always assign at least one person as the designated driver of an automobile. Likewise, you can also arrange a taxi to take you back to your residence. Either way, it is way better than getting a ride in the back of a police car with a DUI on your record. The bright lights of Sin City, Las Vegas , Nevada Nightclubs in America run the usual gamut of various music scenes, from discos with top-40 dance tunes to obscure clubs serving tiny slices of obscure musical genres. Country music dance clubs, or honky tonks, are laid fairly thick in the South and West, especially in rural areas and away from the coasts, but one or two can be found in almost any city. Also, gay/lesbian nightclubs exist in nearly every medium- to large-sized city. Many nightclubs in America have a large area or "dance floor" where people often congregate and dance to the music played by the DJ, although in some areas of the deep south, people also dance to music played by live bands as well. A lot of nightclubs also have multi colored ceiling mounted music lights to brighten up the dance atmosphere. Mostly, a lot of couples and groups go to nightclubs, though singles also go there as well. However, if you go as a single person to a nightclub, remember that, in the United States of America, it is etiquette for the ladies to ask the guys to dance with them. Until 1977, the only U.S. state with legalized gambling was Nevada . The state has allowed games of chance since the 1930s, creating such resort cities as Las Vegas and Reno in the process. Dubbed "Sin City," Las Vegas in particular has evolved into an end-destination adult playground, offering many other after-hours activities such as amusement parks, night clubs, strip clubs, shows, bars and four star restaurants. Gambling has since spread outside of Nevada to a plethora of U.S. cities like Atlantic City , New Jersey and Biloxi, Mississippi, as well as to riverboats, offshore cruises and Indian reservations throughout the continental United States. Some states have tolerated card rooms for many years, which have since rebranded themselves as "casinos" (notwithstanding their lack of slot machines) to compete for business against true casinos in New Jersey, Nevada, and Indian reservations. State lotteries and "scratch games" are another, popular form of legalized gambling. However, online gaming and wagering on sports across state lines both remain illegal throughout the U.S. Classic 1950s motel in Seligman , Arizona , along Route 66 Daily rates for hotel rooms vary widely across the United States. Based on the average daily hotel room rate as of 2012, New York City and Honolulu were the most expensive cities for a hotel stay in the U.S. [24] Virtually all hotels at check-in will ask for the name of the guest who made the reservation, then demand from that person some kind of photo identification (a passport or driver's license is normally sufficient) and a credit card to cover incidental charges. If you do not have a valid credit card, some hotels will demand a cash deposit instead. Upon check-in, a hotel front desk clerk will almost always issue you a keycard with a magnetic stripe for access to your room, although an increasing number have switched to RFID keycards, which are tapped instead of swiped. By far the most common form of lodging in rural United States and along many Interstates is the motel. Providing inexpensive rooms to automotive travelers, most motels are clean and reasonable with a limited array of amenities: telephone, TV, bed, bathroom. Motel 6 [25] (+1 800 466-8356) is a national chain with reasonable rates ($30-$70, depending on the city). Super 8 Motels [26] (+1 800 800-8000) provides reasonable accommodations throughout the country as well. Reservations are typically unnecessary, which is convenient since you don't have to arbitrarily interrupt a long road trip; you can simply drive until you're tired then find a room. However, some are used by adults looking to book a night for sex or illicit activities and many are located in undesirable areas. Business hotels are increasingly available across the country. Generally they are more expensive than motels, but not as expensive as full-scale hotels, with prices around $70 to $170. While the hotels may appear to be the size of a motel, they may offer amenities typically associated with larger hotels. Examples include Marriott International's Courtyard by Marriott and Fairfield Inn; Hilton's Hampton Inn and Hilton Garden Inn; Holiday Inn's Holiday Inn Express; Starwood's Aloft and Four Points by Sheraton, and Hyatt Place. Another option are extended-stay hotels directed at business travelers or families on long-term stays (that are often relocating due to corporate decisions). These hotels often feature full kitchens in most rooms, afternoon social events (generally by a pool), and serve continental breakfast. Such "suite" hotels are roughly equivalent to the serviced apartments seen in other countries, though the term "serviced apartments" is not generally used in American English. Examples include Marriott’s ExecuStay, Residence Inn, TownePlace Suites and SpringHill Suites; Extended StayAmerica; Homestead Studio Suites; Homewood Suites by Hilton; and Summerfield Suites by Hyatt. Hotels are available in most cities and usually offer more services and amenities than motels. Rooms usually run about $80-$300 per night, but very large, glamorous, and expensive hotels can be found in most major cities, offering luxury suites larger than some houses. Check-out and check-in times almost always fall in the range of 11am-noon and 2pm-4pm respectively. Examples of major hotel chains include Marriott, Renaissance by Marriott, Hilton, Hyatt, DoubleTree by Hilton, Sheraton, Radisson, and Wyndham. Examples of upscale hotels include St. Regis, Fairmont, Waldorf Astoria, Crowne Plaza, InterContinental and Ritz Carlton. Note that many US cities now have "edge cities" in their suburbs which feature high-quality upscale hotels aimed at affluent business travelers. These hotels often feature all the amenities of their downtown/CBD cousins (and more), but at less exorbitant prices. In many rural areas, especially on the coasts and in New England, bed and breakfast (B&B) lodging can be found. Usually in converted houses or buildings with less than a dozen units, B&Bs feature a more home-like lodging experience, with complimentary breakfast served (of varying quality and complexity). Bed and breakfasts range from about $50 to $200 per night, with some places being much steeper. They can be a nice break from the impersonal chain hotels and motels. Unlike Europe, most American bed and breakfasts are unmarked; one must make a reservation beforehand and receive directions there. The two best-known hotel guides covering the US are the AAA (formerly American Automobile Association; typically pronounced "Triple-A") TourBooks, available to members and affiliated auto clubs worldwide at local AAA offices; and the Mobil Travel Guide, available at bookstores. There are several websites booking hotels online; be aware that many of these sites add a small commission to the room rate, so it may be cheaper to book directly through the hotel. On the other hand, some hotels charge more for "drop-in" business than reserved rooms or rooms acquired through agents and brokers, so it's worth checking both. Camping can also be a very affordable lodging option, especially with good weather. The downside of camping is that most campgrounds are outside urban regions, so it's not much of an option for trips to big cities. There is a huge network of National Parks [27] (+1 800 365-2267), with most states and many counties having their own park systems, too. Most state and national campgrounds are of excellent quality, with beautiful natural environments. Expect to pay $7-$20 per car on entry. Kampgrounds of America [28] (KOA) has a chain of commercial campground franchises across the country, of significantly less charm than their public-sector equivalents, but with hookups for recreational vehicles and amenities such as laundromats. Countless independently owned private campgrounds vary in character. Some unusual lodging options are available in specific areas or by prior arrangement. For example, you might enjoy staying on a houseboat in Lake Tahoe or the Erie Canal. Or stay in a treehouse in Oregon. More conventional lodging can be found at college or university dormitories, a few of which rent out rooms to travelers during the summertime. Finally, in many tourist areas, as well as big cities, one can rent a furnished house by the day. Learn[ edit ] Short courses may be undertaken on a tourist visa. Community colleges typically offer college-credit courses on an open-admissions basis; anyone with a high school degree or its equivalent and the required tuition payment can generally enroll. In large cities, open universities may offer short non-credit courses on all sorts of practical topics, from ballroom dance to buying real estate. They are a good place to learn a new skill and meet people. Studying full-time in the United States is an excellent opportunity for young adults seeking an advanced education, a chance to see a foreign country, and a better understanding of the U.S. and its people. It can be done independently by applying directly to a college for admission, or through the "study abroad" or "foreign exchange" department of a college in your own country, usually for a single term or one year. (Either approach requires, at minimum, an F or J student visa.) The latter is usually easiest; the two institutions will handle much of the arrangements, and you don't have to make a commitment to four years living in a strange country. Be forewarned, however: many state universities and private colleges are located in small towns, hundreds of miles from any big urban centers. They go out of their way to recruit lucrative international students unfamiliar with U.S. geography. Don't expect to spend your weekends in New York or Los Angeles if your college is in North Dakota unless it is part of the academic activities in your school/course. Furthermore, U.S. higher education institutions are distributed along a wide spectrum in terms of prestige and quality. Outside of an elite group of about 20 to 40 internationally renowned universities, most U.S. colleges and universities aren't that well-known outside of their home state, let alone their home city. The common requirements to study at a higher education level will include your admissions essay (also known as the statement of purpose or personal statement), transcript of records, recommendation/reference letters, language tests (TOEFL is most widely accepted but it can be waived if your previous school primarily used English as a medium of instruction), standardized achievement tests (SAT for undergraduate, GMAT for graduate business schools, GRE for most other graduate programs), degree certificates. As the TOEFL, SAT, GMAT or GRE are administered by the New Jersey-based ETS, you can sit the exam in your home country well beforehand and arrange for your scores to be directly sent to the school you are applying to. You may need to present these documents including your acceptance letter when applying for a student visa. The types of schools vary dramatically. (In conversation, Americans tend to use the terms "school" and "college" inclusively: any college or university might be referred to as "school", and a university might be called "college".) State university systems are partially subsidized by state governments, and may have many campuses spread around the state, with hundreds of thousands of students. Private colleges are generally smaller (hundreds or a few thousand students), with a larger percentage of their students living on campus; some are affiliated with churches and may be more religious in character. Other kinds of colleges focus on teaching specific job skills, education for working adults, and providing inexpensive college-level education to local residents. Although nearly all colleges are open to students regardless of race, gender, religion, etc. many were originally established for a particular group (e.g. African-Americans, women, members of a particular religion) and may still attract primarily students from that group. Several private colleges remain female-only, there are a few male-only private colleges, and private religious colleges may expect students to practice the school's faith. Colleges are funded by "tuition" charged to the student, which is often quite expensive, very commonly reaching into the tens of thousands of dollars per year. The most selective colleges (and hence, often the most desirable) run up to $40,000-50,000 per year, including both tuition and "room & board" in that price. Most US citizens and eligible non-citizens receive substantial financial assistance from the federal government in the form of grants and low-interest loans, which are not available to most non-residents. Often financial aid for foreign students is provided by their home country. They may be eligible for privately-funded "scholarships" intended to provide educational opportunities for various kinds of students. Some U.S. banks offer loans to foreign students, which usually require a citizen to guarantee that they'll be repaid. Contact the Financial Aid Office of any college you are interested in attending for more information about the sources of aid available. Almost all US colleges and universities operate web sites (in the .edu domain) with information for prospective students and other visitors. Work[ edit ] Work in America is best arranged long before you enter the United States. Young people who are full time students of certain nationalities can apply for a J1 "Exchange Visitor" visa which permits paid work as au pairs or summer work for up to 4 months in virtually any type of job. The United States Department of State has full information on applying for this type of visa including the precise categories that qualify. The H-1B visa allows a limited number of skilled and certain unskilled employees to temporarily work in the United States. It usually requires a bachelor's degree and is based on a petition filed by an American employer. The job you wish to apply for should be related to your degree. The most common careers of hard-to-get H-1B visa holders are nurses, math teachers, and computer science professionals. The H1-B cap was filled the day applications started this year, although proposed immigration changes would increase the cap. On the other hand, there is the more permanent employment-based immigrant visa which has similar requirements to the H-1B visa. An employment-based green card is significantly harder to obtain than an H1B, because the employer needs to first go through a tedious labor certification process, and assuming USCIS approves the petition, lengthy backlogs may occur (depending on nationality). Paid work is generally not allowed on a B1/B2 visitor visa. Working unlawfully in the United States runs the very real risk of arrest, deportation, and ineligibility to re-enter the country for at least some time. Illegal immigrants also run the risk of working in dangerous conditions without much relief from the law. Note that "paid work" includes receiving any sort of compensation or thing of value in exchange for your labor including "volunteering" in exchange for lodging. If you are seeking to adjust visa status or to enter the U.S. on a working visa you should first check the official government websites of the US Department of State , which issues visas abroad, and the US Citizenship and Immigration Services which administers immigration programs within the United States. Unfortunately, con artists both in the US and overseas often prey on people's desire to travel or work here. Keep in mind that while visa applications do not usually require an attorney or other intermediary, be wary of and verify any "advice" offered by third parties, especially non-lawyers. If in doubt about properly applying for such visas, it is best to get a licensed immigration attorney. Keep in mind that anyone entering under the Visa Waiver Program cannot adjust their status for any reason. Minimum Wage[ edit ] Federal Minimum Wage is currently at $7.25 an hour. However, most states, the Federal District of Columbia, and all territories have their own set minimum wage. These are almost all higher than this federal minimum and wage floors can also be set even at county or municipal level (city, town or village). For example; minimum wage in the State of California is currently $10.00 an hour, but the City of San Francisco is currently $10.74 an hour, the highest in the U.S., and Seattle is scheduled to eclipse the country by 2022, gradually increasing to $15.00 an hour. While in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (NMI), the lowest in the nation because federal labor laws don't apply to the N.M.I. Minimum wage for tips is $2.13 an hour, again, this varies by state, territory, and municipality. Georgia and Wyoming have a minimum wage for at home workers is $5.15 an hour and some states such as Oklahoma allows a $2 minimum wage for certain workers under small businesses with less than 10 employees and $150,0000 or less in profits. But most are lower than federal minimum wage and others are at the same rate as the minimum wage set by the State, Federal District, or municipality.Note:Minimum wage doesn't often include health insurance coverage. And be aware of the property of which you are working on. As it could be a Federal enclave, and a state's minimum wage law will not apply to the Federal enclave. Also note that overtime pay which is extra applies to most workers although that also has many exemptions so do your research. Corruption[ edit ] Bribery and other corrupt practices are illegal and most Americans will at best pass on your offer and at worst report it to the police and be offended. Crime[ edit ] American movies and television shows often give foreigners the inaccurate impression that the US is ravaged by an extremely high level of violent crime. While there are some locations in the United States with high crime rates, most violent crime is heavily concentrated in certain inner city neighborhoods (most of which are specifically identified in the relevant city-specific articles in this travel guide), or poor outlying areas. Few visitors to the US experience any sort of crime. Much crime is gang- or drug-related in inner city regions or poor areas located along the US-Mexican border. It mostly occurs in areas that are of little interest to visitors, however it can and does also occur in high tourist areas of certain cities. You can all but ensure that you won't experience crime by taking common-sense precautions and staying alert to your surroundings. Locations frequented by tourists and visitors (National Mall in Washington DC, and Manhattan in NYC) often have a police presence and are quite safe for all but the most minor petty crimes (eg: pick pocketing). Like other regions of the world, many American urban areas have populations of homeless people, some of whom are drug-addicted and/or mentally ill. In certain cities, aggressive panhandling is a concern. If you feel you are being harassed, say NO firmly and walk away and/or call the police. Note that security has increased along the United States–Mexico border due to increased illegal immigration and drug-related crime. Only cross the country's borders at official ports of entry. Police[ edit ] If stopped by the police while driving, the driver is expected to stay in the car and wait for the police officer to come to the driver or passenger window. It is expected for the driver to roll-down the window the officer is at. When stopped you should stay calm, be polite and cooperative, and avoid making sudden movements. If you need to reach for your purse or wallet to present your identification, state what you are doing and wait for permission to do so. Often police will ask you to keep your hands out of your pockets while speaking to them. This is in no way meant to be offensive, but is for their peace of mind and your safety. American police are always armed on duty, and will respond with force if they believe you present an immediate threat. Furthermore, do not in any way make physical contact or run away from a police officer under any circumstances. Physical contact with a cop can lead to you getting arrested for battery. Do not act aggressively or angrily, as that can and will make a police officer suspicious. Determine if you're being detained or if you're free to go; the police will need evidence to detain you, so do choose your words sparingly. Any form of communication between yourself and them can and will be written down. If you are being detained, demand that you will not answer further questions without a lawyer. Don’t answer any questions, no matter how seemingly innocuous or trivial, and demand a lawyer immediately or an official from your consulate/embassy. If you are stopped by a patrol car, turn on your interior car lights and keep your hands on the wheel so they remain visible. Do not exit the vehicle unless told to do so. If you follow the officer's instructions, you will probably not be arrested (unless you have actually committed a crime or resemble someone who recently committed one in the immediate vicinity). Instead, patrol stops typically result in a written citation for a driving offense, or sometimes a simple verbal warning if the offense was minor, as long as you remain appropriately cooperative. If they demand that they search your vehicle, you have a right to refuse it. You could be arrested for doing something you didn't do, such as when a friend may have left something illegal in the car, if you consent to a search. Be firm and polite when it comes to that situation. If a police officer stops by at your residence and demands to search it, determine if they have a warrant from a state or federal authority to search your residence. It is against the law for a police officer to search your place without a warrant. If further assistance is needed, please call your lawyer or consulate/embassy official. Do not offer bribes to a police officer in any way or under any circumstances. While bribery may be expected in other countries, the stark opposite is true in the US; bribery is actually a crime for which one can and will be arrested and detained. Foreigners are seldom given the benefit of the doubt, even if they are from a country where bribery is common. Even a vague gesture that could be interpreted as an attempt at bribery will offend the officer. If you need to pay a fine, the officer can direct you to the appropriate police station, courthouse, or government office. Most minor traffic infractions can be paid by mail. Don't even think about paying a fine directly to the officer who cited you, since that will probably be interpreted as a bribe. An exception to this rule is found in Montana , where fines can be paid to the officer by cash, check, or even a credit or debit card. Texting and driving[ edit ] Distracted driving is a major problem in the United States, but despite the high dangers, Texting and driving is not considered illegal under federal law. But each state, territory, and Washington D.C. has laws on distracted driving. According to the Governors Highway Safety Administration , no state, territory, nor Washington D.C. except Illinois bans all uses of cellphone while driving. So when driving or crossing the street, it's best to be aware of distracted driving. 911 Emergency services[ edit ] During any emergency, dialing 911 (pronounced "nine-one-one") on any telephone will connect you to a dispatcher for the emergency services in the area (police, fire, ambulance, etc). Calls to 911 are free from pay phones and any mobile phone capable of connecting to any local carrier. Give the facts. The dispatchers will send help. Unless you are calling from a mobile phone, the 911 operator can almost certainly trace your line instantly and pinpoint the exact structure you are calling from. With mobile phones it is more difficult; in some states, you may be connected to the regional office for the state police or highway patrol, which will then have to transfer you to the appropriate local agency once they talk to you and determine what you need. In recent years, many mobile phones have incorporated GPS devices that will display the user's precise geographical location to the 911 operator (known as Enhanced 911 or E-911), so that the operator can direct units to that location even if the caller is incapacitated. If you are staying in one area, it may be helpful to have the phone numbers for the local emergency services so as to get through directly to the local dispatch. Moreover, in most locations, 911 calls are recorded and are open, public records, while the conversation with the local emergency dispatchers cannot be accessed by the public. Remember that if you dial emergency dispatchers directly instead of through 911, the operator may not be able to trace your location. Note also that if you have a GSM mobile phone (the standard technology in most of the world, especially in Europe), you can also dial 112, which is the standard emergency number for GSM networks worldwide. All US GSM carriers (AT&T, T-Mobile, and smaller regional operators) automatically redirect 112 calls to 911. As with most countries, misuse of the emergency services number will result in, at the very least, a call back from authorities; if particularly egregious, you will be heavily fined or even arrested. Border Patrol[ edit ] You may encounter the United States Border Patrol if you're transiting through or visiting cities geographically close to Canada (such as Detroit ) or Mexico ( San Diego ) as well as in Southern coastal areas ( Florida Keys ). Border Patrol has the authority to verify immigration status and enforce immigration laws in places designated as "border zones" — generally within 40 miles of Canada and 75-100 miles of Mexico (although the law allows for 100 miles from any border, including international bodies of water like the seas and Great Lakes; this includes the entirety of some states and the majority of population centers). Border patrol is visible near Canada, though less so than on the southern boarder, (with guards primarily checking domestic long distance buses, Amtrak trains and their associated terminals, and rarely air travelers on arrival or departure). On the border with Mexico and in Southern coastal areas, systematic vehicle checkpoints or being pulled over by Border Patrol for a document check is much more common. Foreign nationals are legally required to have passport, visa, and I-94(W) entry record (or Green Card) in their possession at all times. Consequences for not having them during a document check may be severe; you may be delayed or detained until your status can be verified. Long-term visa holders and permanent residents have been fined, or in extreme cases had their visas canceled for being found without their documents. If your documents are in order, you generally won't be questioned. Even US citizens are increasingly being advised to carry proof of citizenship, or at the very least identification of some kind, in areas under Border Patrol jurisdiction. Border Patrol does not have much of a presence outside the border zones; its inland counterpart, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, generally doesn't target tourists unless it suspects them of trying to work during their tourist visits. In most states, police and other local authorities cannot question you about your immigration status or ask to see passports or visas unless you're arrested and charged with a crime, and then only for the purpose of connecting you with a representative from your country's embassy or diplomatic mission. Natural disasters[ edit ] The U.S. is a huge country with varied geography, and parts of it are occasionally affected by natural disasters: hurricanes in June through November in the Gulf and Atlantic coastal states, including Florida , extreme heat throughout the country, blizzards and extreme cold in the far north, large and violent tornadoes mostly in the Great Plains , the Mid-West, and the South, floods in areas all over the United States, wildfires in the late summer and early fall in the west, dust storms in any arid areas, and tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions in the west, as well as large thunderstorms throughout the country. See the regions in question for more details. Because tornadoes are so common between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains, this area has earned itself the colloquial name Tornado Alley. The west of the country sits along the pacific ring of fire, and as a result, is an area very prone to tectonic and geothermal disasters. Gay and lesbian[ edit ] Homosexuality is legal between consenting adults in all states as of 2003, and same-sex marriage was legalized in all states in 2015. Some states and cities have anti-discrimination codes, including public accommodations in hotels, restaurants and transportation. Some Americans take a live-and-let-live approach to sexuality, but there are significant exceptions. It can be a problem to be open about one's sexual orientation and you may receive unwanted attention, remarks, threats, violent attacks, and be refused service, a big amount of this occurs in Texas , Wyoming , the Midwest and the South . Attitudes toward homosexuality vary widely, even in regions with a reputation for tolerance. Tolerance is most common in major cities throughout the country especially around the Pacific Coast, some parts of the Northeast and Hawaii . Gay-friendly destinations include New York 's Chelsea , Cape Cod , Rochester in Western New York State , Chicago 's Boystown , Seattle 's Capitol Hill , San Francisco 's Castro Street , Washington 's Dupont Circle , Miami Beach 's South Beach , Atlanta 's Midtown and Los Angeles ' West Hollywood . Even outside of gay neighborhoods, many major cities are gay-friendly, especially in the West Coast and some areas of the Notheast . Massachusetts is an especially tolerant state as a whole. An increasing number of resort areas are known as gay-friendly, including Fire Island , Key West , Asheville , Provincetown , Ogunquit , Rehoboth Beach , Saugatuck , and parts of Asbury Park . In a few smaller cities, there are neighborhoods where gay people tend to congregate, many have resource centers for LGBTQ people. Some gay-friendly businesses like to advertise themselves as such with a rainbow flag or a small pink triangle or three-vertical-striped sticker in the window. Men planning to engage in any sex, should be aware the heightened risk of HIV and other infections in the United States. A gay American man is 44 times more likely to contract HIV than a heterosexual one, and 46 times more likely to contract syphilis. This risk grows greatly among men likely to engage in one-night stands and other higher-risk behavior. In a nation where 0.5% of the population are infected with HIV, unprotected sex is a very real risk. Precautions, including safer sex, are strongly advised during your stay. Most cities have affordable or free testing and treatment centers for STIs at least for gay men, though hours may be limited and waits may be long. Lesbians and trans face the same risk. The life-long repercussions of HIV or other STIs aren't covered by healthcare providers and seeking health care elsewhere can be very pricey. Illicit drugs[ edit ] Street drugs, including but not limited to cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamines, are illegal under federal law throughout the US. Marijuana use is more widely accepted than other drugs. Although a few states have passed laws legalizing the medical use of marijuana, this will not protect any foreign citizen caught in possession. Outside of drug-using circles, most Americans frown upon illicit drug use regardless of quantity. This is especially true in more conservative jurisdictions (Such as Utah ). And travelers would be wise to avoid using such substances in the United States, even in the jurisdictions that allow it. Penalties can be very severe, and can include mandatory minimum jail terms for possession of personal quantities in some states. Also, ANY drug possession near a school, however slight the quantity, will land you a heavy jail term. Attempting to bring any quantity into the US posses a serious risk of being arrested for "trafficking". Legal marijuana[ edit ] Notable exceptions to the precautions above are the states of Alaska , California , Colorado , Maine , Massachusetts , Nevada , Oregon and Washington , the District of Columbia ( Washington, D.C. ) and several recognized Indian Reservations, which have all recently legalized recreational use of marijuana. According to these new local laws, you can possess up to 1 ounce (8 ounces in Oregon, 2.5 ounces in the city of Portland, Maine and 2 ounces in Washington D.C.) of marijuana from a licensed seller and use it personally if you are over 21 years old. Indian Reservations have recently been allowed by the Federal government to regulate cannabis on their recognized reservation, so laws within the reservation vary widely, and can be different from state laws. Example; while cannabis is legal in the state of Washington, the Yakima Nation (an Indian reservation in Washington State) declares cannabis illegal on their land. So by default, both federal and laws of the Indian Reservation apply. However, use on public streets or inside public buildings is illegal, so if you do use it, use it in private. The federal government of the United States still considers marijuana illegal, so the use is still illegal in territory under direct federal government jurisdiction within states where marijuana use has legalized such as the Lewis-McChord Military Reservation in Washington state. Likewise, mailing of marijuana from Washington state to Colorado through the US Postal Service or bringing in some 'BC Bud' from British Columbia to Washington state is still illegal. The future of these laws is uncertain, but for now, they stand (with the exceptions in recognized Indian Reservations and federal territory). Marijuana possession and use is still illegal everywhere else, so do NOT under any circumstances bring marijuana into any U.S. jurisdiction where it is illegal, nor across adjacent international borders. This includes any Indian Reservation that deems it illegal on their land as you will risk facing criminal charges if you are caught with it. Depending on which country of your residence or you're traveling to after leaving the U.S., you may face criminal charges in your home country (or a third country) if found in possession of cannabis (or even in very small amounts) on arrival from the U.S. or having it in your urine or through other means of testing for drug use from a person's body, even if it was completely consumed in the U.S. prior to departure. The US reports crimes to other countries even ones who enforce the death penalty for drug offences so keep that in mind. Do not bring cannabis or any other federally illegal drug onto any Federal enclave, as federal drug laws are heavily enforced. Racism[ edit ] Most travelers to the US will not encounter overt racism. However, free speech is protected in the United States, so, as such, racist speech is still legal to a large extent (racial discrimination and hate crimes are illegal). You may come across familiar hate signs when traveling across the US. There is an extremely small chance of running into someone who is a member of a supremacist group such as, the Ku Klux Klan, New Black Panther Party, La Raza, "Neo Nazi" or various other hate groups. Symbols like swastikas and other Nazi imagery are legal in the US, and may be found in tattoo art among members. However, they usually cover these up in public to avoid drawing hostility from others. For the most part, racist hate groups tend to prefer to be reclusive due to the mainstream unpopularity of their views. Most such groups choose to inhabit remote, rural, isolated areas (some of which may be crudely constructed compounds) that are difficult for outsiders to come upon incidentally. Occasionally, they may appear in public just to exercise their "free speech rights", even if they don't intend to commit any violent or obviously illegal acts. If you come across any racist, just walk away from them. It isn't worth starting a fight with them and if they are in public they could become violent. Islam[ edit ] "Islamophobia" or the "fear of Islam" does exist in the United States, and has seen a uptick since the early 2000's. There is a internal US debate on whether to accept Syrian refugee's due to the crisis in the Middle East with ISIS and other radical groups. Despite this, Muslims are generally not discriminated against on a personal level. However, there may be isolated cases in rural and urban settings alike. Curfew[ edit ] Some cities don't allow minors below a certain age to wander alone after a certain hour at night, unless accompanied by a legal guardian. Similar rules may apply to driving. Animals[ edit ] It is illegal to hunt, kill, or keep any of a bald eagle's feathers. Keeping its feathers will result in a $100,000 fine for each feather you possess. As well as a year in prison, repeated offenses will change your sentence. However, Indian reservations are somewhat excluded from the possession of bald eagle feathers. But you must have a certification of tribal membership and the appropriate registration license to possess one. If not, federal law applies. The U.S. has one of the highest populations of venomous snakes (32), and a high number of potentially dangerous animals compared to many other countries. Please exhibit caution in any wilder areas of the country (even suburban areas.). Animal fighting and abuse in general is illegal. Prostitution[ edit ] Prostitution is not prohibited by Federal law. States, Territories, and the Federal District are allowed to make their own laws. Even so, prostitution remains illegal in all areas except at licensed brothels in rural Nevada counties. Prostitution remains illegal in Las Vegas and Reno, Nevada , and street-walking prostitutes are always illegal. Elsewhere in the US, tolerance and enforcement of prostitution laws vary considerably, but be aware that police routinely engage in "sting" operations in which an officer may pose as a prostitute to catch and arrest persons offering to pay for sex. This is not considered entrapment by US laws since the arrested person was consciously intending to commit an illegal act. Firearms[ edit ] Like it or not, firearms are an entrenched feature of the American culture. Legal ownership of firearms is supported by the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution, most (but not all) of the fifty states have similar wording in their state constitutions. Because of this, the U.S. has become a major destination for "Gun tourism", and currently the largest destination. Many Americans (but certainly not all) own a firearm, and firearm ownership is legal in all jurisdictions with varying degrees of restriction by State, Territory, and Federal District. Legally carried firearms can range from hunting rifles and shotguns to revolvers and semi-automatic handguns. Non-immigrant aliens that are in the country for fewer than 180 days cannot possess a firearm or ammunition, unless they came here specifically for hunting or sporting purposes, or they have a valid hunting license from the state they are visiting. Passport + Visa + State Issued Hunting License = firearm possession / use. Entry in a recognized shooting competition can substitute for the hunting license. Anything else is strictly illegal. The vast majority of Americans are non-violent except in self defense; they are responsible with their firearms and use/carry them appropriately and within the limits of the law. All States have laws regarding self defense which allow a person to use force, up to and including deadly force, in defense of themselves or others when in reasonable fear of seriously bodily injury or death. This right to self-defense extends to protection of one's home, and, in some states, to other types of personal property. Your chances of a firearm-related injury in the U.S.A. are very low, but please keep the following in mind: Concealed carry: All fifty states and Washington DC have "concealed carry" laws which enable people with the appropriate license to possess a concealed (and loaded) handgun on their person. Open carry: Many states also allow people to "open carry" a handgun. Seeing a person with an openly carried handgun or a (poorly) concealed handgun is only a cause for concern if the person's behavior is otherwise non-law abiding. The vast majority of Americans who carry firearms (either concealed or openly) do so within the limits of the law. While so called 'open carry' may seem highly unusual to individuals from nations (or other American states) without a gun culture, the general attitude among those who open carry is that criminals do not carry openly. When approaching a stranger's house or apartment, especially at night, make special effort to stand within the view of the door's peephole or in the light, so you can clearly be seen from the inside. Hunting is a popular sport in rural America. In general, while hiking, travel on marked trails - this will not put you in any danger, but if venturing off the beaten path, it is a good idea to inquire if any hunting is currently afoot and where. If there is hunting in the area, wear bright colors (particularly "Blaze Orange") to differentiate yourself from terrain and prey. If you have a dog with you, you should also put a blaze orange vest on it as well. If you wish to hunt you will need to obtain a hunting license (usually available at outdoors stores among other places) and should review local regulations. Property owners may defend their homes with firearms during a burglary or home invasion. If in rural areas, it is common courtesy not to cross land posted as private property. Shooting is a popular recreational activity in America that many tourists wish to participate in. Many shooting ranges are more than happy to accommodate tourists and will have a variety of firearms available to rent and shoot at the range. However, due to the laws restricting non-immigrant aliens from possessing firearms, you will most likely need to be accompanied by a US citizen who satisfies the local requirements for firearm possession. If you come from a country where firearm ownership is discouraged or prohibited, there is a possibility that your American host will offer to take you shooting. On a shooting trip, your host will most likely explain basic firearm safety and quiz you on it before allowing you to handle their guns. They may also watch you closely and point out any accidental safety violations. This is all done out of gun safety concerns, and should never be interpreted as impertinent or disrespectful. Other Conflicts[ edit ] It is never worth getting into a street fight or a bar fight if such a thing can be avoided. Many states in the USA now allow licensed concealed carry holders to carry their pistols into establishments [such as bars] that serve alcohol on the premises, so long as the individual with the pistol refrains from consuming any alcohol. If you get drunk and wind up attacking somebody or threatening somebody with a pool stick, a chair, a glass bottle, a knife, or any sort of weapon, you open yourself to the possibility of somebody using a pistol against you in self-defense, aside from the fact that you open yourself to being arrested and charged with numerous felonies [which could carry years in prison]. Always know your limits and drink responsibly. Do not drink to the point where you become prone to violent or reckless behavior. If you are at a reputable and clean establishment in a decent/safe neighborhood you will generally find that bar fights are extremely uncommon while in other bars that are known to get "rough" there may be bouncers [unarmed security who will forcibly eject you if you become disruptive/menacing] and in some bars [particularly those in bad neighborhoods] there may be armed security or the bar-tender/owner may be carrying a weapon. Use common-sense, if a misunderstanding occurs, politely but firmly apologize, back away from the situation, and avoid escalation. If somebody asks you to "step outside" or "go out back" or "let's take this into the parking lot" decline, tell him that you do not want any trouble, and if he persists in challenging you, speak with the bar-tender or a bouncer, or phone the police if he persists or tries to follow you, but do not go outside with him. Personal hygiene[ edit ] The average American takes a bath or shower at least once per day, and expects others to do the same. Excessive body odor is frowned upon, as is excessive use of perfumes and colognes. American men either shave their faces daily, or if they grow beards and/or mustaches, keep them neatly trimmed. American women shave their legs if walking around in shorts or high-cut skirts that expose bare skin. Most also shave their underarms and some shave their arms. Bad breath (halitosis) is also frowned upon. Americans are taught from a young age to brush and floss their teeth twice daily. Disease[ edit ] NOTE: The CDC has identified the territories of American Samoa , Puerto Rico , US Virgin Islands , as well as parts of Miami in the state of Florida as an affected area of the Zika outbreak. Pregnant women are advised to be cautious as the virus can lead to birth defects. Adults affected by the virus experience fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red eyes) typically lasting a week. You can learn more by visiting the official CDC website . Being a highly industrialized nation, the United States is largely free from most serious communicable diseases found in many developing nations; however, the HIV rate is higher than in Canada and Western Europe, with about a 0.5% infection rate in the overall population. This is due to Americans being more likely to have multiple partners at younger ages (down to 12 years of age,) than residents of Canada or Western Europe. Two diseases that, while rare, are worth becoming educated about are rabies and Lyme disease. Rabies is more prevalent in eastern regions of the country and may be contracted from animal bites; if you are bitten by any mammal see a doctor quickly—do not wait for symptoms. Lyme disease is spread via the deer tick, which are prevalent in the woodlands and open fields of many rural areas. When venturing into the outdoors, it is a good idea to apply an insect repellent onto exposed skin surfaces that is effective against deer ticks. Other diseases that are endemic within the United States, but are of far less concern, include Hantaviral Pulmonary Syndrome (found in western regions), Dengue fever (in areas from the southern Mid-West down to the Gulf and Hawaii,) Chikungunya (almost all regions,) Bubonic Plague (Pacific Northwest,) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (mostly in the Rocky Mountain region), West Nile Virus (all regions)and Eastern/Western Equine Encephalitis (particularly in the mid-west region). All of the above listed diseases are extraordinarily rare and the medical system of the United States is very much capable of handling any of these when necessary. For the latest in traveler's health information pertaining to the United States, including advisories and recommendations, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's website. Health care[ edit ] Health care in America is the most expensive in the world. Millions of working Americans struggle to pay their medical bill, even though the Affordable Care Act (commonly called "Obamacare" by Americans) enacted by President Barack Obama in 2010 helped to alleviate the problem. The same drug sold in the United States can cost up to 5 or 6 times the price of other countries. Americans generally use private health insurance, paid either by their employer or out of their own pocket; some risk paying high hospital bills themselves, or depend on government subsidized health plans. As a traveler you should have travel insurance or you will potentially face very high costs if you need medical care. Most metropolitan areas will have a mix of public and private hospitals, and in turn, US private hospitals can be either non-profit or for-profit. Public hospitals located in wealthy suburbs can be as good as private ones, but in poorer inner-city areas, public hospitals are usually overcrowded and run-down and should be avoided by tourists. However, many public hospitals are also the Level I regional trauma centers for their respective metro areas (i.e., they guarantee 24-hour on-site availability of all major types of medical specialists), which means that you will be taken there if critically injured. In a life-threatening emergency, call 911 to summon an ambulance to take you to the nearest hospital emergency room ("ER"), or in less urgent situations get to the hospital yourself and register at the ER's front desk. Emergency rooms will treat patients without regard to their ability to pay, but you will still be presented with a bill for all care. Do not use ERs for non-emergency walk-in care. Not only can this be 3-4 times more expensive than other options, but you will often wait many hours (or days) before being treated, as the staff will give priority to patients with urgent needs. In most areas, the charge for an emergency room visit starts around $500, in addition to any specific services or medications you may require. Most urban areas have minor emergency centers (also called "urgent care", etc.) for medical situations where a fully equipped emergency room would be excessive, such as superficial lacerations. However, their hours may be limited, and few are open overnight. Walk-in clinics are another place for travelers to find routine medical care, letting patients see a doctor or nurse-practitioner without an appointment (but often with a bit of a wait). They are typically very up-front about fees, and always accept credit cards. To find one, check the yellow pages under "Clinics", or call a major hospital and ask. Make sure to tell the clerk you will be paying "out of pocket"; if they assume an insurance company will be paying for it, they may order tests that are not medically essential and in some cases bill for services that aren't actually provided. Dentists are readily available throughout the United States (again, see the yellow pages). Dental offices are accustomed to explaining fees over the phone, and most will accept credit cards. Be prepared to pay for all services up front as this is a common requirement for most dental practices. Please note the Affordable Care Act (ACA), commonly referred to by Americans as Obamacare (named after the U.S. President Barack Obama who started the idea) is a law that requires everyone to have affordable health insurance to avoid paying a hefty price on their medical bills. It took effect March 1, 2014. It is however, not applicable to U.S. visitors so if you get sick you have to pay full price for medical bills. Most counties and cities have a government-supported clinic offering free or low-cost testing and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases; call the Health Department for the county you are in for more details. Many county clinics offer primary health care services as well, however these services are geared towards low-income residents and not foreign travelers. Restrooms/Toilets[ edit ] The full-time restroom attendants often seen in certain European countries are extremely rare in the US. Some facilities may be pristine, such as in upscale shopping malls, fine restaurants, or commercial office buildings. Others will be shockingly unkempt, such as at many gas stations and bars. Public universities and big box retail stores will have a medium level of cleanliness. Nearly all public buildings are required to have restrooms accessible to the disabled. Many restrooms increasingly offer baby changing stations in both the men's and women's restrooms (especially in shopping centers and restaurants). A few places offer a separate, third "family" restroom which is single-occupancy but spacious. For little children who need to be monitored or assisted, it's generally acceptable for them to use the restroom of the parent they're with (little girls can go with dad to the men's room, and vice versa). The other way around (dad going to the ladies' room) is usually not okay. North Carolina and a few other states have a law that transgender people use the bathrooms that matches their biological sex. However, law enforcement has not yet figured out how to effectively enforce it. You may face jail time if discovered to be transgender in the restroom of the gender that you identify as, but this is not a concern if you pass. In fact, it is safer for a passing trans woman to use the women's restroom; if you are a trans woman, using the men's restroom may lead to sexual assault, and severe physical beating if discovered to be transgender. Water[ edit ] Tap water is generally chlorinated and may also include fluorine. Nevertheless, some Americans use filter pitchers (common brands for both include Brita and Pur). Although tap water is not dangerous, some Americans prefer to filter (and sometimes boil) tap water before drinking. It has more to do with taste than actual safety. Ice in restaurants is typically made with ice machines. Water is always served for free in restaurants. Truly isolated rural areas or sources in condemned buildings may be suspect water sources-use your best judgement-but this is exceptionally rare. While tap water in most urban and suburban areas is safe to drink, many Americans are more comfortable drinking either filtered or bottled water. This should not be seen as a sign that the water is unsafe, rather that some prefer to always have portable bottled water on hand. You can carry a reusable water bottle (heavy plastic or metal) and refill with water from public drinking fountains, some of which are even now filtered for taste, or have a vertical spout to make dispensing water directly into a bottle easier. These considerations, of course, bar natural disasters or other disturbances to the water supply system. Again, use your best judgement. After an earthquake or a tornado or the like you can check with the local authority, and they will have maps zoned out where unsafe water may be found. Many cities water municipal properties with 'greywater' (reclaimed or otherwise not-processed) water, and there will be signs stating that the water is unsafe to drink from the sprayers. This should not be a huge problem, as parks tend to have drinking water fountains if you find yourself in a desperate situation. In hot states such as Arizona and New Mexico, all businesses must provide tap water upon request. News[ edit ] News media in the U.S. is almost entirely privately-owned and profit-driven, and so conforms itself to its consumers and advertisers. The result is a wide range of information and opinion, some of it focused entirely on political ideology or special interests, with others attempting to be broad and impartial to appeal to a wide audience. As a very general rule (there are always exceptions) radio news has right-wing opinions, while print and cable news has a left-wing inclination. Other publications or channels will offer a range of right, center, and left opinions, but this is relatively uncommon. Newspapers[ edit ] The five most important newspapers are as follows: Los Angeles Times - the second-largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008 and the fourth most widely distributed newspaper in the country. Center-left stance on news pages, left-wing stance on editorial pages. The New York Times - the largest local metropolitan newspaper in the United States and third-largest newspaper overall, behind The Wall Street Journal and USA Today. It is the national newspaper of record and is generally considered to be the most prestigious newspaper in the United States. It also takes a center-left stance on news pages and a left-wing stance on editorial pages. The Wall Street Journal - primarily covers American economic and international business topics, and financial news and issues. Its name derives from Wall Street, located in New York City, which is the heart of the financial district; it has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8, 1889, by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, and Charles Bergstresser. The newspaper has won the Pulitzer Prize thirty-four times. Mixed political stance—center-right on editorial pages, center-left on news pages. USA Today [29] - known for synthesizing news down to easy-to-read-and-comprehend stories. In the main edition seen in the US and some Canadian cities, each edition consists of four sections: News (the oft-labeled "front page" section), Money, Sports, and Life. On Fridays, two Life sections are included: the regular Life for entertainment (subtitled Weekend; section E), which features television, a DVD column, film reviews and trends, and a travel supplement called Destinations & Diversions (section D). Centrist stance. Often found at many hotels (for which they either charge a "newspaper fee" or bundle it into a larger "resort fee"). The Washington Post - well-known for its coverage of national politics, especially major scandals like the Watergate scandal. Center-left stance. Most good newsstands (especially at major airports) always carry the NYT, the WSJ, and USA Today, as well as one or more local newspapers. In addition, they may also carry either the LA Times or the Washington Post (depending on whether they sit west or east of the Mississippi River). Local newspapers can generally be found at sidewalk vending machines in the cities they cover, together with USA Today. Starbucks Coffee shops and other coffee houses often also carry newspapers. Cable News Channels[ edit ] Cable News Network (CNN) - broadcasts, primarily, from studios in Atlanta. Delivers the latest breaking news and information on the latest top stories, weather, business, entertainment, politics, and more. It has been labeled as having a center to left stance. Fox News Channel - broadcasts from studios in New York City. Presents a variety of programming with up to 17 hours of live programming per day. Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio. Right-wing stance. MSNBC - broadcasts, primarily, from studios in New York City. Features news, information, and political opinion programming. Left-wing stance. Dress[ edit ] Today, dress in the US tends to be fairly casual. For everyday clothes, jeans and T-shirts are generally acceptable, as are shorts when the weather is suitable. Sneakers (athletic shoes) are common; flip-flops, tank tops, and sandals are also popular in warm weather. At the workplace, business casual (slacks, understated collared shirts without a tie, and non-athletic shoes) is now the default at many companies; more traditional industries (e.g. finance, legal, and insurance) still require suits and ties, while others (e.g. computer software) are even more casual, allowing jeans and even shorts. When dressing up for nice restaurants or upscale entertainment, a pair of nice slacks, a collared shirt, and dress shoes will work almost everywhere. Ties for men are rarely necessary, but jackets are occasionally required for very upscale restaurants in big cities. At the beach or pool, men prefer loose bathing trunks or boardshorts, and women wear bikinis or one-piece swimsuits. Nude bathing is illegal under Federal law except at certain private beaches or resorts; women going topless is also illegal under Federal law. Many establishments, such as water parks, will enforce rules on improper swimwear; for example, insufficient covering of the intimate parts or offensive language. Staff members may ask you to either change into swimwear more appropriate or be escorted out of the park (typically without a refund). Generally, Americans accept religious attire such as hijab, yarmulke, and burqa without comment. However, do be aware that in places of heightened security such as banks, municipal buildings, and so on, wearing clothing which covers the face may be regarded as suspicious behavior and is generally unadvised. Burning Man , Nevada The number one rule of respect among Americans is that it must be earned by your actions and integrity. Being honest, polite, and open-minded will win you much more respect than your age, wealth, or level of education. Some Americans will show great courtesy to elders, women, priests, military veterans, teachers, and so on, but this is purely a matter of personal preference, and behaving as though you expect superior treatment will guarantee the opposite. When Americans refer specifically to "lower class," "middle class" or "upper class" people, they are referring strictly to economic status, not social status. Disrespecting someone because they have less money than you is widely regarded as terrible behavior. Some Americans find foreign culture and language fascinating and you will likely be bombarded with questions about your home. Questions such as these are nearly always meant in a friendly and inquisitive manner. Americans value their right to free expression, and may encourage visitors to voice their feelings and opinions, but some topics are best treated with care and respect: Many Americans are openly critical of their government and its policies, but disparaging remarks about the U.S. military or foreign policy are rarely welcome from outsiders. In addition, many Americans will take offense to questions about American stereotypes (obesity, firearms, etc) and even if meant in a joking way, it will still be seen as very disrespectful; the US is a very large country with all types of people. Most Americans will change the subject or excuse themselves from the conversation if they think you are being inappropriate. If this happens, do not pursue the offending topic further. Upon becoming better acquainted with someone, political discussion and criticism may become more acceptable. Pride in the American military is very strong, and at many sporting events and institutions, military members often receive recognition. Americans are free to respectfully disagree with military policy, but questioning the honor, integrity or behavior of American soldiers themselves is usually unacceptable. As an outsider you should do neither unless you know the person very well. Given the variety of religions practiced throughout the States, you should expect to be surrounded by many who disagree with your beliefs, though most are tolerant of such differences. While you're unlikely to offend an American by politely asking about their religion or offering to explain your own, aggressive proselytizing or disparaging remarks of other faiths will not earn you any respect. Leftists are generally found in the states where the Democratic Party is predominant, but can also be found in even the most conservative towns. Generally, though, one should not mention these views unless their host does so first, or has already displayed their allegiance to such views via a T-shirt, bumper sticker, etc. Nazism and other Fascist ideologies are viewed negatively. Holocaust denial is not tolerated in the United States. Americans strongly support the Jewish people as they were victims of a mass genocide during the Second World War and also support having a strong alliance with Israel more than any other Western nation. Jokes at the expense of a specific race, ethnic group, etc. are generally not tolerated. Such jokes are often considered a sign of bigotry and most Americans will not find them humorous, even if they are not a member of the offended group. For example, making fun of black people in an exclusively white setting will still offend most Americans. In return, you can expect Americans to not mock your race and country of origin. Understand that Americans value directness and self-confidence, particularly in public/professional life. To make a good impression, you will want to greet someone you've never met before with direct eye contact, a firm handshake and a smile. If you come from a country such as Japan, where directness is usually considered uncomfortable, rude and/or disrespectful, these aspects of interaction may take some getting used to, but can go long way in determining how positively or negatively you're perceived. Unless it is extremely crowded, leave about an arm's length of personal space between yourself and others. On public transportation, it is considered invasive to sit directly next to a stranger if there are open seats available elsewhere. With the exception of handshakes, Americans do not like to be touched by members outside of their family and will respond aggressively if poked, pushed, or grabbed by a stranger. Unlike many cultures, Americans do not perform cheek kissing as a way of greeting strangers, and if they do cheek kissing at all, it is only with family members. As a result of the country's extensive history of racial discrimination, coupled with the country's push toward racial equality, Americans are exceptionally sensitive about issues of race. If you must reference race, Black or African-American, Asian, Latino or Hispanic, Native American or American Indian, and White or Caucasian are acceptable terms. Note also that when Americans use the term "Asian" by itself to refer to people, they are often specifically referring to East Asians (including Southeast Asians), and not to people from South Asia. In most parts of the US, East Asian communities are larger and more established than South Asian communities. (Note that this usage is exactly opposite that of British English, in which "Asian" by itself refers exclusively to South Asians, and East Asians are usually called "Oriental" which is considered offensive in America.) Smoking indoors is heavily frowned upon and is illegal in most public buildings. If you're in a private home and want to smoke, politely excuse yourself and go outside. Adults should never approach or speak directly to children they don't know. American children are taught to be wary of strangers. If you have something you'd like to say to a child, address the adult he or she is with. Videotaping in any indoor public-use place is highly frowned upon in the United States of America and can rather easily result in expulsion from the premises, even without warning. Places that prohibit or restrict videotaping by visitors include shopping malls, stores, restaurants, museums, arcades, movie theaters, nightclubs, bars, taverns, and stadiums. Additionally, cameras (both still and motion picture) are generally prohibited at strip clubs and clothing-optional facilities. Videotaping is usually permitted at most amusement parks, but is highly restricted and oftentimes prohibited on rides, especially at chain parks like Six Flags and Cedar Fair. Different stadiums, and even different events at the same stadium can have different photo policies. It is always best to ask about the photo and video policy to determine acceptability. Public display of affection, including hugging, gets various types of reactions depending on the region it occurs in. Generally, in the northern tier states (especially within northern states such as Alaska, Montana, and such), public displays of affection more demonstrative than hugging are seen as tacky and inconsiderate. Also, many schools and work places prohibit public display of affection. Public display of affection is generally more permitted and open in the southern states area. It even occurs, especially in deep southern states (Texas, Florida, South Carolina, Mississippi, and such) that waitresses do occasionally hug their customers. There are Native American reservations scattered throughout the country, particularly in the Upper Midwest and the Southwest. Many of these reservations are home to sites that are sacred to the tribe, and certain places may be off-limits to outsiders. If you enter a reservation's territory, please be sure to respect the land. They also have unique legal status allowing them to regulate themselves. Laws and customs may be different in these regions. The Bald Eagle is the national animal, and is beloved by many Americans and is a sacred animal in many Indian reservations. Respect national wildlife. Also see the section on tipping , and the section on smoking . The United States has been through several waves of feminism since the mid 20th century and has been influenced by feminism more than any other country in the world. Many countries, of course, have a custom of reverence towards older women or women of higher status but males should be careful in how they address or interact with any American adult females, younger or older, regardless of their apparent status. The issue of sexual harassment and sexual assault is a very serious matter in the United States for both man and women, as sexual assault and harassment are a problem for both genders. Avoid slang terms that you might hear Americans use for women ("babe", "broad", "chick") and to be safe, avoid any equivalents in your language. It is just best to simply address an American woman by her given name. A majority of American women consider men who use such terms as disrespectful. Catcalls and whistles, which may be traditionally considered harmless in your native country, may be considered by some to be a form of sexual harassment. Be aware of your surroundings when discussing LGBT rights. It is a very sensitive issue on both sides of the aisle, so saying the wrong thing could cause great offense or argument. In regard to pets, many Americans value their pet as a family member. It would not be a good idea to make a rude comment about somebody's dog or cat. Such remarks will often be greeted with hostility. By phone[ edit ] U.S. telephone numbers are governed by the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) and are invariably written in one of these formats: XXX-YYY-ZZZZ (XXX) YYY-ZZZZ YYY-ZZZZ The numbers YYY-ZZZZ make up the local part of the telephone number (specifically, the telephone exchange number and line number). You must dial all seven digits even if the YYY portion is the same as the line you are calling from. The numbers XXX denote the area code. Densely populated areas often have several area codes (e.g. the six area codes within the borders of New York City), while some sparsely-populated states will have one or two codes for the entire state (e.g. Montana). Ordinarily, if the number you are dialing is within the same area code as the one for the line you are dialing from, dial YYY-ZZZZ; otherwise, dial 1-XXX-YYY-ZZZZ. However, many metropolitan areas, and even some entire states (such as Maryland and West Virginia) have implemented 10-digit dialing, where all local calls must be dialed as XXX-YYY-ZZZZ. (In such areas, you must still dial "1" to distinguish long-distance calls.) Mobile phones are much simpler and can be dialed with all 10 digits regardless of whether the call is local or long distance. You may occasionally see phone numbers for business which spell out words, such as "1-800-FLOWERS". Almost all phones have letters written on each number ("2" is "ABC", "3" is "DEF", etc.) which you use to dial the number; for example, "FLOWERS" becomes "356-9377". This is a legacy of the old alphabet letter codes which were previously used for telephone exchanges. In the case of mobile phones, most feature phones (i.e., not smartphones) have the letters printed along with the numbers. As for smartphones, most touchscreen phones have virtual phone keypads that display the corresponding letters along with the numbers. Smartphones without touchscreens, such as some older BlackBerry devices, often allow you to enter letters as part of a phone number. In either case, entering "1-800-FLOWERS" and pressing the send button should connect you to that business. Long-distance calls are calls to lines outside the "local calling area" of the line from which you are dialing. The long-distance prefix (in some countries called the "trunk" prefix) in the U.S. is "1", so a long-distance call should be dialed 1-XXX-YYY-ZZZZ. As with local calls, dialing incorrectly will result in an automated message informing you how to properly dial the number. Mobile phones typically do not require you to dial "1" for long-distance. Canada and certain Caribbean islands also participate in the NANP. This means they can be dialed using "1" as if they were in the U.S., although the call will be billed at international rates. As a general rule, calls to Canada are more expensive than U.S. domestic calls, but cheaper than calls to other countries. Calls to other locations require using the international access code ("011") followed by the country code of the destination number. For example, a call from the United States to the British Museum in London would be dialed as 011-44-20-7323-8000. At some locations with internal phone systems (e.g. businesses and hotels), you will need to dial an access code (usually "9" or "8") to reach an outside line before dialing the number as usual. Numbers with the area code 800, 888, 877, 866, or 855 are toll free within the U.S, meaning that the cost of the call is paid by the recipient. Outside the country, dial 880, 881, 882, and 883 respectively, but these aren't toll free. The area code 900 is used for services with additional charges applied to the call (e.g. "adult entertainment"). This is also true of "local" seven-digit phone numbers starting with 976. Most visitor areas and some restaurants and bars have directories with two listings of telephone numbers (often split into two books): the white pages, for an alphabetical listing; and the yellow pages, an advertising-filled listing of business and service establishments by category (e.g. "Taxicabs"). Directory information can also be obtained by dialing 411 (for local numbers) or 1-area code-555-1212 (for other areas). If 411 doesn't work locally, try 555-1212 or 1-555-1212. Directory information is normally an extra cost call. As an alternative, directory information is available for free via 1-800-Free411, which is ad-supported. Information directories are also available online at each regional telephone company's web site (most often AT&T, Verizon, or CenturyLink; also Frontier in West Virginia and FairPoint in northern New England), as well as www.free411.com. Although each claims to have all the local phone numbers of the others, using the site of the region you are searching for yields the best results (i.e. AT&T for most of California, Verizon for the Northeast, etc.) Many residential land-line phones and all mobile phones are unlisted. Historically, pay phones were ubiquitous on sidewalks all over the United States, and commonplace in other places such as gas stations. After 2000, cell phone usage soared and pay phone usage collapsed, so the regional landline telecom monopolies exited the pay phone business. The small companies that took over the legacy pay phones have ripped out most of them and increased prices on the ones that remain. Today, prices are typically 50 cents for the first three minutes, and a quarter for each additional minute. You will probably have to enter a store or restaurant to find one, though some are against the outer wall of such businesses, usually in front, or near bus stops. Most pay phones are coin operated (quarters, dimes and nickels) and do not accept paper bills. An online directory of pay phones can be found at Pay Phone Directory [30] . Dialing 9-1-1 to report an emergency is still a free call on pay phones, it's just a matter of locating one to use. Long-distance telephone calling cards are available at most convenience stores. Most calling cards have specific destinations in mind (domestic calls, calls to particular countries), so make sure you get the right card. Some cards may be refilled by phoning a number and giving your Visa/MasterCard number, but often operators refuse foreign cards for this purpose. Moreover, calls may cost more if a payphone or toll-free number is used or if a mobile number is dialed or if more calls are made (rather than few but longer calls). Another option is using a virtual number service. [31] That way you can avoid paying for roaming. Mobile phones[ edit ] American mobile phone services (known as cell phones regardless of the technology used) are not very compatible with those offered abroad. While GSM has been gaining in popularity, the US uses the unusual 1900 and 850MHz frequencies; check with your operator or mobile phone dealer to see if your phone is a tri-band or quad-band model that will work here. Roaming fees for foreign mobiles are high and text messages may not always work due to compatibility issues between networks. Depending on the length of your trip and the amount of calling you plan on doing, it may be less expensive to obtain an American mobile phone. If you are arriving and departing from the same city, consider that most larger airports will have a boutique that rents mobile phones (rates start around $3/day). Alternatively, prepaid phones and top-up cards can be purchased at mobile phone boutiques and at many discount, electronics, office supply and convenience stores. A very basic mobile handset and credit for an hour or two's worth of calls can be had for under $40, though be aware that international calling will, if it is in fact available, use up those credits much more quickly than a domestic call. It is possible to purchase a prepaid SIM card for an unlocked mobile, although these are not nearly as common in the United States as in other countries so you will probably have to purchase it from a GSM provider's boutique. The four major national carriers are AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, and T-Mobile, which operate boutiques in most, if not all, metropolitan areas and offer pre-paid service. Historically, the AT&T and T-Mobile networks have used GSM, while Verizon and Sprint have used the different CDMA standard (whose phones did not use SIM cards). Today, all four carriers are quickly migrating to the newer LTE standard (which uses SIM cards), and some Verizon and Sprint phones (mostly smartphones) support LTE, CDMA, and GSM. Other providers of mobile phone service include TracFone, Boost Mobile, Virgin Mobile, and various regional operators. To work out whether a regional operator might work better (as their deals are more flexible over their local areas of service) OpenSignal provide independent US coverage maps Unlike in many countries, there is no surcharge for dialing a mobile phone (calls to mobile phones are charged the same as calls to land lines outside your geographic area), but on the other hand mobile phone users are charged for incoming and outgoing calls and SMS (you won't be able to contact someone who does not have sufficient balance to receive phone calls). Numbers that are toll-free from land lines however are not free when dialed from a mobile phone. Packages as low as $25/month are available to allow you to make hundreds of minutes worth of calls. Take note that a failed attempt at making a call (or a "missed call") will be deducted from your balance since you are charged from the moment you dial. If you are going to be in the United States for a long time, you may wish to consider a long-term service contract. A service contract will give you the best rates on calls, SMS and data, and will also usually include a free or discounted handset. On the other hand, they are almost always two-year agreements with stiff penalties for early cancellation (anywhere from $150 to $350, depending on carrier and phone model), so consider the length of your stay and your needs before signing one. T-Mobile has recently become the major exception to this rule—in March 2013, it eliminated service contracts for new customers. New T-Mobile customers have the choice of paying for their phone up front, or buying the phone at a discounted price and paying the balance, interest-free, over a 20-month period. Users who choose the second option may prepay part or all of the remaining cost of their phone without penalty; canceling service has no penalty apart from re-payment of any remaining cost of the phone. In the case of T-Mobile, the length of your stay will still be a factor—if you do not pay the entire retail cost of your phone up front, the remaining balance at the time you leave may be more than another carrier's cancellation fee. Conversely, if you are only going to be in the US for a short period (eg a week or less), some carriers (most notably T-Mobile) offer a plan that allows unlimited calling, texting, and data for $2-3 per day. This will not include international calling, however. Overview[ edit ] A USPS Self-Service Kiosk at a post office. The United States Postal Service (USPS) [32] operates a gigantic network of post offices and mailboxes throughout the country. The bright blue metal mailboxes of the USPS are a ubiquitous sight in rural and urban settings, indoors and outdoors, in every U.S. state and territory. They are normally serviced once, twice or even thrice a day, Monday through Saturday. Pickup times are always listed on a label on the box. In suburban areas, it is common to see mailboxes located on a drive-through lane outside of a post office. Each post office has different hours, but most are open 9:00 am to 5:00 pm, Monday through Saturday. In high crime areas, post offices are completely closed to the public when not open. In low crime areas, the lobby is divided into two areas. The retail counter area is closed after hours, but the rest of the lobby can be open 24/7 (or may only be open longer hours like 6 a.m. to 10 p.m.) and normally includes access to Post Office Boxes as well as at least one Self-Service Kiosk (SSK). The SSK is an easy-to-use self-service touchscreen kiosk that accepts credit cards. It can weigh packages and print out a variety of different types of postage and labels. In general, the addressee's section of the piece of mail should appear as follows: (name of recipient) (street address, which contains the house number and street name) (apartment, suite or room number if any) (city or town), (two digit state abbreviation) (ZIP code) For example: Apt #1 Houston, TX 77002-0001 To send items to any destination within the U.S. by post, the most important item in the addressee's section of the mailpiece is the ZIP code (postal code). The importance of the ZIP code arises from the Postal Service's highly automated process for handling mail. USPS personnel dump all newly received mailpieces into a scanning machine that runs optical character recognition on the destination address and then sprays or prints a Intelligent Mail Barcode corresponding to the ZIP+4 code. The Intelligent Mail Barcode is then scanned by high-speed automatic sorting machines at each step in the system, in order to route the mailpiece into the bag or tray of the letter carrier whose route includes that ZIP+4 code. Thus, if the ZIP+4 code and Intelligent Mail Barcode are incorrect, the error will not be detected until the mailpiece gets to the wrong letter carrier. The USPS requires a particular combination of house number and street name to be unique within the same city, but does not require a street name to be unique across an entire metropolitan area. Since there are often many cities in a single metropolitan area that have streets with the same name, writing the correct ZIP code is essential to prompt delivery of your mailpiece. When you do not know of or are unsure of the correct ZIP code, visit USPS.com , the website of the USPS. It enables users to look up ZIP codes by city and by street address. Entering a full street address may return a ZIP code (first 5 digits) and ZIP+4 (next 4 digits) to a total of 9 digits. The ZIP (first 5 digits) usually encompasses a greater area such as a section of a city, an entire town or across an expansive (rural) area encompassing several small towns. University campuses, large hospitals, governmental agencies, military bases, sections of the U.S. military or a single large building may have their own unique ZIP code and any mail sent to that particular ZIP code goes to that institution's internal mail room for onward delivery. Depending upon the complexity of a particular place, the unique ZIP+4 code (next for 4 digits) may correspond to anything from a segment along a letter carrier's route to the entire route (which may cover an entire small town); a group of apartments, offices or storefronts in a single address; an office within a specific building (which is often the case in big cities); or a department, office, mail stop or a building on an university campus or some large entity with its own unique zip code. The "+4" portion of the ZIP code is optional. For nearly all addresses, as long as the written address in its entirety corresponds to an actual and unique address, the OCR machine will be able to link it to that address, quickly identify the correct "+4" portion, and print the correct Intelligent Mail Barcode. But the ZIP code (the first 5 digits) is always necessary. Pricing[ edit ] First class (airmail) postcards and letters (if not oversized, or over one ounce/28.5 grams) are $1.15 internationally including to Canada and Mexico. It is no longer necessary to mark "AIR MAIL" on items going overseas as everything is now sent abroad on airplane by default. All addresses with a USPS ZIP code are considered "domestic", including Alaska , Hawaii , Puerto Rico , U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , American Samoa , Federated States of Micronesia , Marshall Islands , Palau , U.S. military bases abroad (identified with an 'APO' or 'FPO' address) [33] , U.S. Navy ships at sea (usually 'FPO' addresses) [34] and U.S. diplomatic missions abroad ('DPO' addresses). Domestic postcards are sent for $0.34 while a letter in an envelope weighing within 1 oz is mailed for $0.49. If you put a solid object like a coin or a key in an envelope, you'll pay a surcharge. [35] "Forever" stamps are always valid for the first ounce for all first-class domestic mail items, with no surcharge after a price increase. (For all other kinds of price increases and historically for first-class domestic mail price increases, the USPS sells one and two-cent stamps which must be added to cover the difference between the face value of stamps sold before an increase and the current rate.) However, Forever stamps are not valid for international use. If for whatever reason you have stamps that don't add up to the correct exact amount, you can try overpaying by adding one more stamp. The USPS stamp canceling machines are intelligent enough to recognize that fact and allow the mail piece through. Due to sagging demand, the USPS has taken away the vending machines through which one could formerly purchase a variety of pre-printed stamp booklets in post office lobbies. The SSKs as initially deployed could regularly dispense at least one type of pre-printed stamp booklet year-round, but that feature has been withdrawn as well. The USPS will still make stamp booklets available sometimes through the SSKs, but only on an intermittent and seasonal basis. Therefore, at this time, the only always-available method for buying postage at a post office when the retail counter is closed is to use the SSK in the lobby to print bar-coded postage labels. However, besides post office retail counters, stamp booklets are also available from many retailers, including pharmacies, supermarkets, and certain banks. Receiving mail via General Delivery[ edit ] You can receive mail sent both domestically and from abroad by having it addressed to you as "General Delivery." In other countries, this is often called Poste Restante. There is no charge for this service. You just go to the main post office, wait in line, and they will give you your mail after showing ID such as a passport. John Doe Seattle , Washington 98101-9999 U.S.A. The last four digits of the ZIP (postal) Code for General Delivery is always '9999'. If the city is large enough to have multiple post offices, only one (usually in the center of downtown) will have the General Delivery service. This means, for example, if you're staying in the Green Lake district of Seattle (a few miles north of downtown), you cannot receive your mail at the Green Lake Post Office, and must travel downtown to get it. On the other hand, if you're completely outside of the city of Seattle, and in a smaller town with only one post office, you can have it sent there. The two largest private courier services, UPS and FedEx, also have a "Hold for Pickup" option. Both can hold a package at the nearest depot, while FedEx can also hold packages at FedEx Office locations.

i don't know

With the ability to regenerate when death looms, which sci fi character has been played by 9 different actors in the 30 years the show has been on TV?

Doctor Who (1963) Fan Reviews & Ratings - TV.com Doctor Who 10 By MadamStacey , Dec 22, 2011 Love the classic! I'm just getting into it but I'm finding it fascinating to watch from the 60's. DO YOU AGREE? By shawnlunn2002 , Oct 02, 2011 First Doctor Portrayed by William Hartnell Tenure 1963–1966 First appearance An Unearthly Child Last appearance The Tenth Planet (regular) The Three Doctors (played by William Hartnell) The Five Doctors (played by Richard Hurndall) Number of series 4 Appearances 29 stories (134 episodes) Companions on television: Susan, Barbara, Ian, Vicki, Steven, Katarina, Sara, Dodo, Ben, Polly The First of our Doctors but not necessarily my favourites (though it should be pointed out that there aren't any I detest), Hartnell's rather old Doctor was a cantankerous so and so with a young granddaughter in Susan and a bigger desire to get rid of the two teachers who more or less became a part of his first adventures. An Unearthly Child was a rather modest way of opening a series that would have a 40 plus year history but it was also a nice way of establishing the show's concept about travelling and in Hartnell's era we did see Cavemen, Marco Polo and King Richard and he was also the same Doctor that gave us both the Daleks (both on Skaro in The Daleks and invading London in The Dalek Invasion On Earth) and Cybermen, with the latter's introduction in The Tenth Planet signalling Hartnell's exit from the TARDIS. Plus one of the companions also died during his tenure as Time Lord. Doctor Number 1 did also pop up to help/antagonise his successors in both The Three Doctors and The Five Doctors as well. Second Doctor Portrayed by Patrick Troughton Tenure 1966–1969 First appearance The Tenth Planet Last appearance The War Games (regular) The Three Doctors, The Five Doctors, The Two Doctors (guest star) Number of series 3 Appearances 21 stories (119 episodes) Companions on television: Ben, Polly, Jamie, Victoria, Zoe Would you believe that he's one of my favourites? A rather happy, manic guy with a penchant for a recorder, Troughton brought some more humour to the role than his predecessor upon his debut in The Tenth Planet and we also got two of the best companions in both genius Zoe and Highlander Jamie as well as epic moments involving the Daleks in The Power Of The Daleks and The Evil Of The Daleks and the Cybermen in both Tomb Of The Cybermen and The Invasion as well as a memorable confrontation with The Ice Warriors and the Macra as well. Like Hartnell, Troughton's duration on the series would only be for three seasons and his exit in The War Games is memorable for the callous way the Time Lords erased both Jamie and Zoe's memories and their own particular punishment of the Second Doctor himself. It also didn't stop him from popping up in The Three Doctors, The Five Doctors and The Two Doctors where where he offered his help to Doctors Three, Five and Six. It's also around his era that UNIT would pop up to occasionally help The Doctor as well. Third Doctor Portrayed by Jon Pertwee Tenure 1970–1974 First appearance Spearhead from Space Last appearance Planet of the Spiders (regular) The Five Doctors (guest star) Number of series 5 Appearances 24 stories (128 episodes) Companions UNIT, Liz, Jo, Sarah, Another incredibly strong Doctor, Jon Pertwee's era represented an impressive lot of firsts for the series as a whole. Aside from the fact his lasted five years as The Third Doctor (along with Bessie the dream car), his era also saw the debut of some of the series most impressive of villains with the Autons in Spearhead From Space, rogue Time Lord The Master (played by Roger Delgado) in Terror Of The Autons and the Sontarans in The Time Warrior. This was also the very era that debuted many pivotal and fan favourite companions into the mix as well come to think of it. Cool, calm and collected scientist Liz Shaw made for a welcome relief of the more screaming assistants we had in the past and it's a pity that she departs after the seventh season. Jo Grant is by far the most important companion of the bunch and perhaps the first in which The Doctor really showed feelings for. Her departure in The Green Death even saw The Doctor unable to celebrate her engagement to Cliff Jones and she's the only companion to have lasted three full seasons during the Pertwee era of the series. Then again sassy Uber-feminist and journalist Sarah Jane Smith would then go on to be one of the most enduring companion and a lot of that is down to Elisabeth Sladen's magnificent performance as well Sarah's abilities to show her cunning, notably during her debut in The Time Warrior. Also 34 years after her first appearance on the series has her own series called The Sarah Jane Adventures. UNIT also played a prominent role in the Third Doctor's largely earthbound adventures. Both The Brigadier and Sergeant John Benton had been familiar with the audience from the Second Doctor but here both men formed a close friendship with The Doctor and were able to get him out of many a tight predicament. The most interesting member of the UNIT bunch however was Captain Mike Yates. Aside from the fact his debut episode Terror Of The Autons was the same episode to debut both Jo Grant and The Master, Mike Yates may have featured less than The Brig or Benton but he was given some pretty interesting character development (when he wasn't getting kidnapped half the time). In The Green Death he succumbed to being hypnotised by the BOSS computer and even betrayed UNIT during Operation Golden Age during Invasion Of The Dinosaurs through a misguided attempt to help the world. That resulted him being forced to retire from UNIT. The writers did give the man some redemption in Planet Of The Spiders when he alerted The Doctor and Sarah Jane to the goings on of a creepy cult in the Meditation Centre he happened to be staying in. He might also be the first gay companion if certain rumours are to believed as well. It's also worth noting that from here on in the show went from black and white to colour and even had The Doctor involuntarily bound to Earth as punishment from the Time Lords. The show also celebrated itself tenth anniversary in The Three Doctors with exiled Time Lord Omega attempting to become corporeal by using The Doctor and the rivalry between him and The Master surfaced throughout several episodes such as The Mind Of Evil, The Daemons and The Sea Devils as well as our favourite deranged pepper pots wreaking havoc in the likes of Day Of The Daleks, Planet Of The Daleks and Death To The Daleks as well as the brilliant alternative reality episode Inferno before departing in Planet Of The Spiders. To me this was definitely the best era in the old series history. We got the best Doctor, Villains, Companions and a lot of these stories just stand up better than later versions of the Time Lord. Fourth Doctor Portrayed by Tom Baker Tenure 1974–1981 First appearance Planet of the Spiders (Episode 4) Last appearance Logopolis (regular) The Five Doctors (archive footage) Number of series 7 Appearances 41 stories (172 episodes) Companions on television: Sarah, Harry, Leela, K-9 (Marks I and II), Romana(I and II) Adric, Tegan, Nyssa Tom Baker was certainly a force to be reckoned with and regardless of on set antics, there's no denying no matter how a particular story in his era was, his presence could be felt in outer space. For a lot of people, he is the Doctor and in the seven years since his first full story in Robot, Baker's Doctor had both Sarah Jane and Harry for the first year and a half when the latter left in Terror Of The Zygons and the former was abandoned in The Hand Of Fear. The main villains of the series had some interesting outings but after the Daleks, Cybermen and The Master, another long lasting big bad emerged in Dalek creator, Davros. Every bit fuelled with hate as his creations Davros schemed against The Doctor/Sarah Jane/Harry in Genesis Of The Daleks (which is possibly the best story in the series' history) and Destiny Of The Daleks. Our pepper pots also caused their fair amount of chaos in both these instalments and the Cybermen also re-emerged in Revenge Of The Cybermen. When Sarah Jane departed, Leela had been the next main girl before the sixteen season had The Doctor travelling with Time Lady Romana Mark 1 for the season's 26 episodes/6 stories. Played by Mary Tamm, Romana was another companion written to intellectually equal The Doctor and her second incarnation played by Lalla Ward both encounter Davros in Destiny Of The Daleks and married Tom Baker in real life. Her tenure was also significant for the introduction of K9 and an unaired episode called Shada in which bits would be used for The Five Doctors. The Master who hadn't been seen since 1973 would also return aged and decayed in The Keeper Of Traken and then rejuvenated and played by Anthony Ainley by the time of Logopolis. The Master's latest form would look like that of one of The Doctor's companions Nyssa's father before The Doctor himself would regenerate in this particular story. By the last season in his tenure, The Doctor had three companions including the reserved Nyssa, unfairly loathed by some Adric and mouthy air stewardess Tegan Jovanka. Fifth Doctor Portrayed by Peter Davison Tenure 1981–1984 First appearance Logopolis (Episode 4) Last appearance The Caves of Androzani Number of series 3 Appearances 20 stories (69 episodes) Companions on television: Adric, Nyssa, Tegan, Turlough, Kamelion, Peri By far the younger cast of the Doctors, Peter Davison was a strapping 29 year old when he bagged the role as Time Lord and his debut in Castrovalva had him in yet another one of The Master's elaborate traps and their rivalry would certainly escalate in the 19th season's convoluted finale Time-Flight which also saw a temporary departure for Tegan. Not that she could be missed as she appeared in the opening episode of the twentieth season Arc Of Infinity, which was also significant for the return of Omega. Maybe it's me but there's some rather unsatisfying about Omega's return and some of the stories in Davison's tenure aren't quite as strong, despite him being a wonderful Doctor. A lot of the departures however are incredibly powerful such as Adric's sacrifice against the Cybermen in the glorious Earthshock or Tegan's realisation that's it's no longer travelling with The Doctor in Resurrection Of The Daleks, another episode that would see the return of Davros. Nyssa's in Terminus is more downbeat and creepy school boy's Turlough is okay enough. Another significant moments from the Fifth Doctor's era includes the show's twentieth anniversary special The Five Doctors which not only had the first five time incarnation of The Doctor together but it also was the only story to have the Daleks, Cybermen and The Master together as well as several returned companions like Susan, Jamie, Zoe, Sarah Jane. Other companions in this time included Kamelion and botanist Peri Brown, the show's American companion whose debut in Planet Of Fire saw a fiery death for The Master and the show hit a dark moment in The Caves Of Androzani when The Doctor suffered one of his most violent regenerations. Post onscreen action, Davison has reprised the role of The Fifth Doctor for audio CD's thanks to Big Finish and for the 2007 Children In Need scene called Time Crash, he will end up meeting David Tennant's Tenth Doctor. Sixth Doctor Portrayed by Colin Baker Tenure 1984–1986 First appearance The Caves of Androzani Last appearance The Trial of a Time Lord: The Ultimate Foe Time and the Rani (Replaced by Sylvester McCoy) Number of series 3 Appearances 11 stories (31 episodes) Companions on television: Peri Brown and Melanie Bush Quite possibly my least favourite Doctor from the ten there has been on TV but nevertheless poor Colin Baker was a good example of doing the best he could with what he had. He wasn't quite as awful as you'd think but sadly he came onto the show at a time when the people behind the show weren't supporting it enough. He's also been the only person cast as The Doctor who has played another role in the series, such as Maxil in Arc Of Infinity. The Twin Dilemma is a decent enough debut but the return of the Cybermen in Attack Of The Cybermen is easily one of his best stories from the series as well as the forced team up between The Master and rogue Time Lady The Rani in Mark Of The Rani, set during the Industrial Revolution. One of the things that bugged me is that Baker's Doctor could often be too shouty or overly aggressive towards Peri. Granted Peri can be quite annoying but it's still a shock to see him try to strangle her in The Twin Dilemma and while Timelash is one of the worst episodes in the show's history, there's another interesting Dalek/Davros confrontation in Revelation Of The Daleks as well as the meeting of the Second and Sixth Doctors against the Sontaran in The Two Doctors. Halfway throughout the series, Peri then left and The Doctor wound up with high screamer Melanie Bush with a very OTT performance and once again, The Doctor ended up facing trial in Baker's last season. Thanks to the joys of Audio CD, Baker has gotten the opportunity to continue his role as The Doctor. Seventh Doctor Portrayed by Sylvester McCoy Tenure 1987–1996 First appearance Time and the Rani Last appearance Survival (regular) Doctor Who (guest star) Number of series 3 Appearances 12 stories (42 episodes) Companions on television: Mel and Ace Heading into the last three years of the show, despite producers being interested in the series, it seemed the poor show had even less support, which is odd given how interesting a lot of the stories in the era really are to a point. Time And The Rani was a good way of introducing Sylvester McCoy as well having a return for Kate O'Mara's bad girl Time Lady but the season's finale Dragonfire ditched us of annoying Mel and debuted IMO the original series' best companion to boot Ace. A volatile girl with an aptitude for explosives and out dated phrases, Ace's dynamic with The Doctor is something that would definitely be influential to the likes of Rose, Captain Jack and Martha but here it's more father/daughter than lovers and as a results, it's perhaps more effective. Ace goes through personal journeys in the likes of Battlefield and The Curse Of Fenric and even has the pleasure of physically assaulting a Dalek in Remembrance Of The Daleks, which would be the last story for both them and Davros as well as meeting the Cybermen in their last tale, Silver Nemesis. In the series finale, Survival, Ace would then have an encounter with The Master as the series then wrapped up with The Doctor musing about work that had to be done. The show's cancellation may have came out of nowhere but it didn't kill McCoy doing Audio adventures like Peter Davison and Colin Baker. Eighth Doctor Portrayed by Paul McGann Tenure 1996 First appearance Doctor Who: The Enemy Within Last appearance Doctor Who: The Enemy Within Number of series None Appearances 1 story (1 episode) Companions on television: Grace The shortest running of the Doctors with only the 1996 TV Movie as a credit, McGann's adventure with doctor Grace against The Master (played by Eric Roberts) was the Beeb's first attempt to resurrect the series and while it may have it's flaws, it's certainly not the worst thing I've seen. McGann was great but perhaps the most vulnerable of our Time Lords and his credibility is cemented due to an image of him in the Tenth Doctor episode Human Nature. We've also gotten more adventures for him via Big Finish and the wonderful world of comics. DO YOU AGREE?

Doctor Who

Which red-headed orphan was adopted by Daddy Warbucks?

Voice Compare: Doctor Who - The Doctor | Behind The Voice Actors Franchise: Doctor Who (NOTE: While the first three The Doctors also appear in Destiny of the Doctors , the Third is "voiced" by reused audio from the TV show, while the first two are voiced by an imitator. While there exist a great deal of voiced Doctor Who audio dramas, they can't be accounted for on the site at the moment. Overall, the only incarnation to have never been voiced in any medium is the Ninth.) The Doctor is the main character of British TV series Doctor Who , the longest-running sci-fi show in the world. The Doctor is a Time Lord who travels through time and space in the TARDIS, a spaceship under the exterior guise of a police box. He has a great affinity for planet Earth (the United Kingdom in particular) and humans, spending much of his time there and travelling with human companions, many of whom also happen to be young and female. As a Time Lord, The Doctor has the ability to regenerate into a new body when close to death. Each body of The Doctor is known as an "incarnation". He has regenerated ten times for a total of eleven incarnations. Each incarnation has a completely different look and personality, but a few traits are universal across all of them--generally speaking, The Doctor is very wise and intelligent, but also eccentric and mysterious, while at the same time hiding a darker side. Certain incarnations play up some of these traits more than others; the First Doctor is old and stubborn, while the Eleventh Doctor is young and easily-excitable. This compare contains all of The Doctors save for the first three and the ninth, although it does feature an alternate, non-canonical Ninth Doctor from the "Scream of the Shalka" animated serial. Created by NCZ on Feb 10 2013 Special thanks to DaveS for additional sound clips.

i don't know

By what name is deer meat more commonly known?

Wild Game Meat | Order Meat For Sale From MacFarlane Pheasants, Inc. You are here: Game Meats Game Meats Take a look at our wide selection of game meat for sale. We have a wide variety of meat available including buffalo, elk, venison, antelope, and pheasant. We also have several meat gift packs, cheese and sausage baskets and more available. Order online today and have your meat delivered within 72 hours. Pheasant Low in fat, this high protein meat has rich poultry flavor and half the fat of an equal amount of beef. Alligator This savory lean meat has no saturated fat.  While high in calories, calories in alligator meat (unlike beef or chicken)are derived from protein rather than fat. Quail Quail meat is tender and full of vitamins and minerals. High protein, Low cholesterol. Less fat and stronger flavor than most domestic poultry. Buffalo Compared to beef, buffalo meat is leaner with similar taste and texture. It has fewer calories than beef, and because its flavor is a little stronger, you can use less of it in recipes and get nearly the same taste. Elk Elk is sweet and tender meat with a mild, distinctive flavor. It's lower in fat than beef or pork. Venison Commonly known as deer meat, venison has almost no saturated fat or carbohydrates. Compared to beef, venison has fewer calories and less fat than beef.  Watching your cholesterol?  Beef has three times more than venison.

Venison

Producing her first painting while in her seventies, Anna Mary Moses is better known by what name?

Best Prices on the Net for Elk Meat, Buffalo Meat, Venison Meat, Goat Meat, Venison, Steak and Roasts, Antler Chews "I order from you every month & I ADORE the products that I get." C.M., Royal Oak, MI Reindeer Roam a Spring Meadow Harvested Hay Fields in Mid-Summer Great values on Game meats, elk venison, deer venison, buffalo, goat meat, rabbit meat, Wild Boar all at America's BEST Elk & Deer Retailer!  You have found America's Value leader in Elk meat (Venison), Buffalo meat, Goat Meat, Wild Boar meat and Deer meat or Whitetail Venison.  We sell only the highest-quality USDA-FDA Elk meat, Whitetail Meat , rabbit meat, wild boar, Jerky, Elk Steaks, Buffalo Steaks Elk jerky and delicious venison products to restaurants, retail stores and the public via our ranch-based elk and buffalo meat store, and now via the internet...nationwide!  We also have Deer meat like Whitetail Venison, Fallow deer or Sika Venison. Try our various Buffalo & Elk meat (Venison), Wild Boar or Bison meat products, frozen meats, sausage, bratwurst or our famous bison jerky, elk Jerky or buffalo jerky.... and we are sure you'll agree, feasting on GRANDE NATURAL Elk Meat, Buffalo Meat, Rabbit Meat, Goat Meat, Wild boar and Venison is a great way to eat heart-healthy.  We now even have Smoked Salmon and Smoke Trout for a health conscience treat! So limit your fats and cholesterol with either elk or buffalo or even Deer, but still get a great, no-gamey taste! Check out all our new Elk Meat and Whitetail Venison,   Give us a try. Our mission is to become America's Natural Meat source where everyday consumers can find all natural Elk or Buffalo products and now All-Natural Chevon (goat meat) and Deer Venison (Whitetail, Fallow and Reds) at prices you can afford.  We replenish our stocks of natural meats at regular intervals insuring a recently flash frozen, delicious product every time.   All our elk, deer and buffalo is derived from grass-fed animals with never a hint of steroids or animal by-products.   Remember, elk meat is a form of Venison  (deer meat) so the lean and flavorful nature of Venison comes through with our elk meat, but not will any hint of a gamey taste.  Since we are one of the largest discount elk meat distributors in the USA our elk prices are more than competitive, and will be some of the best you can find.  Our discount Buffalo Meats are predominately grass-fed and grain-finished to produce a tender, juicy and flavor buffalo steaks , easily some the best buffalo you can buy.  Our prices for buffalo meat are exceptional, we dare you to find them much cheaper.   Lastly, our Goat meat, Wild Boar Meat and deer Venison is number ONE in quality but lower in price than everybody else, just shop and compare.  We can always beat the competition with a better quality product and a vastly superior price.  Look over our Natural Meat selection and you will be impressed.  Some of you may be looking for deer meat, venison or moose meat.  Don't despair, elk meat and moose meat are very similar, both deep red colored venison, very lean and much sweeter and finer-grained than beef.  The taste of elk meat, red deer meat and moose meat are similar, especially since moose and elk are the largest and second largest members of the deer family.  Try elk meat, you'll love it!  For deer meat species we have heavenly Fallow Venison, well-loved Whitetail venison and a cousin of elk, some red deer venison, but unlike elk or buffalo meat which we keep in stock all the time, our deer meat inventory can vary considerably We will endeavor to bring American venison from all around the USA.  Besides our delicious Elk Meat, we have all-American Red Deer, Mid-Western USA Fallow Deer and America's long-time favorite, Northern Whitetail deer venison. Our small deer venison selection is always State or USDA or FDAinspected, flash frozen and deer-licious.  Venison burger, venison roasts, venison steaks and venison jerky round out our deer meat collection.  Try our deer meat venison, and you will be a repeat customer. So look around our site, try a few products and we will become your source for all-natural red meats at really fair prices.  Elk, buffalo, small deer Venison and Goat at affordable prices, that is what we do best!  Our expanding line of Goat meats are worth a try.  Can 75% of the rest of the world be wrong.  Young goat meat is quite good, and suprisingly, so is Wild boar meat. Not that bland pork so common in today's markets. Wild Boar meat is lean, full flavored and delicious.   Lastly, don't forget about our Dog products: like Elk Dog's Breakfast, Buffalo Dog's Dinner, Goat Dogs Lunch, A Dog's Deer Buffet, dog jerky, dog chews and our original famous Antler chews made from elk and deer antler.  The best, most long lasting dog chew treats you can find for your pet!  Your dogs will love this stuff!   For one of the best Whitetail Venison or Elk cookbooks in the country (recipes work for low fat buffalo cuts as well) try the Complete Venison Cookbook by Harold Webster.  We are a featured elk and Whitetail venison supplier!    

i don't know

Which pain relieving drug was first discovered in the bark of the willow tree?

Willow bark | University of Maryland Medical Center Willow bark Overview The use of willow bark dates to the time of Hippocrates (400 BC) when people were advised to chew on the bark to reduce fever and inflammation. Willow bark has been used throughout the centuries in China and Europe, and continues to be used today for the treatment of pain (particularly low back pain and osteoarthritis), headache, and inflammatory conditions, such as bursitis and tendinitis. The bark of white willow contains salicin, which is a chemical similar to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). In combination with the herb's powerful anti-inflammatory plant compounds (called flavonoids), salicin is thought to be responsible for the pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory effects of the herb. In fact, in the 1800s, salicin was used to develop aspirin. White willow appears to bring pain relief more slowly than aspirin, but its effects may last longer. Plant Description The willow family includes a number of different species of trees and shrubs native to Europe, Asia, and some parts of North America. Some of the more commonly known species are white willow/European willow (Salix alba), black willow/pussy willow (Salix nigra), crack willow (Salix fragilis), purple willow (Salix purpurea), and weeping willow (Salix babylonica). Not all willow species accumulate a therapeutically sufficient amount of salicin. In one study, the amount of salicin after 1 and 2 year growth in autumn and spring ranged from 0.08 to 12.6%. The willow bark sold in Europe and the United States usually includes a combination of the bark from white, purple, and crack willows. Medicinal Uses and Indications Willow bark is used to ease pain and reduce inflammation. Researchers believe that the chemical salicin, found in willow bark, is responsible for these effects. However, studies show several other components of willow bark, including plant chemicals called polyphenols and flavonoids, have antioxidant, fever-reducing, antiseptic, and immune-boosting properties. Some studies show willow is as effective as aspirin for reducing pain and inflammation (but not fever), and at a much lower dose. Scientists think that may be due to other compounds in the herb. More research is needed. Treatment Salicylates are not recommended during pregnancy, so pregnant and breastfeeding women should not take willow bark. Interactions and Depletions Because willow bark contains salicylates, it might interact with a number of drugs and herbs. Talk to your doctor before taking willow bark if you take any other medications, herbs, or supplements. Willow bark may interact with any of the following: Anticoagulants (blood-thinning medications): Willow bark may strengthen the effects of drugs and herbs with blood-thinning properties, and increase the risk of bleeding. Beta blockers: including Atenolol (Tenormin), Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol-XL), Propranolol (Inderal, Inderal LA). Willow bark may make these drugs less effective. Diuretics (water pills): Willow bark may make these drugs less effective. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: including ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve). Taking willow bark with these drugs may increase risk of stomach bleeding. Methotrexate and phenytoin (Dilantin): Willow bark may increase levels of these drugs in the body, resulting in toxic levels. Supporting Research Bisset NG. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm Scientific Publishers; 2004:534-536. Blumenthal M. The Complete German Commission E Monographs. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council. Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications; 1998. Chrubasik JE, Roufogalis BD, Chrubasik S. Evidence of effectiveness of herbal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of painful osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain. Phytother Res. 2007 Jul;21(7):675-83. Review. Chrubasik S. Pain therapy using herbal medicines [abstract]. Gynakologe. 2000;33(1):59-64. Chrubasik S, Eisenburg E, Balan E, et al. Treatment of low back pain exacerbations with willow bark extract: a randomized double blind study. Am J Med. 2000;109:9-14. Enayat S, Banerjee S. The ethanolic extract of bark from Salix aegyptiaca L. inhibits the metastatic potential and epithelial to mesenchymal transition of colon cancer cell lines. Nutr Cancer. 2014;66(6):999-1008. Ernst E, Chrubasik S. Phyto-anti-inflammatories. A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2000;26(1):13-27. Foster S, Duke JA. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants and Herbs of the Eastern and Central US. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin; 2000:321-323. Freischmidt A, Jurgenliemk G, Kraus B, et al. Contribution of flavonoids and catechol to the reduction of ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells by a standardised Willow bark extract. Phytomedicine. 2012;19(3-4):245-52. Gagnier JJ, van Tulder M, Berman B, Bombardier C. Herbal medicine for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2):CD004504. Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57(13):1221-1227. Hoffmann D. Therapeutic Herbalism. Santa Cruz, CA: Therapeutic Herbalism Press; 2000. Kenstaviciene P, Nenortiene P, Kiliuviene G, Zevzikovas A, Lukosius A, Kazlauskiene D. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography for research of salicin in bark of different varieties of Salix. Medicina. 2009;45(8):644-51. Kuhn MA, Winston D. Herbal Therapy and Supplements. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott; 2001. Little CV, Parsons T, Logan S. Herbal therapy for treating osteoarthritis. The Cochrane Library. 2002:1. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, et al, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1997:101. Rakel: Integrative Medicine. 3rd. ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. Schmid B, Ludtke R, Selbmann HK, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a standardized willow bark extract in patients with osteoarthritis: randomized placebo-controlled, double blind clinical trial.Phytother Res. 2001 Jun;15(4):344-50. Setty AR, Sigal LH. Herbal medications commonly used in the practice of rheumatology: mechanisms of action, efficacy, and side effects. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jun;34(6):773-84. Uehleke B, Muller J, Stange R, Kelber O, Melzer J. Willow bark extract STW 33-I in the long-term treatment of outpatients with rheumatic pain mainly osteoarthritis or back pain. Phytomedicine. 2013;20(11):980-4. Vlachojannis J, Magora F, Chrubasik S. Willow species and aspirin: different mechanism of actions. Phytother Res. 2011;25(7):1102-4. Alternative Names Crack willow; European willow; Liu-zhi; Purple willow; Pussy willow; Salix alba; Salix nigra; Wheeping willow; White willow Version Info Last reviewed on 8/5/2015 Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, Solutions Acupuncture, a private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial policy, editorial process and privacy policy. A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation ( www.hon.ch ) The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2013 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

Aspirin

Which country has more coastline than any other?

Aspirin’s History Folk Remedy to Wonder Drug Aspirin is sold everywhere in the world. It’s inexpensive. Many people take it for headaches. But did you know that aspirin can save lives for a few pennies a day? Click here to read more. Image used under license from Bayer Origins of Aspirin In ancient times, doctors gave powdered willow tree bark to women giving birth. It helped relieve their pain. Scientists discovered how to make medicine from the willow bark. They called it aspirin. Today, aspirin is sold everywhere in the world. Pain Relief Plus Aspirin was first discovered to treat pain. Doctors then found that it helped with other problems. Platelets – found in the blood – stick together when your blood vessels are injured. When platelets stick together, they keep us from bleeding too much when we are cut. But sticky platelets in the heart or the brain can form blood clots, leading to heart attacks and strokes. Scientists found that aspirin prevents blood clots in hearts and brains by making platelets less sticky. They learned that an old medicine to treat pain could prevent heart attacks and strokes. Aspirin’s New Role in Prevention Aspirin prevents heart disease and stroke. It prevents some cancers. It can keep people healthy. We hope this website helps you learn more about how aspirin promotes better health.

i don't know

Name the 1960 movie from its’ IMDB plot summary: “A young woman steals $40,000 from her employer’s client, and subsequently encounters a young motel proprietor too long under the domination of his mother.”

Watch Full movie Psycho (1960) Online Free | ffilms.org ADs Watch Full movie Psycho (1960) Online Free. A young woman steals $40,000 from her employer’s client, and subsequently encounters a young motel proprietor too long under the domination of his mother. Director: Alfred Hitchcock Writers: Joseph Stefano (screenplay), Robert Bloch (novel) Stars: Anthony Perkins, Janet Leigh and Vera Miles Your rating: 4.5 stop sending me these ads Anonymous June 11, 2016 10:21 am Reply Please fix this video so we can see it. Trvor April 29, 2015 1:45 am Reply Pretty cool Saif October 8, 2014 1:26 pm Reply OH! REALLY HORRIBLE AND INSPIRING THRILLER MOVIE. ALFRED HITCH COCK’S FILMS SHOULD NOT BE MISSED. PUDHUVAIRAMAN - JOURNALIST September 5, 2014 7:48 pm Reply This is the most interesting suspense movie that I have ever seen. thank you Clotilde Rodriguez March 27, 2014 10:25 pm Reply I like this post, enjoyed this one thank you for putting up. “It is well to give when asked but it is better to give unasked, through understanding.” by Kahlil Gibran. fitnes April 6, 2013 12:05 pm Reply great

Psycho

What famed daredevil, who failed in a 1974 motorcycle jump, is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the survivor of "most bones broken in a lifetime"?

iter itineris iter itineris My English teachers would kill me if they saw my run-on sentences. Tuesday, March 26, 2013 I reserve my personal opinion to coincide with the teachings of Christ that homosexuality is wrong. I will never participate in a homosexual relations. It's as simple as that. God only approves of Heterosexual marriage. Unless your a member of a protestant religion that throws out the bible, God's word is irrefutable when he said that marriage is only between a man and a woman. The world will always challenge the definition of marriage from here on out but for myself and those of my faith the definition will always remain unchanged, even as god is unchangeable. God loves all his children and respects their ability to choose. No matter what religion you belong to or even if you don't. I'm pretty sure the saying is universal that god loves his children. He wants us all to succeed in doing good and doing good to others. He lets us decide for ourselves what to do and to accept the consequences of all our actions both good and bad. The definition of a family unit. I am forever grateful for my mother and father and the impact they have had in my life. My beliefs coincide with the words found in a proclamation to the world . What I choose to do about this. No matter what people decide, I believe that we are all children of God and therefore I will treat everyone as my brother or sister. Regardless of personal opinion or sexual orientation, I will not discriminate or treat ill of others. I have my religious belief as above stated and I will not participate in such activities but I will not discriminate. Regardless of whatever happens, each party will never stop fighting about it. Coming to a said, “conclusion” this debate will never end. There will always be one or both parties fighting or debating. "How can you care I so little about marriage?" By saying these things, I can't help but feel like I might be asked this of people who are even of my own faith. Truth is that I do care about marriage and about the family. I will remain true to my beliefs and when asked I will always share what I believe to be true, but I will never infringe upon anyone else's beliefs or force anyone else's decisions in anyway what so ever. If God permits each person to choose then so do I. Besides if you believe the words of the Proclamation to the world, then read this again. "Further, we warn that the disintegration of the family will bring upon individuals, communities, and nations the calamities foretold by ancient and modern prophets." If it is foretold then it will happen anyway. So remain true to yourself and to what you believe and let others decide what they will. But stop being one of the many that is so hateful towards others who believe differently. My only defense If Gay marriage is allowed in the states, then so be it. However, I do believe it is wrong for a same sex couple to legally demand any church to marry them. Keep church and state separate. Any state appointed official can marry someone. If any church states they will not participate in the marriage ceremonies of same sexes then leave them be. It would be a crappy wedding anyway. Don't go to church and demand to be married by them to rub it in their face and say you won. I say this primarily because if any same sex couple legally demanded to be married in a LDS temple, I would fight them and keep them from it with every inch of my life. To the World, Marriage may be just a piece of paper or an elaborate ceremony that symbolizes the the love and life-long commitment between two people. For me and for all members of the LDS church, the temple is where we go to take sacred covenants to marry husband and wife for all eternity. Those covenants are made by the power and authority of the priesthood that we believe was restored to the earth. It matters not to me if someone thinks that is all a lie. That is their choice to believe what they will. Those temples and the ordinances performed inside are sacred and I will defend them with my life if need be. LGBT couples can have their marriage and the rest of us can have ours. Fair enough? If not, then see what I care, you'll decide what you want to regardless and so will I. Posted by I've rediscovered a website called  What Movie Should I Watch Tonight.com Recently, or at least I finally noticed that they have a blog where they list by category and genre some the the best movies that they would recommend. Because of that website I thought I would write a list of the movies I most enjoy. Whether it shows something about me or allows you to pick what to watch tonight I hope you enjoy my picks. Note: I do not claim that these movies are the definitive bests of their genres. They're just personal favorites. Animation #1 The Iron Giant (1999)    This is by far my favorite animated movie. I dont know if I can say much more than that. So here is the IMDB Movie Summary. "What if a gun had a soul? A gigantic mobile weapon from another planet is sent to destroy Earth, but is damaged on arrival and loses its memory. It is soon befriended by a young boy, Hogarth, who is an outcast at school and relishes the chance to have a real friend. However, soon the paranoid government agent Kent Mansley arrives in town, determined to destroy the giant at all costs." #2 Meet The Robinsons (2007)   This movie makes me cry, and I will publicly admit it. I think it is a disney movie that most of my friends haven't seen. Maybe. IMDB summary: "Lewis is a brilliant inventor who meets mysterious stranger named Wilbur Robinson, whisking Lewis away in a time machine and together they team up to track down Bowler Hat Guy in a showdown that ends with an unexpected twist of fate." #3 How to Train Your Dragon (2010)    When I came home from my mission I thought this movie was going to be completely dumb. But one night Andrew and I decided to give it a chance and it is one of our favorite animated movies. IMDB Summary: "A hapless young Viking who aspires to hunt dragons becomes the unlikely friend of a young dragon himself, and learns there may be more to the creatures than he assumed." #4 The Incredibles (2004) What is funny to me is that this is the second movie on my animation list where Brad Bird is the director. Before this movie he direct the Iron Giant. The animation in this movie is fantastic, especially the detail in hair. On a last note, the musical score by Michael giacchino is one of my favorites IMDB Summary: "A family of undercover superheroes, while trying to live the quiet suburban life, are forced into action to save the world." #5 Sinbad Legend of the Seven Seas This is my second dreamworks animated film on the list and one of three Brad Pitt movies that I like. The animation in the movie is rich and immersive. The story is great and quite humorous too. IMDB Summary: "The sailor of legend is framed by the goddess Eris for the theft of the Book of Peace, and must travel to her realm at the end of the world to retrieve it and save the life of his childhood friend Prince Proteus." Adventure #1 Indiana Jones (1981, 1984, 1989, 2008)    We should start by getting slogans out of the way. "If adventure has a name, it must be Indiana Jones." I instantly get happy when I hear the raiders march. To quote the movie The Sandlot, "Heroes get remembered but legends never die." Indiana Jones is a legend. #2 Sherlock Holmes 2: Game of Shadows (2011) Some people may not have liked the first one. I admit it had it's flaws but any flaws it did have were completely overcome by how great the second movie is. I highly recommend this movie. IMDB Summary: "Sherlock Holmes and his sidekick Dr. Watson join forces to outwit and bring down their fiercest adversary, Professor Moriarty." #3 The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn (2011) I don't expect anyone to know who tintin is. It is a bigger and more well known name in Europe. I only know because I happened upon the comics as a kid when I was on a trip to the public library. I was worried about a film adaptation, but my fears were subsided once I saw clips from the movie. IMDB summary: "Intrepid reporter Tintin and Captain Haddock set off on a treasure hunt for a sunken ship commanded by Haddock's ancestor." #4 National Treasure (2004) IMDB Summary: "A treasure hunter is in hot pursuit of a mythical treasure that has been passed down for centuries, while his employer turned enemy is onto the same path that he's on." #5 Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) IMDB Summary: "Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate "Captain" Jack Sparrow to save his love, the governor's daughter, from Jack's former pirate allies, who are now undead." Action #1 The Dark Knight (2008) This is the first batman movie ever to not include batman in the title, nonetheless it was so widely popular it didn't matter. People who weren't fans of the comics still were able to figure it out because this movie is magnanimous. IMDB summary: "Batman, Gordon and Harvey Dent are forced to deal with the chaos unleashed by a terrorist mastermind known only as the Joker, as he drives each of them to their limits." #2  Casino Royale (2006) MGM's best decision in 44 years to that point was casting Daniel Craig to be the new James Bond. Not since Connery was there a better bond. Pierce did his best but Daniel Craig takes the cake. This movie is just so fantastic. I heard movie rumor that MGM wants Daniel Craig for the next five bond films. That would be fine by me. IMDB Summary: "In his first mission, James Bond must stop Le Chiffre, a banker to the world's terrorist organizations, from winning a high-stakes poker tournament at Casino Royale in Montenegro #3  Inception (2010)    I say this to everyone who wants to watch this movie. Do not watch it in segments, do not watch it casually. It is a great ride, you just have to be able to pay attention to make sure your catching all of the plot. I don't mean that in a demeaning way either. But it is very good. IMDB summary: "In a world where technology exists to enter the human mind through dream invasion, a highly skilled thief is given a final chance at redemption which involves executing his toughest job to date: Inception." #4  The Borne Ultimatum (2007) As the last movie in the trilogy. This one pulls out all of the stops. Whitni never say the first two but still enjoyed this movie. Although the first two are really great too. IMDB Summary: "Jason Bourne dodges a ruthless CIA official and his agents from a new assassination program while searching for the origins of his life as a trained killer." #5 Die Hard (1988)    I really think this movie wrote some of the rules about making a great action movie. Also, if this movie weren't made then Alan Rickman might not have been recognized as such a good actor. Alan Rickman plays one of the best villains in this movie. IMDB Summary: "New York cop John McClane gives terrorists a dose of their own medicine as they hold hostages in an LA office building" Thriller/Horror #1 Insidious (2010) This movie is the last great american horror film that I've seen. Hopefully it wont be the last. But it is great in my book. It doesnt even follow typical rules of horror films. i.e. Don't show a evil entity in daylight. Well it does that too but it's still scary. IMDB Summary: "A family looks to prevent evil spirits from trapping their comatose child in a realm called The Further." #2 The Uninvited (2009)    This could be the best movie to ever happen to Emily Browning so far. That and the story is very well done. Very good ending. IMDB Summary: "Anna Rydell returns home to her sister (and best friend) Alex after a stint in a mental hospital, though her recovery is jeopardized thanks to her cruel stepmother, aloof father, and the presence of a ghost in their home." #3 The Woman in Black (2012) Yes, I know this just came out this weekend. We saw it friday. This movie gets back to the roots of good old fashioned ghost hauntings in movies. Yes, there is alot of jump scares. There is also a very good story. Not a bad movie for Daniel Radcliff post-potter. IMDB Summary: "A young lawyer travels to a remote village where he discovers the vengeful ghost of a scorned woman is terrorizing the locals." #4 Psycho (1960) This may be dated. However, I am truly thankful for what this movie did for modern cinema. It has great cinematography and it will be well remembered by future generations for good reason. Thank you hitchcock for making me fearful for stepping in a shower and not trusting motels. IMDB Summary: "A young woman steals $40,000 from her employer's client, and subsequently encounters a young motel proprietor too long under the domination of his mother." #5 Signs (2002) I think this was the last good movie that M. Night Shyamalan directed. I was terrified watching this in theaters. IMDB Summary: "A family living on a farm finds mysterious crop circles in their fields which suggests something more frightening to come." Mystery/Suspense #1 The Prestige (2006) I think this is Christopher Nolan's best movie so far. This movie is a magic trick in it's self. Don't let anyone give away the ending. Just make sure your watching closely. IMDb Summary: "The rivalry between two magicians is exacerbated when one of them performs the ultimate illusion." #2 The Game (1997) IMDB Summary: "Wealthy financier Nicholas Van Orton gets a strange birthday present from wayward brother Conrad: a live-action game that consumes his life." #3 What Lies Beneath (2000) IMDB Summary: "The wife of a university research scientist believes that her lakeside Vermont home is haunted by a ghost - or that she's losing her mind." #4 1408 (2007) This movie has completely turned me off a carpenter's song. IMDB Summary: "A man who specializes in debunking paranormal occurrences checks into the fabled room 1408 in the Dolphin Hotel. Soon after settling in, he confronts genuine terror." #5 Unbreakable (2000) IMDB Summary: "A suspense thriller with supernatural overtones that revolves around a man who learns something extraordinary about himself after a devastating accident." Comedy #1 Stranger Than Fiction (2006) IMDB Summary: "An IRS auditor suddenly finds himself the subject of narration only he can hear: narration that begins to affect his entire life, from his work, to his love-interest, to his death." #2 Home Alone (1990) Easily one of the most iconic movies in John Hughes career. This movie never gets old. Except maybe to Macaulay Culkin. IMDB Summary: "An 8-year-old boy, who is accidentally left behind while his family flies to France for Christmas, has to defend his home against idiotic burglars." #3 Arsenic and Old Lace (1944) I know about this movie because of Ashley introducing it to me when I was younger. It is such and uncanny and witty old fashioned comedy. IMDB Summary: "A drama critic learns on his wedding day that his beloved maiden aunts are homicidal maniacs, and that insanity runs in his family." #4 Hot Fuzz (2007) This movie is a great action comedy. I makes fun of a few action movies too. IMDB Summary: "Jealous colleagues conspire to get a top London cop transferred to a small town and paired with a witless new partner. On the beat, the pair stumble upon a series of suspicious accidents and events." #5 Young Frankenstein (1974) IMDB Summary: "Dr. Frankenstein's grandson, after years of living down the family reputation, inherits granddad's castle and repeats the experiments." Drama #1 It’s a wonderful life (1946) IMDB Summary: "An angel helps a compassionate but despairingly frustrated businessman by showing what life would have been like if he never existed." #2 The King’s Speech (2010) IMDB Summary: "The story of King George VI of Britain, his impromptu ascension to the throne and the speech therapist who helped the unsure monarch become worthy of it." #3 Frequency (2000) I had a hard time putting this movie at three. I really love this movie. IMDB Summary: "An accidental cross-time radio link connects father and son across 30 years. The son tries to save his father's life, but then must fix the consequences." #4 Gone With The Wind (1939) A very long movie and well deserving of an overture, even thought there not used anymore. Rhett is my favorite character. I wish scarlett wasnt such an idiot sometimes though. IMDB Summary: "American classic in which a manipulative woman and a roguish man carry on a turbulent love affair in the American south during the Civil War and Reconstruction." #5 50/50 (2011) IMDB Summary: "Inspired by a true story, a comedy centered on a 27-year-old guy who learns of his cancer diagnosis, and his subsequent struggle to beat the disease." Crime/Heist

i don't know

On Oct 1, 1975 the world saw Joe Frazier drop a bout to who in a battle that came to be known as the Thrilla in Manilla?

Joe Frazier, former heavyweight champion, dead at 67 PHILADELPHIA -- He beat Muhammad Ali in the Fight of the Century, battled him nearly to the death in the Thrilla in Manila. Then Joe Frazier spent the rest of his life trying to fight his way out of Ali's shadow. That was one fight Frazier never could win. He once was a heavyweight champion, and a great one at that. Ali would say as much after Frazier knocked him down in the 15th round en route to becoming the first man to beat Ali at Madison Square Garden in March 1971. But he bore the burden of being Ali's foil, and he paid the price. Bitter for years about the taunts his former nemesis once threw his way, Frazier only in recent times came to terms with what happened in the past and said he had forgiven Ali for everything he said. Frazier, who died Monday night after a brief battle with liver cancer at the age of 67, forever will be linked to Ali. But no one in boxing would ever dream of anointing Ali as "The Greatest" unless he, too, was linked to Smokin' Joe. "I will always remember Joe with respect and admiration," Ali said in a statement. "My sympathy goes out to his family and loved ones." They fought three times, twice in the heart of New York City and once in the morning in a steamy arena in the Philippines. They went 41 rounds together, with neither giving an inch and both giving it their all. In their last fight in Manila in 1975, they traded punches with a fervor that seemed unimaginable among heavyweights. Frazier gave almost as good as he got for 14 rounds, then had to be held back by trainer Eddie Futch as he tried to go out for the final round, unable to see. "Closest thing to dying that I know of," Ali said afterward. Ali was as merciless with Frazier out of the ring as he was inside it. He called him a gorilla, and mocked him as an Uncle Tom. But he respected him as a fighter, especially after Frazier won a decision to defend his heavyweight title against the then-unbeaten Ali, in a fight that was so big Frank Sinatra was shooting pictures at ringside and both fighters earned a then-astonishing $2.5 million. The night at the Garden 40 years ago remained fresh in Frazier's mind as he talked about his life, career and relationship with Ali a few months before he died. "I can't go nowhere where it's not mentioned," he told The Associated Press. "That was the greatest thing that ever happened in my life." Bob Arum, who once promoted Ali, said he was saddened by Frazier's passing. "He was such an inspirational guy. A decent guy. A man of his word," Arum said. "I'm torn up by Joe dying at this relatively young age. I can't say enough about Joe." Frazier's death was announced in a statement by his family, who asked to be able to grieve privately and said they would announce "our father's homecoming celebration" as soon as possible. Manny Pacquiao learned of it shortly after he arrived in Las Vegas for his fight Saturday night with Juan Manuel Marquez. Like Frazier in his prime, Pacquiao has a powerful left hook that he has used in his remarkable run to stardom. "Boxing lost a great champion, and the sport lost a great ambassador," Pacquiao said. Don King, who promoted the Thrilla in Manila, said in a statement issued Tuesday that Frazier was "the embodiment of what a great heavyweight champion and person should be." "Not only was he a great fighter but also a great man. He lived as he fought with courage and commitment at a time when African-Americans in all spheres of life were engaged in a struggle for emancipation and respect," King said of Frazier. "Smokin' Joe brought honor, dignity and pride for his people, the AMERICAN people, and brought the nation together as only sports can do." Though slowed in his later years and his speech slurred by the toll of punches taken in the ring, Frazier still was active on the autograph circuit in the months before he died. In September he went to Las Vegas, where he signed autographs in the lobby of the MGM Grand hotel-casino shortly before Floyd Mayweather Jr.'s fight against Victor Ortiz. An old friend, Gene Kilroy, visited with him and watched Frazier work the crowd. "He was so nice to everybody," Kilroy said. "He would say to each of them, 'Joe Frazier, sharp as a razor, what's your name?' " Frazier was small for a heavyweight, weighing just 205 pounds when he won the title by stopping Jimmy Ellis in the fifth round of their 1970 fight at Madison Square Garden. But he fought every minute of every round going forward behind a vicious left hook, and there were few fighters who could withstand his constant pressure. Joe Frazier's decision victory over Muhammad Ali in 1971 was the first in a trio of legendary fights.  AP Photo His reign as heavyweight champion lasted only four fights -- including the win over Ali -- before he ran into an even more fearsome slugger than himself. George Foreman responded to Frazier's constant attack by dropping him three times in the first round (the first giving birth to Howard Cosell's iconic "Down goes Frazier!" call) and three more in the second before their 1973 fight in Jamaica was waved to a close and the world had a new heavyweight champion. "Good night Joe Frazier. I love you dear friend. George Foreman" read Foreman's Twitter page. "He would not back up from King Kong," Foreman said later Tuesday. "I know, I knocked Joe down six times. When our fight was over, Joe was on his feet looking for me." Two fights later, Frazier met Ali in a rematch of their first fight, only this time the outcome was different. Ali won a 12-round decision, and later that year stopped Foreman in the Rumble in the Jungle in Zaire. There had to be a third fight, though, and what a fight it was. With Ali's heavyweight title at stake, the two met in Manila in a bout that long will be seared in boxing history. Frazier went after Ali round after round, landing his left hook with regularity as he made Ali backpedal around the ring. But Ali responded with left jabs and right hands that found their mark again and again. Even the intense heat inside the arena couldn't stop the two as they fought every minute of every round, with neither willing to concede the other one second of the round. "They told me Joe Frazier was through," Ali told Frazier at one point during the fight. "They lied," Frazier said, before hitting Ali with a left hook. Finally, though, Frazier simply couldn't see and Futch would not let him go out for the 15th round. Ali won the fight while on his stool, exhausted and contemplating himself whether to go on. It was one of the greatest fights ever, but it took a toll. Frazier would fight only two more times, getting knocked out in a rematch with Foreman eight months later before coming back in 1981 for an ill-advised fight with Jumbo Cummings. "They should have both retired after the Manila fight," former AP boxing writer Ed Schuyler Jr. said. "They left every bit of talent they had in the ring that day." "The courage Smokin' Joe showed in The Thrilla in Manila -- answering every Ali onslaught with an equally withering response -- will remain in the hearts and minds of boxing fans around the globe forever," King said of the third fight in the trilogy. "One cannot underestimate the contribution Smokin' Joe and Ali made to progress and change by creating the space, through their talent, for black men to be seen, visible and relevant. The Thrilla in Manila helped make America better," King said. Born in Beaufort, S.C., on Jan. 12, 1944, Frazier took up boxing early after watching weekly fights on the black-and-white television on his family's small farm. He was a top amateur for several years, and became the only American fighter to win a gold medal in the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo despite fighting in the final bout with an injured left thumb. "Joe Frazier should be remembered as one of the greatest fighters of all time and a real man," Arum told the AP in a telephone interview Monday night. "He's a guy that stood up for himself. He didn't compromise and always gave 100 percent in the ring. There was never a fight in the ring where Joe didn't give 100 percent." After turning pro in 1965, Frazier quickly became known for his punching power, stopping his first 11 opponents. Within three years he was fighting world-class opposition and, in 1970, beat Ellis to win the heavyweight title that he would hold for more than two years. A woman who answered Ellis' phone in Kentucky said the former champion suffers from Alzheimer's disease, but she wanted to pass along the family's condolences. In Frazier's adopted hometown of Philadelphia, a fellow Philly fighter, longtime middleweight champion Bernard Hopkins, said Frazier was so big in the city that he should have his own shadow, like the fictional Rocky character. "I saw him at one of my car washes a few weeks ago. He was in a car, just hollering at us, 'They're trying to get me!' That was his, hi," Hopkins said. "I'm glad I got to see him in the last couple of months. At the end of the day, I respect the man. I believe at the end of his life, he was fighting to get that respect." HBO broadcaster Larry Merchant, who became close with Frazier after covering him as a reporter in Philadelphia, was crushed by the news. "This is a body blow to me because I knew him personally as well as professionally," Merchant told ESPN.com's Dan Rafael. "I thought he was as honest and as real a fighter as there ever was. He followed in a tradition of (Jack) Dempsey and (Rocky) Marciano as the 'Warrior King.' " It was his fights with Ali that would define Frazier. Though Ali was gracious in defeat in the first fight, he was as vicious with his words as he was with his punches in promoting all three fights -- and he never missed a chance to get a jab in at Frazier. Frazier, who in his later years would have financial trouble and end up running a gym in Philadelphia, took the jabs personally. He felt Ali made fun of him by calling him names and said things that were not true just to get under his skin. Those feelings were only magnified as Ali went from being an icon in the ring to one of the most beloved people in the world. After a trembling Ali lit the Olympic torch in 1996 in Atlanta, Frazier was asked by a reporter what he thought about it. "They should have thrown him in," Frazier responded. He mellowed, though, in recent years, preferring to remember the good from his fights with Ali rather than the bad. Just before the 40th anniversary of his win over Ali earlier this year -- a day Frazier celebrated with parties in New York -- he said he no longer felt any bitterness toward Ali, who suffers from Parkinson's disease and is mostly mute. "I forgive him," Frazier. "He's in a bad way." Information from The Associated Press contributed to this report.

Muhammad Ali

Oct 4, 1927 saw sculptor Gutzon Borglum begin work on what major national memorial?

Muhammad Ali, boxing legend, dies at 74 | Miami Herald Order Reprint of this Story Muhammad Ali, the heavyweight boxer who transcended his sport and redefined what it means to be a hero during a turbulent time in American history, died Friday night at a Phoenix hospital . Ali, who was 74, was admitted earlier in the week with a respiratory ailment. A spokesman said Ali was surrounded by family members when he died of septic shock. His funeral is scheduled for Friday in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky. Ali had been afflicted with Parkinson’s disease for three decades. The fighter known for speaking in the same cadence with which he jumped rope, who used to spout poetry and “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee” was unable to talk and had difficulty walking in recent years. But even in silence Ali was a magnetic figure, beloved in all corners of the world, from the Philippines, where he fought Joe Frazier in the “Thrilla in Manila” to Africa, where he fought George Foreman in the “Rumble in the Jungle,” to Miami Beach, where he trained at the 5th Street Gym and won the first of his three titles in 1964, thrusting his gloves in the air and shouting, “I shook up the world!” Muhammad Ali, Miami came of age together in the 1960s As Ali aged, his stature grew, and it became harder to separate myth from man, although he maintained a simple, humble lifestyle that included prayer five times a day and watching Westerns on TV. He lived in Paradise Valley, Arizona, and had homes in Louisville and Berrien Springs, Michigan. In his 20s, when the United States was in a state of racial and political upheaval and was riven by marches, riots and protests, Ali molded an era by breaking the mold of the black athlete. He was an outspoken advocate of black power and religious freedom. Muhammad Ali’s legend was ‘born in Miami’ 50 years ago Despised by many Americans in the mid-1960s for joining the radical Nation of Islam, refusing to be drafted into military service for the Vietnam War and challenging the white establishment, Ali came to represent the value of self-love. “Ain’t I pretty?” he’d say, then reel off a rhyme. Ali’s physical beauty and sharp humor imbued him with a charisma that made him irresistible to boxing fans and those who knew nothing of the brutal sport. He rapped and danced and punched his way to stardom. “I outwit them and then outhit them,” he said. Marlins Park announces death of Muhammad Ali before official notice given To his last days, he was addressed as “Champ.” He called himself “the greatest of all time,” and was referred to as “The Greatest,” and by the acronym GOAT. He’ll go down as one of the most influential figures of the 20th century. “I learned something from people everywhere,” Ali once said. “There’s truth in Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, all religions. And in just plain talking. The only religion that matters is the real religion — love. I’m color blind. I love people. Black, white, rich or poor.” In an appearance as memorable as his title triumphs, a trembling and stone-faced Ali was the climax to Opening Ceremonies of the 1996 Atlanta Olympics as he lit the flame then raised the torch with his unsteady arm, inspiring a new wave of adoration for his undaunted spirit. Born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. on Jan. 17, 1942, in Louisville, Ali was named after his father, a signmaker and house painter, who was named after a 19th century Kentucky slave owner turned abolitionist. His mother, Odessa O’Grady Clay, cleaned houses. Ali, married four times, is survived by his wife, Lonnie, and seven daughters and two sons. He survived his trainer, Angelo Dundee, his cornerman, Drew “Bundini” Brown and his opponent in three epic bouts, Frazier. In retirement, he dedicated himself to humanitarian causes, world peace, the Muhammad Ali Parkinson Research Center in Phoenix and the Muhammad Ali Center in Louisville. The Muhammad Ali Childhood Home Museum — the renovated pink house where he grew up — opened last month. Ali’s biographer, Thomas Hauser, said he regretted the “commercialization” of Ali and the “softening of the edges” of his legacy as a defiant trailblazer. Despite his frailty, Ali made numerous public appearances every year, including at the unveiling of the 800-page Taschen photographic biography entitled “GOAT” in Miami Beach, the opening of the new 5th Street Gym and the Miami Marlins’ 2012 opener in their new stadium. Recently, he attended a Celebrity Fight Night fundraiser for Parkinson’s research. He also released a statement criticizing presidential candidate Donald Trump for his comments about banning Muslims from traveling to the U.S. As a boxer, Ali was an innovator. No previous heavyweight had been so quick, elusive and graceful. But he could take punishment, too, as he proved when he knocked out Foreman for the title in 1974 in Kinshasa, Zaire, utilizing his “rope-a-dope” tactic. Ali was the first to win the title three times, first in 1964 against Sonny Liston and last in 1978 against Leon Spinks. His pro record was 56-5. Ali was renowned for his courage inside and outside the ring. He slugged it out with “Smokin’ Joe” Frazier and smashed stereotypes about what was expected of a black man in a slowly, painfully desegregating society. “Ali helped raise black people in this country out of mental slavery,” New York Yankee Reggie Jackson once said. “The entire experience of being black changed for millions of people because of Ali.” He made controversial decisions and remained resolute in his beliefs despite hateful criticism, racist threats and a three and a half year suspension from boxing during his prime after he was convicted of draft evasion. Ali argued that he was a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War. In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned his conviction. “Where do you think I would be if I didn’t shout and holler? I would be poor and down in Louisville washing windows, shining shoes or running an elevator and saying, ‘Yes, suh’ and ‘No, suh,’ and knowing my place,” Ali said of his activism. “Why does the white man care if I hate him anyhow? He’s got everything going for him — White Swan soap, Tarzan is white, Jesus is white, White Owl cigars, the White Tornado, Snow White and her Seven Dwarfs, the White House. Angel food cake is all white, but Devil’s food cake is black!” After Ali’s exile, he gained acceptance from Americans who had resented him. Times were changing. Ali had been ahead of those times in his commitment to the antiwar movement and the abolishment of Jim Crow laws. By confronting bigotry, Ali “made all Americans, black and white, stand taller,” his friend Kareem Abdul-Jabbar said Saturday. Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson’s at age 42, three years after his 1981 retirement. He disputed the assumption that the disease was caused by the cumulative head trauma of his bouts. His wife Lonnie said it was caused by pesticides at his training camp in Pennsylvania. His longtime physician, Ferdie “The Fight Doctor” Pacheco, quit Ali’s corner in 1977 because Ali refused to hang up his gloves despite early symptoms. Then Ali suffered further neurological damage in his last two fights, when he was pummeled by Larry Holmes and Trevor Berbick. “That was criminal,” Pacheco said, blaming the “Ali circus” for allowing him to fight. “I told him a long time ago that he would suffer. To be a great talker like he was, to lose your power of speech is very, very hard.” Ali’s increasing infirmity enabled him to be embraced again, as people could see themselves aging in him. “He reminded us of our youth, our lost youth,” boxing writer Bert Sugar said. Ali learned to bob and weave as a kid, when he had his brother Rudy (now Rahman) throw rocks at him. “The first person I ever knocked out was my mom,” said Ali, who accidentally hit his mother in the mouth when he was a baby. She lost two teeth. His first prediction was made when he was 12 and told the Louisville Courier-Journal, “This guy is done. I’ll stop him in one.” When Ali was 13, the gruesome lynching of Emmett Till in Mississippi had a profound impact on him. Ali won the gold medal at the 1960 Rome Olympics, then turned professional. He later lost his medal, but originally claimed he threw it into the Ohio River in a fit of anger: “The man said, ‘We don’t serve Negroes.’ I said, ‘I don’t eat them, either.’ They shouted, ‘Boy, get out!’ I looked at my gold medal and thought, ‘This thing ain’t worth nothing; it can’t even get me a hamburger.’” The 11 businessmen of the Louisville Sponsorship Group paid for Ali to train with Dundee at the gym Dundee and his promoter brother Chris owned at the corner of 5th Street and Washington Avenue in Miami Beach. Ali’s Miami years, from 1960 to 1966, were transformative for him and the city he made his home. He began his partnership with Dundee. He won the heavyweight championship. He announced his conversion to Islam. He changed his name to Ali. He declared his opposition to the Vietnam War from the front steps of his Allapattah house. When he arrived, he was wholesome, determined, 18-year-old Cassius Clay — a handsome face. When he departed, he was the electric, polarizing Muhammad Ali — a man at the epicenter of change in American society, and the most recognizable face in the world. In segregated Miami, he first lived in a “colored” motel in Overtown, the Sir John. Dundee ran a tab for him at the Famous Chef restaurant. Ali jogged four miles over the MacArthur Causeway to the 5th Street Gym and was occasionally stopped by police who suspected he was fleeing the scene of a crime. At Burdines he was not allowed to try on shirts lest his black skin would taint the fabric. He prayed in storefront mosques. He enchanted his entire neighborhood. He posed for photos by Flip Schulke in which he pretended to be “training” by shadow boxing underwater in a swimming pool even though he couldn’t swim. He got his hair cut at Sonny Armbrister’s barber shop, where he joined in the custom of composing rhyming verses. “Those were the best, purest years of his life,” Dundee once said. “He was such a sweet kid. I had so much fun with him. That’s what I learned from Muhammad: Every day is fun.” When Ali moved into the aqua house on Northwest 15th Court, the local kids gravitated to him. He raced them in the street and paid them if he lost. He drove them to school, the beach and Dairy Queen in his new, tomato-red Cadillac convertible. He bought a bus and drove around honking and promoting his fights. He set up a film projector in his yard and invited neighbors to watch home movies and clips of his fights. He loved to perform magic tricks — and would continue to do so decades later when his hands shook. “He exuded a charisma I wanted to have,” said Nelson Adams III, a Miami physician who grew up next door to Ali. He also admired Martin Luther King Jr., John F. Kennedy and Bill Russell. “He showed me what you can achieve if you stand up for what you believe in.” The 5th Street Gym was a steamy, smelly, termite-infested loft above a liquor store and drug store. Dundee was afraid if his boxers jumped rope too hard they would fall through the rotting floorboards. It was there that Ali met Pacheco, a white doctor who ran a clinic in Overtown for 20 years until it burned down during the McDuffie riots. Ali honed his schtick as poetic showman. “The mouth on that kid — a promoter’s dream,” said the late boxing historian Hank Kaplan. “He asked me to help him make a card with his picture on it that he could hand out everywhere. I asked him how he wanted to label the card. He said, ‘I am the greatest.’ He was creating a buzz and a persona. Boxing — and sports — would never be the same.” As the underdog Ali trained for his title shot against the brooding ex-con Liston, a succession of celebrities came by to watch the brash young fighter — including the Beatles during their U.S. tour, and they posed for the famous “domino punch” photo in which Ali decked John, Paul, George and Ringo. The media portrayed Ali as nutty and naive, all hype and no heft. Ali harangued Liston constantly with poems: “Now Clay swings with a right, what a beautiful swing, And the punch raises the Bear clear out of the ring. Liston is still rising and the ref wears a frown, For he can’t start counting til Sonny comes down. Now Liston disappears from view, the crowd is getting frantic But our radar stations have picked him up; he’s somewhere over the Atlantic Who would have thought when they came to the fight That they’d witness the launching of a human satellite? Yes, the crowd did not dream when they laid down their money That they would see a total eclipse of the Sonny.” Ali predicted he’d take Liston out in eight rounds. During the weigh-in at Miami Beach Convention Hall, Dundee played straight man to Ali’s act. Ali tried to unnerve the scowling Liston by ranting, raving, rhyming and lunging (as Dundee held onto the belt of his robe). Liston told him to shut up so people wouldn’t think he was a fool. Joe Louis’ wife Martha told Kaplan: “That boy needs a psychiatrist.” On the morning of the fight, Feb. 25, 1964, the New York Post ran a column by Jackie Gleason: “I predict Sonny Liston will win in 18 seconds of the first round, and my estimate includes the three seconds Blabber Mouth will bring into the ring with him.” Gleason was among those ringside, along with Sammy Davis Jr. and Ali’s new friend Malcolm X. As the fight unfolded, Liston stalked, Ali juked, and opened a cut on Liston’s face. In the fourth, Ali got liniment in his eyes, was blinded, suspected subterfuge and threatened to quit. But Dundee sponged his eyes frantically and pushed him back out, shouting, “Keep dancing! Hit and run!” Ali landed punishing blows in the sixth round. Liston slumped on his stool, spit out his mouthpiece and couldn’t answer the bell. Ali was champion by TKO. He was 22 and instantly famous. “I am the king!” Ali screamed. “King of the world! Eat your words. Eat! I am the greatest.” Martin Luther King Jr. sent Ali a congratulatory telegram. Ali celebrated by eating ice cream with Malcolm X. The day after the upset, Ali affirmed his rumored Muslim faith and membership in the separatist Nation of Islam. The sect’s message of might over passivity appealed to Ali. Malcolm X declared that Ali would “mean more to his people than any athlete before him.” Nation leader Elijah Muhammad announced during a radio speech that he was giving Cassius Clay the Muslim name Muhammad Ali. “I said, ‘OK, Muhammad, but what are we going to rhyme that with?’” Dundee said. Cassius Clay was his slave name, Ali said. “Muhammad means ‘worthy of praise’ and Ali means ‘most high’ and I insist people use it,” he said. “I don’t have to be what you want me to be. I’m free to be what I want. I am America. I am the past you won’t recognize, but get used to me. Black, confident, cocky. My name, not yours. My religion, not yours. My goal, my own. Get used to me.” Ali married Sonji Roi on Aug. 14, 1964. She accepted Islam at Mosque No. 29 on Northwest 17th Ave. Captain Sam Saxon had brothers in bow ties serving as cooks and bodyguards for Ali. Sonji resisted Muslim rules. “She’d come over to my kitchen, as did some of the fellows, and say, ‘I’m so tired of those bean pies. Can I have some pork chops?’” neighbor Naomi Adams once recalled. “She’d smoke a cigarette and I’d spray her with perfume to mask the smell.” Within a year, Ali had the marriage annulled in a Miami courtroom, where he complained that her clothes were too revealing. Ali knocked out Liston 1:42 into their 1965 rematch in a fight many still suspect was fixed by the Mob. The photo of Ali standing over Liston urging him to “Get up!” became one of many iconic images of Ali. On Feb. 17, 1966, reporters came to Ali’s Allapattah house to tell him his low draft test score had been reclassified and he was now eligible to be drafted for the Vietnam War. “I ain’t got no quarrel with them Viet Cong,” Ali said. He refused to be inducted, citing his religious beliefs. He was stripped of his title and banned from boxing. “You want me to do what the white man says and go fight a war against some people I don’t know nothing about — get some freedom for some other people when my own people can’t get theirs here? No Vietnamese ever called me Nigger. “Why should they ask me to put on a uniform and go 10,000 miles from home and drop bombs and bullets on brown people in Vietnam while so-called Negro people in Louisville are treated like dogs?” Ali was castigated by the media (they continued to call him Clay) as an impudent egomaniac, and now he was an unpatriotic coward, too. He was maligned by his idol, Joe Louis, and Floyd Patterson. But Ali’s words resonated with the younger generation. They saw him not only as a fighter for titles but for peace, tolerance and civil rights. He gained respect when he won his case and returned to the ring. The first of the three Frazier fights was in 1971 at Madison Square Garden, when Ali lost for the first time as a pro. He won the rematch in 1974. Then came the 1975 “Thrilla in Manila,” regarded as one of the best ever. It was a ferocious match of survival, with Frazier hammering Ali with his left hooks and Ali’s shots turning Frazier’s eyes into swollen slits. Frazier’s trainer stopped it after 14. “It was the closest thing to death I could feel,” Ali said. In 1973, Ken Norton broke Ali’s jaw in the second round but he wouldn’t surrender, losing a split decision after 12. He defeated Norton in their two subsequent rematches. Despite concern that he was washed up, Ali took on the fearsome Foreman in 1974, where Zaire’s dictator promised promoter Don King $10 million in prize money. “If you think the world was surprised when Nixon resigned, Wait ‘til I whup Foreman’s behind! I done rassled with an alligator, tussled with a whale Handcuffed lightning, thrown thunder in jail; Only last week, I murdered a rock, injured a stone, hospitalized a brick; I’m so mean I make medicine sick.” Ali leaned on the ropes as his cornermen yelled at him to attack, but the strategy worked as Foreman punched himself into exhaustion. Ali knocked him out with a combination in the eighth and took back the title. As his career dragged on, mostly because he was in financial straits, Ali lost then regained the title from Spinks in 1978. He came out of retirement to fight Holmes at Caesar’s Palace, a mistake, because he was already slurring some words and his lightning reflexes had eroded. A sluggish Ali took a beating by the champ, who apologized afterward. Ali finally retired, at 39, after losing to journeyman Berbick in Nassau. Ali was preceded in death by his rival, Frazier, whom he had mercilessly insulted as an “Uncle Tom” and an “ugly gorilla.” He later apologized, said he was overzealous in promoting their fights. Ali could be vicious in the ring. For some years, he was a philanderer out of it. But people who spent time with him were moved by his kindness, wit, conviction and generosity. The light in his eyes let them know he was as clever and sincere as ever. Stories abound of his acts of selflessness, his donations, his desire to spread joy — one time pulling over at a bus stop to hug the tired ladies waiting to get home. He accepted his disease, never asked anyone to feel sorry for him. “I won the title, became champion. Powerful and strong,” he said. “And then God tries you, takes my health. Fixes it so it’s hard to talk. Hard to walk. I’m blessed and thankful to God that I understand he’s trying me. This is a trial from God. He gave me this illness to remind me that I’m not No. 1. He is.” Daughter Hana Ali was at Ali’s bedside when his organs failed Friday, but said his heart kept beating another 30 minutes. Pacheco said Ali’s heart was as good as it was strong. “Ali was no intellectual but he had an intuition that was eerie,” Pacheco said. “He did things wrong and they came out right. He boxed wrong, and it worked. He joined the wrong religion — that was supposed to be his downfall — but it worked because he symbolized steadfastness. He refused the draft — oh, that’ll be the end of Ali. But, no, he was a hero for it. Then he carried the torch at the Atlanta Olympics. Why would he expose himself as frail and pitiful? But that was perfect, too. People loved him all over again for the strength of showing his weakness.” In his autobiography, Ali described how he would like to be remembered: “I’ll tell you how I’d like to be remembered: As a black man who won the heavyweight title and who was humorous and who treated everyone right. As a man who never looked down on those who looked up to him and who helped as many of his people as he could — financial and also in their fight for freedom, justice and equality. As a man who wouldn’t embarrass them. As a man who tried to unite his people through the faith of Islam that he found when he listened to the Honorable Elijah Muhammad. And if all that’s asking too much, then I guess I’d settle for being remembered only as a great boxing champion who became a preacher and a champion of his people. And I wouldn’t even mind if folks forgot how pretty I was.”

i don't know

Founded in New York in 1853, Steinway & Sons manufactures what type of musical instrument?

About - Steinway & Sons About Countries Choose Country or Region Replay with sound 0:00 Steinway Today Master to apprentice, generation after generation, every Steinway is built with experience decades in the making — by artisans who take pride and time to humanize a piano still made by hand, who strive for and achieve continuous innovation and improvement. Every Steinway & Sons grand and upright is a masterpiece of craftsmanship and a consummate work of art. Each Steinway piano, consisting of more than 12,000 individual parts, has its own musical character and is as unique as the individual who plays it. “I love knowing that something I created will still be making music long after I am gone.” Jürgen Abelbeck Steinway Artisan, 36 Years Pure artistic expression has the power to touch, move and transform, and the Steinway piano exists to remove all barriers between the listener and the pure, uncompromised expression of the artist. Steinway Tomorrow The very first Steinway & Sons patent was granted in 1857, and since that time the company has been granted more than 125 additional patents, positioning the Steinway as the piano by which all others are judged. Our company's latest innovation, the Steinway & Sons Spirio , is the world's finest high resolution player piano. A masterpiece of craftsmanship, technology and artistry, Spirio provides an unrivaled musical experience, indistinguishable from a live performance. “Incredible, what this piano can do! To sit and hear myself — without playing. The contrast is amazing; it’s a real performance.” Olga Kern Steinway Artist STEINWAY IN HISTORY Steinway & Sons was founded in 1853 by German immigrant Henry Engelhard Steinway in a Manhattan loft on Varick Street. Over the next thirty years, Henry and his sons developed the modern piano. They built their pianos one at a time, applying skills that have been handed down from master to apprentice, generation after generation, ever since. The Steinway piano became the choice for ninety-eight percent of concertizing artists , none of whom are compensated to endorse the instrument. The Steinway earned a reputation as an investment for the owner in the legacy of future generations. Dear Mr. Steinway, I am very happy to have the opportunity of using your pianos for my concerts. I consider them to be perfect in every way. Faithfully yours, Sergei Rachmaninoff Steinway Immortal To call a genuine grand or upright piano of Steinway & Sons one’s own is an overwhelming feeling. Far more than just an exquisite instrument, it is an instrument of the highest expression and creativity. A Steinway piano intimately connects artist and listener, and invites its owner to join a tradition of musical perfection, making it an invaluable investment. Steinway Locations Steinway & Sons retail locations can be found at cultural centers worldwide, including those below:

Piano

Stress, compound, and greenstick are all types of what?

Ottley Music School: Historical Instruments   Historical Instrument--ca. 1890 Grotrian Steinweg Grand Piano Both Grotrian-Steinweg and Steinway & Sons derive from Heinrich Englehard Steinweg and the building of his first piano in 1835 at the family's hometown of Seesen, Harz, Germany. Following the 1848 revolution in Germany, Heinrich and most of the family emigrated to the USA in 1850 and founded Steinway in New York in 1853. Meanwhile the eldest son, Christian Friedrich Theodor Steinweg continued the family business in Germany. He was joined in 1858 by Friedrich Grotrian (1803-1860) who, on inheriting a substantial sum from an uncle, had sold his musical instrument business in Moscow and returned to his German homeland of Braunschweig. Unfortunately Friedrich died two years later, but his son Wilhelm joined the company, then called Grotrian Steinweg. Theodor, on the deaths of two of his brothers at Steinway in 1865, sold his share in the business to his partners and joined Steinway & Sons in New York. So the Steinweg company was then owned by Wilhelm Grotrian, Adolf Helfferich and HOW Schulz. Needing new premises the company moved to Braunschweig in 1859. The family name Grotrian Steinweg was adopted by Wilhelm's sons Willi and Kurt in 1919 (hyphenated from 1926) and the company remains under the auspices of the family at Braunschweig where it still makes about 1,000 pianos per year in enlarged premises. It was the same year that the Oberlin Conservatory was founded in Oberlin, Ohio, USA. This 6'8" Steinweg grand was purchased by Ms. Ottley in the late 1990s from its rebuilder, Kun Hee Lee, who had purchased it from its original owner, a very old German lady living in northern Virginia. It still has the seal of the store where it was purchased in Munchen, Germany on the cover. The piano wasbuilt around the 1880s, and still has a beautiful tone. Historical Instrument--1887-1888 Estey Harmonium The Estey Organ Company was founded in 1846. "The Estey Organ Company manufactured excellent reed organs for more than half a century before engaging the Roosevelt-trained Philadelphia builder, William E. Haskell(1865-1927), to open the pipe organ department in 1901. During the next fifty-nine years, the company built and rebuilt 3261 pipe organs, and with one exception, all of the Estey instruments had tubular-pneumatic or electro-pneumatic action. The large Estey factory continued to build reed organs, and Estey also dealt in Rieger tracker organs in the 1950's. "During the first decades of the century, the Estey catalogs described standard designs, the stoplists having no upperwork but that Haskell specialty, a labial reed stop. The stop actions included such oddities as the "stop key" and "luminous" types, and while the organs were built of excellent materials, they were often so compact that maintenance was expensive and nearly impossible to perform. Estey concentrated on stock model two-manual instruments and regarded any deviation in size and specification as a "Special" job. Most of the older organs were sold through agents and Estey stores, and a company policy forbid any dealing in old organs replaced by Esteys. Many organs shipped to the stores or music dealers were not immediately set up in a permanent location, and some with "Store" on the list remained unsold for years. Player organs (called "Automatics" were popular until the 1930's and for a few years around 1930, "Minuette" models that vaguely resembled grand and upright pianos were build on the unit system. "Many older Americans still have a great respect for Estey tone, and the firm's name was indeed a household word throughout the world." The Estey Organ in the Ottley Music School belongs to Mr. Adjahoe and Mrs. Ottley, salvaged from the Macedonia Union African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church of Providence, Rhode Island. The organ was built between 1887-1888, about the same time that church was founded, and was probably their first instrument. In 2001 the church changed its musical format, using a Hammond with drums and had no need for this beautiful instrument. It was designed on the same plan as its European counterparts, and Ottley Music School uses it for performances of such composers as Rossini and Dvorak. It has already been used in performances of Rossini's "Petite Messe Solonelle" and Gounod's "O Divine Redeemer" at Clarice Smith's Gildenhorn Recital Hall. Organists were 14-year-old student, William J. Moore, and Nevilla E. Ottley. Singers included John LeSane of the Washington Opera, and at that time, 13-year-old coloratura, Nichelle Anderson. Historical Instrument--1908 Erard Grand Piano This Erard grand piano in rosewood, serial number 94154, was manufactured [Par Bievet d'Invention Seb. & Pre. Erard] at 13 + 21 Rue de Mail, Paris in 1908. It is 6'6" long and with a full eight-octave range. It was sold from Sautier & Jaeger Pianos, etc. in Geneva, for their sticker was still on the front of the fall cover when we received it. Erard pianos were the biggest and most admired concert instruments during the early and mid 19th century. Sebastian Erard, also known for manufacturing harps, made his early pianos for Napoleon Bonaparte, and Joseph Haydn. In 1802 the firm gave a complimentary instrument to Ludwig van Beethoven. Chopin, Mendelssohn, Liszt, Moscheles, Herz, Verdi and Faure are just a few of the famous composers who owned Erard Pianos. In 1821, Erard invented the double-escapement piano action, which served as the prototype for the modern piano action perfected by Theodor Steinweg, for the Grotrian Steinweg and the Steinway and Sons pianos. The new action made it possible to play a series of repeated notes with great ease and speed, and it also produced a wide range of dynamic shadings. The Erard piano at the Ottley Music School was donated to Ms. Ottley in 2001 for the school to either use it or dispose of it. It was in very poor shape, but in the eyes Dr. Edward Swenson of New York (singer, historian and rebuilder of vintage Erards), who was referred to us by several Erard piano aficionados around the country, he saw its potential. The restored parts (except for the keys) came from various Belgium and France.  Dr. Swenson was careful to preserve the orginal inscription as seen in the last photo.  This beautiful instrument is being used by its owner for teaching in Ottley Music School, and is one of the few Erards in the Washington, D. C. area. It has a beautiful sweet tone, and according to some of the teachers, it "plays itself". Historical Piano, 1914 C. Kurtzmann The Ottley Music School has a C. Kurtzmann piano of Buffalo New York, a 6'8" grand built in 1914. It was donated to the Ottley Music School by pianist Granville Klink. He the son of the late legendary Washington DC broadcaster, Granville "Granny" Klink (1909-1997) of WTOP Granville, Jr. studied pianist Felicia Rybier, who escaped to the USA in 1938. She was a pianist with the Warsaw Orchestra in the 1930s. Granville studied with her from 1955-1961. He attended school at Peabody Conservatory . He was the director of the New Sunshine Jazz Band, and collected piano rolls of Jelly Roll Morton, Fats Waller, Scott Joplin, and James P. Johnson. He was known for his transcriptions of their piano rolls. The Kurtzmann piano is used for recitals in the Atrium Stage of UTC's Building 3 monthly. Historical Instrument--1917 Steiff Upright Grand The Stieff Company was founded in 1892 in Baltimore, Maryland by Charles Stieff, grandson of the piano maker. According to a 1937 Stieff catalogue, they were "Makers of sterling silver and 14-K gold. The Schofield Co. was purchased in 1967 and in 1979 The Stieff Company purchased Samuel Kirk & Son, Inc. and changed the firm's name to The Kirk Stieff Company. To this date, Stieff pianos still exist in the Washington/Baltimore area. This 1917 instrument, was bought by Nevilla Ottley in 1972 for $50 from a girls school that no longer wanted it. It was repaired for $175, replacing the flanges. It has been consistently used for teaching even after the Steinway and other historical pianos were purchased. It has a solid sound, holds its pitch, and has a resounding lower sound, as if amplified. It was rebuilt by Schaeffer and Sons of Rockville, Maryland in 1996. Schaeffer's Piano Company telephone number is 301-424-1144. To change from teaching music and languages to dealing in pianos, and finally to become the founder of one of the largest and most respected piano manufacturing firms, was the career of Charles Maximilian Stieff. Born in Wurtembrug on July 19, 1805, Stieff was educated at Stuttgart. In 1831 he emigrated to America and settled at Baltimore, where he took the chair in Haspart's school as professor of languages and also acted as leader of a church choir. In 1842 he imported his first pianos from Germany, and opened regular piano warerooms on Liberty Street in 1843. Observing the success of the various piano manufacturers in Baltimore, Stieff undertook an extensive trip to Europe in 1852, studying the methods of the best piano manufacturers there. Upon his return he admitted his sons into partnership and started the manufacture of the "Stieff" piano, intrusting the management of the factory to Jacob Gross, an expert piano maker of the old school. Born in Wurtemburg on July 26, 1819, Gross learned his trade in Stuttgart and afterward worked in some of the leading factories of Germany, Switzerland, Spain and Paris. Coming to America in 1848, he familiarized himself with the methods prevailing here, working in Troy, NY then going to Baltimore. He had worked for the Stieff Piano Factory from 1856, and on Christmas day, 1860 he had married Catharina Christiana Stieff (1833-1906), daughter of Charles Maximilian Stieff, owner. His joining the Stieff family business was an excellent combination, the professional musician and businessman, Stieff, supported by the artistic piano maker and factory expert, Gross. The product of the firm was at once accepted as of superior merit and received distinguished awards wherever exhibited. The founder of the firm having passed to the unknown beyond, the business was carried on most successfully by his sons, Charles and Frederick P. Stieff, the technical management of the factories being in the hands of Charles J. Gross, who was educated by his father, Jacob Gross. It was remarkable that the great fire which destroyed nearly the entire business portion of the city of Baltimore in 1904 should stop short in its northward flight on the wall of the Stieff building, on North Libery Street, just as if it had had respect for this landmark where the Stieffs had sold pianos for 63 years. The firm of Charles M. Stieff used to distribute its products almost entirely through its own stores, which were found in every prominent city of the southern States, as well as at Boston and elsewhere.   This wonderful instrument is still used in teaching piano on a daily basis as it was the first done when purchased in Mrs. Ottley's first piano studio in 1973.  It has a wonderful warm tone.  At one time, her elderly father, Neville E. Ottley (born 1914) asked her why she put speakers in the piano, as the sound resounded on the wooden floors in her home at that time. Historical Instrument--1925 Steinway O model grand piano Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg (1797-1871). Henry (Heinrich in German) lost most of his family when he was young.  Several brothers were killed during the Napoleonic war, and he lost his father and remaining brother at age 15.  Although he had no musical training, he displayed a talent in building musical instruments. The first instrument he built was a zither.  In 1818, he started work in an organ builder's shop, learned how to play the organ, and became a church organist. He built his first piano in his kitchen in Seesen, which he presented to his bride Juliane Thiemer in February 1825 as a wedding gift. They later had seven children. The uprisings of 1848-49 in Germany did not leave the Steinweg family untouched. The business suffered and so he left for America in 1850, one year after his son Henry left for the new world. Upon arriving in America, he and his sons worked in a piano factory. He then founded Steinway & Sons on March 5, 1853. The first factory was located at 81 Walker Street, in Manhattan.  A new factory was founded in 1859 at Park Avenue and 53rd Street, the present site of the Seagrams Building, where it covered a whole block. All the children, with the exception of Christian Friedrich Theodor (1825-1889), who had remained in Germany, worked in the business. Christian Friedrich Theodor came to the US in 1865 to help manage the family business, which shortly afterwards moved to Astoria, Long Island, where it now comprises an enormous complex on Steinway Street.  In 1871, Henry Sr. died and sons C.F. Theodor and William took over operations. An accomplished pianist, C.F. Theodor was responsible for the technical aspects of piano making and personally earned the company 41 patents, including one in 1875 for the modern concert grand piano. In the same year, William helped establish a showroom in London. Five years later, in 1880, the Hamburg factory began operating and a retail operation, the Steinway-Haus, was established. Another retail operation opened in Berlin in 1909. The American firm prospered swiftly with new improvements in pianos, including over strung scale a cast-iron frame. They also built the first upright piano in 1866. The Steinways were not only piano builders. They also had an impact on the culture and structural development of New York City.  In 1866 Steinway & Sons opened the first Steinway Hall on 14th Street. With a main auditorium of 2,000 seats, it became New York City's artistic and cultural center, housing the New York Philharmonic until Carnegie Hall opened in 1891.   William (1835-1896), president of Steinway & Sons (1876-96), was the first chairman of Rapid Transit Commission of New York City, which planned New York' s first subway. The first Steinway grand was presented to the White House in 1903 during President Theodore Roosevelt's term. On December 10, 1938 Theodore E. Steinway presented the "golden grand" to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. This was the 300,000th instrument build by the firm and it can be seen on tours of the White House in the East Room. Another Steinway grand, on which President Henry S. Truman frequently played, now stands in the Truman Library of Independence. The 5'11" Steinway grand in the Ottley Music School was purchased by Nevilla Ottley in the early 1980s from Ann Foster of Pennsylvania.  Ms. Ottley has used that piano for teaching and for performances ever since. Historical Instrument--Violin Ottley Music School owns and uses weekly the practice violin of the late Abram Moses, concert master of the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra from 1880-1953.  It was given to the Ottley Music School by his daughter, Cece Litchenstein in about 2003 and is used by the teachers in the OMS while teaching their lessons. Even though it was a practice violin by the great master, it is the favorite violin of the teachers.    

i don't know

"We all fall down" is the last line of what nursery rhyme or playground singing game?

Ringa Ringa Roses - Nursery Rhyme Full Song ( Fountain Kids ) - YouTube Ringa Ringa Roses - Nursery Rhyme Full Song ( Fountain Kids ) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jun 2, 2014 Ring a Ring o' Roses" or "Ring Around the Rosie" is a nursery rhyme or folksong and playground singing game. It first appeared in print in 1881, but it is reported that a version was already being sung to the current tune in the 1790s and similar rhymes are known from across Europe. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7925. Urban legend says the song originally described the plague, but folklorists reject this idea. Lyrics A pocket full of posies, A-tishoo! A-tishoo! Sometimes in Britain, this version is used: Ring-a-ring o' roses, A pocket full of posies, A-tishoo! A-tishoo! A pocket full of posies, Ashes! Ashes! The last two lines are sometimes varied to Hush! Hush! Hush! Hush! We've all tumbled down. Early attestation Kate Greenaway's illustration from Mother Goose or the Old Nursery Rhymes (1881), showing children playing the game The first printing of the rhyme was in Kate Greenaway's 1881 edition of Mother Goose; or, the Old Nursery Rhymes: Ring-a-ring-a-roses, A pocket full of posies; Ashes! Ashes! We all fall down. A novel of 1855, The Old Homestead by Ann S. Stephens, describes children playing "Ring, ring a rosy" in New York.[5] William Wells Newell reports two versions in America a short time later (1883) and says that another was known in New Bedford, Massachusetts around 1790: Ring a ring a Rosie, A bottle full of posie, All the girls in our town Ring for little Josie. There are also versions from Shropshire, collected in 1883, and a manuscript of rhymes collected in Lancashire at the same period gives three closely related versions, with the now familiar sneezing, for instance: A ring, a ring o' roses, A pocket full o' posies- Atishoo atishoo we all fall down. In 1892, folklorist Alice Gomme could give twelve versions. Other languages Illustration by Jessie Willcox Smith, from The Little Mother Goose (1912) A German rhyme first printed in 1796 closely resembles "Ring a ring o'roses" in its first stanza and accompanies the same actions (with sitting rather than falling as the concluding action) Ringelringelreihen, Wir sind der Kinder dreien, sitzen unter'm Hollerbusch Und machen alle Huschhuschhusch! Loosely translated this says: "Ringed, ringed row. We are three children, sitting under an elder bush. All of us going hush, hush, hush!" The rhyme is well known in Germany with the first line "Ringel, Ringel, Reihe" (as the popular collection Des Knaben Wunderhorn gave it); it has many local variants, often with "Husch, husch, husch" (which in German could mean "quick, quick") in the fourth line, comparable to the "Hush! hush! hush! hush!" of the first printed English version. Notable also this popular variant: Ringel, Ringel, Rosen, Veilchen blau, Vergissmeinnicht, Alle Kinder setzen sich! The translation is "A ring, a ring of roses. Beautiful apricots. Blue violets, forget-me-nots. All children sit down." Swiss versions have the children dancing round a rosebush. Other European singing games with a strong resemblance include "Roze, roze, meie" ("Rose, rose, May") from The Netherlands with a similar tune to "Ring a ring o' roses" and "Gira, gira rosa" ("Circle, circle, rose"), recorded in Venice in 1874, in which girls danced around the girl in the middle who skipped and curtsied as demanded by the verses and at the end kissed the one she liked best, so choosing her for the middle To make your kids more creative, innovative & intelligent Click on the link below :-

Ring a Ring o' Roses

What does a chronometer measure?

Ring a Ring o’ Roses – History By Zim The classic rhyming game first appeared in print in 1881. Photo Credit: Nursery Rhymes Ring a Ring o’ roses, A pocket full of posies, A-tishoo! A-tishoo! We all fall down. Ring a Ring o’ roses, a child’s rhyming game, has entertained children for many years. I grew up knowing it as “ring-around-a-rosy” and often left my friends and I in a dizzy fit of laughter. However, reportedly, the origins of this song and dance routine occurred during a dark time in history. From 1665-1666, the Great Plague of London decimated England. Within London, around 70,000 died, a large percentage of the city’s total population of 460,000. Legend has it that the rhyming game found it’s origins during that event, though it was first printed in 1881 by Kate Greenaway. Children playing “ring-around-a-rosy” in Chicago, Illinois. Photo Credit: Library of Congress Those that believe the nursery rhyme has its origins during the plague base it on the following verse breakdown: Ring a Ring o’ roses – An early symptom of the plague was a red, circular rash. A pocket full of posies – One superstition was that posies would help protect against the disease, so they would carry the herb with them. It was also used as a fragrance against the disease’s smell. A-tishoo! A-tishoo! – Sneezing or coughing was one of the last symptoms before death. In later rhyme versions, Ashes! Ashes!, replaces this sentence. The bodies of plague victims were usually cremated, so this later adaption still works within the original idea. We all fall down – This last line states the final result of the plague – death. Regardless of its actual origins, whether in a dark period of history or a modern (less dark) one, Ring a Ring o’ roses has entertained children for generations. The words vary from area to area but the end result tends to be the same – mass dizziness and giggles! Children playing “ring-around-a-rosy” at a Kentucky school in August 1914. Photo Credit: Lewis Wickes Hines/Library of Congress Panati, Charles. Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things. New York: Harper & Row, 1987, 196. “Turn a blind eye” — Definition: To ignore and/or pretend not to see something, usually something you know is wrong. Origins: The origins of this idiom comes from the Battle of Copenhagen between the British Royal Navy and the Danish-Norwegian fleet near Copenhagen in 1801. Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, leading the main British charge, had no sight in one eye [...] “Take the bull by the horns” — Definition: To confront a problem head on, right away, verses sitting back and waiting for it to resolve itself or for another person to tackle it. “Grab the bull by the horns” is also a very similar idiom commonly used. Origins: The exact origins of this phrase is unknown. Christine Ammer stated that it originated [...] Birth & Death: The Tragedies of Teddy’s Life — Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, endured much tragedy in his life. As a child he had frequent ailments and was often sickly. He also suffered from Asthma and had to be propped up in bed to sleep. On his 22nd birthday, in 1880, Teddy married Alice Hathaway Lee. On February 14, 1884, [...] 19th Century 20th Century Americana Animals California Children Christmas Civil War Family Famous People Film Florida Food Holiday Holidays Hollywood Homefront In Their Words Inventions Korean War Labor Military New York Odd Photograph Photography Presidents Quote Quotes Soldiers Sports The Things People Say Transportation U.S. Army U.S. Navy United States War Washington D.C. Water White House Women World War I World War II WWII Youth Images I do not own the images uploaded here unless otherwise credited. Many of the images on the site are public domain or used fairly for educational reasons. If you see an image here which belongs to you, let me know and I’ll give proper credit. If you object to a photo’s use, please e-mail [email protected] and it will be removed as soon as possible. © History By Zim 2011 – 2016 As the author of this blog, I (Jess Zimmerman) create posts based upon cited sources. If you use information from here please give History By Zim the proper credit.

i don't know

Oct 4, 1957 saw the launch of the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth. By what name do we commonly know this satellite as?

Sputnik NASA Main Page Multimedia Interactive Feature on 50th Anniversary of the Space Age Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball (58 cm.or 22.8 inches in diameter), weighed only 83.6 kg. or 183.9 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. That launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race.  The story begins in 1952, when the International Council of Scientific Unions decided to establish July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958, as the International Geophysical Year (IGY) because the scientists knew that the cycles of solar activity would be at a high point then. In October 1954, the council adopted a resolution calling for artificial satellites to be launched during the IGY to map the Earth's surface.  In July 1955, the White House announced plans to launch an Earth-orbiting satellite for the IGY and solicited proposals from various Government research agencies to undertake development. In September 1955, the Naval Research Laboratory's Vanguard proposal was chosen to represent the U.S. during the IGY.  The Sputnik launch changed everything. As a technical achievement, Sputnik caught the world's attention and the American public off-guard. Its size was more impressive than Vanguard's intended 3.5-pound payload. In addition, the public feared that the Soviets' ability to launch satellites also translated into the capability to launch ballistic missiles that could carry nuclear weapons from Europe to the U.S. Then the Soviets struck again; on November 3, Sputnik II was launched, carrying a much heavier payload, including a dog named Laika.  Immediately after the Sputnik I launch in October, the U.S. Defense Department responded to the political furor by approving funding for another U.S. satellite project. As a simultaneous alternative to Vanguard, Wernher von Braun and his Army Redstone Arsenal team began work on the Explorer project.  On January 31, 1958, the tide changed, when the United States successfully launched Explorer I. This satellite carried a small scientific payload that eventually discovered the magnetic radiation belts around the Earth, named after principal investigator James Van Allen. The Explorer program continued as a successful ongoing series of lightweight, scientifically useful spacecraft.  The Sputnik launch also led directly to the creation of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In July 1958, Congress passed the National Aeronautics and Space Act (commonly called the "Space Act") , which created NASA as of October 1, 1958 from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and other government agencies.  Updated October 10, 2007

Sputnik 1

At the start of a game of checkers, each player starts with how many pieces?

NOVA - Official Website | Sputnik's Impact on America NOVA Never before had so small and so harmless an object created such consternation. —Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience "Listen now," said the NBC radio network announcer on the night of October 4, 1957, "for the sound that forevermore separates the old from the new." Next came the chirping in the key of A-flat from outer space that the Associated Press called the "deep beep-beep." Emanating from a simple transmitter aboard the Soviet Sputnik satellite, the chirp lasted three-tenths of a second, followed by a three-tenths-of-a-second pause. This was repeated over and over again until it passed out of hearing range of the United States. Sergei Korolev, the engineer behind the 184-pound Soviet Sputnik satellite, was not credited by name until after his death. Enlarge Photo credit: Courtesy NASA The mouse that roared The satellite was silver in color, about the size of a beach ball, and weighed a mere 184 pounds. Yet for all its simplicity, small size, and inability to do more than orbit the Earth and transmit meaningless radio blips, the impact of Sputnik on the United States and the world was enormous and unprecedented. The vast majority of people living today, at the beginning of the 21st century, were born after Sputnik was launched and may be unaware of the degree to which it helped shape life as we know it. Now is an especially good time to take a fresh and focused look at the event whose impact looms even larger with the passing of time. In the last decade an incredible amount of once-secret material has been declassified and made public. Scholars and writers both inside and outside government have coaxed key Cold War documents out of hiding. Collectively, this material has given new dimensions and twists to almost every aspect of the events leading up to and following the launch of Sputnik. For example, one recently released document reveals evidence of a long-forgotten pre-Sputnik "olive branch" extended by Russian scientists, who asked their American counterparts to supply a piece of scientific equipment for a planned launch. By most indications, this piece of equipment was meant for the third Sputnik. It was as if this orderly march into the future was a part of America's destiny. It is not widely known even now that one of the reasons President Dwight D. Eisenhower and those around him did not react with alarm over Sputnik going into space ahead of an American satellite was that Eisenhower welcomed the launch to help establish the principle of "freedom of space" [the idea that outer space belonged to everyone, thereby allowing satellite flights over foreign countries]. At the time of the Sputnik "crisis," the White House, Central Intelligence Agency, Air Force, and a few highly select and trustworthy defense contractors were creating a spy satellite that was so secret that only a few dozen people knew of it. Even its name, CORONA, was deemed secret for many years. Instead of being concerned with winning the first round of the space race, Eisenhower and his National Security Council were much more interested in launching surveillance satellites that could tell American intelligence where every Soviet missile was located. Although he couldn't publicly admit it without risking national security, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was not greatly surprised by the launch of Sputnik. Enlarge Photo credit: Courtesy Library of Congress Heard 'round the world For many of us born before the 1950s, the fascination and astonishment engendered by the launch of Sputnik remain fresh in our minds. Like many of my generation, I can recall exactly where I was when I heard about Sputnik's launch. I was 18 years old, a college freshman at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. A friend stopped me in the middle of the campus to say that he had heard about it on the radio. Instinctively, we both looked up. Within hours I would actually hear its signal rebroadcast on network radio. Before the weekend was over, I got to hear it directly on a shortwave radio as it passed overhead. Not only could you hear Sputnik, but, depending on where you were, it was possible to see it with the naked eye on certain days in the early morning or the late evening when the sun was still close enough to the horizon to illuminate it. While standing in the middle of the college football field a week or so after the launch, I first saw the satellite scooting across a dark evening sky orbiting the Earth at a speed of 18,000 miles per hour. Watching Sputnik traverse the sky was seeing history happen with my own eyes. To me, it was as if Sputnik was the starter's pistol in an exciting new race. I was electrified, delirious, as I witnessed the beginning of the Space Age. The 1939 "World of Tomorrow" World's Fair in Flushing Meadows, New York promoted belief in science and technology and had a powerful influence on a generation of Americans. Enlarge Photo credit: © Bettmann/CORBIS A new world Prior to Sputnik, popular interest in science and technology had been on the rise since as early as the 1939 "World of Tomorrow" World's Fair in Flushing Meadows, New York. I attended the fair, albeit in utero, as I was born three days after my parents' last visit. But they saved many artifacts of the fair for me, including an official guidebook, which fascinated me as a kid and jump-started my interest in all sorts of things, particularly space travel. That guidebook turned out to be a preview of the future. Exhibits like Ford's "Road of Tomorrow," General Motors' "Futurama," and the multisponsored "Town of Tomorrow" were more than fanciful prototypes; many of their imagined advances made their way into everyday life within a couple of decades. The fair's centerpiece was "Democracity," and it heralded wartime dreams and postwar realities: superhighways, ranch-style houses, rec rooms, workshops for "do-it-yourselfers," and booming suburbs (known as "satellites" in the Democracity display) replete with prefab houses, two-car garages, and stereophonic sound. Something called "television" was actually demonstrated at the RCA exhibit. The fair's Transportation Pavilion was devoted to space exploration. There was a rocketport, a moonport, and a rocketship shot from a "rocketgun." In one lavish demonstration you could simulate blastoff on a trip to Venus. Once there, you could stroll a primeval jungle inhabited by immense Venusian beasts and a colony of Martians. The fair promised a day when sleek vehicles would take passengers to the planets as easily as they could fly from New York to Chicago. It was as if this orderly march into the future was a part of America's destiny. As it turned out, the real "world of tomorrow" was delayed because of World War II, but its vision was carried intact into the late 1940s and early 1950s, when it began to be realized. Americans who had struggled through the Great Depression and the war embraced the promise of a burgeoning middle class having goods, services, and comforts that formerly had been the province of European royalty. The average family's car had more pure horsepower than existed in all the stables of Buckingham Palace a generation earlier. "No event since Pearl Harbor set off such repercussions in public life." By 1957, a new world was at hand for the United States. The country was creating an interstate highway system; the suburbs were growing; families with two cars and color televisions were becoming the norm. The highest peacetime federal budget in history ($71.8 billion) was in place, and it was the first year in which more than 1,000 computers would be built, bought, and shipped. There were advances in public health, although none more stunning than Dr. Jonas Salk's discovery of a vaccine against polio, the scourge of an entire generation of children. At the same time, social changes were beginning to transform the United States. A great struggle to achieve a more egalitarian society was beginning. The first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction had been enacted in Congress on September 9, less than a month before Sputnik's launch. The Arkansas National Guard was in Little Rock, Arkansas, enforcing the right of blacks to go to school with whites. Culturally as well, the country was moving to a different beat. Rock 'n' roll had come onto the scene, and Elvis Presley owned the summer of 1957 with his two-sided monster hit record of "Don't Be Cruel" and "Hound Dog." The Army's Wernher von Braun, seen here with a model rocket, was prevented from making America's first attempt to put a satellite in orbit and was forced to defer to a team from the Naval Research Laboratory. When the Navy's Vanguard failed, von Braun put America in space with Explorer in January, 1958. Enlarge Photo credit: © Bettmann/CORBIS A Crisis of Confidence Just when Americans were feeling self-confident and optimistic about the future, along came the crude, kerosene-powered Sputnik launch. The space race was under way, and the Soviets had won the first leg—the United States was agog and unnerved. "No event since Pearl Harbor set off such repercussions in public life," wrote historian Walter A. McDougall in The Heavens and the Earth—A Political History of the Space Age . Simon Ramo, space pioneer and cofounder of Thompson Ramo Woolridge, later known as TRW, Inc., wrote in The Business of Science that "the American response to the accomplishment of the Soviet Union was comparable to the reaction I could remember to Lindbergh's landing in France, the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, and Franklin D. Roosevelt's death." There was a sudden crisis of confidence in American technology, values, politics, and the military. Science, technology, and engineering were totally reworked and massively funded in the shadow of Sputnik. The Russian satellite essentially forced the United States to place a new national priority on research science, which led to the development of microelectronics—the technology used in today's laptop, personal, and handheld computers. Many essential technologies of modern life, including the Internet, owe their early development to the accelerated pace of applied research triggered by Sputnik. On another level, Sputnik affected national attitudes toward conspicuous consumption as well, symbolically killing off the market for the Edsel automobile and the decadent automotive tail fin. It was argued that the engineering talents of the nation were being wasted on frivolities. Americans, wrote historian Samuel Flagg Bemis from the vantage point of 1962, "had been experiencing the world crisis from soft seats of comfort, debauched by [the] mass media..., pandering for selfish profit to the lowest level of our easy appetites, fed full of toys and gewgaws, our power, our manpower softened in will and body in a climate of amusement." While Eisenhower opposed sending men to the moon, John Kennedy made it a national priority. Here, Kennedy views the Saturn launch system with von Braun (center) and NASA Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans. Enlarge Photo credit: Courtesy NASA-HQ-GRIN Spur for spacemen Sputnik also changed people's lives in ways that filtered into modern popular culture. Sputnik was the instrument that gave Stephen King the "dread" that fuels his novels, caused the prolific Isaac Asimov to begin calling himself a science writer rather than a science fiction writer, inspired Ross Perot to create an electronics dynasty, and led others to become cosmonauts and astronauts. NASA astronaut Franklin R. Chang-Dí¬az is a case in point. He was born on April 5, 1950, in San José, Costa Rica. On a trip to Venezuela in October 1957, the seven-year-old was told by his mother to look skyward to see the Russian satellite crossing the night sky. Although the young Franklin could not spot Sputnik, he became so infatuated with the fact that human influence had moved into space that he decided then and there that this was his future. Once the American manned space program was under way, he wrote to Wernher von Braun, director of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, to find out how he might apply to become an astronaut. In the form letter that came back, he was advised to get a scientific or engineering degree and learn to fly. He also was told that he would have to become an American citizen. The United States, after all, was in a race with the Soviet Union. At 18 he came to the United States from Costa Rica; he received a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Connecticut in 1973 and a doctorate in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1977. Along the way he became a U.S. citizen and then in 1981 an astronaut. Chang-Dí¬az hopes to go to Mars eventually. On May 25, 1961, President Kennedy tells Congress of his intention for the nation to achieve the goal, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon...." Enlarge Photo credit: Courtesy NASA The space race begins Politically, Sputnik created a perception of American weakness, complacency, and a "missile gap," which led to bitter accusations, resignations of key military figures, and contributed to the election of John F. Kennedy, who emphasized the space gap and the role of the Eisenhower-Nixon administration in creating it. But although the Sputnik episode publicly depicted Eisenhower as passive and unconcerned, he was fiercely dedicated to averting nuclear war at a time when the threat was very real. His concern for national security took precedence over any concerns about beating the Russians into Earth orbit. Without Sputnik, it is all but certain that there would not have been a race to the moon. When Kennedy as president decided to put Americans on the moon, he did so with the belief that voters who had been kids at the time of Sputnik were more willing than their parents to pay the high price of going into space. Diplomatically, Sputnik helped realign the United States and Great Britain as allies. For a decade, ties between the two nations had weakened partly due to the 1946 Atomic Energy Act, which had deprived the United Kingdom of American nuclear secrets, and partly because of the strong position that the United States had taken against the British and French during the Suez Crisis, which had been prompted by Egypt's seizure of the Suez Canal in July 1956. Now with the common threat of Soviet power implied by Sputnik, NATO was strengthened, guaranteeing the placement of American nuclear arms in Europe. The satellite touched off a superpower competition that may well have acted as a surrogate contest for universal power—perhaps even a stand-in for nuclear world war. NASA chief historian Roger D. Launius wrote on the 40th anniversary of the launch: "To a remarkable degree, the Soviet announcement changed the course of the Cold War…. Two generations after the event, words do not easily convey the American reaction to the Soviet satellite." Without Sputnik, it is all but certain that there would not have been a race to the moon, which became the centerpiece contest of the Cold War. By 1968, when this photograph was taken, Wernher von Braun had been director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, developer of the Saturn rockets that got us to the moon, for eight years. A Saturn IB stands at the ready in the background. Enlarge Photo credit: Courtesy NASA To the moon From the outset, wrangling among the branches of the military over control of the rockets that would take the United States into space threatened the success of the American space program even before Sputnik. Eisenhower was at odds with his generals over the program, and each branch of the service had its own aspirations of going into space. The main event pitted the Army's von Braun and his Rocket Team in Huntsville, Alabama against a team from the Naval Research Laboratory. The Army had the mighty Jupiter C rocket and its own Orbiter or Deal satellite (later to become Explorer) pitted against the Navy's experimental Viking rocket and Vanguard satellite. The most powerful early rockets were developed as weapons—first as German V-2 technology from World War II and ultimately as intercontinental ballistic missiles. The space program seemed destined for civilian control just as the power of the atomic bomb had been taken from the military a decade earlier. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration began in 1958 as a reaction to Sputnik and as a means for turning missiles into launch vehicles for America's civilian space efforts. President Eisenhower opposed sending men to the moon, but his successor, John F. Kennedy, made a lunar landing a national priority. Receiving virtual carte blanche in budget requests, NASA won the race for the United States, but victory was by no means an easy feat. National insecurity, wounded national pride, infighting, political grandstanding, clandestine plots, and ruthless media frenzy were but a few of the things the United States had to overcome to bounce back from the blow dealt to the nation by Sputnik. This feature originally appeared on the site for the NOVA program Sputnik Declassified . Paul Dickson is the author of more than 40 books. This article was excerpted from his book Sputnik: The Shock of the Century , © 2001 Paul Dickson. Used by permission of Walker & Company. For more information, visit www.sputnikbook.net Related Links

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Immortalized in 2001 movie Black Hawk Down, the battle in what Somali city cost the list of 18 soldiers in an attempt to capture officials of warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid?

1000+ images about Black hawk down on Pinterest | Battle of mogadishu, Black hawk down and Delta force This is the only picture taken during the Battle of Mogadishu (more commonly referred to as Black Hawk Down or, for Somalis, the Day of the Rangers, it shows Rangers near the Target Building. - October 3, 1993 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Battle_of_Mogadishu See More

Mogadishu

What can be a political concept, a bell, and a ship?

Military history of the United States : definition of Military history of the United States and synonyms of Military history of the United States (English) Main articles: Military of the United States and Military budget in the United States   U.S. military personnel and expenditures, 1790–2006. Personnel is shown in orange (left axis); expenditures are in teal (right axis). The two axes are scaled to visually align for World War II, thus showing the difference between the cost per soldier before and after President Dwight D. Eisenhower 's " New Look " policy of the mid 1950s. [2] The Continental Congress in 1775 created the Continental Army and named General George Washington its commander. This newly formed army, along with state militia forces, and the French army and navy, defeated the British in 1781. The new Constitution in 1789 made the president the commander in chief, with authority for the Congress to levy taxes, and make the rules. [3] The President of the United States is the commander in chief , and exercises the authority through the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , which supervises combat operations. In addition, each state has a national guard commanded by the state's governor and coordinated by the National Guard Bureau . The President of the United States has the authority during national emergencies to assume control of individual state National Guard units. [4]   Timeline Main article: Colonial American military history The beginning of the United States military lies in civilian frontier settlers, armed for hunting and basic survival in the wilderness. These were organized into local militias for small military operations, mostly against Native American tribes but also to resist possible raids by the small military forces of neighboring European colonies. They relied on the British regular army and navy for any serious military operation. [5] In major operations outside the locality involved, the militia was not employed as a fighting force. Instead the colony asked for (and paid) volunteers, many of whom were also militia members. [6]   Siege of Louisbourg (1758) In the early years of the British colonization of North America , military action in the thirteen colonies that would become the United States were the result of conflicts with Native Americans, such as in the Pequot War of 1637, King Philip's War in 1675, the Yamasee War in 1715 and Father Rale's War in 1722. Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War , in which the British conquered French colony Acadia , and the final French and Indian War (1754–1763) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington , military experience which they put to use during the American Revolution . [7]   War of Independence (1775–1783) Main article: American Revolutionary War   Detail from Washington and his Generals at Yorktown (c. 1781) by Charles Willson Peale . Lafayette (far left) is at Washington's right, the Comte de Rochambeau to his immediate left. Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested illegal taxes. While shooting began at Lexington and Concord in 1775, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army , which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia . General Washington was not the greatest battlefield tactician, but his overall strategy proved to be sound: keep the army intact, wear down British resolve, and avoid decisive battles except to exploit enemy mistakes. [8]   Washington's surprise crossing of the Delaware River in Dec. 1776 was a major comeback after the loss of New York City; his army defeated the British in two battles and recaptured New Jersey. The British, for their part, lacked both a unified command and a clear strategy for winning. With the use of the Royal Navy , the British were able to capture coastal cities, but control of the countryside eluded them. A British invasion from Canada in 1777 ended with the disastrous surrender of a British army at Saratoga . With the coming in 1777 of General von Steuben , the training and discipline along Prussian lines began, and the Continental Army became a modern force. France and Spain then entered the war against Great Britain, ending its naval advantage and creating a world war. A shift in focus to the southern American states resulted in a string of victories for the British, but guerrilla warfare and the tenacity of General Nathanael Greene 's army prevented the British from making strategic headway. The main British army was surrounded by Washington's American and French forces at Yorktown in 1781, as the French fleet blocked a rescue by the Royal Navy. The American victory forced the British to sue for peace. General George Washington (1732–1799) proved an excellent organizer and administrator, who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors, selecting and mentoring his senior officers, supporting and training his troops, and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army. His biggest challenge was logistics, since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment, munitions, clothing, paychecks, or even the food supply of the soldiers. As a battlefield tactician Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts. As a strategist, however, he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did. The British sent four invasion armies. Washington's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776, and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781). He limited the British control to New York and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population. The Loyalists, on whom the British had relied too heavily, comprised about 20% of the population but never were well organized. As the war ended, Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783, taking the Loyalist leadership with them. Washington astonished the world when, instead of seizing power, he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia. [9] Since many Americans of the revolutionary generation had strong distrust of permanent (or " standing ") armies, the Continental Army was quickly disbanded after the Revolution. General Washington, who throughout the war deferred to elected officials, averted a potential crisis and resigned as commander-in-chief to Congress after the war, establishing a tradition of civil control of the U.S. military. [10]   Early national period (1783–1812) Main articles: Northwest Indian War , Quasi-War , Barbary Wars , Tecumseh's War , and Creek War Following the American Revolution , the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier . The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps . Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power. [11]   Stephen Decatur boarding the Tripolitan gunboat, 3 August 1804, the First Barbary War . In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee , Cherokee , Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. [12] When revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain in 1793, the United States sought to remain neutral, but the Jay Treaty , which was favorable to Great Britain, angered the French government, which viewed it as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance . French privateers began to seize U.S. vessels, which led to an undeclared " Quasi-War " between the two nations. Fought at sea from 1798 to 1800, the United States won a string of victories in the Caribbean. George Washington was called out of retirement to head a "provisional army" in case of invasion by France, but President John Adams managed to negotiate a truce, in which France agreed to terminate the prior alliance and cease its attacks. [13]   Barbary wars The Berbers along the Barbary Coast (modern day Libya) sent pirates to capture merchant ships and hold the crews for ransom. The U.S. paid protection money until 1801, when President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay and sent in the Navy to challenge the Barbary States , the First Barbary War followed. After the U.S.S. Philadelphia was captured in 1803, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a raid which successfully burned the captured ship, preventing Tripoli from using or selling it. In 1805, after William Eaton captured the city of Derna , Tripoli agreed to a peace treaty. The other Barbary states continued to raid U.S. shipping, until the Second Barbary War in 1815 ended the practice. [14]   "We have met the enemy and they are ours." Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry 's victory on Lake Erie in 1813 was an important turning point in the War of 1812 . (Painting by William H. Powell, 1865)   War of 1812 Main article: War of 1812 By far the largest military action in which the United States engaged during this era was the War of 1812 . When the United Kingdom and France went to war again in 1803 with renewed vigor, the United States sought to remain neutral while pursuing overseas trade. This proved difficult, and the United States finally declared war on the United Kingdom in 1812, the first time the U.S. had officially declared war. Not hopeful of defeating the Royal Navy , the U.S. attacked the British Empire by invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip. The invasion of Canada was a debacle, though concurrent wars with Native Americans on the western front ( Tecumseh's War and the Creek War ) were more successful. After defeating Napoleon in 1814, Britain sent large veteran armies to invade New York, raid Washington and capture the key control of the Mississippi River at New Orleans. The New York invasion was a fiasco after the much larger British army retreated to Canada. The raiders succeeded in the burning of Washington on 25 August 1814, but were repulsed in their Chesapeake Bay Campaign at the Battle of Baltimore and the British commander killed. The major invasion in Louisiana was stopped by a one-sided military battle that killed the top three British generals and thousands of soldiers. The winners were the commanding general of the Battle of New Orleans, Major General Andrew Jackson , who became president and the Americans who basked in a victory over a much more powerful nation. The peace treaty proved successful, and the U.S. and Canada never again went to war. The losers were the Indians, who never gained the independent territory in the Midwest promised by Britain. [15]   War with Mexico (1846–48)   American forces storming the " Halls of Montezuma " With the rapid expansion of the farming population, Democrats looked to the west for new lands, an idea which became known as " Manifest Destiny ." In the Texas Revolution (1835–36), the settlers declared independence and defeated the Mexican army, but Mexico was determined to reconquer the lost province and threatened war with the U.S. if it annexed Texas. The U.S., much larger and more powerful, did annex Texas in 1845 and war broke out in 1846 over boundary issues. [16] [17] In the Mexican-American War 1846–48, the U.S. Army under Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott and others, invaded and after a series of victorious battles (and no major defeats) seized New Mexico and California, and also blockaded the coast, invaded northern Mexico, and invaded central Mexico, capturing the national capital. The peace terms involved American purchase of the area from California to New Mexico for $10 million. [18]   American Civil War (1861–1865) Main article: American Civil War   Dead soldiers lie where they fell at Antietam , the bloodiest day in American history. Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation after this battle. Sectional tensions had long existed between the states located north of the Mason-Dixon Line and those south of it, primarily centered on the "peculiar institution" of slavery and the ability of states to overrule the decisions of the national government. During the 1840s and 1850s, conflicts between the two sides became progressively more violent. After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 (who southerners thought would work to end slavery) states in the South seceded from the United States, beginning with South Carolina in late 1860. On April 12, 1861, forces of the South (known as the Confederate States of America or simply the Confederacy) opened fire on Fort Sumter , whose garrison was loyal to the Union. [19] The American Civil War caught both sides unprepared. The Confederacy hoped to win by getting Britain and France to intervene, or else by wearing down the North's willingness to fight. The U.S. sought a quick victory focused on capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia . The Confederates under Robert E. Lee tenaciously defended their capital until the very end. The war spilled across the continent, and even to the high seas. Most of the material and personnel of the South were used up, while the North prospered. The American Civil War is sometimes called the "first modern war" due to the mobilization (and destruction) of the civilian base. It also is characterized by many technical innovations involving railroads, telegraphs, rifles, trench warfare , and ironclad warships with turret guns. [20]   Post-Civil War era (1865–1917)   Indian Wars (1865–1891) Main article: Indian Wars After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891. [21]   Spanish-American War (1898)   Charge by the Rough Riders The Spanish-American War was a short decisive war marked by quick, overwhelming American victories at sea and on land against Spain. The Navy was well-prepared and won laurels, even as politicians tried (and failed) to have it redeployed to defend East Coast cities against potential threats from the feeble Spanish fleet. [22] The Army performed well in combat in Cuba. However, it was too oriented to small posts in the West and not as well-prepared for an overseas conflict. [23] It relied on volunteers and state militia units, which faced logistical, training and food problems in the staging areas in Florida. [24] The United States freed Cuba (after an occupation by the U.S. Army). By the peace treaty Spain ceded to the United States its colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines . [25] The Navy set up coaling stations there and in Hawaii (which voluntarily joined the U.S. in 1898). The U.S. Navy now had a major forward presence across the Pacific and (with the lease of Guantánamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba) a major base in the Caribbean guarding the approaches to the Gulf Coast and the Panama Canal. [26]   Philippine-American War (1899–1902) Main article: Philippine–American War The Philippine-American War (1899–1902) was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the American forces following the ceding of the Philippines to the United States after the defeat of Spanish forces in the Battle of Manila . The Army sent in 100,000 soldiers (mostly from the National Guard) under General Elwell Otis . Defeated in the field and losing its capital in March 1899, the poorly armed and poorly led rebels broke into armed bands. The insurgency collapsed in March 1901 when the leader Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by General Frederick Funston and his Macabebe allies. Casualties included 1037 Americans killed in action and 3340 who died from disease; 20,000 rebels were killed. [27]   Modernization The Navy was modernized in the 1880s, and by the 1890s had adopted the naval power strategy of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan --as indeed did every major navy. The old sailing ships were replaced by modern steel battleships, bringing them in line with the navies of Britain and Germany. In 1907, most of the Navy's battleships, with several support vessels, dubbed the Great White Fleet , were featured in a 14-month circumnavigation of the world. Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt , it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater. [28] Secretary of War Elihu Root (1899–1904) led the modernization of the Army. His goal of a uniformed chief of staff as general manager and a European-type general staff for planning was stymied by General Nelson A. Miles but did succeed in enlarging West Point and establishing the U.S. Army War College as well as the General Staff . Root changed the procedures for promotions and organized schools for the special branches of the service. He also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line. Root was concerned about the Army's role in governing the new territories acquired in 1898 and worked out the procedures for turning Cuba over to the Cubans, and wrote the charter of government for the Philippines. [29] Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt , proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and insure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway. [30]   Banana Wars (1898–1935) Main article: Banana Wars "Banana Wars" is an informal term for the minor intervention in Latin America from 1898 until 1934. These include military presence in Cuba , Panama with the Panama Canal Zone , Haiti (1915–1935), Dominican Republic (1916–1924) and Nicaragua (1912–1925) & (1926–1933). The U.S. Marine Corps began to specialize in long-term military occupation of these countries, primarily to safeguard customs revenues which were the cause of local civil wars. [31]   Moro Rebellion (1899–1913) Main article: Moro Rebellion The Moro Rebellion was an armed insurgency between Muslim Filipino tribes in the southern Philippines between 1899 and 1913. Pacification was never complete as sporadic antigovernment insurgency continues into the 21st century, with American advisors helping the Philippine government forces. [32]   Mexico (1910–1919) Main article: Border War (1910–1919)   U.S. enters Mexico in 1916 to punish Pancho Villa The Mexican Revolution involved a civil war with hundreds of thousands of deaths and large numbers fleeing combat zones. Tens of thousands fled to the U.S. President Wilson sent U.S. forces to occupy the Mexican city of Veracruz for six months in 1914. It was designed to show the U.S. was keenly interested in the civil war and would not tolerate attacks on Americans, especially the April 9, 1914, " Tampico Affair ", which involved the arrest of American sailors by soldiers of the regime of Mexican President Victoriano Huerta . [33] In early 1916 Pancho Villa a Mexican general ordered 500 soldiers on a murderous raid on the American city of Columbus New Mexico, with the goal of robbing banks to fund his army. [34] The German Secret Service encouraged Pancho Villa in his attacks to involve the United States in an intervention in Mexico which would distract the United States from its growing involvement in the war and divert aid from Europe to support the intervention. [35] Wilson called up the state militias (National Guard) and sent them and the U.S. Army under General John J. Pershing to punish Villa in the Pancho Villa Expedition . Villa fled, with the Americans in pursuit deep into Mexico, thereby arousing Mexican nationalism. By early 1917 President Venustiano Carranza had contained Villa and secured the border, so Wilson ordered Pershing to withdraw. [36] [37]   World War I (1917–1918)   69th Infantry Regiment parading upon returning to New York City The United States originally wished to remain neutral when World War I broke out in August 1914. However, it insisted on its right as a neutral party to immunity from German submarine attack. The ships carried food and raw materials to Britain. In 1917 the Germans resumed submarine attacks , knowing that it would lead to American entry. However the U.S. had deliberately kept its army small and mobilization took a year. Meanwhile the U.S. sent more supplies and money to Britain and France, and started the first peacetime draft. [38] Economic mobilization was much slower than expected, so the decision was made to send divisions to Europe without their equipment, relying instead on British and French supplies. [39] By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or " doughboys " as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Force were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing , with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive meant it had exhausted its manpower reserves and were unable to launch attacks or even defend its lines. Meanwhile, the German home front revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice , ending the war on November 11, 1918. [40]   Russian Revolution The so-called Polar Bear Expedition was the involvement of U.S. troops, during the tail end of World War I and the Russian Revolution , in blocking the Bolsheviks in Arkhangelsk , Russia in 1918 and 1919.   1920s: Naval disarmament Main article: Washington Naval Conference The U.S. sponsored a major world conference to limit the naval armaments of world powers, including the U.S., Britain, Japan, and France, plus smaller nations. [41] Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes made the key proposal of each country to reduce its number of warships by a formula that was accepted. The conference enabled the great powers to reduce their navies and avoid conflict in the Pacific. The treaties remained in effect for ten years, but were not renewed as tensions escalated. [42]   1930s: Neutrality Acts After the costly U.S. involvement in World War I, isolationism grew within the nation. Congress refused membership in the League of Nations , and in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia, the gradually more restrictive Neutrality Acts were passed, which were intended to prevent the U.S. from supporting either side in a war. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to support Britain, however, and in 1940 signed the Lend-Lease Act, which permitted an expansion of the "cash and carry" arms trade to develop with Britain, which controlled the Atlantic sea lanes. Roosevelt favored the Navy (he was in effective charge in World War I), and used relief programs such as the PWA to support Navy yards and build warships. For example in 1933 he authorized $238 million in PWA funds for thirty-two new ships. The Army Air Corps received only $11 million, which barely covered replacements and allowed no expansion. [43]   World War II (1939–1945) See also: Military history of the Philippines during World War II , Air warfare of World War II#United States: The U.S. Air Force , and Special relationship During the interwar period the United States again reduced its military, but mobilized to its largest levels in history during World War II. The global conflict started on 1 September 1939 and raged until 2 September 1945, involving most of the peoples of the world. It was the most extensive and costly war in history as well as the history of the United States (excepting personnel). US involvement in World War II was initially limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union , and the Republic of China . The US entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Hawaii the previous day. This attack was followed by attacks on US, Dutch and British possessions across the Pacific. On 11 December, the remaining Axis powers , Germany and Italy, declared war on the US, drawing the US firmly into the war and removing all doubts about the global nature of the conflict.   Explosion aboard USS Arizona during the Attack on Pearl Harbor . The loss of 8 battleships and 2000 sailors and airmen at Pearl Harbor forced the US to rely on its remaining aircraft carriers , which won a major victory over Japan at Midway just 6 months into the war, and its growing submarine fleet. The Navy and Marine Corps followed this up with an island hopping campaign across the central and South Pacific in 1943–45, reaching the outskirts of Japan in the Battle of Okinawa . During 1942 and 1943, the US deployed millions of men and thousands of planes and tanks to the UK, beginning with the strategic bombing of Nazi Germany and occupied Europe and leading up to the Allied invasions of occupied North Africa in November 1942, Sicily and Italy in 1943, France in 1944, and the invasion of Germany in 1945, parallel with the Soviet invasion from the east. That led to the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945. In the Pacific, the US experienced much success in naval campaigns during 1944, but bloody battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 led the US to look for a way to end the war with minimal loss of American lives. The U.S. used atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to shock the Japanese leadership, which (combined with the Soviet invasion of Manchuria) quickly caused the surrender of Japan . The United States was able to mobilize quickly, eventually becoming the dominant military power in most theaters of the war (excepting only eastern Europe), and the industrial might of the US economy became a major factor in the Allies' mobilization of resources. Strategic and tactical lessons learned by the US, such as the importance of air superiority and the dominance of the aircraft carrier in naval actions, continue to guide US military doctrine more than 65 years later.   General of the Army MacArthur signs on behalf of the Allies. World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the soldiers of World War II are frequently referred to as "the greatest generation" for their sacrifices in the name of liberty. Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the US homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong, if one-sided, defence and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of US forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology) and shared procurement. Main article: Cold War Following World War II, the United States emerged as a global superpower vis-a-vis the Soviet Union in the Cold War . In this period of some forty years, the United States provided foreign military aid and direct involvement in proxy wars against the Soviet Union. It was the principal foreign actor in the Korean War and Vietnam War during this era. Nuclear weapons were held in ready by the United States under a concept of mutually assured destruction with the Soviet Union.   Postwar Military Reorganization (1947) The National Security Act of 1947 , meeting the need for a military reorganization to complement the U.S. superpower role, combined and replaced the former Department of the Navy and War Department with a single cabinet -level Department of Defense. The act also created the National Security Council , the Central Intelligence Agency , and the Air Force .   Korean War (1950–1953)   Beachhead at Inchon The Korean War was a conflict between the United States and its United Nations allies and the communist powers under influence of the Soviet Union (also a UN member nation) and the People's Republic of China (which later also gained UN membership). The principal combatants were North and South Korea. Principal allies of South Korea included the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, although many other nations sent troops under the aegis of the United Nations . Allies of North Korea included the People's Republic of China, which supplied military forces, and the Soviet Union, which supplied combat advisors and aircraft pilots, as well as arms, for the Chinese and North Korean troops. [44] The war started badly for the US and UN. North Korean forces struck massively in the summer of 1950 and nearly drove the outnumbered US and ROK defenders into the sea. However the United Nations intervened, naming Douglas MacArthur commander of its forces , and UN-US-ROK forces held a perimeter around Pusan , gaining time for reinforcement. MacArthur, in a bold but risky move, ordered an amphibious invasion well behind the front lines at Inchon , cutting off and routing the North Koreans and quickly crossing the 38th Parallel into North Korea. As UN forces continued to advance toward the Yalu River on the border with Communist China, the Chinese crossed the Yalu River in October and launched a series of surprise attacks that sent the UN forces reeling back across the 38th Parallel. Truman originally wanted a Rollback strategy to unify Korea; after the Chinese successes he settled for a Containment policy to split the country. [45] MacArthur argued for rollback but was fired. Peace negotiations dragged on for two years until President Dwight D. Eisenhower threatened China with nuclear weapons; an armistice was quickly reached with the two Koreas remaining divided at the 38th parallel . North and South Korea are still today in a state of war, having never signed a peace treaty, and American forces remain stationed in South Korea as part of American foreign policy. [46]   Lebanon crisis of 1958 In the Lebanon crisis of 1958 that threatened civil war, Operation Blue Bat deployed several hundred Marines to bolster the pro-Western Lebanese government from July 15 to October 25, 1958.   Dominican Intervention Main article: Operation Power Pack On April 28, 1965, 400 Marines were landed in Santo Domingo to evacuate the American Embassy and foreign nationals after dissident Dominican armed forces attempted to overthrow the ruling civilian junta. By mid-May, peak strength of 23,850 U.S. soldiers, Marines, and Airmen were in the Dominican Republic and some 38 naval ships were positioned offshore. They evacuated nearly 6,500 men, women, and children of 46 nations, and distributed more than 8 million tons of food.   Vietnam War (1955–1975) See also: United States Air Force in Thailand  and Secret War The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1957 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War ) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder ) of North Vietnam . American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution . Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam or the "RVN"), the United States, supplemented by South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. The allies fought against the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) as well as the National Liberation Front (NLF, also known as Viet communists Viet Cong ), or "VC", a guerrilla force within South Vietnam. The NVA received substantial military and economic aid from the Soviet Union and China, turning Vietnam into a proxy war .   United States Embassy following the Tet Offensive . The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam , and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified. [47] Memories and lessons from the war are still a major factor in American politics. One side views the war as a necessary part of the Containment policy, which allowed the enemy to choose the time and place of warfare. Others note the U.S. made major strategic gains as the Communists were defeated in Indonesia, and by 1972 both Moscow and Beijing were competing for American support, at the expense of their allies in Hanoi. Critics see the conflict as a "quagmire"--an endless waste of American blood and treasure in a conflict that did not concern US interests. Fears of another quagmire have been major factors in foreign policy debates ever since. [48] The draft became extremely unpopular, and President Nixon ended it in 1973, [49] forcing the military (the Army especially) to rely entirely upon volunteers. That raised the issue of how well the professional military reflected overall American society and values; the soldiers typically took the position that their service represented the highest and best American values. [50]   Tehran hostage rescue During and Iran hostage crisis , Operation Eagle Claw was an attempt to rescue the hostages. It failed because of inappropriate equipment, incomplete and unrealistic planning, and the lack of joint service training. The fiasco led directly to the creation of SOCOM .   Grenada In October, 1983, a violent power struggle threatened American lives in the small Caribbean nation of Grenada. Neighboring nations asked the U.S. to intervene. The invasion was a hurriedly devised grouping of paratroopers, Marines, Rangers, and special operations forces in Operation Urgent Fury . Over a thousand Americans quickly seized the entire island, taking hundreds of military and civilian prisoners, especially Cubans. [51] [52]   Beirut In 1983 fighting between Palestinian refugees and Lebanese factions reignited that nation's long-running civil war. A UN agreement brought an international force of peacekeepers to occupy Beirut and guarantee security. US Marines landed in August 1982 along with Italian and French forces. On October 23, 1983, a suicide bomber driving a truck filled with 6 tons of TNT crashed through a fence and destroyed the Marine barracks , killing 241 Marines; seconds later, a second bomber leveled a French barracks, killing 58. Subsequently the US Navy engaged in bombing of militia positions inside Lebanon. While US President Ronald Reagan was initially defiant, political pressure at home eventually forced the withdrawal of the Marines in February 1984. The attack on the US Marine barracks resulted in the single largest loss of life for the USMC since World War II.[ citation needed ] In 2003, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that the Islamic Republic of Iran was responsible for the attack. [53]   Libya Code-named "Operation El Dorado Canyon", comprised the joint United States Air Force , Navy and Marine Corps air-strikes against Libya on April 15, 1986. The attack was carried out in response to the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing .   Panama On December 20, 1989 the United States invaded Panama , mainly from U.S. bases within the then- Canal Zone , to oust dictator and international drug trafficker Manuel Noriega . American forces quickly overwhelmed the Panamanian Defense Forces, Noriega was captured on January 3, 1990 and imprisoned in the U.S. and a new government was installed. [54]   Post–Cold War era (1991–2001)   US military engagements 1990–2002   Persian Gulf War (1990–1991) The Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations led by the United States. The lead up to the war began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 which was met with immediate economic sanctions by the United Nations against Iraq. The coalition commenced hostilities in January 1991, resulting in a decisive victory for the U.S. led coalition forces, which drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait with minimal coalition deaths. Despite the low death toll, over 180,000 US veterans would later be classified as "permanently disabled" according to the US Department of Veterans Affairs ( National Gulf War Resource Center ; see also Gulf War Syndrome ). The main battles were aerial and ground combat within Iraq, Kuwait and bordering areas of Saudi Arabia . Land combat did not expand outside of the immediate Iraq/Kuwait/Saudi border region, although the coalition bombed cities and strategic targets across Iraq, and Iraq fired missiles on Israeli and Saudi cities. [55]   USS Wisconsin fires on Iraqi positions in Kuwait. Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars , and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact , some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran , and they were well-equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire. However, the battle was one-sided almost from the beginning. The reasons for this are the subject of continuing study by military strategists and academics. There is general agreement that US technological superiority was a crucial factor but the speed and scale of the Iraqi collapse has also been attributed to poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale among Iraqi troops, which resulted from a history of incompetent leadership. After devastating initial strikes against Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities on 17 January 1991, coalition forces achieved total air superiority almost immediately. The Iraqi air force was destroyed within a few days, with some planes fleeing to Iran where they were interned for the duration of the conflict. The overwhelming technological advantages of the US, such as stealth aircraft and infrared sights, quickly turned the air war into a " turkey shoot ". The heat signature of any tank which started its engine made an easy target. Air defense radars were quickly destroyed by radar-seeking missiles fired from wild weasel aircraft. Grainy video clips, shot from the nose cameras of missiles as they aimed at impossibly small targets, were a staple of US news coverage and revealed to the world a new kind of war, compared by some to a video game. Over 6 weeks of relentless pounding by planes and helicopters, the Iraqi army was almost completely beaten but did not retreat, under orders from Iraqi President Saddam Hussein , and by the time the ground forces invaded on 24 February, many Iraqi troops quickly surrendered to forces much smaller than their own; in one instance, Iraqi forces attempted to surrender to a television camera crew that was advancing with coalition forces. After just 100 hours of ground combat, and with all of Kuwait and much of southern Iraq under coalition control, US President George H. W. Bush ordered a cease-fire and negotiations began resulting in an agreement for cessation of hostilities. Some US politicians were disappointed by this move, believing Bush should have pressed on to Baghdad and removed Hussein from power; there is little doubt that coalition forces could have accomplished this if they had desired. Still, the political ramifications of removing Hussein would have broadened the scope of the conflict greatly, and many coalition nations refused to participate in such an action, believing it would create a power vacuum and destabilize the region. [56] Following the Persian Gulf War, to protect minority populations, the US, Britain, and France declared and maintained no-fly zones in northern and southern Iraq, which the Iraqi military frequently tested. The no-fly zones persisted until the 2003 invasion of Iraq, although France withdrew from participation in patrolling the no-fly zones in 1996, citing a lack of humanitarian purpose for the operation.   Somalia Main articles: Operation Restore Hope and UNOSOM II US troops participated in a UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia beginning in 1992. By 1993 the US troops were augmented with Rangers and special forces with the aim of capturing warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid , whose forces had massacred peacekeepers from Pakistan. During a raid in downtown Mogadishu, US troops became trapped overnight by a general uprising in the Battle of Mogadishu . Eighteen American soldiers were killed, and a US television crew filmed graphic images of the body of one soldier being dragged through the streets by an angry mob. Somali guerrillas paid a staggering toll at an estimated 1,000–5,000 total casualties during the conflict. After much public disapproval, American forces were quickly withdrawn by President Bill Clinton . The incident profoundly affected US thinking about peacekeeping and intervention. The book Black Hawk Down was written about the battle, and was the basis for the later movie of the same name . [57]   Haiti Main article: Operation Uphold Democracy Operation Uphold Democracy (September 19, 1994 – March 31, 1995) was an intervention designed to remove the elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, who was reported to have died ino ffice during the bombing of the presidential palace. The operation was effectively authorized by the 31 July 1994 United Nations Security Council Resolution 940. [58]   Yugoslavia During the war in Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, the US operated in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the NATO-led multinational implementation force ( IFOR ) in Operation Joint Endeavour . The USA was one of the NATO member countries who bombed Yugoslavia between March 24 and June 9, 1999 during the Kosovo War and later contributed to the multinational force KFOR . [59]   War on Terrorism (2001–present) The War on Terrorism is a global effort by the governments of several countries (primarily the United States and its principal allies) to neutralize international terrorist groups (primarily radical Islamist terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda ) and ensure that rogue nations no longer support terrorist activities. It has been adopted as a response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States.   Afghanistan   Special Forces soldiers on horseback in November 2001 The intervention in Afghanistan ( Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan) to depose that country's Taliban government and destroy training camps associated with al-Qaida is understood to have been the opening, and in many ways defining, campaign of the broader War on Terrorism. The emphasis on Special Operations Forces (SOF), political negotiation with autonomous military units, and the use of proxy militaries marked a significant change from prior U.S. military approaches. [60]   Philippines In January 2002, the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops (later raised to 2,000) to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al-Qaida, such as Abu Sayyaf , under Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines . Operations are taking place mostly in the Sulu Archipelago , where terrorists and other groups are active. The majority of troops provide logistics ; however, many are Special Forces troops that are training and assisting in combat operations against the terrorist groups.   Iraq Main articles: 2003 invasion of Iraq and Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present After the lengthy Iraq disarmament crisis culminated with an American demand that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq , which was refused, a coalition led by the United States and the United Kingdom fought the Iraqi army in the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Approximately 250,000 United States troops, with support from 45,000 British, 2,000 Australian and 200 Polish combat forces, entered Iraq primarily through their staging area in Kuwait . (Turkey had refused to permit its territory to be used for an invasion from the north.) Coalition forces also supported Iraqi Kurdish militia , estimated to number upwards of 50,000. After approximately three weeks of fighting, Hussein and the Ba'ath Party were forcibly removed, followed by 9 years of military occupation by the United States.   Libyan intervention Main article: Operation Odyssey Dawn As a result of the Libyan civil war , the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 , which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi . The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations , committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. [61] The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector , the NATO -directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. [62] During the conflict, American drones were also deployed. [63]   See also

i don't know

October 2, 1950 saw the introduction of the "moderately famous" comic strip known as Peanuts. Who was the creative genius behind the long running strip?

Sad Puppies | File 770 (1) DEDICATED TO MEREDITH. It’s ”Appreciate a Dragon Day” .  According to the Donita K. Paul website: Appreciate a Dragon Day was started in 2004 by Mrs. Paul to celebrate the release of DragonSpell . We encourage you to join us as we celebrate literacy and have some fun! (2) NEANDERTHALS. Jon Mooallem delivers a thoroughly fascinating account of paleoanthropological research in “Neanderthals Were People, Too” at the New York Times. For millenniums, some scientists believe, before modern humans poured in from Africa, the climate in Europe was exceptionally unstable. The landscape kept flipping between temperate forest and cold, treeless steppe. The fauna that Neanderthals subsisted on kept migrating away, faster than they could. Though Neanderthals survived this turbulence, they were never able to build up their numbers. (Across all of Eurasia, at any point in history, says John Hawks, an anthropologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, “there probably weren’t enough of them to fill an N.F.L. stadium.”) With the demographics so skewed, Stringer went on, even the slightest modern human advantage would be amplified tremendously: a single innovation, something like sewing needles, might protect just enough babies from the elements to lower the infant mortality rate and allow modern humans to conclusively overtake the Neanderthals. And yet Stringer is careful not to conflate innovation with superior intelligence. Innovation, too, can be a function of population size. “We live in an age where information, where good ideas, spread like wildfire, and we build on them,” Stringer told me. “But it wasn’t like that 50,000 years ago.” The more members your species has, the more likely one member will stumble on a useful new technology — and that, once stumbled upon, the innovation will spread; you need sufficient human tinder for those sparks of culture to catch. I picked that paragraph because it reminds me of Robert Zubrin’s argument about the need for population growth as a prerequisite in developing a starship . To achieve a 200-times increase over today’s GDP, we will need a population of 54 billion. We will need energy of 2500 terawatts by the year 2200. Pounding away at the opposite conclusions reached in Paul Ehrlich’s famous book The Population Bomb , Zubrin said, “If humans destroyed more than they made, the earth would be barren already. The real resource is human creativity.” Every mouth comes with a pair of hands and a brain. If we accept Malthusian advice, and act to reduce the world’s population, we will impoverish the future by denying it the contributions the missing people could have made. (3) THE AI TROPE. Ann Leckie’s “Vericon 2016 GoH Speech” overflows with interesting ideas, just like her fiction. The very first robot story–the first ever use of the word “robot” in fact–is a robot uprising story. But when Karel ?apek wrote RUR he wasn’t worried about artificial intelligence. The robots of his story aren’t mechanical, they’re made of some sort of synthetic biological material. And the word “robot” which ?apek famously coined, comes from a Czech word for “slave.” It’s a story about the revolt of people made on an assembly line (the first actual assembly line had debuted just ten years earlier). It’s a story about the rebellion of people who were built to be the cheapest, most efficient workers possible, workers you didn’t have to pay, or feed anything in particular, or take any notice or care of. In other words, slaves. And ?apek ‘s story hit a nerve. It didn’t just give us the word for robot, it is the ultimate model for nearly all the robot uprising stories since. So that model–robots as slaves, with all the assumed dangers attendant on enslaving people who outnumber you–is the model we’re using when we think about super smart machines. This has not been lost on any number of science fiction writers, who have used robot and AI stories to comment explicitly on oppression and racism. But just personally–well, I won’t go into my problems with the whole “slaves in my allegory are machines and the masters are human beings” bit, though that’s kind of icky when you think about it, but on top of that I think it’s a dangerous model to use as a basis for actual, serious real world predictions about artificial intelligence. (4) AUSSIE FANHISTORY. Now available at eFanzines.com , issues of iOTA, a fanzine with news of Leigh Edmonds’ Australian fandom history project. Here are a pair of excerpts from iOTA #2 : The purpose of this little efanzine is to serve as a progress report on my current history project which is to research and write a history of Australian fandom, focusing on the period between 1956 and 1975. It is also a place where I can publish little bits and pieces of the writing and art of Australia’s fan past to help introduce you to the rich vein of material that previous generations of fans have left us. Fanzine Review what you missed in 1939. Our friend Robin Johnson turns up with the most interesting things at times.  Usually it is old airline timetables – and we share an interest it air transport so we can find hours of harmless interest and amusement in airline timetables – but not on this occasion. This time it was a little fanzines with a pink cover produced in the old fashioned way using carbon paper.  (If you are not aware of this form of reproduction, I’m thinking about writing a little series called something like ‘Reproductive Pleasures’ in some future issues.  Some people have never heard of carbon paper, which means that they are young and happy folk.) This little pink and carbon paper produced fanzine is Ultra 1, produced by Eric Russell in Sydney, bearing the date October 1939.  It is probably the fourth fanzine title to be published in Australia after John Devern’s single issue of Science Fiction Review published in February 1939, Australian Fan News, a single issue of which was published by William Veney, Bert Castellari and Eric Russell in May 1939 and three issues of the JSC Bulletin (Junior Science Club) published by Vol Molesworth and Ken Jeffreys in June 1939.  (Thanks to Chris Nelson for his extensive research in this area.)  Of these early titles Ultra was among the early successful Sydney fanzines, seeing fourteen issues published between October 1939 and December 1941 when the commencement of the Pacific War brought an end to most of this kind of frivolity in Australia. (5) GERONIMO! Neil Clarke has quit his day job and gone into editing full-time . I’m quite excited—and a little terrified—by the prospect of taking the leap. There are a bunch of uncertainties, like healthcare costs and filling the income gap between Lisa’s new job and my old one, but we’re close enough to give this career switch a try. As some of you know, this has been a major goal of mine since my heart attack four years ago. At age fifty, and after ten years working part-time, I’m finally going to be a full-time editor! Naturally, my first priority has to be those uncertainties I mentioned: income gap and insurance. As I see it, I have a few things to target: I’ve altered the Clarkesworld Patreon goals to include direct salary and healthcare expenses. Would be nice if it was that simple, but I figure it’s worth putting out there…. (6) HOW TO MAKE IT TO THE FINISH LINE.  The New York Times tells “Obama’s Secret to Surviving the White House Years: Books” . Some of these titles are of genre interest. Even books initially picked up as escape reading like the Hugo Award-winning apocalyptic sci-fi epic “ The Three-Body Problem ” by the Chinese writer Liu Cixin, he said, could unexpectedly put things in perspective: “The scope of it was immense. So that was fun to read, partly because my day-to-day problems with Congress seem fairly petty — not something to worry about. Aliens are about to invade!” …To this day, reading has remained an essential part of his daily life. He recently gave his daughter Malia a Kindle filled with books he wanted to share with her (including “One Hundred Years of Solitude,” “The Golden Notebook” and “The Woman Warrior”). And most every night in the White House, he would read for an hour or so late at night — reading that was deep and ecumenical, ranging from contemporary literary fiction (the last novel he read was Colson Whitehead’s “ The Underground Railroad ”) to classic novels to groundbreaking works of nonfiction like Daniel Kahneman’s “Thinking, Fast and Slow” and Elizabeth Kolbert’s “ The Sixth Extinction .”… (7) CERNAN OBIT. “Gene Cernan, last man to walk on Moon, dies aged 82” reports the BBC. Captain Cernan was one of only three people to go to the Moon twice and the last man to leave a footprint on the lunar surface in 1972. The final words he spoke there were: “We leave as we came and, God willing, as we shall return with peace and hope for all mankind.” He was the commander of the Apollo 17 mission at the time. Twelve people have walked on the Moon, and only six of them are still alive today (8) THOUGHT FOR THE DAY Neil Armstrong, recalling how it felt to look back at Earth from the surface of the moon: “I didn’t feel like a giant. I felt very, very small.” (9) TODAY’S BIRTHDAY BOY Born January 16, 1948 – John Carpenter. (10) QUOTABLE QUOTE: “In England, I’m a horror movie director. In Germany, I’m a filmmaker. In the US, I’m a bum.” – John Carpenter. (11) BRANDON EASTON INTERVIEW. From Motherboard, “How Diversity Writing Programs Can Help Sci-Fi Live Up to Its Ideals” . Motherboard: What do you think is really the problem that people aren’t talking about? Brandon Easton: A lot of the reason why white writers who are entry level aren’t getting work has nothing to do with diversity programs. It’s because showrunners are hiring their buddies who are also EP’s [executive producers] and co-producer level who have these immense salaries that eat up the budget, so that they can’t hire anybody underneath a story editor level. This is what’s going on. Everyone knows this, yet still you have all these disgruntled writers scapegoating diversity programs instead of talking about the real issue at hand, which is nepotism. If you look at how many people graduate from these programs every year that number is so fucking low, it doesn’t even register as a percentage. Motherboard: Science fiction has a long history of being open-minded about multiculturalism. Some argue that it’s the most open-minded of the genres. Do you think that’s true? Brandon Easton: Science fiction as a literary genre, in theory, has open-minded concepts. And the fact is that historically, black writers have not been allowed in because for a while the editors, the people who controlled it, the publishing industry itself, even if someone had a great story – once racial politics were revealed, those people didn’t get to work. Now, if you’re talking about TV and film, there has been some really cool stuff that has progressive undercurrents thematically, but, when it comes to hiring practices we still revert back to straight white men as writers and creators of science fiction. Again, I do believe science fiction in its content itself can be extremely progressive and extremely life affirming, but we’re talking about the content versus the content creators. And I think that’s the issue. Motherboard: I still think science fiction is special versus the other genres. Not only historically in terms of casting, but because when I read the genre, I don’t care what the race of the writer is. I just want to be blown away. Show me a new way of thinking. Brandon Easton: I don’t think anyone would disagree with that. What I’m saying is that it helps when people get the opportunity. That’s where the problem is. If you want to be really serious about it, the only genre that’s really helped black people more than anything else has been comedy. Historically, I’m going back to the early 1900s, comedy was the only place where black writers could get a chance to write. Several generations of mainstream black stars came out of comedy: Will Smith, Chris Rock, Dave Chappelle, Jamie Fox, Bill Cosby, Chris Tucker, Eddie Murphy, Steve Harvey, Tyler Perry, Wanda Sykes, Whoopi Goldberg and so many others. Comedy is where African Americans have had a shot, as opposed to science fiction, particularly television, has almost been completely closed to black writers. (12) PRIZEWORTHY. Jonathan Edelstein’s picks in short fiction – “Another year of awards” at Haibane. I’ll start with novelettes rather than short stories, because that way I can start with my favorite story of 2016: Polyglossia by Tamara Vardomskaya (GigaNotoSaurus, March 2016). GigaNotoSaurus doesn’t usually get much attention from reviewers and critics, but this is a rich, multi-layered story that is well deserving of an award. Polyglossia is a story of linguistics, cultural survival, family and resistance to oppression – not necessarily in that order – set in a low-magic fantasy world that suggests the early twentieth century. I’ve mentioned before that I’m a fan of good world-building, and the world of this story is intricately detailed and plausible; more than that, the world-building is integrated into the plot and informs the characters’ actions such that no detail is wasted. The linguistics are also tightly integrated into the plot – the author is a Ph.D. candidate in linguistics with an interest in the philosophy of language, and it shows – and the politics of language and cultural preservation come to play a key part in its resolution. At the same time, the story calls into question what we call family, what duties we owe to our ancestors, and how to balance those duties against the exigencies of politics. Polyglossia is rewarding on several levels – thus far, I’ve never failed to get something new out of it with each rereading – and if I had to pick one story that defined speculative fiction for me in 2016, it would be this one. (13) STEALING A MARCH. Dan Wolfgang very carefully avoids stepping on Sarah A. Hoyt’s Sad Puppies turf while offering slates for the Dragon Awards and Hugo Awards in “A Very Special Message About Pooka Related Sadness” . The post is labeled “satire,” but here are typical examples of the names and works populating the slates: Best Editor, Long Form Puppy of the Month Book Club (14) ROCKET RESOURCE. Greg Hullender sends word that Rocket Stack Rank has posted its page to help people pick artists for the 2017 Best Professional Artist Hugo . We’ve added some features to make this easier to use, based on our own use (we’ve both already used it ourselves to make our own nominations) but we’ve realized that Eric and I use it very differently, so we’d welcome feedback from others. As with much else involving awards, there’s no one “right” way, so it’s good to support a number of different ways. Eric is the artistic one (he can actually draw), so he wants to see several pieces by the same artist and makes judgments on that artist’s style overall. When he sees things he likes, he wants to visit that artist’s site, look at their gallery—even read interviews with the artist. I don’t know art, but I know what I like. I want to quickly flip through all the pictures, extract the ones that I like, and then winnow down the list. (“Extract” means “Press ctrl-click on the author’s name at the top of the lightbox.” That opens a new tab, with that author’s work at the top of it.) So this year the list contains eligible pictures as well as some that aren’t eligible (either they’re from last year or else they’re from semiprozines). The award is for an artist, not a particular work, after all, and this provides a bit more context on many of the artists. No one is listed who doesn’t have at least one eligible work, though, and those are highlighted. Since the usual way to use the list is by opening the lightbox and then flipping through the pictures, we inserted an image of the Hugo rocket to separate artists. Eric found that useful, but I discovered that I paid almost no attention to which artist was which until after I’d selected about fifteen pictures I liked. Winnowing the list wasn’t that hard (for me—Eric’s process was more sophisticated). I looked at all fifteen just at the thumbnail scale, and dropped three or four that I decided weren’t really as good. I dropped a few more because they really only had one picture I’d liked and the rest looked different. (In one case, I went to the artist’s home page to confirm that other pics in his/her gallery really did look like the single picture I was using to judge.) When I had six, I eliminated one because I didn’t like any of that artist’s pictures that were actually qualified for 2016. (So much for the idea that it’s about the artist, not the art.) To fill out the Hugo Ballot, I copy/paste the author’s name from the web site and for the example of that author’s work, I use a link to that artist’s place on the main Professional Artists’ page. For example, http://www.rocketstackrank.com/2017/01/2017-professional-artists.html#JulieDillon points to Julie Dillon’s work on our page. (It’s what you get when you click on her name in the lightbox.) We’d love to know how well this works for other filers and what we might do to make it better. (15) HIDDEN HISTORY. Lauren Sarner, in “Tim Powers Loves Conspiracies” at Inverse, interviews the author of The Anubis Gates, Last Call and Declare about hanging out with Philip K. Dick and the allure of conspiracy. What was Philip K. Dick like? Since his death, there has arisen a kind of caricature of him. If you just read casually, you’d get the impression that he was this drug addled, crazy visionary who imagined God spoke to him. Actually he was a very sociable, funny, realistic, generous, gregarious friend. Not at all the William Blake crazy mystique the general impression has become. If you read his last few books, like VALIS and The Transmigration of Timothy Archer, you can see that this was a rational, skeptical, humorous person. But it always does annoy me when people say, ‘Didn’t he like live in a cave and wander up and down the street talking to himself?’ (16) YOU CAN TELL A BOOK (COVER) BY ITS COVER. JJ sent this link — “The Cover of Each Max Gladstone Book Has Predicted the Cover of the Next One” from Tor.com — with a recommendation: Okay, this is not new, but it is too fucking funny (you have to read all the way to the end for the final cover). I say it lives up to the hype… (17) RESURRECTED TALENT. IMDB shows some pretty hefty credits for Citizen Vader (2014) : A lonely widower stalks his deserted mansion, gloomily contemplating ending his own life. His last word may hold the key to what has sent him down this dark path.   90 (1) 21ST CENTURY AIRPORT SECURITY. The Atlantic gives you an overview of the preparations, including a pair of anti-terrorism officials on-staff, at an airport with twice the police force of Pasadena — “Inside LAX’s New Anti-Terrorism Intelligence Unit” . Today’s threats, whether terrorist or merely criminal, are increasingly networked and dispersed; it only makes sense that an institution’s response to them must take a similar form. It might sound like science fiction, but, in 20 years’ time, it could very well be that LAX has a stronger international-intelligence game than many U.S. allies. LAX field agents could be embedded overseas, cultivating informants, sussing out impending threats. It will be an era of infrastructural intelligence, when airfields, bridges, ports, and tunnels have, in effect, their own internal versions of the CIA—and LAX will be there first. …[Stacey] Peel currently works in central London, where she is head of the “strategic aviation security” team at engineering super-firm Arup. She explained that every airport can be thought of as a miniature version of the city that hosts it. An airport thus concentrates, in one vulnerable place, many of the very things a terrorist is most likely to target. “The economic impact, the media imagery, the public anxiety, the mass casualties, the cultural symbolism,” Peel pointed out. “The aviation industry ticks all of those boxes.” Attack LAX and you symbolically attack the entirety of L.A., not to mention the nerve center of Western entertainment. It’s an infrastructural voodoo doll… (2) OVER THE AIR. Bill Campbell of Rosarium Publishing was a guest today of Georgia Public Radio program On Second Thought, speaking about “The Women Who Pioneered Sci-Fi” . You can listen to the segment at the link. A problem with some fantasy fiction narratives is the misogynistic treatment of female characters. The sci-fi world may still be very much dominated by men behind the scenes, but that doesn’t mean there haven’t been female trailblazers. A new book explores some of those unsung heroines. It’s called “ Sisters of Tomorrow: The First Women of Science Fiction .” We talked with the author, Georgia Tech professor Lisa Yaszek . We also spoke with Bill Campbell  of Rosarium Publishing, which focuses on bringing more diversity to science fiction. (3) TINY DANCER. Two-time Nebula winner Catherine Asaro is profiled in the Washingtonian: “She’s a Harvard PhD and Author of 26 Novels. She’ll Also Get Your Kids to Like Math” . Washington’s suburbs are rich with overachieving kids and anxious parents, ambitious college goals and lengthy extracurricular commitments—and of course, supplementary-education programs and afterschool tutors. You can sign your kid up for soccer instruction by a women’s Premier League coach or for Lego robotics taught by engineering grad students. But even in this hothouse environment, Catherine Asaro stands out. If math were a sport, she’d be its Morgan Wootten. For more than a decade, the brightest STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) prodigies in the area have taken classes from her in cinder-block-lined community rooms or cluttered spaces in her home. Her students have qualified for the USA Mathematical Olympiad and, in 2014, placed first and second at the University of Maryland High School Math Contest. In 2015, her team was named top program in the country by the Perennial Math Tournament. An entire wall in her living room is filled with trophies from MathCounts competitions. Asaro’s students have earned scholarships to the University of Maryland and attend places such as Stanford and MIT…. Asaro looks more like my image of a science-fiction writer than a math tutor—lots of rhinestones on her jeans and long-sleeved T-shirt; flowy dark hair; and a purring, confident voice that recalls another of her gigs: singing with a jazz band. On a living-room wall hangs a photo of her father, Frank Asaro, a Berkeley nuclear chemist who discovered the iridium anomaly that led to the asteroid theory of dinosaur extinction. Naturally, he also played classical piano. Asaro says that, like her dad, she started out more interested in music than in science, deciding to become a ballet dancer after seeing Swan Lake. (4) PANELISTS FOR HELSINKI. The Worldcon 75 online signup for people wanting to be on the program is working again. The form will close on March 30th and Worldcon 75 will get back to everybody during March/April. (5) WESTON SCHOLARSHIP. Steve Cooper announced there is a new Pete Weston Memorial Scholarship available to help fund someone attending Conrunner in the UK. We were all saddened to hear of the death of Pete Weston last week. In his memory an anonymous donor is offering a scholarship to Conrunner to celebrate Pete’s contribution to convention running. The scholarship will cover two nights accommodation and membership of Conrunner. It is open to anyone to apply – but if this is your first Conrunner – you will be given priority in the selection. Please message me if you are interested or email me at [email protected] (6) ERIC FLINT UPDATE. The doctor had an  encouraging word for Eric Flint . I have some further news. My cancer has been further diagnosed as large diffuse B-Cell lymphona. That’s the most common type of cancer among adults, mostly hits older folks around 70 (my age) — my doctor calls it “the old fart’s disease” — and is about as white bread as lymphonas come. It responds very well to chemo, too. So, it looks as if my luck is still holding out (allowing for “I’ve got cancer” values of luck.) (7) BEWARE! Camestros Felapton understandably set his blog on autopilot and left town just before the unveiling of his new serial : In the interim, starting Thursday morning Australian time will be the TWENTY-TWO PART serialisation of the annotated version of the early example of British genre fiction BEWARE THE CAT! Each post has an introductory chatty bit which contains my mangled understanding of Tudor history, reformation theology and cat psychology, followed by a hefty chunk of my edited-for-readability-and-spelling version of Beware the Cat. To cram it all in there will actually be several posts per day – so the blog will actually be busier than when I’m actually running it. Indeed and verily, the first installment is now online . I have written for your mastership’s pleasure one of the stories which Mr. Streamer told last Christmas – which you so would have heard reported by Mr Ferrers himself. Although I am unable to tell it as pleasantly as he could, I have nearly used both the order and words of him that spoke them. I doubt not that he and Mr. Willet shall in the reading think they hear Mr Streamer speak, and he himself shall doubt whether he speaks. (8) REMEMBERING METROPOLIS. Den of Geek! writer Jim Knipfel discusses “Metropolis at 90: The Enduring Legacy of a Pop Modernist Dystopia” . In an interview with Peter Bogdanovich shortly before his death in 1976, Fritz Lang said of Metropolis, “You cannot make a social-conscious picture in which you say that the intermediary between the hand and the brain is the heart. I mean, that’s a fairy tale – definitely. But I was very interested in machines. Anyway, I didn’t like the picture – thought it was silly and stupid – then, when I saw the astronauts: what else are they but part of a machine? It’s very hard to talk about pictures—should I say now that I like Metropolis because something I have seen in my imagination comes true, when I detested it after it was finished?” (9) MAKING A POINT. Sarah A. Hoyt, in “Sad Puppies, Gate Keeping, And We DID Build this” ,  says what happened yesterday was not gate keeping, it was brand protecting. Which it was. But there’s a lot of haystack to go through before you get to the needle. Even before I got to that post, and later in the other post that made me almost berserk again (I don’t think I’ve done this twice in one day since my teens) a friend had commented on how he gave the wrong impression and he should stop it already.  Later on there were also posts on a bizarre theme, one of which (the comments) is what caused the second berserk attack. The theme was like this: Sad Puppies said they were against gate keepers, but now they’re trying to be gatekeepers. There are so many missteps in that statement it’s hard to unpack.  First of all, no, Sad Puppies wasn’t against gatekeepers.  Sad Puppies was against the secret maneuvering that went on behind the awards.  (BTW it was never really a secret. When I was coming in, my mentors told me it was all log rolling and I had to roll the logs.)  And which people denied until they stopped denying it, in favor of shrieking at us to get off their lawns, and making up horrible lies about us.  (Unless, of course, you believe I’m a Mormon male.) Second, in what way were we trying to be gatekeepers when we told an unauthorized person to stop pretending he was leading SP 5? We were as much gatekeepers as, say, Baen would be when it told you you couldn’t call your indie publisher Baen Books For Real.  It might or might not violate a trademark (fairly sure it would) but more than that it’s false advertising and it violates the right of people to what they have built. (10) TIL WE HAVE FACEBOOK. Author S.M. Stirling is not a Twitter user . With every passing day, I become more convinced I did the right thing by not opening a Twitter account. It’s the Promised Land of aggressive stupidity, and makes otherwise smart and civilized people aggressively stupid. The world would be a better place if it didn’t exist. (11) THIS JUST IN. Ansible Links reports — Ansible Editions offers a free Then sample download in a naked attempt to influence BSFA shortlist voting and Hugo nominations Looks like an obvious attempt to influence the Best Related Works category. Or blatant. Possibly both. (12) DID ANYONE READ THE DRAGON AWARD WINNER? Doris V. Sutherland, in “Brian Niemeier: The Man Who Would Be (Stephen) King” , disputed that Niemeier’s Souldancer was among the most popular horror novels of 2016, but agreed he’s been successful at branding his work. The rise of Kindle direct publishing has opened doors for an array of new writers, but it has also confronted them with a big question: how, in lieu of backing from a professional publisher, does you promote a novel? …Search the space opera category in Amazon’s Kindle department, and I suspect that you will find numerous other indie books that are of equal or superior quality to Niemeier’s novels. Many of those have vanished into obscurity; and this would likely have been the fate of Souldancer, had its author kept his opinions to himself. Instead, by latching onto the Puppy/Superversive movement, he has picked up a loyal following; not a large following, as we have established, but one that has still managed to build him a sturdy echo chamber. I would rather not write any further posts about Niemeier, as I do not want this to turn into the Doris vs. Brian blog, but I do find all of this an interesting case study in regards to indie publishing. The Puppies have evolved from a campaign centred around bagging an award for a specific author (that is, Larry Correia) into a brand that has granted new authors a platform – Niemeier and Finn being amongst them. (13) CHUCK. Try and think of any other person people might try to vote a Hugo simply because they promised to show up at the award ceremony. if i am nominated this year i will accept award IN PERSON (please nominate Slammed in the Butthole by My Concept of Linear Time best short) https://t.co/8dLBlXpRXo — Chuck Tingle (@ChuckTingle) January 11, 2017 (14) EVERY DAY IS HALLOWEEN. That’s the name of Lisa Morton’s newsletter – you can subscribe through her blog . Morton, HWA President, recently told her newsletter readers — Ellen Datlow and I have now finished up the editing on Hallows’ Eve, the next official HWA anthology. I’m ridiculously happy with the range and quality of the stories we’ve assembled. Here’s hoping we’ll have a cover reveal soon! The HWA blog has released a list of the contributors : The sixteen authors included are: Kelley Armstrong, Pat Cadigan, Elise Forier Edie, Brian Evenson, Jeffrey Ford, Eric J. Guignard, Stephen Graham Jones, Kate Jonez, Paul Kane, John Langan, John R. Little, Jonathan Maberry, Seanan McGuire, S. P. Miskowski, Garth Nix, and Joanna Parypinski. (15) TIME TO REFUEL. Here is Fan-O-Rama: A Futurama Fan Film. [Thanks to David K.M. Klaus, Steven H Silver, edd, JJ, Andrew Porter, and John King Tarpinian for some of these stories. Title credit goes to File 770 contributing editor of the day Kendall.] 69 Both the Sad and Rabid Puppies heard from leadership today. Someone tried to run ahead of the Sad Puppy pack, compelling Amanda S. Green to swat him with a rolled-up internet – “Sad Puppies 5 and recommendation lists” at Mad Genius Club. Anyway, this morning, the BP rising bit came in the form of a private message from a friend of mine. We are in a number of groups together on Faceplant. In one of those groups, someone had posted a notice with the header of “Sad Puppies 5 Suggestions.” Now, that got my eyes open real quick because the person posting it wasn’t Sarah [Hoyt] and, the last I heard – which was last night – Sarah was the one coordinating SP5. So, with coffee starting to brew, I figured I’d go see what I had missed overnight… So, if you woke around 0630 CST to the sound of loud thumping, I apologize. That was me pounding my head against the wall. After reading the post my friend warned me about, I saw why. And I saw red. And I made the mistake of taking to Faceplant to write a response – still before coffee. I should have waited. Then I could have made a more detailed response, complete with link. As it was, it took a couple of posts and I’m still not sure I got my point across…. So, let’s be very clear. The New Year is here and with it comes the time when we need to start thinking about the books we read and whether we feel they are worthy of being nominated for any of the various awards being offered this year. Be it the Hugo, the Dragon, the Rita or whatever, it is something we need to keep in mind and, if we are so moved, we need to nominate them for the appropriate award(s). It also means we are going to start seeing folks saying they are “making a little list”. Some will follow through with their lists and keep a running tally. Others will simply have a single post where you can add your comments. What they do is up to them – up to a point. However, when they start implying they are involved with something they aren’t, or when they seem to be stepping up and taking control of something they have not been involved in, then they have crossed the line. To preempt further problems with overeager helpers before the new Sad Puppies 5 website goes up, Green has directed those interested to make their current recommendations in comments on a new post at the old site — Sad Puppies 5 In the near future, this site will be shut down and a new site for Sad Puppies 5 will go live. In the meantime, if you have any books, movies, etc., you think award-worthy, please list them in the comment section. Your recommendations will be migrated to the new site when it is ready. As for Declan Finn’s “Sad Puppies 5 suggestions” at A Pius Geek, had he chosen any other headline the post would have been indistinguishable from the awards recommendations everyone else is writing this month in which their own books feature prominently. However, Finn says he felt the need to add the following paragraph – not because of Amanda S. Green’s post, but in response to hearing privately from “770 morons.” EDIT: FOR THE READING BEREFT — APPARENTLY, THE USUAL CROWD AT FILE 770 CAN’T READ — I MUST PUT IN AN EVEN BIGGER NOTE HERE. I’M NOT IN CHARGE OF SP5. THE FOLLOWING IS, IN PART, A GUIDE FOR MY RECOLLECTION, SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR THOSE WHO WILL BE VOTING,  AND AN OPPORTUNITY FOR OTHER PEOPLE TO GUIDE MY VOTING. APPARENTLY, SOME PEOPLE ARE TOO STUPID TO HAVE FIGURED THIS OUT FROM THE BELOW. THAT IS ALL. The Rabid Puppies also received marching orders today from Vox Day at Vox Popoli — “Rabid Puppies 2017” . While I will certainly be making my 2017 recommendations soon – particularly for Best Series – I would NOT recommend anyone to register [for the Worldcon]. As the God-Emperor Ascendant [his nickname for Trump] demonstrated so masterfully, there is a time to press forward and there is a time to sit back and see how things play out. Now, obviously, those of us who are already registered can, and should, nominate, but there is no sense in wasting money that might be more effectively utilized elsewhere on Worldcon this year. Let the SF-SJWs do their happy dances and celebrate the success of EPH, little realizing that in adopting it, they have done exactly what we intended in pursuit of our long term objective. Let’s face it, thinking through the logical consequences of their actions has never exactly been their strong suit. It’s bewildering that they genuinely appear to believe that we did not anticipate their changing the rules, even though I said right from the very start that they would have no choice but to do so if we were successful. Even if Day’s readers refrain from joining Helsinki, those who were members of MidAmeriCon II or have joined the San Jose Worldcon (2018) by the end of this month are still eligible to nominate, so it is not unlikely the Rabid Puppies may exert their influence over the composition of this year’s final Hugo ballot. To what extent they can do so remains to be seen, depending on their own numbers and the impact of EPH rules changes in the first year of operation. 130 (1) DAMN THE SPOILERS, FULL SPEED AHEAD. Scott Timberg writes for Salon on “The art of ‘Archer’: ‘The arc of the character of Archer is really interesting’” . I’m told there are spoilers – but I rarely watch Archer so I read the profile anyway…. Oh, yeah, Archer’s favorite movie is what again? He loves “Gator” and also “Smokey and the Bandit.” And there are references to “Deliverance” and “Hooper,” all of them. I took this show originally as a kind of guilty pleasure for other retro straight guys who like single-malt scotch and ’50s Playboy and “Man Men.” But I’ve found gay men and left-leaning feminist women who love “Archer,” too. It makes me wonder: Is this a show that heroizes Sterling Archer as the coolest cat ever or is it somehow a critique of toxic masculinity? Is he a sleek, Bond-like hero or a cross between a frat boy, a hedge fund asshole and a lacrosse bro? I think it’s all of that. But I also think it’s up to each individual viewer; I would never tell anybody what to think about it. What I personally love about it is that it shows all sides of Archer, this character. On one hand, he definitely fits the image of the lacrosse bro. And then he has a moment where he says, “Pam, I think you’re my best friend.” There’s a real heart to this person. He’s not a flat character at all. He definitely has blind spots, you know? And he definitely pretends to have blind spots. There’s a description of him as “willfully obtuse,” which I think is quite apt. (2) PARALLAX VIEWS OF THE NEWS. “Cassini sends back intriguing pictures of Saturn from new ring-grazing orbit” says the Los Angeles Times. Cassini’s cameras captured the latest images of the giant hexagon on Dec. 2 and 3, a few days after the spacecraft first began its new orbit on Nov. 30. Each side of that six-sided figure is about as wide as Earth. At the center, a giant storm swirls on the north pole. It’s a surprising structure, surrounded by Saturn’s smoother rings, and scientists have long wondered how it maintains its shape. (Saturn’s larger cousin, Jupiter, has no such shape at its northern pole.) “Forget the Great Red Spot – Saturn has a hexagonal storm” reports the BBC. (Both articles have the same newly-released photos.) The destructive ending being planned for Cassini is a result of the spacecraft having nearly exhausted its fuel. But Nasa is also concerned about the small, yet important possibility that the probe will crash into one of Saturn’s moons at some point in the future. Given that some of these bodies, such as Enceladus, are potential targets in the search for extra-terrestrial life, it has the potential to contaminate these bodies with terrestrial microbes borne on Cassini. Starting from April, Cassini will begin its grand finale, in which it will make the first of 22 dives through the 2,400km gap between the planet and its innermost ring. The spacecraft will make its final plunge into the atmosphere of Saturn on 15 September. (3) FUND APPEAL. Katherine Kerr needs to rebuild her career so she can afford her husband’s care. More details on her Patreon site . Yes, my author photo there looks a little grim. Here’s why. Six years ago, my much-loved husband developed early-onset Alzheimer’s dementia.  As you can probably guess, this turned our lives upside-down.  My writing career first faltered, then ground to a halt while I desperately tried to take care of him myself.  Didn’t work — we now have a full-time live-in caregiver while I try to get my writing back on track.  Our primary caregiver, VJ, is wonderful but he isn’t cheap, just worth every penny…. What I want to do is get my writing career back on track. I have a contract for a new book in the Deverry universe.  I also want to write more short fiction. In the meantime, however, those bills make it hard to concentrate.  I spend about $300 a week on food, basics, and utilities, plus even more on medical expenses. My current income falls short.  Any help I can get is very very welcome. And thank you all very much. (4) HINES BENEFIT AUCTION #11. The eleventh of Jim C. Hines’ 24 Transgender Michigan Fundraiser auctions is for a flash fiction story from Stephanie Burgis , written specifically for the auction winner. Today’s auction is for a brand new flash-fiction story written for you. That’s right, author Stephanie Burgis will write a story for the winner of the auction about any of the characters from her published novels – the winner gets to choose! You’ll let her know which character should be the protagonist, and Burgis will write it within a month of getting the commission. You can find all of her published works on her website . Burgis reserves the right to share it with other readers later, but it will belong to the winner alone for the first month after she sends it to you. (5) SWEDISH SF ARTIST LAUNCHES KICKSTARTER. There’s a new Kickstarter campaign for an RPG based on Simon Stålenhag’s art, “Tales from the Loop: Roleplaying in the 80s that never was” . In 1954, the Swedish government ordered the construction of the world’s largest particle accelerator. The facility was complete in 1969, located deep below the pastoral countryside of Mälaröarna. The local population called this marvel of technology The Loop. Acclaimed scifi artist Simon Stålenhag’s paintings of Swedish 1980s suburbia, populated by fantastic machines and strange beasts, have spread like wildfire on the Internet. Stålenhag’s portrayal of a childhood against a backdrop of old Volvo cars and coveralls, combined with strange and mystical machines, creates a unique atmosphere that is both instantly recognizable and utterly alien. Now, for the first time, YOU will get the chance to step into the amazing world of the Loop. With your help, we will be able to create a beautiful printed RPG book about the Tales from the Loop. This game is our third international RPG, after the critically acclaimed Mutant: Year Zero and Coriolis – The Third Horizon. The lead writer is the seasoned Swedish game writer Nils Hintze, backed up by the entire Free League team who handle project management, editing, and graphic design. (6) REPURPOSED HISTORY. The election of Donald Trump has made some people revise the history of the Puppy Wars of 2015 – can no one accurately remember what happened only last year? – to furnish a heroic example for the current resistance narrative. See — “Patrick S. Tomlinson Wants YOU To Fight The Power” . Eventually, the intractable nature of the invaders became clear and a new strategy of opposition and containment emerged. To countermand the exploitation of the nomination rules slate voting represented, the equally devious, yet totally legitimate under the same rules, voting for “No Award” became the marching orders for the faithful. And it worked. With a clear plan in place, our superior numbers and organizational skills kicked in and slapped the puppies’ poisoned pills out of five categories, doubling the number of times No Award had been given in the Hugo’s entire seventy-three-year history up to that point. I was sitting in the audience for the ceremony. It was electric. And despite their whining in the aftermath about “burning down our own awards” the attack had been largely turned back. The very next year, puppy influence over the nominations had already begun to ebb, with fewer categories subject to full slating takeovers and fewer No Awards handed out as a result. More women and POC won major awards. And by next year, changes to the rules will see the threat recede even further in the future. That is how in two short years we beat back the puppies, and that is the model we have to use now that the same sickness has metastasized onto our society, indeed all of Western Civilization. It’s easy to forget now, but the facts are the forces of fascism and intolerance are exactly like the hordes of GamerGate and the Puppies. They are loud, angry, aggressive, shameless, and without scruples. But they are also a clear minority. As of this writing, more than two point three million more Americans had voted for Hillary Clinton over Donald Trump. More Americans voted for Democratic Senators. More Americans voted for Democratic Representatives in the House. It is only through exploitation of the rules in violation of the spirit of American democratic ideals that the forces of intolerance and bigotry maintain their majorities. This has been true for more than a decade. This makes them vulnerable to our superior numbers should we have the foresight and resolve to set aside our petty bickering and unify in an organized fashion and agree to a coherent plan of counterattack. (7) POLISH FANZINE. For Eurocon this year the publishers of the Polish fanzine Smokopolitan produced an English-language edition, which includes two articles about fandom. You can download a .mobi or .pdf version here . We proudly present our special English issue, created for Eurocon 2016 in Barcelona. Inside you will find short stories by, among others, Pawe? Majka, Andrzej Pilipiuk and Micha? Cholewa, as well as essays about many branches of speculative fiction in Poland (8) GLENN IN HOSPITAL. Former astronaut and U.S. senator John Glenn reportedly has been hospitalized for the past week . Hank Wilson with Ohio State University’s John Glenn College of Public Affairs said Wednesday that the 95-year-old Glenn is at the James Cancer Hospital, but that doesn’t necessarily mean he has cancer. Wilson said he didn’t have other information about Glenn’s condition, illness or prognosis. Glenn apologized for his poor eyesight this year at the renaming of Columbus’ airport after him. He said then he’d lost some of his eyesight because of macular degeneration and a small stroke. Glenn had a heart valve replacement in 2014. (9) TODAY IN HISTORY December 7, 1925 – Future five-time Olympic gold medalist and movie Tarzan Johnny Weissmuller set a world record in 150-yard free-style swimming. December 7, 1945 – House of Dracula shown for the first time. The film features four different actors in the role of Frankenstein’s Monster: Glenn Strange, Boris Karloff (via footage from The Bride of Frankenstein), Lon Chaney Jr. and his stunt double, Eddie Parker (via footage from The Ghost of Frankenstein). (10) TODAY’S BIRTHDAY GIRL Born December 7, 1915 — Leigh Brackett, a famed sf/f creator in her own right, as well as mentor and sometime collaborator/co-author for Ray Bradbury . (11) ANOTHER BEST OF THE YEAR LIST. The list of 44 books in “NPR’s Best SFF of 2016” has “Something to outrage (or at least annoy) almost everyone, I expect….,” promises Chip Hitchcock. (12) AMAZING STORIES, THE MAGAZINE. Today Amazing Stories highlights “’The Great Milo’ by David Gerrold” , one of the stories by established pros included in its issue along with winning stories from its Gernsback Writing Contest. The tag from Gerrold’s story is — Never piss off a man who buys ink by the barrel. (13) COMING TO A TBR PILE NEAR YOU. Nancy Palmer and Bertie MacAvoy agree – they loved Craig Russell’s Fragment. Nancy Palmer reviewed it at her website . …I ended up reading the whole thing, compulsively. It’s a slender volume. The story, however, is a big one. Sometimes what’s scary about a thriller is its plausibility. One of the things speculative fiction writers do best is tell the truth sideways.  And there’s a lot of truth here. Craig Russell’s near future ecological and political world are a little too easy to imagine as reality. It was a compelling, but uncomfortable read: I found myself reading faster as the story progressed, hoping there might be some way to avert disaster. Maybe something in the way of hope, that might be carried past the pages of the book and into the outer world. The hubris and political manipulation in Fragment: yes, there are real-world analogs. Seeing the potential outcome as spelled out in this novel? Dread inducing. But I couldn’t look away. And Bertie MacAvoy praises it, too: I just loved Craig Russell’s first novel, Black Bottle Man, and told him so, although I didn’t know the man at all.  It was an old-fashioned sort of novel, very much in control, and I found it fantastically well written.  May others have agreed, if you look at the number of awards it received for a debut novelist.  I awaited his second novel eagerly. Not only  is it just as good, or better, but it is wildly unconventional, even for these most unconventional S.F. days, and it caught me so firmly I wasn’t even aware of the tricks he was playing on the reader until the book was 65% read. I love being tricked, when it is done well.  (Done poorly, however, of course, I just feel let down.) It strides the border between intricate Science Fiction and an almost Kafka-esque style.  And doesn’t break the rules of either.  That is the ultimate trick. So I advise all and sundry to read ‘fragment’.  You will be the better for it.  And, it’s quite a thrill-ride. (14) CLIPPING SERVICE. “How The Internet Unleashed a Burst of Cartooning Creativity” is a piece on Medium.com that was originally published in The Economist in 2012 (so it’s not behind the Economist paywall).  Randall Munroe is prominently featured, but Kate Beaton and Zach Weiner are also interviewed. Also of interest is the section on Arab cartoonists who would be censored if they were restricted to newspapers but are freer to express themselves on the Net. Triumph of the nerds The decline of newspapers and the rise of the internet have broken that system. Newspapers no longer have the money to pay big bucks to cartoonists, and the web means anybody can get published. Cartoonists who want to make their name no longer send sketches to syndicates or approach newspapers: they simply set up websites and spread the word on Twitter and Facebook. Randall Munroe, the creator of “XKCD”, left a job at NASA to write his stick men strip, full of science and technology jokes (see above and below). Kate Beaton, a Canadian artist who draws “Hark, A Vagrant”, sketched her cartoons between shifts while working in a museum. Matthew Inman created his comic “The Oatmeal” by accident while trying to promote a dating website he built to escape his job as a computer coder. The typical format for a web comic was established a decade or more ago, says Zach Weiner, the writer of “Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal”, or “SMBC” (below). It has not changed much since. Most cartoonists update on a regular basis?—?daily, or every other day?—?and run in sequence. “I think that’s purely because that’s what the old newspapers used to do,” says Mr Weiner. But whereas many newspaper comics tried to appeal to as many people as possible, often with lame, fairly universal jokes, online cartoonists are free to be experimental, in both content and form. (15) SFFSFF. The annual Science Fiction + Fantasy Short Film Festival (SFFSFF) at Seattle’s MoPOP has announced its program selections for the January 28, 2017 event. From Seattle Seahawks battling giant monsters through the city’s streets to a mind-altering cell phone app with unintended consequences, this year’s lineup of 23 films is presented in two packages with a 30-minute intermission between sessions and concludes with an awards ceremony. Ticket information and further details at the linked site. (16) SCOUTING REPORT. This Inverse article – “11 Science Fiction Books That Will Define 2017” includes the official title and cover for book #3 in Jemisin’s Broken Earth Trilogy. Science fiction books have always looked toward the future through both creative speculation and adventurous escapism. After the 2016 Presidential Election, science fiction authors are poised to be more influential than ever before. Luckily for readers, sci-fi authors are known to churn out their books like rabbits, creating a never-ending stream of great works. In 2017, we’ll see the continuation of several acclaimed book series, but will also have plenty of impressive standalone science fiction, too. Below is a list of eleven books that are slated for release in 2017 that will define science fiction in the upcoming year. Keep in mind these dates can be finicky, and that they can change at warp speed. But, otherwise, happy reading to your future self! [Thanks to Martin Morse Wooster, James Davis Nicoll, John King Tarpinian, Dawn “No Middle Name” Incognito, J(“No Middle Initial”)J, Hampus Eckerman, and Chip Hitchcock for some of these stories. Title credit goes to File 770 contributing editor of the day Anthony.] 142 (1) AS GOD IS MY WITNESS, I THOUGHT TURKEYS COULD FLY. The astronauts aboard the International Space Station tucked into another technically perfect holiday meal today. Motherboard explains — “Happy Space Thanksgiving: How the Food-Stuffed Holiday Went Orbital” . Naturally, these hermetically packaged, shelf-stable Thanksgiving edibles lack much of the flavor and flair of the dishes that Earthbound feasters will be piling up on their plates. But these meal packs are still leaps and bounds beyond the humble dinners shared by the crew of Skylab over four decades ago, when manned spaceflight was still in its early years. (2) SMALL BUSINESS MODELING. Kristine Kathryn Rusch explains why the election was not a Black Swan event, but was one the reasonably possible scenarios she considered in developing her current business plans — “Business Musings: Running A (Writing) Business In Uncertain Times” . The first two items in her ten-point plan are — To do modeling for the next year of your business, you need to be as clear-eyed as possible. You should research trends for your business for similar economic times, if you can. Then you figure out as best you can what your future will be. Here’s how you do it. First, you figure out what the possible futures could be. By July, ours were pretty simple. Clinton victory—then what? Trump victory—then what? Markets react well—then what? Markets react poorly—then what? Civil unrest—then what? Governmental gridlock—then what? Governmental ease—then what? Possible impeachment (either candidate)—then what? And so on. Second, figure out the impact those scenarios will have on your business. Dean and I were modeling for different businesses. Our retail businesses have a local component that our publishing and writing businesses do not have. Therefore, our models for the retail business were different than our models for publishing and writing. Some scenarios will have no impact at all on what you’re doing. Others might have a huge impact. Be as clear-eyed and honest with yourself as possible as you set out these scenarios. (3) ROCKS AND SHOALS. Jules Verne’s status as a hard science fiction writer received an unexpected boost from the latest research reported by New Scientist . JULES VERNE’s idea of an ocean deep below the surface in Journey to the Centre of the Earth may not have been too far off. Earth’s mantle may contain many oceans’ worth of water – with the deepest 1000 kilometres down. “If it wasn’t down there, we would all be submerged,” says Steve Jacobsen at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, whose team made the discovery. “This implies a bigger reservoir of water on the planet than previously thought.” This water is much deeper than any seen before, at a third of the way to the edge of Earth’s core. Its presence was indicated by a diamond spat out 90 million years ago by a volcano near the São Luíz river in Juina, Brazil. The diamond has an imperfection – a sealed-off inclusion – that contains minerals that became trapped during the diamond’s formation. When the researchers took a closer look at it with infrared microscopy, they saw unmistakable evidence of the presence of hydroxyl ions, which normally come from water. They were everywhere, says Jacobsen. (4) CAST OF THE RINGS. Empire magazine came up with a cute gimmick: “The Lord of the Rings at 15: the Fellowship interview each other” . One anniversary to rule them all… To celebrate the 15th anniversary of The Lord Of The Rings: The Fellowship Of The Ring , the latest issue of Empire gathered the nine members of the Fellowship, and asked each of them to pose nine questions to one another. One does not simply walk into a Lord Of The Rings interview. So here, as a little Middle-earth aperitif, we can reveal one answer from each actor. For the full interviews, be sure to pick up a copy of the January issue of Empire, on sale from Thursday 24 November…. Sean Astin (Samwise Gamgee) Where do you keep the sword you were given when you completed Lord Of The Rings? Question set by Ian McKellen The garage, or maybe a cupboard, or in storage with a ton of fan art. I cried heavily through my send-off. I remember being presented with my costume, including Sam’s backpack (pots, pans, sausages, elven rope, lembas bread, box of salt) and sword. But the most moving trophy was the wee dress [my daughter] Ali wore as she portrayed Elanor in the last moments of Return Of The King. (5) ALIEN POSTER CHILD. By sharing this image, does CinemaBlend aim to upset turkey-filled tummies? “Alien: Covenant’s First Poster Is Simple And Absolutely Terrifying” . Following the lukewarm response to Prometheus in 2012, the Alien franchise is aiming to win back hearts with the next entry in the series, Alien: Covenant . As an early Thanksgiving treat, 20th Century Fox just released the first poster for the blockbuster, and it’s making sure fans know that like previous installments, it will be a terrifying ordeal. — 20th Century Fox (@20thcenturyfox) November 23, 2016 (6) UNCLE 4E TALK AT ALIEN CON. A panel discussion about the Ackermonster: Alien Con marked the 100th birthday of Forrest J Ackerman — writer, literary agent, and professional Sci-Fi geek who not only founded Famous Monsters, but invented cosplay and encouraged the pursuits of monster fanatics everywhere! Hear Forry memories and learn about TALES FROM THE ACKER-MANSION, American Gothic Press’s massive tribute to the man who created the term “Sci-Fi”.  Guests on Panel: Kevin Burns, Joe Moe, William F Nolan, Jason V. Brock Part I Part II (7) SOMEWHERE OVER THE WORMHOLE. Scifinow has it right – “Emerald City trailer is definitely not in Kansas anymore” . (8) CHIZINE GROWS ANNUAL ANTHOLOGY. ChiZine Publications will expand Imaginarium, its Annual ‘Best-Of’ short story,  and poetry volume, to include more content in an anthology that will be released every two years. The latest edition,  Imaginarium 5, will be released in Summer 2017 and encompass the best short stories and poetry from 2015 and 2016. It will include an introduction from bestselling Canadian author Andrew Pyper. There will be a call for submissions for both short stories and poetry published in 2016 for Imaginarium 5 announced via Facebook and the CZP Website in December 2016. (9) TODAY IN HISTORY November 24, 1966 – Lunar Orbiter II took a picture of the Copernicus Crater on the moon . Fifty years ago Thursday, Lunar Orbiter II took a picture of a moon crater. When it was beamed back to Earth, the photo’s then-unique view made the moon real in a way it hadn’t been before — as an actual place, another world that might be a second home for humanity. Seeing the Copernicus crater close up mustered Space Age feelings of wonder. Such wonder is harder to provoke now, but the image reminds us: The moon still waits for us (10) TODAY’S BIRTHDAY MONSTER KID Born November 24, 1916 – Forrest J Ackerman Learn more about him on the Ray Harryhausen Podcast . November 24th 2016 marks the 100th birthday of sci-fi legend Forrest J Ackerman, founder of ‘Famous Monsters of Filmland’ magazine. Forry was also one of Ray Harryhausen’s oldest friends, the two having met in the late 1930’s after discovering a shared interest in ‘King Kong’. We caught up with former ‘Famous Monsters’ editor David Weiner to discuss the friendship between Ray, Forry and Ray Bradbury. We also heard a clip of the three legends in discussion, taken from an interview which can be found on the ‘Ray Harryhausen- the early years collection’ DVD. And in the November issue of Aeromexico’s Aire magazine, Guillermo Del Toro tells how important Ackerman was to his artistic development. (You’ll need to click on the second image and zoom in to make the text readable.) (11) TODAY’S ROSWELL BIRTHDAYS Born November 24, 1977 — Colin Hanks Born November 24, 1978 — Katherine Heigl (12) NEWEST K9 IN THE CULTURE WARS. Sarah A. Hoyt, in yesterday’s Sad Puppies 5 announcement, said: “….One of the things the — for lack of a better term — other side has is bully pulpits…. BUT still, they have magazines that publish recommended lists, and interviews with authors, and turn the spotlight on work they think should be read. We have nothing like that.” However, as someone pointed out, she had overlooked the brand new review site Puppy of the Month Book Club – where the motto is Hugo delenda est. Jon Mollison and Nathan Housley explained what they’ll be covering: So what makes a book a viable candidate for Puppy Of the Month?  Easy: Any novel nominated by the Sad Puppies for a Hugo nomination Any novel nominated by the Rabid Puppies for a Hugo nomination Any work listed in Appendix N of Gary Gygax’s D&D Dungeon Master’s Guide Any work published by Castalia House Any work selected by a Contributor that isn’t shouted down by the rest of the contributors as an inappropriate selection Their latest post is an interview with Schuyler Hernstrom , a fellow who knows on which side his bread is buttered: Editor: Rabid or Sad? SH: Ya know, this is corny but I am actually going to pull a quote from my own work to answer. It is a bit early in the career to pull a stunt like this but it is so apropos I can’t resist: He took a knife from his belt and cut away the flag and a length of cloth from the sleeve and turned to Tyur. He tied the thing to the hunter’s thick arm. Tyur looked down in awe. “But I am not of your blood…” “All who fight tyranny are of my tribe.” The young man grasped his host’s shoulders and the old man returned the gesture. (13) REJECTS ZERO SUM GAMES. Kevin Standlee tells how he feels about the latest Sad Puppies announcement in “Perhaps we should be grateful” . Why don’t these people who are so completely certain (or so they say) that the Hugo Awards are washed up, finished, dead, pushing up daisies, etc. concentrate on the awards that they so confidently insisted would overwhelm the entire field and be the One True Awards That Real Fans Give for Real Good Stuff So There Will Be No Need For Any Other Awards Ever Again? They seem pretty unhappy that the members of WSFS continue to hold their convention and present their awards just like they have been doing for many years, including arguing over the rules (which, for those who have been paying attention, was a running theme long before the Puppies showed up). “Sad” is a good description for people for whom, as far as I can tell, think that the amount of happiness is a finite quantity, so that the only way they can be happy is to make other people unhappy. (14) WELLS STORY DISCOVERED. The Guardian brings word of an “Unseen HG Wells ghost story published for the first time” . Here’s a gothic tale for a stormy night: a man called Meredith converts a room in his house into a cluttered and untidy study, and one day asks a visiting friend if he can see anything strange on the ceiling. “Don’t you see it?” he said. “ See what?” I shook my head and looked at him. “All right then,” he said abruptly. “Don’t see it!” This is the beginning of a newly discovered HG Wells ghost story, called The Haunted Ceiling, a macabre tale found in an archive that Wells scholars say they have never seen before. It will be published for the first time this week, in the Strand magazine . (15) TRUE GRIT. An unplanned furrow plowed when the Spirit rover suffered a broken wheel may have reaped a harvest of evidence for life on the Red Planet — “Scientists Think They Finally Found Evidence of Ancient Life on Mars” . What the researchers found was that El Tatio produces silica deposits that appear nearly identical to those found by Spirit in Gusev Crater on Mars. The discovery of these deposits in similar environments on both planets suggests life because it implies they were formed by a similar process—specifically, microbial organisms. “We went to El Tatio looking for comparisons with the features found by Spirit at Home Plate,” Ruff said in a statement . “Our results show that the conditions at El Tatio produce silica deposits with characteristics that are among the most Mars-like of any silica deposits on Earth.” Exploration by the Spirit rover was discontinued in 2010 when the front wheel broke, causing the rover to get stuck and plow across the ground. This mishap is actually what caused the digging that uncovered the rich deposit of pure silica, and now the discovery of the silica deposits in Chile may be enough to send a rover back to that same site on Mars. (16) ASK NOT FOR WHOM THE CHURRO TRUCK BELL TOLLS. You’ve got mail! @scalzi Damn it. I should have said, "I am driving through your town in a truck full of churros,," but I thought the other way implied this. Here’s the advance word on Sad Puppies Five , from a post today on Mad Genius Club. Sarah A. Hoyt could have had a Hugo if she wanted one — Also, the Hugo was not an object, or I could have captured one of the “least voted” categories by enjoining my fans to buy supporting memberships and get me a Hugo. But real fans aren’t interested in the Hugos. Oh, the real fans didn’t give it much attention or credit (and by real fans I mean people who REALLY read SF/F preferentially, not people who are using SF/F for social signaling, much less those who came to SF/F in the spirit of missionaries bringing their gospel to our field and trying to make us wear pants, or be literary, or whatever the tight-lipped scolds are obsessing on right now. Still, a disinterested professional (like Hoyt) looking over the field could see why something needed to be done: The problem with what happened to the Hugos is that it was objectively bad for the field.  Because having a Hugo allowed books entry to places that rarely carry SF, like supermarkets.  And then people who aren’t into the field will pick one up, casually, and decide it’s atrocious and run screaming. So, Sarah A. Hoyt will be leading Sad Puppies Five. Just don’t expect her to join the Worldcon or actually vote on the Hugo Awards — I am still not going to give them any money. But Sarah, you’ll say, how can you lead Sad Puppies 5, when you’re not going to nominate and vote on the Hugos. Well, as much as I hate to say this, the Hugos as the award Heinlein won, are dead.  There is nothing that can be done.  I’m not a necromancer.  In that sense the Sad Puppies won.  We proved the game is rigged, and we can walk away. Only she can’t walk away. She believes these Sad Puppies campaigns are the only thing that makes anyone pay attention to writers on her end of the spectrum. We’re still in the middle of a culture war.  And one of the things the — for lack of a better term — other side has is bully pulpits.  Now most of them are in the old paper media, and they’re not really read by fans of the field.  BUT still, they have magazines that publish recommended lists, and interviews with authors, and turn the spotlight on work they think should be read. We have nothing like that.  Yeah, yeah, Otherwhere Gazette, which might or might not be revived some day (depending on health and a million other things) but even if it is, will have to climb up into …. people’s awareness. And if we’re going to do that, we might as well tie it to the Sad Puppies effort, because hey, there is no such thing as bad publicity. So what will the 2017 Sad Puppies campaign look like? This year the Sad Puppies (5) will host a page, on which you can make recommendations, and which will, every month, give you a collated list of the 5 works with the most votes, in each subcategory (if we have that many, of course) and if/what awards they’re eligible for.  The list will also include mystery, where a lot of the indie are quite good and by and large unnoticed. Before the nominating dates for major awards, I’ll put a notice on the page, and a list of the however many (5 or 10) most recommended books for your consideration. Even though all this activity will be keyed to award deadlines, don’t think awards are important. Oh, no. However, the awards are NOT the point anymore.  Frankly in the hyper-distributed world of indie publishing, they might never be the point again. The point is to give science fiction and fantasy that escapes the bounds of what traditional publishers encourage — which is often not what the public at large will even read — and to promote the health and popularity of our genre. That’s the real goal – to let slip the surly bonds of New York publishing. No matter how many times Hoyt talks about the Hugo Awards, don’t let yourself be distracted…. 66 (1) DOGGONE IT. Once upon a time Republicans obeyed the Eleventh Commandment – “Thou shalt not speak ill of another Republican” – and I thought that Sad Puppies followed the same philosophy until I read J. C. Carlton chastising Kate Paulk in “The Sad Puppies Should Have Done Better” at The Arts Mechanical. What Happened To The Sad Puppies? In 2015 the Sad Puppies were a presence in SF and in culture in general.  In 2016 the Sad Puppies became almost a nonentity.  All through the year it was the Rabids that drove the show and that hurt both the Sad Puppies And possibly the future of Sf in the long term. I think that the problem is that Kate Paulk, when she took over leadership didn’t understand what she was getting herself into. I think that she thought that if she had a more moderate approach that the kind of beating around that the Sad Puppies got in 2015 would be moderated.  I’m not sure what led her to believe that, but there was. Then there was the launch of the Sad Puppies site, the nominations and then, nothing.  For months no reviews, no blog entries, nothing. It’s not as if she was off line either.  Yet for months she left the stage empty except for the Puppy Kickers and Vox.   I’m not sure why but it may be that she was hoping to avoid conflict.  Or she just got busy and could not give Sad Puppies the attention it deserved.  Yet there weren’t even any blog posts on either the Sad Puppies blog or the Mad Genius Club….. Essentially as result of inactivity the Puppies left the field to Vox and “Raptor Butt invasion.”  Which was funny for a while, but after a while you realize that it’s puppy butt that’s being invaded. Observant as Carlton is about some things, he’s completely in denial about others. As far as this goes, the Hugos are dead, The Puppies didn’t kill them, they were dead when Larry started the Puppies. The Hugos were dead because nobody cared anymore. The Puppies provoked a surge in support for the Hugos – the voter turnout for 2015 was 65% more than it was the previous year . The final statistics showed only a fraction supported Torgersen’s Sad Puppy or Vox Day’s Rabid Puppy slates. (2) DEFENDING KATE. Amanda S. Green was incensed over Carlton’s post. She penned a scalding response – “Really?” – for Mad Genius Club. (But she follows a common MGC trope of refusing to use the name of the person being held in contempt, referring to Carlton throughout as OP.) OP then spends time, after saying Kate didn’t give us reviews, etc., quoting others who take issue with her reviews of the Hugo nominees. Kate did more than most who were telling people who to vote for. She read everything in the Hugo packet and gave her honest opinions. But that obviously isn’t enough, especially since OP quotes notoriously anti-puppy sites to back his stance. Essentially as result of inactivity the Puppies left the field to Vox and “Raptor Butt invasion.”  Which was funny for a while, but after a while you realize that it’s puppy butt that’s being invaded. OMFG. I don’t know whether to beat my head against the wall or the OP’s. That statement is not that much removed from that of the other side telling SPs they had to denounce Vox or it proved we were all cut from the same cloth. One thing those of us closely involved with the Sad Puppy movement learned in 2015 is that there is nothing anyone can do to rein in Vox. We would have had Raptor Butt no matter what. Vox will do what he wants, when he wants and he doesn’t give a flying fuck who he bumps against in the process. The problem is that if there any desire to keep the Hugo Awards as anything other than a pissing contest between the vilest people in SF, we Puppies failed miserably.  The Rapids dominated the noms and the Kickers “No Awarded” every thing in sight, again. Both sides followed by crowing victory, when in fact everybody lost. See, here is the biggest problem with OP’s post. He thinks that Sad Puppies is about saving the Hugos. It isn’t. I’m not sure it ever was. It was about showing how the Awards have been manipulated and ruled over by a very small group of Fans, folks who don’t want the unwashed masses joining in their little club. The Hugos were effectively dead, at least to most fans, long before Larry started Sad Puppies. It is in its death throes now. Don’t believe it? Look at the rules changes that are being proposed and those that have been passed. Fans with a capital “F” want to to make sure they continue to control the awards. Most real fans aren’t going to pay the price of even an associate membership just to vote. Why should they when they can buy a number of books for the same price? … Sad Puppies 1 – 3 beautifully pointed out, and proved, the pettiness in Fandom. Sad Puppies 4 continued what Brad started with Sad Puppies 3, the ourtreach to those fans who didn’t understand what was going on. Fans who had been drawn in by the outrageous rhetoric from the other side started looking closer at Sad Puppies when Brad and his family were attacked. They started listening closer when Kate engaged only when she was forced to. So explain how, when Kate reached out and made connections with people how had never before considered backing the Sad Puppies, she failed in her job? There is more to this battle than whipping out your dick and proving it is bigger than the other guy’s. Kate understood that. We should be thanking her for taking on the job instead of condemning her because she didn’t do “the job” the way someone else wanted her to. (3) PUPPY SEASON APPROACHING? And in a comment on the previous post, Amanda S. Green predicts we will hear very soon what’s coming next. George, there will be an announcement about this year’s effort within the next 24 hours, or so I’ve been assured. (4) I WONDER WHO THEY MEAN. For another example of an MGC columnist refusing to use someone’s name, last week Kate Paulk, in “The Good Kind of Othering” , never mentioned N.K. Jemisin by name but everyone in the comments section knew exactly who she was dissing. In an attempt to stay well away from the toxic soup of political matters, I’ve spent a lot of time this past week doing Other Stuff. This, I promise you, is a Good Thing, because my snark-o-matic was maxed out and the uber-cynical button stuck in the ‘on’ position. While I’m quite sure there are those who enjoyed the results, it’s tiring and kind of draining when it lasts long enough: I’m the kind of extreme introvert who needs plenty of down time to recover from bouts of mega-snark. Which means that I really, really shouldn’t go near the rather sad rant of a certain award-winning author who managed to let slip that she knows she’s a token winner but still thinks that’s okay because those who disagree are ___ist. (5) EVERYTHING BUT PUPPIES. Once upon a time there was Walt Kelly’s Pogo comic strip. The anthropomorphized animals in the strip inspired Walt Willis and Bob Shaw, assisted by Vince Clarke, Chuck Harris, and James White, to produce a 1952 fanzine called Fen Crittur Comical Books [PDF file] – which is now available online at Fanac.org. The cast of Fen Critturs includes Pogo Hoffum, Harlan Owl “an organsing genius”, and Birdbury “a vile pro.” (6) THEY MAKE A DESERT, AND CALL IT A MINISERIES. Frank Herbert’s Dune has been optioned for possible TV and film projects reports Variety . Legendary Entertainment has acquired the rights from the Frank Herbert estate for his iconic novel “ Dune ,” granting the production entity the film and television motion picture rights to the work. The agreement calls for the development and production of possible film and TV projects for a global audience. The projects would be produced by Thomas Tull, Mary Parent and Cale Boyter, with Brian Herbert, Byron Merritt and Kim Herbert serving as executive producers. (7) HINES STARTS FUNDRAISER AUCTIONS. Today Jim C. Hines posted the first of a bunch of SF/F auctions he’s doing as a fundraiser. Going under the hammer are two autographed Star Wars novels from Chuck Wendig. Welcome to the first of 24 Transgender Michigan Fundraiser auctions . Transgender Michigan was founded in 1997, and continues to run one of the only transgender helplines in the country, available 24/7 at 855-345-8464. Every tax-deductible donation helps them continue to provide support, advocacy, and education. We begin the fundraiser with autographed copies of the Star Wars novels AFTERMATH (paperback) and AFTERMATH: LIFE DEBT (hardcover), by Chuck Wendig. (8) AMAZON’S BEST SFF OF 2016. Now it’s Amazon’s turn to tell you its selections as the best science fiction and fantasy of 2016 . Twenty titles, mostly familiar, but including a couple I don’t remember seeing anyone here discuss before. (9) REFINING YOUR GOLDEN WORDS. Cat Rambo based this post on a day-long workshop she just taught at Clarion West: “For Writers: Re-visioning, Rewriting, and Other Forms of Fine-Tuning Your Fiction” . Stage II of the Revision Process: You marked all over the printout, making changes and then incorporated them. Here I print out a fresh copy, because unfortunately my process is not particularly eco-conscious. Now you’re looking at a finer level than the first pass. Stage I was coarse sandpaper; now you’re moving to a finer grade. This is the point where I look hard at paragraphing, splitting up overly long paragraphs, using single sentence paragraphs for an occasional punch, and making sure the first and last paragraph of every scene works, creating a transition that doesn’t allow the reader to escape the story. I have an unfortunate propensity for scattering scene breaks through my work; this is the place where I remove a lot of them, because I know that every time one occurs, it bumps the reader out of the story and reminds them that they’re reading. I also remove a lot of unnecessary speech tags at this point. I make sure the speaker is identified every third or fourth speech act in two people dialogue so the reader never has to count back in order to figure out who is talking at any point. I’m also looking at sentence length. Here is an exercise that may be useful: take a page of your prose and go through counting how many words are in each sentence. If they are all around the same length, it creates a sense of monotony. Split things up. Short sentences have punch; long sentences full of polysyllabic words create a languorous, dreamy feel that may be desirable to your narrative yet radically slows things down on the page. (Did you catch what I did there?) (10) SPACE NEIGHBORS. If E.T. phones your home, Stephen Hawking’s advice is – don’t answer. Hawking’s comments are motivated by a fear of what the aliens would do to us if they find us. In his mind, the aliens are the Spanish Conquistador Cortez and we are the Aztecs he made contact with in central America. Tribal warfare, genocide and ethnic cleansing have been part of our history for thousands of years. Hawking’s fear is a fear of what we have done to ourselves. Would advanced alien civilisations be as barbaric as we are? Are our genocidal tendencies at all representative of advanced alien civilisations? Maybe. Hawking says he worries that any aliens “will be vastly more powerful and may not see us as any more valuable than we see bacteria”. (11) PRESIDENTIAL MEDAL OF FREEDOM. A programming pioneer: “Margaret Hamilton, Apollo Software Engineer, Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom” . The very first contract NASA issued for the Apollo program (in August 1961) was with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to develop the guidance and navigation system for the Apollo spacecraft. Hamilton, a computer programmer, would wind up leading the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory (now Draper Labs). Computer science, as we now know it, was just coming into existence at the time. Hamilton led the team that developed the building blocks of software engineering – a term that she coined herself. Her systems approach to the Apollo software development and insistence on rigorous testing was critical to the success of Apollo. As she noted, “There was no second chance. We all knew that.” Her approach proved itself on July 20, 1969, when minutes before Armstrong and Aldrin landed on the Moon, the software overrode a command to switch the flight computer’s priority system to a radar system. The override was announced by a “1202 alarm” which let everyone know that the guidance computer was shedding less important tasks (like rendezvous radar) to focus on steering the descent engine and providing landing information to the crew. Armstrong and Aldrin landed on the Moon, rather than aborting the approach due to computer problems. In fact, the Apollo guidance software was so robust that no software bugs were found on any crewed Apollo missions, and it was adapted for use in Skylab, the Space Shuttle, and the first digital fly-by-wire systems in aircraft. Hamilton was honored by NASA in 2003, when she was presented a special award recognizing the value of her innovations in the Apollo software development. The award included the largest financial award that NASA had ever presented to any individual up to that point. Today, Margaret Hamilton is being honored again – this time at the White House. President Obama has selected her as a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The highest civilian award of the United States, it is awarded to those who have made an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, to world peace, or to cultural or other significant public or private endeavors. (13) TOM HANKS GOES TO THE WHITE HOUSE…AGAIN. Actor Tom Hanks also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom today. The news reminded John King Tarpinian of a favorite anecdote: Here is another cute story that is not specifically about Ray but at a Ray event.  As you know, if a library called Ray would come, even libraries that did not need financial help.  The last time, and I mean very last time, Ray was guest of honor for the Beverly Hills library he basically held court for the rich and famous.  Even the docents for the library were people of note. A table was setup for Ray to chat with people and sign books, most of them personalized.  The library had pre-sold books or was given books by patrons who could not attend.  A docent would bring out half a dozen books at a time.  I’d take the books, open them to the signature page, then pass them to Ray for signing. Ray’s caregiver was standing on the other side of Ray when the first batch of books were brought out.  He looks at the docent and says to him, “Have people ever told you that you look like a younger Tom Hanks?”  The response from the docent was, “Yes, I have been told that before.”  I have a big grin on my face as he looks over to me and gives an all knowing wink.  The docent was Colin Hanks. This came to mind because Tom Hanks received the Medal of Freedom from the president today. Barack Obama presents Medal of Freedom to Tom Hanks, Bruce Springsteen and Michael Jordan https://t.co/YoIdxWWa2L via @telegraphnews 68 (1) FREE CLIMATE CHANGE SF ANTHOLOGY. Twelve stories from the Climate Fiction Short Story Contest are collected in Everything Change, a new fiction anthology from Arizona State University’s Imagination and Climate Futures Initiative (ICF). Kim Stanley Robinson wrote the foreword, and there is also an interview with Pablo Bacigalupi. In the midst of Earth’s hottest year on record, the effects of climate change are more apparent than ever. But how do we come to grips with the consequences on the ground, for actual people in specific places? New York Times bestselling science fiction author Paolo Bacigalupi believes the answer lies in fiction: “Fiction has this superpower of creating empathy in people for alien experiences. You can live inside of the skin of a person who is utterly unlike you.” The anthology includes the grand prize winner of the Climate Fiction Short Story Contest, “Sunshine State,” a quasi-utopian disaster story set in the Florida Everglades. The story’s authors, Adam Flynn and Andrew Dana Hudson of Oakland, CA, will receive a $1000 prize, and four other prizewinners will receive book bundles signed by Bacigalupi. The contest received 743 submissions from 67 different countries and from more than half of the states in the U.S. The title Everything Change is drawn from a quote by Margaret Atwood , the first Imagination and Climate Futures lecturer in 2014. The book is free to download, read, and share in PDF, EPUB, and MOBI formats at the Imagination and Climate Futures website , and at the Apple iBooks store and the Kobo store. Table of Contents: Yakos Spiliotopoulos, “Into the Storm” Ed Finn, “Praying for Rain: An Interview with Paolo Bacigalupi” (2) THE TIMES THEY ARE A-CHANGIN’. The New York Times reports on another history-making moment in the career of this musician: “Bob Dylan Awarded Nobel Prize in Literature” . Half a century ago, Bob Dylan shocked the music world by plugging in an electric guitar and alienating folk purists. For decades he continued to confound expectations, selling millions of records with dense, enigmatic songwriting. Now, Mr. Dylan, the poet laureate of the rock era, has been rewarded with the Nobel Prize in Literature, an honor that elevates him into the company of T. S. Eliot, Gabriel García Márquez, Toni Morrison and Samuel Beckett. Mr. Dylan, 75, is the first musician to win the award, and his selection on Thursday is perhaps the most radical choice in a history stretching back to 1901. In choosing a popular musician for the literary world’s highest honor, the Swedish Academy, which awards the prize, dramatically redefined the boundaries of literature, setting off a debate about whether song lyrics have the same artistic value as poetry or novels. (3) CALIFORNIA COLLECTIBLES LAW UPDATE. The American Booksellers Association says: “California Collectibles Bill Clarification Expected” . At press time, Bookselling This Week learned that California Assemblywoman Ling Ling Chang plans to submit a letter to the state legislature stipulating that a new law covering the sales of collectibles does not apply to either general bookstores or author signing events. Chang was the sponsor of the bill. The law requires sellers of signed books and artwork to provide the buyer with a certificate of authenticity (COA) for any item sold for $5 or more. “While ABA’s reading of the bill matched that of Assemblywoman Chang’s intent in drafting the law — that the law was meant specifically for the collectibles industry to stave off fraud — we are grateful for how responsive Assemblywoman Chang and her staff were to the concerns of booksellers,” said David Grogan, senior public policy analyst for ABA. “It also clearly shows how much of an impact booksellers can have when they voice their concerns to their legislators. We are happy that a clarification is expected to be entered into the record.” The clarification comes as a direct response to a blog post and subsequent letters from independent bookstores in California. Concerned that some might assume the law applied to general bookstores, Eureka Books in Eureka, Book Passage in Corte Madera, and others opposed the new law, fearing that it would have a negative financial impact on their businesses. (4) VENUS IF YOU WILL. Here’s a clickbait-worthy headline: “Why Obama may have picked the wrong planet” .  And as a bonus, the article quotes SF writer and NASA scientists Geoffrey Landis. On Tuesday, Obama published an op-ed at CNN laying out his vision (once again) for visiting Mars. “We have set a clear goal vital to the next chapter of America’s story in space: sending humans to Mars by the 2030s and returning them safely to Earth, with the ultimate ambition to one day remain there for an extended time,” he wrote. The Obama administration has been pursuing a visit to Mars for years. But Obama may be overlooking an easier target, if the arguments of one NASA researcher (and numerous supporters) are to be believed. While Mars may seem to be an attractive destination, we should consider sending people to Venus instead, these people argue…. You see, Mars is a challenging destination. It’s far away, the gravity is a fraction of Earth’s — posing additional health hazards beyond the lack of atmospheric radiation shielding — and you have to be suited up just to breathe outside. By contrast, Venus is a lot closer to Earth than Mars is. At their closest points, Venus is only 25 million miles away, compared with Mars’s 34 million miles . The shorter distance means you’d need less time and fuel to get there, reducing the cost. And although Venus’s surface temperature is hot enough to melt metal, and the crushing pressure will squish you like a bug, the upper atmosphere is actually rather habitable. “At about 50 kilometers above the surface the atmosphere of Venus is the most earthlike environment (other than Earth itself) in the solar system,” wrote Geoffrey Landis, a NASA scientist, in a 2003 paper . Landis has spent much of his career dreaming up ways to make a human trip to Mars actually feasible, so he knows what he’s talking about. At high altitude, Venusian temperatures are hot but not unbearable, and the barometric pressure drops to the equivalent of one Earth atmosphere. You’d have droplets of sulfuric acid to worry about, but only if your skin is directly exposed. It helps that NASA has already taken steps to research a manned mission to Venus. (5) RON MILLER ON SPACESHIPS. Smithsonian.com plugs artist Ron Miller’s new opus from Smithsonian Books in “How Artists, Mad Scientists and Speculative Fiction Writers Made Spaceflight Possible” . The realization of human spaceflight has long stood as a testament to the power of human temerity, a triumph of will and intellect alike. Pioneers such as Yuri Gagarin, Neil Armstrong and Sally Ride have been immortalized in the annals of history. Their impact on terrestrial society is as indelible as the footprints left by the Apollo astronauts on the windless surface of the Moon. Perhaps yet more wondrous than the Cold War-era achievement of extraterrestrial travel, however, is the long and meandering trail that we as a species blazed to arrive at that result. Such is the argument of author-illustrator Ron Miller , an inveterate spaceship junkie and one-time planetarium art director at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. Miller’s just-published book,  Spaceships: An Illustrated History of the Real and the Imagined  from Smithsonian Books , is a paean to the exploratory yearning of humankind across the centuries. The profusely illustrated volume tracks technological watersheds with diligence, but its principal focus is those starry-eyed visionaries, the dreamers…. (6) TOO TANGLED FOR TINGLE? I was wondering what the chances were of Chuck Tingle setting up his own SadPuppies.com site when it’s Hugo season again. But Huge Domains already has that registered and is asking $1,895 for the rights. Well then, what about SadPuppies5.com? Nope, that’s registered, too , by a proxy that contains a reference to the real Sad Puppies site, SadPuppies.org – have they been thinking ahead? Of course, if Tingle wanted  to make a File 770 reference, he could always start up SadPuppiesSecond5th – and that would be fine by me. (7) VULICH OBIT. Special effects make-up artist John Vulich died October 13 . Dread Central recalls: Vulich worked on some of the horror genre’s most classic films and TV shows such as “Buffy the Vampire Slayer,” George A. Romero’s Day of the Dead, The Dark Half, Castle Freak, From Beyond, Ghoulies, Dolls, TerrorVision, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Part 2, The Lost Boys, Two Evil Eyes, “The X-Files,” “Angel,” and “Werewolf: The Series” and was one of the founders of Optic Nerve Studios. (8) TODAY’S BIRTHDAY BOY Born October 13, 1957 — Chris Carter, creator of “The X-Files.” (9) FIFTH NEWS IS BEASTLY. We’re always on the lookout for news items featuring the number five. I may run only about 10% of them, but Tor.com broke through with “J.K. Rowling Confirms There Will Be Five Fantastic Beasts Films” . At Warner Bros’ global fan event for Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them today, the studio made a big announcement: There will be five Fantastic Beasts films total, instead of the trilogy, as originally thought. Not 'at least.' Five. Five movies. https://t.co/61YvDIKPsG — J.K. Rowling (@jk_rowling) October 13, 2016 (10) SHOCKED, I TELL YOU. In “thoughts on the processing of words” at Text Patterns, a blog on The New Atlantis website, Baylor University English professor Alan Jacobs gives a long review of Matthew Kirschenbaum’s Track Changes: A Literary History of Word Processing, including the revelation that the first author to write a book on a word processor was not Gerrold, Pournelle, or Crichton, but historical novelist Gay Courter. In any case, the who-was-first questions are not as interesting or as valuable as Kirschenbaum’s meticulous record of how various writers — Anne Rice, Stephen King, John Updike, David Foster Wallace — made, or did not quite make, the transition from handwritten or typewritten drafts to a full reliance on the personal computer as the site for literary writing. Wallace, for instance, always wrote in longhand and transcribed his drafts to the computer at some relatively late stage in the process. Also, when he had significantly altered a passage, he deleted earlier versions from his hard drive so he would not be tempted to revert to them. (11) LACKING THAT CERTAIN SOMETHING. IGN’s’ video interview with the actor reveals “Why George Takei Doesn’t Like the New Star Trek Movies and the Old Animated Series” . Mr. Sulu explains why he doesn’t like the Star Trek cartoon and reveals the magic ingredient he believes the new films are missing. The Star Trek 50th Anniversary TV and Movie Collection Blu-ray Boxset is out now. (12) WELLS MEETS SOLOMON. Richard Chwedyk’s “Teaching Stuff: Vast and Cool and Unsympathetic” at the SFWA Blog tells about a fascinating exercise: Here’s an assignment I give my students: They receive a copy of the first chapter of H. G. Wells’ War of the Worlds. It is roughly 2,250 words. I tell the students that Mr. Wells has just received a note from his editor. “Great stuff, Herbie, but you go on too long here. Cut this first chapter in half.” How to make 2,250 words into 1,125 words? Mr. Wells, alas, has passed on. Fortunately for us, so has the novel’s copyright. …Ask students to do this to their own stories and their faces turn ashen. Their babies? By half? What madness is this? So by practicing at first on Wells, they can see what the process entails before going on to apply the knife to their own deathless prose. The exercise not only requires careful editorial skills, but an equally careful reading of the text. What’s important in the telling? What’s icing on the cake? (13) DEEP READING. Connie Willis, in an article for Unbound Worlds, discusses her new book Crosstalk – “Connie Willis Wants You to Think Twice About Telepathy” . What led me to write Crosstalk?  Oh, lots of things.  For one, like everybody else, I’ve always been intrigued by the idea of telepathy and have often thought how nice it would be to be able to tell what other people were thinking, to know if they were lying and how they really felt about you.  For another, I live in Colorado, home of the infamous Bridey Murphy, who started the whole channeling-past-lives thing back in the fifties by claiming she’d had a previous life in nineteenth-century Ireland.  Which turned out not to be true and which left me with a healthy skepticism of all things paranormal, from psychics to Dr. Rhine’s ESP experiments. (14) WHAT’S WRONG WITH THINKING OUT LOUD. She also did an interview with The Verge:  “Novelist Connie Willis explains why telepathy is a terrible superpower” . You’ve said many of your stories are about working through arguments with yourself, and working through different aspects of the idea you obsess over. Are you working through an argument in Crosstalk? Well, looking at the society we’re living in right now, we’re bombarded with information. We have all these new ways of communicating. We can talk face-to-face to somebody in Asia, you can have a best friend who lives across the world. But our relationships don’t seem to be improving radically as a result of all this extra communication. We’re always looking to technology, thinking it can solve our human problems. Usually it does, but with big side effects we hadn’t counted on. It’s an argument I don’t know how to solve. I’m not suggesting we go be Luddites. But occasionally I’m on panels with all these really gung-ho tech people, and they’re like, “Oh this new development will solve all our problems.” And I think “Anything that solves all our problems will create a whole mess of new problems that would have never occurred to us.” We need to start thinking more in terms of cost-benefit analysis. Maybe that would be more productive. But mostly with Crosstalk, I just wanted to have fun with the idea of whether communication is a good idea, generally. Not tech communication, communication between people. Most people would say, “We all need more communication in our relationships.” But really, most relationships benefit from all the things we don’t say, all the things we keep to ourselves. (15) MEMORIES. In a Rue Morgue interview, the actress looks back: “35 years of pleasant screams: an interview with Cassandra Peterson, aka ELVIRA” . When it comes to the horror genre, there are many icons in the business but none more so than a woman who created a character that has permeated pop culture; her name is Cassandra Peterson and her wonderful, wicked, and hilarious alter ego is Elvira, Mistress Of The Dark. For 35 years, the sexy, dark, and comedic valley girl/gothic goddess has appeared on television, film, pinball machines, comic book covers, record albums, and any other product you could imagine. She is one of the most beloved incarnations in history, and is still surging in popularity to this very day. Peterson herself is now in her mid-sixties but looks like she has discovered the fountain of youth, or made a deal with the devil, she is absolutely beautiful and timeless. Her comedic timing is unmatched, quick fire and quite daunting considering the jokes come straight from her mind like bullets, one of the funniest women alive, hands down. She is also one of the hardest working women in the business, an actress who became her own boss and made her own rules (and still does); truly an inspiration in regard to drive, conviction, and perseverance. Rue Morgue spoke to Peterson about her 35th Anniversary and her new photo book, entitled  ELVIRA MISTRESS OF THE DARK , which is a love letter to her fans, and a testament to her many years as a reigning queen in horror comedy…. (16) ACES AND BAIT. In addition to the news I missed while I was in the hospital, I also fell behind reading Adventures With Kuma. From August — “Dodge City Bear” . Bears wents to lots of places todays. Boys will writes abouts bigs holes in the grounds laters. Bears gots to plays a games in Dodges Citys withs a nices Doctors nameds Hollidays. Bears saids, “Bears has fives fishes. Whats yous gots?”   [Thanks to John King Tarpinian, Joseph Eschrich, Bartimaeus, Sean R. Kirk, and Andrew Porter for some of these stories. Title credit goes to File 770 contributing edtor of the day Cath.] 60 (1) DISENCHANTED. Sharon Lee responded to the Best Series Hugo announcement in this “Sunday Morning Award Rant” . There’s never been a Hugo for Best Series, which might strike some as odd, seeing as series is, and has always been, the backbone of science fiction and fantasy literature.  The thought, for many years, was that A Good Book Will Out, no matter if it was part of a series, or a standalone, and, indeed, many books which were parts of series have won the Novel Hugo (*).  In any case, the system kinda sorta worked most of the time, for most of the works involved. Sort of like Ankh-Morpork under the Patrician’s rule, really. However, the idea of a Series Hugo had been kicked around for a number of years, and the Collected Wisdom of the Business Meetings decided to go for it, despite the very real difficulties in administering — or even voting on — such an award. What difficulties, you may ask?…. (2) ANIME CASHES IN. Makoto Shinkai’s latest movie is the highest-grossing film in Japan this year . The Guardian has the story. Themes of body swapping, the search for love and a frantic quest to save a town from imminent destruction have combined to propel a Japanese animated film to box office gold, and prompted talk that the country has found its successor to the globally acclaimed director Hayao Miyazaki . Your Name , Makoto Shinkai’s fantasy about two teenagers drawn together by gender-swapping dreams, has been seen by more than 8 million people since its release in August, beating the hugely popular Godzilla Resurgence to become the highest-grossing film in Japan this year, and the ninth highest of all time. It has earned more than 10bn yen (£77m) in box office receipts, an anime milestone previously achieved only by Miyazaki’s films. (3) PUPPY CENSUS. Greg Hullender’s “Slate Voting Analysis Using EPH Data: 2014-2016” at Rocket Stack Rank confirmed that what I expected would happen actually did. Look at Best Fanzine! Very few of the Rabid puppies were able to bring themselves to vote for File 770, even with Vox urging them on. I’m less clear on why almost half rejected “Penric’s Demon.” (4) HANDICAPPING TAKEI. When the animated Star Trek series premiered on a Saturday morning in the fall of 1973, the episode seen in the rest of the country was barred from being aired in Los Angeles because of local election politics . Tom Bradley had been elected mayor of Los Angeles, the city’s first African-American mayor, on 29 May 1973. He’d been the City Councilman for its Tenth District prior to becoming mayor. The city had a special election held on 18 September 1973 to fill Bradley’s vacated position. Bradley had endorsed political consultant David Cunningham, Jr. to fill his seat. A few other men and women also campaigned for it. One of them was George Takei. Nineteen years after the special election, Cunningham was quoted in the Los Angeles Times as saying, “If you don’t exercise political muscle by voting, you are not part of anything but a nondescript group.” Apparently he knew something about the use of political muscle. Complaints were raised during the 1973 campaign for the Tenth District seat—possibly by Cunningham, possibly by a nondescript group: there was no published list of named complainers found at this point in time—regarding Takei’s recognition level within the voting population being higher than for other candidates because of his portrayal of Sulu on ST: TOS.  As a result of the Federal Communication Commission’s equal-time rule regarding political candidates on television, reruns of the original series were not broadcast in Los Angeles until the special election had ended. Which brings us, once again, to 8 September 1973. The Los Angeles NBC affiliate KNBC didn’t broadcast “Beyond the Farthest Star” on that date like every other network affiliate in America; instead, it broadcast the episode scheduled to follow it, “Yesteryear”, because Takei-as-Sulu had no dialogue, nor was his character a part of the plotline, which his above-mentioned political opponents were convinced would be a factor in the election. The following week, KNBC broadcast “Yesteryear” again. “Beyond the Farthest Star” wasn’t shown in Los Angeles for the first time until 22 December 1973. (5) LOOK UP. Here are the prime viewing dates for the Orionid Meteor Shower – and what luck, you don’t need premium cable for this. In 2016, the Orionid meteor shower will be visible from October 2 to November 7. The shower is expected to peak on the night of October 20 and early morning of October 21. When Can I See the Orionids? Orionids tend to be active every year in the month of October , usually peaking around October 20. At its peak, up to 20 meteors are visible every hour. (6) TODAY IN HISTORY October 2, 1950 — The “Peanuts” comic strip by Charles M. Schulz was published for the first time. October 2, 1955 — Alfred Hitchcock Presents made its television debut. October 2, 1959 — The Twilight Zone, with host Rod Serling, premiered on U.S. television. (7) TELL IT TO GROUCHO. And three years after Twilight Zone launched, Rod Serling was enough of a celebrity to receive a spot on Groucho Marx’ show. (8) NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON’S GAME. “Expand your universe with Neil DeGrasse Tyson’s new video game” invites this Digital Trends article. Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson is entering the video game business. His new game, Neil deGrasse Tyson Presents: Space Odyssey, is an educational title developed to encourage players to explore space and science. Although in early development, it’s being designed as a building game. Space Odyssey asks players to create their own galaxies. While there are elements of MineCraft and Civilization baked into the experience, Mark Murphy, co-creator and developer of the game from Whatnot Entertainment, said it’s something unique. (9) AMAZING STORIES’ FICTION SCHEDULE. Starting October 5, Amazing Stories will begin posting the fiction comprising its Special Edition issue : Jeremy Lichtman (“Bob the Hipster Knight”); October 5 Alex Shvartsman (“How Gaia and the Guardian Saved the World”); October 12 Vince Liberato (“Parental Guidance Recommended”); October 19 Stephen Power (“The Sounding Cataract”); October 26 Karen Skovmand (“The Mesmerist”); November 2 Trent Walters (“Awake the Snorting Citizens With the Bell”); November 9 James Gordon Harper (“A Clean Start”) ; November 16 Matt Downer (“The Size of the Fight”); November 22 Stuart Barton (“Lost Phoenixes”); November 23 Sean Monaghan (“Penny of Tharsis Montes”); November 24 We will be publishing two additional stories in addition to those Gernsback award winning stories: Kermit Woodall (“We’re all Here in the Future”); November 30 David Gerrold (“The Great Milo”); December 7 The above will also be compiled into a special edition issue of the magazine and released in electronic and POD formats. (10) KEEP ON CASTING. In “Fishing for Contracts” , Brad Torgersen tells Mad Genius Club readers the similarities between a writing career and sport fishing. I think it’s much the same with the new world of indie publishing, too. In this case, you’re not selling to an editor, as much as you’re selling to the world at large. You’re still casting — each book or individual product is equivalent to throwing out a line. Whether or not your item(s) reel back the customers, is a calculated gamble. Having more item(s) on the market is much more likely to get you action, than having few, or one. More casting with more lures is upping your chances of getting strikes. If you happen to hit the right thing at the right time for the market, you may have the fish practically jumping out of the water at you. But you can’t have a moment like that, unless you can produce first. And production comes down to having a plan, sticking to that plan, and not letting the “skunked” days — when the fish aren’t biting — throw you off your game. Also, don’t be fooled into thinking accouterment is a replacement for either craft, or effort. I have known some writers who devote far, far more time to attending writing workshops and using the latest software, or creating the perfect home office for themselves, than they do actually putting words down on the blank page. I think they mistake the trappings of the writerly life, for actual writing. An all-too-easy mindset to fall into, I know from experience! Believe me. But then, all I have to do is look at my little, abused, green-plastic Flambeau box — with its attendant bargain-shopper no-name pole and reel — to be reminded of the fact that you don’t need a $2,000 laptop with the latest genius manuscript program, to haul in a lunker. My first award-winner for Analog was written on a hand-me-down POS computer from work — during nights I hunched at my daughter’s vinyl-padded play table in the unfinished basement. Because it was the only quiet spot I could find, when the family was fast asleep. (11) NATHAN FILLION AT MOSCOW COMIC CON. This is news to me – a comic con in Russia . Actor Nathan Fillion has been cracking us up since his role on the TV show Castle — and we couldn’t be more excited for him to keep us laughing in his new role on Modern Family as a weatherman named — wait for it — Rainer Shine. But lately, his Instagram is where the jokes are at. Nathan is currently in Moscow attending Russia Comic Con 2016, and following along has been a feast of comedic delights. See for yourself: A photo posted by Nathan Fillion (@natefillion) on Sep 29, 2016 at 11:10pm PDT (12) FRAUD AT BAT POLLS? Me TV ranked all 37 villains from the Sixties Batman TV series . I can’t believe The Riddler is Number One! I was always partial to Burgess Meredith squawking it up as The Penguin. 1. The Riddler (No. 1)  Frank Gorshin Gorshin appeared in nine episodes, far fewer than Meredith; however, he did earn an Emmy nomination for his work. As the only actor singled out for such an honor, he deserves a place at the top. [Thanks to Dawn Incognito, Steve Davidson, and John King Tarpinian for some of these stories. Title credit goes to File 770 contributing editor of the day Jack Lint.] 111 (1) SUMMER IN ORCUS HAS LAUNCHED.  A certain T. Kingfisher has released the first chapter of a new serial, Summer in Orcus . Also known as Ursula Vernon, and RedWombat, Kingfisher filled readers in on the schedule… : I will be posting links here as they go live, never fear! It will be up Tuesdays and Thursdays, and we’re going to try bonus content on Sundays–little snippets about the world of Orcus and so forth–once we’ve had a few weeks to settle in, and I’ll do my best to get an RSS feed working as well for people who don’t check back here frequently. Long-time readers will recognize the start of the story–“Hey! It’s the one with Baba Yaga!”–as having been posted here. Yup, that’s the one, and I finally finished it… I’m all nervous and stuff. This is such a weird little book and I’m still not sure if anyone will like it or if they will throw tomatoes, but by god, I wrote it anyway, and thanks to the awesome people on Patreon, I can offer it free to the world. And the number of chapters … (Incidentally, I think there will be 34 chapters.) Each chapter is supposed to run around 2500 words, but there’s a fair amount of fluctuation, just because I didn’t want to break some things off in mid-sentence. So there’s a few short ones and a few reeeeeally long ones. But I suppose we’ll make do. The story begins this way : Once upon a time there was a girl named Summer, whose mother loved her very very very much. Her mother loved her so much that she was not allowed to play outside where someone might grab her, nor go away on sleepovers where there might be an accident or suspicious food. She was not allowed to go away to camp, where she might be squashed by a horse or bitten by diseased mosquitoes, and she most certainly was not allowed to go on the Ferris Wheel at the carnival because (her mother said) the people who maintain the machinery are lazy and not very educated and might get drunk and forget to put a bolt back on and the entire thing could come loose at any moment and fall down and kill everyone inside, and they should probably leave the carnival immediately before it happened…. (2) KICKSTARTER MEETS GOAL. The Kickstarter appeal for Oh, The Places You’ll Boldly Go! passed its $20,000 target. The Seuss/Star Trek parody mashup will be written by David Gerrold, with art by Ty Templeton. File 770 is celebrating by posting this image from the project, courtesy of editor Glenn Hauman. (3) BUCK ROGERS IN THE 21-AND-A-HALF CENTURY. Two families who once owned the rights to Buck Rogers are involved in a lawsuit over a pitch one made to Syfy, despite it being generally believed the rights are now in the public domain, says The Hollywood Reporter . Some believe that the fictional space explorer Buck Rogers, created in the 1920s by author Philip Francis Nowlan, is in the public domain. Notwithstanding this fact, Nowlan’s heirs are now on the defensive in a lawsuit that accuses them of breaching contact and diluting trademarks by pitching a “Buck Rogers” pilot to the Syfy Network. Buck Rogers first appeared in Nowlan’s 1929 novella Armageddon 2419 A.D and became a popular character in comic strips, radio programs and a motion picture series. Nowlan was under contract with John F. Dille’s National Newspaper Service, and when the author died in 1940, his wife fought Dille over intellectual property ownership. In 1942, the lawsuit was settled with Nowlan releasing claims and rights to Dille in exchange for $1,750. Last year, producer Don Murphy (Transformers, Natural Born Killers, League of Extraordinary Gentlemen) wanted to make a film based on Armageddon 2419 A.D, and after receiving an objection from the licensing representative of the Dille Family Trust, he  went to court to establish that “Buck Rogers” was in the public domain thanks to a failure to renew the copyright registration. But a Pennsylvania judge decided in March  not to entertain the case due to a lack of “actual controversy.” Meanwhile, the Dille Family Trust is suing the Nowlan Family Trust. According to the lawsuit, an agent of the Nowlan family met with Syfy representatives this past December. As part of a pitch for a “Buck Rogers” series, the Nowlans provided a “series bible” setting forth characters and descriptions for potential use. The Dille Family Trust claims that the pitch breached the 1942 agreement, and on Friday, a judge rejected a motion to dismiss the claim on the argument that the release of rights applied only to Nowlan’s late wife. (4) YOUR BUSINESS. Amanda S. Green’s “It’s A Business” at Mad Genius Club is a good admonition for new writers who still have stars in their eyes about the money they imagine will be rolling in. But, Amanda, you get those huge advances and you don’t have to work any longer. Wrong. And this is where you have to remember that this is a business. Most advances, especially for “new” authors fall in the four-digit range. Yes, some new authors get more but they are the except and not the rule. You don’t get the advance all at one time and you aren’t going to see any more money from the publisher until you have earned out the advance and, believe me, that doesn’t happen very often. How can it when publishers use Bookscan to determine how many books are sold instead of a simple inventory tracker program? That means you have to make sure you have a way to pay your bills between advances. This is why the vast majority of writers aren’t full-time writers. They have families to feed and are like me. They like having a roof over their heads and food in the fridge. Even if your first book is a success, you don’t know that the second book will be. More importantly, if you are publishing traditionally, you have no guarantee that the readers will remember you two years or more after your first book by the time the second book comes out. Remember, when you publish traditionally, you have no control over when your book is released and you are just one of many the publisher is having to slot into a finite number of slots per month. (5) VOTE BOTH. Ryk E. Spoor, who has both self-pubbed and been published by Baen, warns about “The False Dichotomies of Publishing” . Thus, while there are indeed two divisions of publishing, it’s not really a simple matter of choice in deciding which one you want. The only people for whom it is such a choice are those who are so successful that they know that anything they write can be sold to a traditional publisher – people like Stephen King, for example. Such people know that they can even write “niche” books and get them published by a big publishing house because their other, more popular books will pay for these occasional low-profit ventures. Most of us, however, are not and will never be in that category. Another common false dichotomy is “have no control over your manuscript, or have complete freedom with self-publishing”. While there have been, and probably still are, some publishers with really, really bad editors that will take apart manuscripts for their own entertainment, for the most part publishers aren’t there to dictate how you should write your stuff; after all, if they dictate it all to you, why not just write it themselves? As I have discussed before, the purpose of having editors is to make your work better but still in essence yours. This points to the falsity on the flip side as well. Sure, you can have complete control of your work, write it and throw it right up on Amazon without anyone saying a word against it. But that’s almost certainly doing your work a terrible disservice. There may, possibly, be a few people who are so very good at separating themselves from their own work that they can honestly and dispassionately examine and edit that work. But I have never met someone like that. You need exterior views, and preferably a viewpoint that doesn’t have a vested interest in agreeing with you that your work is perfect. (6) MORE WRITING CAREER ADVICE. Here are some tips for getting your novel published during a Skeleton Apocalypse. Tips for getting your novel published during a Skeleton Apocalypse — Richard Kadrey (@Richard_Kadrey) September 20, 2016 (7) ROCKET TO THE MORGUE MOON. So that’s what happened to all the pizza boxes we stuffed in the time machine. Click here . (8) THE HERMIONE GRANGER BOOKS. Sarah Gailey writes a fascinating analysis of “Hermione Granger: More Than a Sidekick” at Tor.com. This is something that the Harry Potter fan community has been discussing for years: Hermione drives the story because she has her own story. No one in their right mind would trust 13-year-old Harry Potter with a Time Turner, but Hermione gets one and she deserves it. She dates a celebrity, and she outsmarts Rita Skeeter, and she does those things in the background of Harry’s story. She convinces Harry to be a figurehead in the fight against Voldemort, and she creates Dumbledore’s Army. She schedules the DA meetings, she creates the consequences for DA defectors, she creates the galleons that allow the DA to communicate in code. She researches horcruxes and how to destroy them. She rereads all of Hogwarts: A History. She shows up with the tools and the knowledge and prevents Harry and Ron from standing around looking perplexed while the world ends around them. She saves everyone’s bacon all the time by being smarter and better-prepared than anyone else. Those two boys would be dead a thousand times over without her intervention. She gets her own story, if you know how to look for it. She has her own narrative that’s completely separate from Harry’s. But does that make her a hero? (9) TODAY’S BIRTHDAY BOY Born September 20, 1948 – George R.R. Martin (10) PUPPIES SUBTRACTED. Aaron doesn’t have his own alternate trophies to give out, nevertheless he offers his ”Random Thought – 2016 ‘What Could Have Been’ Hugo Finalists” at Dreaming of Other Worlds. Location: An alternate, better reality. Comments: At the outset I want to make clear that this post is not an evaluation of what the 2016 list of Hugo finalists would have been had the E Pluribus Hugo system been in effect for the nomination process. I’ll be posting about that at a later date. What this post is is an attempt to figure out what the 2016 list of Hugo finalists would have looked like had the Sad and Rabid Puppy campaigns never existed. It is, quite simply, an attempt to expunge those votes attributable to the Sad and Rabid Puppy nominators to see who would have been Hugo finalists in their absence. This post is also an attempt to assess the impact Sad and Rabid Puppy campaigns once that information is at hand. (11) NOWHERESVILLE. The article “Solitude, Space Junk and Sea Monsters: the Eeriness of Point Nemo” begins with an attention-getting question: Q: What do sci fi pioneer Jules Verne, horror writer H.P. Lovecraft and the Russian space programme have in common? A: Their overlapping interest in an inhospitable corner of the South Pacific, only recently identified as the remotest part of the world’s oceans – Point Nemo. Nowhere in the world can you find a place further from dry land than Point Nemo. This oceanic pole of inaccessibility (1) is located at 48°52.6’S 123°23.6’W….. Decades before Point Nemo was named, and before satellites started raining down, H.P. Lovecraft used these lonely waters as the setting for R’lyeh, a “nightmare corpse city (…) built in measureless eons beyond history by the vast, loathsome shapes that seeped down from the dark stars”. In The Call of Cthulhu (1928), R’lyeh is described as “a coast-line of mingled mud, ooze, and weedy Cyclopean masonry which can be nothing less than the tangible substance of earth’s supreme terror … loathsomely redolent of spheres and dimensions apart from ours”. The sunken city is the prison of the giant monster Cthulhu, part octopus, part human, part dragon: “There lay great Cthulhu and his hordes, hidden in green slimy vaults”. His followers pray for his regeneration, repeating the phrase: Ph’nglui mglw’nafh Cthulhu R’lyeh wgah’nagl fhtagn (“In his house at R’lyeh, dead Cthulhu waits dreaming”). (12) LET’S KEEP IT REAL. There’s yet one more thing against the law in California. “Gov. Brown signs law that cracks down on fake celebrity autographs” .  In a way, you might have expected Gov. Schwarzenegger to have applied his autograph to such a law first…. An autographed collectible sold in California will need to come with a certificate that verifies it’s not a forgery under legislation signed by Gov. Jerry Brown. Brown signed the bill Friday to crack down on selling items with fake celebrity signatures. The proposal won the support of actor Mark Hamill earlier this year. Best known for his portrayal of Luke Skywalker in “Star Wars” films, Hamill often uses his Twitter account to sort out whether something has his genuine signature on it or has been forged. (13) ORIGIN OF BOOKS. Inspired by the current competition between digital and paper books, the BBC looks back to the mysterious origin of the book . The evidence is sparse but telling: archaeologists have discovered a few key scraps of papyrus whose text unexpectedly continues from the front to the back, and whose neat margins one might expect to find in a paged book. And that is exactly what these fragments are: they are leaves from the first paged books the world had ever seen. We know that the Romans called this new kind of book the codex (from caudex or tree trunk, because of its similarity to their wooden writing tablets), but how the codex came to be in the first place is shrouded in mystery. The first written mention of the codex appears in the words of a Roman poet named Martial, who encouraged his readers to buy his books in this new, paged format: “You who long for my little books to be with you everywhere and want to have companions for a long journey, buy these ones which parchment confines within small pages: give your scroll-cases to the great authors – one hand can hold me.” Written between 84 and 86 CE, Martial’s sales pitch tells us not only that paged books were known of in the First Century CE but also that some of them, at least, were made from a new material called parchment. (14) ABSTRACT DISNEY. This video by user “2veinte” called Disney Classics 1 is a recreation of classic Disney scenes just done with geometric shapes. It was done for the Disney Channel. [Thanks to Camestros Felapton, Mark-kitteh, JJ, Johan P, John King Tarpinian, iphinome, Hampus Eckerman, Steven H Silver, and Martin Morse Wooster for some of these stories. Title credit goes to File 770 contributing editor of the day Lis Carey.]

Charles M. Schulz

In music, what name is given to a note that is neither sharp nor flat?

Little Lulu Memories I Little Lulu Memories I I receive e-mail from many Little Lulu fans, and some of them have shared with me wonderful stories of their fond memories of reading Little Lulu comics. I would like to share such stories with others who visit this site. If you would like to share your story, please e-mail it to me at [email protected] . Please include the way you want to be acknowledged (first name, first and last name, e-mail address, etc.). I will start with my own story at the bottom, on Little Lulu Memories III , add more stories to the top of the page as I receive them, Little Lulu Memories II , and continue to add new memories to this page. Please share your story with us! You may send it to [email protected] . Be sure to put "LULU" somewhere in the Subject Line. January 11, 2011 Karen I too am a Little Lulu lover!  I do have some comics that I bought as a child.  My Mom would give me 15 cents once a week, I would buy a comic, & 3 long pretzels.  Once a month I would buy the "big" issue for 23 cents, and an egg cream (a chocolate soda) from the fountain and 3 long pretzels.  I was wondering if you know where to sell my collection.  I have about 5o comic books.  I am not good on the computer so e bay for me is out.  Would you have any suggestions?  I too have my original Lulu doll, few squeeze figures of Lulu & Tubby, even a purse!  Thank you soooooooooooo much.  It was much fun visiting your site.  Note from Michele: If you are interested in buying some Little Lulu items from Karen, you may contact her at [email protected]   October 25, 2010 Paul My wife had a Little Lulu doll when she was a child (It was her favorite), it was made in Spain and was made of cloth with Lulu's head completely vinyl. It was from the early 70's. I have been searching for this doll for several years but to no avail (I found one on an auction site but was outbid). Our 25th anniversary is approaching and I would desperately like to find one of these dolls. If anyone can help me find one, please e-mail me at [email protected]   Thanks, Paul July 8, 2009 Richard Came across the attached Little-Lulu-Kleenex-billboards picture while browsing the public library today and thought you might like to see it, if you haven't already. Cropped a bit, it comes from Times Square Spectacular by Darcy Tell (Smithsonian Books w/ HarperCollins 2007) and is credited to the National Archives Still Photo Unit (ca. 1947-1955. Little Lulu & Budweiser Spectaculars, Broadway at 43rd St). I also note the internet is now showing several billboard-related things in addition to your own website's classy picture postcards: http://cagle.msnbc.com/hogan/webextras16/marge/marge.asp has a couple of very good night-time photos of the signs http://www.nydailynews.com/news/galleries/entertainment/entertainment.html (go to picture #15 of the group) shows a Macy's parade balloon passing by them and http://www.metropolismag.com/html/content_0298/fe98vc.htm ("Signs of the times" by Dan Bischoff) describes the lavishly active version: "....There is nothing that compares...to Kleenex's animated spectacular featuring the cartoon character Little Lulu. From 1952 to 1965, its 10-foot-tall letters spelled out 'Kleenex' in neon, and another series of lights made Lulu jump from one letter to the next. Each time she landed, the letter would come alive with glowing neon. When she turned the corner, the neon Lulu grabbed a neon Kleenex and slid down the length of it to its neon box, and the cycle would begin again." Sounds like fun! Petra Hi, thank you so much for your site! I've been looking for a certain little lulu comic strip and can't find it anywhere (I have the hard copy that I clipped out of a newspaper a long long time ago somewhere, but I've moved cross continents and have yet to find it....). It is my alltime favorite Christmas cartoon strip. It's of Little Lulu writing to Santa... something like 'dear Santa Claus, I've a really good girl this year' then she erases and it reads 'dear Santa, I've been a good girl this year' erasing again to read 'dear santa, I've been a girl this year' I would LOVE it if I could have a copy of it digitally! Can you help? Thank you so much July 8, 2009 Peter Am I right? Witch Hazel and Little Itch gathered nickle nackle nuts (for magic?) or was it the Poor Little Girl who gathered them for food. Thanks !! I loved Lulu LOTS more than I ever liked the Nancy or (ugh) Henry comic strips. Lulu comics were quite funny. Note from Michele: The Poor Little Girl gathered beebleberries to take home so her mother could make beebleberry pie for their dinner. July 8, 2009 Jeannie I started to make my grand son coloring books for Christmas when a thought entered my mind. I use to buy every Lulu Book I could find, then they stopped being a dine and I grew older, So I said to myself, lets look up Lulu and I did. It was a little dissapointment that I could find any pictures to print, I wanted to give my Grandson some good memories that I grew up in. But I am enjoying myself with what I see, adding what I can to my picture file. It is like being a kid again seeing all these charaters that I grew up with. July 8, 2009 Lindsy So it was little Lulu! I use the B word all the time, and my husband thinks I'm nuts.  Can you send me something about her beebleberry lunches so I can show him?! Thanks Note from Michele: See http://michelesworld.net/dmm/lulu/comics/spell.htm for one of the many stories with beebleberries, "Little Itch's Spell." in LL #86. July 8, 2009 I seem to remember that Lulu was in the advertisements for Kleenex. Probably these advertisements were in The Saturday Evening Post, Life, or Look Magazine. July 8, 2009 Edenilson I liked your website very much. Maybe you don’t know, but in Brazil we had 221 issues of Luluzinha and 194 issues of Bolinha (Tubby) by Editora Abril, from 1974 to 1993. And several specials and other series. To fill all those comic books, many comics were produced by Editora Abril Studios (the same that was one of the biggest producers of Disney Comics in the world). The first Luluzinha comic book in Brazil was released by O Cruzeiro, in 1955. The first cover you show in Brazilian page is not a 1984 cover. It’s a cover of a Cruzeiro magazine, probably of the 60’s. By the way, this week we read a note in a Brazilian weekly magazine that in next month we will have, here in Brazil, a new comic book of Little Lulu: Luluzinha Teen e Sua Turma (something like ‘Teenager Lulu and her Friends’). Do you know something about that? For me it was a surprise. I didn’t know that comics of Lulu was still in production.   Note: A later message: I discovered, after sending that mail, that a big Brazilian publisher - Ediouro, through its Comic Division named Pixel  - had got the permission of Classic Media to produce and publish new comics of Lulu & Friends here in Brazil. This project caused a certain commotion here, in blogs, comic sites, magazines and newspapers. All because the comics would present Lulu as a teenager, and Tubby wouldn’t be fat anymore and so on. People didn’t like that very much, but the magazine went to newsstands at last June 6th and sold out. The publisher said that 100,000 comic books were printed. So, we can consider “Luluzinha Teen” one of the big hits of this year, till now. The comic book is in – more or less – manga style. Black and white, with some colored pages. The idea of Lulu Teen came from another successful release: Monica and the Gang, a Brazilian creation that is completing 50 years next days,  last year came out also in a manga version, with children characters converted to teenagers. And the magazine became suddenly the most sold comic book in the world (according to the publishers), selling more than 400,000 copies per month. Well, I can confess that I prefer Classic Lulu pretty much. But… Find here the cover of the first edition. If you want more info or scans, let me know. Visit the blog www.planetagibi.blogspot.com also. July 8, 2009 Wagers from Atlanta My father worked for the F.W. Woolworth company for more than 45 years. In 1953, when I was six years old, he was manager of a store in Knoxville, Tennessee. At the end of the day, he would come home for supper, and afterwards he would often return to the store to catch up on paperwork. Sometimes, he'd let me go with him. His "office" was a desk in the stockroom, and while he was busy reviewing reports and signing forms I would wander around and check out all the merchandise that was waiting to be placed on the counters out in the store. Of course, I gravitated to the shelves that held the next month's comic books. Little Lulu and especially Tubby were always my favorites, because as a middle-class only child I could relate to them far more easily than I could ever relate to Superman, Batman, or a barnyard animal (although my second favorites were Donald and Scrooge). I was forbidden to touch the other stuff, but my father did allow me to read the comics, as long as I handled them with care. It's one of my all-time favorite memories, reading those great stories underneath a bare light bulb that hung from a hook, and it made me extra happy to realize that I was reading these comics a few days or weeks before any of my friends did. (I told you I related to Tubby.) This is a great site. July 8, 2009 Carmen It seems as a person gets older they try to remember the past.  I know I have.   Little snippets from childhood are priceless.   When I heard the Lulu theme song after what must have been nearly 50 years... I got goose bumps.  As I watched the old Little Lulu cartoons my memory was jogged with leap frog and putting money in my sock. I will now not rest until I hear the song "now ya done it"  again.... Thank you for the memories.     July 8, 2009 Bill I enjoyed the "Little Lulu" website.  Didn't realize there was a lot more to Lulu history than just the cartoons I recall as a child.   Did you know there is a line missing from the theme song that plays, and the entire piece does not play?     Note from Michele: The themesong used on some of the older videos skips one line. Somewhere I have a version of the song that is complete. Whe I find it, I'll add it to this site. February 24, 2007 Kent When I was 12 and we were going to move from Provo, Utah to Ontario, California, Dad wanted me to give away my hundreds of comic books.  But I raised such a fuss that he gave in. He gave me an old metal trunk, and said I could take as many comics as I could fit in it.  I crammed!   That was in the summer of 1952.  I started Junior High School that fall, and pretty quickly outgrew buying comic books.  At some point Dad put the trunk up in the rafters of the garage, where he had nailed planks for storing stuff, and I forgot about it.   Fifty years later, I sold my parents' house, and a young cousin of mine pulled down that trunk from the rafters.  My heart was in my throat, as I figured the comics would all be termite-eaten piles of dust.  But............... they looked exactly as they had when I'd packed them in there!  I couldn't believe it.   I now have the trunk in my den in Phoenix, AZ.  I keep a pile of comics by my TV, and read them during commercials.  Mostly I've forgotten the stories, but every once in awhile a phrase leaps out at me - one I've remembered vividly all these years!   And of course, like you, LITTLE LULU was always my favorite!  So now I'm re-living my childhood with Lulu and Tubby, Annie and Iggy, Rollo the rich kid, Eddie, Gloria, the West Side Gang, and others!   I ran across your website by accident, while looking for an old logo for Buster Brown Shoes.    I couldn't help writing!   February 24, 2007 "I may be Feeble, but I'm not feeble!" "Yo Ho Ho!" "I hate girls! I hate all girls! Dang! Dang! Dang! Dang! Dang! Dang! Dang! Dang!" I'm just going by memory from the comics I read 40 to 45 years ago.  But I remember Iggy, or one of the boys, introducing his grandpa to the boys.  When they learn his name he says,  "I may be Feeble, but I'm not feeble!"  The boys then decide to initiate him into the club by telling him to put his hand in a hole in a tree.  Most people take it out right quick because they have a coon skin cap in there.  Granpa is not fooled, however and thinks it's a good joke. He then puts the hat on and the boys accept him into the club.  If I'm not getting my stories mixed up, Granpa then climbs the tree and tells Iggy, or whoever his grandson is, to tell his mother that Granpa might spend the night in the tree.  When he finally comes down, the boys tell him about Mum Day. Granpa then celebrates Mum Day by ignoring all girls and women, including his daughter, Iggy's mother.  Lulu pulls some trick on him to get him to speak and that's when he raves, "I hate girls! I hate all girls! Dang! Dang! Dang! Dang! Dang! Dang! Dang! Dang!"  In another story he leads the boys on a hunt for buried pirate treasure. When they find it, it's a chest full of Feeb's collection of bottle caps.  "Yo Ho Ho!" By the way, remember what happened when Professor Cleff tied a pillow to his head to muffle out Tubby's terrible violin playing?  The pillow exploded!  Cleff then told Tubby to pick the feathers up one by one while he took a nap on the couch.  The dialog was, "Picking up feathers one by one is good practice."  "For what?" "Picking up feathers one by one." I really enjoy your web site.  It brings back a lot of pleasant memories. February 22, 2007 Jim McG Thanks for taking the time to scan entire book. I like the one where Tubby talks the little Alaskan children into letting him write "No girls allowed" on their igloo (just like his cluhouse back home) only to discover they are girls !!!  Another classic is when Tubby prints his name everywhere and discovers IGY 1958 and thinks his old pal Iggy was there a year before him !!! I learned about geophysics with this little joke. To this day, when I put money aside for a frivolous item, I call it the "treasury" in honor of the tin can the boys had in their clubhouse for this same purpose. February 22, 2007 Paul Well, I have always been a little impatient and to be truthful, I doubted that I had seen an Oonie or as I now know, Oona. One of my nicknames for my wife is Oonie, which has now evolved into The Oonster. It has actually become a term of endearment, Ann has embraced the name as an excuse for odd behavior. Anyway, I so appreciate the validation of an obscure memory. I got a kick out of your 5 cent memory. I have fond memories of a 5 cent bag of State Line Potato Chips and a nickel fountain cherry coke. I recall purchasing some comics, but always trading once they were read. I really don't think that I am that old, but it is New Year's Eve and here I am? February 22, 2007 Larry I am interested in buying some of your Spanish La Pequena LuLucomics, I noticed that you have listed issue 3/43 for $8 and no 336 23 Apr 72 for $1.50. my spouse would read these in San Luis Potosi, Mexico  when she was a child in the 1960’s and would like to have some February 22, 2007 Kathee I have the Little Lulu musical mug. I am downsizing all my belongings  and I was wondering if you knew he value of this item and if there  were any interested collectors that might want it. Thank you for  anything you can tell me. I think Little Lulu is great and I have  fond memories of her character inspiring me as a child! February 22, 2007 I am 12 yrs old right now and I remember an epidsode when LuLu was eating watermelon with tubby and it had seeds all over it so tubby was spitting them out then lulu used a vacuum to get all the seed out and another epidsode when there was a tattu store and everyone wanted one but the parents were disgusted when there kids got there tattus an angry mob of parents came so the tattu guy went on a row boat and the parents came after then his boat sank and all his tattus washed off so the parents weren't mad once the tattu guy explained it to them. February 19, 2007 I always watched Little Lulu comics and read her in the funny papers comics strip, she was so cute and it was wholesome entertainment, why can't some one redo Little Lulu she needs to make a come back. Thank You I am a 64 year old Grandma from Ks. February 19, 2007 Maximiliano Hola Michelle!!, Perdona que no hablo, ni escribo en ingles. S�lo queria agradecerte todo el material de "Little Lulu" que has puesto en tu web para disfrute de los amantes de la peque�a Lulu como yo. nuevamente muchas gracias!!!. Yo soy ilustrator y vivo en Barcelona. si quieres ver mi dibujos ,aqui te dejo mi blog : http://www.maxiluchini.blogspot.com un cordial saludo. February 19, 2007 I had no idea .  .  . Lulu in Arabic! I thought I had reached the outer limits with La Pequena Lulu Spain in 1964!   Thanks for a splendid resource on the BEST comic ever written! February 19, 2007 Tom I very much enjoy you site about Little Lulu. I remember Little Lulu cartoons being one of my favorites in the late 50s/early 60s. (I was born in 1954). Anyway, I was wondering if you know where one can obtain a copy of "Eggs Don't Bounce". The song "Now you done it" has remained in my head since childhood and I'd like to see the cartoon again. I have found other Little Lulu cartoons on DVD but not this one. I wondered if the racial aspects of it have kept it from being released. Any ideas? Thanks and best regards, Tom Note from Michele: I bought a video with "Eggs Don't Bounce" at ebay.com. See the words to " Now Ya Done It " at the bottom of the page. February 19, 2007 Linda I too am a fan  of Little Lulu.............I remember one comic......when I was a little girl .........she or Tubby made a ice orangeade or lemonade and only used one orange or was it a lemon and the tiny pieces were floating around it this large container............I loved her so much.....and the No Girls Allowed sign on Tubby's and the boys Club House........  February 19, 2007 Steve That was so nice of you to put "The Big Snow" up on the website! It really was captivating when I was a kid -- I remember the moment she breaks through into the soda fountain -- it seemed such a warm, wonderful place to be. I had forgotten that she ends up covered with mud. I figured out that I must have seen it in the 1954 Annual 2, judging from another site that you link to that lists issues, the stories in them, and when they were reprinted in annuals. (I'm afraid I forget the fellow's name.) So this was a 6-year-old memory for me that you were able to confirm! All best wishes, Steve P.S. -- I noticed your tour of Peekskill -- I grew up in Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y., right next door. But I didn't quite follow how it was determined that Peekskill was Little Lulu's town. Did Marjorie Buell have a connection to Peekskill? Note from Michele: Brad Tenan, a Little Lulu fan, researched all of the Little Lulu comics for clues to the lcoation of Little Lulu's home town, and he concluded that it was Peekskill, NY, based on such things as weather, trees, nearby sites, and route signs. February 19, 2007 Rod Hi! Was doing some research of a Little Lulu article for Reminisce magazine and found your great website. I haven't left yet! I'm 53 and have been a Lulu fan since the very early 60's. Like many of the people who've posted memories here, my absolute favorite Lulu stories were the Halloween-themed Hazel and Itch tales. I remember that every fall, there'd be a special Halloween edition of Lulu, and it would be so full of great imagery! Even today, whenever I think of the "perfect" Halloween, it unfurls in true Lulu style. I regularly read her comic and collected all the special editions (like "Summer Camp" and "Christmas Diary"), but the Halloween book endured for me. On eBay, I was lucky enough to win a copy of the Lulu "trick'n'treat" one-shot from 1962, a book I recall fondly. I can still see my mom (now aged 80) sitting at our kitchen table and drawing a big Halloween "Hazel" picture. We kept that for years, until it literally fell apart!   As I grew up, I went on to more "teen-oriented" comic fare, like Superman and Wolverine, but a very big part of me has never quite let go of Lulu. That's why, as a freelance writer, I decided to submit something to Reminisce. If you're not familiar with the magazine, it's a great time trip back to the 30's, 40's, 50's, and 60's.   Long live Lulu!   February 19, 2007 Bob Uhhh ... I filched your image of Lulu and Mr. McNabbem to illustrate a post on my blog: http://vleeptron.blogspot.com/2006/04/childhoods-end.html Thanks for your wonderful Lulu page! (I never knew his first name was Clarence.) I'll try to keep myself from boring you with how much I loved Little Lulu. Right now I'm fondling a Little Lulu retro metal mini-lunchbox I keep on my desk which never fails to tickle the heck out of me. The only artist/storyteller in Marge's league was the remarkable Carl Barks, who wrote those hundreds of "Duckburg" stories for "Walt Disney's Comics and Stories." What they most share in common is their authentic love for kids -- and adults -- as kids and adults really are, warts and all. I never found a false moment in "Little Lulu," no Lulu kid ever did or said anything that didn't ring true from my own experiences. Poor Mr. Moppet, I always felt so sorry for him when "The Spider Spins." (And it always turned out Tubby was right, poor Mr. Moppet really was the culprit.) I guess my favorite stories were when the little girl went into the woods to gather beebleberries and encountered the evil Witch. Thanks again! Don't let Mr. McNabbem catch you! Note from Michele: It was John Stanley who took Marge's Little Lulu character from the Saturday Evening Post and created the wonderful stories in the Little Lulu and Tubby comics. February 19, 2007 Roberto,  a lulu fan   In the mid and late fifties I was an avid reader of comics books and so was my yonger brother,  we used to go trading those we had already read for others we had not seen. Well lulu (La pequena Lulu ) for they were in Spanish (I was born in Cuba) was one of my favorites, I loved those where lulu would tell stories to Alvin (Memo) those where lulu would appear as a very poor little girl, and of course her encounters with Tubby (Toby), etc. Sadly in the early sixties comics books began to disappear, due to the new path Cuba was following. Most of the comics books were from editorial Novaro (Mexico) at that time (1962) I was about to leave the country and came to the U.S. -I was pleased when I found your web site, brought memories and was glad there are other people interested.  Thanks for your wonderful site, Little Lulu forever        February 19, 2007 Peggy Little Lulu was my favorite comic book when I was little--in fact, I don't think I read any others.  My brother read the comics to me until I was old enough to read them myself.  My favorite parts were the stories about Little Itch and Witch Hazel, but I can't remember if Lulu made these up and told them to Annie, or if she dreamed them, or what.  I remember one line, which I use to this day, from a "thought bubble" in one of the Witch Hazel stories.  "I'll just give these dishes a lick and a promise--I'll promise to finish licking them in the morning."  Anyone else remember that?  I never liked the song, and never watched the animated stuff, because I had my own idea of how the comic book characters acted and sounded.  I'm 58, and still search for Little Lulu comics whenever I go to flea markets--they're hard to find!  Gotta get on e-bay, I guess...   February 19, 2007 oro ~~306 down, 43 + 1 to go!  (17 from original” kid collection!”  The “+ 1” is FC #74, which I doubt I’ll ever be able to afford...   ~~~sigh~~~ Specifically missing: 3, 4, 9, 10, 146, 154, 157, 159, 161, 164, 167, 168, 170, 175, 176, 177, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190, 191, 195, 198, 208, 209, 225, 228, 230, 232, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 255, 256, 260, 261, 266 ..as of today!  gotta love (and HATE) eBay! Nice work on your page...  A LOT of work!!!  Thanks for sharing!!! I came across it looking for photos of John Stanley and Irv Tripp...  So as to keep an eye peeled for self-portraits in the background a la Mr. Barks’ appearance on his Wanted Poster (Dell Giant #26 Christmas Parade “The Christmas Cha Cha”)...  But I’m not having much luck.  Are you aware of any good photos of Stanley and/or Tripp on the net? At least Mr. Stanley should be up to it - In “Little Itch and the Animal Crackers” I believe he writes a self-reference: Hazel tells Itch that she was “…invented by my half-witted half-brother, Stanley the Sorcerer!”  (Somewhat reminiscent of the absolutely wonderful “second hand second hands” gag in Tubby #29, July, 1958) oro February 19, 2007 I barely remember little Lulu (I am 53)....My Dad (who passed away in 1986), gave me that knickname and my sisters still call me that. Your site is interesting. February 19, 2007 Barbara Do you have any idea where I could obtain one of the giant Little Lula dolls.  On the night of my 7th birthday I was staying at my great grandmother's house because my  14 month old brother had slipped into a coma and was on life support at Cook's Children's Hospital in Fort Worth.  I was not upset and understood but my parents never gave me credit for being able to think and prioritize at that age. Anyway, hours after I went to sleep my wonderful father remembered they'd forgotten my birthday and woke me up for a middle of the night birthday party. One of the gifts he was able to find, probably at an all night gas station was this doll pictured on your web site. Alas both my doll and my dad are long gone, but I'd love to find a copy of the doll.  He was such a dear sweet man to worry about me at a time like that.   If you hear of a place to buy one. Please let me know.  I'm now 54  with 4 grandkids of my own, but I've never forgotten that awful night, or the love he showed worrying about the 7 year old.   Note from Michele: You can find Lulu dolls at ebay.com February 19, 2007 Barb I came across your Lulu page when I did a search for Froggy the Gremlin online.  I was a BIG fan of LL as I was growing up!  My brother (who is nearly 9 years older than I am) used to read the comics all the time and saved his so by the time I was old enough to appreciate them, sometime in the late 1950s, I had a whole bunch of them!  I don't know what happened to all our LL comics, but I'm sorry I ever let them go!  I was thrilled to see your April 1949 issue online.  I was born in April 1949 so I used to enjoy reading that one when I was old enough and remember that Alvin story.     I just recently retired from teaching fifth grade.  I can't remember which spelling word it was, but whenever I'd give it, I'd use it in a sentence.  Invariably I'd use the word "beebleberries" in the sentence, then would explain what beebleberries were to my students.  I've bought a few of the LL comics on ebay, but have to be careful how much I spend.  I really appreciate the effort you've put forth to share all this Little Lulu info!     February 19, 2007 How I loved Little Lulu! I had a subscription to the comic and my mother and I would read it and enjoy it to the fullest. Two of our favorites that have lasted through the years......hope others remember these as well.   Lulu said to Tubby in exasperation, knowing he was conspiring against her, "I heard your fat eyelid go wink!" Whenever someone in the family is being evasive, that is always our response!   Another favorite cel in one of the cartoon stories.....For some reason the neighborhood kids were piled into a red wagon and they had been covered with a blanket. One of the characters pulled up a corner of the cover to look and screamed, "It's a wagonload of feet!" My mother and I still giggle over that one.......and I am 62 now and she is 84! Note from Michele: See the story with the wagonload of feet, Five Little Babies . February 19, 2007 Alan I discovered your site on a whim this evening. Perhaps you can help me identify a Lulu story. The comic was a thick one from the early 50's and the plot was that Lulu was home alone when a big storm hit her home town burying everything in many feet of snow. She digs out of her house with a spoon from the kitchen and goes to Tubbie's house and other places that I disremember. Do you think you can identify that issue for me? When I was a young boy I visited my grandmother often and that Lulu comic was in the big box of toys and books she kept in the guest room for the grandkids. I have successfully replaced almost all the memorable books of my childhood with identical editions of those I had. Uncle Remus and the correct Robinson Carusoe took the longest to find. My wife (who's middle name is Louise and was known throughout her childhood as Lulu) were talking about comix and I remembered that issue. It would be a nostalgic masterpiece to return that to my childhood collection. Hopefully you can help with some info. Thanks for any help you can send my way. Note from Michele: See that story, The Big Snow , from LL #18, December 1949. March 19, 2006 A Gramma from Ct. Some of my warmest memories are of when I was 6-7 yrs. old, being way out in a field near our home on a summer day, back leaning up against a fallen tree, the sun warming me, the breeze carrying the smell of the field hay, and spending time with LuLu and her friends! I so remember Alvin running on the beach yelling 'AAAAGGHH!" cuz there was mayo on his sandwich!           A Gramma from Ct. March 13, 2006 George Shea Studio City, CA My sister & I loved Little Lulu. Every Christmas for maybe seven years I would buy her a subscription to LL ($1.00 for 12 issues) When it came in the mail, we wd sit down in the living rm & I wd faithfully read it to her. LL really was quite special & it has always been a bond between us. It saddened us both -- when in the 60's when the comic declined & the quality of the writing changed. I can well understand your reading LL at bedtime. Why not?  I browse through "The Giants of the Polo Grounds." That gives you some idea of my age. The Spider Spins! March 13, 2006 Hello I wanna thank you for the website. Because I love LULU. My friends call me lulu.They think I look like her.And they think I behave like that her. Now I looking for the little lulu's cartoons if you help me I will feel indebted to you. thanks again for the website. Note from Michele: There are almost always Little Lulu cartoons for sale at http://www.ebay.com March 13, 2006 Roberta Saenz [email protected] Hello......I am so excited!! I did not know there was a Lil Lulu site. I would like to share my story. My family was very poor growning up but I will never forget the day my mother bought me a pair of Little Lulu earrings. I was so excited I just held them in my hand looking at them. I walked over to my Aunts house and showed them to her. She asked could she borrow them never to return them. I never for that. Every now and then I think of those earrings. I remember what they looked like. Why am I happy to share my happy but sad story, because with all you Little Lulu lovers out there maybe some one can tell me where I can find a pair again. They were little full body colored charms of lulu hanging on those hook wire shape posts that bend down behind your lobes not requiring a backing. If anyone out there knows where I can find a pair please, please let me know...........thank you and God Bless March 13, 2006 Iris Hansen from Austin MN I have loved Little Lulu and Tubby since I was little. I too remember buying pop and reading the latest Lulu comic. I am 58 years old. I have been saving all of my Lulu treasures forever and a day. I have my original Lulu doll, giant paper doll, Tubby doll etc. I have looked for the whitman valentines since the girl next door showed me the one she received at school. It was lulu with the bumpershoot. Would you ever consider selling the whitman valentines. If not, thank you so much for sharing Lulu. I have not had access to the internet until very recently that is why I just now discovered your site. Please respond to my email. Bless you for sharing such wonderful stuff. March 13, 2006 Bob (Elvira Fan) Great site! You appear to be as big a Lulu fan as I am of Elvira. It has been many years since I had read comics on a regular basis, but one of things I remember most is Oona Goosepimple, particularly the episode where Nancy puts a lollipop in her mouth, but only the Yo-Yos can remove it. I was rather young at the time, and I found it very fascinating. Tonight I happened to Google Oona. Your site was the only one which came up, and I was very happy to find a complete Oona episode , even if it's not the one I remember. I know Oona was popular first, but she appears to be the inspiration for Wednesday Addams. Thanks for bringing back some very old memories!!! Bob (ElviraFan) January 13, 2006 May Saker I just wanted to let you know how much I enjoyed your website. I am a big fan of little lulu, I am from Beirut and my native language is Arabic and I grew up reading little lulu. I have a huge collection of little lulu magazines in Arabic. Thanks again. January 13, 2006 Heather Humphries I am writing this on behalf of my mother.  She is looking for a Little Lulu comic book she read to my brother until it wore out.  She recalls it was purchased the spring or summer of 1951 and was about Little Lulu being turned into a water pipe by Witch Hazel.  If you could help us identify which issue number it would be, we would be most grateful.   Thank you for you assistance and for keeping Little Lulu memories alive and well!   January 13, 2006 Beth Palmer Thank you for posting a website for us Little Lulu fans.  My sister and I are grandmothers now and we still like to talk about the Beeble Berry picker and witch itch - I, the older sister, would create stories around those characters after reading stories first.  I don't remember if I read them in a comic book or a book book.  Thank you again. January 13, 2006 Bob Cortese I loved to collect and read little Lulu as a child as well.  I looked foreward to each issue.  I remember one story about a big snowstorm and Lulu had to tunnel all around the city to get where she had to go.   She always stood up for herself and showed a lot of tenacity.  She was loyal to her friends as well.   I remember one comic book where the publishers spelled Hospital wrong and kept crossing it out..one spelling was horsebital.  Those were crazy times with Lulu.  I just picked up a dvd that has one         Lulu cartoon on it where the song Swingin' on a Star is played and illustrated.  Good Stuff!   Bob Cortese October 2, 2005 Ellen Marie I just love your website.I had quite a carefree happy childhood, any only child, and little lulu is definately part of my happy childhood. I had a whole playground my dad had built me in my back yard, complete with playhouse. In the summer, Mom would make me my favorite raspberry koolaide popsickles, and I would lie in the doorway of my playhouse eating one pop sickle after another reading my little lu lu comics. I eagerly looked forward to getting the new lulu comic book at the beginning of each month,it felt like a happy adventure to me, I would wile away the hours with little lulu and my raspberry pop sickles! those were the days.  October 2, 2005 Christine I just came upon your website and learned a little about myself.  Allow me to explain.  Although my grandfather, "Papa", passed away when I was only seven, he had constantly referred to me as Lulu, or HIS little Lulu. Years ago, I learned from my mother that Lulu referred to the "Little Lulu" comic strip. I haven't searched the web in years for updated sites, but this morning I came upon your page and was instantly captivated.  I began to see in "Little Lulu" the resemblance my grandfather must have seen in me. Not in looks, mind you, but in personality!  Thank you for collaborating such a lovely site and returning me to my roots. Here's a fun trivia fact for you, when I was bored one afternoon, I looked up Lulu in my Oxford English Reference Dictionary, here is the listing: lulu/'lu:lu:/n. sl. a remarkable or excellent person or thing. October 2, 2005 Sharon Thanks so much for the long-awaited trip down memory lane!! My sisters and I loved the Little Lulu comic books so much and used to have so many of them!  But our mother died when we were young leaving 5 of us, and when neighbors came to help out, clean, etc all of our comic books seemed to disappear.  Over the years we have talked about Lulu and Tubby, calling to mind the names of as many characters as we could recall.  This "cell" brought them all back!!   For years I have been trying to find old Lulu comic books.  Do you know where one can buy any?    I truly enjoyed seeing these beloved childhood familiar faces once again!!  Thanks for the memories!!   October 2, 2005 I've been trying to follow up on an old memory concerning what I thought was a Little Lulu character; only, I haven't found any mention of her.   It must have been around 1960 when, as a child, I was reading a comic while waiting for my Mom at a doctor's office.  I thought the character's name was 'Olga,' but I might be wrong.   The main thing was that this was a very strange girl and strange things would always happen when she was involved.  She was kind of gothic, and I'm thinking that the author might have been alluding to some lesbian nature with this character from Lulu's perspective.  I think the story involved a big maze-like house (probably Olga's,  or whoever her name was) where little was as it seemed, and we would all get lost or confused in trying to follow or find the whereabouts of this strange girl.        Does any of this make sense to you?  If you know who I'm talking about, I'd appreciate it if you'd fill me in so that I'd know for sure this hasn't been some daydream of my own invention.  Thanks! October 2, 2005 Roger Some years back I saw some Little Lulu cartoons on TV and the song used in the intro seemed a bit odd. It was as if there was a skip in the song. It happened on each and every episode that was aired, so it clearly wasn't something like a splice in one of the films.   Then today I came across your site and you list the words to the theme song and include a recording of the song as well and, sure enough one phrase is included in the written lyrics but is missing (very definitely "skipped") in the audio recording. The words that are missing in the audio recording are "Always in and out of trouble, but mostly always in".   So now I'm wondering, did someone at some point think it was inappropriate (not politically correct) to sing about the character mostly being in trouble so they chopped out the words?   Any thoughts on that?   - October 2, 2005 T'Lene  Thank you for the wonderful memories of Little Lulu.  I had recalled a joke I heard when I was about 10 yrs old and it made me realize how much I adored Lulu and how much the world could use her wit today.  I wrote my friends and family asking them to share their Lulu memories with me and I did a 'google' search in hopes to find others who appreciate the 'loosen up; lighten up' philosophy she always had.  I'm tickled to learn that you have this site and that there are so many others who appreciate Lulu, too.  Remember the one where she was swinging very high?   :-) Again, thanks.  October 2, 2005 Chrissy when i was young, i used to watch little lulu everytime i got home from pre-school. it was my favorite show and i was so sad when the show stopped airing on tv. my mom told me that i learned english by copying what lulu was saying. she said i used to recite her lines all the time. i feel bad for the kids who didn't get to watch little lulu. October 2, 2005 I just love your Little LuLu web page.  My family has called me LuLu since I was 2 months old and now I am 50.  LuLu stuff is very hard to find.  I am enjoying your page very much.  For Christmas a couple of years ago my brother bought me a 1955 Little LuLu comic book in mint condition  Feb 1955 edition.    Thank you keep up the good work. October 2, 2005 Corrie van Rooyen Gauteng - South Africa Good day I have, like it appears many other of your correspondents have, fond memories of little Lulu, Tubby and the other kids on the block. These kids taught me English - despite the fact that comics (in general) were kind of banned in our community - not quite banned, but certainly frowned upon as 'foreign influences using bad spelling of the English Language'. - You know, words like 'Ya' instead of you, 'kinda' instead of kind of and so on. Like I see some other comments on your site, I too got to read and understand english quite ahead of my friends who upheld the comic book ban. Those were good old days - I saw the comics were marked as priced at 10c in the USA, but we paid only sixpence in South Africa. A US Dollar then cost a whopping 7 shillings and six pence, which in 1961 became 75 Cents (RSA) for a US Dollar. Today I need R6-10 to purchase one US Dollar. Times have certainly changed. We didn't have television here before 1982 - and I believed that TV was just a comic book fantasy - never knew they actually existed. Tubby and Iggy showed me how to make a hammock, and I love that mode of relaxing to this day. Those kids also taught me about the Grand Canyon, Old Faithful geyser, mount Rushmore's presidents and all about the Civil War. I certainly doubt if any pre-high school child knows half as much about Africa as I learnt from comics regarding America. Perhaps they will know Nelson Mandela, but before him probably very little. Whatever - it was nice to see your website, and I'd like to wish you good health and happiness - those were good days!   October 2, 2005 Hi, I was born 1946, and the only memory of Little Lulu were comic books that smelled so good, I also enjoyed reading them....but there was a friend of Lulu's , I think her name was 'Matilda'? She had a house that magically came out of the ground..was there such a series ?  ...Martha (with freckles on my chin) October 2, 2005 Tom I just want to thank you for putting the Little Lulu website together.  I was a big comic book reader as a kid in the early 70s.  I don't remember ever reading a Little Lulu comic back then.  I always read Archies.  As an adult, I started collecting the old Archie comics again, including the spanish version, Archi. Last year, I bought a hard bound book filled with various Mexican comics from the late 1950s.  For some reason, a lot of comic book collectors in Mexico would have their comics hard-bound into books.  I bought one of these books from a comic seller in Mexico City for the sole purpose of obtaining the one Archi it contained.  It also had 7 issues of La Pequena Lulu. I started reading the Lulu books and was surprised at how hilarious they were.  I have to say, I've become addicted to them.  They are one of those rare comics that is written on multiple levels.  I think I find the humor more entertaining as an adult than I ever would have as a child.  There are some things that just didn't translate to Spanish so it's interesting to see the translations compared to the US versions.  For example, the line in the story with Little Itch babysitting where she says "I'm babysitting" had no equivalent translation in Spanish so the joke was completely lost.  Needless to say, I have continued to buy them.  I've acquired a number of the 4 color issues as well as about  50 or so from Mexico (all pre-1960). Thanks again.  I always enjoy visiting your site. October 2, 2005 TUBBY EEYOW !  -  I came across your site and was happy to see you are helping to keep our stories alive . Lulu and I had many wonderful times growing up in Peekskill . I found the story of your visit most interesting . I live in Texas now and Lulu is out in California ( Newport Beach ) . The wife and I go out every other year for a visit . If you email me with a mailing address I will send you some postcards I kept from my time in Peekskill . I'll send you postcards of 1.Depew  Park ( Lulu, the gang & I had many adventures there ) 2. the REAL waterfall where Lulu saved me ( your photo was wrong , but I see you like waterfalls ) 3. Downtown  ( yes Peekskill was as simple as was shown in the comics ) . - will write more later - your pal , TUBBY . October 2, 2005 TUBBY Hi Michelle , You wrote " Did you really play out the characters from the comics? " - HUH ? We are the characters from the comics ...  Lulu and I and most of the others live under assumed names because we wanted to go on with our lives like everyone else . Who would want to be called TUBBY forever ?  Lulu said this was probably a bad idea when I told her I was going to write you , but I thought it was pretty neat how you went to visit our hometown just because of our stories . I still like to think that maybe we did some good for our readers , that they had some laughs ( we sure did ) , maybe even learned some things about how to get along with each other .  Lulu says ," leave it alone ", but that's Lulu . She always took everything in stride , never let any of the fame go to her head . It took me a lot longer to mature . I even went through a bad marriage to Gloria ( we had met again as adults at a high school reunion ) ... but that is another story that the spider must spin later .     Your pal ,    TUBBY . October 2, 2005 Scott Well, I can see I've got catching up to do. I thought I had all the old collections of the Saturday Evening Post Lulu cartoons, but I was unaware of the title FUN WITH LITTLE LULU, so I'll have to keep my eye out for that one. (And perhaps LAUGHS WITH...as well. I suspect my copy is missing a couple of pages.) Interesting that many of the coloring and paint books I see on the site seem to be influenced very much by the Paramount animated Lulu more than any other. Something about the headshape, and the rubber limbed poses. Taken as a whole, it's odd the way Lulu changed over the years. I really think the later John Stanley/Irving Tripp Lulu would have been frightened of Marge's original little wild child. Perhaps it was the ascension of Tubby and Alvin as characters that softened her personality, by contrast, into the good girl and model student she became. The Paramount still of her in the corner with a dunce cap hardly seems like the Lulu who loved school. (Yet so often ran afoul of McNabbem in one misunderstanding or another.) I have, scanned, a couple of Kleenex ads that weren't on the site. I don't know if this means you don't have them, or simply haven't posted them. Would you be interested in seeing them? October 2, 2005 Scott Certainly Irving Tripp's Lulu has become the most recognized, but what is it about his version that makes it different? For one, I think, he has such a tight, controlled line, that his interpretations of the characters Marge created are rather like macaroni shapes. And he has a tendencyy not to give his characters necks, so they all seem a little stooped. But one can see in the Kllenex ads that Marge's Lulu developed along the same path as the comic book Lulu, although it retained her looser, more flowing line. I oftened wondered what the comic might have looked like if someone had captured that in the art. Is there any indication who was responsible for the art on the Hallmark cards? I just watched BOUT WITH A TROUT a while ago, one of the three Paramount cartoons I've dug up on DVD so far. Amazing to see Lulu so freely playing hooky. MacNabbem would have been fully justified in chasing her then. Perhaps it was her dream that set her on the straight and narrow- although we end by seeing her cheating on her detention. And in BARGAIN COUNTER ATTACK, she destroys a departet store and thinks nothing of it! Not the good little Lulu she became there! I liked the picture of Lulu and Annie walking by the Central (Sunset) Diner. I've been in that diner myself, living not far from Peekskill. Attached are the Kllenex ads I scanned. I have more, in a stack of old LIFE magazines in a storage locker. I mean to make time to go through them and ferret them out. October 2, 2005 Scott I think the problem (for me at any rate) with the HBO shows is that they simply didn't find the voice of the material. It looks like Lulu and the gang, but I'm not sure they act or  move or sound like Lulu and the gang. They took pre-exisiting material, which had its own strong point of view, and grafted upon it their own sensiblities, and/or those of a different decade and social climate. Of course, as popular as the Lulu comics were in the fifties, even then they were dated in appearence. Having Lulu do stand-up comedy doesn't change the fact that she looks like a kid from the 30's. Yet that shouldn't matter and in the comic book it never did matter. But they somehow didn't get to the heart of the Stanley style of humor and storytelling. I found the humor bland and earthbound, and some of the voice acting forced. I also didn't like them grafting on 'motivations' where they didn't exist. Particularly in the behavior of Alvin. He should never intellectualize his actions, nor 'plot against' Lulu. He is simply a force of nature. Like a child, he acts on impulse. His just happen to be destructive. The early Paramount cartoons have more in common with the Marge panels, although they too are filtered through another sensibility. And I suppose they represent the first time Lulu spoke. Chuck Jones once said, explaining the critical failure of his Tom and Jerry cartoons, that it is difficult to work with another creator's characters, and that explains a lot about the transmutations of Lulu. But in her case, it seems that Marge herself was influenced by what others had done with Lulu. Her own interpretation changed along with those of others, so that the latter Kleenex Lulu was far closer to the Stanley model than to her own origins. When the rights were for sale a few years ago, a friend and I seriously considered buying Lulu, but we couldn't throw together the money! March 24, 2005 I just wanted to tell u thaaaaaaaaanks who ever u are.....cause I screamed and cried when I saw LoLu story picture the Arabian version. I was in looooooove with these stories, the black and white arabic lulu................u reminded me of my all childhood....!! Please please please if u can tell me where i can find the arabic lulu where to buy it from....or if u just can scan some stories for me......am 25 now and still in love with her!!! Best Regards Note: See a Little Lulu story in Arabic (scroll down the page to the links to the story) March 19, 2005 Katarina I am an actress from Slovakia. When an American TV cartoon comes to Europe, each country does what is called "dubbing". Actors from that country try to fit their voices and the sentences in their respective languages into the characters' mouths, so that it look like that character actually speaks their language. Well, I was the voice of Lulu on the HBO series Little Lulu Show for Slovakia! I spent about 5 months working on the series and it was one of the most fun I had in my acting career. Until now I keep in touch with the other actors and we write to each other calling ourselves the names of the characters. And everytime someone asks me if I am going to take a bath, I answer: "But I took a bath yesterday!" in Lulu's voice just like little Lulu to her mother in one of the episodes.  It is great to see a website like this and see that there are more people out there who love Lulu as much as I do and to whom Lulu means a little more than just a cartoon character. Best of luck Katarina March 19, 2005 Sue from Marietta, GA (formerly Somerville, NJ) My name is Sue; I was born in 1944 at Cranford Hospital but lived at 629 North Avenue, now Lord & Taylor parking lot. I just started looking up Little Lulu books on ebay and noticed that Westfield Classics was mentioned and then I found your web site. I am happy to know that you loved Little Lulu too; somehow my books and doll were disposed of by my Mom. I just remember how much I loved them and want to share that joy with my grandchildren. I am sure she bought the books at the only bookstore available during that time. I remember it being at the end of Main Street and two elderly ladies owned and operated it. Mom used to buy me books for birthdays and Christmas as she valued the written word. It would be nice for you to answer me. I am interested in knowing where you live and how you obtained your original collection. I am bidding on Little Lulu and the Organ Grinder plus a 9 inch doll, both from ebay.   God bless you and may you be happy and well.   March 19, 2005 Scott in Vermont Hi. I'm writing a bio for my web site, and went to Google to find something about Little Lulu, and there was your site!   When I was a child my mom read the Little Lulu comics to me and described the pictures because I am blind, and couldn't read them. She was great at describing them.   I am doing a site on journal-keeping, and want to mention Little Lulu and her diary, which she refered to as "Dear Diary", except I don't think "diary" was spelled the right way.   I loved reading (my computer has a braille display) your text, and I do know what Colorforms are; I loved them because unlike real paper dolls, when I handled them, the clothes didn't fall off. I also had to laugh when you wrote about buying "pop". Are you originally from the Midwest?   Can you write back and tell me how to spell "diary" the Little Lulu way?   Thanks. March 19, 2005 I just wanted to let you know how much I enjoyed your Little Lulu site. I have not read any Lulu since I was a child, but I recently picked up the new Dark Horse reprint volume of several stories from the 40s. As a kid, I didn't fully realize just how good that stuff actually was. I am very glad to be "back!" January 28, 2005 Scott in Vermont Michele, I love ya!  First Smilin' Ed,' and now I see you, too were a Little Lulu fan!  Remember when all the comic books were either 'girls' comics or 'boys' comics?  Well, Little Lulu was 'neutral.'  My favorite were the ones with Witch Hazel.  It was something about the way that comic book was drawn that was very different from anything else; like another world -- the Little Lulu world. A few years ago I met a guy who was a compulsive comic book collector (in fact he was a few thousand dollars in debt do to his 'addiction,' but I digress).  When I mentioned that Little Lulu used to be one of my favorites, his eyes lit up; we'd established a true bond.  He did me the great honor of letting me BORROW a few of his precious, original Little Lulu comics.  That he actually let them out of his sight was a great act of trust!  We're still friends, though we live in different parts of the country. A bit of totally irrelevant trivia:  the late, great modern jazz pianist, Bill Evans recorded a swinging version of the Little Lulu theme song (from the cartoon).  I don't know of any other jazz players who have ever recorded it (I'm also a fanatical jazz fan).  Just thought I'd mention that. Just clicked onto the Little Lulu link from your Smilin' Ed site, so haven't had time to read all the posts yet. Yeah, five-cent sodas! Drug stores with soda fountains! Ten-cent comics!  The Vault of Horror (oops, that was definitely not a girls' comic book!)  Remember how comic books used to smell??  I think it was the ink that gave them that characteristic aroma.  It's all coming back now.  So what other gems have you got in your various web sites?  I'll have to check it out. Very best wishes and many thanks, Scott in Vermont January 22, 2005 Shane This is the B-25 plane my grandfather flew on in WWII.  It flew in India and China doing weather reconnaissance.  To be exact, it flew ahead of the bombers to check on the weather conditions for the air raids. I suppose it was named Little Lulu as the Japanese apparently had difficulty saying L's, as well as R's.  He is not in this photo. (You may click on the image for a larger version) January 21, 2005 Grandpa Damon Austin, Texas It's fascinating to read these "Little Lulu" stories. Some of your readers might not know that she inspired a whole genre of little Lulu jokes. I remember one from the World War II era, when I was a child: Little Lulu was in an airplane flying over an aircraft carrier when the pilot rolled the airplane upside down and fell out. Little Lulu laughed and laughed because she knew he had been through HARD SHIPS before. Ah, the world was much younger then. January 21, 2005 Cindy My nick name as a little girl was Little Lulu, as my real name is Lucinda, and my mom used to love the way that I would say it. Now that I am older, I have found the doll but I am now looking for the apparel.   I would appreciate any and all help!                                                         Thank You!                                                          January 21, 2005 Lucie "Little Lulu" Casares There's something about Little Lulu.   No?  I was a little girl with black hair and dressed in a red dress with shiny black shoes and I am pictured chewing on flowers (safe ones?) in my mother's garden.  I was definitely Little Lulu.  So much so that now in my 50's I have chosen this name for myself.  You see, I found out in my old age that I am adopted.  My mother thought that she would "protect" me by not telling me the truth though somewhere deep I already suspected as much.  When she admitted the truth finally after many years of me questioning her I then became the Little Lulu that I had always been.  Someone who didn't seem to fit, who had her own opinions, who blazed her own trail.  That's what I have done, and I definitely think that I am the ultimate Little Lulu, a name that I've given myself and that my whole immediate family calls me now.  She was always there when I was a youngster -- a lost youngster trying to figure out who she was and why in the world she didn't quite fit in.  I loved LIttle Lulu coloring books particularly and her comic books, of course.  That's all I wanted to say.  Thanks for the website and the chance to tell you this.  January 21, 2005 Scott Ross I'm wondering if you can help me track down an old gold key "lulu" summer camp special (a giant, I think.) every time i think I've located it, on ebay or some such site, and query the owner, i'm told the issue in question doesn't contain the story i'm looking for. I remember this vividly: riding in the back seat while my parents drove somewhere during summer vacation and reading this comic. I've thought it was 1967, the year of the montrael expo, but may be wrong - might have been either earlier, or later. In any case, the story contains this sequence: an owl, perched on a branch over the campers' tents, makes a "who" sound. there follows a series of panels with dialogue balloons (issuing from the barracks.) someone says, "who said 'who'?" someone else says, "who said 'who said who?'?" and so on and on. Do you have ANY idea what comic I read this story in? Like so many mothers in the 1960s and '70s, mine made me get rid of my comic book collection - all those "Lulu"s and "Bugs Bunny"s and Carl Barks "Uncle Scrooge" stories - gone - YOW! I have exactly ONE gold key "lulu" reprint left, from 1970. our mothers have a lot to answer for. Many thanks, and best wishes, Scott Ross January 21, 2005 Joe L "Oh, does anyone remember a local, NY (channel 13) evening cartoon show called 'Junior Frolics"?   I grew up watching this show every afternoon. In my later life (early 60's) I worked at WNJU-TV Channel 47 which was somewhat of a rebirth of the original Channel 13. Fred Sayles, who was the host of Junior Frolics resurrected the show and renamed it "Junior Town" which also ran the original silent "Coco The Clown and Farmer Gray" cartoons. I have the original set piece logo that hung over Uncle Fred's shoulder in storage at my home. Here is some additional information on Junior Frolics:  http://www.tvparty.com/lostny2felix.html Regards, Joe L. http://wnjutv47.com/ January 19, 2005 Beatriz I have been collecting La Peque�a Lulu since where I was a child and I think you like to know more information about that. The Marge's Little Lulu was published by Novaro (Mexico) but not in a correlative way. Under tittle La Peque�a Lulu, Novaro published Little Lulu and Tubby together since number #1 until# 409 with different logos (SEA, EN, etc). The size is almost the same that Little Lulu (a little bit smaller).  After 409 the comic was published in a different size and it changed The oldest comic that I have ever seen is Peque�a Lulu #18 (1953). This comics is the Four Color Tubby FC 444 and the same comic was published again by Novaro in 1968 (#255). My oldest Little Lulu is La Peque�a Lulu #46 (1955). This comics is a copy in Spanish of Marge's Little Lulu 145 (1960). The Novaro's Little Lulu (1 to 409) is the "real comic" that the people collect in Spain, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, etc. The covers are the same of English version but they are mixed. La Peque�a Lulu #46 has a different cover than Little Lulu 145. I send you some pictures of Peque�a Lulu #227 , #228 and #256 . January 19, 2005 Constance Do you remember the song about Lulu and her tricks? I had the record in 1958. It was one of my favorites. The chorus goes like this: Little Lulu knows a trick or two Little Lulu's tricks are fun to do Little Lulu wants to share the fun and show you how they're done Note from Michele: See http://michelesworld.net/dmm2/lulu/magicmu.htm for the words to the rest of this song and a photo of the sheet music. January 19, 2005 Kathryn Lucas Hi.  I just found your website.  My father, Joseph Lloyd White, worked for Dell as a Little Lulu & Tubby cartoonist  in the 1950's and 1960's.  Do you have any information on him?  He worked in our cellar and the room was filled with comics when I was young but I have no idea what happened to all of them...I'll ask my mother, who is still living.  Thanks, Kathryn Lucas  January 19, 2005 Vasili Some cartoons I never saw was the Little Lulu cartoons with an African-American maid who has modeled after the Gone with the Wind actress Hattie McDaniel.  It is unlikely today to be aired on television due to African-American stereotypes and it probably will not be released on home video. Vasili January 19, 2005 January 19, 2005 Dave I grew up reading Little Lulu and Tubby in the late 50's and early 60's. The holiday season always reminds me of a particular story involving Tubby and an egg that had a snowscene inside. I seem to recall that somehow (dream?) Tubby ends up inside the egg and becomes part of the scene. I found your website (it's great!), and was hoping you could help me identify the comic book issue in which that particular story appeared. Thanks for your help. Dave from near Baltimore January 19, 2005 Gene Lovett Hi always wanted to tell you what a wonderful "Lulu" web site you have. Been watching it grow over the last few years. Its like a trip through time. I always loved Little Lulu and the gang and its nice to see them re-born on your wonderful site. Regards, Gene Lovett January 19, 2005 Marc Johnson My wife and I are on a half-hearted "stuff reduction program", and my current phase is to try to dump my old Comics on eBay. I (of course) found your website by a Google search for [comics "little lulu"]. I linked to your site for Little Lulu History. http://www.angelfire.com/ny/marcdj/comics.html So far, no-one has questioned my manhood due to the fact that I liked LL in my youth ... and my golf buddies don't hesitate in that department. It's good to find another fan.  I remember (wow - 50 years ago) especially liking Lulu's stories told to Alvin about Witch Hazel ("oh, baddy") and Little Itch ("kickle kickle"). Regards, indeed, As usual, if a link does not work, cut-and-paste to the address bar of your browser. Marc Johnson      January 19, 2005 Mike I really enjoyed reading the history of Little Lulu on your site. These were my favorite comics in the 50's. I loved the simple drawing and colors and the good-natured spirit of the stories. I even liked her much put-upon heavyset parents. I enjoyed the comics again  in the reprints years later with my own kids. Lulu has just gone on and on with new generations. Thanks October 8, 2004 Tom in California Thank you SO much for the Oona post and correction!! I'm 58 and have been insisting to my friends (who also have no life) ,or anyone who would listen, for YEARS, that Lulu had a recurring character named Oona, and they've been telling me I'm nuts. Some of these guys are self- acclaimed trivia savants, too, so believe me I've been all alone on this one. And now  I find it mentioned on your site. I thought for sure it was a lost cause. You were my absolute last resort and you came through, WOW.! ..you're the St.Jude of Lulu trivia! I did have an uneasy feeling all these years that she may not have been a Lulu character at all but from Nancy. Thanks to you, I now know it WAS from Nancy but drawn by a former Lulu artist--I even have her last name, Goosepimple.( you wouldn't happen to have Aunt Fritz's email address would you?) I can now stick it to my 'genius' friends, and my goofy sister who I'll never forgive for blowing her nose in my Kleenex bunny that I made from the Lulu magic book. In all fairness, though, it didn't look much like a bunny but still, you don't just go around blowing your nose in a guy's stuff. er..anyhow---there is one piece of the puzzle still missing, though. I remember her as Onna the Pale Girl. You refer to her as the magic girl. Am I completely wrong about the Pale Girl part? Could Oona the magic girl have turned into the Pale Girl every so often?.She was magic, afterall, so it is certainly possible. Even if I get no response about the Pale girl, I now know that Oona did exist..what a relief!. Now if I can just find someone about 58 who grew up in New York (I'm from Greenpoint, Brooklyn) who remembers a few short little TV Christmas cartoons that would just pop up between shows--"Suzy Snowflake" and three little elves named "Hydrox, Coco and Joe".-- I can get on with what's left of the rest of my life. Thanks again! Oh, does anyone remember a local, NY (channel 13) evening cartoon show called ' Junior Frolics "? It featured Coco the the inkwell clown, I think, and Farmer Grey, an old guy (about my age) who was constantly attacked by thousands of mice. Note from Michele: See http://michelesworld.net/dmm/lulu/Oona/oona.htm for a story from a Nancy and Sluggo comic with Oona in it. Below is part of my reply to Tom with information about some of the things he was looking for: I remembered Suzy Snowflake and part of a song: "Here comes Suzy Snowflake, dressed in a snow-white gown...." So I looked for it and found some links. Try these links for Suzy Snowflake: I didn't find anything about Hydrox, Coco and Joe except some lists of pet names or recipies :-) I didn't know Junior Frolics, but check this out: Near the bottom is a reference to KoKo the Clown who jumps back into the ink bottle. Another Note from Michele: See the reply from Joe L about Junior Frolics October 8, 2004 Mike Martin Thank you for your enjoyable and highly informative website. I live in England UK, and have loved Little Lulu ever since I  first discovered her in the early 1950s when, as children, we used to swap copies of American comics with one another. We couldn't buy them over here, but the American GI's who were stationed in the UK after the war used to have them (and all the other great classic American comic books - Superman, Batman, Looney Tunes, Betty & Veronica etc) mailed to them. When they had finished with them, being kind hearted guys they gave them to the local children, who loved them so much that they traded them with each other. This way they circulated widely. I lived nowhere near a U S base, but was able to obtain a regular supply of new copies.   In recent years I have started to collect Little Lulu again, and would welcome a little information. Just before Christmas I obtained a mid 50s Christmas issue (the one on your web site showing Lulu using Christmas tree baubles as earrings) via eBay, but was disappointed to find that despite the Christmas cover, there were no Christmas comic strips inside. I know that the Halloween issues carried Halloween strips, and I would love to have an issue (preferably from the 50s) full of Christmas strips. Please can you tell me, were there any that I can look out for? If so, perhaps I can find one in time for next Christmas.   October 8, 2004 Geo Hi, I came across your website today and enjoyed it.  I'll come back.  I read Little Lulu comics in the late 40's and early 50's before I "grew up".  I've recently been buying a few of the comic books from that era. Looking back at that time I really think that Little Lulu was my favorite comic book -- it really made me laugh. I identified with Tubby, I had (still have) red hair but I was a little slimmer than he was.  All the Lulu characters had real personality.  When I got my first Lulu comic a few weeks ago, as I read through it I laughed just as I did when I was 9. I'll keep coming back to your site. Thanks. October 8, 2004 Noni Knight I read Little Lulu in the late 50s - early 60s when I was growing up in Greece and I still remember the excitement of buying the new magazine every week. Having lived in the U.K. for the last twenty years and having brought up two children of my own, I've read to them loads of comics and watched innumerable cartoons on TV. Nothing has ever compared to the sheer pleasure I remember feeling while reading about the antics of Little Lulu, her friend Tubby and the other characters. Your website is great; thank you for giving me the pleasure of re living my childhood!   Best wishes   Noni Knight October 8, 2004 John Mayer Came upon your site and thought you might want to know that Dark Horse says they are contemplating republishing Little Lulu. You might want to urge your visitors to visit the Dark Horse site and encourage them in this venture: http://www.darkhorse.com/   I didn't find a link to this project, but the webmaster did confirm to me that our favorite moppet is staged for a comeback some time this Summer. I, too, am a fan, and I am a two-fisted man that has boxed and done other contact sports in the past; many are surprised to learn of my fondness for the little curly-head, but that's because they've never read her adventures. I used to buy her and Tubby (well, probably it was my sister that bought the Little Lulu's) as a boy, but I didn't fully appreciate Stanley's wit until I got into college. I was never able to afford the Another Rainbow set, and, anyway, I would have missed the color. I'm looking forward to Dark Horse's venture. October 8, 2004 Diane I always managed to spend some of my allowance (50 cents a week) on Little LuLu comic books (10 cents).  Then, instead of studying, I read about LuLu and friends.  How innocent it all seems now.  And how my grades suffered.   October 8, 2004 Sheila Bateman How i loved little lulu!! i got my first little lulu comic book in july 1950 , the august 1950 issue predated while vacationing in woodstock, illinois. i had a seven year supply. one day my mom threw all of them away accidentally. she had intended to throw my personal  romance mags tame by today's standards.i also had little lulu records little golden records came out about 1951 on 78s. there was a song something like this i can't remember all the words: little lulu with freckles on your chin always in and out of trouble, but mostly always in using daddy's necktie for the tail of your kite using mommy's lipstick for the letters she writes though the clock says seven thirty it's really after ten, looks like lulu , and here's where it gets murky-the rest i can't recall exactly, little lulu i love you lu just the same! i remember the jack in the beanstalk one about bean soup and tubby eating spaghetti, going to the zoo, tubby thinking he could eat i think little alvin's hot dog if he put mustard on it! no go! and so much more!! ssheila bateman October 8, 2004 Hi, I enjoyed looking at your collection of Little Lulu items and pictures. It looks like you have a beautiful collection. It’s beautiful to see that you have such a great family and are so united. My family was like that. Then my dad died, and my mom passed away last year. It’s hard because I was very close to her. I started reading Little Lulu when I was a little girl in Cuba in the 50’s. She became my favorite right away. I couldn’t wait to see if any new Little Lulu comic books had come out. It was so much fun to read about Lulu, Tubby, Annie, and of course the rest of the gang. It’s funny that I first read them in Spanish and then when I arrived in Miami, in 1962, I was ecstatic to see them again. This time they were in English. I think I was probably the fastest child in learning a new language. I got a 100 in my first Spelling test. Now I think in English, Spanish is my second language, and the children sadly to say don’t speak it as well. Back to Little Lulu, it was such happy times to hold that first comic book in my hands. We had just arrived and Castro didn’t let my family take more than $5, to bring here. My mom had hidden the family jewels in the hem of my dress, which was torn apart in the airport. I was the shyest kid, not that this attack helped any. I sobbed at losing my ID bracelet, my mom’s wedding ring and other sentimental pieces. They didn’t take the Little Lulu comic books I had in my small suitcase. Those comforted me in the new country we were about to fall in love with. Little Lulu…I wonder sometimes if Marge Buell ever realized the inspiration Little Lulu brought to little girls all over the globe. I know that before leaving, when the communists confiscated whatever we had, that there were some Little Lulu and Tubby dolls for sale in El Encanto, a store like Saks Fifth Avenue in Havana. I remember going up the escalator, holding my mother’s hand and at this time Castro had already taken over, my beautiful mother who never showed fear, was always looking behind her shoulders, people were being executed left and right. We were all arrested one day while eating a restaurant. My mom my brother, my little sister, was all taken to G-2, one of Castro’s jails. My dad was taken to one of the worse jails. It was a horrible period. I longed for the tranquility of reading Little Lulu. The day I saw the Little Lulu doll in that dept. store, I wanted my mom to buy her more than anything. It was not to be, the money she was able to keep was to go to see if we could pay someone to bring us here. My dad escaped execution thanks to my mom’s bravery. They both always talked to us so good about Americans. He started working as soon as he could when we arrived, whether washing cars, to the sugar fields in Georgia, to later on being the only honest car salesman people ever met. He would proudly show his files with the thousands of repeat customers he accumulated over the years. He would tell us that when a customer returns it is because of satisfaction and that no matter what we do in life to take pride in it, and do our best. I wore sneakers that were full of holes in my first years here. I would try to cover one foot with the other out of embarrassment. It was such a difference. But we were free. The best shoes in the world cannot take away oppression. It was so nice to go to the grocery store and not have anything selected and how much you could take. It was so nice to read whatever you wanted. Freedom… we have the best country in the world. That’s why Americans must never forget September 11. Those cowards tried to intimidate us. Terrorists would give anything for us to lose what we have here, the freedom of choice. The other day someone was talking to me about the economy, and I think to myself, this country will always be the richest, sure we’ll go through impasses, but the economy will recover. The fact is that if we don’t protect our country there won’t be an economy to worry about. The important thing now is to protect our country. Make sure that those that aim to hurt our kids know we will not stand for it. I am sure Little Lulu would agree. October 8, 2004 As a child I loved fantasy and intrigue, comics and stories.....to me these were thresholds to magic and wonder. I especially liked lulu and tubby, little dot or was it polka dot??  I liked the very early uncle scrooge, little lotta, nancy and sluggo, plastic man, and many others.  I had a fairly good sized collection....being a child reading these wonderful comics helped me with reading skills and my imagination.  I understand the warm nostalgic feelings people have when recalling lying in bed at night reading comics or puzzle books in the early l950s while it snowed outside....you know, little memories like that.  I also loved cartoon films, especially the old black and white popeyes, out of the inkwell,  the musical cartoons of the l930s were especial favorites....I absolutely loved laurel and hardy....  I watched our gang films and some of the early sci fi serials such as flash gordon, tim tyler, and some others I cannot name.  little lulu and tubby were wholesome and pleasureable comics.....today's media for children is extremely rough , violent and all the shocking lights and video games actually can cause epileptic episodes for some kids......I really wish the tender and gentle side of childhood stories, nursery rhymes, bedtime stories, fun comics would make a come back.... October 8, 2004 On tv I remember that Tracy Ullman 1995-1996 playd little lulu.And also Jane Woodes1996-1998 playd her to.They had little lulu est.1940.I liked little lulu October 8, 2004 Gilda Barger Kenner, Louisiana Just a note to say thanks for the memories.  I'm 58 years old and still get a warm feeling when I see a Little Lulu comic book.  I have such fond memories of looking forward to going to the newstand to buy the latest edition.  I wish I still had all the books I had collected back then.  October 8, 2004 Piglet Hi I just found your sight and was wondering if you could let me know which comic book has a story in it about Beeble Berries. I started reading, actually my mom read them to me in the 50's, Little Lulu way back when. I always liked the Beeble berry storys. Well when my son was born we nick-named him Beeble. That stay with him until he was about 10 and he ask me to quit it, I did, but only in public. Now he is thirty and we still kid him about it. He has a little girl now and she teases him too. I was so glad you had the Little Lulu song. My mom taught it to me, I taught to my son, and now my granddaughter sings it to, its a favorite. I can wait till she comes over so I can show her this sight and she can enjoy the comics they are hard to come by now. Thanks so much October 8, 2004 Cathy Bliss for 35 cents? Is that possible? Of course it is. A 25 cent special "big" Little Lulu comic book and a Breyer's peach ice cream cone for 10 cents! That bliss was readily available when I was a child in the 1950s growing up in Jersey City, New Jersey. Bliss is a little more difficult to find now that I'm a middle aged woman, but I still enjoy my memories of those times. During one of those childhood summers my parents took me on a vacation to Niagra Falls. Walking around after dinner we passed a toy store that was closed for the night. But looking through the window I saw inside the dark store a Little Lulu doll sitting on a shelf. I had never seen a doll of my heroine before. I was weak in the knees with desire for her. The store opened again the next morning at 10 a.m. but we were scheduled to leave for home much earlier than that. However, my parents said they would change their plans and we could wait until the store opened and they would buy the doll for me! I couldn't sleep all night. I'll never forget standing at the store counter while the shopkeeper went into the back to get a fresh Lulu for me. The box was gray cardboard and he took the top off to show me Lulu inside. She was wrapped in while tissue paper and lay there smiling in her red cotton dress. I was in heaven! My parents paid $5 for the doll and she was mine! If someone handed me a million dollar diamond today, I wouldn't feel any happier than when I got my Little Lulu doll. Thanks for the memories, Lulu, and thanks for everything, Mom and Dad. I wish we could spend those happy times together again. . . October 8, 2004 Mike Martin Thank you for your enjoyable and highly informative website. I live in England UK, and have loved Little Lulu ever since I  first discovered her in the early 1950s when, as children, we used to swap copies of American comics with one another. We couldn't buy them over here, but the American GI's who were stationed in the UK after the war used to have them (and all the other great classic American comic books - Superman, Batman, Looney Tunes, Betty & Veronica etc) mailed to them. When they had finished with them, being kind hearted guys they gave them to the local children, who loved them so much that they traded them with each other. This way they circulated widely. I lived nowhere near a U S base, but was able to obtain a regular supply of new copies.   In recent years I have started to collect Little Lulu again, and would welcome a little information. Just before Christmas I obtained a mid 50s Christmas issue (the one on your web site showing Lulu using Christmas tree baubles as earrings) via eBay, but was disappointed to find that despite the Christmas cover, there were no Christmas comic strips inside. I know that the Halloween issues carried Halloween strips, and I would love to have an issue (preferably from the 50s) full of Christmas strips. Please can you tell me, were there any that I can look out for? If so, perhaps I can find one in time for next Christmas.   October 8, 2004 Wayne Byarlay  [email protected] My sister and I, when we were little, were visiting our Aunt. This was back when VCR's were new, and Beta vs. VHS was the war. Well, my aunt had Beta, and titles were limited. Little Lulu cartoons were one of the titles available at the video store. I distinctly remember a scene in a particular cartoon where Lulu encountered some new boys in the neighborhood. they said they were going to take over, then they did a little dance. After they left, Lulu spoke aloud: "I better go warn Tubby!" Then proceeded to stand still on the sidewalk for what seemed like 30 seconds. (In reality I'm sure it was shorter, but...) To this day my sister and I still sometimes say, "I better go warn Tubby!" then just stand there. Wayne Byarlay  [email protected]     May 20, 2003 Katherine Masis, Lulu fan Yow! You're missing a Lulu character! Do you remember Fifi, the little French girl? Black hair with curls, grayish-blue dress with puffed sleeves, frilly ankle socks--true child of the '50s. She went on the big boat trip to Paris with the gang, remember? (There was a special issue of "Little Lulu in Paris.") She also appeared in a few other stories. Keep up the good work--you've got a great website! May 20, 2003 Beth I grew up in the 70's, so I didn't know the Lulu comics. But I had the hardcover book, "Little Lulu and the Magic Paints". It was one of my favorites. I recently found it at my parents house and the instant I laid eyes on the cover, it evoked happy memories and familiarity. I sat down right then and there on their attic floor and read it straight through. I even found my handwritten inscription of my name on the inside cover. I hadn't wanted my sister or brother claiming that one, it was MINE! I brought it back to my house with me and read it to my son and daughter. They request if often. They seem just as taken by the bright colors, clean lines, exaggerated facial expressions, and the......magic....that Little Lulu inspires. I remember wishing I had a set of her Magic Paints, which could change the color of anything with the touch of a brush. I have since tried to track down other Lulu books at the library to no avail. I went searching on the web for more titles when I found your site. So nice to read everyone's comments. May 20, 2003 Karen When I was a little girl, (back in the 40's and early 50's), I probably owned most of the Little Lulu comic books from those early years. Then -- (and I'm sure you've heard this many times) -- I got married and left home -- and of course, my Mom threw away all my old comics. What do the old "4 color", (as I think you called the first ones with the little cartoon drawings down each side) sell for ? Do you have any of these for sale ? Another story I recall, is where Lulu tunnels out of her house after a big snow storm. Do you know what year that comic was ? I would really enjoy finding one of those, just to see again. Another one I would like to see again is where Lulu and Annie make cigarettes out of their dolls hair, and try smoking them ! That would really be a funny one to see nowadays ! I really enjoyed reading your article -- it brought back pleasant childhood memories, and lazy summer days growing up back in Illinois. May 7, 2003 Vivian When I was a little girl in the fifties my parents treated me to a Little Lulu subscription. How I anticipated the arrival in our little locked mailbox in our New York City apartment building. I now have a Little Lulu bobblehead on my desk. Fortunately, the designer actually created a bobblebody which I much prefer. The other day I was discussing tattoos with my husband. I don't plan on getting one but he wanted to know what I would get if I had one. Right away I realized it would be Little Lulu. He was surprised that I didn't choose a heart, teddy bear or cat which are things I like.He asked me why that. "Because she represented a very happy time of my life." May 7, 2003 Wynne I want to thank you for your website. I especially appreciate the information on Little Lulu. The reason is that a certain little girl, my goddaughter's niece, has reminded me of Little Lulu, and I can share your information with her family. They live in Mexico, where they are familiar with "La peque�a Lul�." May 7, 2003 �tala Tavares Thank you for the great pleasure you have given me. This site is magic. I remember my infancy here in Brasil, reading Little Lulu. Now I am 23 and Little Lulu (Luluzinha in Brasil) and his fellows is one of the best part of my childhood. Thank you and keep enjoying Little Lulu, because I�ll do it forever. May 7, 2003 Renee Seeing all of this Little Lulu stuff has made me feel all warm and fuzzy. She was a great comfort to me when I was a child, as I was one of those awkward children and she was such a great escape for me. May 7, 2003 Elena Ferrer (maiden name Elena Vilaro) [email protected] Hi, this is my story about Lulu. I grew up in Cuba during the 50’s and early 60‘s. When I was four years old a neighbor left a book of Little Lulu in my house. I wanted to know what the story was about because I fell in love with the dynamics of the drawings. That day I forced my mother to read all the stories in that edition. When I asked her to read it again, she asked my father to teach me how to read. And that is exactly what my father did. So at the age of four and a half I read and wrote due to my motivation of learning the stories of Little Lulu. Since then I started to collect The Little Lulu comic books. When I left Cuba in 1965, unfortunately, I could not take my collection with me. However, in 1973, I found places in New York where I could purchase the same old comic books from the 1950’s. Presently, I have a large collection of comics, dolls, and other items (not for sale), that I am planning to give to my daughter in the future. My collection includes books written in English, Spanish and Portuguese. I am very connected with the Lulu character, and I am glad to know that there are a great number of people that share the same connection. May 7, 2003 Norm Coupe Love your site!! I am 63 years old. Over the past few decades, I have asked people if they remember a cartoon character, who went in the woods looking for beebleberries! I was beginning to wonder if I had made the story up from a collection of memories from when I was a child. NO ONE KNEW WHAT I WAS TALKING ABOUT!! I have been on line for about 4 years now. At work last nite, I thought, why not put beebleberries in a search engine and see what happens.....right! Well, I did and found your site. My search, over these many years, has borne fruit...pun intended!! Thank you so much. I am going to bed with a serene, childlike, smile on my face; released from the mystery of the Beeble Berry. May 7, 2003 Luis Vargas I think the shared "memories" are fun so I'll share mine with you. I guess you can say I'm a "reborn" Lulu fan as I just recently had an epiphany of sorts. I'm in my forties and was looking for a Lulu doll for a friend as a Christmas gift. (She had a cherished doll as a child but in Honduras, her native country...Lulu sure gets around!) So I hunted on eBay as well but as you know it gets very expensive...too much as a gift in any case. I finally settled on one of the 70's Gund dolls for her. I also picked up several old Lulu comics in Spanish for her (she was pleased). In any case while on eBay I also brought a video of Lulu cartoons just on a whim. WOW! What a thrill...I was transported in time & space...all of a sudden wonderful childhood memories came rushing back...time spent watching these cartoons with my brothers & sisters...and yes, even secretly reading the comic books because back in our neighborhood a boy would be on the "outs" for it. My friends considered it a "girls" comic (most of us were into the Superman/Batman comics). Typical boys that we were, we probably would have joined Tubby in writing, "no girls allowed" on the clubhouse! (Only to have Lulu revise it to "noW girls allowed" as in the '54 annual cover) Lulu has brought back memories of my adolescent I'd lost touch with. So I'm on the look out for these old cartoons. I even brought a 8 mm Lulu film and hope to transfer it on to regular video too. (Am I obsessed?) Who cares!! May 7, 2003 Lucas Montes [email protected] Puerto Rico Hi! I guess I am one of the few guys who enjoyed Little Lulu when I was a kid. I have been collecting comicbooks since I learned to how to read and trade withh friends and Lulu was one of my favorite ones. Being from Puerto Rico I read the Spanish version from Mexico, Editorial Novaro, from the 60's and on. La peque~na Lulu' was so creative and smart that I enjoyed all her stories with Tubby, Iggy, Annie, and the rest of the gang. I always wanted to live in a town like the one Lulu lived and have such an infancy. I remember one story in which Tubby traveled to another planet (mars?)or the moon but something happenned and he attracted the whole planet to a tower on Earth where he landed. I can't recall much of this story. I still have about ten of Lulu comics in Spanish, but they are the ones of the 80's and the stories before that were a lot better. There are no more Lulu comics now, since 1987, when Editorial Novaro closed, and Spanish comics were forbidden in Puerto Rico. Anyway you have an excellent page which gave me memories of infancy when a comic and a juice were all I needed to have a really nice evening!! May 7, 2003 Janet I remember Little Lulu when we moved from England to America in 12th March, 1953. We moved back to England a couple of years later and I still have some of her comics. Does anyone remember Witch Hazel...babysitting by sitting on the baby? I would love to see that story again. Last year I visited my cousin in Colorada and he told me that Little Lulu was on tv as a cartoon..I loved it so much, and her and Tubby etc. remind me of a very happy time in Springfield MA as a child. May 7, 2003 Helene THANK YOU for bringing "The Big Snow" back to life for me. Do you know, Michele, it seems like just yesterday that I read the original...!!! As I was reading through the story, it was SO familiar...!!!! But ... In 1949, I was only 8 years old....! My granddaughter turns 8 in a few months...! What an incredible time perspective that story brought on. And my friend Dottie, who is a year and a half younger than me - Wow - could she have been only 6 -1/2 years old??? Do you remember when it was very important to add the "half" to age.... like, 6-1/2 was so much older than just six? As I read The Big Snow, I had to laugh out loud. You know, Little Lulu STILL seems to be so very cleverly written. I mean, when Lulu, snowed in for a week and out of food, says "This isn't funny anymore" .... I just had to laugh. Talk about brilliant understatement...!!! I think a lot of my humor today, the things I view as funny, had their basis in Lulu. My friend Dottie and I have know each other all our lives, and we always enjoyed comic books, and we'd buy and exchange with each other to make our dimes go farther. But with Little Lulu - we BOTH had to have our own copy. For Dottie's birthday, I am going to give her the copy of "The Big Snow" along with my other Lulu comics (since you said you had them, I hope this is ok?). Of course, The Big Snow will be ON TOP...!!! May 7, 2003 Anna What a nice website on Lulu, a true labour of love. I am acquainting my daughter, age 11, with the joys of Little Lulu, and when I find the occasional old Lulu comic for her to read, she "savours" every page of it, as she puts it. She has begun to see the qualitative differences between Little Lulu and say Archie, and recently came up with a 20-frame cartoon of her own in which Tubby and Lulu get together with Archie and Veronica and Betty. She managed to portray the collision between the two cartoon worlds adroitly, humorously and in good comic frame pacing and form. She is gifted and not hugely stimulated at her school. Lulu turned into one of those unpredictable instruments that gifted kids can use and need for higher level work. I saw on your website a note from an elementary teacher who used Lulu stories to teach presentation and narrative form. I thought I would add my own observations on her pedagogical value! May 7, 2003 Ivor What a great site! I wouldn`t call myself an hardcore Little Lulu fan, but I have fond memories of reading the comics as a kid in the 60`s. Before I was born, my parents and two sisters spent a couple of years in South Africa in the late Fifties. When they returned to England, they brought back with them three or four dozen Tubby & Lulu comics which were the girl`s favourites. Eventually, I got to reading them ( over and over ) and thoroughly enjoyed the locations of the stories and phrasiology of the characters - so different from English comics! In time, they were also read by my sisters' children, and have now mostly all been lost, or scattered between our families, but certain words and phrases live on...... My nieces still refer to "fifty cent purple " when talking to their husbands, occasionally beebleberries are mentioned, as are Granpa Feeb, Miss Feeny, and the hilarity of the words " foot " and " feet ". I recently signed on with AOL, & had to submit a screen name that no one else would have. After a little thought, I came up with Fiftycentpurple. None of my friends know the significance of this, and I`m willing to bet there aren`t many folk in the UK who do either. Many thanks, Ivor. PS. I`ve been searching for a picture of Tubby doing a fifty cent purple so that I can show my family what it`s all about, but have drawn a blank so far. Is there anybody out there who can scan an image and send it on to me? I`d be very grateful if you could. January 14, 2003 James S. Melville In a peculiar state of mind, I typed "beebleberries" into Yahoo search, and came up with your website. We used to spend Lincoln or Washington birthday weekends, in the '50's, with the Andrews family, good friends of ours from church. (I proposed marriage to Doreen when I was 6 - she was 5. Didn't happen...) ANYWAY, we had a Little Lulu comic up at Big Bear, and we STILL use the epithet that Witch Hazel shouted at the poor, little, beebleberry-picking girl who was such a nuisance to that crabby old witch. "You little thorn-stab, lick-spoon pull-wool!" We always thought that was hilarious. Little Lulu Lives!! January 11, 2003 Will Ravenel You've posted several of my reflections on Lulu, but there's one more I have to add:   Back in the 1990's I was working in a gourmet coffee shop in Austin, TX, a well-established business with several celebrity clients (Lady Bird Johnson, Gov Ann Richards, Lyle Lovett). Doug Sahm, who headed a great little band in the 60's called the Sir Douglas Quintet (their big hit was "She's About A Mover") and who headed in the 90's another great band called the Texas Tornadoes, was a regular customer who came in frequently when he was in town. Doug was a really fine guy and he and I would talk about baseball (his favorite subject) whenever he came in. At one point he asked me if I had any knowledge of the radio serials of 50-70 years ago (which I do) and we talked for quite awhile about our favorites.   On the way out the door that day he turned around and yelled out to me, "Will! Do you know the name of the truant officer in Little Lulu? Mr McNabbem!" Then he left, laughing hysterically. He and I had never discussed Lulu before; his remark just came out of nowhere.   I was returning from New Zealand in November, 1999, when I read in the New York Times that Doug had died of a heart attack the day before. He is really missed here, believe me.   January 11, 2003 Karl My discovery of Little Lulu was at about age five or six.My father bought me those Golden Books as bed time stories from a corner store;he bought me maybe one per month, or so. We were in the store at the magazine section and the owner called dad over and gave him two Golden Books which he couldn't sell (I suppose because we were regular customers for those kind of books); one of them was a Little Lulu.       Secondly the original cartoons of Little Lulu were shown regularly at the Children's Saturday afternoon matinee which the local theatres took turns showing.      I find the current Little Lulu cartoons on Family Chanel interesting.They are Brought up to date to a point,they talk of CDs and mention famous people which who have lived in recent times. On the other  hand the cost of things are about forty years out step and the cars resemble '50 era vehicles more than they do to-day's cars.The gang which she hangs out with still go to Nate's Sweet Shop for sodas, which have gone out of style over the last thirty years(does any place sell an icecream soda in 2002?)      I think,with the death of Charles Schultz, thus no more Charlie Brown feature length cartoons that there is room for  Little Lulu Christmas and the like. Just an idea.                                                   January 11, 2003 MARY VAN DEE [email protected] I AM VERY HAPPY TO BE CONNECTED TO SOMEONE WHO LOVES LITTLE LULU AS MUCH AS I HAVE.  LITTLE LULU WAS ALWAYS MY FAVORITE COMIC BOOK, AND HOW I WISH I HAD EVEN ONE OF THOSE TREASURED COMICS BOOKS!!!!!!!  DO YOU HAVE A VAST COLLECTION?  I LOVED WITCH HAZEL IN THEM TOO, DO YOU REMEMBER HER?  HOW DO YOU COLLECT, OR DO YOU STILL HAVE ALL THE ONES YOU HAD AS A CHILD?  YOU MUST HAVE TAKEN VERY GOOD CARE OF THEM.  MY DAD WOULD BRING HOME THE NEWSPAPER, AND MY FAVORITE MEMORIES ARE OF THE PAPER BEING OPENED AND THERE INSIDE WAS A LITTLE LULU COMIC BOOK HE BOUGHT JUST FOR ME!!!!!!! PLEASE SHARE ANY INFORMATION WITH ME YOU HAVE.  I AM VERY INTERESTED BUT CAN NOT AFFORD TO MAKE HUGE/OR EXPENSIVE ACQUISITIONS.  MY DAUGHTER HAD AN INFLATABLE LITTLE LULU DOLL IN THE 70'S,  THANK YOU, November 20, 2002 Karl Bury The Little Lulu theme song as heard on the sight seems to be the same version and quite possibly the same arrangement I recall when Little Lulu was included in the "guaranteed five colour cartoons"advertised with the kids Saturday Afternoon Matinee which the local movie theatres took turns showing. Little Lulu along with the Merry Mellodies,Looney Toons,Popeye,Casper,and Little Awdry, etc were regular features when the light were turned off. I watch the Cinar version on Family Chanel during Lunch hour off the satalite on the ship. The stories are in much the same style as the stories in the comic books and the Golden Books I remember except Lulu seems to be portrayed as a little less bratty than I remember. Also,the theme song has been modified; the line "You're as wild as any Zulu" could be taken as racist and would doubtlessly offend some people and  has been repaced with "And you know it really true Lu' ". I believe there is also an extra just before "The clock says seven thirty" .  With the death of Charles Shultz, hense no more Charlie Brown Specials, I suggested to Cinar that a Little Lulu Christmas Special would be a good idea (fat chance, but I had to try).                               November 19, 2002 My sister and I were both avid Little Lulu readers in the mid to late 50's, so we were pleasantly surprised to find your website! A comment and the inevitable question: In the character list, we don't see "boy's club" members Eddie and Willy, or Willy's Grandpa Feeb. We remember Eddie and Willy as regular characters. One of our favorite stories was the one where Grandpa Feeb wanted to join the club - and passed all the tests with flying colors. November 19, 2002 Randy Could you please tell me the issue number of the Little Lulu Trick N Treat that you have pictured first on your Halloween page ( the one where Lulu watches Witch Hazel scrub ghosts in a cauldron)? Forty years ago I rescued one like that from a neighbors trash bonfire - it was my first comic book. I amassed a sizable collection after that but my mother had me get rid of them when I went to college. Who would have thought that a twelve cent comic book would bring in fifty to one hundred dollars on eBay! Recently I've found some of  my old favorites but that one eludes me. I was a Lulu fan for many years ( she wasn't just for girls - us fellers got a lot of laughs from her too!). November 19, 2002 Phyllis Taub I teach fifth grade and I do my best to create a new generation of Lulu fans every year. When I read my comics as a child I missed so much of the wonderful writing.  In fact the comics are a lot like Sesame Street, which can be enjoyed on more than one level. I find it very funny that Lulu's last name is Moppet and of course my students can't figure out why Witch Hazel's name is a source of amusement to me. I get to teach vocabulary, word usage, and main idea using Lulu comics.  Who ever knew that I was doing something educational when I spent my time and money on comic books! November 19, 2002 Nancy TenBroeck FYI - My father dated Marge Buell in their youth and she attended the same church in Paoli, Pa. as our family. November 18, 2002 Diana Hi,  My family is having a reunion July 25th and I am doing a tribute to my Dad, using the music I remember him singing since I was a kid.   When I was 6 or 7 Dad took me with him to summer school - he was taking an elementary ed course and was teaching them a song which (much to my embarrassment at the time) he told them reminded him of me.........which I have since found out is called the Little Lulu theme song from 1943.   I'm searching for the music.  I have recently started a Little Lulu collection and have one of the stand-up tissue display ads and two little necklace sets - needless to say, Dad is the reason for my collection.  November 18, 2002 Larry Lief, Tucson, AZ When I was a kid, back in the 50's (I was born in '43) I subscribed to Donald Duck comics and my little brother subscribed to Little Lulu comics, so i got to read them both. Both were very very well written. The Lulu comics were written and illustrated with a beautiful touch and contained genuine humor and good nature. The Donald duck comics had a wonderful sense of adventure and they made the world of ducks and geese and other animals seem so real to me (I did NOT like the Donald Duck of t.v. and the movies with his absurd quacking voice!). I grew up in the Inwood section of Manhattan which was a great place to grow up in the 50's. I remembering fancying that I was living in Little Lulu's idyllic neighborhood which I now learn was just up the river*  in Peekskill.* *the phrase "up the river" also refers to Sing-Sing in Ossining. Maybe some of those bad east side boys wound up there! November 18, 2002 Vasili I first saw Little Lulu on video in the 1980s.  I saw Little Lulu on Television many years ago. November 16, 2002 Brissa Martin Hi my name is Brissa Martin, and I grew up in Mexico reading little Lulu comic books.  The name of the comics in Spanish is La pequena Lulu, so it took me a while to figure out what it was in English until I saw a little Lulu doll in a antique store in Cambria, CA where I went for vacation.    November 16, 2002 Toni in Oregon I loved Little Lulu and Tubby comics. My friend and I would take our chore money and ride to the local variety store on our bikes to buy Lulu comics. Of course no one thought of keeping them forever so when an issue had been read and traded and read again....off it went to the dump. YOW!  Sometimes we would donate a big stack of comics to the school so they could become a prize in the "fish Pond" at the Halloween carnival. I have now found a new source for the old comics I loved with a well known on-line auction. Every time I win an issue I'm like that little girl again . The stories are just as great now as they were then, and the comics are a great investment.   Toni in Oregon November 16, 2002 Lucas Montes    [email protected]  Puerto Rico I guess I am one of the few guys who enjoyed Little Lulu when I was a kid.  I have been collecting comic books since I learned to how to read and trade with friends and Lulu was one of my favorite ones. Being from Puerto Rico I read the Spanish version from Mexico, Editorial Novaro, from the 60's and on. La Peque�a Lulu' was so creative and smart that I enjoyed all her stories with Tubby, Iggy, Annie, and the rest of the gang.  I always wanted to live in a town like the one Lulu lived and have such an infancy. I remember one story in which Tubby travel to another planet (Mars?) or the moon but something happenned and he attracted the whole planet to a tower on Earth where he landed.  I can't recall much of this story.  I still have about ten of Lulu comics in Spanish, but they are the ones of the 80's and the stories before that were a lot better.  There are no more Lulu comics now, since 1987, when Editorial Novaro closed, and Spanish comics were forbidden in Puerto Rico.  Anyway you have an excellent page which gave me memories of infancy when a comic and a juice were all I needed to have a really nice evening.!! November 16, 2002 Dick I happened across your site while looking for old trade cards and thought I'd send you a couple of old Little Lulu memories. It's strange what odd things can stick in one's memory. I'm 54 years old and when I was a kid, I was a fan of Little Lulu and Tubby. My sister, who is three years older was, too. I can't remember if she was the primary investor in those comics or if it was me. At any rate I would get lost in that cartoon world and probably related more to Tubby, being a boy. And I remember a couple of  bits that have stayed me all these years. I don't remember the whole story, just these bits. In one strip, Lulu and Tubby, and maybe some of the other characters were going on some kind of adventure and I remember them singing a little ditty that went something like.." Onward, ever onward, and upward..." (as they stepped over logs in the woods). Now, I think the other story came from Lulu, but I'm not sure. Anyway, it involved a character named Lucretia, and Lulu was chasing her but when she caught her and yelled out her name, the character who, from behind looked like Lulu's friend, turned around and to Lulu's shock, was not Lucretia at all, but was a little woman who blurted out at her, "I'm ______,(name lost to time) the midget jewel thief!" And so, the police were called and Lulu was a hero for catching her! I suppose, being a Lulu expert, you could tell me if these memories are correct, or just my mind playing tricks on me! I'd be curious to know. November 16, 2002 Nancy Just wanted to quickly say that I enjoyed your nostalgic site of cartoons.  Though I'm about ten years younger, judging from the TV show Buster Brown, I do remember Little Lulu  cartoons in the 1960s.  There's one scene from an episode that I always will remember.  Lulu realizes that she can get money from the toothfairy, and then runs to get a hammer and starts hammering the other teeth out! LOL! Anyhow, just wanted to share the only memory of LULU I can remember. November 16, 2002 I'm amazed at how many people love Little Lulu!  I haven't seen the HBO family cartoon yet.  It seems to me that with so much interest in her, it would seem worthwhile for the copyright holder to explore reissuing the classic comics.  The ones I read had been "reprinted by popular demand."  The classic ones would still hold collection value as the originals but people could read the stories.  And given how short comic books are nowadays, they could take a 52 page original and issue it in two comics.  I don't see how this could hurt the HBO Family franchise on the videos, I think it could only help.  If you know who holds the copyright for the classic 40's and 50's stories, why not start a lobbying campaign to reissue?  They could send it by subscription (pre-paid for 2-3 years) just like Nickelodeon magazine. November 16, 2002 Richard Hi, I was the only boy who had a subscription to Little Lulu that I knew--I especially loved the Witch Hazel and Little Itch stories--still do! I am 59 and probably had my subscription about 1951, 52, or 53--I'd guess-Thanks for the great site November 16, 2002 Claire How wonderful it is to know that so many other little girls like myself, each on their own, were connecting with Little Lulu in the '40s and '50s, when we so lacked any spunky role models who said what they really thought, and did what they chose! Now, in my 50's, I can say that one of the most perfect moments in my life was sitting down one Fall afternoon (I don't remember the year -- the late 1950's) with the new Halloween edition of Little Lulu, and a pumpkin tart from Wohlfarth's bakery in Pittsburgh.  I had everything I needed in the world. As I think back, I realize that it was probably Little Lulu (and my wonderfully supportive parents) who encouraged me to write, produce, direct and star in my own shows in grade school.  One year, I "adapted" a Little Lulu Christmas story for the stage, and starred in it as Santa Claus!   Now, I've decided to search for a Halloween or Christmas edition from those years.   I don't care what one it is.  I will find it, and I will get it for my own.  Cheers.  November 16, 2002 Carole I'm so glad ive found someone else who reallly remembers Lulu amd the part she played in our childhood.  I started buying the comics on ebay before I learned how to use the computer and I made many mistakes but at least I know how to use the computer a little and I have accumulated over 100 comics and I learned an awful lot and met? very ineteresting people like you.  My question is which was the comic that Lulu's father told her never to hold a bakery bought cake by the string because it will break and of course lulu buys a cake from the bakery and holds it in the box by the string and it falls?  When I got older about16 and I worked in a bakery I told people never hold the cake by the string advice from Mr. Moppet.  I enjoy your website sooooo much  I'm just learning to manuever around. I would love to join a Lulu fan club. I emailed Jon Merrill about back issues of the Stanley Steamer. I'm waiting for a reply. Any info. that you can email me would be greatly appreciated..  Again thanks for your talent, creativity and time you put into your website. In this horrible world today this is an oasis of when time was a little more peaceful, or it brings us back to a time when we remember it being more peaceful. November 11, 2002 Mark I was wondering if you know anything about a Little Lulu cartoon series from around 1979.  It was taken from a Japanese cartoon and the voices were redone in English.  This series was on video in the early 1980's in some stores.  It never made it to TV.  I know some of the people who once worked on this and was trying to track down anyone with any information on obtaining a copy or some memorabilia from this short lived series.  It was really bad, but that's another story.  The re-editing was done in Burbank, Ca by B&B sound company (Ken Berger) who is no longer living.  I have no idea of any of the titles.  What I know is that the cartoon was very similar to the Speed Racer cartoon in look and feel and was originally in Japanese then brought over here and dubbed in English.  That's part of the reason it wasn't done really well.  The dubbing was poor.  My involvement in this series was I got to do the voice of Alvin, although it was for only 3 or 4 episodes.  They eventually cancelled the project, because it didn't do well.  I was only a kid at the time so I don't remember much, but I'm now trying to locate anyone who may have a version of any of the shows on tape.  It's really a shot in the dark, but it doesn't hurt to try.  If I do find it I'll let you know since you seem to be a collector of the Little Lulu cartoon series.  Who knows, maybe it wasn't as bad as I remember or perhaps it's a collectors item. November 11, 2002 I remember the comic character Little Lulu from my childhood in the 1930s. After I learned of the amazing REAL Little Lulu of the 1880s (I learned of her about thirty years ago), I have often wondered whether the cartoon character was based on that living girl of long ago, who gave up publicly demonstrating her really incredible skills because she was "tired of being considered a freak". Advertised as "Little Lulu" or "Laughing Lulu" she performed over a short period of time in major American cities before abruptly quitting.  Little Lulu's grave is in Madison, GA. Although I saved the Atlanta Journal article of at least 30 years ago, I do not know where it is now. I do, however, know a journalist who knows of Little Lulu. We talked about her some years ago. I may be able to get in touch with him, but anyway i will tell you what I remember. Lula Hurst, of Cedartown, GA, was born about 1869 into a large family of perhaps ten children. When she was about 12 years old, or maybe a little younger, she discovered that she could, with just the tips of her fingers, make the large and heavy dining room table in her home "dance", much to the amazement of her family who at first did not know it was she who was the cause of what was thought to be some sort of earth tremor. She did this with her fingers while seated at the dinner table, but was unable to keep her secret because she couldn't avoid laughing. When she performed before the public at about age 14, one of her tricks was to challenge a strong man to take from her an umbrella held only by the fingers of one hand. Those who attempted to do it, despite much effort on their part, could only succeed in destroying the umbrella. She had a remarkable ability to turn others' physical strength against them. Yet, as I recall, she didn't weigh much over 100 pounds. My father lived at Madison, GA, from 1915 to 1928, and indeed knew Lula Hurst Atkinson, but knew nothing of her feats done years earlier before audiences. The man she married (Paul Atkinson) had been her manager. November 11, 2002 Hello...I love your Little LuLu website and I'd like to inform you on some information. In Canada, The Little LuLu Show airs on the Family channel, it airs weekdays at 8:20am and 12:00pm and on weekends at 6:05pm. But this version was created by Cinar. I can give you summaries of some episodes that I've seen over a few months. Detective Story Tubby and LuLu walk down the street and hear on the radio that there was a bank robbery. Meanwhile, Tubby was reading a detective book, so they tried to find the bank robber.  They found a suspicious man and followed him everywhere, and drove him crazy.  But then in the end, the suspicious man was Detective Johnson.  Tubby and LuLu brought Officer MacNab to the scene and got medals for bravery. Anyways...the theme song is just the refrain that you have posted on your web-site.  If you want anymore information, just let me know. (Note from Michele: This was written in April, 2002.) November 11, 2002 Joan I am so glad you're doing this research on Little Lulu.  She was my favorite when I was a little girl.  I am especially interested in finding the issue that had the story about Little Lulu picking up coal from the railroad tracks.  I think she was having a dream about it.  I reread that story so many times that I think I shredded the comic book from overuse.  I want to find it again. I've been looking for that story in antique shops for several years whenever I chance to walk into one.  November 11, 2002 Mina My name is Mina, I'm 15 and I LOVE Little Lulu! I've been watching her cartoons (the originals) since I was little. I have a few on tapes and I hope to get more soon. I've also seen the newer version. It's nice but I like the original one better. I just wanted to say that I love your site and it is real informative on Little Lulu. I also wanted to know if you like Betty Boop and Little Audrey like I do. I think they're all cool. Before I go, I just wanted to know which Little Lulu cartoon you like best? I love the one where Lulu and her father went camping and he dad got stuck under the ground and Lulu had to pull him out!! I even memorized the song she sang in the end! It went like this: "We're headin' home, I hate to leave. I love every rock and tree. I love the ruff of it, can't get enough of it. Oh, it's the life for me. Mother nature was no match, we certain;y did out fox her. From the forest clutches, we march on crutches, straight home to the doctor". I really like that song! November 11, 2002 Corky Reed I just turned 51 Feb. 25, 2002. Reading Tubby and Lulu comic books I believe is what spurred my interest even today. Their adventures were so funny. They were my Simpsons of the day!   November 11, 2002 David I remember reading Little Lulu when I was quite young; probably 6 or 7 years old (I'm 48 now).  There was something about the artwork that fascinated me: the kids with the tiny black shoes, the pointy noses and the big wide open mouth yelling "YOW!".  It had an edge to it that grabbed my attention for some reason.  The stories themselves were always great fun.  Here's a question for all you true Little Lulu fanatics:  Was there not a character in the Lulu comics called Oona Goosepimple?  It was a very surreal type of storyline wherein Oona would sit in a big overstuffed armchair.  The chair would then come to life and wrap its arms around her, and she would daydream/dream an adventure.  At the end of the story she would wake up in the chair.  Does anyone remember that, or am I losing my mind?  I definitely remember this character, and I have a strong feeling it was associated with the Little Lulu comics. Any help on this would be welcome. (Note from Michele: I sent the following information: The magical girl behind the fireplace is not in the Lulu comics.  Those stories are in the Nancy comics in 1959, and the girl's name is Oona Goosepimple.  She is very often confused with Lulu because after John Stanley stopped doing Lulu in early 1959, his next project was doing the Nancy comics, and Oona was his creation.) Thanks for clearing up the Oona Goosepimple question.  It's been bugging me for a while, and no one I've asked about it could remember such a character.  Shows you how memory can be so tricky: I don't remember reading Nancy as a comic book; only as a comic strip in the paper. November 11, 2002 Jennifer Could you tell me if Little Lulu and her Magic Tricks was the only book that has the Kleenex attached to it.  My mother always talks about the only book she had as a child was a Little Lulu book and she said it had Alvin in it and a Kleenex box attached to it.  She thought that in this book Alvin made her cry, but she can't remember so well anymore.  In your copy of Little Lulu and her Magic Tricks does Alvin make Lulu cry and like I asked before do any other Lulu books have the Kleenex box?  (Note from Michele: I told her she could find the book on bibliofind.com) Oh my gosh!  Thank you for all the information it was exactly what I was looking for.  My mother will be 50 in June and I wanted to get this book for her birthday.  She tells my daughter all about this book (as much as she can remember.)  She constantly buys my daughter books telling her if only SHE had had all these books when she was little.  My daughter now has at least two thousand.  My mom has really gone overboard with this and I know it has to do with the fact she only had that one Little Lulu book that she treasured.  I found that book on bibliofind with the Kleenex box and no Kleenex, but I will just put a few in there myself, she won't care. (Note from Michele: Then I received the following message.) Dear Michele, Jen told me all you did to help her find MY Little Lulu book.  This afternoon, she called me and told me she almost bid against me for a book from HER childhood, Throw a Kiss Harry, that I was trying to buy for HER.  When she and her little sister, Kat, were small we would get that book from the library again and again.  I tried to buy it, but by then it was out of print.  I again tried to buy it for my granddaughter years later and it was out of print again.  Now I had found a first edition and I was going to get it for her (and my granddaughter).  When the girls were little we would throw kisses to each other like Harry did. Anyway....I also told her that I think I had found MY Little Lulu book!  She said "WHAT??? What are you looking for that book for??"  I have talked about that book for years and I think that's why I bought my granddaughter every book under the sun - I was trying to get Little Lulu back - my one and only book I owned as a child.  So...I had found a lady who was offering a Little Lulu book on ebay so I asked her if she knew about the one I was looking for.  She said she thought she had a copy and was checking for me.  Jen just about had a coronary.  She told me SHE had FOUND LITTLE LULU FOR ME!!!  Isn't she a wonderful daughter?? She was giving it to me for my 50th birthday (I am crying as I write this because I can't believe anyone could be so nice and thoughtful to me).  She told me all that you did to help her and where your website was. Thank you from the bottom of my heart. Eldri (Jennifer Hansen's mom and the luckiest mom in the world!)  November 11, 2002 Madaline I love your Little Lulu site.  I grew up with LL and because I was a quiet child and had brown cork screw curls I was sometimes called Little Lulu.  November 11, 2002 Linda You've brought a smile to my face with this wonderful website of Tubby and Lulu.  My sister and I loved reading Little Lulu comic books.  I have a real life Tubby Tompkins in my life.  I've called my husband that since the day we met 22 years ago. November 11, 2002 Victoria I found your "Little Lulu" web site and knew that I HAD to contact you. As a child (in the 1970's), my mother purchased a Little Lulu doll making kit that I absolutely loved...unfortunately I never had the opportunity to finish the doll as she was lost when we moved from our home (we moved A LOT when I was a kid...) Anyhow, I have spent the last few years looking for anyone who can remember such a kit existing.  I have very vague memories of the box the kit came in, but have always felt at a loss for never completing it.... If you have every come across such a kit, please let me know....I know that it is a long-shot that I will ever have another one, but it would me a lot to me to find someone else who remembers it. Thanks for your time and attention to this email : ) (Note from Michele: I sent her to www.ebay.com where the kits are for sale occasionally.) November 11, 2002 Brenda I truly enjoyed your site.  You are really lucky to have these comics/coloring books.  I had some as a child (in the 60's), but they were destroyed in a fire.  Just looking at the cute pictures sure bring back warm memories of a simpler time.  It makes me wonder how in the world some people still have comic books from so long ago (and especially still in very good/mint condition).  I myself have been looking for reading grade copies of  Little Lulu and and I've found that they're hard to come by. November 11, 2002 Bob I was a big comic book reader in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and Little Lulu was one of my favorites. I really haven't thought about comic books a lot lately but I always suspected that reading them early and often in life had a lot to do with the fact that I've done a lot of reading and writing later in life. In addition to Nancy and Little Lulu, my favorites were Archie, Superman and Batman. I've gone searching the attic in my parents farmhouse in Wisconsin more than once, but to no avail (bet you've heard THAT one before!). November 11, 2002 Bonnie Brown When I was  11 years old, I told my mother I didn't want to be a teenager because I wouldn't be able to read Little Lulu comics any longer. Even though other activities replaced reading comic books, my memories of Little Lulu are with me to this day.         November 11, 2002 Barbe Thank you soooooooooo much for the lyrics!  I forgot all about the introduction ... I know my sister, Carol will get a bigger kick out of having the WHOLE song instead of just the refrain! She is 3 years older than I, and she may even remember that part herself.  We used to watch Lulu all the time when we were little, and sing goofy little songs in harmony while we dried dishes each night!  Nice memories of growing up! She and I still do it on the holidays when all of our grown up kids are around, and they just roll their eyes in their heads with that "Oh, Mother!" look on their faces!  It will be nice to sing the whole song, cuz neither one of us could remember that "wild as Zulu" part.  Thanks for reaching out to a stranger in need.  It might seem like a small thing to others, but it meant a lot to me!  November 11, 2002 Cary Griffin I think I started reading "Little Lulu" comics when I was 9 or 10; that would have been in 1953 or 1954. I was a steady reader of the "Little Lulu" comic book series until at least 1957, and possibly later. I loved "Little Lulu" and her pals, and I wish I could find some of those comics now. I remember several comics with Tubby and his "little green men", who, if I remember correctly, was led by Sammi, the Martian. I especially remember a story in which Lulu and her girlfriends steal the clothes of the neighborhood boys while the�re skinny-dipping in the old swimming hole and then force them to wear diapers to get home (I sometimes tell this story to kids I know today, and they always think it's hilarious). I also particularly liked one of Lulu's "stories to Alvin" in which she tells of a little girl who could talk to trees. There is only one present-day children's character I can compare with Little Lulu, and that's "Amelia" a female character whose observations of the world, written in notebook form, appear in "American Girl" magazine. "Amelia" has spawned a line of paperback booklets and, like Lulu, has created a market for girls' toys, etc. November 11, 2002 Ellen I too grew up in Peekskill........................have been in California for many years.  In viewing your diary, I was very impressed!  Brought a lot of old memories back to me. Many times walked from Peekskill to the Diner.......walked to  ...........and ate at ...the diner many times.  My first job was at the Peekskill Theatre ...movie house. And yes, when I was small, had a little Lulu purse I remember to this day.....red. It had a little Lulu doll on the outside and it was clear plastic with red trim. The brillent colors you have captured in the trees make me homesick, even at this age. Yet  they make me smile. You have touched my heart! November 11, 2002 Tomoko I am Tomoko from Japan. I am very happy to find your site. Because I love Little Lulu very much and I got to find great fun of Lulu like you. I was watching Lulu every Sunday morning  on Japanese TV program about 20 years ago. In Japan, Lulu is not popular charactor, so it is difficult to see the person who knows Lulu.    Last year I bought Lulu's video tapes at American web site. Then I gave it to my daughters. They are 8 and 6 years old. They became to love Lulu soon ( but they couldn't understand English.)   November 11, 2002 Bonnie Jasperson Wow! what a kick!  I haven't thought of Lulu in years, but your site sent me trippin.  Somewhere in my treasures, I have a Lulu doll, well-loved & dog-eared, so to speak.  I was 8 or 9 when I got her for Christmas one year. Thanks for keeping her memory alive. Enjoy!  Bonnie Jasperson November 11, 2002 Bruce My sister and I have a favorite Little Lulu comic book memory -- fuzzy, but a memory.  Lulu and Iggy (I think) discover that if you repeat a word often enough, it becomes funny.  They repeat "foot" until they're clinging to each other with helpless laughter.  One of them says (more or less) "I know something that's twice as funny as 'foot' -- 'feet!' " and they roll on the floor with mirth.  To this day a properly uttered "foot" can reduce either of us to guffaws.  I keep hoping to find a copy to give to my sister for a birthday or Christmas gift, but don't know which issue to look for.  Can you help?  I suspect is was somewhere in the mid '50s give or take.  Thanks. November 11, 2002 Linda K I'm so glad to have stumbled on this site.  I grew up in Rochester, NY, which could well have been a "Lulu" city, too.  I "inherited" a book from a cousin--wish I had it still--my favorite was when Lulu had a dream her "Pop" was a bratty little boy--this little bald-headed kid with a moustache running amouck.  When she woke up her first words to Dad were "I'm glad you're looking so old!"  I liked these cartoons because they had an edge. We had a Neisner's which had a great comic stand--when my mom shopped for groceries I'd spend the whole time there.  Those were the days!   November 11, 2002 Nathan It was fascinating to see those covers. The only story I remember is TUBBY and a chinese laundry ticket. It was probably around 1953 or 1954 and I think it was reprinted in an annual. How can I get a copy of that story. I remember that there was a book for kids on how to make decisions which involved little lulu,tubby and alvin. The green of witch hazel is still the perfect color. November 11, 2002 Ray Thanks for your response and thanks again for your website.  I check it often and eagerly await new stuff.   In the meantime, today I just bought a batch of seventeen Lulus in the 200's, yay.   Oh did you know (you probably know) that in 1978 there was a lulu cartoon?  It is ziv productions.  I have two episodes of it on tape, each is about half an hour.  The first is where Lulu tries to be an angel so she helps everyone out (but makes more trouble than helps them) and the second is Lulu babysitting Tubby.   November 11, 2002 Marilyn I have not read my Little Lulu comic book since 1963 and I think I will.  I had it locked up in a suit case all these years and I think I will put a plastic cover around it.  My comic book has the picture of Little Lulu on it dancing with her boyfriend, and she writes "Help" on his back.  Do you have this one?  Would you like to have my one and only comic book?  I have about 9 comic books I kept since the early sixties.  November 11, 2002 Karin B My friend found your website, and I loved seeing all the Little Lulu items you had. I am a huge Little Lulu fan, and I regret not having gotten more of her comic books when I was a little girl.  I've saved a few, but I wish I had many more. Lately, I've been wanting to have a quilt or comforter made with pictures of Little Lulu on it, but I don't know where to find such material. When I saw your sleeping bag, I thought this might be a place to start. November 11, 2002 Howard Shelley (a native new Yorker myself) I am a 57 year old man living on a small farm in the center of California and still in love with little Lulu. I have some lingering questions about Little Lulu that I hope you can answer. After reading your material on your web site I still am curious to know the following. First: Why did Marjorie Buell give up drawing Her creation and turn it over to Stanley? Was Majorie from Peekskill, N.Y.? Have you been able to track down the real Lulu and Tubby? Is Marjorie still alive and if not when did she die? How did you come to the conclusion that Peekskill is the real Little Lulu hometown? What ever happened to John Stanley and the other artist Irv? I have one hardbound Little Lulu Book from the thirty's that has a small picture of Marjorie. I also have about 50 little Lulu Comic books and other assorted Lulu trivia. Any help would be appreciated in clearing up these mysteries.  Sincerly,  Howard Shelley (a native new Yorker myself). (Note from Michele: Check my Q&A for my responses to these questions.) November 11, 2002 Christine I stumbled across your wonderful website looking for the words to the Little Lulu song.  I only know some of it and have been singing it to my 4 1/2 year old God-daughter Ardyn.  She wants me to find the rest of the words! I am 53 and when I was a child my parents annually gave me a subscription to Little Lulu comics.  I loved getting my own mail and could not wait until the mailman gave me my latest issue! My sister has a Lulu doll from the 50s.  We both loved her.  I loved the issues that had Little Itch in them.   November 11, 2002 r-r-ribbit... I found your site and saw the name Lulu and had to tell you of my little Lulu experience.When I was about five I had a Lulu doll,she was one of my favorites and with me alot.  As all mothers said "don't jump on the bed" you can guess what my favorite thing to do was. We had a huge room that was my playroom where my large collection of dolls lived. In the room was a bed ..mother had taken the matress out for spring cleanning and the old fashion wire bedsprings were left and much of a temptation for me and Lulu...we had a grand time jumping just me and Lulu...when she must have jumped out of my hands and fell into the springs where she became trapped. I was heart-broken I had to confess to my mom what I had been doing--would she please forgive me and save Lulu?  Mom managed to remove Lulu but she was never the same even though she had been put back together with my mother's sewing done with love. Lulu and I remained friends for many years but never again did we jump on the bed!!!! November 11, 2002 Will Saw a Mexican Little Lulu pinata at a Hobby Lobby in Austin last week. Unmistably Lulu--red dress, white collar, brown hair with 'ringlets'. But the face bore no resemblance to her trademark eyes, nose, and mouth. I didn't buy one--I'll have to make one.   November 11, 2002 Howard What simple times the fiftys were compared to now and what joy the Lulu Comics brought us. I loved the Club House the boys had and of course the Witch Hazel Stories were the greatest. I feel sorry for kids today who don't have these wonderful comics to entertain them. November 11 2002 My name : Cesar Dominguez                 My E mail: [email protected], [email protected]      Location : Lima, Peru Hola Amigos; Such a nice surprise to find a site devoted to my Number One comic's girl "Lulu". I was a little kid in the mid 70's when my mother used to buy me "La Peque�a Lulu" (Little Lulu) from "Editorial Novaro" (most of the mexican and latin american fans must remember fondly this printer from Mexico). Back to the seventies the Mexican edition use to reprint the 40's, 50's and even 60's stories in their "Serie Aguila" (Small version of the regular size comics Americans are use to). How much laugh and happy moments reminds me everytime that I read over and over my collection of "Little Lulu" now in days. In the eighties when I suffered of some Ashma and had to remain in bed my best companions were my comic books and Lulu was on the top of all of them. Such a brilliant girl should have start her own "Boys not allowed" Club!. Do you remember that special number when Lulu got to travel to Alaska with her family and Tubby (Toby in spanish)? and what about her Witch Hazel (Bruja Agata) stories to Alvin (Memo)? The most hilarius one is when she is a poor little girl chased by Little Itch (Brujita Alicia) to be her only one guest to her birthday party because she didn't have any freind? (wonder why?) And what about when Hazel starts a lucrative bussiness by selling scarecrows with her figure -of course the crows were instructed to devorate the field of corn that didn't buy her scarecrow- and Little poor Lulu came to her house and confused the actual Hazel (by the time paralized because she accidentally felt over her huge pot full of plaster) and poor Lulu placed her in the middle of her poor corn field. Just hilarious! Father and mother just thought the scarecrow had a vivid terrifing look. Poor Hazel! There is a modern "Little Lulu" Show (copyright 1999) on TV right now, aired in "Cartoon Network" here in Latin America (I think it's a co-production with a canadian producer). I have detected many of the stories been taken or inspired from the 50's classic comics. Check in your local TV. My early 80's LP record of "Let's sing with Lulu and her gang" (original soundtrack) of the late 70's animated ZIV version features a song in spanish that opened the show and goes something like this: "Everybody loves you Little Lulu because of your special personality (chorus) We follow Lulu because of the ideas she use to come up with, and we never fail to say: Lulu don't grow up, Lulu never change Lulu please never grow up, never ever change." Now I'm in my late 20's and really wish her not to grow up the way I did. November 11, 2002 Jane of Rockwall, Texas Found your site while researching comic books for a library display.  To this day, no matter what kind of pie is served at my house, my brother and I refer to it as beebleberry.  Remember Witch Hazel, Little Itch, and the poor little girl's beebleberry basket?  I kept my collection of comics in a blanket box under my bed during the 50s.  Wish I still had them. November 11, 2002 Penny Only a true Lulu fan would recognize it, probably, but that's a Lulu face! I have to admit it took me a minute to recognize her, but Brilliant!! 8=< ) I lived for Little Lulu when I was in Grade 6. I had a job babysitting for some diabolical twin boys. They tore my clothes and tormented me and my rate was 25 cents an hour. They were little. maybe six, but for some reason they always had all the current Little Lulus (and Scrooge McDucks) and once I'd finally gotten them to bed, I'd nurse my wounds, luxuriate on the couch, and catch up on my reading.

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Finish this line from a popular kids song: There was a farmer had a dog, and ____ was his name-o!

BINGO (Learn It) - Super Simple Learning BINGO (Learn It) Language Focus Other songs about: alphabet/spelling , intonation/rhythm Letter recognition, simple spelling and English intonation patterns. BINGO (Learn It) Lyrics and Actions ♫ There was a farmer had a dog and Bingo was his name-o. [Pat your legs to the rhythm.] B-I-N-G-O [Point to the letter picture cards.] B-I-N-G-O And Bingo was his name-o. [Pat your legs to the rhythm.] (Place one of the "clapping hands" picture cards over the "B" picture card.) There was a farmer had a dog and Bingo was his name-o. *-I-N-G-O And Bingo was his name-o. (* = clap) (Place one of the "clapping hands" picture cards over the "I" picture card.) There was a farmer had a dog and Bingo was his name-o. *-*-N-G-O And Bingo was his name-o. (Place one of the "clapping hands" picture cards over the "N" picture card.) There was a farmer had a dog and Bingo was his name-o. *-*-*-G-O And Bingo was his name-o. (Place one of the "clapping hands" picture cards over the "G" picture card.) There was a farmer had a dog and Bingo was his name-o. *-*-*-*-O And Bingo was his name-o. (Place one of the "clapping hands" picture cards over the "O" picture card.) There was a farmer had a dog and Bingo was his name-o. *-*-*-*-* And Bingo was his name-o. (Remove all the "clapping hands" picture cards.) There was a farmer had a dog and Bingo was his name-o. B-I-N-G-O And Bingo was his name-o. ♫ Preparation Print the picture cards and use them as you sing the song. Place the B, I, N, G, and O cards at the front of the room. Before singing the song, introduce or review the letters. As you sing the song, place the "clapping hands" picture cards over the letters one by one as you progress through each verse (or print a hand card on the back of each letter and flip them over). This will help students understand when and how many times to clap in addition to developing letter recognition skills. Classroom Benefits "BINGO" is a popular kids' song that follows a familiar pattern. For each verse, remove one letter and replace it with a hand clap. It is a great introduction to spelling, good for listening comprehension and helps kids develop rhythm. Activity Ideas Pause the song before each verse and select a student to come up and cover (or turn over) the next card. 1 Instead of clapping, try rhythm sticks, tambourines, or any of your favorite noisemakers. 2 After you learn this song, you can sing it without the CD and practice spelling other words. For more information on this, see our blog post on a holiday version of BINGO . 3 Your Videos

Bingo

What long running PBS series features Norm Abram as Master Carpenter, Roger Cook as the Landscape contractor, Tom Silva as the General ContraCtor and Richard Trethewey as the Plumbing and Heating contractor?

Old MacDonald's Farm at The Virtual Vine The Milk Makers ~ Gail Gibbons Pigs Love Mud (Touch & Feel Flap Book) ~ Richard Powell Old MacDonald Had a Farm  (with cassette) ~ Holly Berry Barnyard Banter ~ Denise Fleming Cock-a-doodle-doo! Barnyard Hullabaloo ~ Giles Andreae Big Red Barn ~ Margaret Wise Brown "Not Now!" Said the Cow ~ Joanne Oppenheim Night Is Coming ~ W. Nikola-Lisa Inside a Barn In the Country: A Rebus Read-Along Story ~ Alyssa Satin Capucilli The Cow That Went Oink ~ Bernard Most Wake Up, Wake Up! ~ Brian and Rebecca Wildsmith Seasons on the Farm ~ Jane Miller Parents in the Pigpen, Pigs in the Tub ~ Amy Ehrlich Oink! Moo! How Do You Do? A Book of Animal Sounds ~ Grace Maccarone Hide-and-Seek on the Farm (a First-Start Easy Reader) ~ Laura Damon  Farm Babies ~ Janet Campbell Farm Animals ~ Elizabeth E. Kaufamn Buzzzzzzzz Said the Bee (Hello Reader Level 1) ~ Wendy Cheyette Lewison The Farm (trade books) ~ Literacy 2000 On the Farm (trade books) ~ Literacy 2000 Mrs. Wishy-Washy ~ Joy Cowley (Wright Group) Charlotte's Web ~ E.B. White Baby Farm Animals ~ Garth Williams Barnyard Lullaby ~ Frank Asch Barnyard Tracks ~ Dee Dee Duffy Cock-a-doodle-doo: A Farmyard Counting Book ~ Steve Lavis Cock-a-doodle-moo! ~ Bernard Most Cows in the Kitchen ~ June Crebbin Nothing at All ~ Denys Cazet Quacky Duck ~ Paul & Emma Rogers William Wegman's Farm Days ~ William Wegman Farmer Duck ~ Martin Waddell The Hullabaloo ABC ~ Beverly Cleary One Windy Wednesday ~ Phyllis Root The Thing That Bothered Farmer Brown ~ Teri Sloat This and That ~ Julie Sykes Click, Clack, Moo  Cows That Type ~ Doreen Cronin   *Click, Clack, Moo Cows That Type video with more fun on the farm - Scholastic Rosie's Walk ~ Pat Hutchins Dollar Tree Finds:Books with cassettes Old MacDonald Had Some Hens Old MacDonald Had Some Horses Old MacDonald Had Some Sheep Old MacDonald Had Some Pigs Other Resources: Farm Animal Pencil Stencils (Ideal School Supply Co. #6017) Farm Animals Manipulatives ( Macmillan Early Skills) ABC Farm: The Great Farm Unit With Alphabet Cards (Totline WPH1402) We Learn All About Farms (Fearon Teacher Aids FE-4594) A Day at the Farm coloring book (Creative Child Press) Fun to Learn Farm Animals (Longmeadow Press) Farm Animals: Reproducible Puppet Patterns (Judy/Instructo JI8663) Terrific Topics Farm [Gr. Prek - 1] (Carson-Delosa CD0826) Welcome to the Farm! Reproducible Social Studies Activity Book [PreK - 3) (Judy/Instructo JI8691) Baby Farm Animals Whole Language Theme Unit [Gr. K-1] (Instructional Fair IF8818) The Farm Early Years Thematic Notes (Frank Schaffer FS4016) On The Farm Giant Floor Puzzle  Farm Floor Puzzle (Frank Schaffer FS3716) Farm Animals Giant Floor Puzzle (Frank Schaffer FS3739) Farm Animal Stickers (probably Wal-Mart) Farm Friends Write'N Wipe Seating Signs (Instructional Fair IF 138) Farm Animals Border Magic [bulletin board border] (Creative Teaching Press) Fun At The Farm Story Stamps (Educational Insights EI1526) Plastic Farm Animals (probably Wal-Mart toy dept.) Teacher's Helper Feb/Mar 1999 Teacher's Helper - Kindergarten - Apr/May/June 1994 March Idea Book - Teacher's Friend Publications (TF0300) April Idea Book - Teacher's Friend Publications (TF0400) The Mailbox - Kindergarten-Apr/May 1999 The Mailbox - PreK - June/July 1990 The Mailbox - Primary - Oct/Nov 1989 SCHOOLDAYS, Sept/Oct 1990 (Frank Schaffer) SCHOOLDAYS, Apr/May/June 1991 (Frank Schaffer) Farm Animals [Preschool/Kindergarten] (TEC3185) Learning Centers Through the Year - Teacher Created Materials (#059) Animals - Frank Schaffer Publications (FS-8057) Bulletin Board: Our Class is "Moo-velous"!   or  What an "Udder-ly" Wonderful Class!  Enlarge a clip art cow or coloring page to almost the size of your bulletin board onto white paper.   Add black spots to the cow.  Make a pasture scene on your bulletin board (gently rolling hills and sky will do), then add pictures of your students to the cow's spots.  Finish off the board by making a "cow print" border and matching letters for the caption.  This can be done by just adding black spots to plain white letters and border.  Or, you might even be able to find cow print border in some of the school supply catalogs or in your local teacher's store.  Seems that I might have seen some recently in a catalog. Chicken Board Topper: April Idea Book - Teacher's Friend Publications (TF0400) If you don't have this resource, you could also make your own board topper.  You'll need the head and wings/hooves only of a farm animal enlarged on posterboard and colored.  Adhere it to the top of the bulletin to look as if it's holding the board and peeking over.  If you're really with it, you could also add some legs sticking out underneath to finish off the illusion! :) Old MacDonald Had a Farm! a - e - i - o - u! Bulletin Board:   The Mailbox - Primary- Apr/May 1992 Down in the Barn ... Bulletin Board:  Your students help to create this bulletin board.  Create the background for their art work by adding the caption and a barn to your bulletin board.  Each student will illustrate a farm animal and either dictate or write one sentence about the animal underneath their picture.  Then just mount their work to the bulletin board and you're all done!   Bulletin Board: Create a large barn on your bulletin board.  Have students color/paint farm animals to go in the barnyard.  Dress each student in a straw hat and farmer clothes (overalls, plaid shirt), and have them stand in front of the barn holding a toy pitchfork, rake, or hoe.  Take their picture and add it to the board as well. "The Cream of the Crop" Bulletin Board: On your board have a barn with a corn field.  On each corn stalk, have 2 - 3 ears of corn with each containing a student's picture.  Groups: If you label or group your students, then you might consider using farm animals for groups/tables.  Ex. The horses table, the cows group, etc.  You could even let the group vote to determine which animal in the barnyard they'd like to be. Vocabulary: It's always a good idea to start a new unit off by making new vocabulary words readily available to the students.  Making a portable Word Wall using one of your pocketcharts just fits the bill.  The pocketchart  will be low enough for students to be on eye-level with the words, and also to make it easy for them to access and interact with the words.  Make word cards for the vocabulary words and add a picture to the card when possible to be used as a picture cue.  Have another set of word cards without the picture.  Use the picture cards at the top of the chart, and have the picture-less set available at the bottom.  The students can use the picture cards on the portable Word Wall to assist them when reading or writing.   They can also use the second set as a pocketchart activity to match to the first set with the pictures.  Victoria, at Kinder Korner , also lets her students remove the picture-less cards to use for copying, but not the picture cards. You can make picture cards using clip art, coloring book pictures, worksheet or workbook pictures, or even graphics software.  If using the graphics software, print your pictures and words onto cardstock, laminate, cut out, and they're ready to use.  Here's a couple of pictures of my farm vocabulary words in the pocketchart.   Here are some farm vocabulary words:   bale slop This is such a fun unit to teach and can take you in so many directions. And, it lends it self so well to "teaching across the curriculum."  You'll have more than ample opportunities to incorporate literature, phonics, vocabulary, math, social studies, writing,  science, and more.  So, with all that in mind, I'm going to start off with my very favorite activity in this unit, making a Farm Shape Book.  ;) Farm Shape Book: This book could be make in several different ways, but I chose to utilize the Ellison die-cuts to complete our book.  First, I had to draw a pattern for my  barn shape book.  I made it as large as possible on a sheet of paper, but left enough room around the edges for copying.  If you wanted to go ahead and add the text to each page before copying, you'd need to make a template for each page, plus one for the front and back cover. I copied the covers onto red construction paper and the kids cut out all the pages.  Then we started the process of creating each page.  pg. 1  Horses eat grass. (Glue on a brown horse cut-out, add the details.  Glue on toothpicks for fence posts and yarn for fence railings.) pg. 2  Chickens eat corn. (Glue on yellow chicken and add corn kernels.) pg. 3  Pigs like mud. (Glue on pink pig, add details.  Add mud using brown marker, fingerpaint, or "chocolate pudding paint.") pg. 4  Cows give milk. (Glue on brown cow, add  details and grass clippings.  You could use a white cow and add black spots.) pg. 5  Sheep give wool. (Glue on black sheep and add white cotton to body only, leaving face and legs black.) pg. 6  Ducks like water. (Glue on yellow duck and add blue water with marker or paint.)   **Note: I didn't do the duck page.  I figured you got the picture.  :) Farm Families Book: Make a Farm Families book to share with your class using the Brown Bear, Brown Bear format.  Each page would follow the format below and use a different animal and their baby.  The page format would be: Mama Cow, Mama Cow, what do you see? I see a little calf standing by me. Awards: Cock-a doodle-doo!  I'm so proud of you!                That's something to crow about! Note: You could also use these along with student work on a bulletin board. Journal Prompts: * I think cows are cool because ... * Three Delicious Dairy Foods * I see a big brown ____. * Milk is good for me because ... * What makes a cow happy? * What makes a pig happy? * My favorite ice cream is _____. * The Cow That Went Oink! * The cow said, " ___!" * The Rooster That Wouldn't Crow * The Rooster That Crowed at Night * The Cow That Gave Chocolate Milk! * I wish chickens had ____ eggs! * What makes slop? * If I were a pig ... * You can tell a chicken is happy when .. * Mud is ... * Pigs in mud are ... Pig Art Project:  Take this opportunity to make the TLC Pig.  The picture below shows our version to the pig.  I provide them with the patterns, they just have to cut them out and put them together (a following directions activity).   Cow Project: I created the pattern below so that my students could make a cow, similar to the pig that we'd made.  After they made their cow, they wrote or dictated a sentence about their cow on a mini-sentence strip.  Then their cows and the sentence strips joined the pigs in the hallway.  :)   Farm ABCs:  Have your students help brainstorm farm items to go with each letter of the alphabet.  You can either chart their answers, and/or afterwards add pictures and make it into a class book.  If making it into a book, you might ask each student to illustrate a page. A = apple C = cow D = duck Patterning: Use Ellison cut-outs or animal/farm pictures to practice patterning.  The students can either glue their patterns on to paper or you can laminate the pictures for use over and over again.  I like to let my students pattern in the pocketchart because it gives them more of a confined space to work in. Seriation: Use either the copy machine or a graphics program to create farm pictures in 3 or more sizes and print/copy on to cardstock.  Color if needed and laminate.  The students practice sequencing them smallest to largest, or largest to smallest.  This is another good activity for the pocketchart. Classification: Have students sort animal pictures into farm/not farm, farm/zoo, or other pictures into animals/food, fruits/vegetables, or living/non-living. Real Life: Hatch eggs or raise chicks. Egg Patterning: Use brown and white Ellison die-cut eggs to pattern. Math Mats:  Copy a nest onto each of 10 - 20 (depending on what numeration you're working on) pieces of brown/yellow construction paper.  Cut out the nests and glue them onto black construction paper.  Program the front of each nest with a number.  Laminate the math mats as well as sheets of white or light brown construction paper.  Use the Ellison die-cut to cut out an appropriate number of small eggs from the white/light brown laminated paper.  Students count the appropriate number of eggs into each nest on the math mats. Flannelboard:  Make flannelboard pieces for the farm animals, barn, tractor, farmer, farm house, and food.  You can copy these pieces onto cardstock, color, cut out, and laminate.  Hot glue pieces of sandpaper to the back so that it will adhere to the flannelboard.  You can also make pieces from Pellon interfacing, but don't use washable markers to color them.  If you do, it will come off on your hands during handling. Barnyard Banter: Use animal pictures and have the students sequence them as to the order the goose saw them in the book.  If the pictures are small enough, they can glue them in order on adding machine/cash register tape.  (The pictures can be found in the resource book: Farm Animals  Preschool/Kindergarten (TEC3185)  This is The Education Center which I believe is also the publisher of The Mailbox .) Animal Sounds: Make picture cards and sound cards for the farm animals.  Students match the animals to the sounds that they make. < duck/quack, cow/moo, etc. > Make Butter:  Use a half pint of heavy whipping cream and a dash of salt.  Put into a container with a lid.  Shake until cream turns to butter.  Serve to students on crackers.  If the students will be the ones shaking the mixture, make sure the cream is in a non-breakable container.  You can chant this poem as you shake: Shake, shake, shake, Shake it, shake it all around. Shake it high Shake it, shake it to and fro. Shake it over Pretty soon, you'll have butter! ~Author Unknown Block Center:  Add plastic farm animals to your Block Center.  Encourage students to build corrals and pens for the animals. Barnyard Bingo:  Make Bingo cards using farm animals or farm words. Stick Puppets: Copy animal pictures onto cardstock, color and laminate.  Hot glue craft sticks to the back to form stick puppets. Five Little Ducks Five little ducks went out one day, Over the hill and far away. Mother duck said, "Quack, quack, quack, quack." But only four little ducks came back. Four little ducks went out one day, Over the hill and far away. Mother duck said, "Quack, quack, quack, quack." But only three little ducks came back. Three little ducks went out one day, Over the hill and far away. Mother duck said, "Quack, quack, quack, quack." But only two little ducks came back. Two little ducks went out one day, Over the hill and far away. Mother duck said, "Quack, quack, quack, quack." But only one little duck came back. One little duck went out one day, Over the hill and far away. Mother duck said, "Quack, quack, quack, quack." But none of the five little ducks came back. Sad mother duck went out one day, Over the hill and far away. The sad mother duck said, "Quack, quack, quack." And all of the five little ducks came back! ~ Author Unknown (tune: Baa, Baa, Black Sheep) Baa, baa, black sheep, have you any wool? Yes sir, yes sir, three bags full. One for your sweater and one for your rug, One for your blanket to keep you warm and snug. Cluck, cluck, red hen, have you any eggs? Yes sir, yes sir, as many as your legs. One for your breakfast and one for your lunch, Come back tomorrow, I'll have another bunch. Moo, moo, brown cow, have you milk for me? Yes sir, yes sir, as tasty as can be. Churn it into butter, make it into cheese, Freeze it into ice cream, or drink it if you please. Buzz, buzz, busy bee, is your honey sweet? Yes sir, yes sir, sweet enough to eat. Honey on your muffin, honey on your cake, Honey by the spoonful, as much as I can make. Baa, baa, black sheep, have you any wool? Yes sir, yes sir, three bags full. ~ Jackie Reinach Chicken, chicken, you can't cluck too much for me. Chicken, chicken, now come down off of that tree. Chicken, chicken, chicken, you can't cluck too much for me. "C" is for the little chick "H" is for the momma hen "I" cause I love that bird "C" for the cluck, cluck "K" for the kackle, kackle "E" and the little "N" C-H-I-C-K-E-N That's the way to spell chicken. That's my friend the chicken. ~ Author Unknown . Two mother pigs lived in a pen. (thumbs) Each had four babies and that made ten. (fingers of both hands) These four babies were black and white. (fingers of one hand) These four babies were black as night. (finger on other hand) All eight babies love to play (wiggle fingers) And they rolled in the mud all day! (roll hands) ~ Author Unknown *Note: I would change the word "babies" to piglets. another version: Two mother pigs lived in a pen (hold up thumbs) With eight baby pigs.  Altogether there were ten. (hold up all ten fingers) All eight babies loved to play, (hold thumbs in, bend and straighten fingers) And they rolled and they rolled in the mud each day. (circle hands around each other) At night with their mothers they curled in a heap, (make hands into fists) And squealed and squealed till they went to sleep. (wiggle eight finger and squeal, then     make fists again and be quiet) ~ Author Unknown Cow loves to moo and chew it's true! Moo -- moo -- moo! Cow flaps her tail and fills a pail Of her fresh milk for you. Cow wears a bell so you can tell When she's on the roam. And at day's end she joins her friends And cow comes strolling home! ~ Author Unknown This little cow eats grass. (hold up one hand, fingers erect, bend down one finger) This little cow eats hay. (bend down another finger) This little cow drinks water. (bend down another finger) And this little cow does nothing. (bend down another finger) But lie and sleep all day. ~ Author Unknown Sensory Table:  Use shelled corn (dried corn kernels) or hay in your sensory table.  Make sure to use a top on your table so that you don't feed the mice! :)  And if you're using the hay, you could hide tiny toy mice in the hay for the children to find!  Just like in a barn! Reading Center:  Stack haybales for your students to sit on, and put farm related books in tin buckets, wash tubs or bushel baskets! Counting Cows:  Cut out white cows using Ellison die-cuts.  Program half the cows with a number on each cow, and program the other half of the cows with black dots or spots.  Laminate.  Students count the dots/spots on the cows and match to the cow with the correct number.   Donkeys, horses, cows that moo. Fish that swim down in the pond, Ducklings quacking all day long. All these things you see, If you to to the farm with me! ~ Author Unknown Shovels, Rakes and Even Hoes (tune: Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star) Shovels, rakes, and even hoes, Help the farmer as he sows. First, he digs into the ground; Then he plants some seeds around. Shovels, rakes, and even hoes, Help the farmer as he sows. ~ Author Unknown If I Were a Farmer 1. Oh, if I were a farmer, a farmer, a farmer 2. Oh, if I were a farmer, what would I do? 3. I would milk the cows each morning 4. Each morning, each morning I would milk the cows each morning, that's what I'd do. *Repeat 1 and 2 1. sway to lines 1 and 2 2. then pretend to milk and collect eggs ~ Author Unknown (tune: Five Little Ducks Went Out to Play) Ten little pigs rolled in the mud- Squishy, squashy, felt so good. The farmer took one piggy out. "Oink, oink, oink," the pig did shout! Continue with nine, eight, seven, etc. No little pigs rolled in the mud. They all looked so clean and good. The farmer turned his back and then, Those pigs rolled in the mud again! ~ Author Unknown The Wheels on the Tractor (tune: Wheels on the Bus) The wheels on the tractor go round and round, Round and round, round and round. The wheels on the tractor go round and round, All around the farm. The lights on the tractor go blink, blink, blink. The brakes on the tractor go squeak, squeak, squeak. The horn on the tractor goes beep, beep, beep. The farmer on the tractor goes up and down, up and down, up and down. ~ adapted by Cindy Montgomery Sing The Farmer in the Dell Drama/Movement: Students ... *strut like a rooster *wallow like a pig Graphing and/or sorting:  Graph and/or sort pictures of animals with two legs and with four legs. Corn Cob Painting:  Use corn cobs to paint with. Animal Stamps:  Provide each student with a page divided into quarters (or larger or smaller sections if needed ... depending on size of stamps).  Program, or have the students program, each section with a number.  Have the students stamp the appropriate number of animals in each section according to the number.  Milk the Glove:  This is a really neat activity and it can be made even neater by adding to the original idea.  The original idea was to fill a latex glove with water, tie it to the under side of a chair.  Prick a hole in each finger.  Put a pail underneath and have the students practice "milking".  You can make this even more elaborate and fun by dolling up a saw horse or even a cow cut out from plywood.  What fun! Roll in the Mud:  Use a brown blanket to simulate the mud and let the kids have a good time "rolling in the mud." Environmental Print: Use labels from milk cartons (chocolate & white), bread wrappers, ice cream, corn, grits, grain cereals, butter, bacon, ham, eggs, cheese, potatoes, vegetables, etc.  You can either mount these and make an "environmental print" Word Wall, or mount each onto a page and make a class book. Popping Good Sheep:  Copy a sheep onto stiff cardstock or posterboard and cut out.  Have students glue on popped popcorn for the wool.  Paint two wooden, spring-type clothespins black and add to the bottom for legs.  Add a wiggly eye.  Eat the left over popcorn. Down On the Farm One red barn way up on the hill; Two brown hens perched upon the sill; Three pretty cows spotted black and white; Four fat sheep, a fluffy woolly white; Five pin pigs sleeping in the sun; Six yellow chicks a-peeping on the run; Seven happy farmers work all the live long day; Down on the farm - that's where they want to stay! ~Author Unknown Counting Critters:  Label cards with numbers 0-10 or whatever's appropriate; laminate.  Have students count out the appropriate number of farm animal manipulatives to match the number.  Or, you can use pictures of farm animals instead.  If using pictures, you can put one animal per picture or use more than one animal in each picture. The Color Farm There was a farmer had a cat And Black was her name-o. B-L-A-C-K, B-L-A-C-K, B-L-A-C-K And Black was her name-o. continue with: pig - red ~ Author Unknown Shapely Cow: Make a cow's face while reinforcing shapes.  Begin with a rectangle turned vertically.  Add triangle ears, circles for the eyes and two small ovals for the nostrils. Glove Garden:  Provide each student with a clear, plastic glove (the type used by food service employees).  Have them add a small amount to soil to each finger, then add seeds such as lettuce or radish.  Add a small amount of water, then hang in the classroom and wait for them to sprout.  (Sunlight not required) After the Field Trip:  After a field trip to a farm, have your students complete the sentence frames and illustrate each sentence on a separate sheet of page.  When finished compile the pages into a book. In the Barnyard I smelled a _____. I touched a _____. Open Up the Barn Door:  When using this poem, insert a child's name in the first blank, then let them supply the animal sound in parenthesis. Open up the barn door, _____, Before the clock strikes two. There's a cow inside the barn, And he is saying (moo). Open up the barn door, ____, It's a sunny day. There's a horse inside the barn, And she is saying (neigh). Open up the barn door, ____, Singing tra-la-la. There's a lamb inside the barn, And she is saying (baaaaa). Open up the barn door, ____, As fast as you know how. There's a cat inside the barn, And she is saying (meow). Open up the barn door, _____, And take a little peek. There's a mouse inside the barn, And he is saying (squeak). Open up the barn door, ____, And don't get off the track. There's a duck inside the barn, And he is saying (quack). ~Author Unknown Farm Animal Counting Book:  Have each student stamp an appropriate number of animals on each page to match the text or number.  Mother Match:  If you have pictures of mothers and babies (animals) then you can create a Memory Match game.  Add the pictures to index cards and laminate.  Farm Mobile:  Use a barn as the center of the mobile, then add farm animals, a tractor, a farmer, etc. as the dangling items.  Graph: Favorite farm animal or favorite farm sound. In the picture below we graphed our favorite animal from the book Cock-a-doodle-doo! Barnyard Hullabaloo! (remember this is a SPED class and some of us were absent the day we did this :)  )   The Animals in the Barn (tune: Wheels On the Bus) The cow in the barn goes moo, moo, moo. The duck in the barn goes quack, quack, quack. The pig in the barn goes oink, oink, oink. The dog in the barn goes ruff, ruff, ruff. The mouse in the barn goes squeak, squeak, squeak. The sheep in the barn goes baa, baa, baa. The horse in the barn goes neigh, neigh, neigh. ~ Adapted by Cindy Montgomery Wake up with the sun. And the chores must be done. (stretch and yawn) The first friendly farmer Goes to milk the cow. (pretend to milk a cow) The second friendly farmer, Thought he'd better plow. (pretend to plow) The third friendly farmer, Feeds the hungry hens. (throw feed to the chickens) The fourth friendly farmer, Puts the piggies in  their pens. (pretend to shoo pigs) The fifth friendly farmer, Picks the ripe corn. (pick corn) And waves to the neighbor, When he blows his horn. (wave) Five tired farmers (yawn and stretch) Tumble into bed! (go to sleep) ~ Author Unknown Had a little rooster by the barnyard gate, That little rooster was my playmate. That little rooster went cock-a-doodle-doo, Dee, doodle, dee, doodle, dee, doodle, dee, doo. continue with ... *dog and /o/ ~ adapted by Cindy Montgomery Farm Mural: Create a big garden scene with a barn and room for the barnyard.  Have students create vegetables/plants for the garden and animals for the barnyard.  For the garden use tomato plants with red construction paper tomatoes, corn stalks and ears of corn, carrots, watermelons, etc.  You can even add a scarecrow. Addition Math Mats:  Create mud puddle math mats by making two puddles on a piece of construction paper.  Leave enough room between the puddles to put a (+) sign.  Laminate.  Mats can be used either horizontally or vertically, depending on what type of problems are being done.  Students place appropriate number of pigs in each puddle to work the problem.  Ex.  2 + 2 = ___  (2 pigs in the first puddle, 2 pigs in the second puddle) Counting Mats:  The same mud puddle graphic or painting can be used to make counting mats as well.  Cut pieces of construction paper in half, and add a mud puddle to each.  Program each puddle with a number.  Laminate.  Students count the correct number of pigs into each puddle. National Pig Day:  March 1st Red Barn Word Wall:  Enlarge a barn shape onto red posterboard.  Cut out and laminate.  Add farm vocabulary words with a vis-a-vis pen for a mini-Word Wall, or use it for brainstorming during pre-writing activities. Animal Match:  Using Ellison die-cuts, cut farm animals from the appropriate color paper.  Cut each animal in half.  Glue each cut half of the animal onto the very edge of an index card, so that when put side-by-side, the two halves make a whole again.  Laminate the pieces.  Place these in a center for the students to match.  Very young children may need whole animal "models" to use when putting the two halves together.  Spelling:  Cut out farm animals using die-cuts and glue onto index cards.  Provide the students with magnetic letters, letter tiles, letter stamps, etc. to use in spelling the name of the farm animal.  The animal name can be added to the picture for those students who need it. Farm Families: Use the animal names to introduce Word Families   sat vat Pocketchart Spelling:  Make picture cards appropriate to the farm unit using clipart or a graphics program.  Program each card with the word written underneath.  Laminate and place the cards in a pocketchart.  Students use cardstock letter tiles to spell the word beside each picture card.  (See the Literacy Connections page for further explanation of the letter tiles that I use with my pocketcharts.)  More advanced students could use picture cards without the word written underneath.  For those students some where in between, you could use the cards without the words, but have a Word Bank for them to use. Pocketchart Math:  Cut 3x5 index cards in half and program with a number; laminate.  Laminate appropriate colored pieces of construction paper, then use the Ellison machine to cut out farm animals from the laminated paper.  Place animals on each row of the pocketchart.  Students count the animals and put the correct number card at the beginning of the row. You can also use these same manipulatives, but in a different format.  Place a number card at the beginning of each row of the pocketchart.  Students add the correct number of animals according to the number.     Pocketchart Addition:  If your students are working on beginning addition, you can use the animal cut-outs from the activity above to practice in the pocketchart.  Ex. 2 pig cut-outs plus 2 more pig cut-outs equal.  Use 3x5 index cards cut in half and program with (+) and (=) signs; laminate.  Then have the students add the animals in each row and put in the correct numeral card after the equal sign. More advanced students can practice writing number sentences for each problem as well. More/Less Pocketchart Activity: I created cards (4x6 index cards) with stamps to be used in reinforcing more/less.  Program one card with the word "More" and another card with the word "Less".  They will be the headers for the two columns in the pocketchart.  Then I created 9 sets of cards with stamps of things that could be on a farm.  There were two cards for each set.  One set depictated more (3 carrots) and the other set depicted less (1 carrot).  The students sorted the cards into the correct column by sets.  For instance, the pocketchart would look like this:   This is a picture of the carrots set:   Creating and Interpreting Graphs: One of the MS benchmarks is for the students to gather information, create, and interpret graphs (not in those exact words).  To reinforce that skill, I gave each student a bag consisting of farm animals.  (Make sure that you have selected the animals so that when graphed correctly, there will be one type of animal that is "more" and one type that is "less".  The student graphs the animals on their graph.  Then they remove each animal one by one and replace it with an animal stamp.  Once they've finished, I help them to complete the questions at the bottom of the page.  This is a page where I modeled how to do the graph with them, that's why the stamped animals are already there.  In reality, there page only had the graph with the numbers and labels.     Poetry Journals:  Don't forget to add all the poems and songs to their Poetry Journals.  More on how I use Poetry Journals on the Literacy Connections page. To Market, To Market To buy a fat pig. Home again, home again, I have a black face and feet. The farmer uses my fleece  For wool. (sheep) ~ riddles written by Cindy Montgomery Hen Art:  Photocopy a hen onto a page leaving room at the bottom of the page.  Have the students color the hen, then glue hay underneath her to form her nest. (There's a link below somewhere that you can possibly use to make your hen.  You'll have to remove the egg from the picture.  Look for the link for "hen and egg coloring page".) Mystery Bags:  Gather brown lunch bags.  Place one item in each bag : an ear of corn, hay, a boiled egg, an apple, a carrot, a feather, a small milk carton, a strawberry, a bandana, an onion, and any other farm items that you can think of.  Let the students take turns sticking their hand into a bag (without peeking) and guessing what the item is. Guest Speaker:  Scout around to see if you can find a farmer to come in and speak to your class about their job, their daily schedule, vacations, weather, etc. Magnetic Spelling:  Glue a farm picture to the beginning of a sentence strip, write the word beside the picture.  Do not trim the excess sentence strip.  Laminate.  Place the sentence strips on a magnetic chalkboard, a filing cabinet, a storage cabinet, or a large automotive oil drip pan (looks like a big cookie sheet).  Students use magnetic letters to spell the word beside where it is written.  More advanced students may not need the written word, and students in between the two may use a Word Bank to help with spelling instead of the individual written words on each strip.  Categorizing Farm Families: More advanced students can categorize word cards into Farm Families.  Print the name of the male, female, and baby of each farm family separate on 3x5 index cards; laminate.  Students sort the cards into families. Ex. Pig Family~ boar, sow, piglet Ex. Chicken Family ~ rooster, hen, chick Ex. Sheep Family ~ ram, ewe, lamb Ex. Cattle Family ~ bull, cow, calf  Ex. Goat Family ~ billy goat, nanny goat, kid You can even add the sound that each family makes as well.  (You'd add "oink" to the Pig Family) Haystack Snack:  Make Haystacks for snack. Pigs In a Blanket Snack:  Flatten out canned biscuits and roll a cocktail sausage in about half of a biscuit.  Back until the biscuit is done.  (You could also try this using canned crescent roll dough.) On a Farm Animals live on a farm, on a farm, on a farm. Animals live on a farm, with the farmer. Cows and pigs live on a farm, on a farm, on a farm. Cows and pigs live on a farm, with the farmer. Goats and sheep live on a farm, on a farm, on a farm. Goats and sheep live on a farm, with the farmer. Hen and chicks live on a farm, on a farm, on a farm. Hens and chicks live on a farm, with the farmer. ~ Author Unknown Flannelboard Story:  This is a spin-off story from Are You My Mother? by P.D. Eastman.  Are You My Mommy? One day a little duck hatches from its egg.  He looks around but cannot find his mother.  "Where is my mommy?" said the baby duck.  "I must go and find her." The baby duck sees a cow and says, "Are you my mommy?" "Why no, I am not your mommy.  I am a cow." Then the baby duck sees a pig and says, "Are you my mommy?" "Why no, I am not your mommy.  I am a pig." Then the baby duck sees a horse and says, "Are you my mommy?" "Why no, I am not your mommy.  I am a horse." Then the baby duck sees a big duck and says, "Are you my mommy?" "Why yes, I am your mommy." she answers.  "I am so glad you found me." And off they went together for a swim in the pond, and they were very, very, very happy. ~ Author Unknown ~ 1 cup nuts Mix together all ingredients.  Serve in a paper cup or small bowl ... spoons are optional! :) Farmer, Farmer, What Do You See? class book:  Have your students help write a spin-off of Brown Bear, Brown Bear.  You can start off with the farmer and what he'd see while traveling around the farm. pg. 1 Farmer, farmer, what do you see? (picture of a farmer) pg. 2 I see a pig looking at me. (picture of a pig) pg. 3 Farmer, farmer, what do you see? (picture of the farmer again) pg. 4 I see a cow looking at me. (picture of a cow) Or, you can do the more traditional version ... pg. 1 Farmer, farmer, what do you see? (picture of a farmer) pg. 2 I see a pig looking at me. (picture of a pig) pg. 3 Pig, pig, what do you see? (picture of the pig) OR, you can combine the text of pgs. 2 & 3 and just use the one pig picture. Another flannelboard story:  This little hen is BLACK. (add black hen) She stands in the barnyard by a big haystack. This little hen is RED. (add red hen) She is very tired and won't get out of bed. This little hen is BROWN. She is feeling sad and wearing a frown. This little hen is YELLOW. She's friends with the rooster; he's a handsome fellow. This little hen is WHITE. She dances and plays, oh what a sight. This little hen is PURPLE. She spends her day running around in circles. This little hen is GREEN. She is the silliest hen I've ever seen. This little hen is BLUE. She lays eggs for me and you. This little hen is PINK. She goes down to the pond to get a drink. All of these hens live at the farm, Out in the big RED barn. (add red barn) ~ Author Unknown Clucking Hen: Poke a hole in the bottom of a styrofoam cup and string a 20 inch piece of cotton string through it.  Break a tootpick in half and tie it to the end of the string that will be inside the cup.  Pull up on the string so the toothpick anchors it in the cup.  By wetting the string and running it through their fingers with a jerking motion, students can produce a sound that resembles the cluck, cluck of a hen.  The wet string vibrates, thus producing a sound that is amplified by the cup. (Frank Schaffer Publications [FS-8057] Animals) Pink Pig-Sicles:  Mix together 2 C plain yogurt, 12 oz. unsweetened frozen apple-cranberry juice concentrate, & 2 t vanilla.  Pour the mixture into small paper cups and insert plastic spoons for handles.  Chill in the freezer until set.  Makes 8 to 10. Piggy Art Project:  Cut each student out a pink pig.  Have them glue it to a piece of paper and add a farm scene.  Then provide them with chocolate pudding or brown tempera paint to paint mud onto their pig and picture.  Of course, if you use pudding, save some to eat! Pig Snouts:  Cut toilet tissue rolls in half and paint pink.  Add a pink circle to the end with nostrils.  Punch two holes in the other end and add string or yarn to tie them on with. Playdough Pigs:  Provide each student with a small chunk of pink playdough.  Have them roll balls of different sizes to form their own pig.  Let harden. Cutting:  Make a sheet with about 3 - 4 barns down the left side.  Then put 3 - 4 animals across from them on the right side.  Draw a line from underneath each animals feet to the barn door.  The first line should be straight, the next live a little "hilly", the next live could be zig-zagged, etc.  The idea is for the lines to get a little more difficult the further they go down the page.  The directions will be to get each animal to the barn by cutting along the lines. An Animal I Met In a Book:  Allow students to choose one animal from a favorite Farm Unit book and write about the animal.  Then they draw a picture of the animal. Pocketchart Punctuation:  Cut out a pig and a cow using die-cuts (or any two farm animals will do).  Program one with a period and the other with a question mark.  Laminate.  Place both in the top row of the pocketchart to form the headings for two columns.  Type the farm sentences on the computer using a landscape page format.  Make the font as large as needed for your students and make sure you leave enough room between the sentences.  You don't want your sentence strips to be too tiny.  Print onto cardstock and laminate.  Cut the sentence strips apart.  The students will read the sentence and place each one under the correct punctuation. For more advanced students, add another farm animal to the pocketchart with an exclamation point.  Contractions:  Cut out farm animals.  Program half with contractions and the other half with the two words that make the contractions.  Laminate.  Students match the contractions to the matching words.  For more advanced students, cut out animals in sets of threes.  Program on animal with the contraction, then two more animals each with one of the words that makes up the contraction.  Students must find the two words that make the contraction and match all three. Counting Center Activity:  Using farm animal stickers or stamps, stick/stamp  animals on index cards (size depends on the size of the stamps/stickers).  Then cut additional cards in half and program with the numbers to match the animals sets.  Laminate all.  Students count the animals on the cards and match to the correct number.  *Note : You could also put the animals on red barn cut-outs. Mrs. Wishy-Washy: The Mrs. Wishy Washy page is now online!  This book/series is sooo much fun and ties in great with a Farm Unit. What We Know About the Farm Chart:  This would be a good group culminating activity for this unit.  Divide chart paper into 6 columns with a heading.  Program each column with one of the following sub-headings:  Animals, Their Sounds, Farm Products, Animal Families, Facts About Animals, Other.  This chart can be completed in two ways.  The first and easiest way would be to have the students just state facts for each column.  The other way would be to have the students identify one animal at a time and complete the chart going across based on that animal.  For example ... Cow/moo/milk, beef, leather/cattle/Eats grass and hay/Doesn't give chocolate milk Counting Mats: Copy a barn pattern onto red construction paper.  Cut out, program with a number, laminate.  Students count animal manipulatives to match the number on the barn. click on image to enlarge Math Addition Mats:  Use the same barn pattern from above, but make addition mats instead of counting mats.  Reduce the pattern so that two barns will fit onto a green sheet of construction paper.  Copy the barns and glue to green paper.  Use a Sharpie to make a (+) sign in between the two barns.  (You can make mats for both horizontal and vertical math problems)  Students place the number of animals for the top number of their problem in the top barn, and the correct number of animals in the bottom barn for the bottom number of their problem.  The problem for this mat would be:   3 Patterns:  Use farm animal die-cuts and have students glue them onto sentence strips to form patterns. click on image to enlarge Farm Style Breakfast:  You can wind up the farm unit by having a farm style breakfast.  Enlist volunteers to help you cook and serve any of the following breakfast foods:  eggs, bacon, ham, toast, biscuits, butter, grits, cheese chunks, strawberries, apple and peach slices, jams/jellies, milk, apple juice.  Of course, serve the breakfast on red/white plaid tablecloths, with white napkins, and a vase of wildflowers in the center of the table.  And everyone has to tuck their napkins in at the neck! :)  

i don't know

Olfactory refers to which of the senses?

Olfactory | Define Olfactory at Dictionary.com olfactory [ol-fak-tuh-ree, -tree, ohl-] /ɒlˈfæk tə ri, -tri, oʊl-/ Spell of or relating to the sense of smell: olfactory organs. Usually, olfactories. an olfactory organ. 3. Latin 1650-1660 1650-60; < Latin olfactōrius, equivalent to olfac(ere) to smell at, sniff (ol(ēre) to smell (akin to odor ) + facere to make, do) + -tōrius -tory 1 Related forms nonolfactory, adjective, noun, plural nonolfactories. Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for olfactory Expand Why We Love Stinky Cheese Stacey Slate January 13, 2010 Historical Examples Gegenbaur's evertebral part—the region of the olfactory and optic nerves—which cannot be referred to any metameric segmentation. The Mason-bees J. Henri Fabre The olfactory organ of Myxinoids has a very curious skeleton. The Vertebrate Skeleton Sidney H. Reynolds Their olfactory passage, like that of the Palostraca, must have been ventral. British Dictionary definitions for olfactory Expand of or relating to the sense of smell noun (pl) -ries (usually pl) an organ or nerve concerned with the sense of smell Word Origin C17: from Latin olfactus, past participle of olfacere, from olere to smell + facere to make Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for olfactory Expand adj. 1650s, from Latin olfactorius, from olfact-, past participle stem of olfacere "to get the smell of, sniff," from olere "emit a smell, give off a smell of" (see odor ) + facere "make" (see factitious ). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper

Smell

Which nursery rhyme character is supposed to come blow his horn, since the sheep's in the meadow and the cows in the corn?

Olfactory nerve | WINE FOR SOUL WINE FOR SOUL The Anatomy and physiology of Olfaction-(smell) in Wine Tasting,                                 The sense of Smell – Sense No. 2 in wine tasting. Cranial nerve No. 1 the Olfactory nerve.                                                Smell refers to 1: Olfaction, the actual act of smelling an odor, or 2: odor, as simply the smell that is being emitted by vaporized molecules of a volatile material. It is through the aromas of wine that wine is tasted. The human tongue is limited to the 5 primary tastes perceived by taste receptors on the tongue: sour, sweet, salty, bitter and Umami, so if an orange is sweet and sour and a strawberry is also sweet and sour, it is the “sweet and sour” with an orange or a strawberry aroma that distinguishes between the two. Taste and aroma together – Flavour, is the final interpretation of consumed food or beverage in our brain. Of the five senses, smell is of the highest sensitivity, approximately 10,000 times more sensitive than the sense of taste. The part of smell in what we define as flavour is 75% smell (olfaction) and 25% taste. Since smell is 10,000 times more sensitive than taste it requires that amount less Chemical Stimuli to be manifested clearly in the brain. The wide array of fruity, vegetal, earthy, floral, herbal, mineral woody and other flavours perceived in wine are derived from aroma notes interpreted by the olfactory bulb. In wine tasting, wine is often smelled before being drunk in order to identify some components of the wine that may be present. Different terms are used to describe what is being smelled. Aroma can be referred to as “pleasant” even alluring smell as opposed to odor which is referred to as unpleasant or repelling smell (mainly found in wine faults). The term aroma maybe further distinguished from bouquet which generally refers to the smells that arise from the chemical reactions of fermentation and aging of the wine as it ages in the bottle (tertiary aroma). Smell (or Olfaction) allows humans and other living organisms with smell receptors, to identify their food, mating partner and warn against approaching enemies, it provides both sensual pleasure (the odor of the opposite sex, flowers and perfume) as well as warnings of danger from spoiled food, nearby predators and chemical hazards: toxins and poisons. It is a means by which all living creatures communicate with their surroundings and environment. The sense of smell is a direct chemical sense, but in order to smell any product, it must be Volatile so that vaporized molecules from it penetrate through the nose, and reach the center is the odor in the nose, the olfactory bulb.       Everything we “smell”: from flowers, vegetables, fruit, baking odors fragrances, perfumes, to even putrid chemicals, are volatile chemical molecules i.e. molecules dissolved as gas vapors in the air. These come to “contact” with the smell center in the upper roof of our nose. Only highly volatile materials are distributors of smell that affect the olfactory bulb our smell center. General Physiology of Olfaction: The smell sense organ and the OLFACTORY NERVE (Cranial Nerve No.1)               Odorants are volatile chemical compounds that are carried by inhaled air to the Regio olfactoria (olfactory epithelium) located at the roof of the two nasal cavities of the human nose. The olfactory region of each of the two nasal passages in humans is a small area of about 2.5 square centimeters containing in total approximately 50 million primary sensory receptor cells. This is not so many in comparison to a rabbit : 100 million of these olfactory receptors, or a dog: 220 million. Humans are nonetheless capable of detecting certain substances in dilutions of less than one part in several billion parts of air. An odorant must possess certain molecular properties in order to provide sensory properties. It must have some water solubility, a sufficiently high vapor pressure, low polarity, an ability to dissolve in fat (lipophilicity), and surface activity (these are all physical terms) The sense of smell is able to distinguish among a practically infinite number of chemical compounds at very low concentrations . The olfactory region consists of CILIA (Tiny, hair-like structures) projecting down out of the olfactory epithelium into a layer of mucous which is about 60 microns thick. This mucous layer is a fatty-rich secretion that bathes the receptors at the outer surface. The mucous layer is produced by special glands which are present in the olfactory epithelium. The mucous lipids (fats) assist in transporting the odorant molecules, as only volatile materials that are soluble in the mucous can interact with the smell receptors and initiate the signals that our brain interprets as smell. The olfactory cilia are the sites where molecular reception with the odorant occurs and sensory transmission starts. Odorant receptors: For a long while it was thought that there are specific receptors for different odorant molecule and smell is initiated only when the right receptor is affected. An interesting feature of the physiology of smell was discovered by the 2004 Nobel Prize winners Linda Buck and Richard Axel. In contrast to the simple but specific key-lock model that governs taste, smell is dictated by a whole set of sensory cells. One type of fragrant molecule interacts with more than one receptor type, so the overall sensation is created by the combination of activated receptors and not a specific receptor as thought prior to their study. Humans are able to distinguish between around 10,000 different odors. There are a combination of specific odor-sensing receptor cells that are capable of perceiving o it and the accumulation of the mixed information of these  receptors pass the information of the “smell” of the specific odorant, on to the brain for their final disclosure. Although all people can identify most of the smells, some people trained as professionals “sniffers” in the fragrance/ cosmetics industry or professional food and wine tasters are considered to be in the high-end of this sensual ability they are more focused in distinguishing between the different odors and subsequently poses higher ability to describe the smell verbally, mainly by association. Aroma refers to any volatized odor that reaches the olfactory bulb at the top of our nose. This odor can be sensed either through the nose or retro-nasally through the back of the mouth in the form of flavour. When the brain combines the taste stimuli with the aroma stimuli, flavor is perceived. (Tactile sensations such as the astringency from tannin or alcohol also play a role in flavour. Partially from: http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staffinfo/jacob/teaching/sensory/olfact1.html#Tasteandsmell Groups of Odors: the Primary odor groups that appear in wine are: Fruity: ethyl acetate, Floral: flowers scent jasmine, roses, Spicy: ginger, pepper, Minty – Herbal: either from the mint family or fresh herbs, Resinous: resin, smoke, Burning:  tar, toasted wood, Pungent: vinegar ,formic acid, acetic acid. There are Other Odor groups such as: Ethereal : Dry cleaning chemicals : Musky:  muscone, Camphor – the smell of mothballs, eucalyptus oil, Rancid: smell of decomposition (isovaleric acid, butyric acid), Putrid: Foul rotten egg. Many esters have distinctive fruit-like odors, and many occur naturally in the essential oils of plants. Ethyl acetate is the most common ester in wine, being the product of the most common volatile organic acid — acetic acid, and the ethyl alcohol generated during the fermentation. The aroma of ethyl acetate is most vivid in younger wines and contributes towards the general perception of “fruitiness” in the wine. Excessive amounts of ethyl acetate are considered a wine fault. Exposure to oxygen can exacerbate the fault due to the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde, which leaves the wine with a sharp vinegar-like taste. (from Wikipedia) Ester Name s and their Odors: Allyl hexanoate :  pineapple, Benzyl acetate : pear, strawberry, jasmine, Bornyl acetate :  pine, Butyl butyrate: pineapple, Ethyl acetate : nail polish remover,  model airplane glue, Ethyl butyrate : banana, pineapple, strawberry, Ethyl hexanoate:  waxy-green banana, Ethyl cinnamate : cinnamon, Ethyl formate: lemon, rum, strawberry, Ethyl heptanoate :   apricot, cherry, grape, raspberry, Ethyl isovalerate: apple, Ethyl lactate: butter, cream, Ethyl nonanoate: grape, Ethyl pentanoate: apple, Geranyl acetate: geranium, Geranyl butyrate: cherry, Isobutyl acetate: cherry, raspberry, strawberry, Isobutyl formate: raspberry, Isoamyl acetate: pear, banana, Isopropyl acetate: fruity, Linalyl acetate: lavender, sage, Linalyl butyrate: peach, Linalyl formate: apple, peach, Methyl anthranilate: grape, jasmine, Methyl cinnamate: strawberry, Methyl pentanoate (methyl valerate): flowery, Octyl acetate: fruity-citrus, Pentyl butyrate (amyl butyrate): apricot, pear, pineapple, Propyl hexanoate: blackberry, pineapple, cheese, wine. The sense of smell (or olfaction) is our most primitive sense. Scent messages pass directly through the limbic system (the emotional center of the brain), on its way to a conscious identification in the cortex. The Limbic system, supports a variety of functions, including emotion, behavior, creativity, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. It appears to be primarily responsible for our emotional life, and has a great deal to do with the formation of memories. Since wine only very rarely possesses the tastes of the juice of the grape it is made of, Professional wine tasters use associations and analogies to everyday materials to describe aromas. Wine tasters Experts practice and use their sense of smell very frequently and they in fact “train” their sense of smell to improve, by methodical exposure to specific smells of a known origin. Accumulation of memories from known smells increases the smell vocabulary to a point that wine taste will “provoke” an association to other memorized smells from the Brain’s library of thousands of smells. The sense of smell is one of the few senses that can be improved by training. It is possible to train our nose (and brain) to distinguish better, between smells. This can be achieved by sniffing something with a strong odor for a period several times a day. If we add new odors at set intervals continually for some time, our “vocabulary” of different odors will increase and we will be able through learning and memory to distinguish between larger arrays of the 10,000 or so existing odors. Our sense of smell, will also get stronger and association to known odors emitting materials will get faster. People list smells which “make them happy. These are all part of their top 20 smell vocabulary: Freshly baked bread, Clean sheets, Freshly mown grass, Fresh flowers,   Freshly ground coffee, Fresh air after rain fall, Vanilla, Chocolate, Fish & Chips, Bacon frying, Roast Dinner, Babies, Lemon zest, Lavender, Petrol,  Apple and blackberry crumble in the oven, A freshly lit match, Roses, Party poppers, Rubber tyres. Apparently smell emotion and memory are interrelated in the brain as they originate in the same Limbic system Next post on the specific scents of wine… soon. YOUR WINEGUIDE 77,190 hits Follow Blog via Email Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Join 195 other followers

i don't know

What long running TV variety show, broadcast from 1948 to 1971, was responsible for introducing acts such as Jerry Lee Lewis, Elvis Presley, The Beatles, The Supremes, The Beach Boys, The Jackson 5, The Rolling Stones, The Lovin' Spoonful and The Doors to the US?

The Ed Sullivan Show Information The Ed Sullivan Show Information The Ed Sullivan Show News The Ed Sullivan Show Information The Ed Sullivan Show is an American TV variety show that originally ran on CBS from Sunday June 20, 1948 to Sunday June 6, 1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie, which ran only one season and was eventually replaced by other shows. In 2002, The Ed Sullivan Show was ranked #15 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. History From 1949 until its cancelation in 1971, the show ran on CBS every Sunday night from 8"9 p.m. E.T., and is one of the few entertainment shows to have run in the same weekly time slot on the same network for more than two decades. (During its first season, it ran from 9"10 p.m. E.T.) Virtually every type of entertainment appeared on the show; opera singers, popular artists, songwriters, comedians, ballet dancers, dramatic actors performing monologues from plays, and circus acts were regularly featured. The format was essentially the same as vaudeville, and although vaudeville had died a generation earlier, Sullivan presented many ex-vaudevillians on his show. Originally cocreated and produced by Marlo Lewis, the show was first titled Toast of the Town, but was widely referred to as The Ed Sullivan Show for years before September 25, 1955, when that became its official name. In the show's June 20, 1948 debut, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis performed along with singer Monica Lewis and Broadway composers Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II previewing the score to their then-new show South Pacific, which opened on Broadway in 1949. The Ed Sullivan Show was originally broadcast via live television from the Maxine Elliott Theatre at Broadway and 39th St. before moving to its permanent home at CBS-TV Studio 50 in New York City (1697 Broadway, at 53rd Street), which was renamed The Ed Sullivan Theater on the occasion of the program's 20th anniversary in June 1968. The last original Sullivan show telecast (#1068) was on March 28, 1971 with guests Melanie, Joanna Simon, Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass, and Sandler and Young. Repeats were scheduled through June 6, 1971. Background Along with the new talent Sullivan booked each week, he also had recurring characters appear many times a season, such as his "Little Italian Mouse" puppet sidekick Topo Gigio, who debuted April 14, 1963, and ventriloquist Se�or Wences. While most of the episodes aired live from New York City, the show also aired live on occasion from other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan. For many years, Ed Sullivan was a national event each Sunday evening, and was the first exposure for foreign performers to the American public. On the occasion of the show's tenth anniversary telecast, Sullivan commented on how the show had changed during a June 1958 interview syndicated by the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA): The chief difference is mostly one of pace. In those days, we had maybe six acts. Now we have 11 or 12. Then, each of our acts would do a leisurely ten minutes or so. Now they do two or three minutes. And in those early days I talked too much. Watching these kines I cringe. I look up at me talking away and I say "You fool! Keep quiet!" But I just keep on talking. I've learned how to keep my mouth shut. The show enjoyed phenomenal popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s. As had occurred with the annual telecasts of The Wizard of Oz in the 1960s and '70s, the family ritual of gathering around the television set to watch Ed Sullivan became almost a U.S. cultural universal. He was regarded as a kingmaker, and performers considered an appearance on his program as a guarantee of stardom, although this sometimes did not turn out to be the case. The show's iconic status is illustrated by a song from the 1960 musical Bye Bye Birdie. In the song "Hymn for a Sunday Evening", a family of viewers expresses their regard for the program in worshipful tones. In September 1965, CBS started televising the program in compatible color, as all three major networks began to switch to 100 percent color prime time schedules. CBS had once backed its own color system, developed by Peter Goldmark, and resisted using RCA's compatible process until 1954. At that time, it built its first New York City color TV studio, Studio 72, at 2248 Broadway (81st Street). One "Ed Sullivan Show" was broadcast on August 22, 1954 from the new studio, but it was mostly used for one-time-only specials such as Rodgers and Hammerstein's March 31, 1957 "Cinderella." CBS Studio 72 was demolished in 1986 and replaced by an apartment house. CBS Studio 50 was finally "colorized" in 1965. In the late 1960s, Sullivan remarked that his program was waning as the decade went on. He realized that to keep viewers, the best and brightest in entertainment had to be seen, or else the viewers were going to keep on changing the channel. Along with declining viewership, Ed Sullivan attracted a higher median age for the average viewer (which most sponsors found undesirable) as the seasons went on. These two factors were the reason the show was canceled by CBS after the end of the 1970"1971 season. Because there was no notice of cancelation, Sullivan's landmark program ended without a series finale. Sullivan would produce one-off specials for CBS until his death in 1974. In 1990, television documentary producer Andrew Solt formed SOFA Entertainment, Inc. and purchased the exclusive rights to the complete library of The Ed Sullivan Show from Ed Sullivan's daughter Elizabeth and her husband Bob Precht. The collection consists of 1,087 hours of kinescopes and videotapes broadcast by CBS on Sunday nights from 1948 to 1971. Since acquiring the rights to The Ed Sullivan Show library, SOFA Entertainment has catalogued, organized and cleared performance rights for the original shows. Starting in 1991, SOFA Entertainment has re-introduced The Ed Sullivan Show to the American public by producing numerous network specials, half-hour series (airing on TV Land, PBS and VH1), and home video compilations. Some of these compilations include the "4 Complete Ed Sullivan Shows Starring The Beatles," "All 6 Ed Sullivan Shows Starring The Rolling Stones," "Elvis: The Ed Sullivan Shows," "Motown Gold From The Ed Sullivan Show," "Ed Sullivan's Rock 'n Roll Classics," 115 half-hour "The Best of The Ed Sullivan Show" specials, among others. The legendary performances of this show are also available as video and audio downloads and an app on iTunes." Famous performances The Ed Sullivan Show is especially known to the World War II and baby boomer generations for introducing acts and airing breakthrough performances by popular 1960s musicians such as Elvis Presley , The Beatles, The Supremes, The Beach Boys, The Jackson 5, Janis Joplin , The Rolling Stones, The Mamas & the Papas, The Lovin' Spoonful, The Doors and Topo Gigio. The Canadian comedy troupe Wayne & Shuster, however, appeared on the program 58 times, a record for any performer. Elvis Presley Initial appearance On September 9, 1956, Presley made his first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show (after earlier appearances on shows hosted by the Dorsey Brothers, Milton Berle, and Steve Allen) even though Sullivan had previously vowed never to allow Presley on the show. According to biographer Michael David Harris, "Sullivan signed Presley when the host was having an intense Sunday-night rivalry with Steve Allen. Allen had the singer on July 1 and trounced Sullivan in the ratings. When asked to comment, the CBS star said that he wouldn't consider presenting Presley before a family audience. Less than two weeks later he changed his mind and signed a contract. The newspapers asked him to explain his reversal. 'What I said then was off the reports I'd heard. I hadn't even seen the guy. Seeing the kinescopes, I don't know what the fuss was all about. For instance, the business about rubbing the thighs. He rubbed one hand on his hip to dry off the perspiration from playing his guitar.' " Sullivan's reaction to Presley's performance on the Milton Berle Show was, "I don't know why everybody picked on Presley, I thought the whole show was dirty and vulgar." Elvis mythology states that Sullivan censored Presley by only shooting him from the waist up. Sullivan may have helped create the myth when he told TV Guide, "as for his gyrations, the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots." In truth Presley's whole body was shown in the first and second shows. At the time, Presley was filming Love Me Tender, so Sullivan's producer, Marlo Lewis, flew to Los Angeles to supervise the two segments telecast that night from CBS Television City in Hollywood. Sullivan, however, was not able to host his show in New York City because he was recovering from a near fatal automobile accident. Charles Laughton guest-hosted in Sullivan's place. Laughton appeared in front of plaques with gold records and stated, "These gold records, four of them... are a tribute to the fact that four of his recordings have sold, each sold, more than a million copies. And this, by the way, is the first time in record making history that a singer has hit such a mark in such a short time. ...And now, away to Hollywood to meet Elvis Presley." However, according to Greil Marcus, Laughton was the main act of Sullivan's show. "Presley was the headliner, and a Sullivan headliner normally opened the show, but Sullivan was burying him. Laughton had to make the moment invisible: to act as if nobody was actually waiting for anything. He did it instantly, with complete command, with the sort of television presence that some have and some"?Steve Allen, or Ed Sullivan himself"?don't." Host Laughton wrongly introduced the singer as "Elvin Presley". Once on camera, Elvis cleared his throat and said, "Thank you, Mr Laughton, ladies and gentlemen. Wow", and wiped his brow. "This is probably the greatest honor I've ever had in my life. Ah. There's not much I can say except, it really makes you feel good. We want to thank you from the bottom of our heart. And now..." "Don't Be Cruel", which was, after a short introduction by Elvis, followed by "Love Me Tender". According to Elaine Dundy, Presley sang "Love Me Tender" "straight, subdued and tender ... "?a very different Elvis from the one on The Steve Allen Show three months before". When the camera returned to Laughton, he stated, "Well, well, well well well. Ladies and gentlemen, Elvis Presley. And Mr. Presley, if you are watching this in Hollywood, and I may address myself to you. It has been many a year since any young performer has captured such a wide, and, as we heard tonight, devoted audience." Elvis's second set in the show consisted of "Ready Teddy" and a short on-air comment to Sullivan, "Ah, Mr Sullivan. We know that somewhere out there you are looking in, and, ah, all the boys and myself, and everybody out here, are looking forward to seeing you back on television." Next, Elvis declared, "Friends, as a great philosopher once said, ?You ain't nothin' but a Hound Dog...,' " as he launched into a short (1:07) version of the song. According to Marcus, "For the first of his two appearances that night, as a performer Elvis had come on dressed in grandma's nightgown and nightcap." Concerning the singer's second set in the show, the author adds that there were "Elvis, Scotty Moore on guitar, Bill Black on stand-up bass, D. J. Fontana on drums, three Jordanaires on their feet, one at a piano. They were shown from behind; the camera pulled all the way back. They went into 'Ready Teddy.' It was Little Richard 's most thrilling record", however, "there was no way Elvis was going to catch him, but he didn't have to"?the song is a wave and he rode it. Compared to moments on the Dorsey shows, on the Berle show, it was ice cream"?Elvis's face unthreatening, his legs as if in casts ..." When "he sang Little Richard's 'Reddy Teddy' and began to move and dance, the camera pulled in, so that the television audience saw him from the waist up only." Although Laughton was the main star and there were seven other acts on the show, Elvis was on camera for more than a quarter of the time allotted to all acts. The show was viewed by a record 60 million people which at the time was 82.6 percent of the television audience, and the largest single audience in television history. "In the New York Times", however, "Jack Gould began his review indignantly: Elvis Presley had 'injected movements of his tongue and indulged in wordless singing that were singularly distasteful.' Overstimulating the physical impulses of the teenagers was 'a gross national disservice.'" Second and third appearances Sullivan hosted a second appearance by Presley on October 28 later the same year. Elvis performed "Don't Be Cruel", then "Love Me Tender". Sullivan then addressed the audience as he stood beside Elvis, who began shaking his legs, eliciting screams from the audience. By the time Sullivan turned his head, Elvis was standing motionless. After Presley left the stage, Sullivan stated, "I can't figure this darn thing out. You know. He just does this [Ed shakes his legs] and everybody yells." Elvis appeared a second time in the show and sang "Love Me". Later on, he sang a nearly four minute long version of "Hound Dog" and was shown in full the entire song. For the third and final appearance on January 6, 1957, Presley performed a medley of "Hound Dog", "Love Me Tender", and "Heartbreak Hotel", followed by a full version of "Don't Be Cruel". For a second set later in the show he did "Too Much" and "When My Blue Moon Turns to Gold Again". For his last set he sang "Peace in the Valley". According to Sullivan's co-producer Marlo Lewis, the rumor had it that "Elvis has been hanging a small soft-drink bottle from his groin underneath his pants, and when he wiggles his leg it looks as though his pecker reaches down to his knee!" It was decided to shoot the singer only from the waist while he performed. Although much has been made of the fact that Elvis was shown only from the waist up, except for the short section of "Hound Dog", all of the songs on this show were ballads. "Leaving behind the bland clothes he had worn on the first two shows", Greil Marcus says, Elvis "stepped out in the outlandish costume of a pasha, if not a harem girl. From the make-up over his eyes, the hair falling in his face, the overwhelmingly sexual cast of his mouth, he was playing Rudolph Valentino in The Sheik, with all stops out. That he did so in front of the Jordanaires, who this night appeared as the four squarest-looking men on the planet, made the performance even more potent." Sullivan praised Elvis at the end of the show, saying "This is a real decent, fine boy. We've never had a pleasanter experience on our show with a big name than we've had with you.... You're thoroughly all right""?a remark that could either be interpreted as a "ringing endorsement" that "legitimized the singer with an adult audience" or as "a somewhat hypocritical statement considering what the CBS censors had just done to his performance on that show." Eyewitness Jerry Schilling writes, "The way Elvis looked out at us at that moment, I thought I could see a mix of hurt over the attacks he'd been subjected to in the press, and a deep pride in who he was and what he was doing." (According to historian Tim Parrish, Presley's manager, Colonel Parker, "had threatened to remove Elvis from the show if Sullivan did not apologize for telling the press that Elvis's 'gyrations' were immoral.") Reflecting on the event in 1969, Presley claimed that Sullivan had expressed a very different opinion off-camera: "So they arranged to put me on television. At that particular time there was a lot of controversy"?you didn't see people moving"?out in public. They were gettin' it on in the back rooms, but you didn't see it out in public too much. So there was a lot of controversy ... and I went to the Ed Sullivan Show. They photographed me from the waist up. And Sullivan's standing over there saying, 'Sumbitch.' I said, 'Thank you, Ed, thank you.' I didn't know what he was calling me, at the time." Years later, Sullivan "tried to sign the singer up again... He phoned Presley's manager, Col. Tom Parker, and asked about a price. Parker came up with a list of instructions and conditions and after hearing the demands Sullivan said, 'Give Elvis my best"?and my sympathy,' and he hung up." The singer never again appeared in Sullivan's show, although in February 1964 at the start of the first of three broadcasts featuring the Beatles (see below), Sullivan announced that a telegram had been received from Presley and Parker wishing the British group luck. The Beatles In late 1963, Sullivan and his entourage happened also to be passing through Heathrow and witnessed how The Beatles' fans greeted the group on their return from Stockholm, where they had performed a television show as warmup band to local star Lill Babs. Sullivan was intrigued, telling his entourage it was the same thing as Elvis all over again. He initially offered Beatles manager Brian Epstein top dollar for a single show but the Beatles manager had a better idea"?he wanted exposure for his clients: the Beatles would instead appear three times on the show, at bottom dollar, but receive top billing and two spots (opening and closing) on each show. The Beatles appeared on three consecutive Sundays in February 1964 to great anticipation and fanfare as "I Want to Hold Your Hand" had swiftly risen to No. 1 in the charts. Their first appearance on February 9 is considered a milestone in American pop culture and the beginning of the British Invasion in music. The broadcast drew an estimated 73 million viewers, at the time a record for US television, and was characterized by an audience composed largely of screaming hysterical teenage girls in tears. The Beatles followed Ed's show opening intro, performing "All My Loving"; "Till There Was You", which featured the names of the group members superimposed on closeup shots, including the famous "Sorry girls, he's married" caption on John Lennon ; and "She Loves You". The act that followed Beatles in the broadcast was pre-recorded, rather than having someone perform live on stage amidst the pandemonium that occurred in the studio after the Beatles performed their first songs. The group returned later in the program to perform "I Saw Her Standing There" and "I Want to Hold Your Hand." The following week's show was broadcast from Miami Beach where Muhammad Ali (then Cassius Clay) was in training for his first title bout with Sonny Liston. The occasion was used by both camps for publicity. On the evening of the television show (February 16) a crush of people nearly prevented the band from making it onstage. A wedge of policemen were needed and the band began playing "She Loves You" only seconds after reaching their instruments. They continued with "This Boy", and "All My Loving" and returned later to close the show with "I Saw Her Standing There", "From Me to You" and "I Want to Hold Your Hand." They were shown on tape February 23 (this appearance had been taped earlier in the day on February 9 before their first live appearance). They followed Ed's intro with "Twist and Shout" and "Please Please Me" and closed the show once again with "I Want to Hold Your Hand." The Beatles appeared live for the final time on August 14, 1965. The show was broadcast September 12, 1965 and earned Sullivan a 60 percent share of the nighttime audience for one of the appearances. This time they followed three acts before coming out to perform "I Feel Fine", "I'm Down", and "Act Naturally" and then closed the show with "Ticket to Ride", "Yesterday", and "Help!." Although this was their final live appearance on the show, the group would for several years provide filmed promotional clips of songs to air exclusively on Sullivan's program such as the 1966 and 1967 clips of "Paperback Writer", "Rain", "Penny Lane", and "Strawberry Fields Forever". Although the appearances by The Beatles, Elvis and The Supremes are considered the most famous rock and roll performances on Ed Sullivan, several months before Elvis debuted, Sullivan invited Bill Haley & His Comets to perform their then-current hit "Rock Around the Clock" in early August 1955. This was later recognized by CBS and others (including music historian Jim Dawson in his book on "Rock Around the Clock") as the first performance of a rock and roll song on a national television program. African American artists The Supremes The Supremes were a special act for The Ed Sullivan Show. In addition to nearly 20 appearances, they were a personal favorite of Sullivan, whom he affectionately called "The Girls." Over the five years they performed on the program, the Supremes performed 15 of their hit singles, and numerous Broadway showtunes and other non-Motown songs. The group featuring the most popular lineup of Diana Ross, Mary Wilson, and Florence Ballard appeared 15 times from December 1964 through May 1967. The group reappeared on the series in October 1967 as the newly rebilled "Diana Ross & the Supremes", with Ballard replacement Cindy Birdsong and Ross more prominently featured. The Supremes' final appearance on the show, shortly before it ended, served as the platform to introduce America to Ross's replacement, Jean Terrell, in March 1970. Opportunity In an era when few opportunities existed for African American performers on national television, Sullivan was a champion of black talent. He launched the careers of many performers by presenting them to a nationwide TV audience and ignored the criticism. In an NEA interview, Sullivan commented: The show included entertainers such as Frankie Lymon, The Supremes, Marian Anderson, Louis Armstrong, Pearl Bailey , LaVern Baker , Harry Belafonte , James Brown, Godfrey Cambridge, Diahann Carroll , Ray Charles , Nat King Cole , Bill Cosby , Count Basie, Dorothy Dandridge, Sammy Davis, Jr. , Bo Diddley , Roc�o D�rcal, Duke Ellington, Lola Falana , The 5th Dimension, Ella Fitzgerald , The Four Tops, Aretha Franklin , Dick Gregory, W. C. Handy, Lena Horne, The Jackson 5, Mahalia Jackson, Bill Kenny, George Kirby, Eartha Kitt , Gladys Knight & the Pips, Little Anthony & The Imperials, Moms Mabley, Johnny Mathis, The Miracles (later known as Smokey Robinson & the Miracles), Melba Moore, The Platters, Leontyne Price, Richard Pryor, Lou Rawls, Della Reese, Nipsey Russell, Nina Simone, Sly & the Family Stone, The Temptations, Martha Reeves & The Vandellas, Tina Turner (at the time known as "The Ike & Tina Turner Revue"), Leslie Uggams, William Warfield, Dionne Warwick, Dinah Washington, Ethel Waters, Flip Wilson, Jackie Wilson, Nancy Wilson, and Stevie Wonder . Before his death in a plane crash in December 1967, soul singer Otis Redding had been booked to appear on the show the following year. One telecast included African-American bass-baritone Andrew Frierson singing "Ol' Man River" from Kern and Hammerstein's Show Boat, a song that, at that time, was usually sung on television by white singers, although it was written for a black character in the musical. However, Sullivan featured "rockers", and gave prominence to black musicians "not without censorship". For instance, he scheduled Fats Domino "at the show's end in case he had to cancel a guest". A year later the same thing happened to Sam Cooke, cutting him off in the middle of "You Send Me". Aware that many white adults considered Domino a threat, Sullivan hid his band behind a curtain, reducing the number of black faces. He presented Domino alone at his piano singing as if he were a young Nat 'King' Cole or Fats Waller, and he "had Fats stand up during the last verse of the song to reveal his pudgy figure." The Muppets Between 1966 and 1971, Jim Henson performed some of his Muppet characters on the show. The characters made a total of 25 appearances. Henson's Muppets were introduced on The Ed Sullivan Show on September 18, 1966. Sullivan introduced the characters as "Jim, uh...Newsom's puppets." The act featured a small ball of fur growing into the Rock and Roll Monster (performed by Jim Henson, Jerry Nelson, and Frank Oz ) with three heads and six arms lip-syncing to the song "Rock It to Me" by The Bruthers. After the act was done, the Rock and Roll Monster shrunk back into the ball of fur which is then eaten by Sour Bird (who was previously used in a commercial for Royal Crown Cola). Over the next few years, Henson's Muppets would make more appearances, with performances including: The Art of Visual Thinking (October 2, 1966) " A remake of the skit of the same name from Sam and Friends. Kermit (performed by Jim Henson) teaches Grump (performed by Frank Oz and voiced by Jerry Juhl) about the Art of Visual Thinking. This sketch was reprised on June 4, 1967. Monster Family (October 23, 1966) " Fred (performed by Jim Henson) appears as a father monster talks to his son (performed by Jerry Juhl) about being a monster. A blue version of Splurge (performed by Frank Oz ) appears as the mother. Java (November 27, 1966) " Two tube-like Muppets (which were designed by Frank Oz ) dance to the Al Hirt song "Java." Jim Henson and Frank Oz performed the two puppets and the explosion that provides the punchline was achieved by Jerry Juhl shooting off a fire extinguisher. It should be noted that as the three of them prepared to go onstage that night right before Ed Sullivan introduced them, Jerry Juhl suddenly realized that he left the fire extinguisher in their dressing room which was up on the second floor. Jerry Juhl raced to the elevator hearing the "Java" music through the speakers in the elevator so he knew exactly how much time he had left until it was too late. Jerry Juhl managed to grab the fire extinguisher, run back to the elevator, and make the trip back down to the stage just in time for the climax. This sketch was reprised on May 26, 1968. The act even was done on Stuffed and Unstrung (an evolved counterpart of Puppet Up!). Inchworm (November 27, 1966) " Kermit sits on a wall and hums "Glow Worm." Kermit eats some worms that interrupt him. When it comes to the latest one, Kermit grabs it and pulls it showing how long it is until it turns out that it happens to be the nose of Big V who ends up eating Kermit. Music Hath Charms (January 16, 1967) " Kermit plays the piano with some Muppet Monsters dancing to the music. After the song, the piano comes to life and eats Kermit. I've Grown Accustomed to Your Face (February 5, 1967) " Kermit and Yorick from Sam and Friends are featured in this act. Kermit (dressed as a girl) lip-synchs to Rosemary Clooney's song as Yorick eats his way out of the handkerchief he's under and tries to eat Kermit. This was previously done on The Jack Paar Show and later reprised on this show April 21, 1968, and reprised on August 29, 2011 at the D23 Expo by Leslie Carrara-Rudolph (who was operating a rebuilt version of Kermit's pre-frog form) and Brian Henson (who was operating a rebuilt and redesigned version of Yorick). The act even was done on Stuffed and Unstrung (an evolved counterpart of Puppet Up!). I Feel Pretty (April 30, 1967) " The story of an ugly girl named Amanda (performed by Jim Henson) who tries to become beautiful and tries to change her looks using a self-help book in order to gain the affection of Conrad Love (also performed by Jim Henson). Mert from the La Choy commercials and Fred from the Kern's Bakery commercials appear as Amanda's friends where they were performed by Jim Henson and Jerry Juhl (who also voices the narrator) while Frank Oz does the puppeteering. Monster Eats Machine (October 8, 1967) " A prototype version of Cookie Monster (performed by Jim Henson) finds a talking machine (voiced by Jim Henson) and eats it while it explains its various parts. After the monster is done eating the machine, its voice is heard from within the monster as it states that nothing can stop it from performing its function which is to be the most powerful exploding device known to man. On a related note with this sketch, the prototype version of Cookie Monster was previously used as the Wheel-Stealer from the commercial for Wheels, Crowns, and Flutes. The sketch later appeared on The Muppet Show where a similar monster also ate a machine explaining its functions. Rowlf and Jimmy Dean (October 8, 1967) " Jimmy Dean and Rowlf the Dog appear together for the last time and perform "Friendship" while doing the "herd of cows" gag. Santa Claus Routine with Arthur Godfrey (December 24, 1967) " Arthur Godfrey plays Santa Claus and gets a visit from a group of monsters consisting of Thudge (performed by Jim Henson), Gleep (a protoype of Grover performed by Frank Oz ), Scudge (performed by Jerry Juhl), Snerk, and Snork (performed by Frank Oz ). They attempt to rob the toys only to learn that Santa Claus is given them the toys. They then sing "It's Christmas Tomorrow." Business, Business (February 8, 1968) " Two mean-looking creatures with tube-like necks scat about business while two friendlier creatures scat about values. The Blue Monster and the Orange Creature were performed by Jim Henson while the Green Monster and the Purple Creature were performed by Jerry Juhl. A goof is seen where some hands are shown holding the neck of the creatures. The Monster Trash Can Dance (October 13, 1968) " Parts of a monster hides in a trash can as an increasingly-suspicious Little Girl Sue wanders by. Sclrap-Flyapp (November 24, 1968) " A weird-looking creature seen from the neck up randomly blurts out Sclrap Flyapp and uses its nose blast on any creature that doesn't say "Sclarp Flyapp." This sketch was reworked into the Hugga Wugga sketch on The Muppet Show . A goof is seen when the Sclrap-Flyapp creature is blasted at the end, an opening between its head and neck revealed the puppeteer's hand. Christmas Reindeer (December 22, 1968) " A bunch of reindeer want snow to fall on Christmas. Dasher and Donner were performed by Jim Henson, Prancer was performed by Frank Oz , Blitzen was performed by Jerry Juhl, and Dancer was performed by Bob Payne. All the reindeer were built by Don Sahlin. A Change of Face (March 30, 1969) " Rex Robbins changes the face and personality of the Southern Colonel from the Southern Bread commercials. A similar routine was used with the same puppet on The Muppets on Puppets. Happy Girl Meets a Monster (May 11, 1969) " The Beautiful Day Monster (performed by Jim Henson) does all he can to ruin a beautiful day for Little Girl Sue (performed by Jim Henson). Beautiful Day Monster was first seen here before his appearances on Sesame Street and The Muppet Show . Later performances by the Muppets include: Mah N� Mah N� (November 30, 1969) " Mahna Mahna (performed by Jim Henson) and the Snowths were featured in this song before it was repeated on The Muppet Show . A goof is seen when Jim Henson's head and arm are seen when Mahna Mahna goes into the background. Big Bird's Dance (December 14, 1969) " Big Bird dances to "Minuet of the Robots" by Jean-Jacques Perrey while bird watchers watch him. Danny Seagren performed Big Bird here, but had no dialogue even when Ed Sullivan talked to him. Octopus's Garden (March 1, 1970) " An octopus (performed by Frank Oz ) constantly interrupts the singing of "Octopus' Garden" by a diver (performed by Jim Henson) by giving out a bunch of bad puns until he receives comeuppance from a hungry giant clam (performed by Frank Oz ). Come Together (April 12, 1970) " A strange Muppet band sings the classic song by The Beatles while a giant blue and green dancing cowboy slowly fell apart. What Kind of Fool Am I? (May 31, 1970) " Kermit tries to sing the song on the piano while Grover continues to interrupt him. Several older Muppets make cameo appearances in the finale of the sketch. The Wild String Quartet (January 17, 1971) " Mahna Mahna (performed by Jim Henson) fills in for a violinist named Beagleman but ends up playing the drums instead much to the dismay of Harrison (performed by Richard Hunt), Twill (performed by Jerry Nelson), and Grump (performed by Frank Oz ). Twill's puppet was recycled from Fred from the Munchos commercials and later used for Zelda Rose in The Muppet Show . The Glutton (February 12, 1971) " An incredibly fat man called The Glutton (performed by Jim Henson and assisted by Frank Oz ) kept eating things, before being shrunken by a small purple creature and then eaten by a duplicate of himself. After the sketch was over, the Glutton attempted to swallow Ed Sullivan's hand after giving him a handshake. Broadway The show is also noteworthy for showcasing performances from numerous classic Broadway musicals of the era, often featuring members of the original Broadway casts. These include: West Side Story"? Carol Lawrence and Larry Kert singing "Tonight"; the members of the Jets gang performing "Cool". My Fair Lady "? Julie Andrews singing "I Could Have Danced All Night" and "Wouldn't It Be Loverly?"; Rex Harrison performing "Why Can't the English?"; Stanley Holloway performing "With a Little Bit of Luck; John Michael King singing "On the Street Where You Live" Camelot "? Richard Burton and Julie Andrews performing an extended scene including the title song and "What Do the Simple Folk Do?"; Robert Goulet singing "If Ever I Would Leave You" and "C'est Moi". Show Boat (1961 New York City Center revival)"?Andrew Frierson singing "Ol' Man River", and Carol Bruce, from the 1946 Broadway revival, singing "Bill". Carnival! "? Anna Maria Alberghetti singing "Love Makes the World Go 'Round". Bye Bye Birdie "? Dick Van Dyke singing "Put On A Happy Face", Chita Rivera singing "Spanish Rose", Paul Lynde singing "Kids" and "Hymn for a Sunday Evening (Ed Sullivan)". Oliver! "? Georgia Brown singing "As Long as He Needs Me"; Davy Jones singing "Consider Yourself",Georgia Brown, Davy Jones, Alice Playten, Bruce Prochnik, Clive Revill and the boys singing "I'd Do Anything". Oklahoma! "? John Raitt, Celeste Holm, Florence Henderson and Barbara Cook performing the title song; Celeste Holm (from the original Broadway cast) performing "I Cain't Say No". Sweet Charity "? Gwen Verdon performing "I'm A Brass Band" and "If My Friends Could See Me Now". The Roar of the Greasepaint " The Smell of the Crowd "? Anthony Newley singing "Who Can I Turn To?". Flora the Red Menace " Liza Minnelli singing "All I Need Is One Good Break" and "Sing Happy" Flower Drum Song "? Pat Suzuki performing "I Enjoy Being a Girl". Gentlemen Prefer Blondes "? Carol Channing singing "Diamonds Are A Girl's Best Friend". Hair "? the cast (including Melba Moore and co-authors Gerome Ragni and James Rado) performing "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In". Hello, Dolly! "? Pearl Bailey (from the all-black 1967 revamping of the show) performing "Before the Parade Passes By" with the ensemble. A performance by Broadway dancer Wayne Lamb I Do! I Do! " Gordon MacRae and Carol Lawrence (Broadway replacements for Mary Martin and Robert Preston) singing the title song from the show, and MacRae singing "I Love My Wife" and "My Cup Runneth Over". Kiss Me, Kate " Alfred Drake, Patricia Morison, Lisa Kirk, and Harold Lang singing "Another Op'nin' Another Show", "We Open In Venice", and "Wunderbar" Man of La Mancha "? Richard Kiley singing "The Impossible Dream"; Joan Diener in a rare television appearance in her stage role as Aldonza/Dulcinea singing "What Does He Want of Me?". Purlie " Melba Moore singing "I Got Love" and "Purlie" . Wildcat " Lucille Ball and Paula Stewart singing "Hey, Look Me Over" You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown " Gary Burghoff, Reva Rose, Bob Balaban , Skip Hinnant, Karen Johnson, and Bill Hinnant singing the title song and "Happiness". Ethel Merman would also occasionally appear singing hit songs from the shows that she starred in, including Annie Get Your Gun, Gypsy, Happy Hunting, Panama Hattie, and Anything Goes. Hermione Gingold and Maurice Chevalier performed their duet, I Remember It Well, from the 1958 film Gigi, on the show. Most of these artists performed in the same makeup and costumes that they wore in the shows, often providing the only visual recordings of these legendary performances by the original cast members, since there were no network telecasts of the Tony Awards until 1967. (There are traditionally no Broadway performances on Sunday nights, allowing the actors to perform without impacting the Broadway show.) Many performances have been compiled and released on DVD as The Best of Broadway Musicals"?Original Cast Performances from The Ed Sullivan Show. Mental illness program In that same 1958 NEA interview, Sullivan noted his pride about the role that the show had had in improving the public's understanding of mental illness. Sullivan considered his May 17, 1953 telecast to be the single most important episode in the show's first decade. During that show, a salute to the popular Broadway director Joshua Logan, the two men were watching in the wings, and Sullivan asked Logan how he thought the show was doing. According to Sullivan, Logan told him that the show was dreadfully becoming "another one of those and-then-I-wrote shows"; Sullivan asked him what he should do about it, and Logan volunteered to talk about his experiences in a mental institution. Sullivan took him up on the offer, and in retrospect believed that several advances in the treatment of mental illness could be attributed to the resulting publicity, including the repeal of a Pennsylvania law about the treatment of the mentally ill and the granting of funds for the construction of new psychiatric hospitals. Film clips Sometimes, much as Jay Leno or David Letterman do now, Sullivan would feature a Hollywood actor introducing a clip from a film he or she was currently starring in, although the Sullivan program was definitely not a talk show. Burt Lancaster made an appearance in 1962, speaking about Robert Stroud, the character he portrayed in Birdman of Alcatraz, and introducing a clip from the film. And although Olivier personally did not appear on the show, in 1966 Sullivan showed a clip from the Laurence Olivier Othello, the film version of which was then currently showing in New York. Controversies Bo Diddley On November 20, 1955, African-American rock 'n' roll singer and guitarist Bo Diddley appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, only to infuriate Sullivan ("I did two songs and he got mad"). Diddley had been asked to sing Tennessee Ernie Ford's hit "Sixteen Tons". But when he appeared on stage, he sang his #1 R&B hit "Bo Diddley". Diddley later recalls, "Ed Sullivan says to me in plain words: 'You are the first black boy"?quote"?that ever double crossed me!' I was ready to fight, because I was a little young dude off the streets of Chicago, an' him callin' me 'black' in them days was as bad as sayin' 'nigger'. My manager says to me 'That's Mr. Sullivan!' I said: 'I don't give a shit about Mr. Sullivan, [h]e don't talk to me like that!' An' so he told me, he says, 'I'll see that you never work no more in show business. You'll never get another TV show in your life!'" Indeed, Diddley seems to have been banned from further appearances, as "the guitarist never did appear on The Ed Sullivan Show again." Buddy Holly and the Crickets On January 26, 1958, for their second appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, Buddy Holly and the Crickets were scheduled to perform two songs. Sullivan wanted the band to substitute a different song for their record hit "Oh, Boy!", which he felt was too raucous. Holly had already told his hometown friends in Texas that he would be singing "Oh, Boy!" for them, and told Sullivan as much. During the afternoon the Crickets were summoned to rehearsal at short notice, but only Holly was in their dressing room. When asked where the others were, Holly replied, "I don't know. No telling." Sullivan then turned to Holly and said "I guess The Crickets are not too excited to be on The Ed Sullivan Show" to which Holly caustically replied, "I hope they're damn more excited than I am." Sullivan, already bothered by the choice of songs, was now even angrier. He cut the Crickets' act from two songs to one, and when introducing them mispronounced Holly's name, so it came out vaguely as "Hollered" or "Holland." In addition, Sullivan saw to it that the microphone for Holly's electric guitar was turned off. Holly tried to compensate by singing as loudly as he could, and repeatedly trying to turn up the volume on his guitar. For the instrumental break he cut loose with a dramatic solo, making clear to the audience that the technical fault wasn't his. The band was received so well that Sullivan was forced to invite them back for a third appearance. Holly's response was that Sullivan did not have enough money. Film of the performance survives; photographs taken that day show Sullivan looking angry and Holly smirking and perhaps ignoring Sullivan. Jackie Mason On October 18, 1964, Jackie Mason allegedly gave Sullivan the finger on air. A tape of the incident shows Mason doing his stand-up comedy act and then looking toward Sullivan, commenting that Sullivan was signaling him. Sullivan was reportedly letting Mason know (by pointing two fingers) that he had only two minutes left, as CBS was about to cut away to show a speech by President Lyndon Johnson. Mason began working his own fingers into his act and pointed toward Sullivan with his middle finger slightly separated. After Mason left the stage, the camera then cut to a visibly angry Sullivan. Sullivan argued with Mason backstage, then terminated his contract. Mason denied knowingly giving Sullivan the finger (he later claimed that he had never even heard of the middle finger gesture at that time). In retaliation, to protect the perceived threat to his career, Mason filed a libel suit at the New York Supreme Court which he won. Sullivan publicly apologized to Mason when he appeared on the show two years later, in 1966. At that time, Mason opened his monologue by saying, "It is great to see all of you in person again." Mason never appeared on the show again. Bob Dylan Bob Dylan was slated to make his first nationwide television appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on May 12, 1963, and intended to perform "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues", a song he wrote lampooning the John Birch Society and the red-hunting paranoia associated with it. During the afternoon rehearsal that day, CBS officials told Dylan they had deemed the song unacceptable for broadcast and wanted him to substitute another. "No; this is what I want to do", Dylan responded. "If I can't play my song, I'd rather not appear on the show." He then left the studio, rather than altering the act. The Doors The Doors were notorious for their appearance on the show. CBS network censors demanded that lead singer Jim Morrison change the lyrics to their hit single Light My Fire by altering the line, "Girl, we couldn't get much higher", before the band performed the song live on September 17, 1967. The lyric was to have been changed to, "Girl, we couldn't get much better". Morrison suggested they change it to, "Girl, you couldn't bite my wire". However, Morrison sang the original line, and on live television with no delay, CBS was powerless to stop it. A furious Sullivan refused to shake the band members' hands, and they were never invited back to the show. According to Ray Manzarek, the band was told, "Mr. Sullivan liked you boys. He wanted you on six more times... You'll never do the Sullivan show again." Morrison replied with glee, "We just did the Sullivan show." "?at the time, an appearance was a hallmark of success. Manzarek claims the band agreed with the producer beforehand but had no intention of altering the line. Sullivan apparently felt the damage had been done and relented on bands using the word "higher." The following year, Sly & the Family Stone sang a medley where Sly repeated the lyric "Wanna take you higher!" The Rolling Stones In contrast, the Rolling Stones were instructed to change the title of their "Let's Spend the Night Together" single for the band's January 15, 1967 appearance. The band complied, with Mick Jagger ostentatiously rolling his eyes heavenward whenever he reached the song's one-night-only, clean refrain, "Let's spend some time together". Adding to the injury, Michael Uslan and Bruce Solomon claim that when Sullivan asked the group back for a second appearance, he asked them to wear matching suits "for a cleaner look." In response to this request, the Stones "showed up for the show in rental Nazi uniforms," at which Sullivan reportedly "threw a fit," prompting the group to change back their clothes for the actual telecast. Uslan and Solomon do not mention at what date this transpired, but the only time when the Stones appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show following the "Let's Spend the Night Together" episode was on November 23, 1969. In this context, it should be mentioned that Diana Ross & the Supremes, frequent guests on Sullivan's show, debuted their then-release and eventual controversial #1 hit song "Love Child" on Sullivan's show, but nothing about its title or its content about a woman in poverty having a child out of wedlock seemed to faze Sullivan, the show's producers, or the network. Ratings history

The Ed Sullivan Show

Anchored by the star Altair, what does the constellation Aquila represent?

Forgotten Hits - Forgotten Hits Interviews Andrew Solt Forgotten Hits Forgotten Hits Interviews Andrew Solt FORGOTTEN HITS INTERVIEWS ANDREW SOLT Three generations grew up watching The Ed Sullivan Show on CBS Television back in the '50's, 60's and '70's.  It became THE showcase for break-out, new talent. Certainly it is BEST remembered for helping to launch the careers of Elvis Presley and The Beatles ... and, while it may be true that NEITHER of these artists actually made their very first television appearance on Sullivan's program, it was The Ed Sullivan Show that catapulted each of their respective careers into the Show Biz Stratosphere! Ed's Sunday Night Program ran from 1948 through 1971 ... an incredible 23 years as literally "The Toast Of The Town" of variety entertainment television (which, ironically enough, is what the show was first called when it debuted back in 1948!)  Through the years, Sullivan brought into our homes the full gamut of pop culture ... you'd catch "something for the kids" like The Rolling Stones, Herman's Hermits or The Dave Clark Five ... the era's hottest comedians (like George Carlin and George Gobel ... Joan Rivers and Carol Burnett ...  or Richard Pryor and Flip Wilson) ... a complete Broadway Production Number, recreated "right here on our stage" from "West Side Story", "Camelot", "My Fair Lady" or "Oliver" ... singers' singers like Barbra Streisand and Tony Bennett ... or Ethel Merman and Judy Garland ... and it was ALL on display ... every Sunday Night ... right in our living rooms ... and often all within the same 60 minute show! It was the very essence of family, variety TV ... and nobody did it better than this most unlikely of hosts, Ed Sullivan.  An appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show was the epitome of "making it" ... The Holy Grail of Entertainment ... if you were asked to do THIS show, you knew you were either on your way ... or already there. Some of our clearest and fondest memories are of performances we saw "live" on The Ed Sullivan Show on Sunday Nights ... yet for years now, many of these have remained exactly that ... simply memories.  Much of this footage has been locked up in the vaults for decades ... but every once in a while we'd see a special new release to renew hope that some of this material might become available once again ... to the audience that would MOST appreciate seeing it! That plan now seems to be in motion ... Andrew Solt, who purchased the EXCLUSIVE rights to the entire library of Sullivan shows back in 1990, has been releasing special compilation DVD sets over the past several years, spotlighting "favorite son" artists like Elvis and The Beatles, encompassing ALL of their COMPLETE appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show into one collectors' piece home video set.  Recent releases include the complete appearances of The Rolling Stones ... a Tribute To Motown (featuring key artists like Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, The Jackson Five, The Four Tops and many, many others) as well as individual releases spotlighting the appearances of Diana Ross and the Supremes and The Temptations. Several compilation DVDs are also available, covering Ed Sullivan: The Rock And Roll Years, dipping back to the '50's for vintage performances by the likes of Buddy Holly, Sam Cooke and Paul Anka ... through the '60's appearances of everyone from The Doors to The Mamas and the Papas to Creedence Clearwater Revival ... and into the earliest shows of the '70's ... with artists like The Carpenters, The Jackson Five and Santana.  Similar collections are also available, spotlighting Comedy, Broadway and The Arts.  There are even deluxe box set packages that give you a little bit of everything ... and some of these packages even play back with the original commercials!  (It just may be the closest we ever get to an actual time machine ... and it all works PERFECTLY!!!) Of course, The Ed Sullivan Show wasn't JUST about Elvis and The Beatles ... virtually anybody who was ANYBODY appeared on this program back in the day.  British Invasion acts like Herman's Hermits, The Rolling Stones, Gerry and the Pacemakers and The Dave Clark Five ... contemporary pop stars like Tom Jones, The Fifth Dimension, Neil Diamond, The Beach Boys, The Four Seasons and Simon and Garfunkel ... Soul Legends like the aforementioned Sam Cooke, James Brown, Stevie Wonder and Ray Charles.  And there were SO many more one-off appearances FAR too lengthy to mention here.  Imagine having ALL of these performances available for viewing again! Sure, for OUR purposes, we LOVED the music acts ... as we said, Ed ALWAYS made sure that he had "something for the kids" on his program ... and, as such, had the ratings to prove it!  And Forgotten Hits is ALL about the music.  But it's SO nice to see that ... FINALLY ... more and more of these clips seem to be making their way to home video.  A visit to Click here: The Ed Sullivan Show - Official Website for DVD's, CD's & Videos shows you which DVDs are currently available ... and which new releases are planned.  There is also now an exclusive Ed Sullivan YouTube Channel, courtesy of Andrew Solt and SOFA Entertainment, providing one minute "teaser clips" of some of the other material available in the vaults.  (For YEARS you didn't DARE post a clip from The Ed Sullivan Show on YouTube ... the site was CONSTANTLY being policed to insure that these videos vanished just as quickly as they appeared ... and Solt is VERY proud of his exclusive rights to this material, as he should be.  How cool is it that HE is now personally making some of this material available again!) In this brand new Forgotten Hits Series, we'll be taking an EXCLUSIVE look back at The Ed Sullivan Show ... and its musical impact on our teenage landscape.  Andrew Solt, the official "keeper of the castle", has agreed to sit down with us and answer a few questions ... as well as share some of his OWN memories and favorite moments.  And Andrew Solt's resume reads like a book of dreams and wishes! He is an Emmy and Grammy-winning producer, director, writer and documentary film maker.  Solt purchased the exclusive rights to The Ed Sullivan Show in 1990 … but prior to this achievement, he had already built an incredible list of credentials. In the late 1970's and early 1980's, Andrew worked with underwater pioneer Jacques-Yves Cousteau on several television projects.  He wrote and produced "Oasis In Space", a six-part half-hour series, executive produced by Jacques Cousteau and his son, Philippe.  This series resulted in Andrew's first of nine Emmy nominations.  Several other Costeau projects followed. In 1979, Solt teamed with producer / director Malcolm Leo to create one of the very first television documentaries about rock music.  The highly praised "Heroes Of Rock And Roll" aired as a two hour special later that year.  In 1995, Solt expanded his Rock And Roll horizons by executive producing a Ten-Episode series for Time-Life called "The History Of Rock And Roll", which ran as a syndicated television series before being marketed for home video.  And the rock didn't stop there ... Andrew has also produced made-for-video releases like "25 x 5: The Continuing Adventures Of The Rolling Stones" (1989) and "Elvis: The Great Performances" (1990). Other music / film credits include the 1981 film "This Is Elvis", "Imagine: John Lennon" (1988) as well as numerous Ed Sullivan television specials, paying homage to the ultimate variety host. And it doesn't stop there ... Andrew has produced anniversary and reunion specials like "Donald Duck's 50th Birthday", "The Honeymooners Reunion", "The Muppets: A Celebration Of 30 Years", "Great Moments In Disney Animation", "Remembering Marilyn", "The Andy Griffith Show Reunion", "Sesame Street's All-Star 25th Birthday", "Grammy's Greatest Moments", "CBS: The First 50 Years" as well as 75th Anniversary Television Specials for both CBS and NBC! The list goes on and on ... but he’s saved the very best for last … because THIS week he's sitting down with us here in Forgotten Hits to talk about The Ed Sullivan Show library ... what's available ... what's new ... and what we might expect to see in the years to come.  Along the way, we'll share some precious memories of the television program that EVERYBODY watched ... The Ed Sullivan Show. Our exclusive interview with Andrew Solt follows … be sure to check out our OTHER web page where folks from BOTH sides of the television screen also share some of their favorite Sullivan memories! *** Owning "The Ed Sullivan Show" is like owning The Holy Grail of Variety Television.  It harkens back to an earlier time when, with just three major network channels, the entire family would sit down together to watch an evening of television programming (typically built around the most "common denominator" as to what all could agree to watch on that particular evening.) It was a time before Cable TV (and a TV set in every room) ... today, many (if not most) families isolate themselves behind closed doors so that each can watch what THEY want to watch, with little regard for what another family member may be viewing.  But "The Ed Sullivan Show" had something for EVERYBODY ... great comedians ... major TV and Sports figures ... Broadway Plays (both musicals and dramas), opera, circus acts, animal acts and, beginning in 1955, the absolute latest in the world of Rock And Roll.  Something for EVERYBODY. The program ran from June 20, 1948 (launched as "Toast Of The Town") through March 28, 1971, thus becoming the longest-running variety show in television history.  Along the way, its name was changed to "The Ed Sullivan Show" (after its incomparable host) and, by the time it ended, it was being broadcast from The Ed Sullivan Theater in New York City.  (Today this same building hosts "Late Night with David Letterman" ... in fact, a milestone was reached last year when Paul McCartney performed a few songs from the rooftop of The Ed Sullivan Theater, drawing back memories of both The Beatles' first American live television appearance on Ed's program in 1964 ... as well as their final performance together as a group on the rooftop of their own Apple Records Studio in 1969.) If you grew up in this era, "The Ed Sullivan Show" was part of your weekly routine ... Ed was practically a part of your family.  Incredible as it may seem, this year marks the 40th Year since it was last broadcast on Sunday Nights on CBS Television. In 1990, the exclusive rights to the complete library of "The Ed Sullivan Show" were purchased by Andrew Solt from Ed's daughter Elizabeth and her husband Bob Precht, a long-time Executive Producer on the show.  In all, this collection encompasses nearly 1100 hours of classic television, including over 10,000 live performances by virtually EVERY popular entertainer to pass through our collective existence between 1948 and 1971 ... many of whom went on to achieve super-stardom, quite often as a direct result of the exposure they received on Ed's weekly program. I recently had the opportunity to sit down and visit with Andrew Solt and much of that conversation follows in this brand new, exclusive Forgotten Hits Series.  (Prior to actually speaking to him,  I pictured Andrew up at the very top of the king's tower, surrounded by hundreds and hundreds of video tapes screaming "Mine ... All Mine!!!", which is probably what I would do if I owned such a collection ... but instead he was very approachable and down to earth about the whole thing ... very proud of his collection, to be sure ... and the legacy that it encompasses ... but also acknowledging that these tapes deserve to be seen by the people who grew up enjoying Ed's program.)  And that's really what it comes down to ... what good is HAVING all this one-of-a-kind video footage if you can't SHARE it with somebody!   Thankfully, over the years, a few of these vintage performances have found their way to home video or were included as part of television specials and tributes to the legacy of Ed Sullivan ... and, according to Andrew, we're just getting started.   Recently there has been a flurry of releases.  A few years ago, the best-selling DVD collection of ALL of The Beatles' appearances on "The Ed Sullivan Show" was released.  That was followed a short while later by the complete Elvis Presley appearances.  Both collections offer the viewer the opportunity to watch ONLY these landmark, legendary musical performances ... or view the entire program EXACTLY as it aired then, complete with original commercials! The past several weeks has brought us The Ed Sullivan Motown Collection (featuring some of the biggest names in Motown) as well as special disks devoted to the performances of Diana Ross and the Supremes and The Temptations.  Two other special editions are now available spotlighting the appearances of The Rolling Stones ... a 4-disk compilation was released on October 4th (2011) ... and, just this week, a deluxe 6-disk set which hit stores on November 1st ... meaning fans can now own EVERY appearance ever made by The Rolling Stones on Ed's program ... to enjoy as part of their home music / video library. KENT KOTAL / FORGOTTEN HITS: You were born in London ... and spent some time in South Africa before moving to The United States in 1958. What was YOUR first experience with discovering The Ed Sullivan Show? ANDREW SOLT: I had never seen television before we moved here toAmerica. I was eleven years old the first time I ever watched TV ... and I fell in love with The Ed Sullivan Show. I remember spending an afternoon with my brother watching nothing but game shows and even at that early age wondering "How does anyone get anything done here?" with all that great TV to watch. I was both fascinated and completely captivated.  (How much of an impact did this experience have on a young Andrew Solt?  In 1983, Solt produced an NBC television special titled "Those Wonderful TV Game Shows"!!! - kk) kk:  Would you say that you have always been a "fan" of the series? What are some of YOUR favorite remembrances of this landmark series? What kinds of things did YOU tune in to watch, growing up in the late '50's and '60's? AS:  The Ed Sullivan Show was always my favorite. Much like you, I may have first tuned in to see the rock and roll acts ... but I also grew to love the variety of SO many different forms of entertainment presented on the same stage during the course of an evening. Besides the rock music for the kids, Ed had Broadway shows, live drama, sports figures, ballet, opera, some great comedians, vaudeville and novelty acts, animals, circus performers and, of course, Topo Gigio! ... truly something for everybody. kk:  It seems that Sullivan's shows strived to always have something for everybody. This was back in an age where the whole family sat down together to watch television on Sunday Nights ... with typically a choice of only three television channels to choose from. AS:  You're right ... this was the golden era of network television ... three major networks and that was it ... not like the hundreds of cable channels we have today. If you lived in a major city, you might have six or seven channels ... the three major networks and perhaps up to three or four local affiliates ... but Ed Sullivan had a regular viewership that tuned in faithfully every Sunday night just to see who he was going to have on ... and week after week, he rarely disappointed, always having the biggest names in every field of entertainment on his program. kk:  And it wasn't just the entertainers appearing on the stage ... it was amazing to see who might be sitting in the audience on any given night! Ed would always find a way to recognize every celebrity on hand. AS:  He knew everybody ... and he was always looking for the next hot act. After working on his newspaper column and rehearsing the television show, Ed and his wife Sylvia would go out every night to nightclubs and theaters, often staying out till three in the morning seeking “the next big thing” for the show. This was the life they both enjoyed. kk:  I'm sure I watched Ed Sullivan before 1964, but the night The Beatles first appeared on his program is still as clear in my mind as it can be, all these years later. (Watching the now-available DVD rebroadcasts of these appearance only confirms how truly vivid these memories really are!) I'll never forget going to school the next day and having The Beatles being the ONLY topic of discussion anyone wanted to spend time on! (In fact, the night after The Beatles' first television appearance, my Dad took us three boys to the barber shop to get haircuts. The running joke that night was whether or not the three of us basically flat top / crew cut boys wanted new "Beatle cuts" or not! A vivid memory to be sure ... of not only an IMMEDIATE fashion style-impact The Fab For had on America ... but also of the day when barber shops were still open on Mondays!!! lol) AS:  So you remember that very first Beatles appearance? So many of us do ... it was a life-changing moment for many of us. By then, early 1964, we had heard the records but we had never SEEN The Beatles. You had the record album covers to look at, of course ... but we had never seen them perform live ... and witnessed their wit and charm and charisma. The Beatles' first performance drew 73 million viewers ... it's a mind-boggling statistic ... that THAT many people would tune in to see one act perform ... and a relatively unknown, unproven act at that!  But you have to understand that Ed's program regularly drew 30-35 million viewers, each and every week. That's almost unheard of in television today. Today the only programs that generate that kind of an audience ... 30 million viewers ... would be something like a major sporting event like The Super Bowl ... or perhaps the season finale of "American Idol" ... but Ed Sullivan delivered those kinds of ratings on a regular basis back then when there were less than half as many Americans.  Now consider that there were far fewer televisions in homes back then ... and the numbers become truly staggering. kk:  This is true ... today most families have a TV in every room ... and each member of the family goes off on their own, closes the door and watches what THEY want to watch, from a choice of over 200 different channels! It's not like the old days where the whole family would sit down together and watch ... and enjoy ... the same program! Now I'll admit to leaving the room whenever something of lesser interest came on the screen ... but we didn't stray far for fear of missing something new and exciting. Ed ALWAYS seemed to have a way of catching an artist RIGHT when their latest hit record was soaring up the charts! AS:  It didn't take long for people like Berry Gordy of Motown to catch on ... back then the new record releases came out on Monday ... and if your act was performing on The Ed Sullivan Show Sunday Night, it was pretty much a sure thing that the kids would be hitting the record stores the very next day, buying the latest hit record they heard on TV the night before. And Ed Sullivan knew this. He was very in tune with the power of the media and the power of his program.  kk:  His program always seemed to capture an artist at exactly the right time ... just as their latest record was about to break big, they'd be on the Sullivan stage performing it live!  AS:  And certainly those performances helped to break that new record big ... and the record company executives KNEW this. It was quite the coup to be asked to perform on The Ed Sullivan Show.  kk:  And the way he found these acts was sometimes amazing, too. Had he not been at the airport inLondon at the exact moment The Beatles were landing, he may never have even booked the lads on his television program!   AS:  You're right ... Ed was landing at London's Heathrow Airport when he and his wife saw literally THOUSANDS of screaming girls ... and a few boys ... waiting for The Beatles' plane to come in from Scotland. Ed asked what all the fuss was about ... at first he thought perhaps this crowd had turned out to see The Royal Family! When he learned that they were all there to see a pop group called The Beatles, he immediately started seeking out their manager when he got to his hotel. Now this was in November of 1963 ... The Beatles weren’t even dominating the charts in America yet ... in fact, they had yet to have their first U.S. hit record ... but he made Brian Epstein a standing offer on the spot that whenever they were ready, he would book The Beatles on his program ... same deal he had given Colonel Parker and Elvis Presley in 1956 ... three separate appearances. And The Beatles were smart to wait ... as part of the negotiation, Brian Epstein insisted on three things that had previously been decided upon by John and Paul: that The Beatles would not come to America until they had a #1 Record ... that they would have their first major concert appearance at Carnegie Hall in New York City ... and that they would receive top billing on Ed's program ... again, a VERY bold move for an act that had no proven history with an American audience up to this point. The Beatles themselves were unsure as to just how well they would go over here inAmerica ... no British act had ever really had this type of blow-out success before here in The States ... but Brian Epstein believed in his band and negotiated a pretty remarkable deal that Ed Sullivan whole-heartedly agreed to. The Beatles' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show proved to be ultimately more popular than those of Elvis Presley some eight years earlier!  It was seen by over 72 million people and had an 82% share of the audience.  Amazing!  kk:  It was quite exciting to see ... and the footage still holds up incredibly well today. And who would have ever thought that also on the bill that night was a young Davy Jones, then acting in the musical "Oliver" on Broadway!    AS:  Yes! A very happy coincidence to be sure!   (And Davy has since said that watching The Beatles perform from the wings of The Ed Sullivan Theater is what inspired him to try his hand at rock and roll. Two years later, he'd be starring in his own television series BASED on The Beatles ... when The Monkees was born! - kk)   You know some people say that The Beatles' appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show was NOT their first American television appearance ... and they'll site a short clip that aired on The Jack Paar Show two weeks before ... but that clip didn't really show The Beatles performing ... it showed the fans turning up at the airport to greet The Beatles and made fun of their unusual hairstyles. In fact, right before their Sullivan appearance, Walter Cronkite had run a short newsreel clip of the pandemonium of Beatlemania at a European appearance ... but The Beatles' appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show was their first LIVE appearance on American television ... and this is the one that we all know gave rise to Beatlemania here in full-blown fashion. The Beatles only made four  live appearances on Ed Sullivan ... the original three as stipulated by their contract signed in 1963 and a fourth appearance in 1965 that aired just prior to their appearance at Shea Stadium. kk:  Right ... this was the one where Paul performed "Yesterday" completely solo without the other three ... something ELSE that was unheard of for the time. And then Ed went on to introduce them at Shea Stadium, too.    AS:  Ed seemed to have a real rapport with The Beatles ... and certainly they were appreciative of the exposure his program brought them inAmerica.   Sullivan Productions produced the Beatles’ Shea Stadium concert and the film that was made of the historic event.  Even though they never appeared again live on his program, they would send in films of themselves, performing their latest hit records ... videos like "Paperback Writer" and "Rain" ... some of the very first rock music videos really ... they stayed connected to The Ed Sullivan Show for the rest of their careers. They had miming laws in Great Britain that didn't allow an artist to lip-sync their records on television so The Beatles started making music video clips of their latest hit singles ... and several of these aired here first in America on The Ed Sullivan Show. You can own the complete collection of The Beatles' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show ... Check it out here:   Click here: The Beatles | Ed Sullivan Show KENT KOTAL / FORGOTTEN HITS:  Ed has said in past interviews that one of his missions or goals as a host was opening the eyes and ears of his audience to another form of media or entertainment that they might not otherwise have considered. Do you feel he was successful in this regard? (Personally, I think it was probably more likely that our parents may have developed some tolerance for rock and roll than that many 12 and 13 year olds had a sudden craving for opera or Ethel Merman songs!)    ANDREW SOLT:  Yes, I think Ed was very successful in this regard. Every program was put together with the thought in mind to offer something for everyone ... and in that respect, he certainly succeeded. Now, maybe we didn't always appreciate some of the highbrow things then, but in hindsight it's interesting to watch some of these programs to see just how diverse they really were. This truly was "variety television" at its very finest.    kk:  As the head of SOFA Entertainment, I'm sure that you have felt a need to maintain a rather "unbiased" approach to releasing this material over time. Certainly I would think the best selling material would be that of the broadest appeal ... but I truly do enjoy the option to watch the ENTIRE program as it originally aired, especially with some of the original commercials intact!    AS:  That's what’s nice about some of these "specialty" video releases ... you have the option to watch only the music portions featuring a particular artist ... or watch the entire program exactly as it originally aired.    kk:  And often with the original commercials!    AS:  Exactly!    kk:  To some, Ed Sullivan probably seemed as unlikely a television host as anyone ... yet, over time he became not only one of the most parodied celebrities inAmerica but also one of the most iconic. It wasn't at all uncommon to see a comedian like Will Jordan, John Byner, Frank Gorshin or any one of several others do a spot-on imitation of Ed Sullivan ... and right on his own stage!!! His "stone-face" demeanor left pretty much each and every "every man" watching at home feeling like THEY could do his job better than HE could! To what do you attribute Ed's greatest appeal?    AS:  Ed knew exactly his place and role in the mix of things. He knew he couldn't sing or dance ... he couldn't tell a joke ... people weren't tuning in each week to see what HE would do ... they were in front of their TV's to see great entertainment ... and Ed's gift was putting together the best mix of talent he could each and every week. He was not only a good variety host, but an excellent producer.  If you watch the show closely, you'll see that no set built for any artist is ever used again ... each performance is unique unto itself.  A tremendous amount of effort went into insuring that every program looked new and fresh.    kk:  If Ed wasn't "Mr. Personality" on stage, there is NO denying his ability to pick the hottest acts for his program. He truly seemed to have his finger on the pulse ofAmerica at all times, despite the fact that he was considerably older than most of the acts he was presenting. One wouldn't necessarily use the word "hip" when describing Ed Sullivan, but the truth is, he was VERY in-tune with what was happening on the current scene. Certainly his background as a newspaper journalist / gossip columnist / and "mc" at several key Broadway andNew York live functions played to his advantage in this regard.    AS:  Ed worked as a newspaper columnist before his show, first called "Toast of the Town," hit the airwaves ... and he continued to write a column throughout the series ... as well as two years after the show went off the air. As you stated earlier, he truly became an iconic figure. We also have to give a considerable amount of credit to his son-in-law, Bob Precht, who had a lot to do with booking many of the contemporary acts on the program. I don't know that Bob has really been given his proper "due" in the history of "The Ed Sullivan Show" but he was very instrumental in keeping the program "hip", as you say, and he gave us all that great music during the '60's.    kk:  It was the appearance of Elvis Presley on Sullivan's program that ultimately launched it over the top ... but even on his very first show, Sullivan tapped into what the country most wanted to see at the time. Guests on that first "Toast Of The Town" program included Martin and Lewis, the hottest comedy act on the planet at the time. Word is that these guys were playing to near Beatlemania type audiences at every appearance!    AS:  At the time "Toast of the Town" came on, there was no hotter act in show business than Martin and Lewis ... again, Ed captured them at exactly the right time ... and of course they would go on to do hit movies together ... and even have their own television series for awhile as part of "The Colgate Comedy Hour".    kk:  There is film footage of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis looking out their hotel window to a crowd down below that absolutely rivals Beatlemania-type crowd control ... and Sullivan snagged these guys for his very first program!    AS:  I've never seen that footage! Please send me a copy of that if you have it!    kk:  I saw it in a Martin and Lewis documentary several years ago. I looked on YouTube but didn't see it posted there. I can only tell you that it truly is incredible ... you see Dean and Jerry looking out their hotel window and there's a crowd on the street the size of what you'd expect to see at a ticker-tape parade! And the crowd is reacting to every move these guys make ... so naturally Jerry is egging them on with all of his goofy gyrations!    AS:  I would love to see that clip.    kk:  And I think that footage of Martin and Lewis from the very first show needs to be seen again ... certainly for both historical and entertainment value!  It's a television milestone!    AS:  Sadly, the Martin and Lewis appearance on the very first Sullivan show (June 20, 1948) doesn't exist ... only a still photo does. Wish it did. By the way, there are no kinescopes until November 1948.    kk:  It didn't necessarily have to be a hottest music act on the charts ... Sullivan was "tuned in" to the very best comedians ... the hottest show on Broadway ... theater, opera, dance and ballet ... sports legends ... his program had it ALL. And even if a particular celebrity wasn't performing on his program, Sullivan had a way of bringing them into the picture right from the audience where they were often sitting on any given night!    AS:  Yes, at any point in time Ed might have a sports figure like Joe Louis or Joe DiMaggio stand up and take a bow ... or Lucille Ball or Diana Ross ... Stars LOVED to go to Ed's shows ... and he sometimes went to great lengths to insure that they had a ticket! In fact, on the program the week before The Beatles' first appearance, Ed can be heard asking his audience, "Coincidentally, if anyone has a ticket for The Beatles on our show next Sunday, could I please borrow it? We need it very badly. " (lol)    kk:  That's amazing!!! Over the years, Sullivan brought us other legendary comedy teams ... Martin and Lewis ... Rowan and Martin ... The Smothers Brothers ... all of whom would go on to host their OWN variety television shows! And somebody like Joan Rivers ... who was VERY big on The Ed Sullivan Show, even back in the '60's ... and is probably an even BIGGER star today!!!   AS:  Yes, yes!    kk:  I was watching one of Joan's clips on your website the other day and our fifteen year old daughter happened to walk in the room and without even looking at the computer ... just hearing her voice ... said "Oh My God, is that Joan Rivers?!?!?" She has crossed over to every generation ... and is more popular than ever.   AS:  I believe history will record Joan Rivers as one of the greatest comedians of the past fifty years ... and her audience just continues to grow and grow. She made several appearances on Ed's show and she was always "with it."  From day one, Joan’s material was unique, clever and funny!   Ed had the hottest comedians on his program ... and there are even a couple of vintage compilation DVDs available spotlighting the "funny side of things"!!!   Click here: Comedy & Novelty | Ed Sullivan Show KENT KOTAL / FORGOTTEN HITS:  Did you ever get to meet Ed Sullivan? (I know your bio says you purchased the rights from Sullivan's daughter Elizabeth ... but did you ever have the opportunity to meet Ed yourself?)   ANDREW SOLT:  No, sadly I never had the pleasure. By the time I met his son-in-law, Bob Precht, Ed had already been gone for several years. His wife Sylvia and his daughter, Betty, were the loves of his life ... they did almost everything together and truly enjoyed each other’s company. When Sylvia passed away in 1973, Ed had very little to live for anymore. His show had already been off the air for two years ... and his constant companion was no longer there for him. He did some specials for CBS and died a short time later ... on October 13, 1974 at the age of 73.  kk:  Did the family have any specific requests as to how this material should be handled? Did they have any concerns?   AS:  I think Bob & Betty Precht felt I loved and respected the show and Ed’s work and they probably hoped I could keep it out there in TV and home-video land.   kk:  Could you EVER have imagined ... in your wildest dreams ... that you would some day become the "keeper" of one of the most sought after video collection in the world?  AS:  It really was my favorite television program growing up ... I loved The Ed Sullivan Show ... and I wanted it to be preserved and presented in such a way that other generations could discover it and enjoy it, too.  This is a collection that I wanted to share, both with the folks who grew up watching it and the new generations discovering it for the first time. Sure, everyone knows about Elvis' appearance and The Beatles' appearance ... but so many other great artists appeared on Ed's program over the years ... from all walks of the entertainment field. I look at this as a way of giving some of this back to people who, like me, enjoyed it for years on end.   kk:  Why has it taken so long to begin releasing this material to the public? Certainly the most receptive audience ... those of us who were THERE watching Ed's program at the time ... has started to dwindle the past several years.    AS:  I don't know that it has taken that long ... you have to look over the course of the past twenty years to see that we have made a number of releases available ... probably 40 or 50 in all. Of course the first 20 or so were of the VHS variety, back in the days of video tape machines and VCR's ... but more recently we've been releasing more of this material on DVD, too. There are a number of collectors' sets available through our website, EdSullivan.com ( Click here: The Ed Sullivan Show - Official Website for DVD's, CD's & Videos) ... some fine collections. And we've done numerous television specials, too ... first on CBS, naturally, which was home to The Ed Sullivan Showfor so many years ... we did a couple of anniversary specials ... that did very well in the ratings. The first CBS Retrospective was hosted by Carol Burnett and ran in 1991 ... it was one of the top rated shows of the season ... so we did a second one that same year, hosted by Burt Reynolds. And then, after that, we launched the VH-1 Series, "Ed Sullivan’s Rock 'n' Roll Classics" and helped launch the TV Land channel with our "Best of Ed Sullivan" series.  More recently, some of the programs have been running on PBS. There has been a rather steady stream of material coming available. But you have to understand that the licensing takes SO much time ... it isn't like that in Europe or outsideNorth America, where you just pay a flat percent usage fee for the music.  Kind of like with CD’s – audio only.  Something like our "Best of Motown on Ed Sullivan" releases that just came out ... or the brand new Rolling Stones set ... took seven or eight years to actually get the product to market because of all of the negotiating and clearances. This material SHOULD have come out years ago ... and you're right, there WAS a bigger market for it then. As more time passes, there are less and less people around who enjoyed "The Ed Sullivan Show" when it originally aired ... but we also find that there is a whole new audience who want to see these vintage, landmark performances, too.  So it all balances out in the end.  kk:  I know the advent of YouTube has been a real thorn in the side of SOFA Entertainment ... as well it should be. Again, I can't imagine that anyone EVER envisioned a time when this long-lost media would develop such a cult following all these years later.  AS:  Our company, SOFA Entertainment, has its own YouTube Channel ... and we post some of the footage that is available from our archives. We now offer some of this material through sources like iTunes, where we probably have something like 250 video clips available for $1.99 each ... it's all part of the new technology and the way that people enjoy music today. Besides the video clips, we probably have about 300 audio clips up as well ... live performances from The Ed Sullivan Show available for downloading. EDITOR'S NOTE:  The Ed Sullivan Show YouTube Channel has something like 139 "teaser" clips posted on it ... many of these will also take you to the EdSullivan.com website ( Click here: The Ed Sullivan Show - Official Website for DVD's, CD's & Videos ) where you can buy the DVD compilation containing these clips.   Here's a link to the Ed Sullivan You Tube Channel:   Click here: TheEdSullivanShow's Channel - YouTube In addition, there are over 200 additional full-length clips available for downloading on iTunes.  The opportunity currently exists to build one hell of an Ed Sullivan Video Library of your very own at this time ... and more releases are expected in the years to come!   kk:  There are somewhere in the neighborhood of 1100 HOURS of Sullivan television footage in your library. Have these all been cataloged to the extend that some complete listing now exists as to exactly who appeared on each and every program? Is what you have in your library a complete accounting of the entire series or have some tapes and footage been lost over the years?    AS:  We are very fortunate to have 1,050 complete episodes of The Ed Sullivan Show in our library, dating all the way back to the 1948 "Toast of the Town" programs. So many television shows from the dawn of TV don't exist anymore ... or there may be only a handful of episodes available at most ... but nearly every hour ever broadcast of Ed Sullivan is still intact ... complete programs. I think in all something like 30 episodes may still be missing ... and this is a program that aired from June 20th of 1948 through March 28th of 1971. That's pretty much unheard of today. The Ed Sullivan Show was the longest running prime time variety program in the history of television!   kk:  We've heard stories over the years about some GREAT programming that was lost because of improper storage procedures ... or, worse yet, networks erasing and recording over the same tapes as a cost-saving measure. Then again, television was still so new back then, I don't know that anybody really knew for sure what was going to catch on or remain valuable so many years later.   AS:  A lot of shows from this era don't exist anymore ... Steve Allen ... Milton Berle ... even some of the early Johnny Carson shows are lost forever. Ed insisted that every show be preserved ... and it's thanks to his insistence ... and persistence ... that we have all these fine programs around today.  kk:  I know TV.com ( Click here: The Ed Sullivan Show Season 24 Episode Guide - TV.com  ) has an episode guide listing EVERY single episode of The Ed Sullivan Show ... it's nearly 200 pages long if you print it out (and I have!!!) Have you ever checked this for accuracy to see just how legitimate it really is? Certainly you must have cataloged every episode in your collection at some point in time. (And, if not, I would LOVE the opportunity to help in some fashion to do so!)    AS:  Everything has been cataloged down to the finest detail. A list like what you refer to on TV.com is accurate to a point ... but a lot of these guests and appearances were based on information taken from TV Guide, not the actual broadcasts, and you have to remember that TV Guide was printed sometimes three to four weeks in advance back then. Acts cancelled all the time ... new acts were booked at the very last minute if they had a hot record out or an act suddenly became unavailable. Since this was a live show ... if a show ran long, some guest might not get the chance to perform the second song they were scheduled to perform on any given night. So yes, they're accurate as a guide ... but they are nowhere near as precise as our own records, which are literally "to the second" logs of actual shows as they were broadcast. We have built a thorough database of the Sullivan library -- details about every artist, performance, date and running time on all the shows. On the handful of shows that are missing, we only know who appeared in those episodes, but the specifics are often missing. So it is not like we haven't archived the 1,050 hours, because we have. It took a couple of years and a team of capable people dedicated to the task.    kk:  It seems like there's a book in here somewhere ... imagine the COMPLETE detailed program guide ... every show ... every guest ... what they did ... still shots, accompanied by a 20 DVD Set showing some of the highlights from this era! I would think that would become a true collectors item! A pricey project, to be sure ... but something I could see fans and devotees wanting to add to their personal collections.  SOFA Entertainment has been very good about putting together television specials and tributes to The Ed Sullivan Show, keeping the name and the legacy out there for the public to enjoy and discover. Some of these things have run on VH1 (The Ed Sullivan Years being one example, which I have as a deluxe 9-DVD box set) ... some of the recent PBS Fund-Raising Television Specials ... and, of course, now a whole new line of DVDs available for purchase for fans' home libraries. Some of the most popular releases have been the compilations featuring each and every appearance by Elvis Presley and / or The Beatles. Brand new recent releases include DVD Box Sets spotlighting the entire Ed Sullivan television history of The Rolling Stones ... The Supremes ... and The Temptations ... as well as a tribute to Motown. Are more releases of this nature planned for the future? (And what can you tell us about them?)  AS:  We have several new ideas in the works but I don't like to talk about them in advance because then if they don't really happen it’s wrong and some people may wonder "What did you talk about that for?  It didn’t happen." I'd rather concentrate on the new releases that ARE available ... like those that you just mentioned ... all of the shows featuring The Rolling Stones or the new Motown releases. And we've got some GREAT collections available through our website, too, like "Ed Sullivan's Rock And Roll Classics", a now 12 DVD Set that I'm sure your readers would enjoy … About 18 hours of timeless rock ‘n’ roll … A great collection!  During our email exchanges, I asked Andrew if there was even a chance of some of what we consider to be our "Forgotten Hits" artists showing up on some of these home video compilations ... I was quite surprised to find that a collection much like the one I "dreamed" of already existed!  Read on ... kk:  The DVD's currently available feature special compilations derived around a specific theme ... Comedy Legends ... The British Invasion ... Broadway ... The Arts (encompassing ballet, opera and theater) ... Rock And Roll ... but these typically spotlight the very biggest names in show business.  Anything planned for some of the "one-off" appearances by very popular artists like The Doors, The Jefferson Airplane, Creedence Clearwater Revival?  And even lesser known names of acts who were more or less simply passing through at the time?  (We'd love to see some attention paid to some of our favorite Forgotten Hits artists like The Buckinghams, Spanky and Our Gang, The Grass Roots, The Association, Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass, Tommy James and the Shondells, Gary Puckett and the Union Gap, Gary Lewis and the Playboys, Kenny Rogers and the First Edition, Steppenwolf, Dino, Desi and Billy, The Turtles, Blood, Sweat and Tears, The Cowsills, The Young Rascals, Paul Revere and the Raiders, as well as popular '60's artists like The Mamas and the Papas, The Fifth Dimension, The Beach Boys, The Dave Clark Five, The Four Seasons, Petula Clark, Dionne Warwick ... and many others who appeared on Ed's program often enough to consider The Ed Sullivan Show "home".  Much like The Motown Legends box release, we'd LOVE to see more of the main-stream artist appearances ... and in unedited form.  (A 9-CD release like "The Ed Sullivan Years", good as it was, tends to get redundant in that a few of the exact same appearances come up more than once spread across so many themes ... and many of these have been edited from their original length.)  I'm thinking more of a series specifically dedicated to a certain genre of music ... or, how 'bout this ... a "Best of 1964" edition, a "Best of 1965" edition, etc., etc., etc.  In fact, you could launch an entire series like this by going all the way back to 1955 with Bill Haley and the Comets' first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, performing "Rock Around The Clock!"  It would trace the history of the program as well as the evolution of rock and roll music ... in fact, a series such as this could become the very DEFINITION of the evolution of rock and roll music, documented for all to enjoy in its original glory!  AS:  Regarding some of the artists you mention that you would like to see available to the public, please see our website where we offer a lot of the performances you refer to in a 36 half-hour set on 12 DVDs (Ed Sullivan's Rock n Roll Classics). Here you will find a thorough listing of the song lists included in the 18 hours. http://www.edsullivan.com/products/rock-n-roll-classics-12-dvd-collection/ Please know that in addition to the performances on our available DVDs (on the site), we have made available about 250 videos from the Sullivan archive on iTunes so you can check that out, too. It includes numberous performances we don't have in the 200+ songs on the DVD list tied to this link. Between the two (DVDs and iTunes) probably 90% of the best performers and performances from the rock and pop in the library are available to the public. (BTW, this took years and millions of dollars to clear, prepare and make available). Also keep in mind that we can't just use what we want, when we want. Legal factors impinge sometimes on decisions so that is always the X factor. I am sure you understand. Again, thanks for your interest and your attention to The Ed Sullivan Show and its rich music legacy. The tracking listing for The Ed Sullivan Show Rock And Roll Classics Compilation is nothing short of OUTSTANDING!!!  You have GOT to check this out: DVD 1:  ROCK ‘N’ ROLL HALL OF FAME 1. Elvis Presley – “DON’T BE CRUEL” 2. The Beatles – “ALL MY LOVING” 3. The Beach Boys – “WENDY” 4. The Doors – “LIGHT MY FIRE” 5. Creedence Clearwater Revival – “FORTUNATE SON” 6. James Brown – “IT’S A MAN’S MAN’S MAN’S WORLD” SMASH HITS OF THE SIXTIES 1. The Beatles – “I WANT TO HOLD YOUR HAND” 2. The Beach Boys – “I GET AROUND” 3. The Mamas & The Papas – “CALIFORNIA DREAMING” 4. Petula Clark – “DOWNTOWN” 5. The 4 Seasons – “BIG GIRLS DON’T CRY” 6. Tommy James & The Shondells – “CRIMSON AND CLOVER” 7. The Mamas & The Papas – “MONDAY, MONDAY” MOTOR CITY MAGIC 1. Four Tops – “BERNADETTE” (MEDLEY W/ “REACH OUT” & “SUGAR PIE”) 2. The Jackson 5 – “I WANT YOU BACK (ONE MORE CHANCE)” 3. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles – “I SECOND THAT EMOTION” 4. The Supremes – “IN AND OUT OF LOVE” 5. Stevie Wonder – “FOR ONCE IN MY LIFE” 6. The Temptations – “GET READY” DVD 2: 1. Elvis Presley – “HOUND DOG” 2. James Brown – med: “PAPA’S GOT A BRAND NEW BAG” “I FEEL GOOD” 3. Buddy Holly – “PEGGY SUE” 4. Jerry Lee Lewis – ” WHAT’D I SAY” 5. Fats Domino – “BLUEBERRY HILL” 6. Bo Diddley – “BO DIDDLEY” 7. Elvis Presley – “DON’T BE CRUEL” MOVE TO THE MUSIC 1. The Beatles – “TWIST AND SHOUT” 2. Jerry Lee Lewis – “WHOLE LOTTA SHAKIN’ GOING ON” 3. Martha & the Vandellas – “DANCIN’ IN THE STREETS” 4. Jay & The Techniques – “KEEP THE BALL ROLLING” 5. Jackie Wilson – “THAT’S WHY” 6. Freddie & The Dreamers – “DO THE FREDDIE” 7. Sly & The Family Stone – “DANCE TO THE MUSIC” R & B GREATS 1. The Ike And Tina Turner Revue – “PROUD MARY” 2. Jackie Wilson – “LONELY TEARDROPS” 3. Stevie Wonder – “Fingertips” 4. James Brown – medley: “PLEASE, PLEASE” “PAPA’S GOT A BRAND NEW BAG” 5. The Temptations – “I CAN’T GET NEXT TO YOU” DVD 3: 1. The Beatles – “SHE LOVES YOU” 2. The Animals – “HOUSE OF THE RISING SUN” 3. The Rolling Stones – “HAVE YOU SEEN YOUR MOTHER…” 4. Herman’s Hermits – “MRS. BROWN, YOU’VE GOT A LOVELY DAUGHTER” 5. The Searchers – “NEEDLES AND PINS” 6. Gerry & The Pacemakers – “DON’T LET THE SUN CATCH YOU CRYING” 7. The Animals – “WE GOTTA GET OUT OF THIS PLACE” THE SAN FRANCISCO SCENE 1. Jefferson Airplane – “CROWN OF CREATION” 2. Santana – “PERSUASION” 3. Janis Joplin – “RAISE YOUR HAND” 4. Creedence Clearwater Revival – “DOWN ON THE CORNER” 5. Sly & The Family Stone – “EVERYDAY PEOPLE”/”DANCE TO THE MUSIC” CLASSIC LOVE SONGS 1. The Beatles – “FROM ME TO YOU” 2. The Carpenters – “CLOSE TO YOU” 3. Little Anthony & The Imperials – “HURT SO BAD” 4. The 5th Dimension – “WEDDING BELL BLUES” 5. Smokey Robinson – “Yesterday” 6. Elvis Presley – “LOVE ME TENDER” DVD 4: 1. The Doors – “LIGHT MY FIRE” 2. Jefferson Airplane – “CROWN OF CREATION” 3. Steppenwolf – “BORN TO BE WILD” “MAGIC CARPET RIDE” 4. Vanilla Fudge – “KEEP ME HANGING ON” 5. The Temptations – “PSYCHEDELIC SHACK” GROOVY SOUNDS 2. The Turtles – “HAPPY TOGETHER” 3. Young Rascals – “GOOD LOVIN’” 4. Spanky & Our Gang – “SUNDAY WILL NEVER BE THE SAME” 5. The 5th Dimension – “STONED SOUL PICNIC” 6. Oliver -  “GOOD MORNING STARSHINE” 7. The Beach Boys – “GOOD VIBRATIONS” GREAT GROUPS 2. The Bee Gees – “WORDS” 3. The Byrds – “MR. TAMBOURINE MAN” 4. Four Tops – “IT’S ALL IN THE GAME” 5. The Temptations – medley: “MY GIRL” “I KNOW I’M LOSING YOU” 6. The Rolling Stones – “(I CAN’T GET NO) SATISFACTION” DVD 5: 1. Sonny & Cher – “I GOT YOU BABE” 2. Tom Jones – “IT’S NOT UNUSUAL” 3. Four Tops – “SAME OLD SONG” “SUGAR PIE” & “SOMETHING ABOUT YOU” 4. The 4 Seasons – “LET’S HANG ON!” 5. The Lovin’ Spoonful – “DO YOU BELIEVE IN MAGIC” 6. Herman’s Hermits – “I’M HENRY THE VIII, I AM” TOP HITS OF 1966 1. The Rolling Stones – “PAINT IT, BLACK” 2. The Animals – “DON’T BRING ME DOWN” 3. The Association – “ALONG CAME MARY” 4. The Mamas & The Papas – “MONDAY, MONDAY” 5. Lou Rawls – “LOVE IS A HURTIN’ THING” 6. The Supremes – “MY WORLD IS EMPTY WITHOUT YOU” TOP HITS OF 1967 1. The Rolling Stones – “RUBY TUESDAY” 2. The Association – “NEVER MY LOVE” 3. The Supremes – “THE HAPPENING” 4. Johnny Rivers – “BABY I NEED YOUR LOVIN’” 5. The Mamas & The Papas – “CREEQUE ALLEY” DVD 6: 1. The Beach Boys – “DO IT AGAIN” 2. The Chambers Brothers – “TIME HAS COME TODAY” 3. Tom Jones – “DELILAH” 4. Gary Puckett & The Union Gap – “LADY WILLPOWER” 5. Spanky & Our Gang – “LIKE TO GET TO KNOW YOU” 6. Tommy James & The Shondells – “MONY MONY” TOP HITS OF 1969 1. Brooklyn Bridge – “WORST THAT COULD HAPPEN” 2. Smith – “BABY IT’S YOU” 3. Creedence Clearwater Revival – “PROUD MARY” 4. Oliver – “JEAN” 5. The 5th Dimension – “AQUARIUS/LET THE SUN SHINE IN” TOP HITS OF 1970 1. The Jackson 5 – “THE LOVE YOU SAVE” 2. The Supremes – “SOMEDAY WE’LL BE TOGETHER” 3. The Carpenters – “WE’VE ONLY JUST BEGUN” 4. The Grass Roots – “TEMPTATION EYES” 5. B.J. Thomas – “RAINDROPS KEEP FALLING ON MY HEAD” 6. The 5th Dimension – “ONE LESS BELL TO ANSWER” 7. The Jackson 5 – “I WANT YOU BACK” DVD 7: 1. Diana Ross & The Supremes – “LOVE CHILD” 2. Janis Joplin – “RAISE YOUR HAND” 3. Dusty Springfield – “SON-OF-A PREACHER MAN” 4. Gladys Knight & The Pips – “IF I WERE YOUR WOMAN” 5. Janis Joplin – “MAYBE, MAYBE, MAYBE” 6. The Supremes – “YOU CAN’T HURRY LOVE” FOLK ROCK 1. The Band – “UP ON CRIPPLE CREEK” 2. The Byrds – “TURN, TURN, TURN” 3. Creedence Clearwater Revival – “DOWN ON THE CORNER” 4. The Lovin’ Spoonful – “DAYDREAM” 5. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles – “ABRAHAM, MARTIN & JOHN” THE SWEET SOUND OF SOUL 1. The Supremes – “COME SEE ABOUT ME” 2. The Jackson Five – “ABC” & “I WANT YOU BACK 3. Four Tops – “Reach Out and I’ll Be There” 4. James Brown – “PRISONER OF LOVE” 5. The Righteous Bros. – “TURN ON YOUR LOVE LIGHT” 6. The Temptations – “RUN AWAY CHILD, RUNNING WILD” DVD 8: 1. The Beatles -  “TICKET TO RIDE” 2. Bobby Rydell – “WORLD WITHOUT LOVE”  3. Peter & Gordon – “I DON’T WANT TO SEE YOU AGAIN”  4. Billy J. Kramer with The Dakotas – “BAD TO ME”  5. Petula Clark – “Fool on the Hill”   6. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles – “YESTERDAY”  BRITISH INVASION – 2 1. The Beatles – “I WANT TO HOLD YOUR HAND” 2. The Rolling Stones – “TIME IS ON MY SIDE” 3. Herman’s Hermits – “JUST A LITTLE BIT BETTER” 4. The Animals – “SHAKE”  5. Gerry & The Pacemakers – “FERRY CROSS THE MERSEY” 6. Freddie & The Dreamers – “I’M TELLING YOU NOW” ELVIS PRESLEY 1. Elvis Presley – “DON’T BE CRUEL” 2. Elvis Presley – “READY TEDDY” 3. Elvis Presley – “TOO MUCH” 4. Elvis Presley – “WHEN MY BLUE MOON TURNS TO GOLD AGAIN” 5. Elvis Presley – “HOUND DOG”  6. Elvis Presley – “PEACE IN THE VALLEY”  DVD 9: 1. The Ike and Tina Turner Revue -  “PROUD MARY” 2. James Brown – “IT’S A MAN’S MAN’S MAN’S WORLD”  3. Gladys Knight & The Pips – “I HEARD IT THROUGH THE GRAPEVINE” 4. Sam & Dave – “I THANK YOU” 5. Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers – “GOODY GOODY”   6. The Ike and Tina Turner Revue – “BOLD SOUL SISTER”  THE BAD BOYS OF ROCK ‘N’ ROLL 1. The Rolling Stones – “(I CAN’T GET NO) SATISFACTION”  2. The Animals – “DON’T LET ME BE MISUNDERSTOOD”  3. James Brown – “PAPA’S GOT A BRAND NEW BAG” “I FEEL GOOD” 4. Jerry Lee Lewis – “WHOLE LOT OF SHAKIN’ GOING ON”  5. Bo Diddley – “BO DIDDLEY” 6. The Animals – “BRING IT ON HOME TO ME”  THE SUPREMES 1. The Supremes – “COME SEE ABOUT ME”  2. The Supremes – “LOVE IS LIKE AN ITCHING IN MY HEART” 3. Diana Ross and The Supremes – “I’M LIVIN’ IN SHAME” 4. Diana Ross and The Supremes – “FOREVER CAME TODAY” 5. Diana Ross and The Supremes – “NO MATTER WHAT SIGN YOU ARE” 6. The Supremes (w/out Diana) – “UP THE LADDER TO THE ROOF”   DVD 10:   1. Elvis Presley – “TOO MUCH” 2. Buddy Holly – “THAT’LL BE THE DAY” 3. James Brown – “PRISONER OF LOVE”  4. Bo Diddley – “BO DIDDLEY”   5. Fats Domino – “LET THE FOUR WINDS BLOW” 6. Jackie Wilson – “I’M COMIN’ ON BACK TO YOU” ROCK ‘N’ ROLL LOVE SONGS 1. The Beatles – “SHE LOVES YOU” 2. The 5th Dimension – “WEDDING BELL BLUES”   3. Lulu – “TO SIR WITH LOVE”  4. Brooklyn Bridge – “WORST THAT COULD HAPPEN”  5. Jackie Wilson – “NIGHT” 6. Little Anthony & The Imperials – “TEARS ON MY PILLOW” THE MAMAS & THE PAPAS 1. The Mamas & The Papas – “CREEQUE ALLEY”  2. The Mamas & The Papas – “DEDICATED TO THE ONE I LOVE”  3. The Mamas & The Papas – “TWELVE THIRTY” 4. The Mamas & The Papas – “MONDAY, MONDAY”  5. The Mamas & The Papas – “I CALL YOUR NAME” 6. The Mamas & The Papas – “CALIFORNIA DREAMING”   DVD 11:  2. Elvis Presley – “PEACE IN THE VALLEY”  3. Buddy Holly – “OH, BOY!”  4. The Mamas & The Papas – “WORDS OF LOVE” 5. Bobby Darin – “MACK THE KNIFE”   6. Carpenters – “WE’VE ONLY JUST BEGUN”  TEEN IDOLS 1. Elvis Presley – “READY TEDDY” 2. Bobby Rydell – “WORLD WITHOUT LOVE”  3. Dino, Desi & Billy – “NOT THE LOVIN’ KIND” 4. Tom Jones – “IT’S NOT UNUSUAL”  5. Paul Anka – “DIANA” 6. Bobby Darin – “DREAM LOVER” WEST COAST ROCK 1. The Byrds – “TURN, TURN, TURN”  2. The Mamas & The Papas – “CALIFORNIA DREAMING”  3. The 5th Dimension – “CALIFORNIA SOUL” 4. The Turtles – “SHE’D RATHER BE WITH ME”  5. The Friends of Distinction – “GRAZING IN THE GRASS” 6. The Beach Boys – “I GET AROUND”  DVD 12: 1. The Supremes – “LOVE IS LIKE AN ITCHING IN MY HEART” 2. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles – “DOGGONE RIGHT” 3. The Jackson 5 – “WHO’S LOVIN’ YOU” 4. Stevie Wonder – “YOU MET YOUR MATCH” 5. Diana Ross & The Supremes – “LOVE CHILD”  6. The Temptations – “I’M GONNA MAKE YOU LOVE ME” LEGENDS OF SOUL 1. Stevie Wonder – “FOR ONCE IN MY LIFE”   2. Marvin Gaye – “TAKE THIS HEART OF MINE”  3. The 5th Dimension – “UP, UP AND AWAY” 4. Smokey Robinson & The Miracles – “I SECOND THAT EMOTION”  5. The Ike and Tina Turner Revue – “BOLD SOUL SISTER”  6. Jackie Wilson – “LONELY TEARDROPS”  THE TEMPTATIONS

i don't know

What can be a work that is accepted as official in a fictional literary universe, a religious law, or a camera?

canon - Wiktionary canon A generally accepted principle ; a rule . The trial must proceed according to the canons of law. Shakespeare Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His canon 'gainst self-slaughter. A group of literary works that are generally accepted as representing a field . (Can we date this quote?) "the durable canon of American short fiction" — William Styron The works of a writer that have been accepted as authentic . the entire Shakespeare canon A religious law or body of law decreed by the church . We must proceed according to canon law. A catalogue of saints acknowledged and canonized in the Roman Catholic Church . In monasteries, a book containing the rules of a religious order. A member of a cathedral chapter ; one who possesses a prebend in a cathedral or collegiate church. A piece of music in which the same melody is played by different voices , but beginning at different times; a round . Pachelbel’s Canon has become very popular. ( fandom ) Those sources , especially including literary works , which are generally considered authoritative regarding a given fictional universe . A spin-off book series revealed the aliens to be originally from Earth, but it's not canon. (cooking) A rolled and filleted loin of meat . a canon of beef or lamb (printing, dated ) A large size of type formerly used for printing the church canons, standardized as 48- point . The part of a bell by which it is suspended; the ear or shank of a bell. (Can we find and add a quotation of Knight to this entry?)

Canon

What American Romantic writer, poet, editor and literary critic, known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, was found wandering the streets of Baltimore, incoherent and wearing clothes that were not his own, on Oct 3, 1849?

Literary Criticism | Purdue University Press Purdue University Press ePDF The scholarship in the volume Comparative Cultural Studies and Latin America represents the proposition that, given its vitality and excellence, Latin American literature deserves a more prominent place in comparative literature publications, curricula, and disciplinary discussions. The editors of the volume argue that there still exists, in some quarters, a lingering bias against literature written in Spanish and Portuguese and that by embracing Latin American literature more enthusiastically, comparative literature in the context of comparative cultural studies would find itself reinvigorated, placed into productive discourse with a host of issues, languages, literatures, and cultures that have too long been paid scant attention in its purview. Following an introduction by the editors, the volume contains papers by Gene H. Bell-Villada on the question of canon, by Gordon Brotherston and Lúcia de Sá on the First Peoples of the Americas and their literature, by Elizabeth Coonrod Martínez on the Latin American novel of the 1920s, by Román de la Campa on Latin American Studies, by Earl E. Fitz on Spanish American and Brazilian literature, by Roberto González Echevarría on Latin American and comparative literature, by Sophia A. McClennen on comparative literature and Latin American Studies, by Alberto Moreiras on Borges, by Julio Ortega on the critical debate about Latin American cultural studies, by Christina Marie Tourino on Cuban Americas in New York City, by Mario J. Valdés on the comparative history of literary cultures in Latin America, and by Lois Parkinson Zamora on comparative literature and globalization. The volume also contains a bibliography of scholarship in comparative Latin American culture and literature and biographical abstracts of the contributors to the volume. ePDF The papers in this volume represent recent scholarship about Booker Prize Winner Michael Ondaatje's oeuvre by scholars working on English-Canadian literature and culture in Canada, England, Japan, New Zealand, and the USA. Papers in the volume are Victoria Cook, "Exploring Transnational Identities in Ondaatje's Anil's Ghost"; Beverley Curran, "Ondaatje's The English Patient and Altered States of Narrative"; Marlene Goldman, "Representations of Buddhism in Ondaatje's Anil's Ghost," Stephanie M. Hilger, "Ondaatje's The English Patient and Rewriting History"; Hsuan Hsu, "Post-Nationalism and the Cinematic Apparatus in Minghella's Adaptation of Ondaatje's The English Patient"; Glen Lowry, "The Representation of 'Race' in Ondaatje's In the Skin of a Lion"; Jon Saklofske, "The Motif of the Collector and Implications of Historical Appropriation in Ondaatje's Novels"; Sandeep Sanghera, "Touching the Language of Citizenship in Ondaatje's Anil's Ghost"; Eluned Summers-Bremner, "Reading Ondaatje's Poetry"; Winfried Siemerling, "Oral History and the Writing of the Other in Ondaatje's In the Skin of a Lion"; Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, "Ondaatje's The English Patient and Questions of History"; Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, "Selected Bibliography of Critical Work about Michael Ondaatje's Texts" and "A List of Michael Ondaatje's Works"; Bioprofiles of Contributors and Index. ePDF Articles in this volume focus on theories and histories of comparative literature and the emerging field of comparative cultural studies. Contributors are Kwaku Asante-Darko on African postcolonial literature, Hendrik Birus on Goethe's concept of world literature, Amiya Dev on comparative literature in India, Marián Gálik on interliterariness, Ernst Grabovszki on globalization, new media, and world literature, Jan Walsh Hokenson on the culture of the context, Marko Juvan on literariness, Karl S.Y. Kao on metaphor, Kristof Jacek Kozak on comparative literature in Slovenia, Manuela Mourão on comparative literature in the USA, Jola Skulj on cultural identity, Slobodan Sucur on period styles and theory, Peter Swirski on popular and highbrow literature, Antony Tatlow on textual anthropology, William H. Thornton on East/West power politics in cultural studies, Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek on comparative cultural studies, and Xiaoyi Zhou and Q.S. Tong on comparative literature in China. The articles are followed by a bibliography of scholarship in comparative literature and cultural studies, compiled by Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven Aoun, and Wendy C. Nielsen. ePDF In this book the author gets to the very core of what makes a successful and dynamic enterprise. Building upon his earlier work, The Ascendant Organization, and slaying a number of business fads and sacred cows along the way, he shows how to energize the enterprise in key areas such as leadership, teamwork, and innovation. With the use of many examples and cases and building upon considerable experience he shows the way forward for companies to achieve a sense of purpose and to energize their organizations. If you are tired of the latest business fad, then this will be the book for you. Hardback Stanley Fish opens the collection with a persuasive argument for the role of intention and biography. Michael McKeon, Gordon Turnbull, and Jerome Christensen are concerned with the late eighteenth--and early nineteenth-century English cultural discourse that gave rise to the nearly simultaneous emergence of literary biography, Romantic sensibility, and reflexive human consciousness. The essays by Alison Booth, Cheryl Walker, and Sharon O'Brien reveal that the recognition or lack thereof the biographical subject has received and remains both a problem and an opportunity for women writers and readers. The essays by Valerie Ross, Rob Wilson, Steven Weiland, and William Epstein pursue the question of difference and cultural reification in the theory and practice of a specifically American biography and biographical criticism. Paperback Both accessible and insightful, this collection of personal critical essays employs a formal study of literature as framework for the consideration of universal issues, including grief management, death, and acceptance of, and benefit from, traumatic change. These topics offer Brackett the opportunity to reflect upon the joys and rigors of scholarship as she considers professional issues, such as academic advancement through publication. They stand as testimony to one professional's belief that academia should not only embrace but encourage a number of approaches to self-expression on the part of its scholars. Her personal commentary draws from the work and life stories of many writers, including Elizabeth Cary, Anne Bradstreet, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Rabindranath Tagore, Leo Tolstoy, Katherine Anne Porter, and V.S. Naipaul. Critical and philosophical commentary by notables such as Richard Rorty, Michel Foucault, Jane Tompkins, Lois McNay, Diane P. Freeman, Olvia Frey, Frances Murphy Zauhar, Janice Radway and Patricia Waugh interlace and advance Brackett's own speculations. The book makes clear Brackett's belief that no reasonable explanation exists for the necessity some scholars see in withholding results of literary study from a broader audience, unless it be a reluctance to write with the clarity necessary to make digestible and enjoyable the fruits of their profession. ePDF This study is about the aporia between cosmopolitanism as a sign of justice and cosmopolitanism as the consumption and display of international luxury items and cultural production. Turn-of-the-century Pan-American cosmopolitanism described international aesthetic culture and fashion drawn from major world cities, but it was also implicitly political, it held a promise of justice in the acceptance and coexistence of difference. Although unrepentantly elitist, the cosmo-modernists transcended the genetic link between nationalisms and heteronormative versions of family often by turning to the classical model of a male homosocial. Fojas engages the work of Guatemalan Enrique Gómez Carrillo, the travel writings from the Chicago World's Fair of Cuban Aurelia Castillo de González, the Venezuelan journal Cosmópolis, and Rodó's infamous Ariel, all of which share a common principle of the practical application of cosmopolitanism. They revisit the failures of Eurocentric cosmopolitanism by rewriting them, recasting them for a new audience, and generally making use of them for their own purposes. But, above all, they grapple with cosmopolitanism, sometimes conceptualizing new models of hospitality and sometimes failing, nonetheless keeping the broken promise of utopic spaces and their imagined cities. These texts activate a cosmopolitan attitude by persuading the reader to be more open, more modern, and more amenable to difference. ePDF This book examines contemporary French society's relationship with violence in an era of increased media dominance. The study's innovative and interdisciplinary approach integrates media, cinema, and literary studies to analyze how crime news (faits divers) function as a site of discursive struggle. Reisinger focuses on the sensational Paulin and Succo affairs that became mobile signifiers about crime, insecurity, and the Other in France in the 1980s. By situating these crime stories in a larger historical and political context, she analyzes how media and politicians use the crime story as a tool for upholding dominant ideology. Yet, rather than conclude that the crime story has become an absolute banality, as Jean Baudrillard has maintained, Reisinger shows how these crime stories attest to the public's renewed fascination with violence. Her analysis of the artistic rewritings of these stories reveal alternative, complex readings of the fait divers that subvert the media's sensationalized discourse on crime effectively. Through an analysis of the complex processes of production, reception, and re-articulation that contribute to the representation of crime in media and on the stage, the study concludes that the fait divers is an important location of social and political resistance for readers and artists alike in contemporary France. ePDF By analyzing a varied body of writing- hagiographies, histories, treatises, and correspondence- in the context of religious colonial culture and European mercantilism, Mario Cesareo shows how Portuguese and Spanish missionaries created a Christian understanding of the colonial process. The material excess of the colonial world, experienced as a capricious parade of signs, masks, objects, races, languages, and bodies subjected to European exploitation, presented a problem of the first magnitude for Christian missionaries. In order to render intelligible the incongruities of the colonial experience, the missionary turned the materiality of the Indian and the black body of the slave into God's privileged instruments for revelation. Materiality, in its remotest minutiae, became understood as an enigmatic system of signs, as a divine riddle to be discerned. The attempts to recognize, elaborate, and synthesize this new experience constitute the Christian herme-neutics that is the focus of the study. The book posits the existence of a repertoire of stances through which the missionary was able to represent, perform, and theorize the colonial experience. In this social sensibility, the body emerges as a privileged locus for the aesthetic, theoretic, and practical experimentation that allowed the missionary to carry on his utopian ideals within the imperialist workings of European mercantilism. Hardback This collection of eleven original essays each by a different scholar outlines the rich body of imaginative and devotional literature which has the biblical poet-warrior-king as its subject or primary focus, showing David to have as strong an imaginative appeal for Western writers as such better-known mythic heroes as Orpheus, Oedipus, Samson, and Ulysses. The introduction to the volume surveys the development of the David myth particularly in British and American literature. The essays represent a variety of critical approaches to the myth as literature, treating in detail such works as Shakespeare's Hamlet, Cowley's Davideis, Christopher Smart's "A Song to David," and Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom and examining the complex uses made of David in the Midrash, Talmud, and Patristic writings; medieval sermons and Reformation devotional treatises; and American Puritan sermons. Paperback Directed chiefly toward scholars in literary criticism and theory, Peircean semiotics, and, more generally, philosophy, this book is, by the nature of its broad focus, more descriptive than critical, synthetic rather than overtly prescriptive. Beginning with a brief discussion of Peirce and deconstruction, the author then turns to the relevance of current concepts in science and the philosophy of science as well as mathematics -- especially Godel's theorems. Subsequently, a series of "thought experiments" is used to illustrate that some concepts propounded by deconstruction are compatible with certain aspects of the "new physics." The notion of "writing" is compared to Karl Popper's philosophy of science, and finally, a discussion of Beckett rounds out the author's general thesis. Paperback The book has four parts. The first provides a lengthy explication and critique of Derrida, a service still much needed by today's philosophers and literary theorists. The second part locates a recension of Heideggerian thought at a site the author calls centric mysticism. Throughout this section, there are original applications to literature. The third part presents the full-scale analysis of Nagarjunist technique, and then goes on to develop a "differential" Zen contrasting very much with the "centric" Zen of Suzuki. Replete with treatments of Buddhist poetry, it is bound to be of great interest to Buddhologists. The fourth part applies "differentialism" to monotheism and Christian theology and develops a non-entitative trinitarianism, which will revise, it is hoped, contemporary theology significantly. Two appendices, in a concrete way, apply to literary theory and criticism what the author has worked out in the body of the book ePDF The history of exile literature is as old as the history of writing itself. Despite this vast and varied literary tradition, criticism of exile writing has tended to analyze these works according to a binary logic, where exile either produces creative freedom or it traps the writer in restrictive nostalgia. The Dialectics of Exile: Nation, Time, Language and Space in Hispanic Literatures offers a theory of exile writing that accounts for the persistence of these dual impulses and for the ways that they often co exist within the same literary works. Focusing on writers working in the latter part of the 20th century who were exiled during a historical moment of increasing globalization, transnational economics and the theoretical shifts of postmodernism, Sophia A. McClennen proposes that exile literature is best understood as a series of dialectic tensions about cultural identity. Through comparative analysis of Juan Goytisolo (Spain), Ariel Dorfman (Chile) and Cristina Peri Rossi (Uruguay), this book explores how these writers represent exile identity. Each chapter addresses dilemmas central to debates over cultural identity such as nationalism versus globalization, time as historical or cyclical, language as representationally accurate or disconnected from reality, and social space as utopic or dystopic. McClennen demonstrates how the complex writing of these three authors functions as an alternative discourse of cultural identity that not only challenges official versions imposed by authoritarian regimes, but also tests the limits of much cultural criticism. ePDF Earthly Treasures maps the presence, position and use in the narrative of a variety of material objects in Marguerite de Navarre's Heptameron. There is a wide selection of objects, ranging from tapestries with scripture passages woven into the borders, fine arts paintings, chalices incised with proverbs, emblems, table linens, copies of Bibles or manuscripts, clothing, masks, stage props, jewelry, furniture and foodstuffs. Although the presence of such material objects seems paradoxical, given the scriptural mandate to disregard things of this world, and to "store up treasure", rather, in heaven, Marguerite found license to use such objects both in the Bible and in the daily life-oriented and artifact-studded sermons and writings collected in the Table Talk of Martin Luther. ePDF In her book Fantasies of Gender and the Witch in Feminist Theory and Literature, Justyna Sempruch analyses contemporary representations of the "witch" as a locus for the cultural negotiation of genders. Sempruch revisits some of the most prominent traits in past and current perceptions in feminist scholarship of exclusion and difference. She examines a selection of 20th century US-American, Canadian, and European narratives to reveal the continued political relevance of metaphors sustained in the archetype of the "witch" widely thought to belong to pop-cultural or folkloristic formulations of the past. Through a critical re-reading of the feminist texts engaging with these metaphors, Sempruch develops a new concept of the witch, one that challenges traditional gender-biased theories linking it either to a malevolent "hag" on the margins of culture or to unrestrained "feminine" sexual desire. Sempruch turns, instead, to the causes for radical feminist critique of "feminine" sexuality as a fabrication of logocentric thinking and shows that the problematic conversion of the "hag" into a "superwoman" can be interpreted today as a therapeutic performance translating fixed identity into a site of continuous negotiation of the subject in process. Tracing the development of feminist constructs of the witch from 1970s radical texts to the present, Sempruch explores the early psychoanalytical writings of Cixous, Kristeva, and Irigaray and feminist reformulations of identity by Butler and Braidotti together with fictional texts from different political and cultural contexts. Hardback Gatsby's Party contributes to the ongoing research on, and application of systems theory and information theory to, literary texts. White applies current research toward an architectural understanding of narrative structure, moving beyond interpretations (and applications) of systems theory that have been largely thematic or author-centered. it uses the fist as a device for unlocking or revealing narrative systematization and contributes to the debate on the order/ disorder apposition and to an understanding of the functioning of the fist itself. Finally, it synthesizes a number of information-based theories and sets up a theory of relations as a critical methodology that widens the field of approaches to narrative dynamics. ePDF This study by Cristina Ferreira-Pinto explores the poetic and narrative strategies twentieth-century Brazilian women writers use to achieve new forms of representation of the female body, sexuality, and desire. Female writers discussed include: Gilka Machado, Lygia Fagundes Telles, Marcia Denser, and Marina Colasanti. While creating new forms, these writers are also deconstructing cultural myths of femininity and female behavior. In order to understand these myths, the book also presents new readings of some male-authored canonical novels by Jose de Alencar, Machado de Assis, Manuel Antonio de Almeida, and Aluisio Azevedo. The specific focus on female sexuality and desire acknowledges the intrinsic link between sexuality and an individual's sense of identity, and its importance for female identity, given the historical repression of women's bodies and the double standard of morality still pervasive in many Western cultures. In the discussion of the strategies Brazilian female poets and fiction writers employ, Ferreira-Pinto addresses some social and cultural issues that relate to a woman's sense of her own body and sexuality: the characterization of women based on racial features and class hierarchy; marriage; motherhood; the silencing of the lesbian subject; and aging. Ferreira-Pinto's analysis is informed by the works of various and diverse critics and theoreticians, among them Helene Cixous, Teresa De Lauretis, Adrienne Rich, Gloria Anzaldua, Georges Bataille, and Wilhelm Reich. ePDF The Gendered Lyric argues that gender difference contributes to the definition of aesthetic values and, indeed, shaped the representation of masculine and feminine subjectivity in nineteenth-century French poetry. Gretchen Schultz analyzes works by the leaders of the Romantic, Parnassian, and Symbolist schools to show that their implicit conceptions of gender were central to the formulation of their aesthetics. Prominent Romantic poets (Hugo, Lamartine, Musset) appropriated feminine cultural attributes to construct an empathetic male poet, while the Parnassians of the following generation, including Leconte de Lisle and Gautier, repudiated Romanticism for a more "muscular" and masculinist poetic practice.Women poets writing in the shadows of these great men devised varying strategies, ranging from assimilation to satire, to gain access to poetic subjectivity. Schultz devotes chapters to the Romantic Desbordes-Valmore, as well as several lesser-known Parnassian women, and through close readings explores their accommodations of, and revolts against, the dominant movements. Schultz's appendix of works by women poets provides the reader with a valuable source of heretofore unavailable texts. Symbolists readmitted femininity with a broader, more fluid definition of lyric subjectivity. Even the notoriously misogynist Bauldelaire contributed to the representation of otherness. And in different ways, Verlaine's gay male poetry and Marie Krysinska's innovative free verse battled poetic conventions to fulfill the promises of Symbolism's open poetic stance. The Gendered Lyric is recommended for scholars and students of nineteenth-century French studies, poetry and poetics, and gender studies. Paperback Drawing on the groundbreaking Spanish scholarship and editions of earlier generations and relying on research conducted in Spanish archives, this pioneering group of English-speaking scholars offers a new treatment of familiar material. The editors yoke together widely varying critical practices, including incisive New Critical readings and far-reaching explorations that draw on the most current European critical thought. In addition to these more strictly literary studies, there are interdisciplinary essays focusing on seventeenth- and twentieth-century reception and the social makeup of the comedia audience. The whole thus presents a balanced picture of the many ways in which the comedia can be viewed, and the contributors complement each other's work in often surprising ways, illuminating the same corpus from a number of perspectives. ePDF "...Unamuno often entertains a view of the universe as an enormous system of embedded and embedding forms, structures nested within other structures in seemingly endless series." -From The Great Chiasmus In The Great Chiasmus, Paul R. Olson explores the use of the chiasmus in the work of Miguel de Unamuno. The chiasmus, a reversal in the order of words or parts of speech in parallel phrases, appears on a variety of levels, from brief microstructures ("blanca como la nieve y como la nieve fria"), to the narrative structures of entire novels, and even, Olson suggests, to encompass the stages in Unamuno's novelistic work. Olson's close readings of the texts in terms of this structure lead to observations on Spanish history, events in Unamuno's life, the psychological dimensions of his characters, and the authorial self found within his texts. The Great Chiasmus shows us how Unamuno uses grammar to reflect apparent contraries as freely reversible and thus identical. In this connection, Unamuno explores concepts usually considered opposites-spirit and matter, word and flesh. ePDF Marko Juvan's History and Poetics of Intertextuality is a revised and updated translation of his 2000 book Intertekstualnost (Intertextuality). In his book, Juvan argues that while intertextuality is constitutive of all textuality it may be grounded in certain literary works, genres, or styles (e.g., parody or allusion as forms of citationality). He surveys the field in order to ground the poetics of intertextuality in the history of its idea from Kristeva to New Historicism and citationality from Genette's late structuralism to text theory. In humanities scholarship literary studies have transformed the notion of intertextuality from its transgressive content into a detailed descriptive methodology. However, by bringing citationality into focus, they also stressed that literature is an autopoetic system, living on cultural memory, and interacting with other social discourses. The poetics of intertextuality proposed here, based mainly on semiotics, elucidates factors determining the socio-historically elusive border between general intertextuality and citationality (encyclopaedic literary competence, paratext, etc.) and explores modes of intertextual representation, stressing that pre-texts evoked or re-written in post-texts figure as interpretants of the latter and vice versa. Intertextual derivations and references, which have become common in literary culture, are finally explained as intertextual figures and genres. Hardback This wide-ranging and interdisciplinary study draws on sociology, anthropology, history, and literary theory to examine the practice and the literary re-presentation of hospitality. Palmer offers an original synthesis of dramatic texts from early modern England that gives place to Shakespeare and his contemporaries. The literary texts Palmer uses cover a diverse field, from Shakespearean drama to royal progresses, from court entertainment to pamphlet literature. The genre of pageantry, a more ubiquitous form of entertainment than the more-studied public theater, takes over the heart of the study. Through these various genres, Palmer investigates the notion of mediation, the relationship between aesthetic objects and the culture that produced them.

i don't know

How many players does each team have on the field in a Canadian Football League game?

NFL Beginner's Guide to Football NFL Network Beginner's Guide to Football One 11-man team has possession of the football. It is called the offense and it tries to advance the ball down the field-by running with the ball or throwing it - and score points by crossing the goal line and getting into an area called the end zone. The other team (also with 11 players) is called the defense. It tries to stop the offensive team and make it give up possession of the ball. If the team with the ball does score or is forced to give up possession, the offensive and defensive teams switch roles (the offensive team goes on defense and the defensive team goes on offense). And so on, back and forth, until all four quarters of the game have been played. In order to make it easier to coordinate the information in this digest, the topics discussed generally follow the order of the rule book. THE FIELD The field measures 100 yards long and 53 yards wide. Little white markings on the field called yard markers help the players, officials, and the fans keep track of the ball. Probably the most important part of the field is the end zone. It's an additional 10 yards on each end of the field. This is where the points add up! When the offense - the team with possession of the ball-gets the ball into the opponent's end zone, they score points. TIMING Games are divided into four 15-minute quarters, separated by a 12-minute break at halftime. There are also 2-minute breaks at the end of the first and third quarters as teams change ends of the field after every 15 minutes of play. At the end of the first and third quarters, the team with the ball retains possession heading into the following quarter. That is not the case before halftime. The second half starts with a kickoff in the same way as the game began in the first quarter. Each offensive team has 40 seconds from the end of a given play until they must snap of the ball for the start of the next play, otherwise they will be penalized. The clock stops at the end of incomplete passing plays, when a player goes out of bounds, or when a penalty is called. The clock starts again when the ball is re-spotted by an official. If a game is tied at the end of regulation, a 15-minute overtime period will be played. In the NFL, this is sudden death and the first team to score wins. Possession is determined before the period begins by a coin toss. THE PLAYERS Each team has 3 separate units: the offense (see section below), those players who are on the field when the team has possession of the ball; the defense (see section below), players who line up to stop the other team's offense; and special teams that only come in on kicking situations (punts, field goals, and kickoffs). Only 11 players are on the field from one team at any one time. To see how the players line up click here THE KICKOFF A game starts with the kickoff. The ball is placed on a kicking tee at the defense's 30-yard line, and a special kicker (a "placekicker") kicks the ball to the offense A kick return man from the offense will try to catch the ball and advance it by running. Where he is stopped is the point from which the offense will begin its drive, or series of offensive plays. When a kickoff is caught in the offense's own end zone, the kick returner can either run the ball out of the end zone, or kneel in the end zone to signal a touchback - a sign to stop the play. The ball is then placed on the 20-yard line, where the offense begins play. FIRST DOWN All progress in a football game is measured in yards. The offensive team tries to get as much "yardage" as it can to try and move closer to the opponent's end zone. Each time the offense gets the ball, it has four downs, or chances, in which to gain 10 yards. If the offensive team successfully moves the ball 10 or more yards, it earns a first down, and another set of four downs. If the offense fails to gain 10 yards, it loses possession of the ball. The defense tries to prevent the offense not only from scoring, but also from gaining the 10 yards needed for a first down. If the offense reaches fourth down, it usually punts the ball (kicks it away). This forces the other team to begin its drive further down the field. MOVING THE BALL - The Run and the Pass A play begins with the snap. At the line of scrimmage (the position on the field where the play begins), the quarterback loudly calls out a play in code and the player in front of him, the center, passes, or snaps the ball under his legs to the quarterback. From there, the quarterback can either throw the ball, hand it off, or run with it. THE RUN There are two main ways for the offense to advance the ball. The first is called a run. This occurs when the quarterback hands the ball off to a running back, who then tries to gain as many yards as possible by eluding defensive players. The quarterback is also allowed to run with the ball. THE PASS The other alternative to running the ball is to throw it. Or as they say in football, pass it! Usually, the quarterback does the passing, though there are times when another player may pass the ball to confuse the defense. Actually, anyone on the offensive team is allowed to pass the ball as long as the pass is thrown from behind the line of scrimmage. A pass is complete if the ball is caught by another offensive player, usually the "wide receiver" or "tight end." If the ball hits the ground before someone catches it, it is called an incomplete pass. THE TACKLE The defense prevents the offense from advancing the ball by bringing the ball carrier to the ground. A player is tackled when one or both of his knees touch the ground. The play is then over. A play also ends when a player runs out of bounds. SCORING The object of the game is to score the most points. There are four ways to score points in football. TOUCHDOWN = 6 POINTS A touchdown is the biggest single score in a football game. It is worth six points, and it allows the scoring team an opportunity to attempt to get an extra point. To score a touchdown, the ball must be carried across the goal line into the end zone, caught in the end zone, or a fumble recovered in the end zone, or an untouched kickoff recovered in the end zone by the kicking team. EXTRA POINT and the TWO-POINT CONVERSION = 1 or 2 POINTS Immediately following a touchdown, the ball is placed at the opponent's two-yard line, where the offense has two options. Usually the offense will kick an extra point, also called the point after touchdown, conversion, or PAT. If the offense successfully kicks the ball through the goal posts, it earns one point. The offense can also score two points by running or throwing the ball into the end zone in the same manner as you would score a touchdown. Since going for two points is more difficult than kicking an extra point, the offense generally chooses to kick the extra point. FIELD GOAL = 3 POINTS If the offense cannot score a touchdown, it may try to kick a field goal. Field goals are worth three points and often are the deciding plays in the last seconds of close games. They can be attempted from anywhere on the field on any down, but generally are kicked from inside the defense's 45-yard line on fourth down. For a field goal to be "good", the placekicker (or field goal kicker) must kick the ball through the goal-post uprights and over the crossbar. The defense tries to block the kick and stop the ball from reaching the goal post. SAFETY = 2 POINTS The safety is worth two points. A safety occurs when the offensive ball carrier is tackled behind his own goal line. TURNOVERS While trying to advance the football to the end zone, the offense may accidentally turn the ball over to the defense in one of two ways: THE FUMBLE When the ball carrier or passer drops the ball, that's a fumble. Any player on the field can recover the ball by diving on it or he can run with it. The team that recovers a fumble either gets-or retains-possession of the ball. THE INTERCEPTION An aggressive defense can regain possession of the ball by catching (intercepting) passes meant for players on the other team. Both fumble recoveries and interceptions can be run back into the end zone for touchdowns. THE TWO SIDES OF THE BALL THE OFFENSE Whichever team has possession of the ball is the offense. While only the quarterback, the wide receivers and tight ends, and the running backs can legally handle the ball, it is the quarterback who is the leader of the team and the playmaker. In fact, he's a man of many talents - he not only throws the ball, he outlines each play to his team. THE OFFENSIVE PLAYERS The quarterback ("QB") passes or hands off the ball. The center snaps the ball to the QB and blocks the defense. 2 guards and 2 tackles keep the defense at bay. 2/4 wide receivers catch the ball thrown by the QB. 1 or 2 running backs take the ball and run with it. 1 or 2 tight ends block the defense and can also catches passes. THE DEFENSE The job of the defense is to stop the offense. The 11 men on the defensive team all work together to keep the offense from advancing toward the defense's end zone. THE DEFENSIVE PLAYERS

twelve

From the Greek for color, what element, with an atomic number of 24, uses the symbol Cr?

How to play fantasy football: First-timer's guide How to play fantasy football Fantasy football, baseball and college basketball contributor. Author of book, "Yes, It's Hot in Here." comment What exactly is fantasy football? It's a way for you to be the general manager of your own football team, one in which you -- and only you -- determine which players you want to own. You select a roster of NFL players for your team and use their real-life statistics in order to compete against other similarly selected teams to see which owner did the better job. As the football season unfolds, each week, the on-field performance of the players you have decided to put into your starting lineup will help determine the success or failure of your fantasy team. It's up to you to bench slumping players, to work the waiver wire to grab that hot free agent, or to try to wheel and deal to get rid of that aging veteran before the wheels fall off in exchange for a rookie about to catch fire. It's incredibly easy to get started right here at ESPN.com. All it takes is a few simple clicks to join a league looking for new members using the League Directory . After all, fantasy football is not a game of solitaire. As a newcomer to the game, if you're not comfortable risking the chance of being the lone rookie in a league full of veterans, then perhaps you should consider starting a league with a bunch of interested friends. Please note that there's no need to go hunting around for warm bodies just to fulfill some preconceived quota of how many teams make up a league. League size Leagues come in all sizes, and you can choose to play with as few as four teams or as many as 30. Just keep in mind that the fewer the number of owners, the more superstars there will be on each roster. However, have a league with too many teams and in order to field a lineup each week, you might have to know the names of fourth-string tight ends. That might be biting off a bit more than even non-casual fans might be able to chew. To me, 12 is the perfect size for a fantasy football league. This way, each team ends up with a nice mix of talent; not only does each team have a few studs, but owners also have to dig a little bit deeper into the player pool in order to fill out the roster. However, there are still likely to be good players left over when all the rosters are filled, meaning that as the season gets into full swing, there's still a chance for owners to improve their lot. But it's far better to start small with an intimate group of owners who are gung-ho about the idea of playing all season long, rather than loading up your league with people who will drop out just as soon as you ease up on the arm-twisting. Draft methods So how do we determine which fantasy owner gets which player? You could just pick names out of a hat, but that kind of defeats the purpose. Most leagues choose to hold a draft in which the owners take turns selecting players who have not yet been assigned to a roster. Typically, this draft is done in a "snake" format, in which the team that picks first in one round picks last in the next in order to make sure teams are balanced. Another popular way to allocate players is to hold an auction. In an auction format, teams all start with the same amount of fantasy money to bid with and take turns nominating a player. The highest bid on a nominated player wins, but of course, the winning owner now has less money left to bid on subsequent players. So while an auction does give every owner a chance to go after whichever players he/she wants, each owner needs to make sure to budget properly or else he/she may end up with three MVP candidates alongside a bunch of "scrubs." While many leagues hold a new draft at the start of each season, others choose to allow owners to keep players on their teams for multiple seasons. This is a decision that should be made before you draft for the first time, because knowing whether or not you're selecting players for just one year, or for years on end, will cause you to make different decisions on exactly whom you might pick when your turn comes up. Regardless of which method you decide to use to distribute the available talent pool, it makes a lot of sense to get a feel for what drafting is like before you jump into battle for the very first time. That's why it's highly recommended to try your hand at a few mock drafts -- practice drafts -- before your league's official event. There are always some open rooms full of fantasy players looking to hone their player evaluation skills in ESPN's Mock Draft Lobby . Remember, practice makes perfect! Schedule All right, so we've got our league in place and we know how we're going to divvy up the player pool. But how do we know which players we want to draft? That all hinges on the next big question you need an answer to before draft day: How do we figure out who wins? There's no one right answer to this question, and ESPN offers up a customizable combination of categories that leagues can use to compare player performance each week in order to settle the score. Generally speaking, each league will have a schedule in place that pits your fantasy team against another owner's team every week in a head-to-head battle to accrue the most points from your starting lineup based upon how those players do in their real-life games. At the end of a predetermined amount of games, typically in the neighborhood of Week 13 or 14 of the NFL season, the top teams in the league in terms of wins and losses will move on to a single-elimination playoff format, with the last team standing being declared the champion. Scoring methods So, the schedule is set, but how do you figure out how many points each player scores each week? Well, that depends. Some leagues simply give each player who scores a touchdown six points, and leave it at that. ESPN's standard scoring goes into more detail, also rewarding for yardage and subtracting points for interceptions thrown and fumbles lost. Most leagues at least begin with these standard scoring settings, with points being awarded to each player involved in a touchdown, as well as some points based on how many yards from scrimmage a player gets. For example, ESPN's standard scoring awards one point for every 10 yards rushing or receiving. Quarterbacks typically earn points for passing yards (one point for every 25 yards in ESPN standard play). Some leagues also award bonus points for reaching certain milestones (like 100 yards receiving or 300 yards passing) or for "long touchdowns" (say, an extra two points for any TD run or catch of more than 50 yards). Kickers also are typically added to the mix, with field goals worth three points (longer kicks may also earn a bonus) and extra points being worth one point. Missed attempts may earn you a deduction. Traditionally, defenses are drafted as a unit, with fantasy points being assigned based on the actual points they allow in a game and total yards allowed to their opponent. Sacks and turnovers forced are also often added to the equation. Click here for a complete list of scoring categories in ESPN's free standard leagues. Know your league's rules • Scoring: Again, I can't stress enough how essential it is to know what these rules are prior to taking part in your league's draft. A popular customized scoring option is PPR, or point per reception. It sounds like what it means, as a player receives a point for every reception he gets in a game. In a PPR league, this can make a big difference in evaluating running backs, for example, because two backs who each finish with 1,500 yards from scrimmage might have different values if one catches a lot of passes and the other doesn't. If you are in a standard league, though, the number of receptions is not a factor, which is why it's important to know your league's scoring rules. • Roster/starting lineup limits: Additionally, it's important to know not only how many players comprise a complete roster, but also exactly what kind of positional requirements constitute a legal lineup on a weekly basis. It's all well and good to draft the top three quarterbacks in the NFL with your first three picks, but if you're allowed to start only one each week, and you have only three bench spots on your roster, you're digging yourself a huge hole by doing so. Not all leagues have the same rules, so you need to know how many quarterbacks, running backs, wide receivers and tight ends you have to start each week, and if there's any flexibility in this regard. For example, some leagues may allow you to start any combination of six RBs, WRs and TEs. Others get very position specific. In ESPN standard leagues, you start one QB, two RBs, two WRs, one TE, one flex (which can be a RB, WR or TE), one team defense/special teams unit (D/ST) and one kicker, and you have seven bench spots. Managing your roster in-season While you always want to make sure you're prepared for draft day and do your best to draft a competitive team that can potentially win your league title, chances are that your team's roster at the end of the season will look nothing like it does at the start of it. That's because the NFL season is a long one and you need to manage your roster to deal with several built-in hurdles to success, namely bye weeks and injuries. From Week 4 of the season through Week 12, as few as two and as many as six NFL teams get a week off from playing, and if you own players from those squads on your fantasy team, you need to have a replacement lined up for that week's action. To some extent, you can prepare for this on draft day. If you draft your No. 1 quarterback and know he has Week 7 off, then when you decide it's time to select his backup, you make sure to draft someone who isn't also off that same week. However, things don't always work out perfectly in that regard. That's why most leagues allow for in-season trading and waiver-wire pickups, so that you can adjust your roster during the season to make sure you can field a competitive team all season long. Some leagues assign one day a week on which owners can make free-agent pickup requests, naming a player to be cut from their roster in exchange for an unowned one chosen from the list of available options on the website. In many leagues, such as ESPN standard leagues, these requests are processed in reverse order of the standings. In others, each team is given a budget of imaginary dollars to use throughout the season in a bidding process for these free agents. Still others simply let this process become a free-for-all with the first owner to make a claim on the website getting dibs on whichever player he or she wants. We say it again and again: Know your league's rules! Knowing how your league handles this process is also essential when dealing with the multiple injuries your team is sure to suffer throughout the course of the season. Again, some leagues will allow you to stash a player on injured reserve (IR) if he gets hurt. If so, you may not have to drop a player in order to replace him on your team. Even in leagues that do have IR spots, there is usually a limited number of such spots that you can utilize and still retain ownership of them, so at some point, you may be faced with some tough decisions. ESPN standard leagues do not feature an IR slot, so make sure you're aware of that if you choose to play in such a league. Apart from the waiver wire, the other method of player movement in fantasy football comes via the trade. When it comes to trades, some leagues believe that "anything goes," while others have some sort of veto system in place by which potential deals can be nixed by the majority of the league if there's a feeling that they are too lopsided in nature. Most of the conflict in fantasy leagues comes from this part of the game, and it is the reason that all leagues should have a written set of rules -- a constitution -- in place. At the very least, the league manager (LM) should make sure that all owners are up to speed on the particular rules that your league is using to avoid any potential confusion that may arise as the season moves along. As an LM, it's always good to communicate with the rest of the league about how the league operates in hopes of avoiding any potential issues. One of the best parts about ESPN Fantasy Football is that you can play for free! So what are you waiting for? Fantasy football is huge, and it's not going anywhere anytime soon. Why not give it a shot?

i don't know

According to Norse mythology, who is the wife of Odin?

Frigg - Norse Mythology for Smart People Norse Mythology for Smart People Frigg “Frigga Spinning the Clouds” by John Charles Dollman (1909) Frigg (pronounced “FRIG;” Old Norse Frigg, “Beloved”[1]), sometimes Anglicized as “Frigga,” is the highest-ranking of the Aesir goddesses. She’s the wife of Odin , the chief of the gods, and the mother of Baldur . Strangely for a goddess of her high position, the surviving primary sources on Norse mythology give only sparse and casual accounts of anything related to her personality, deeds, or other attributes. The specifics they do discuss, however, are not unique to Frigg, but are instead shared by both her and Freya , a goddess who belongs to both the Aesir and the Vanir tribes of deities. From these similarities, combined with the two goddesses’ mutual evolution from the earlier Germanic goddess Frija, we can see that Frigg and Freya were only nominally distinct figures by the late Viking Age, when our sources were recorded, and that these two figures, who had formerly been the same deity, were still practically the same personage in everything but name. Frigg and Freya Like Freya, Frigg is depicted as a völva, a Viking Age practitioner of the form of Norse magic known as seidr . Seidr is concerned with discerning destiny and altering its course by re-weaving part of its web.[2] This power could potentially be put to any use imaginable, and examples that cover virtually the entire range of the human condition can be found in Old Norse literature. In the Old Norse poem Lokasenna, after Loki slanders Frigg, Freya warns him that Frigg knows the destiny of all beings, implying that she also has the power to alter them if she so chooses.[3] Frigg’s weaving activities are likely an allusion to this role as well. Freya owns falcon plumes that she and the other Aesir use for shapeshifting into that bird, and Frigg possesses her own set of falcon feathers that are used for the same purpose.[4] In the Viking Age, the völva was an itinerant seeress and sorceress who traveled from town to town performing commissioned acts of seidr in exchange for lodging, food, and often other forms of compensation as well. Like other northern Eurasian shamans, her social status was highly ambiguous – she was by turns exalted, feared, longed for, propitiated, celebrated, and scorned.[5] During the so-called Völkerwanderung or “Migration Period” – roughly 400-800 CE, and thus the period that immediately preceded the Viking Age – the figure who would later become the völva held a much more institutionally necessary and universally acclaimed role among the Germanic tribes. One of the core societal institutions of the period was the warband, a tightly organized military society presided over by a king or chieftain and his wife. The wife of the warband’s leader, according to the Roman historian Tacitus, held the title of veleda, and her role in the warband was to foretell the outcome of a suggested plan of action by means of divination and to influence that outcome by means of more active magic, as well as to serve a special cup of liquor that was a powerful symbol of both temporal and spiritual power in the warband’s periodic ritual feasts.[6][7] One literary portrait of such a woman comes to us from the medieval Old English epic poem Beowulf, which recounts the deeds of King Hroðgar and his warband in the land that we today know as Denmark. The name of Hroðgar’s queen, Wealhþeow, is almost certainly the Old English equivalent of the Proto-Germanic title that Tacitus latinised as “veleda.”[8] Wealhþeow’s “domestic” actions in the poem – which are, properly understood, enactments of the liquor ritual described above – are indispensable for the upkeep of the unity of the warband and its power structures. The poem, despite its Christian veneer, “hint[s] at the queen’s oracular powers… The Hrothgar/Wealhtheow association as presented in the poem is an echo of an earlier more robust and vigorous politico-theological conception.”[9] This “politico-theological conception” was based on the mythological model provided by the divine pair Frija and Woðanaz, deities who later evolved into, respectively, Freya/Frigg and Odin. Woðanaz is the warband’s king or chieftain, and Frija is its veleda. Thus, in the Migration Period, the goddess who later became Freya (and Frigg) was the wife of the god who later became Odin. While somewhat veiled, this is ultimately still the case in Old Norse literature. Freya’s husband is named Óðr , a name which is virtually identical to that of Óðinn (the Old Norse form of “Odin”). Óðr means “ecstasy, inspiration, furor.” Óðinn is simply the word óðr with the masculine definite article (-inn) added onto the end. The two names come from the same word and have the same meaning. Óðr is an obscure and seldom-mentioned character in Old Norse literature. The one passage that tells us anything about his personality or deeds – anything beyond merely listing his name in connection with Freya – comes from the Prose Edda, which states that Óðr is often away on long journeys, and that Freya can often be found weeping tears of red gold over his absence.[10] Many of the surviving tales involving Odin have him traveling far and wide throughout the Nine Worlds , to the point that he’s probably more often away from Asgard than within it. Many of Odin’s numerous bynames allude to his wanderings or are names he assumed to disguise his identity while abroad. Thus, it’s hard to see Freya’s husband as anything but an only nominally distinct extension of Odin. Freyja and Frigg are similarly accused of infidelity to their (apparently common) husband. Alongside the several mentions of Freya’s loose sexual practices can be placed the words of the medieval Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus, who relates that Frigg slept with a slave on at least one occasion.[11] In Lokasenna and the Ynglinga Saga, Odin was once exiled from Asgard, leaving his brothers Vili and Ve in command. In addition to presiding over the realm, they also regularly slept with Frigg until Odin’s return.[12][13] Many scholars have tried to differentiate between Freya and Frigg by asserting that the former is more promiscuous and less steadfast than the latter,[14] but these tales suggest otherwise. The word for “Friday” in Germanic languages (including English) is named after Frija,[15] the Proto-Germanic goddess who is the foremother of Freya and Frigg. None of the other Germanic peoples seem to have spoken of Frija as if she were two goddesses; this approach is unique to the Norse sources. It should come as no surprise, therefore, that in the Norse sources we find a confusion as to which goddess this day should have as its namesake. Both Freyjudagr (from Freyja) and Frjádagr (from Frigg) are used. The names of the two goddesses are also particularly interesting in this regard. Freyja, “Lady,” is a title rather than a true name. It’s a cognate of the modern German word Frau, which is used in much the same way as the English title “Mrs.” In the Viking Age, Scandinavian and Icelandic aristocratic women were sometimes called freyjur, the plural of freyja.[16] “Frigg,” meanwhile, comes from an ancient root that means “beloved.”[17] Frigg’s name therefore links her to love and desire, precisely the areas of life over which Freya presides (perhaps a more theologically correct wording would be “within which Freya manifests herself”). Here again we can discern the ultimate reducibility of both goddesses to one another: one’s name is identical to the other’s attributes, and the other name is a generic title rather than a unique name. Clearly, then, the two are ultimately the same goddess. But this raises the question of why they’re portrayed as distinct goddesses in Old Norse literature. Germanic mythology acquired its basic form during the Migration Period, and is, accordingly, a mythology especially suited to the socio-political institutions and prevailing ways of life that characterized that era. The cornerstone of this schema is the divine pair Frija and Woðanaz, the veleda and the *xarjanaz (“warband leader”) respectively. During the Viking Age, the formal warbands of earlier times gave way to informal, often leaderless groups of roving warriors – the vikings. Since the warband was no longer a feature of the lives of the Norse people, the mythological structures that had accompanied it lost much of their relevance. Now that Odin was no longer thought of as the leader of the warband of the gods, nor Freya/Frigg its veleda, the opportunity arose for their roles to be reinterpreted. For unknown reasons, part of this reinterpretation evidently involved splitting Frija into two goddesses, a process that appears to have never been fully completed, but was instead interrupted by the arrival and acceptance of Christianity. Looking for more great information on Norse mythology and religion? While this site provides the ultimate online introduction to the topic, my book The Viking Spirit provides the ultimate introduction to Norse mythology and religion period. I’ve also written a popular list of The 10 Best Norse Mythology Books , which you’ll probably find helpful in your pursuit. References: [1] Orel, Vladimir. 2003. A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. p. 114. [2] Heide, Eldar. 2006. Spinning Seiðr. In Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes and Interactions. Edited by Anders Andrén, Kristina Jennbert, and Catharina Raudvere. p. 166. [3] The Poetic Edda. Lokasenna, verse 29. [4] Snorri Sturluson. The Prose Edda. Skáldskaparmál 18-19. [5] Price, Neil S. 2002. The Viking Way: Religion and War in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. p. 279-328. [6] Tacitus, Cornelius. Germania 8. [7] Enright, Michael J. 1996. Lady with a Mead Cup: Ritual, Prophecy and Lordship in the European Warband from La Tène to the Viking Age. [8] Ibid. p. 192.

Frigg

What form of communication is an epistle?

The Norse Gods — Odin, Thor, Balder, Frey, Freya, and Loki The Norse Gods — Odin, Thor, Balder, Frey, Freya, and Loki    Bookmark this page    Manage My Reading List Summary From the first Odin had a desire for knowledge and wisdom, and he consulted all living things to obtain them. He gained most from his uncle Mimir, who guarded the Well of Knowledge, but he had to sacrifice an eye to drink from the Well. Odin also went to great lengths to acquire the art off poetry, which was contained in a magic potion that was kept in a Giant's underground caldron. Having determined to obtain the potion, Odin put himself in bondage to a Giant, whom he persuaded to blast a hole to the underground dwelling where the substance was kept. Odin then entered the dwelling as a snake, changed back into human shape, made friends with Suttung the Giant, who owned the potion, seduced the Giant's daughter, and obtained the mixture from her. Then he flew back to Asgard as an eagle, destroying Suttung in the process, and dispensed the potion to human poets. The gods were subject to aging, and they rejuvenated themselves by eating magic apples kept by the goddess Idun. However, Odin chose a different, harder way. He freely wounded himself with his own spear and hung himself for nine days from the cosmic tree Yggdrasil, which was shaken by winds. In this manner he renewed his youth, but he also became the master of the magic runes, inscriptions that could accomplish any mortal purpose, whether beneficial or baneful. Through his powers of wisdom, poetry, and magic Odin was of much use to men. In warfare his mere presence could strike the enemy blind, deaf, and impotent. He valued courage above all other human traits, a quality which he himself possessed in abundance. Fully aware that he himself, his followers and comrades, and the universe itself were doomed, bravery was what mattered most to him in the face of certain defeat. Thus he collected a band of only the most courageous warriors to sit with him in Valhalla. These men would go down fighting with him at the crack of destruction. And Odin would be devoured by the wolf Fenrir. The god of storm and thunder, Thor was a mighty fighter. He had iron gloves, a girdle that doubled his power, and an invincible flying hammer. Thor traveled in a chariot drawn by male goats. When he was hungry he killed and ate them, but he simply laid his hammer on their hides to revive them. One day Thor discovered that his hammer was missing, and Loki found that the Giant Thrym had stolen it. Thrym wanted to marry Freya in return for the hammer, but the goddess Freya loathed the idea. So it was decided that Thor would go to Thrym's hall disguised as Freya. Thor took Loki with him. Thrym was astonished at how much the bride ate and drank, but Loki told him "she" had not eaten or drunk for nine days in her anxiousness to join the Giants. Thrym then went to kiss his bride and was amazed that she had a red complexion and eyes that flashed fire. Again Loki explained she was feverish from lack of sleep in her joy at joining Thrym. In a hurry to get the marriage over with, Thrym ordered that the hammer be placed on the bride's knees according to custom. Thor laughted in his heart, and having regained his hammer he struck all the Giants in the hall dead. Resolved to kill the Midgard Serpent that surrounded the earth, ate its own tail, and lived in the ocean, Thor accepted shelter from the Giant Hymir. When Thor said he wished to go fishing, Hymir treated him contemptuously. But Thor slew one of Hymir's bulls to use the head for bait, and he and Hymir sailed out into the ocean. Thor took the boat far past the point that Hymir felt was safe. Then he baited the hook and threw it in the sea. Before long the Midgard Serpent snatched the bait and was caught. Its thrashing banged up Thor's hands and wrists against the gunwale, and in the struggle the bottom of the boat fell through, so that Thor found himself standing on the ocean floor. With that added stability he drew the serpent up with an enormous heave. As he was about to slay the monster with his hammer the terrified Hymir cut the line, allowing the serpent to escape. Thor then felled and drowned the cowardly Hymir as he tried to escape. But he would not kill the Midgard Serpent till doomsday, or Ragnarok, when he would perish as well. Thor could be tricked by magic. After a long day's travel with Loki and two peasants in the land of the Giants, Thor came to an odd house in which the front door was as wide as the dwelling itself. During the night earthquakes and rumblings forced them from the house into an adjacent shed. When morning came Thor found a sleeping Giant nearby whose snorings and heavings shook the ground. The Giant awoke, told Thor his name was Skrymir, revealed their shelter had been his glove, and offered to accompany the group. Skrymir carried the sack of provisions, and that night when the group sat down to eat the sack could not be opened. Skrymir lay asleep, and in a fury Thor hurled his hammer at the Giant, who awoke and said he felt a leaf had fallen on him. Thor flung his hammer even harder, and this time Skrymir thought he had been hit by an acorn. Utterly enraged, Thor flung the hammer with all his might, only to find that Skrymir thought he had been awakened by bird droppings. Skrymir took his leave of Thor and his comrades the next morning after pointing out their destination, Utgard, and telling them there were tougher fellows than he at Utgard. Thor, Loki, and the two peasants came to a fortress and had to squeeze through the grilled doorway to enter. There they encountered King Utgardaloki surrounded by Giants. Utgardaloki addressed them scornfully and challenged them to prove their skill in a contest with the Giants present. Loki boasted that he could eat great quantities of food quickly, but in an eating competition with Logi, Loki only devoured a platterful of meat while Logi ate the meat, bones, and plate. Thor's companion, a peasant, said he was swift as lightning and proved it in a race, but his competitor Hugi still outdistanced him. Thor claimed he could drink more than any being alive, but after taking enormous quaffs from a drinking horn the level of liquid was only a small degree lower. Then Utgardaloki tested Thor's strength by having him lift a cat from the floor, but Thor could do no more than lift a paw or two. Finally Thor agreed to wrestle an old woman, and the old woman brought him to one knee. Utgardaloki then gave an account of every humiliating thing that had happened to Thor and his friends, saying that their strength was truly frightening. He himself had been Skrymir, and if he had not protected his head with mountains Thor's hammer would have killed him. Instead, those mountains now had deep ridges. Loki had eaten in a contest with Logi — fire — which devours everything. The peasant had raced with Hugi — thought — the swiftest medium. Thor had drunk from the sea and lowered it a few inches, had tried to lift the Midgard Serpent, and had wrestled with old age. Infuriated at having played the fool, Thor lifted his hammer to slay the enchanter, but Utgardaloki and his castle vanished, leaving Thor and his comrades alone on the plain. Balder was the most glorious god alive, handsome and pure in spirit, the son of Odin and Frigga. Every living creature loved him. Yet Odin knew his son was doomed to an early death. To protect him Frigga traveled far and wide, exacting promises from all objects and beings not to harm him. Believing she had done everything possible, Frigga neglected the lowly mistletoe. The gods rejoiced to know that Balder was invulnerable and invented a game in which everyone threw things at him. Loki was intensely jealous of Balder and resolved to destroy him. While all the gods hurled things at Balder, Balder's blind brother Hoder sat by himself, unable to join the fun. Loki, having learned the secret of the mistletoe and having obtained a sprig, offered to guide the blind Hoder's hand. The mistletoe was thrown and it pierced Balder's heart, killing him. The gods grieved, but Odin and Frigga sent another son as an envoy to the underworld, Niflheim, to see if Balder could be ransomed. In the meantime Balder's funeral ship was prepared, set fire to, and sent out to sea. The goddess Hel agreed to release Balder from her kingdom of death only if the whole creation and everything in it wept for the slain god. Messengers were sent everywhere, and all things cried over Balder's death until one messenger came upon a Giantess who refused to weep. This of course was Loki in disguise. So Balder was condemned to remain in the netherworld. But the gods revenged themselves on Loki by binding him in a deep cave and causing a poisonous serpent to drip venom in his face, causing the wicked being intolerable pain. Loki's wife caught much of this venom in a cup, but whenever she emptied the cup Loki writhed in agony, creating earthquakes. This was the beginning of the end, for Loki then allied himself with the Giants and demons, who would bring ruin on the Aesir. A god of fertility, vegetation, and sailing, Frey was one of the beneficial Vanir admitted into Asgard. Once Frey sat on Odin's high throne watching the earth. He became enamored of a Giant's beautiful daughter, Gerda, and determined to have her as his wife. His friend and servant Skirnir agreed to woo Gerda for him. Taking Frey's wondrous sword and fearless horse, Skirnir braved the dangers of reaching the Giant's dwelling, even riding through a wall of flame. Gerda was not in the least impressed with Skirnir, though he offered her rich gifts. Then he threatened her and her father with the sword to no avail. However, when Skirnir vowed to turn her into a withered, desolate old maid, Gerda capitulated and said she would marry Frey in nine days. Frey, impatient for the nine days to elapse, won his bride in this manner. Also one of the Vanir, Freya had stunning beauty, and she loved to adorn herself with jewelry. In the workshop of four dwarves Freya discovered a lovely golden necklace that she desired. She offered the dwarves much wealth for it, but they wanted her to sleep with each of them for a night instead. Freya consented. But Odin disapproved of her actions and ordered Loki to steal the necklace. That evening Loki found it impossible to enter Freya's dwelling, so he changed himself into a fly and entered through a chink in the roof. Since she was wearing the necklace and it was impossible to remove without disturbing her, Loki became a flea and bit her, causing Freya to shift. Loki then resumed his human form, took the necklace and left. When she awoke she knew Odin had the necklace, so she went to him. But Odin agreed to return it only if she created a war between two great kings with twenty kings apiece under their command, and if each night she would restore the slain warriors to life. The war took place and Freya recovered her precious necklace. The god of wiles and wickedness, Loki was very handsome and had enjoyed the favors of many goddesses. One of his last dramatic exploits concerned the feast of Aegir, a Giant and lord of the sea. Aegir had invited all the gods and goddesses to attend. Thor was not present, but the other deities were having a grand time when Loki forced his way into the hall. Knowing his malicious trickery, the gods did not welcome him. But Loki appealed to the rules of hospitality and his pledge with Odin, and very reluctantly the gods made a place for him and gave him drink. Then Loki began attacking the gods and goddesses, one by one, telling of their infidelities, their cowardices, the times they had been made to look foolish, all the tricks with which he had humiliated them. Any attempts at reconciliation were met with scurrilous abuse. And when others offered him insult for insult Loki outdid them in contempt. Odin himself was nonplussed. When the feast was in a thorough uproar Thor returned, fierce and commanding. And Loki reminded Thor of his adventure with Utgardaloki. Thor brandished his hammer, which made Loki cower. But before he left the banquet he warned that that would be the last feast they would attend, for soon Aegir's hall and the entire world would be burning. Analysis Several days of our week are named after the Teutonic gods: Tuesday after Tyr, Wednesday after Odin (Woden), Thursday after Thor, and Friday after Frey. The mythological stories of the Norse gods show a culture that centered on warfare, and these gods are glorified human warriors who get their way by force, by magic, and by cunning. Balder and, in part, Odin show a certain amount of spirituality; yet on the whole the Norse gods are not very elevating, as Loki points out at Aegir's feast. These are gods who are doomed and know it, and like many men they are determined to get all the pleasure they can from life before they die. Courage, strength, and cleverness are what count to them. Despite their moral laxity, however; the Aesir were regarded as the noblest beings in existence. They supported human civilization, such as it was, against the titanic destructive forces in nature such as the Giants and demons. In the frozen world of Scandinavia such beings were necessary to the primitive culture; and survival depended on fighting for the little land there was. Yet war seemed to become an end in itself, the main justification for living. Heroism in such a world becomes self-destructive and meaningless. To fight for the sheer joy of fighting is a terrible waste, like suicide. Despite the excesses to which the Teutonic religion tended, the Norse gods have a certain gloomy grandeur.

i don't know

Known as Operation Enduring Freedom, what war began on Oct 7th, 2001?

Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Enduring Freedom The Persian Gulf War, or simply the Gulf War, also known as the First Gulf War (August 2nd, 1990 - February 28th, 1991) was a United Nations-authorized military conflict between Iraq and a coalition force from 34 nations commissioned with expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after Iraq's occupation and annexation of Kuwait in August 1990. Though there were nearly three dozen member states of the coalition, the overwhelming majority of the military forces participating were from the United States, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Persian Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or Operation Iraqi Freedom, is an ongoing military campaign which began on March 20th, 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a multinational force now led by and composed almost entirely of troops from the United States and United Kingdom. The War in Afghanistan is an ongoing coalition conflict which began on October 7th, 2001, as the US military's Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) that was launched, along with the British military, in response to the September 11th, 2001 attacks on the US. The UK has, since 2002, led its own military operation, Operation Herrick, as part of the same war in Afghanistan. The character of the war evolved from a violent struggle against Al-Qaeda and its Taliban supporters to a complex counterinsurgency effort. Sort By:

War in Afghanistan

Dig 'Em Frog is the mascot for what brand of cereal?

How The War In Afghanistan Began - Business Insider print U.S. President George W. Bush sits after announcing that the U.S. and Britain had started bombing Afghanistan, in the Treaty Room of the White House in Washington, October 7, 2001 Reuters Photographer/REUTERS On October 7, 2001, 13 years ago today, the US launched its opening attacks against the Taliban in Afghanistan. The still-ongoing Operation Enduring Freedom, which is now the longest continuous war in American history , had begun. Then-president President George W. Bush announced the beginning of the US's war in Afghanistan at 1 pm eastern time that day, a Sunday. He  stat ed  that "on my orders, the United States military has begun strikes against al-Qaida terrorist training camps and military installations of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan." A day before the start of Operation Enduring Freedom, then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair assured his public that any military involvement in Afghanistan would be tightly focused. The prime minister  ruled out  attacks against other nations involved in the planning of terrorism.  The first day of the war saw targeted airstrikes carried out by US and British forces against key pieces of Taliban infrastructure. Some of the targets bombed included training camps, defensible positions, and communications equipment. France, Germany, Australia and Canada  provided  further logistical support for the conflict's first bombing runs. Tomahawk cruise missile is launched from the USS Philippine Sea (CG 58) in a strike against al Qaeda training camps and military installations of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, October 7, 2001. Reuters Photographer/REUTERS Newsweek  reported  on October 7, 2001 that three US Aegic cruisers and one destroyer in the Arabian Sea launched over 50 missiles against Taliban positions in Afghanistan. These attacks were complemented by the launch of Tomahawk cruise missiles from British and American submarines. Simultaneously, F/A-18s, B-1s, B-2s, and B-52s conducted bombing runs over Taliban positions.  As airstrikes began against Taliban positions, Bush said that the US was also undertaking humanitarian aid drops in an attempt to reassure the local population of America's good intentions.  "As we strike military targets, we will also drop food, medicine and supplies to the starving and suffering men and women and children of Afghanistan," Bush said in his address.  US ground forces for what would turn into an over decade-long fight against the Taliban were not fully in place. The New York Times  published  on October 6, 2001 that only a few dozen special forces operatives were deployed throughout the region in preparation for the coming assault on the Taliban's centers of power.  In addition to these limited number of special forces,  one thousand  US soldiers specially trained for mountain warfare were in place in Uzbekistan at the start of operations. The early rounds of US on-the-ground fighting on October 7th, 2001 involved US personnel fighting alongside soldiers from the Northern Alliance, an anti-Taliban group in Northern Afghanistan pushing south against the extremist regime's front lines.  A Northern Alliance soldier shoots a machine gun on the front line near the town of Alti Hoja in the north of Afghanistan, October 7, 2001. Afghan opposition forces fighting the ruling Taliban said on Sunday they had seized 11 villages in the central province of Ghor and were advancing on the provincial capital Cheghcharan. Reuters Photographer/REUTERS With the announcement of the start of Operation Enduring Freedom, Bush signaled that it would be a long, drawn-out conflict that would require "patience in all the sacrifices that may come."  The operation continues thirteen years later. When Kabul fell to coalition forces on November 13th, 2001, few could have expected that Operation Enduring Freedom — which had fulfilled one of its prime objectives in a matter of weeks — would become America's longest war. The majority of US troops will be withdrawn from Afghanistan by December 31, 2014. But an additional 10,000 US soldiers will remain in Afghanistan as part of a recently signed bilateral security agreement. This presence of Americans will provide a much needed psychological boost to the Afghans, as the Taliban have ratcheted up attacks recently. Thirteen years later, the war seems far from definitively won. 

i don't know

October 2, 1959 saw the introduction of the long running CBS TV series The Twilight Zone. Who hosted and created the series?

Where Is Everybody? | The Twilight Zone Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia The opening featured the sun/horizon animation. When the episode's narrative for the title sequence was originally recorded, it was worded as follows: "There is a sixth dimension beyond that which is known to man. It is a dimension as vast as space and as timeless as infinity. It is the middle ground between light and shadow, and it lies between the pit of man's fears and the sunlight of his knowledge. This is the dimension of imagination. It is an area that might be called the Twilight Zone." [2] When a second introduction was recorded, the lines were changed thusly: "There is a fifth dimension beyond that which is known to man. It is a dimension as vast as space and timeless as infinity. It is the middle ground between light and shadow, between science and superstition, and it lies between the pit of man's fears and the summit of his knowledge. This is the dimension of imagination. It is an area we call the Twilight Zone." [1] Producer William Self elaborated on this revision for the CBS Video Library release: "The opening line read, 'There is a sixth dimension...' Self: 'I said, "Rod, what is the fifth one?" He said, "I don't know. Aren't there five?" I said, "I can only think of four." So we rewrote and rerecorded it and said, "There is a fifth dimension beyond that which is known to man...'" [1] An alternate draft of the title narrative was also prepared: "The barrier of loneliness: the palpable, desperate need of the human animal to be with his fellow man. Up there, up there in the vastness of space, in the void that is sky, up there is an enemy known as isolation. It sits there in the stars waiting, waiting with the patience of eons, forever waiting... in the Twilight Zone." [3] Opening Narration "The place is here, the time is now, and the journey into the shadows that we're about to watch could be our journey." Episode Summary Edit A man finds himself alone walking towards a diner. Inside he finds a jukebox playing loudly and coffee hot on the stove. He hollers to the people in the kitchen, asking if they realize how loud it is, but he receives no response. He turns the music down and attempts to ask the cooks about the town up the room but no one answers him. He inquires for some breakfast, but no chef or waitress is to be found. He hops over the bar and shouts out the backdoor, but no one is to be found. He discovers breakfast food on the stove in the kitchen and a broken clock on the floor. As he sips his coffee, he shouts hoping to get someone's attention. Finding no one, he leaves. He is not able to remember who he is or how he got there. After leaving the diner, he walks to the nearby town which also seems to be deserted. He shouts into the bakery, then notices what he believes to be a woman watching him in a car from across the street. He tells her that he is unable to remember who he is and has not seen anyone since he woke up that morning (or rather started walking down the road). Upon approaching the car, he realizes that the "woman" is actually a mannequin who falls out. He hears a payphone ring and rushes to answer it, but there is no one on the other end or an operator. After inserting coins, the man only gets a recorded operating system. He checks the telephone directory, curious where all of the town's inhabitants and storekeepers are. When trying to leave the booth, he is unable to exit because he is attempting to open it the wrong way. The man grows more and more unsettled as he wanders through the empty town, looking for someone—anyone—to talk to, all the while having the strange feeling that he is being watched. Attempting to find someone, he goes into the police station. He talks into the police radio, joking that a strange man is walking through town, until he sees a smoking cigarette in the ash tray. There are no prisoners being detained in any of the jail cells, but the faucet is still running. He tells himself that he needs to wake up. As the cell door almost creaks closed, the man rushes out of the prison and into the square, asking where everyone is. Pacing down the streets, he hears the church bells ring. He ducks inside the drug store and asks the invisible patrons if they would like a sundae. He talks to his reflection, apologizing that he cannot remember his name in the nightmare he is stuck in. He looks at the racks of books and sees "The Last Man on Earth". That night, he plays a game of tic-tac-toe with himself when the evening street lights switch on. He approaches the movie theater and realizes that the man in the poster (a member of the air force) is wearing a similar jacket as he is. He comes to the conclusion that he must also be in the air force. He excitedly rushes in to tell the moviegoers his revelation, but there is no one to hear the news. The man begins to think that perhaps he is having this dream because of a bomb or another accident. Just then, the film begins to play. He dashes upstairs hoping to find someone in the booth, but instead there is no one. When he goes downstairs, he smacks into a mirror reflecting himself. Outside, he runs around, tripping over a bicycle. He believes the picture of an eye on the optometrists office is watching him and runs. He finally collapses next to a street crossing and presses the button labeled WALK. It is revealed that the walk button is actually a panic button. A group of men is watching the proceedings of this experiment in a nearby room, and after the man panics, they break him up. The broken clock he saw earlier is actually the clock, which he has repeatedly pounded, that was counting his time in the simulator. The man is really a training astronaut named Mike Ferris , confined to an isolation room located within an aircraft hangar for 484 hours and 36 minutes, testing to see if he can stay sane cooped up in a small spacecraft for the duration of a trip to the Moon. The town was a complete hallucination, an escape valve for his sensory-deprived mind. As Ferris is carried out of the hangar on a stretcher, he asks the doctor what went wrong. The doctor tells him that they are able to fix any problem but the need for companionship. Ferris sees the Moon above him, and says wistfully, "Hey! Don't go away up there! Next time it won't be a dream or a nightmare. Next time it'll be for real. So don't go away. We'll be up there in a little while." Closing Narration Edit "Up there, up there in the vastness of space, in the void that is sky, up there is an enemy known as isolation. It sits there in the stars waiting, waiting with the patience of eons, forever waiting... in the Twilight Zone." Preview for Next Week's Story Edit "Next week, I'll have a reunion with a unique talent and a valued friend, our first since Requiem for a Heavyweight . Next week on The Twilight Zone, Mr. Ed Wynn stars in " One for the Angels ," playing an old pitchman who sells mechanical toys like this, but whose competition is Mr. Death . We hope you'll join us then. Thank you and good night." Preview for Another CBS Show "For the young and the old, the sick and the trouble, give the united way." Themes Edit The main theme in this episode, as the title suggests, is the difference between aloneness and loneliness and its effect on humans. The commanding officer in the final scene sums this up, observing, "The barrier of loneliness — that's the one thing we haven't licked yet." As with the subject of age , isolation would be a theme often revisited by Serling in various episodes throughout the series, most prominently Season 2's " The Mind and the Matter ", in which a man finds he can eliminate outside influences and uses the power to rid himself of all humanity, only to realize the extreme loneliness that comes with deprivation of human interaction. Other notable episodes with the theme include Season 1's " The Lonely " and " Time Enough at Last ", Season 3's " Nothing in the Dark ", and Season 5's " A Kind of Stopwatch ". As part of the Sci Fi Channel's participation in Cable in the Classroom , "Where is Everybody?" may be recorded and retained indefinitely for educational exhibition. A suggested lesson plan expands on the concept of aloneness vs. loneliness by shifting the focus to "using a gift for personal gain or for the benefit of others" and how students might help those who are most affected by isolation and the effects of social deprivation. [4] Season 5's " The Long Morrow " also features an astronaut about to embark on a long solitary expedition into space. Keywords Edit Space travel has long been a theme in science fiction; some of the best-known examples being French philosopher Voltaire's Micromegas (1752), French author Jules Verne's From the Earth to the Moon (1865), and British writer H. G. Wells' The First Men in the Moon (1901). [5] Space exploration in motion pictures dates as far back as 1902, with the pioneering science fiction film, Le Voyage Dans La Lune (A Trip to the Moon), a 14-minute film from French filmmaker Georges Melies. [6] Another early depiction can be found in Fritz Lang's The Woman in the Moon (1929) (aka By Rocket to the Moon). The film's explorers discovered a mountainous landscape on the moon which was dotted with precious metals and gems. The film is notable for introducing a backward countdown to a rocket launch (i.e., the "5-4-3-2-1" count as later used by NASA in their real-world launches), future real-life space shots, and centrifugal force effects to future space travel films. [7] A more realistic portrayal was found in Destination Moon (1950), "historically important - [as] it 'invented' the realistic look of spacesuits, rocketships (skillfully-produced models), and the lunar surface." [8] Critical Response Edit The pilot episode began a trend for The Twilight Zone of critical success accompanied by adequate, if not phenomenal, ratings. A New York Times review of the episode on October 3, 1959 , stated: "Mr. Serling conceived his playlet in imaginative terms and underscored his point that science cannot foretell what may be the effect of total isolation on a human being. Indeed, the play's situation was almost bound to be better than its resolution, which by comparison seemed trite and anticlimactic. In the desultory field of filmed half-hour drama, however, Mr. Serling should not have much trouble in making his mark. At least his series promises to be different." [9] Later that year, in the December issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science-Fiction, Charles Beaumont wrote: "...I read Serling's first script. It was, or seemed to be, an end-of-the-world story. Resisting the impulse to throw the wretched thing across the room, I read on. A man is alone in a town which shows every sign of having been recently occupied. He finds cigarettes burning in ash trays. Stoves are still warm. Chimneys are smoking. But no one is there, only this one frightened man who can't even remember his name...Old stuff? Of course. I thought so at the time, and I think so now. But there was one element in the story which kept me from my customary bitterness. The element was quality. Quality shone on every page. It shone in the dialogue and in the scene set-ups. And because of this, the story seemed fresh and new and powerful. There was one compromise, but it was made for the purpose of selling the series." [9] Notes and Annotations Edit This episode aired two years before Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first to achieve human spaceflight, orbiting the Earth aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft. Although the first animal in orbit was the dog Laika, launched aboard the Soviet Sputnik 2 spacecraft on November 3, 1957, the consequences of manned spaceflight remained uncertain until Gagarin's launch on April 12, 1961. [10] Rod Sterling originally wrote a script entitled "The Happy Place" in which there was a society in ounce a person turned 60, they were to be executed, but it was rejected, years later it was adapted into a Star Trek episode and then "Logan's Run". Technical Information Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) ( 1959 ) (USA) (TV) (original airing) Paris Corporation (2008) (France) (DVD) [11] Trivia Edit Rod Serling was not originally intended to be the narrator for the episode (or the series). Instead, announcer Westbrook Van Voorhis was slated for the job. When it became known that he would be unavailable for future episodes of the series, Mr. Serling opted to record the narration himself and would continue to do so for the sake of consistency. [11] An alternate explanation for the replacement of Van Hoorhis was given in the CBS Video Library summary: "Westbrook Van Hoorhis, the voice of The March of Time, narrated the pilot, but it was decided that he was a little too pompous-sounding. Orson Welles was a favored choice, but wanted too much money. 'Finally,' says William Self, the producer of this episode, 'Rod himself made the suggestion that maybe he should do it. It was received with skepticism. None of us knew Rod except as a writer. But he did a terrific job." [1] Mr. Serling revealed how he developed the idea: "This particular show I got from a Time magazine article that they were putting guys in isolation booths in preparation for ectra-terrestrial travel." [1] Rod Serling later adapted this tale to be included in a short-story anthology Stories From the Twilight Zone (1960, ASIN: B0000CKNSM [12] ), although he changed the ending. In the revised version, Mike Ferris, after being carried away on a stretcher, discovers a movie ticket in his pocket from the theater he visited while suffering the supposed hallucination. This was an attempt to give the story a more definite sci-fi/fantasy twist. [11] Other episodes that lack a strong supernatural or science fiction theme include Season 2 's " The Silence ", Season 3 's " The Shelter " and " Two ", and Season 5 's " The Jeopardy Room ". Although this was the first episode of The Twilight Zone to be aired, Rod Serling had written another proposal for the pilot, titled " The Happy Place ". The plot centered on a society that executed its citizens when they reached the age of 60 because of their perceived obsolescence (a theme that would pop up again in other works of science fictions such as Logan's Run). The network rejected the story because of its dark subject matter. [11] The idea of being regarded as obsolete by one's society would later be explored in Season 2 's " The Obselete Man ". A similar theme, though far less sinister, is apparent in Season 3 's " The Trade-Ins ". With the exception of Season 5 's " An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge ", this was the only The Twilight Zone episode not to be filmed at MGM Studios. [11]  The episode was filmed at Universal Studios. The marquee at the theater advertises "Battle Hymn", a movie released in 1956 by Universal. This episode was the first pilot ever produced by William Self . [13] The haunting score composed by Bernard Herrmann for this episode would be reused for several episodes of the series, most notably Season 1 's " The After Hours ". [3] The episode was rehearsed and shot in 9 days. It was dubbed, scored and edited in 3 days. Producer William Self stated that the episode's budget was "around $75,000...in those days very high for a half-hour pilot." Cast Connections

Rod Serling

Daisywheel, dot-matrix, and laser are all types of what?

Rod Serling | Wiki | Everipedia You can edit something on the page right now! Register today, it's fast and free. Rod Serling Lake View Cemetery in Interlaken , New York Occupation Jodi Serling and Anne Serling Relatives Male Rodman Edward "Rod" Serling (December 25, 1924 – June 28, 1975) was an American screenwriter , playwright , television producer , and narrator known for his live television dramas of the 1950s and his science-fiction anthology TV series , The Twilight Zone . Serling was active in politics, both on and off the screen, and helped form television industry standards. He was known as the "angry young man" of Hollywood, clashing with television executives and sponsors over a wide range of issues including censorship , racism , and war . Early life Serling was born on December 25, 1924, in Syracuse, New York , to a Jewish family. He was the second of two sons born to Esther (née Cooper) and Samuel Lawrence Serling. [2] Serling's father had worked as a secretary and amateur inventor before having children, but took on his father-in-law's profession as a grocer to earn a steady income. Sam Serling later took up the trade of butcher after the Great Depression forced the store to close. Serling had an older brother, Robert J. Serling . Serling's mother was a homemaker. Serling spent most of his youth 70 miles south of Syracuse in the city of Binghamton after his family moved there in 1926. [2] His parents encouraged his talents as a performer from the start. Sam Serling built a small stage in the basement, where Rod often put on plays (with or without neighborhood children). Rod's older brother, author Robert , recalled that, at the age of six or seven, Serling entertained himself for hours by acting out dialogue from pulp magazines or movies he had seen. Rod often talked to people around him without waiting for their answers. On a two-hour-long trip from Binghamton to Syracuse, the rest of the family remained silent to see if Rod would notice their lack of participation. He did not, talking nonstop through the entire car ride. [2] In elementary school, Serling was seen as the class clown and dismissed by many of his teachers as a lost cause. However, his seventh-grade English teacher, Helen Foley, encouraged him to enter the school's public speaking extracurriculars. He joined the debate team and was a speaker at his high school graduation. He began writing for the school newspaper where, according to journalist Gordon Sander, Serling "established a reputation as a social activist". He was also interested in sports, and excelled at tennis and table tennis . When he attempted to join the varsity football team, he was told he was too small at 5 feet 4 inches tall. Serling was interested in radio and writing at an early age. He listened to various radio programs, especially thrillers with a fantasy or horror feel. Arch Oboler and Norman Corwin were two of his favorite writers. [4] He also "... did some staff work at a Binghamton radio station ... tried to write ... but never had anything published." [4] He was accepted into college during his senior year of high school. However, the United States was involved in World War II at the time, and Serling decided to enlist, rather than start college, immediately after he graduated from Binghamton Central High School in 1943. Military service As editor of his high school newspaper, Serling encouraged his fellow students to support the war effort. He wanted to leave school before graduation to join the fight, but his civics teacher talked him into graduating. "War is a temporary thing," Gus Youngstrom told him. "It ends. An education doesn't. Without your degree, where will you be after the war?" Serling enlisted into the U.S. Army the morning after his high school graduation, following his brother Robert. Serling began his military career in 1943 at Camp Toccoa , Georgia, under General Raymond "Joe" Swing and Col. Orin D. "Hard Rock" Haugen and served in the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 11th Airborne Division . Over the next year of paratrooper training, Serling and others took to boxing as a way to vent aggression. He competed as a flyweight, and had 17 bouts, rising to the second round of the division finals before being knocked out. He was remembered for berserker style and for "getting his nose broken in his first bout and again in last bout." [5] He tried his hand at the Golden Gloves , with little success. [4] On April 25, 1944, Serling received his overseas orders and saw that he was headed west through California. He knew that he was headed to fight the Japanese rather than the Nazis . This disappointed him, as he had hoped to help combat Hitler . On May 5, his division headed into the Pacific , landing in New Guinea , where it would be held in reserve for a few months. In November 1944, his division first saw combat, on the Philippine island of Leyte . The 11th Airborne Division would not be used as paratroopers, however, but as light infantry after the Battle of Leyte Gulf . It helped mop up after the six divisions that had gone ashore earlier. For a variety of reasons, Serling was transferred to the 511th's demolition platoon (nicknamed "The Death Squad" for its high casualty rate). According to Sergeant Frank Lewis, leader of the demolitions squad, "He screwed up somewhere along the line. Apparently he got on someone's nerves." Lewis also judged that Serling was not suited to be a field soldier. "... [H]e didn't have the wits or aggressiveness required for combat." At one point, Lewis, Serling, and others were in a firefight, trapped in a foxhole. As they waited for darkness, Lewis noticed that Serling had not reloaded any of his extra magazines. Serling sometimes went exploring on his own against orders, and got lost. Serling's time in Leyte shaped his writing and political views for the rest of his life. He saw death every day while in the Philippines, at the hands of his enemies and his allies, and through freak accidents such as that which killed another extroverted Jewish private named Melvin Levy. Levy was delivering a comic monologue for the platoon as it rested under a palm tree when a food crate was dropped from a plane above, decapitating him. Serling led the funeral services for Levy and placed a Star of David over his grave. Serling later set several of his scripts in the Philippines, and used the unpredictability of death as a theme in much of his writing. Serling returned from the successful mission in Leyte with two wounds (including one to his kneecap), but neither kept him from combat when General Douglas MacArthur used the paratroopers for their typical purpose on February 3, 1945. Colonel Haugen led the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment as it landed on Tagaytay Ridge , met up with the 188th Glider Infantry Regiment and marched into Manila . It met minimal resistance until it reached the city, where Vice Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi had arranged his 17,000 troops behind a maze of traps and guns and ordered them to fight to the death. During the next month, Serling's unit battled block-by-block for control of Manila. When portions of the city were taken from Japanese control, local civilians sometimes showed their gratitude by throwing parties and hosting banquets. During one of these parties, Serling and his comrades were fired upon, resulting in many soldier and civilian deaths. Serling, still a private after three years, caught the attention of Sergeant Lewis when he ran into the line of fire to rescue a performer who had been onstage when the artillery started firing. As it moved in on Iwabuchi's stronghold, Serling's regiment had a 50% casualty rate, with over 400 men killed. Serling was wounded and three comrades were killed by shrapnel from rounds fired at his roving demolition team by an antiaircraft gun. He was sent to New Guinea to recover, but soon returned to Manila to finish "cleaning up". Serling's final assignment was as part of the occupation force in Japan . During his military service, Private Serling was awarded the Purple Heart , the Bronze Star , and the Philippine Liberation Medal . Serling's combat experience affected him deeply and influenced much of his writing. It left him with nightmares and flashbacks for the rest of his life. He said, "I was bitter about everything and at loose ends when I got out of the service. I think I turned to writing to get it off my chest." [2] Postwar life, education, and family After being discharged from the Army in 1946, Serling worked at a rehabilitation hospital while recovering from his wounds. His knee continued to give him trouble for years, and in subsequent years, his wife became used to the sound of him falling down the stairs when it buckled under his weight. Once he was fit enough, he used the federal G.I. bill's educational benefits [5] and disability payments to enroll in the physical education program at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio . He had been accepted to Antioch (his brother's alma mater) while in high school. His interests led him to the theater department and then to broadcasting. He changed his major to Literature and earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1950. [2] "I was kind of mixed up and restless, and I kind of liked their work-for-a-term, go-to-school-for-a-term set-up," he recounted. As part of his studies, Serling became active in the campus radio station, work experience which was often useful in his future career. He wrote, directed, and acted in many radio programs on campus, then around the state, as part of his work study. Here he met his fellow student and future wife, Carolyn Louise "Carol" Kramer. At first, she refused to date him because of his campus reputation as a "ladies man", but she eventually changed her mind. [2] He converted from Judaism to Unitarianism in college, which allowed him to marry Kramer on July 31, 1948. [2] They had two daughters, Jodi and Anne. [2] Carol Serling's maternal grandmother, Louise Taft Orton Caldwell, had a summer home on Cayuga Lake in Interlaken, New York, which the newlyweds used as a honeymoon destination. The Serling family continued to use this house annually throughout Rod's life, missing only two summers in the years when his daughters were born. For extra money in his college years, Serling worked part-time testing parachutes for the United States Army Air Forces . According to his radio-station coworkers, he received $50 for each successful jump and had once been paid $500 (half before and half if he survived) for a hazardous test. His last test jump was a few weeks before his wedding. In one instance, he earned $1,000 for testing a jet ejection seat that had killed the previous three testers. [6] Career Radio Serling volunteered at WNYC in New York as an actor and writer in the summer of 1946. [4] The next year, he worked at that station as a paid intern in his Antioch work study program. He then took odd jobs in other radio stations in New York and Ohio. [8] "I learned 'time', writing for a medium that is measured in seconds," Serling later said of his early experiences. [4] While attending college, Serling worked at the Antioch Broadcasting System’s radio workshop and was managing the station within a couple of years. He then took charge of full-scale radio productions at Antioch which were heard on WJEM, Springfield. He wrote and directed the programs, and acted in them when needed. He created the entire output for the 1948–1949 school year. With one exception (an adaptation), all the writing that year was his original work. [4] While in college, Serling won his first accolade as a writer. The radio program Dr. Christian had started an annual script writing contest eight years earlier. Thousands of scripts were sent in annually, but very few could be produced. [4] Serling won a trip to New York City and $500 for his radio script "To Live a Dream." [10] He and his new wife attended the awards broadcast on May 18, 1949, where he and the other winners were interviewed by the star of Dr. Christian, Jean Hersholt . One of the other winners that day was Earl Hamner, Jr. , who had also earned prizes in previous years. Later, Hamner wrote scripts for Serling's The Twilight Zone. [4] In addition to earning $45 to $50 a week at the college radio station, Serling attempted to make a living selling freelance scripts to radio programs, but the industry at that time was involved in many lawsuits, which affected willingness to take on new writers (some who had scripts rejected would often hear a similar plot produced, claim their work had been stolen and sue for recompense). [4] Serling was rejected for reasons such as "heavy competition," "this script lacks professional quality," and "not what our audience prefers to listen to." [4] In the autumn of 1949, Martin Horrell of Grand Central Station (a radio program known for romances and light dramas) rejected one of Serling's scripts about boxing because his mostly female listeners "have told us in no uncertain terms that prize fight stories aren’t what they like most." Horrell advised, "that the script would be far better for sight than for sound only, because in any radio presentation, the fights are not seen. Perhaps this is a baby you should try on some of the producers of television shows." [4] Realizing the boxing story was not right for Grand Central Station, Serling submitted a lighter piece called Hop Off the Express and Grab a Local, which became his first nationally broadcast piece on September 10, 1949. [4] His Dr. Christian script aired on November 30 of that year. Serling began his employed professional writing career in 1950, when he earned $75 a week as a network continuity writer for WLW radio in Cincinnati, Ohio . [4] While at WLW, he continued to freelance. He sold several radio and TV scripts to WLW's parent company, Crosley Broadcasting Corporation . After selling the scripts, Serling had no further involvement with them. They were sold by Crosley to local stations across the U.S. [4] Serling submitted an idea of a weekly radio show in which the ghosts of a young boy and girl killed in World War II would look through train windows and comment on day-to-day human life as it moved around the country. This idea was changed significantly, but was produced from October 1950 to February 1951 as Adventure Express, a drama about a girl and boy who travel by train with their uncle. Each week they find adventure in a new town and get involved with the locals. [4] Other radio programs Serling wrote scripts for include Leave it to Kathy, Our America, and Builders of Destiny. During production of these, he became acquainted with a voice actor, Jay Overholts, who later became a regular on The Twilight Zone. [4] Serling said of his time as a staff writer for radio: "From a writing point of view, radio ate up ideas that might have put food on the table for weeks at a future freelancing date. The minute you tie yourself down to a radio or TV station, you write around the clock. You rip out ideas, many of them irreplaceable. They go on and consequently can never go on again. And you've sold them for $50 a week. You can't afford to give away ideas—they're too damn hard to come by. If I had it to do over, I wouldn't staff-write at all. I'd find some other way to support myself while getting a start as a writer." Serling believed radio was not living up to its potential, later saying: "Radio, in terms of ... drama, dug its own grave. It had aimed downward, had become cheap and unbelievable, and had willingly settled for second best." He opined that there were very few radio writers who would be remembered for their literary contributions. Television I think Rod would have been one of the first to say he hit the new industry, television, at exactly the right time. The first job he got out of school was as continuity writer at (radio station) WLW in Cincinnati. He worked there for over a year before he could free-lance. At that point, he was really working on television scripts. [I]n 1951 and 1952, the new industry was grabbing up a lot of material and needed it. It was a very propitious time to be graduating from school and getting ready to find a profession. —Carol Serling, Los Angeles Times , 1990 Interview. Serling moved from radio to television, as a writer for WKRC-TV in Cincinnati . His duties included writing testimonial advertisements for dubious medical remedies or scripts for a comedy duo. [2] He continued at WKRC after graduation and, amidst the mostly dreary day-to-day work, also created a series of scripts for a live TV program called The Storm, as well as for other anthology dramas (a format which was in demand by New York-based networks). Following a full day of classes (or, in later years, work), he spent evenings on his own, writing. He sent manuscripts to publishers and received forty rejection slips during these early years. [2] In 1950, Serling hired Blanche Gaines as an agent. His radio scripts received more rejections, so he began rewriting them for television. Whenever a script was rejected by one program, he would resubmit it to another, eventually finding a home for many in either radio or television. [4] As Serling's college years ended, his scripts began to sell. He continued to write for television [5] and eventually left WKRC to become a full-time freelance writer. He recalled: "Writing is a demanding profession and a selfish one. And because it is selfish and demanding, because it is compulsive and exacting, I didn't embrace it. I succumbed to it." [2] According to his wife, Serling "just up and quit one day, during the winter of 1952, about six months before our first daughter Jody was born — though he was also doing some freelancing and working on a weekly dramatic show for another Cincinnati station." He and his family moved to Connecticut in early 1953. Here he made a living by writing for the live dramatic anthology shows that were prevalent at the time, including Kraft Television Theatre, Appointment with Adventure and Hallmark Hall of Fame . [2] By the end of 1954, his agent convinced him he needed to move to New York, "where the action is." Author Marc Scott Zicree , who spent years researching for his book, The Twilight Zone Companion , noted: "Sometimes the situations were clichéd, the characters two-dimensional, but always there was at least some search for an emotional truth, some attempt to make a statement on the human condition." [2] Gaining fame In 1955, the nationwide Kraft Television Theatre televised a program based on Serling's 72nd script. To Serling, it was just another script, and he missed the first live broadcast. He and his wife hired a babysitter for the night and told her "no one would call because we had just moved to town. And the phone just started ringing and didn't stop for years!" The title of this episode was Patterns , and it soon changed his life. Patterns dramatized the power struggle between a veteran corporate boss running out of ideas and energy and the bright, young executive being groomed to take his place. Instead of firing the loyal employee, and risk tarnishing his own reputation, the boss enlists him into a campaign to push aside his competition. Serling modeled the main character on his former commander, Colonel Oren Haugen. The New York Times critic Jack Gould called the show "one of the high points in the TV medium's evolution" and said "[f]or sheer power of narrative, forcefulness of characterization and brilliant climax, Mr. Serling's work is a creative triumph." Robert Lewis Shayon stated in the Saturday Review, "in the years I have been watching television I do not recall being so engaged by a drama, nor so stimulated to challenge the haunting conclusions of an hour's entertainment." [2] The episode was a hit with the audience as well, and a second live show was staged due to popular demand one month later. During the time between the two shows, Kraft executives negotiated with people from Hollywood over the rights to Patterns. Newspapers announced Patterns would be rebroadcast, but then stated the show might be unavailable if the rights were sold before then. Immediately following the original broadcast of Patterns, Serling was inundated with permanent job offers, congratulations and requests for novels, plays and television or radio scripts. He quickly sold many of his earlier, lower-quality works and watched in dismay as they were published. Critics expressed concern that he was not living up to his promise and began to doubt he was able to recreate the quality of writing that Patterns had shown. [2] Serling then wrote Requiem for a Heavyweight for the Playhouse 90 TV series in 1956, again gaining praise from critics. [11] In the autumn of 1957, the Serling family moved to California. When television was new, shows aired live, but as studios began to tape their shows, the business moved from the east coast to the west. Serling would live in California for much of his life, but kept property in Binghamton and Cayuga Lake as retreats for when he needed time alone. Corporate censorship The early years of television often saw sponsors working as editors and censors. Serling was often forced to change his scripts after corporate sponsors read them and found something they felt was too controversial. They were wary of anything they thought might make them look bad to consumers, so references to many contemporary social issues were omitted, as were references to anything that might compete commercially with a sponsor. For instance, the line "Got a match?" was deleted because one of the sponsors for Requiem For A Heavyweight was Ronson lighters . [2] A New York Times television reviewer added this editorial note at the end of a glowing review for A Town Has Turned to Dust, a show about racism and bigotry in a small Southwestern town: "'Playhouse 90' and Mr. Serling had to fight executive interference ... before getting their play on the air last night. The theater people of Hollywood have reason to be proud of their stand in the viewers' behalf." Frustrated by seeing his scripts divested of political statements and ethnic identities (and having the Chrysler Building removed from a script sponsored by Ford), Serling decided the only way to avoid such artistic interference was to create his own show. In an interview with Mike Wallace , he said, "I don't want to fight anymore. I don't want to have to battle sponsors and agencies. I don't want to have to push for something that I want and have to settle for second best. I don't want to have to compromise all the time, which in essence is what a television writer does if he wants to put on controversial themes." [2] Serling submitted The Time Element to CBS, intending it to be a pilot for his new weekly show, The Twilight Zone. Instead, CBS used the science fiction script for a new show produced by Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball , The Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse , in 1958. The story concerns a man who has vivid nightmares of the attack on Pearl Harbor . The man goes to a psychiatrist and, after the session, the twist ending (a device which Serling became known for using) reveals the "patient" had died at Pearl Harbor, and the psychiatrist was the one actually having the vivid dreams. [2] The episode received so much positive fan response that CBS agreed to let Serling go ahead with his pilot for The Twilight Zone [2] The Storm Before the Twilight Zone, Serling created a local television show in Cincinnati on WKRC-TV, "The Storm", in the early 1950s. Several of these scripts were re-written for later use on national network TV. [12] A copy of an episode is located in the Cincinnati Museum Center Historical Cincinnati Library on videotape. [13] The Twilight Zone On October 2, 1959, the classic Twilight Zone series, created by Serling, premiered on CBS . For this series, Serling fought hard to get and maintain creative control. He hired scriptwriters whom he respected (such as Richard Matheson and Charles Beaumont ). In an interview, Serling said the show's science fiction format would not be controversial with sponsors, network executives or the general public and would escape censorship, unlike the earlier Playhouse 90. Serling drew on his own experience for many episodes, frequently about boxing, military life, and airplane pilots. The Twilight Zone incorporated his social views on racial relations, somewhat veiled in the science fiction and fantasy elements of the shows. Occasionally, the point was quite blunt, such as in the episode " I Am the Night—Color Me Black ", in which racism and hatred causes a dark cloud to form in the American South, before spreading across the world. Many Twilight Zone stories reflected his views on gender roles, featuring quick-thinking, resilient women as well as shrewish, nagging wives. The Twilight Zone aired for five seasons (the first three presented half-hour episodes, the fourth hour-long episodes and the fifth returned to the half-hour format). It won many TV and drama awards, and drew much critical acclaim for Serling and his co-workers. Though it had a loyal fanbase, The Twilight Zone drew only moderate ratings and was twice canceled and revived. After five years and 156 episodes (92 written by Serling), he grew weary of the series. In 1964, he decided to not oppose its third and final cancellation. Serling sold the rights to The Twilight Zone to CBS. His wife later claimed he did this partly because he believed his own studio would never recoup the production costs of the programs, which frequently went over budget. The Twilight Zone eventually resurfaced in the form of a 1983 movie by Warner Bros . Former The Twilight Zone actor Burgess Meredith was cast as the film's narrator, although unlike Serling, he doesn't appear on screen. The television series was rebooted in 1985 by CBS . This version used Charles Aidman (and later Robin Ward ) as the narrator, although as with the movie, they never appeared on screen as Serling did in the original series. A second reboot, airing on UPN from 2002 to 2003, features Forest Whitaker in Serling's role. [14] A Carol For Another Christmas A Carol for Another Christmas was a 1964 American television movie, scripted by Rod Serling as a modernization of Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol and a plea for global cooperation between nations. It was telecast only once, on December 28, 1964. [15] The only TV movie ever directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz , this was the film in which Peter Sellers gave his first performance after a series of near-fatal heart attacks in the wake of his marriage to Britt Ekland . Sellers portrayed a demigod in an apocalyptic Christmas. Sterling Hayden , who costarred with Sellers in Dr. Strangelove earlier that year, was also featured. The cast included Percy Rodriguez , Eva Marie Saint , Ben Gazzara , Barbara Ann Teer, James Shigeta and Britt Ekland . Henry Mancini wrote the theme music, which was recorded for his 1966 holiday LP, A Merry Mancini Christmas. The film is not commercially available, but it can be seen at the Paley Center for Media in New York and Los Angeles and the Film and Television Archive at the University of California, Los Angeles. Turner Classic Movies telecast A Carol for Another Christmas for the first time in 48 years, on December 16 and 22, 2012. [17] TCM aired it again on December 19 and 20, 2013. Night Gallery In 1969, NBC aired a Serling-penned television film pilot for a new series, Night Gallery. Set in a dimly lit museum after hours, the pilot film featured Serling (as on-camera host) playing the curator, who introduced three tales of the macabre , unveiling canvases that would appear in the subsequent story segments. Its brief first season (containing only six episodes) was rotated with three other shows (called the Four in One) airing in the same time slot. The series generally focused more on horror and suspense than The Twilight Zone did. On the insistence of producer Jack Laird , Night Gallery also began including brief comedic "blackout" sketches during its second season , which Serling greatly disdained. No longer wanting the burden of an executive position, Serling sidestepped an offer to retain creative control of content, a decision he would come to regret. Although discontented with some of the scripts and creative choices of Jack Laird, Serling continued to submit his work and ultimately wrote over a third of the series' scripts. By season three, however, many of his contributions were being rejected or heavily altered. His complaints ignored, the disgruntled host dismissed the show as " Mannix in a cemetery". Night Gallery was cancelled in 1973. NBC later combined episodes of the short-lived paranormal series The Sixth Sense with Night Gallery, in order to increase the amount of episodes available in syndication. Serling was reportedly paid $100,000 dollars to film introductions for these repackaged episodes. [18] [19] Other television After The Twilight Zone was canceled, Serling wrote an unsuccessful western television series called The Loner , which ran from the fall of 1965 to April 1966. CBS asked Serling to have more action and less character interaction. He refused to comply, even though the show had received poor reviews and low ratings. In a stylistic departure from his earlier work, Serling briefly hosted the first version of the game show Liar's Club in 1969. [20] In 1970, Serling was signed to host and narrate a 30-minute weekly series for Los Angeles television station KNXT , called Rod Serling's Wonderful World of .... He presented stylized essays on subjects such as gluttony, propaganda, sloth and greed. The series ran for 13 weeks. In the 1970s, Serling appeared in television commercials for Ford , Ziebart [21] and the Japanese automaker Mazda , during the time they were promoting vehicles for the U.S. market powered with a rotary engine . Writing prose Writing prose was difficult for Serling. Several of his short stories were rewrites of scripts which had already been produced, but he wrote original works as well. In his book, The Evolution of the Weird Tale, S. T. Joshi titled his chapter on Serling "The Moral Supernatural" and spoke of how difficult it is to categorize Serling's writings. He looked to the three dozen prose pieces Serling had published as a basis for literary analysis. His overview of Serling's writing says, "If there is anything that unites the whole of Serling's works — whether it be short stories or film scripts, whether it be fantastic or mainstream — it is an abiding concern with human feeling." Joshi compares an original script version of "Walking Distance" to a short story version of the same work, then to the finalized script. The scripts utilize visual images to show the locations, what the characters look like and emotions they are experiencing — in comparison, Serling fleshes these all out in the short story with strong nuances, inner dialogue and elaborate memories that are not easily translated to the screen. Each is successful in its medium although each includes pieces that are not found in the other. Joshi comments that Serling has used pacing well, each correct for the medium and that "in spite of Serling's own doubts on the matter — he mastered the short story technique in every way." Other radio The Zero Hour Serling returned to radio late in his career with The Zero Hour (also known as Hollywood Radio Theater) in 1973. The drama anthology series featured tales of mystery, adventure and suspense, airing in stereo for two seasons. Serling hosted the program and wrote some of the scripts. Originally placed into syndication on September 3, 1973, the series was picked up by the Mutual Broadcasting System in December of that year. The original format featured five-part dramas broadcast Monday through Friday with the story coming to a conclusion on Friday. Including commercials, each part was approximately 30 minutes long. Mutual affiliates could broadcast the series in any time slot that they wished. In 1974, still airing five days a week, the program changed to a full story in a single 30-minute installment with the same actor starring throughout the week in all five programs. That format was employed from late April 1974 to the end of the series on July 26, 1974. Fantasy Park Serling's final radio performance, which he recorded just a few weeks before his death, was even more unusual: Fantasy Park was a 48-hour-long rock concert aired by nearly 200 stations over Labor Day weekend in 1975. [22] The program, produced by KNUS in Dallas , featured performances by dozens of rock stars of the day. It was also completely 'imaginary', a "theatre-of-the-mind for the 70s", as producer Beau Weaver put it, using record albums recorded live-in-concert, plus crowd noise and other sound effects. KNUS General Manager Bart McLendon recruited Serling (his old teacher) to record the host segments, bumpers and custom promos and television spots. Serling wrote the disclaimers, which aired each hour: "Hello, this is Rod Serling and welcome back to Fantasy Park—the crowds here today are unreal." "This is Fantasy Park—the greatest live concert—never held." Teaching Serling kept his schedule full. When he was not writing, promoting, or producing his work, he was often seen speaking on college campuses all over the country. He would also teach week-long classes on film in which students would watch films and then critique them. In the political climate of the 1960s, he often felt a stronger rapport with older students in his evening classes than he did with the youth of the day. By the fourth season of Twilight Zone, Serling was exhausted and turned much of the writing over to a trusted stable of writers, writing only seven episodes. In an attempt to take a break and clear his mind, he took a one-year teaching job as writer in residence at Antioch College in Ohio. He taught classes in the 1962–63 school year on writing, drama, and a survey course covering the "social and historical implications of the media." [2] He used this time to teach as well as work on a new screenplay, Seven Days in May . Later he also taught at Ithaca College from the late 1960s until his death in 1975. [2] [23] He was also one of the first guest teachers at the Sherwood Oaks Experimental College in Hollywood, California. Audio recordings of some of his lectures there are included as bonus features on some Twilight Zone home video editions. Themes No one could know Serling, or view or read his work, without recognizing his deep affection for humanity ... and his determination to enlarge our horizons by giving us a better understanding of ourselves. —  Gene Roddenberry According to his wife, Rod Serling often said that "the ultimate obscenity is not caring, not doing something about what you feel, not feeling! Just drawing back and drawing in, becoming narcissistic." This philosophy can be seen in his writing. Some themes appear again and again in his writing, many of which are concerned with war and politics. Another common theme is equality among all humans. Antiwar activism Serling's experiences as a soldier left him with strong opinions about the use of military force. He was an outspoken antiwar activist, especially during the Vietnam War . He supported antiwar politicians, most notably Eugene McCarthy in his presidential bid . The Rack is an example of Serling's using television to speak his mind on political issues. It tells the story of an army captain charged with collaborating with the North Koreans. The New York Times reviewer, J. P. Shanley, called it "controversial and compelling". Serling tackled a question that was much in the media at the time: should veterans be charged with a crime if they cooperated with the enemy while under duress? In this courtroom drama the accused is put on trial for helping the enemy by urging fellow prisoners of war to cooperate with their captors. Serling offers many valid arguments on behalf of both the defense and the prosecution. Each has a strong case, but in the end, the Captain is found guilty. There is no Serling narration to conclude the drama, as he had become famous for in The Twilight Zone — instead, the audience is left to make their own conclusions after the verdict has been rendered. No Christmas This Year was a script written early in Serling's career, around 1950, but was never produced. It told of a place that no longer celebrated Christmas, although none of the residents know why it has been canceled. Meanwhile, in the North Pole, the audience sees Santa Claus dealing with striking elves. Rather than creating toys and candy, the North Pole manufactures a diversity of bombs and offensive gases. Santa has been shot at on his route, and an elf was hit by shrapnel. [4] 24 Men to a Plane recounts Serling's first combat airdrop into the area around Manila in 1945. The drop became a fiasco after the jumpmaster in the first plane dropped his men too early, causing every subsequent plane to drop in synchronization with the mistake. Racial equality A Town Has Turned to Dust received a positive review from critic Jack Gould , who was known for being straightforward to the point of being harsh in his reviews. He called A Town Has Turned to Dust "a raw tough and at the same time deeply moving outcry against prejudice." Set in a Southwestern town in a deep drought , it sees poverty and despair turn racial tensions deadly when the ineffectual sheriff is unable to stand against the town. A young Mexican boy is lynched, and the town as a whole is to blame. A second lynching is in the works after a series of events leads again to the town turning against the Mexicans. This time, the sheriff stands strong, and the first boy's brother is saved, even as the town is not. "Mr. Serling incorporated his protest against prejudice in vivid dialogue and sound situations. He made his point that hate for a fellow being leads only to the ultimate destruction of the bigoted." Serling took his 1972 screenplay for the film The Man from the Irving Wallace novel of the same title. The black senator from New Hampshire, and President Pro Tempore of the Senate, played by James Earl Jones , assumes the U.S. Presidency by succession. Death On May 3, 1975, Serling had a minor heart attack and was hospitalized. He spent two weeks at Tompkins County Community Hospital before being released. A second heart attack two weeks later forced doctors to agree that open-heart surgery, though considered risky at the time, was in order. The ten-hour-long procedure was carried out on June 26, but Serling had a heart attack on the operating table and died two days later at Strong Memorial Hospital in Rochester, New York. [24] He was 50 years old. [23] His funeral took place on July 2. A memorial was held in Cornell University 's Sage Chapel on July 7, 1975. [23] Speakers at the Memorial included his daughter, Anne, and the Reverend John F. Hayward. Legacy Television Rod Serling began his career when television was a new medium. The first public viewing of an all-electric television was presented by inventor Philo Farnsworth at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia on August 25, 1934, when Rod was only nine years old. Commercial television officially started on July 1, 1941. At the time, fewer than seven thousand TV sets could be found in America, and very few of those were in private homes. Only five months later the U.S. entered World War II, and the television business was put on hold until war's end, as many of the sets were confiscated by the government and re-purposed to train air-raid wardens. After World War II ended, money began flowing toward the new medium of television, coinciding with the beginning of Serling's writing career. Early programming consisted of newsreels, sporting events and what would be called public-access television cable TV today. It wasn't until 1948 that filmed dramas were first shown, beginning with a show called Public Prosecutor . Serling began having serious dramas produced in 1950 and is given credit as one of the first to write scripts specifically for the medium of television. As such, he is said to have helped legitimize television drama. The format of writing for television was in flux in the beginning but eventually settled into a pattern in which time was set aside for a commercial break on the quarter-hour. Writers, Serling included, were forced to write around a break in the action. Serling's response to this convention was, "How can you put out a meaningful drama when every fifteen minutes proceedings are interrupted by twelve dancing rabbits with toilet paper? No dramatic art form should be dictated and controlled by men whose training and instincts are cut of an entirely different cloth. The fact remains that these gentlemen sell consumer goods, not an art form." Throughout his career Serling helped to mold the future of television. Writing for multiple media As early as 1955 Jack Gould from the New York Times commented on the close ties that were then being created between television and the big screen by writers. Serling was one of the first to exploit crossover between media by turning his early television successes, Patterns and The Rack into full-length movie productions. Up to that time, many established writers were often unwilling to write for television because the medium was often only viewed once then shunted into a vault, never to be seen again. Beginning of the rerun After the first showing of Patterns, the studio received such positive feedback that it produced a repeat performance, the first time a television program had been shown again at the behest of the audience. Although successful shows had sometimes been recreated after two years or more, this was the first time a show was recreated exactly — with the same cast and crew — as it had been originally created. The second live performance, only a month later, was equally successful and inspired New York Times critic Jack Gould to write an essay on the use of re-plays within the tele-play format. He stated that Patterns was a prime example of a drama that should be seen more than once, whereas a single airing was the norm for television shows of the day. Sponsors believed that creating new shows every week would assure them the largest possible audience, and so they purchased a new script for each night. Gould suggested that as new networks were opened and the viewers were given more choices, the percentage of viewers would spread out among the offerings. Patterns was proof that a second showing would garner more viewers because those who missed the first showing could then watch it the second showing, adding to the total viewers and reaching a larger audience for sponsors. Effects on popular culture During his lifetime In December 1966, the made-for-television movie The Doomsday Flight aired. The fictional plot concerned an airplane with a bomb aboard. If the plane landed without the ransom money being paid, the aircraft would explode. The bomb was set with an altitude trigger so if the plane dropped below four thousand feet, it would detonate. The show was one of the highest rated of the television season, but both Serling and his brother Robert, a technical advisor on the project (a specialist in aviation), regretted making the film. After the film was aired, a rash of copy-cats phoned in ransom demands to most of the largest airlines. Serling was truly devastated by what his script had encouraged. He told reporters who flocked to interview him, "I wish to Christ that I had written a stagecoach drama starring John Wayne instead." After being knocked out in a 1961 boxing match Archie Moore said, "Man, I was in the Twilight Zone!" Also in 1961, the FCC chairman Newton N. Minow gave a speech in which he called television programing a " vast wasteland ", citing The Twilight Zone as one of only a few exceptions. Legacy You're traveling through another dimension, a dimension not only of sight and sound but of mind... a journey into a wondrous land whose boundaries are that of imagination—your next stop, the Twilight Zone! —Rod Serling, The Twilight Zone , Introduction Serling is indelibly woven into modern popular culture due to the popularity of his hit television show The Twilight Zone. Even youth of today can hum the theme song, and the title itself is a synonym for all things unexplainable. Serling's widow, Carol, maintains that the cult status that now surrounds both her husband and his shows continues to be a surprise, "as I'm sure it would have been to him." "It won't go away. It keeps bobbing up...Each year, I think, well, that's it—and then something else turns up." The Twilight Zone has been rerun, re-created and re-imagined since soon after it went off the air in 1964. It has been released in comic book form, as a magazine, a film , and two additional television series from 1985 to 1989 and again from 2002 to 2003 . In 1988, J. Michael Straczynski scripted Serling's outline "Our Selena Is Dying" for the 1980s Twilight Zone revival. Even those who have never seen a black and white episode of the original Twilight Zone are now able to read some of Serling's work in graphic novel format. Rod Serling's The Twilight Zone is a series of adaptations by Mark Kneece and Rich Ellis based on original scripts written by Serling. The Twilight Zone is not the only Serling work to reappear throughout the years. In 1994, Rod Serling's Lost Classics released two never-before-seen works that Carol Serling found in her garage. The first was an outline called "The Theatre" that Richard Matheson expanded. The second was a complete script written by Serling titled "Where the Dead Are". More than 30 years after his death, Serling was digitally resurrected for an episode of the TV series Medium that aired on November 21, 2005. Filmed partially in 3-D , it opened with Serling's introducing the episode and instructing viewers when to put on their 3-D glasses. This was accomplished using footage from The Twilight Zone episode " The Midnight Sun " and digitally manipulating Serling's mouth to match new dialogue spoken by voice actor Mark Silverman. The plot involved paintings coming to life, a nod to both The Twilight Zone and Night Gallery. On August 11, 2009, the United States Postal Service released its Early TV Memories commemorative stamp collection honoring notable television programs. One of the twenty stamps honored The Twilight Zone and featured a portrait of Rod Serling. [26] Rod Serling and his work on The Twilight Zone went on to inspire the Disney theme park attraction The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror . The ride takes place in an abandoned Hollywood hotel that was struck by lightning, causing the mysterious disappearance of five guests. Riders enter an abandoned elevator shaft as they become part of their very own "lost episode" of The Twilight Zone. The attraction takes guests up thirteen stories and drops them multiple times. Again, Mark Silverman provides the dubbing for Rod Serling's dialogue for both incarnations of the attraction, at Disney's Hollywood Studios and Disney California Adventure . [27] The Canadian rock band Rush dedicated its third studio album, Caress of Steel , to Serling. Its fourth album, 2112 , includes a song titled " The Twilight Zone ," in which the two verses are each based on an episode of the series. Annually since 1995, Binghamton High School , Serling's alma mater, primarily in partnership with WSKG-TV , [28] hosts the Rod Serling Video Festival for students in grades kindergarten through12. The festival encourages young people to engage in filmmaking. [30] [32] Serling's work, particularly the Twilight Zone episode " Walking Distance ", underpins the romantic comedy " The Rewrite " (2014), which is largely set in Binghamton. Selected works

i don't know

Ken Burn's latest documentary debuted last Sunday on PBS. What subject matter does it cover?

‘The Roosevelts,’ Ken Burns’ Latest PBS Documentary Series, Opens to Big Numbers | TVWeek ‘The Roosevelts,’ Ken Burns’ Latest PBS Documentary Series, Opens to Big Numbers Sep 17, 2014 As were “The Civil War” and “The War” before it, master documentarian Ken Burns’ “The Roosevelts: An Intimate History” is turning out to be a massive blockbuster for PBS. The sprawling documentary chronicling the lives of Theodore, Franklin Delano and Eleanor Roosevelt began Sunday night with the first of its seven two-hour episodes, which delivered an average audience of 9.06 million viewers, according to Nielsen Fast National data, Live + SD. Before the first chapter aired, more than 200,000 views of trailers for “The Roosevelts” foretold the strong demand for the series. Burns, whose other recent documentaries include “Prohibition” (2011) and “The Dust Bowl” (2012), said that releasing a film is like having a conversation with your closest friends and family. If, of course, they number in the millions of people. “I’m always struck by the thoughts and comments and how engaged the American people are,” he said. “The fact that such a large audience tuned in the first night is all the more rewarding. We hope more people have a chance to watch on all of the platforms PBS has set up to share the work.” In addition to the broadcasts, which run through Sept. 20, the 14-hour series is streaming at pbs.org/theroosevelts, and on PBS stations’ digital platforms, Roku and Apple TV — and will be available through Sept. 29. “The Roosevelts,” written by Geoffrey C. Ward and narrated by Peter Coyote, spans more than 100 years, from Theodore’s birth in 1858 to Eleanor’s death in 1962, vividly bringing to life the history of two presidencies, multiple family tragedies, Prohibition, the Depression and two world wars. With never-before-seen photographs and vibrant but silent film, the first chapters chronicle the life of Teddy Roosevelt, born into a world of privilege, who became America’s 26th president in a term that began 113 years ago almost to the day, on Sept. 14, 1901, after President William McKinley was assassinated. He was, at age 42, the youngest person to become president. Overcoming severe asthma as a youth, the ambitious Roosevelt had already made a name for himself as a New York City police commissioner, an assistant secretary of the Navy, governor of New York and vice president. His cowboy persona, epitomized by forming the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War, and his large ego were legendary. His most famous slogan, “Speak softly and carry a big stick,” resonates to this day. Other catchphrases, indicative of his boundless energy, were “Bully!” and “Dee-lighted.” Roosevelt ate a dozen eggs for breakfast every morning, drank coffee from a massive mug and dictated 150,000 letters in his lifetime, which the Theodore Roosevelt Center in Dickinson, N.D., is trying to get all online. But as Burns does so well, and with Roosevelt brought to life in his own words by the voice of Paul Giamatti, viewers get a detailed, insightful, 360-degree version of Theodore — including his battles with depression, his tragic loss of his first wife and his mother on the same day and an assassination attempt, which contribute to a greater understanding of one of the most prominent leaders in U.S. history. As the docu-series moves on to the era of Franklin and Eleanor, Theodore’s distant cousin and his niece, viewers will hear them come to life, voiced by actors Edward Herrmann (who played FDR in the landmark 1976 miniseries “Eleanor and Franklin”) and Meryl Streep. The stories of the more modern-era Roosevelts, well-chronicled as they have been for decades, are even more captivating on Burns’ canvas, with images and video so clear they feel almost contemporary. (“The Roosevelts: An Intimate History” airs on PBS stations at 8 p.m. PT/ET through September 20.) Share this Post :

Prohibition

What long running comic strip, introduced on Oct 2, 1950, was drawn by the same cartoonist, Charles M. Schultz, during its' entire run?

‘The Roosevelts,’ Ken Burns’ Latest PBS Documentary Series, Opens to Big Numbers | TVWeek ‘The Roosevelts,’ Ken Burns’ Latest PBS Documentary Series, Opens to Big Numbers Sep 17, 2014 As were “The Civil War” and “The War” before it, master documentarian Ken Burns’ “The Roosevelts: An Intimate History” is turning out to be a massive blockbuster for PBS. The sprawling documentary chronicling the lives of Theodore, Franklin Delano and Eleanor Roosevelt began Sunday night with the first of its seven two-hour episodes, which delivered an average audience of 9.06 million viewers, according to Nielsen Fast National data, Live + SD. Before the first chapter aired, more than 200,000 views of trailers for “The Roosevelts” foretold the strong demand for the series. Burns, whose other recent documentaries include “Prohibition” (2011) and “The Dust Bowl” (2012), said that releasing a film is like having a conversation with your closest friends and family. If, of course, they number in the millions of people. “I’m always struck by the thoughts and comments and how engaged the American people are,” he said. “The fact that such a large audience tuned in the first night is all the more rewarding. We hope more people have a chance to watch on all of the platforms PBS has set up to share the work.” In addition to the broadcasts, which run through Sept. 20, the 14-hour series is streaming at pbs.org/theroosevelts, and on PBS stations’ digital platforms, Roku and Apple TV — and will be available through Sept. 29. “The Roosevelts,” written by Geoffrey C. Ward and narrated by Peter Coyote, spans more than 100 years, from Theodore’s birth in 1858 to Eleanor’s death in 1962, vividly bringing to life the history of two presidencies, multiple family tragedies, Prohibition, the Depression and two world wars. With never-before-seen photographs and vibrant but silent film, the first chapters chronicle the life of Teddy Roosevelt, born into a world of privilege, who became America’s 26th president in a term that began 113 years ago almost to the day, on Sept. 14, 1901, after President William McKinley was assassinated. He was, at age 42, the youngest person to become president. Overcoming severe asthma as a youth, the ambitious Roosevelt had already made a name for himself as a New York City police commissioner, an assistant secretary of the Navy, governor of New York and vice president. His cowboy persona, epitomized by forming the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War, and his large ego were legendary. His most famous slogan, “Speak softly and carry a big stick,” resonates to this day. Other catchphrases, indicative of his boundless energy, were “Bully!” and “Dee-lighted.” Roosevelt ate a dozen eggs for breakfast every morning, drank coffee from a massive mug and dictated 150,000 letters in his lifetime, which the Theodore Roosevelt Center in Dickinson, N.D., is trying to get all online. But as Burns does so well, and with Roosevelt brought to life in his own words by the voice of Paul Giamatti, viewers get a detailed, insightful, 360-degree version of Theodore — including his battles with depression, his tragic loss of his first wife and his mother on the same day and an assassination attempt, which contribute to a greater understanding of one of the most prominent leaders in U.S. history. As the docu-series moves on to the era of Franklin and Eleanor, Theodore’s distant cousin and his niece, viewers will hear them come to life, voiced by actors Edward Herrmann (who played FDR in the landmark 1976 miniseries “Eleanor and Franklin”) and Meryl Streep. The stories of the more modern-era Roosevelts, well-chronicled as they have been for decades, are even more captivating on Burns’ canvas, with images and video so clear they feel almost contemporary. (“The Roosevelts: An Intimate History” airs on PBS stations at 8 p.m. PT/ET through September 20.) Share this Post :

i don't know

The rare semi-precious gemstone known as lapis lazuli is what color?

1000+ images about Lapis Lazuli on Pinterest | Lapis lazuli, Third eye and Gemstones Deep blue, with the sparkle of a thousand stars, Lapiz Lazuli was highly valued by the ancients. See More

Blue

A human with X and Y sex chromosomes is usually which gender?

Lapis Lazuli Gemstone Information Lapis Lazuli Gemstone Information About Lapis Lazuli - History and Introduction Lapis lazuli, often referred to as just 'lapis', has been used as a gemstone for thousands of years. It has been mined from Afghanistan since the early 7th millennium BC, and it was discovered in ancient burial sites throughout the Caucasus, the Mehrgarh and even as far as the Republic of Mauritania. The funeral mask for the ancient Egyptian pharaoh 'King Tut' was even discovered to have been decorated with lapis lazuli. This historical stone has a name closely associated with its intense color. Its name was derived from the Latin word 'lapis' meaning 'stone', and from the Arabic and Persian word 'lazaward'. 'Lazaward" was the Persian name for lapis stone, as well as the name of its mining location. In other parts of the world, words for 'blue' were named after the color of lapis, including the English word 'azure'; Italian 'azzurro'; Polish 'azur'; Spanish 'azur' and Romanian 'azuriu'. Today, lapis lazuli is still considered to be one of the most important opaque blue gemstones available. Lapis usually forms in crystalline marble through the geological process of contact metamorphism and due to its composition, it is technically defined as a rock rather than a mineral. It is primarily composed of lazurite, while the remaining composition is made up of sodalite, calcite, pyrite and other various minor constituents. The varying composition is what influences its exact coloring. Identifying Lapis Lazuli Back to Top Lapis lazuli by definition is a rock primarily composed of lazurite (25% to 40%), calcite and pyrite. Lazurite is a feldspathoid silicate and belongs to the sodalite group of minerals. Minor constituents can include augite, diopside, enstatite, mica, hauynite, hornblende and nosean. Lapis lazuli can be easily confused with other blue opaque gems such as azurite and sodalite, but azurite has a lower hardness and is typically darker in color than lapis lazuli; while sodalite in most cases, has a lighter color and its granularity is not as fine as that of lapis lazuli. Lapis Lazuli Origin and Gemstone Sources Back to Top Discovered 6000 years ago, the oldest lapis lazuli deposits are located in the difficult terrain of the West Hindu-Kush Mountains in Afghanistan. Today, Afghanistan is known to produce the finest quality lapis lazuli and is also the most significant source. Other commercial deposits have been also found in Angola, Argentina, Canada, Chile (North of Santiago), India, Italy, Myanmar (Burma), Pakistan, Russia and the United States (California and Colorado). Buying Lapis Lazuli and Determining Lapis Lazuli Value Back to Top Lapis Lazuli Color Although the colour of lapis lazuli is defined by its name, 'the blue stone', its colors can actually range from slightly greenish blue to violetish, medium to dark and from low to highly saturated. The blue is owed to sulfur coloring agents. The finest stones exhibit an evenly distributed color and have no visible deposits of calcite, although a moderate amount of gold pyrite flecks is considered acceptable. Too much pyrite can result in a dull, greenish tint, while calcite can predominate the mix, giving the stone an overall less appealing lighter blue shade. An evenly distributed, highly saturated, slightly violet-blue color with little to no pyrite or calcite is the most prized; stones of this quality are sometimes referred to as 'Afghan' or 'Persian'. Lapis colors are often described using an adjective that refers to a specific locality, but that does mean the gem is actually from that area. For example, 'Chilean lapis' may not actually be from Chile, but is a term often used to refer to lapis with a green tint, which is heavily included with white calcite. Lapis Lazuli Clarity and Luster Lapis lazuli occurs opaque in clarity. Lapis is often included with varying amounts of pyrite and its host rock matrix; calcite. When polished, it can have a vitreous to greasy and sometimes dull luster. Lapis Lazuli Cut and Shape Lapis lazuli comes in various shapes and cuts. It is mostly cut en cabochon for rings, beads, bracelets and necklaces, as well as carved sculptures, vases and various ornamental objects. Round, spherical and oval shapes are most popular, followed by fancier hearts and trillions. Lapis Lazuli Treatment Lapis lazuli is typically not treated or enhanced in any way. However, some lighter materials may be dyed to result in deeper blues; dyed lapis may also be coated or with wax or plastic to improve stability. In some cases, lapis may be impregnated with wax or resin to improve color and luster. There is synthetic lapis lazuli available known as 'Gilson lapis' and there are many simulated stones too, typically dyed howlite or jasper. Dyed jasper is often referred to as 'Swiss lapis'. Lapis Lazuli Gemological Properties: Back to Top Chemical Formula: Strong: White, also orange, copper colored Please refer to our Gemstone Glossary for details of gemology-related terms. Lapis Lazuli: Similar and Associated Gems: Back to Top Sodalite Lapis lazuli is often referred to as just 'lapis' or 'lazurite' for short. It is technically not related to any single mineral due to its varying composition, however, it does have many close gem and mineral associations since it forms with and alongside many other popular gems, including calcite, pyrite, hauyne and sodalite. Lapis lazuli is very similar in appearance to a variety of gems such as sodalite, azurite, turquoise, pietersite, hawk's eye, charoite and opal. Lapis Lazuli Legends and Metaphysical Healing Properties Back to Top Lapis lazuli is a real veteran in the illustrious history of gemstones. Indeed, it was used as jewelry as early as prehistoric times. In the Middle Ages it gained additional popularity as a pigment to produce ultramarine color for painters or to tint cloth. Some palaces, churches and mosques throughout the Middle East and Europe display wall panels and columns with lapis lazuli inlays. For people around the world, lapis lazuli is considered a stone of truth and friendship. The blue stone is reputed to promote harmony in relationships. Historians believe the link between lapis lazuli and human beliefs dates back over 6,500 years. The stone is believed to have been highly prized by many ancient civilizations, including Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Chinese, Roman and Greek. In antiquity, as well as in the Middle Ages, people believed that the cosmos was reflected in gemstones. Lapis lazuli is assigned to the planet Jupiter. The healing powers of gems remain a controversial issue, but have been mentioned for centuries by healers, shamans and medicine men around the world. Whether it's based on fact or is merely a placebo effect, it truly doesn't matter as long as it helps those in need. Lapis lazuli is said to be of help for headaches, sore throats and varicose veins. It is also known to help with alleviating cramps, stiffness and fertility problems. Disclaimer: Metaphysical and Alternative Crystal Healing Power and Properties are not to be taken as confirmed advice. Traditional, Ceremonial and Mythological Gemstone Lore is collected from various resources and is not the sole opinion of SETT Co., Ltd. This information is not to replace the advice of your doctor. Should you have any medical conditions, please see a licensed medical practitioner. GemSelect does not guarantee any claims or statements of healing or astrological birthstone powers and cannot be held liable under any circumstances. Lapis Lazuli Jewelry Design Ideas Back to Top For thousands of years, Lapis lazuli has been treasured the world over since antiquity for its intense beautiful blue color. Lapis takes an excellent polish and is often used for both men's and ladies' jewelry. It is most often cut into cabochons, beads, inlays or tablets. But lapis lazuli's use has never been limited to jewelry alone. Throughout its history lapis has been a popular carving material, frequently fashioned into many ornamental and decorative objects. Despite its low price, lapis lazuli can be found in many high-end designer jewelry lines, typically accented with diamond and gold. Today, it is often carved for brooches, pins and large sculptures because it is relatively affordable and available in large sizes. Lapis is one of the most popular stones today for men's jewelry and can often be found in shirt studs and tie tacks, and especially in large cabochon rings. Today, it is considered to be an all-time classic stone when set in silver. Note: Buy colored gemstones by size and not by carat weight. Colored stones vary in size-to-weight ratio . Some stones are larger and others are smaller than diamond by weight in comparison. Lapis Lazuli Gemstone and Jewelry Care Back to Top Lapis is considered to be fairy tough, but it is also fairly soft at 5-6 on the Mohs scale. It's softer than many gemstones, but with care, jewelry and ornaments can last for many generations. Lapis can be quite sensitive to strong pressure, high temperatures and harsh household chemicals and cleaners. Avoid exposing lapis to bleach or sulfuric acid. Most lapis lazuli can be cleaned using warm, soapy water, but some dyed materials may not be stable. For dyed or impregnated stones, it's best to test a small area first to ensure stability. Wipe down stones using only a soft cloth and be sure to rinse well to remove any soapy residue. Always remove any lapis gems or jewelry before exercising, playing sports or engaging in vigorous household chores. When storing your lapis lazuli, store it separately from other gems and jewelry to prevent scratches and fractures. It is best to wrap your stones using a soft cloth and place them into a fabric-lined jewelry box for extra protection. First Published: September-06-2006 Last Updated: May-30-2014 © 2005-2017 GemSelect.com all rights reserved. Reproduction (text or graphics) without the express written consent of GemSelect.com (SETT Company Ltd.) is strictly prohibited. See more related information below

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What Russian physiologist and psychologist documented his experiments in the book Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. in 1927?

Famous Psychologists - Ivan Pavlov Privacy Famous Psychologist: Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov is widely known for first describing the phenomenon now known as classical conditioning in his experiments with dogs. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14, 1849 – February 27, 1936) was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system.  Pavlov contributed to many areas of physiology, neurology and psychology. Most of his work involved research in temperament, conditioning and involuntary reflex actions. The following has been adapted from the Nobel Prize.org website. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 at Ryazan, where his father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, was a village priest. He was educated first at the church school in Ryazan and then at the theological seminary there. Inspired by the progressive ideas which D. I. Pisarev, the most eminent of the Russian literary critics of the 1860's and I. M. Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and decided to devote his life to science. In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty to take the course in natural science. Pavlov became passionately absorbed with physiology, which in fact was to remain of such fundamental importance to him throughout his life. It was during this first course that he produced, in collaboration with another student, Afanasyev, his first learned treatise, a work on the physiology of the pancreatic nerves. This work was widely acclaimed and he was awarded a gold medal for it. In 1875 Pavlov completed his course with an outstanding record and received the degree of Candidate of Natural Sciences. However, impelled by his overwhelming interest in physiology, he decided to continue his studies and proceeded to the Academy of Medical Surgery to take the third course there. He completed this in 1879 and was again awarded a gold medal. After a competitive examination, Pavlov won a fellowship at the Academy, and this together with his position as Director of the Physiological Laboratory at the clinic of the famous Russian clinician, S. P. Botkin, enabled him to continue his research work. In 1890 Pavlov was invited to organize and direct the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine. Under his direction, which continued over a period of 45 years to the end of his life, this Institute became one of the most important centres of physiological research. It was at the Institute of Experimental Medicine in the years 1891-1900 that Pavlov did the bulk of his research on the physiology of digestion.  Pavlov's research into the physiology of digestion led him logically to create a science of conditioned reflexes. In his study of the reflex regulation of the activity of the digestive glands, Pavlov paid special attention to the phenomenon of  "psychic secretion", which is caused by food stimuli at a distance from the animal.  Pavlov concluded that a reflex - though not a permanent but a temporary or conditioned one - was involved. This discovery of the function of conditioned reflexes made it possible to study all psychic activity objectively, instead of resorting to subjective methods as had hitherto been necessary; it was now possible to investigate by experimental means the most complex interrelations between an organism and its external environment. In 1903, at the 14th International Medical Congress in Madrid, Pavlov read a paper on "The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals".   In this paper the definition of conditioned and other reflexes was given and it was shown that a conditioned reflex should be regarded as an elementary psychological phenomenon, which at the same time is a physiological one. It followed from this that the conditioned reflex was a clue to the mechanism of the most highly developed forms of reaction in animals and humans to their environment and it made an objective study of their psychic activity possible. Subsequently, in a systematic program of research, Pavlov transformed Sechenov's theoretical attempt to discover the reflex mechanisms of psychic activity into an experimentally proven theory of conditioned reflexes. Experiments carried out by Pavlov and his pupils showed that conditioned reflexes originate in the cerebral cortex, which acts as the «prime distributor and organizer of all activity of the organism» and which is responsible for the very delicate equilibrium of an animal with its environment. In 1905 it was established that any external agent could, by coinciding in time with an ordinary reflex, become the conditioned signal for the formation of a new conditioned reflex. In connection with the discovery of this general postulate Pavlov proceeded to investigate "artificial conditioned reflexes".   Research in Pavlov's laboratories over a number of years revealed for the first time the basic laws governing the functioning of the cortex of the great hemispheres. Many physiologists were drawn to the problem of developing Pavlov's basic laws governing the activity of the cerebrum. As a result of all this research there emerged an integrated Pavlovian theory on higher nervous activity. Even in the early stages of his research Pavlov received world acclaim and recognition. In 1901 he was elected a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in 1904 he was awarded a Nobel Prize, and in 1907 he was elected Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences; in 1912 he was given an honorary doctorate at Cambridge University and in the following years honorary membership of various scientific societies abroad. Finally, upon the recommendation of the Medical Academy of Paris, he was awarded the Order of the Legion of Honour (1915). In 1881, Pavlov married Seraphima (Sara) Vasilievna Karchevskaya, a teacher, the daughter of a doctor in the Black Sea fleet. She first had a miscarriage, said to be due to her having to run after her very fast-walking husband. Subsequently they had a son, Wirchik, who died very suddenly as a child; three sons, Vladimir, Victor and Vsevolod, one of whom was a well-known physicist and professor of physics at Leningrad in 1925, and a daughter, Vera.  Dr. Pavlov died in Leningrad on February 27, 1936. Wikipedia: Ivan Pavlov The following has been adapted from the wikipedia: Ivan Pavlov website. Ivan Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia. He began his higher education as a seminary student, but dropped out and enrolled in the University of St. Petersburg to study the natural sciences. He received his doctorate in 1879. In the 1890s, Pavlov was investigating the gastric function of dogs by externalizing a salivary gland so he could collect, measure, and analyze the saliva produced in response to food under different conditions. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it. He decided that this was more interesting than the chemistry of saliva, and changed the focus of his research, carrying out a long series of experiments in which he manipulated the stimuli occurring before the presentation of food. He thereby established the basic laws for the establishment and extinction of what he called "conditional reflexes", i.e., reflex responses, like salivation, that only occurred conditionally upon specific previous experiences of the animal. These experiments were carried out in the 1890s and 1900s, and were known to western scientists through translations of individual accounts, but first became fully available in English in a book published in 1927. Pavlov was a dexterous operator who was compulsive about his working hours and habits. He would sit down to lunch at exactly 12 o'clock, he would go to bed at exactly the same time each evening, would always feed his dogs at exactly the same time each night and he would always leave Leningrad for Estonia on vacation on the same day each year. This behavior changed when his son Victor died in the White Army — after which he suffered from insomnia. Unlike many pre-revolutionary scientists, Pavlov was highly regarded by the Soviet government, and he was able to continue his researches until he reached a considerable age. Pavlov himself was not favorable towards Marxism, but as a Nobel laureate he was seen as a valuable political asset. Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. The phrase "Pavlov's dog" is often used to describe someone who merely reacts to a situation rather than uses critical thinking. Pavlovian conditioning was a major theme in Aldous Huxley's dystopian novel, Brave New World, and also to a large degree in Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow. Additional Information For more information about Ivan Pavlov and mental health treatment, please click on the websites listed below.

Ivan Pavlov

On Oct 4, 1927, Idahoan Gutzon Borglum began carving on what South Dakota mountain that the Lakota Sioux called Six Grandfathers?

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Essay - Critical Essays - eNotes.com Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Essay - Critical Essays Navigate Study Guiderows Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich 1849-1936 Russian physiologist. Pavlov was a Nobel Prize-winning physiologist, whose research into the process of the conditioned reflex is considered a landmark discovery in both modern physiology and behavioral psychology. Pavlov was recognized by the Nobel Committee for his work with mammalian digestion; however, later experiments with canine salivation led to his theorization of the learned or conditioned reflex—a physiological response to associated but otherwise unrelated stimuli. Pavlov observed that dogs presented with some additional stimulus that accompanied regular feedings, such as a flash of light, could be made to salivate when only the additional stimulation, and no food, was offered. From these and similar experiments, Pavlov established the physiological basis of certain types of learned behavior. In theory, Pavlov also applied his discovery of the conditioned reflex to human beings. In addition to his study of digestion and higher nervous activity, Pavlov is remembered for his work with the physiology of blood circulation and as an accomplished scientific administrator. Biographical Information Pavlov was born on 26 September 1849 in Ryazan, Russia. He was educated at Ryazan Ecclesiastical High School and later attended the Ryazan Ecclesiastical Seminary, where he exhibited considerable interest in the natural sciences. In 1870 Pavlov opted to leave the seminary and to continue his studies at St. Petersburg University. There Pavlov began working with the physiologist Elie de Zion and honing his surgical skills. After graduation in 1875, Pavlov entered medical school at the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg, and served as a laboratory assistant to Zion, who had recently been named chair of the academy's physiology department. Pavlov later transferred for two years to the Veterinary Institute following Zion's dismissal, and in 1877 traveled to Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland) to study digestion under Rudolf Heidenhain. Pavlov was honored with a scholarship for postdoctoral study after earning his medical degree in 1879 and returned to Germany to further his research into circulation and digestion. In 1895 Pavlov was named chairman of physiology at the St. Petersburg Institute for Experimental Medicine and remained in this position for much of his subsequent career. For his continued studies into the process of mammalian digestion he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology in 1904. By this time, Pavlov had begun his experiments on conditioned reflexes in laboratory dogs. Following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, Pavlov occasionally spoke out against the Soviets, but was nevertheless given preferential treatment by the Communist Party, which hoped to use his experiments with the conditioned reflex for political ends. In 1935 the Soviet government built Pavlov an extensive, state-of-the-art laboratory where he could continue his work. He died of pneumonia shortly thereafter on 27 February 1936 in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). Major Works Few of Pavlov's works are available in English translation and, in addition, critics discern that most of the writings attributed to him represent to some degree the combined efforts of Pavlov and his many laboratory assistants—though it is clear that Pavlov is the principal intellectual force behind all of the following texts. The Work of the Digestive Glands (1902) contains the culmination of Pavlov's experiments on the alimentary canal of dogs performed in the late 1880s and 1890s. Pavlov and his fellow researchers studied digestion by surgically altering laboratory dogs, principally by modifying canine stomachs to create a "Pavlov pouch," into which gastric juices could be separated for observation and testing. Pavlov's later and more well-known work on the conditioned reflex is available to English-speaking audiences in Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes (1923) and Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex (1960). These texts record the results of Pavlov's further experimentation with dogs. Again using surgical procedures, Pavlov and his team studied the relationship between the higher nervous system and the action of the salivary glands. By associating certain unrelated stimuli—such as the presence of a lab assistant, the ring of a bell, or a flash of light—with the routine feeding of the dogs, Pavlov was able to demonstrate the performance of conditioned reflexes. This he succeeded in doing by stimulating salivation without actually offering food, through the simple recreation of those stimuli (bell, light, assistant's presence) that had been related to feeding. Drawing from these experiments, Pavlov theorized the existence of a physiological component to psychological processes, and differentiated between the mechanisms of innate and conditioned reflexes. Pavlov's collected works, including a significant number of scientific articles and research essays, appear in the five-volume Russian compilation Polnoe sobranie trudov (1940-49). Critical Reception Critics have observed that Pavlov's discovery of the conditioned reflex has been quite influential in the scientific community, particularly in Russia, where research into Pavlovian physiology has continued, uninterrupted, through the end of the Soviet regime and of the twentieth-century. Since Pavlov's death, however, many reassessments of Pavlovian theory have occurred. Contemporary scientists have uncovered a number of errors within the details of Pavlov's thought. Critics likewise have acknowledged that Pavlov's failure to satisfactorily explain the true mechanism of the conditioned reflex represents a serious limitation. Nevertheless, scholars have continued to see Pavlov as a pioneering figure in the study of physiology and have observed the tremendous influence his work with the conditioned reflex has exerted on the modern field of behavioral psychology. More Content: Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich (hide) *Experimental Data Concerning the Accommodating Mechanism of the Blood Vessels (physiology) 1877 Lektsii o rabote glavnykh pishchevaritelnykh (physiology) 1897 [The Work of the Digestive Glands, 1902] **Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes (physiology) 1923 "The Conditioned Reflex" (physiology) 1934 [published in the book The Great Medical Encyclopedia] Dvadtsatiletnii opyt ob'ektivnogo izucheniia vysshei nervnoi deiatel' nosti zhivotnykh (physiology) 1938 [Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex, 1960] Polnoe sobranie trudov. Five vols. (physiology) 1940-49 Psikhopatologiia i psikhiatriia (physiology) 1949 [Psychopathology and Psychiatry, 1960] Izbrannye trudy (physiology) 1951 [Selected Works, 1955] **Experimental Psychology, and Other Essays (essays) 1957 *Published in Russian. SOURCE: "Pavlov's Theory of Conditioning," in the Psychological Review, Vol. 41, No. 2, March, 1934, pp. 199-206. [In the following essay, Guthrie offers a critique of Pavlov's theory of the conditioned reflex.] Pavlov's recent article, 'The Reply of a Physiologist to Psychologists,'1 deals with two items printed some time ago in the Psychological Review, one by Lashley on 'Basic neural mechanisms in behavior,' and one by the writer, 'Conditioning as a principle of learning.' The issues raised by Pavlov deserve some further discussion because they are fundamental. My own article would have been justified if its only effect had been to persuade Pavlov to additional writing on the conditioned reflex, since by his laboratory experience he is undoubtedly its most competent exponent. However, on a number of points I remain quite unconvinced after reading his 'Reply.' The first difference of opinion that he mentions concerns a very general issue. He says, The psychologist takes conditioning as a principle of learning, and accepting the principle as not subject to further analysis, not requiring ultimate investigation, he endeavors to apply it to everything and to explain all the individual features of learning as one and the same process. . . . The physiologist proceeds in quite the opposite way. At every phase of his investigation he endeavors to analyze the phenomena individually and in connection with facts, determining as much as is possible of the conditions for their existence, not trusting to mere deduction or to a single hypothesis. This characterization is substantially correct. Pavlov has been reporting many detailed experiments with resulting generalizations as numerous as the varieties of experimental procedure. It was the writer's belief that the time had arrived when an hypothesis could be set up in order to direct experimental work. The hypothesis suggested was an old and familiar one, that the phenomena of learning, when described in terms of altered movement or secretion, may be described in terms of one principle, which was called the principle of conditioning. Its statement was this: Stimuli acting at the time of a response tend on their recurrence to evoke that response. In other words, it was suggested that the outstanding characteristics of learning, which have been expressed in terms of frequency, intensity, irradiation, temporary extinction, conditioned inhibition, forgetting, forward and backward conditioning, and so on, are all derivable from a more general law, the law of simultaneous conditioning or association by contiguity in time. To this end an analysis of these various phenomena was undertaken, an analysis that was, to the writer at least, very plausible. Pavlov's second objection concerns this analysis in so far as it applies to backward conditioning. According to him the question is: What elementary properties of the brain-mass form the basis of conditioning? Backward conditioning, practice with the conditioned stimulus following the unconditioned, has a double effect, " . . . at first, temporarily, it assists in the formation of the conditioned reflex, and then destroys it,"—becoming eventually an inhibiting stimulus. Pavlov's explanation of this is that .. . the cell excited by the conditioned stimulus is inhibited or comes to an inhibited state with repeated concentration on the part of the unconditioned stimulus—and the conditioned stimulus in this way meets in its cell a permanent state of inhibition. To this there is an objection. An understanding of the phenomenon of backward conditioning can be had only by finding the conditions under which it occurs. No properties of the brain-mass have been observed; no technique for observing states of inhibition in cells has yet been suggested. An explanation in these terms is and will remain unverifiable and entirely useless for prediction. In place of this unverifiable and useless hypothesis the writer had suggested that experimental search might disclose overlapping stimuli whose presence or absence would mark the presence or absence of backward conditioning. This would be to explain backward conditioning in terms of simultaneous conditioning. No act is instantaneous, and in backward conditioning the belated cue may accompany the later part of a sustained mascular contraction. This may be the explanation for the lessening effect of backward conditioning as the interval between cue and original stimulus is increased. In the writer's experiments with backward association2 with human subjects the cue could be practised before or after the original stimulus with like associative strength, and the writer is convinced that backward conditioning occurs only when, and in some measure to the degree that, there are overlapping stimuli. Concerning remote forward conditioning, or "delayed and 'trace' reflexes," the writer had evidently not made himself clear. Pavlov says, .. . if we grant with the author that not the bell but the centripetal flow of impulses from the motor act of listening is the true stimulus for the conditioned effect, why does that effect, in the case of delayed reflexes, nevertheless come out, not at once, but after an interval—and (furthermore) in accordance with the length of the interval between the beginning of the stimulus and the beginning of the unconditioned reflex? For this Pavlov's explanation is two-fold.3 Many cyclic phenomena take place inside the animal's body. . . . The alimentary canal is periodically filled or emptied; and, in fact, changes in practically all the component tissues and organism are capable of influencing the cerebral hemispheres. This continuous cycle of direct and indirect influences upon the nervous activity constitutes the physiological basis for the estimation of the duration of time. This is his first suggestion. The second is as follows: Although prolonged for a significant length of time, the conditioned stimulus remains one and the same; but for the central nervous system (and it is especially necessary to think of the cerebral hemispheres) it is distinctly different in different periods of its course. This comes out particularly clearly with olfactory stimuli, which we sense at first very keenly, and then quickly as weaker and weaker, even if they remain objectively constant. Obviously the state of the stimulated cortical cell under the influence of an external stimulus undergoes successive changes and in the case of delayed reflexes only the state of the cell near the time of the addition of the unconditioned reflex acts as a signal for the conditioned stimulus. The writer had made his suggestion expressly to account for the fact that the delayed reflex was... (The entire section is 2909 words.) Get Free Access Start your free trial with eNotes for complete access to this resource and thousands more. 30,000+ Study Guides Save time with thousands of teacher-approved book and topic summaries. Get Homework Help Ask real teachers questions on any subject or search 300,000+ answers. On the Go Access link Link SOURCE: "A Criticism of Pavlov's Concept of Internal Inhibition," in the Psychological Review, Vol. 44, No. 4, July, 1937, pp. 297-312. [In the following essay, Wenger points out a flaw in Pavlov 's theory of conditioned response concerning the notion of "internal inhibition. "] The concept of the conditioned response, with or without Pavlovian terminology, has become an important consideration in any contemporary theory of the learning process.12 The major phenomena discovered in the laboratories of Pavlov (18) and Bekhterev (2) have been verified by many other workers. However, Pavlov's interpretations of some of these phenomena have not met with general... (The entire section is 5398 words.) Get Free Access link Link SOURCE: "Toward A Theory of Conditioning," in the Psychological Review, Vol. 46, No. 5, September, 1939, pp. 425-44. [In the following essay, Irwin outlines Pavlov's general theory of conditioning, provides a critique, and presents an alternative interpretation of the subject.] The manner in which the title of this paper is worded—toward a theory—implies a conviction that aside from Pavlov there exists no fully-developed systematic theory of conditioning. There are, however, some experimental data which may be used for the beginnings of a new formulation. A great deal of incidental questioning, if not outright criticism, is current in the literature on the... (The entire section is 6877 words.) SOURCE: "The Man of Science," in Everybody's Political What's What, Constable and Company Limited, 1944, pp. 200-13. [In the following excerpt, Shaw considers the absurdity of Pavlov's experiments as they refelct modern scientific practice.] The department of science with which governments are most concerned is biology, the science of life. It includes physiology and psychology, and is the basis of public health legislation and private medical practice. It has gone far beyond the Churches in its violations of individual liberty and integrity. The Christian Church takes an infant from its mother's arms, sprinkles a few drops of water on it, and dedicates it as a soldier... (The entire section is 5706 words.) link Link SOURCE: "Stalin and the Uses of Psychology," in World Politics, Vol. VIII, No. 4, July, 1956, pp. 455-83. [In the following essay, Tucker explores Soviet attempts to use Pavlovian theory in the creation of a policy for the controlled transformation of humanity.] The influence of ideological conceptions upon the men who make Soviet policy has been frequently and rightly emphasized. Some observers are so deeply impressed by this influence that they tend to regard the Soviet system as a kind of ideocracy. It is undeniable that ideology has been one powerful factor in the shaping of Soviet policies and actions from the time of the October Revolution to the present. But one... (The entire section is 12334 words.) SOURCE: A review of Experimental Psychology, and Other Essays, in Isis, Vol. 50, No. 162, December, 1959, pp. 514-16. [In the following review, Hoff investigates the limitations and likely abuses of Pavlovian theory.] The esteem in which the world of science, and* physiologists in particular, hold Ivan P. Pavlov is equalled only by that exhibited by the public at large. Indeed, he is one of the few physiologists of any age or country whose views have captured the public fancy and entered its everyday thinking; probably Freud alone in this century has had as great an influence. These considerations alone should insure for this volume of the selected works of... (The entire section is 1686 words.) link Link SOURCE: "Pavlov and Darwin," in Evolution after Darwin, edited by Sol Tax, University of Chicago Press, 1960, pp. 219-38. [In the following essay, Gantt equates the importance of the scientific discoveries of Pavlov with those of Charles Darwin and surveys Pavlovian and post-Pavlovian research.] The lives of Pavlov and Darwin overlapped. When Darwin was producing the great work which we now celebrate, Pavlov was a stripling lad of ten years, romping and scuffling with the urchins on the streets of Ryazan in central Russia. They both lived in the great age of the adolescence of science, in the century when science, like a rambunctious youth, felt the cocksureness of the... (The entire section is 8360 words.) link Link SOURCE: "Pavlov and Freud," in Science & Society, Vol. XXV, No. 2, Spring, 1961, pp. 129-38. [In the following review of Pavlov and Freud by Harry K. Wells, Bartlett cites Wells's failure to produce a satisfying materialist critique of Freud using Pavlovian theory.] Wells' Pavlovian Critique of Freud [Sigmund Freud: A Pavlovian Critique, by Harry K. Wells. (Volume II of Pavlov and Freud.) New York: International Publishers, 1960, 252 p.] is based upon a one-sided but commonly-held view of what constitutes philosophic materialism in the field of mental disorder. Thus, it requires an attention out of proportion to its actual merits, for,... (The entire section is 4373 words.) SOURCE: "Psychology as the Science of Behavior: Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson," in Pioneers of Psychology, W. W. Norton & Company, 1979, pp. 295-338. [In the following excerpt, Fancher surveys Pavlov's life, experiments, theories, and influence.] At the turn of the present century, the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov (1849-1936) was on the horns of a dilemma. He had just completed a monumental series of studies on the physiology of digestion that would win him a Nobel Prize, and he was looking for new scientific challenges. Some incidental observations he had made in the course of those studies seemed to point to a new and promising area, but Pavlov... (The entire section is 6235 words.) link Link SOURCE: "Pavlov's Religious Orientation," in Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 25, Summer, 1986, pp. 320-27. [In the following essay, Windholz demonstrates that Pavlov, although a professed atheist, advocated the tolerance of religion as part of his theory of higher nervous activity.] "Religion is the most basic and predictable human instinct" I. P. Pavlov. In the post World War II era, Soviet anti-religious propaganda supported its position by describing Ivan P. Pavlov as a convinced atheist. As we shall see, in his personal belief, Pavlov was an atheist. But the propagandiste campaign distorted... (The entire section is 3522 words.) link Link SOURCE: "Pavlov's Physiology Factory," in Isis, Vol. 88, No. 2, June, 1997, pp. 205-46. [In the following essay, Todes details the work produced in Pavlov's laboratory at the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine, analyzing Pavlov's scientific and managerial vision, as well as the forces and relations of production in the lab.] What is a scientific laboratory? It is a small world, a small corner of reality. And in this small corner man labors with his mind at the task of . . . knowing this reality in order correctly to predict what will happen, .. . to even direct this reality according to his discretion, to command it, if this is within our... (The entire section is 22423 words.)

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Pago Pago is the capital of what territory?

Territory of American Samoa | Pacific Southwest : Pacific Islands | U.S. EPA Territory of American Samoa EPA Response to American Samoa Tsunami Damage Bay east of Pago Pago, colored by spilled marine marker dye EPA personnel were in American Samoa since shortly after the tsunami hit the island on September 29 2009, assessing the environmental impacts of the five tsunami waves and multiple earthquake aftershocks. Working with FEMA, the Coast Guard, the Hawaii National Guard, the American Samoa EPA and other agencies, EPA helped to clean up household hazardous waste, waste oil and other hazardous materials washed into the environment by the tsunami. A staging area was set up to assist with collecting and disposing of paint, pesticides and other household chemicals. In addition, oil and diesel spills in Pago Pago, the area hardest hit, were contained and cleaned up. Orphan drums were also collected from the area. Additional Resources American Samoa is an unincorporated and unorganized territory of the United States, and administered by the U.S. Department of Interior. It consists principally of five volcanic islands and two coral atolls, for a total area of 76 square miles. It is located approximately 2,300 miles southwest of Hawaii. The largest and most populated island is Tutuila, on which are located the territory's historic capital (Pago Pago), and the seat of the legislature, judiciary, and the office of the Governor. Along with Tutuila, the principal islands are Aunu'u and the Manu'a islands (a cluster of three islands, Ta'u, Ofu and Olosega, located about 65 miles east of Tutuila). Swains Island, a small island with a population of less than 25 and Rose Atoll, an uninhabited atoll about 120 miles east of Tutuila, make up the remainder of the territory. The population of the territory is approximately 65,000, of which about 97% live on the island of Tutuila. The per capita income of American Samoa is only $8000, by far the lowest in the United States. American Samoa faces significant environmental and public health challenges: Almost 10% of residents do not have adequate indoor plumbing (piped water, a toilet or both) 17% had tested positive for leptospirosis, a serious waterborne disease associated with improperly managed pig waste. Heavy metals and other toxics in the inner portion of Pago Pago Harbor make fish unsafe to eat. U.S. EPA works in partnership with the 20 staff of American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency. Improvements American Samoa has made great strides in battling the waterborne disease leptospirosis by significantly reducing the amount of waste from small pig farms going into streams. Using funds provided by EPA, American Samoa's "Team Lepto" has conducted over 130 inspections of small pig farms, or piggeries, many of which were located on streams. The team closed 62 non-compliant piggeries, and has worked with 51 owners to bring their pig farms into compliance with local regulations. As a result, "Team Lepto" has reduced nutrient loading from pig waste into the territory's waters by 16,000 pounds, protecting public health and nearby coral reefs. In one watershed alone bacterial contamination was reduced by over 90 percent. In addition, American Samoa is pioneering the use of alternative, sustainable pig farming in cooperation with regional universities and local pig owners to either entirely eliminate wet pig waste, or to compost the waste for use as fertilizer. American Samoa has become a model for pig management among other islands in the Pacific and Caribbean. Lastly, in 2010 American Samoa became the first state or territory in the U.S. to ban plastic bags. This ban will help protect marine life such as turtles, fish, and coral reefs, which are harmed by marine debris such as plastic bags. Ofu Island and American Samoa National Park Additional Resources

American Samoa

What's missing: Animal Kingdom, Hollywood Studios, Epcot, Typhoon Lagoon, Blizzard Beach

American Samoa territory, United States - definition of American Samoa territory, United States by The Free Dictionary American Samoa territory, United States - definition of American Samoa territory, United States by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/American+Samoa+territory%2c+United+States Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . American Samoa Abbr. AS An unincorporated territory of the United States in the southern Pacific Ocean northeast of Fiji comprising the eastern islands of the Samoan archipelago. American Samoa has been administered by the United States since 1899. Pago Pago, on Tutuila, the largest island of the group, is the capital. American Samoa n (Placename) the part of Samoa administered by the US. Capital: Pago Pago. Pop: 54 719 (2013 est). Area: 197 sq km (76 sq miles) Amer′ican Samo′a n. the part of Samoa belonging to the U.S., comprising mainly Tutuila and the Manua Islands. 61,819; 76 sq. mi. (197 sq. km). Cap.: Pago Pago. Abbr.: AS ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:

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What company described its products as Finger Lickin' Good?

E KFC has marketed its fast food products under the slogan - OMG - OMG View Full Document E) KFC has marketed its fast-food products under the slogan, "Finger Lickin' Good" 43. B 43) ________ is one of the sources of a spokesperson's credibility that refers to the specialized knowledge that he or she possesses to claim. A) Trustworthiness B) Expertise C) Acquaintance D) Likability E) Professionalism 44. D 44) ________ is a source of a spokesperson's credibility that describes how objective and honest the spokesperson is perceived to be. A) Likability B) Expertise C) Experience D) Trustworthiness E) Compassion 45. C 45) Which of the following sources of a spokesperson's credibility describes his or her attractiveness? A) expertise B) trustworthiness C) likability D) integrity E) experience 46. D 46) Which of the following marketing communications principles implies that communicators can use their good image to reduce some negative feelings toward a brand but in the process might lose some esteem with the audience? A) principle of closure B) principle of duality C) principle of delegation D) principle of congruity E) principle of neutrality 47. C 47) Which of the following is an example of a personal communications channel? A) public relations B) events and experiences C) interactive marketing D) sales promotions E) advertising This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Document 48. C 48) Which of the following personal communication channels consist of company salespeople contacting buyers in the target market? A) expert channels B) social channels C) advocate channels D) independent channels E) informal channels 49. C 49) Which of the following personal communications channels consist of family members, neighbors, friends, and associates talking to target buyers? A) expert channels B) advocate channels C) social channels D) formal channels E) sponsored channels 50. A 50) Top Gear is an award-winning British television series about motor vehicles, mainly cars. It is presented by a set of hosts who test drive new cars and provide reviews on the cars' performance, their prices, and other factors. Which of the following personal communications channels is Top Gear closest to in description? A) expert channel B) formal channel C) social channel D) sponsored channel E) advocate channel 51. C 51) Which of the following is a form of earned media for marketing communication messages? A) experts providing product reviews B) celebrities endorsing products C) social network discussions about products D) company salespeople contacting target buyers E) sponsored advertisements promoting products 52. C 52) Personal influence in marketing communications carries great weight when ________. A) the product being marketed is a convenience item B) the purchase of the product is considered to be safe and risk-free C) the product suggests something about the user's status or taste D) the product being marketed is purchased on a frequent basis E) the product or service in questions is used without being recommended by others 53. C 53) Which of the following is a form of mass communications channel? This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM MKTG Management Chapter 19 Study online at quizlet.com/_9o8s1 1. B 1) The catalog you CHAP19

KFC

Feta cheese is made primarily from the milk of what animal?

'Finger-lickin' good' - the meaning and origin of this phrase Excellent - especially of food. Known primarily as the slogan of the KFC food chain. Origin This advertising slogan of KFC (previously Kentucky Fried Chicken) has proved highly successful and long-lasting. KFC was founded by Harland David Sanders, better known as Colonel Sanders (and, to paraphrase The Simpsons, 'not a real colonel'). Clearly, the allusion in the slogan is to the fact that KFC products are normally eaten without the aid of a knife and fork. A friend told me that when he visited Quebec he saw a KFC sign claiming that their products were 'finger lickin bon'. I live in hope that this is true.

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The Family Stone backed up what San Francisco funk and soul singer?

Sly & The Family Stone Dance To The Music - YouTube Sly & The Family Stone Dance To The Music Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Oct 27, 2013 Sly and the Family Stone were an American rock, funk, and soul band from San Francisco. Active from 1967 to 1983, the band was pivotal in the development of soul, funk, and psychedelic music. Headed by singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist Sly Stone, and containing several of his family members and friends, the band was the first major American rock band to have an "integrated, multi-gender" lineup. Brothers Sly Stone and singer/guitarist Freddie Stone combined their bands (Sly & the Stoners and Freddie & the Stone Souls) in 1967. Sly and Freddie Stone, trumpeter Cynthia Robinson, drummer Gregg Errico, saxophonist Jerry Martini, and bassist Larry Graham completed the original lineup; Sly and Freddie's sister, singer/keyboardist Rose Stone, joined within a year. This collective recorded five Billboard Hot 100 hits which reached the top 10, and four ground-breaking albums, which greatly influenced the sound of American pop music, soul, R&B, funk, and hip hop music. In the preface of his 1998 book For the Record: Sly and the Family Stone: An Oral History, Joel Selvin sums up the importance of Sly and the Family Stone's influence on African American music by stating "there are two types of black music: black music before Sly Stone, and black music after Sly Stone".The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993.After a gig at the Winchester Cathedral, a night club in Redwood City, CA, CBS Records executive David Kapralik signed the group to CBS' Epic Records label. The Family Stone's first album, A Whole New Thing, was released in 1967 to critical acclaim, particularly from musicians such as Mose Allison and Tony Bennett. However, the album's low sales restricted their playing venues to small clubs, and caused Clive Davis and the record label to intervene. Some musicologists[who?] believe the Abaco Dream single "Life And Death In G & A", recorded for A&M Records in 1967 and peaking at No. 74 in September 1969,was performed by Sly and the Family Stone. Davis talked Sly into writing and recording a hit record, and he and the band reluctantly provided the single "Dance to the Music". Upon its February 1968 release, "Dance to the Music" became a widespread ground-breaking hit, and was the band's first charting single, reaching No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100. Just before the release of "Dance to the Music", Rose Stone joined the group as a vocalist and a keyboardist. Rose's brothers had invited her to join the band from the beginning, but she initially had been reluctant to leave her steady job at a local record store. The Dance to the Music album went on to decent sales, but the follow-up, Life, was not as successful commercially . In September 1968, the band embarked on its first overseas tour, to England. That tour was cut short after Graham was arrested for possession of marijuana, and because of disagreements with concert promoters. Category

Sly Stone

According to Shakespeare, brevity is the soul of what?

Sly & The Family Stone - BlueBeat.com: Play Free Music Sly & The Family Stone 1967-1975 in San Francisco, CA Sly and the Family Stone were an American rock, funk, and soul band from San Francisco. Active from 1967 to 1983, the band was pivotal in the development of soul, funk, and psychedelic music. Headed by singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist Sly Stone, and containing several of his family members and friends, the band was the first major American rock band to have an "integrated, multi-gender" lineup. ... ( see more ) Genres

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Oct 9 celebrates what famed explorer, who brought the first Europeans known to have set foot in North America?

Coming to America: Who Was First? : NPR Columbus gets the credit for being the first to land on these shores. Does he deserve it? Bettmann/Corbis hide caption toggle caption Bettmann/Corbis Columbus gets the credit for being the first to land on these shores. Does he deserve it? Bettmann/Corbis Columbus Competitors: The Theories Was Christopher Columbus first? A host of competing theories say no. Here are a few of the more prominent ones: Sixth Century — Irish Monks: This "theory" is actually more of a legend. A sixth-century Irish monk named Saint Brendan supposedly sailed to North America on a currach — a wood-framed boat covered with animal skin. His alleged journey is detailed in the ancient annals of Ireland. Brendan was a real historical figure who traveled extensively in Europe. But there is no evidence that he ever made landfall in North America. In 1976, writer Tim Severin set out to prove that such a journey was possible. Severin built the Brendan, an exact replica of a sixth-century currach, and sailed along a route described by the traveling monks. He eventually landed in Canada. 10th Century — The Vikings: The Vikings' early expeditions to North America are well documented and accepted as historical fact by most scholars. Around the year 1000 A.D., the Viking explorer Leif Erikson, son of Erik the Red, sailed to a place he called "Vinland," in what is now the Canadian province of Newfoundland. Erikson and his crew didn't stay long — only a few years — before returning to Greenland. Relations with native North Americans were described as hostile. This much had long been known from the Icelandic sagas. But until 1960, there was no proof of Erikson's American sojourns. That year, Norwegian explorer Helge Ingstad and his wife, archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad, unearthed an ancient Norse settlement. During the next seven years, the Ingstads and an international team of archaeologists exposed the foundations of eight separate buildings. In 1969, Congress designated Oct. 9 as "Leif Erikson Day." 15th Century — The Chinese: This theory is espoused by a small group of scholars and amateur historians led by Gavin Menzies, a retired British Naval officer. It asserts that a Muslim-Chinese eunuch-mariner from the Ming Dynasty discovered America — 71 years before Columbus. Zheng He was a real historical figure, who commanded a huge armada of wooden sailing vessels in the early 15th century. He explored Southeast Asia, India and the east coast of Africa using navigational techniques that were, at the time, cutting edge. But Menzies, in his best-selling 2003 book, 1421: The Year China Discovered America , asserts that Zheng He sailed to the east coast of the United States, and may have established settlements in South America. Menzies based his theory on evidence from old shipwrecks, Chinese and European maps, and accounts written by navigators of the time. Menzies' scholarship, though, has been called into question. Many of his claims are presented "without a shred of proof," says historian Robert Finlay, writing in the Journal of World History. Indeed, most historians say the "China first" theory is full of holes. — Eric Weiner Read an excerpt from Who Was First? by Russell Freedman: Before Columbus For a long time, most people believed that Christopher Columbus was the first explorer to "discover" America—the first to make a successful round-trip voyage across the Atlantic. But in recent years, as new evidence came to light, our understanding of history has changed. We know now that Columbus was among the last explorers to reach the Americas, not the first. Five hundred years before Columbus, a daring band of Vikings led by Leif Eriksson set foot in North America and established a settlement. And long before that, some scholars say, the Americas seem to have been visited by seafaring travelers from China, and possibly by visitors from Africa and even Ice Age Europe. A popular legend suggests an additional event: According to an ancient manuscript, a band of Irish monks led by Saint Brendan sailed an ox-hide boat westward in the sixth century in search of new lands. After seven years they returned home and reported that they had discovered a land covered with luxuriant vegetation, believed by some people today to have been Newfoundland. All along, of course, the two continents we now call North and South America had already been "discovered." Before European explorers arrived, the Americas were home to tens of millions of native peoples. While those Native American groups differed greatly from one another, they all performed rituals and ceremonies, songs and dances, that brought back to mind and heart memories of the ancestors who had come before them and given them their place on Earth. Who were the ancestors of those Native Americans? Where did they come from, when did they arrive in the Americas, and how did they make their epic journeys? As we dig deeper and deeper into the past, we find that the Americas have always been lands of immigrants, lands that have been "discovered" time and again by different peoples coming from different parts of the world over the course of countless generations—going far back to the prehistoric past, when a band of Stone Age hunters first set foot in what truly was an unexplored New World. 1. Admiral of the Ocean Sea Christopher Columbus was having trouble with his crew. His fleet of three small sailing ships had left the Canary Islands nearly three weeks earlier, heading west across the uncharted Ocean Sea, as the Atlantic was known. He had expected to reach China or Japan by now, but there was still no sign of land. None of the sailors had ever been so long away from the sight of land, and as the days passed, they grew increasingly restless and fearful. The Ocean Sea was known also as the Sea of Darkness. Hideous monsters were said to lurk beneath the waves—venomous sea serpents and giant crabs that could rise up from the deep and crush a ship along with its crew. And if the Earth was flat, as many of the men believed, then they might fall off the edge of the world and plunge into that fiery abyss where the sun sets in the west. What's more, Columbus was a foreigner—a red-headed Italian commanding a crew of tough seafaring Spaniards—and that meant he couldn't be trusted. Finally, the men demanded that Columbus turn back and head for home. When he refused, some of the sailors whispered together of mutiny. They wanted to kill the admiral by throwing him overboard. But, for the moment, the crisis passed. Columbus managed to calm his men and persuade them to be patient a while longer. "I am having serious trouble with the crew . . . complaining that they will never be able to return home," he wrote in his journal. "They have said that it is insanity and suicidal on their part to risk their lives following the madness of a foreigner. . . . I am told by a few trusted men (and these are few in number!) that if I persist in going onward, the best course of action will be to throw me into the sea some night." All along, Columbus had been keeping two sets of logs. One, which he kept secretly and showed to no one, was accurate, recording the distance really sailed each day. The other log, which he showed to his crew, hoping to reassure them that they were nowhere near the edge of the world, deliberately underestimated the miles they had covered since leaving Spain. They sailed on for another two weeks and still saw nothing. There were more rumblings of protest and complaint from the crew. The men seemed willing to endure no more. On October 10, Columbus announced that he would give a fine silk coat to the man who first sighted land. The sailors greeted that offer with glum silence. What good was a silk coat in the middle of the Sea of Darkness? Later that day, Columbus spotted a flock of birds flying toward the southwest—a sign that land was close. He ordered his ships to follow the birds. The next night, the moon rose in the east shortly before midnight. About two hours later, at two A.M. on October 12, a sailor on one of Columbus's ships, the Pinta, saw a white stretch of beach, shouted, "Land! Land!" and fired a cannon. At dawn, the three ships dropped anchor in the calm, blue waters just offshore. They had arrived at an island in what we now call the Bahamas. Excited crew members crowded the decks. People were standing on the beach, waiting to greet them. The natives had no weapons other than wooden fishing spears, and they were practically naked. Who were these people? And what place was this? Columbus supposed that his fleet had landed on one of the many islands that Marco Polo had reported lay just off the coast of Asia. They must have reached the Indies, he thought—islands reputedly near India and known today as the East Indies. So he decided that those people on the beach must be "Indians," the name by which they have been known ever since. China and Japan, he believed, lay a bit farther to the north. Though Christopher Columbus was an Italian born in Genoa, he had lived for years in Portugal, where he worked as a bookseller, a mapmaker, and a sailor. He had sailed on Portuguese voyages as far as Iceland in the North Atlantic, and down the coast of Africa in the South Atlantic. During his days at sea, he read books on history, geography, and travel. Like most educated people at the time, Columbus believed that the Earth was round—not flat, as some ignorant folks still insisted. The Ocean Sea was seen as a great expanse of water surrounding the land mass of Eurasia and Africa, which stretched from Europe in the west to China and Japan in the far distant east. If a ship left the coast of Europe, sailed west toward the setting sun, and circled the globe, it would reach the shores of Asia—or so Columbus thought. In the past, European explorers and traders had taken the overland route to the Far East, with its precious silks and spices. They traveled for months by horse and camel along the Silk Road, an ancient caravan trail that crossed deserts and climbed dizzying mountain peaks. Marco Polo had followed the Silk Road on his famous journey to China two centuries earlier. But recently, this land route to Asia, controlled in part by the Turks, had been closed to Europeans. And in any case, Columbus was convinced that he could find an easier and faster route to Asia by sailing west. There were plenty of stories circulating in those years about the possibility of sailing directly from Europe to Asia, an idea first considered by the ancient Greeks. Columbus owned a book called Imago Mundi, or Image of the World, by a French scholar, Pierre d'Ailly, who argued that the Ocean Sea wasn't as wide as it seemed and that a ship driven by favorable winds could cross it in a few days. Next to that passage in the margin of the book, Columbus had written: "There is no reason to think that the ocean covers half the earth." In 1484, he proposed his bold scheme of sailing west to China to King John II of Portugal, a monarch who had paid much attention to the discovery of new lands. Portugal was Europe's leading maritime power. Portuguese explorers in search of slaves, ivory, and gold had already discovered rich kingdoms and colossal rivers in western Africa and would soon reach the Cape of Good Hope at Africa's southern tip. From there, they would be able to sail across the Indian Ocean to the famed Spice Islands of southeast Asia. King John listened to what Columbus had to say, then submitted the Italian sailor's plan to a committee of mapmakers, astronomers, and geographers. The distinguished experts declared that Asia must be much farther away than Columbus thought. They said that no expedition could be fitted out with enough food and water to sail across such an enormous expanse of sea. Rejected by the Portuguese king, Columbus decided to approach King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, a country he had never before visited. Well-connected friends gave him letters of introduction to the inner circle of the Spanish royal court. Ferdinand and Isabella seemed curious about the route to Asia that Columbus proposed. Like King John, they too appointed a committee of inquiry to consider the matter, but those experts came to the same negative conclusion: Columbus's claim about the distance to China and the ease of sailing there could not possibly be true. Columbus persisted. He talked at length to members of the Spanish court and convinced some of them, but Ferdinand and Isabella twice rejected his appeal for ships. Finally, angry and impatient after six discouraging years in Spain, he threatened to seek support from the king of France. Columbus actually set out for France, riding a mule down a dusty Spanish road. With that, royal advisors persuaded Ferdinand and Isabella to change their minds. If another king sponsored Columbus, and his expedition turned out to be a success, then the Spanish monarchs would be embarrassed. They would be criticized in Spain. Let Columbus risk his life, the advisors said. Let him seek out "the grandeurs and secrets of the universe." If he succeeded, Spain would win much glory and would overcome the Portuguese lead in the race to exploit the riches of Asia. And so Ferdinand and Isabella decided to take a chance. They dispatched a messenger to intercept Columbus on the road and bring him back to court. They were ready to grant him a hereditary title, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, and the right to a tenth of any riches—pearls, gold, silver, silks, spices—that he brought back from his voyage. And they agreed to supply two ships for his expedition. Columbus himself raised the money to hire a third ship. A half hour before sunrise on August 3, 1492, the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa María sailed from the port of Palos, Spain, carrying some ninety crew members in all. They were small, lightweight ships called caravels, swift and maneuverable, each with three masts, their white sails with big red crosses billowing before the wind. They had on board food that would last—salted cod, bacon, and biscuits, along with flour, wine, olive oil, and plenty of water, enough for a year. In his small cabin, Columbus kept several hourglasses to mark the passage of time, a compass, and an astrolabe, an instrument for calculating latitude by observing the movement of the sun. The little fleet stopped for repairs at La Gomera in the Canary Islands, a Spanish possession off the coast of Morocco. On September 6, after praying at the parish church of San Sebastian (which still looks out over the ocean today), Columbus and his three ships set sail again, heading due west, moving now through the unknown waters of the Ocean Sea. Five weeks later, on October 12, his worried crew finally sighted land. Columbus called the place where they landed San Salvador—the first of many Caribbean islands that he would name. The natives who greeted him called their island Guanahani. They themselves were a people known as the Tainos, the largest group of natives inhabiting the islands of what we today call the West Indies. Columbus tells us a few things about these now-extinct people. He was impressed by their good looks and apparent robust health. "They are very well-built people, with handsome bodies and very fine faces," he wrote in his log. "Their eyes are large and very pretty. . . . These are tall people and their legs, with no exceptions, are quite straight, and none of them has a paunch." Many of the Tainos had painted their faces or their whole bodies black or white or red. And as Columbus and his men noticed right away, some of them wore gold earrings and nose rings. They offered gifts to the European visitors—parrots, wooden javelins, and balls of cotton thread. From San Salvador, Columbus sailed on to several more islands, still believing that he was close to Japan "because all my globes and world maps seem to indicate that the island of Japan is in this vicinity." He stopped at Cuba and at Hispaniola (the island that today contains Haiti and the Dominican Republic). And he wrote enthusiastically in his journal of the lush tropical beauty of the islands, the sweet singing of birds "that might make a man wish never to leave here," and the hospitality of the people: "They gave my men bread and fish and whatever they had." And later, "They brought us all they had in this world, knowing what I wanted, and they did it so generously and willingly that it was wonderful." The Tainos lived in large, airy wooden houses with palm roofs. They slept in cotton hammocks, sat on wooden chairs carved in elaborate animal shapes, and kept small barkless dogs and tame birds as pets. They were skilled farmers, fishermen, and boat builders who traveled from island to island in long, brightly painted canoes carved from tree trunks, each of which carried as many as 150 people. They told Columbus that they called themselves Tainos, a word meaning "good," to distinguish themselves from the "bad" Caribs, their fierce, warlike neighbors who raided Taino villages, carried off their girls as brides, and, the Tainos insisted, ate human flesh. To fend off Carib attacks, the Tainos painted themselves red and fought back with clubs, bows and arrows, and spears propelled by throwing sticks. The Tainos themselves were not warlike, Columbus reported to his monarchs: "They are an affectionate people, free from avarice and agreeable to everything. I certify to Your Highnesses that in all the world I do not believe there is a better people or a better country. They love their neighbors as themselves, and they have the softest and gentlest voices in the world and are always smiling." A village chief gave Columbus a mask with golden eyes and large ears of gold. And the Spaniards were already aware that many of the Tainos wore gold jewelry. They kept asking where the gold came from. After much searching, they found a river on the island of Hispaniola where "the sand was full of gold, and in such quantity, that it is wonderful. . . . I named this El Rio del Oro" (The River of Gold). Columbus built a small fort nearby and left thirty-nine men behind to collect gold samples and await the next Spanish expedition. Still believing that he had discovered unknown islands near the shores of Asia, he sailed back to Spain with some gold from Hispaniola and with ten Indians he had kidnapped so he could train them as interpreters and exhibit them at the royal court. One of the Indians died at sea. He returned to a triumphant welcome. It was said that when Ferdinand and Isabella received him at their court in Barcelona, "there were tears in the royal eyes." They greeted Columbus as a hero, inviting him to ride with them in royal processions. A second voyage was planned. This time, the monarchs gave Columbus seventeen ships, about fifteen hundred men, and a few women to colonize the islands. He was instructed to continue his explorations, establish gold mines, install settlers, develop trade with the Indians, and convert them to Christianity. Columbus returned to Hispaniola in the fall of 1493. He hoped to find huge amounts of gold on the island. But the mines yielded much less gold than expected, and the European crops planted by the settlers wilted in the tropical climate. Some settlers began to lord it over the Indians, stealing their possessions, abducting their wives, and seizing captives to be shipped to Spain and sold as slaves. Thousands of Tainos fled to the mountains to escape capture. Others, vowing to avenge themselves, attacked any Spaniards they found in small groups and set fire to their huts. While Columbus was a courageous and enterprising mariner, he proved to be a poor governor, unable to control the greed of his followers. In 1496, he was called back to Spain to answer complaints about his management of the colony. When he appeared at court before Ferdinand and Isabella, he found the king and queen were still willing to support his explorations. Columbus gave them a "good sample of gold . . . and many masks, with eyes and ears of gold, and many parrots." He also presented to the monarchs "Diego," the brother of a Taino chief, who was wearing a heavy gold collar. These hints that more gold might be forthcoming encouraged Ferdinand and Isabella to send Columbus back to the Indies, this time with eight ships. When he returned to Hispaniola on his third voyage in 1498, he found the island in turmoil, torn by rivalries and disagreements among the settlers. Many colonists, unable to make a living from the gold mines or by farming, were clamoring to return to Spain. Others, rivals of Columbus who wanted to gain control of the colony, rebelled against his rule. When word of the conflict reached Spain, the king and queen sent an emissary, Francisco de Bobadilla, to investigate the uprising and take charge of the government. Columbus, it seems, made the mistake of arguing with the royal emissary and challenging his credentials. He was promptly arrested and with his two brothers was shipped back to Spain to face charges of wrongdoing. "Bobadilla sent me here in chains," he wrote to Ferdinand and Isabella when he landed in Spain. "I swear that I do not know, nor can I think why." Though Columbus was quickly pardoned by the Spanish monarchs, who felt he had been treated too harshly, he was stripped of his right to govern the islands he had discovered, and he lost his title as Admiral of the Ocean Sea. Even so, he was allowed to make one more voyage, sailing across the Caribbean and exploring the coast of Central America. This final expedition was cursed by bad luck. Two of Columbus's ships became so infested with termites, they sank. When he headed back to Spain, he had to beach his remaining ships at St. Ann's Bay in Jamaica, where he was marooned for a year before being rescued in the fall of 1504. He returned to Spain an ill and disappointed man. Spanish colonists, meanwhile, had been settling in Hispaniola, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and other islands in the West Indies. The local Indians were put to work as forced laborers in the goldfields or on Spanish ranches. Indians who resisted were killed, sometimes with terrible brutality, or were shipped to Spain to be sold as slaves. Spanish missionaries denounced this mistreatment, but with little effect. "I have seen the greatest cruelty and inhumanity practiced on these gentle and peace-loving [native peoples]," Father Bartolomé de Las Casas would say a half century later, "without any reason except for insatiable greed, thirst, and hunger for gold." As the number of Spanish colonists increased, the native population of the West Indies quickly declined. Tens of thousands of native people were worked to death or died of smallpox, measles, and other European diseases to which they had no immunity. As the Tainos died off, the colonists brought in black slaves from Africa to labor on ranches and in the spreading sugar-cane fields. Within fifty years, the Tainos had ceased to exist as a distinct race of people. A few Taino words survive today in Spanish and even in English, including hammock, canoe, hurricane, savannah, barbecue, and cannibal. Columbus died in a Spanish monastery on May 20, 1506, at the age of fifty-seven, still believing that he had found a new route to Asia, and that China and Japan lay just beyond the islands he had explored. By then, other explorers were following the sea route pioneered by the Admiral of the Ocean Sea, and Europeans were already speaking of Columbus's discoveries as a "New World." The first map of the world to show these newly discovered lands across the Ocean Sea appeared in 1507, a year after Christopher Columbus's death. The mapmaker, Martin Waldseemüller, named the New World "America," after the Italian Amerigo Vespucci, who had explored the coastline of South America and was the first to realize that it was a separate continent, not part of Asia. Columbus wasn't the first explorer to "discover" America. His voyages were significant because they were the first to become widely known in Europe. They opened a pathway from the Old World to the New, paving the way for the European conquest and colonization of the Americas, changing life forever on both sides of the Atlantic. Excerpted from Who Was First? Copyright © 2007 by Russell Freedman.

Leif Erikson

According to the nursery rhyme, who lost their mittens, thereby obligating their mother to with hold pie?

Christopher Columbus & North America - First thoughts about Christopher Columbus & North America Christopher Columbus (before 31 October 1451 - 20 May 1506) was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy. North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere . 5.0/5 First ever terrorist in North America was that confused white dude named Christopher Columbus aay 25 Nov 2015     08:50 Christopher Columbus was a thief, rapist, and committed genocide. He did not discover North America. He got lost. 17 Oct 2015     19:19 Christopher Columbus never actually set foot on North America. Christopher Columbus had only explored Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico . 17 Oct 2015     02:58 Christopher Columbus did not discover North America. Let's just get that straight. That's the first thing you learn in history. 😐 07 Jul 2015     23:40 Leif Erikson was an Icelandic explorer considered the first European to land in North America, before Christopher Columbus. 28 May 2015     02:38 "Christopher Columbus never set foot in North America... but yet we celebrate this as a founding day)??? 22 Apr 2015     12:29 Christopher Columbus never set foot on mainland North America, getting no closer than the Bahamas? 02 Mar 2015     20:11 In a group chat talking about Christopher Columbus' gap year in North America. Mostly hilarious but also very not cool. 05 Jan 2015     16:22 Muslims in the Western Hemisphere (North America, South America and the Caribbean Islands) before Columbus The old poem that most American school children recognize begins “In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue…” Indeed, in the year 1492, Christopher Columbus (whose real name in Italian was Cristoforo Colombo ) sailed across the Atlantic in the name of the Spanish Crown and landed in the Caribbean part of North America. For hundreds of years, it has simply been accepted that Columbus was the first explorer to valiantly sail across the sea and “discover” the Americas. However, this theory no longer stands up to modern scholarship. It goes without saying that the first people to truly discover America were the ancestors of the Native Americans , who probably crossed into North America through Russia and Alaska about 12,000 years ago. Discussion of the “discovery” of the Americas by Europeans, Africans, or Asians is an insult to the history of it’s indigenous peoples. That said, the first dar ... 04 Dec 2014     18:26 We are currently working on a box & T chart comparing Christopher Columbus and John Cabot , two Italian explorers who explored North America 08 Nov 2014     13:48 Did you know... Extinct Animals conclusion. 21. Following the extinction of the Tasmanian tiger in 1936, Tasmanian Devils are the largest carnivorous marsupial now on earth 22. There were two species of frogs called Gastric-brooding frogs that swallowed its eggs, converted its stomach into a womb, and gave birth through its mouth. It went extinct in the mid-1980s. Scientists are trying to resurrect it.- Source 23. The passenger pigeon went from one of the most abundant animals in the world, with flocks that would blacken the sky, to extinct in a little more than a century. – Source 24. When Columbus discovered America, earthworms were all but extinct in North America. Extinct in large parts of North America since the Ice Age , earthworms began spreading there once again following Christopher Columbus’ voyage. They are now considered invasive species in North America.- Source 25. “The first animal to evolve vision was the trilobite, a distant extinct relative of spiders and shrimps.”- Source (-_-) 29 Oct 2014     23:43 It is assumed that indigenous Indians ( Native Americans ) on the territory of today's North America and the United States migrated from Asia before 40,000 years ago. Some of the regional indigenous cultures before the arrival of Europeans were very well developed in the area of society, agriculture and architecture. It is assumed that before the official discovery of America in 1492 by Christopher Columbus today the US were about 1.5 million Indians. Most of them are extinct after the arrival of Europeans due to frequent wars with the colonizers and because of numerous outbreaks. Europeans are already up to the mid-18th century, founded the 13 colonies on the eastern coast of present-day United States , and the population of the colonies began to greatly increase amid increasingly frequent waves of immigration from Europe. Over time, colonies American Revolutionary War , George Washington motif become more independent from the British crown, and 1775 began the American Revolutionary War . The fledgling US Con ... 14 Oct 2014     02:18 Arbitrary Fact of the Day ( Columbus Day Edition): Leif Erickson landed in what is now North America (specifically Newfoundland, Canada) 500 years prior to Christopher Columbus navigating to "The West Indies ." Erickson was not the first European to glimpse North America, however. The Viking merchant Bjarni Herjólfsson reported spotting land west of Greenland after being blown off course on a voyage in 986. Erickson encountered people in Newfoundland, which he named skraelings. Today, they are known as the Thule people, ancestors of the modern Inuit. 14 Oct 2014     01:35 Nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus “sailed the ocean blue,” Leif Eriksson arrived on the shores of an area he called Vinland — the land we know today as North America. This fascinating short film recounts Eriksson's journey, and unearths evidence that the brave, bold and adventurous Viking was the first European to set foot in North America. 03 Aug 2014     15:18 On August 3rd in 1492, Christopher Columbus began his famed journey in which he discovered America: only 500 years after the Norse had already created a settlement at L'Anse Meadows in Newfoundland; and several thousands of years after the First Nations crossed the Bering Strait by land bridge to settle in North America. Oh well, better late than never. :) 03 Aug 2014     14:37 Colonial expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by the Monarchy of Spain through its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions. Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus and continuing for over four centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across most of present day Central America , the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, and much of the rest of North America including the Southwestern, Southern coastal, and California's Pacific Coast regions of the United States . In the early 19th century the revolutionary movements resulted in the independence of most Spanish colonies in the Americas, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico , given up in 1898 following the Spanish- American War , together with Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific. Spain's loss of these last territories politically ended Spanish colonization in the Americas. 23 Jul 2014     23:19 Christopher Columbus discovered North America, but America cames from the name of Amerigo Vespucci . yea history 30 Jun 2014     21:47 Thanks for celebrating with us! One last one for you: Did you know when beef came to America? Answer: Christopher Columbus brought cattle with him to the Western Hemisphere on his second voyage to the New World in 1493, but Hernando Cortez was the first to bring cattle to North America in 1519. 08 Jun 2014     21:37 Christopher Columbus is very significant to Canadian History because he discovered North America and gave Europeans a base to build from. He set off trying to find India, in order to trade, but instead came upon the land that would one day become two of the worlds best countries on earth. This event fully began the entire western civilization, it affected over 1800 million and still affects 900 of those million. These changes are still affecting us today, and will still affect us until the Americas are destroyed. Christopher Columbus can’t show us much because he didn’t face as many challenges are other explorers but one of the mistakes he made was, when he was trying to make peace with the natives, he took a few natives prisoner. This we can learn from. You could say that Canada is not truly Canadian, it’s English, or you could argue that because Columbus violated laws by taking the native captive (or making the treaty in English, and not explaining it well enough), Canada belongs to the first nat ... 13 May 2014     01:56 Ancient Aliens is ridiculous!! Everything that has ever happened in the history in the world was caused by aliens Big Foot , Christopher Columbus coming to North America and so on. lol Its cracking me up 05 May 2014     05:57 On May 5, 1494, the Genoese, Cristoforo Colombo (known as Christopher Columbus) landed in Xaymaca (now known as Jamaica) on his second voyage to the " New World ". The place where he landed, Columbus called Puerto Seco (Dry Harbour). Today, it is known as Discovery Bay . That's 520 years ago today! Therefore, it was 520 years ago that Jamaica became a Spanish colony (remember it was the Spanish Crown that sponsored Columbus' voyages and he claimed land on its behalf). Important to note: While Columbus came here in 1494, the Spanish did not settle here til 1510. In 1540, the island was given to the Columbus family but they did nothing to develop it. Under Spanish rule, Jamaica was an insignificant outpost and a launching pad to capture land in the North America. The first town was: Sevilla Nueva (New Seville). The first Governor: Juan de Esquivel (1510-1514) The name Xaymaca was changed to Santiago. The first capital was Villa del a Vega (later named Santiago de La Vega / St. Jago de La Vega ) now known a ... 05 May 2014     01:23 The Westford Knight, also known as the Sinclair Rock,[1] is perceived as either a carving or a natural feature, or a combination of both, located on a glacial boulder in Westford, Massachusetts in the United States . It is notable for being the subject of controversial speculation that it is evidence of exploration of North America by Europeans prior to Christopher Columbus. This interpretation is not accepted by professional archaeologists or historians.[2].Historians say this is evidence of Prince Henry Sinclair's (1340-1402) discovery of America in the year of 1398 The rock is located along Depot Street in the town of Westford, just north of the town center. It is inconspicuous, situated along the side of the road and surrounded by a small chain fence. Next to the rock is a small monument commemorating the "inscription". 10 Apr 2014     18:37 THE HISTORY OF THE Native American PEOPLE A Graded Reader for students of English as a Foreign Language By Paul Rogers For my great friend, Joyce 1. The first people to inhabit the North American migrated from Asia about 10,000 years ago during an Ice Age . At that time the sea between Siberia and Alaska was frozen. Bands of people trekked across the glaciers hunting certain animals. Over thousands of years, these native peoples inhabited every part of North, Central and South America . 2. The social structure of the native people was based upon tribalism. A chief governed most tribes. The first-born son inherited the position of the chief, usually. This type of tribe or society is called a patriarchy. In some cases the chief was a woman, and this type of society was called a matriarchy. The concept of private, individual ownership of land did not exist. All land was owned in common. Probably the idea of owning the earth did not exist in their languages. 3. Christopher Columbus landed in North America in 1 ... 03 Mar 2014     14:00 Question of the week. Before Christopher Columbus's voyage to North America corn was only grown in what three parts of the world? The answer will be posted later today! 09 Feb 2014     19:16 Circa 700-800 A.D., Several Muslim Schools in North America; Valley of Fire (Nevada), Mesa Verde (Colorado), Mimbres Valley ( New Mexico ) and Tipper Canoe (Indiana). North Africa n Arabic and Old Kufic Arabic scripts are engraved on rocks, test, diagram, charts including writing, reading, arithmetic, religion, history, geography, mathematics, astronomy and sea navigation. For more info, contact: Dr. Barry Fell, at Harvard University . Circa 1492 A.D., On Monday October 21, 1492, Christopher Columbus admits in his papers, while sailing near Cuba, he saw a mosque on top of a beautiful mountain. The ruins of mosques and minerats with inscriptions of Quranic verses have been found in Cuba, Mexico, Texas and Nevada. The dress of the Indian (Moorish) woman long veils” the men “Breedclothes painted in the style of Moorish draperies” in Grenada and Trinidad… See: Precolumbian Muslims in the Americas by Dr. Yousef Mroueh 01 Feb 2014     11:12 February is. *** History Mo. Early Days & Slavery 1492: A black navigator, Pedro Alonso Niño, travels with Christopher Columbus's 1st expedition to the New World . 1619: A Dutch ship brings 20 African indentured servants to the English colony of Jamestown, VA 1739: One of the earliest slave revolts takes place in Stono, SC. A score of whites & more than twice as many blacks slaves are killed as the armed slaves try to flee to FL. 1746: Lucy Terry, a slave, composes "Bars Fight", the 1st known poem by an African American . A description of an Indian raid on Terry's hometown in Massachusetts, the poem will be passed down orally & published in 1855. 1758: The African Baptist or "Bluestone" Church is founded on the William Byrd plantation near the Bluestone River, in Mecklenburg, VA, becoming the 1st known black church in North America. 1770: Crispus Attucks , an escaped slave, becomes the 1st Colonial soldier to die for American independence when he is killed by the British in the Boston Massacre . 1773: The .. ... 15 Jan 2014     17:00 Amerigo Vespucci (Part 1) Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian-born merchant and explorer who took part in early voyages to the New World on behalf of Spain around the late 15th century. By that time, the Vikings had established settlements in present-day North America as early as 1,000 A.D. and Christopher Columbus had already "discovered" several Caribbean and Central American islands, yet it's Vespucci's name that prevailed. Early accounts of Vespucci's voyages, now believed to have been forgeries, had quickly spread throughout Europe. In 1507, using these letters as his guide, a German cartographer created a new map, naming the territory now known as South America in Vespucci's honor. For the first time, the word "America" was in print. Early Life Vespucci was the son of Nastagio, a notary. As a boy Vespucci was given a humanistic education by his uncle Giorgio Antonio. In 1479 he accompanied another relation, sent by the famous Italian family of Medici to be their spokesman to the king of France. On retur ... 11 Jan 2014     23:03 This album looks at the extraordinary links between Ireland and North America. Irish lore holds that St Brendan the Navigator crossed the Atlantic Ocean 900 years before Christopher Columbus. By the 16th century, many Tudors settled in Ireland were closely involved with the conquest of America. The Big Houses of Ireland produced many of North America's governors, military men and commercial leaders during the 17th and 18th century, while a veritable tsunami of Catholic Irish emigrants during and after the Great Famine of the 1840s gave the people of Ireland a massive bond with both the USA and Canada. * If you enjoy historical photos like this, please spread the word and click the 'Like' button on the main page. Turtle Bunbury's books, including the new 'Vanishing Ireland', are available via 30 Dec 2013     16:53 John Mosby 5 minutes ago · The history of the United States as covered in American schools and universities typically begins with either Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage to the Americas or with the prehistory of the Native peoples; the latter approach has become increasingly common in recent decades.[1] Indigenous peoples lived in what is now the United States for thousands of years and developed complex cultures before European colonists began to arrive, mostly from England, after 1600. The Spanish had early settlements in Florida and the Southwest, and the French along the Mississippi River and Gulf Coast . By the 1770s, thirteen British colonies contained two and a half million people along the Atlantic coast, east of the Appalachian Mountains . After driving the French out of North America in 1763, the British imposed a series of new taxes while rejecting the American argument that taxes required representation in Parliament. Tax resistance, especially the Boston Tea Party of 1774, led to punishment ... 14 Dec 2013     21:19 Because the original man is the God and Owner of the Earth, and knows every square inch of it, and has chosen for himself the Best Part. He did not care about the Poor Part. Columbus was a half-original man and was born in Italy, which is Southeast Europe . His full name was Christopher Columbus and the place he discovered was North America. He found the Indians here who were exiled sixteen thousand years ago from India. They are original people. ACTUAL FACT... 05 Dec 2013     19:23 Thursday, December 5, 2013, the 339th day of the year. Today is Discovery Day in Haiti and the Dominican Republic , Today is World Soil Day Today is International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development . On This Date in History: 63 B.C. The Roman Orator Cicero gave his fourth and final "Catiline Orations". 1408: Emir Edige of the Golden Horde reaches Moscow and burns it. 1443: Pope Julius II (Michelangelo's pope) is born. 1484: Pope Innocent VIII issued the "Summis desideratantus" to start the Inquisition for Witchcraft in Germany. 1492: Christopher Columbus set foot on the island he named Hispaniola (Today's Haiti and the Dominican Republic ). 1496: King Manual I of Portugal issued a decree of expulsion of all heretics (i.e., Jews) from his country. The ones who stayed had to convert, or face death on the spot, and have all their property expropriated by the Crown. 1757: During the Seven Years War , (the French and Indian War in North America), Frederick the Great of Prussia wins a decisiv ... 04 Nov 2013     16:23 Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was an Italian explorer who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492, hoping to find a route to India (in order to trade for spices). He made a total of four trips to the Caribbean and South America during the years 1492-1504. The First Trip: Columbus sailed for King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain. On his first trip, Columbus led an expedition with three ships, the Niña (captained by Vicente Yáñez Pinzon), the Pinta (owned and captained by Martin Alonzo Pinzon), and the Santa Maria (captained by Columbus), and about 90 crew members. They set sail on Aug. 3, 1492 from Palos, Spain, and on October 11, 1492, spotted the Caribbean islands off southeastern North America. They landed on an island they called Guanahani, but Columbus later renamed it San Salvador . They were met by the local Taino Indians , many of whom were captured by Columbus' men and later sold into slavery. Columbus thought he had made it to Asia, and called this area the Indies, and called its inh ... 01 Nov 2013     20:44 WHAT IS CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE? Only today I started paying attention to the idea of "cultural intelligence" that some have have been writing about. In this day and age we need to be paying attention to two cultural trends. One is the global trend that we call globalization. Around the time when Christopher Columbus went to India as well as discovered islands in North America it is believed human beings spoke more than 15,000 languages. Within a period of five hundred years human community world-wide has lost about 9,000 languages. Today 90% of human beings speak, read and write the top 100 languages. Nearly 50% people world-wide speak, read and write English in order to survive and thrive in this day and age of globalization. Within next 100 years human beings are likely to lose more than 3,000 languages. That is the price we have to pay for investing our talents, time and energy in educating ourselves and our children. After all children are not going to be educated to sit at home and take care of their ... 14 Oct 2013     20:58 Examining the Reputation of Columbus " In October, we honor Christopher Columbus, who opened the Atlantic slave trade and launched one of the greatest waves of genocide known in history." Christopher Columbus An Essay by Jack Weatherford Christopher Columbus' reputation has not survived the scrutiny of history, and today we know that he was no more the discoverer of America than Pocahontas was the discoverer of Great Britain . Native Americans had built great civilizations with many millions of people long before Columbus wandered lost into the Caribbean. Columbus' voyage has even less meaning for North Americans than for South Americans because Columbus never set foot on our continent, nor did he open it to European trade. Scandinavian Vikings already had settlements here in the eleventh century, and British fisherman probably fished the shores of Canada for decades before Columbus. The first European explorer to thoroughly document his visit to North America was the Italian explorer Giovanni Caboto , who ... 14 Oct 2013     20:13 Thought you might find this interesting Yolanda Thirdeyeopen Fisher Collins... 5 Things You Didn’t Know About Christopher Columbus Columbus Day became an official holiday in 1972 when Richard Nixon declared it a day to “celebrate the memorable achievements of the great navigator and explorer whose vision and daring led to much of the permanent settlement of the Americas by the peoples of Europe.” However, many of the facts you may have learned about Columbus in school—for instance, that he proved the Earth is round and that he explored North America—are myths. Here are five things you may not have known about Christopher Columbus: 1. Christopher Columbus wasn’t his given name ‘Christopher Columbus’ is an Anglicized version of the explorer’s Italian name, Cristoforo Colombo . Columbus, who was born in Genoa in either 1450 or 1451, went by Cristóbal Colón in Spanish and Kristoffer Kolumbus in Swedish. 2. He didn’t discover that the earth is round It’s a common misconception that when ... 14 Oct 2013     20:10 It's funny we celebrate Columbus Day when Christopher Columbus never set foot on North American soil and Amerigo Vespucci witch North and South America get they're names from never set foot here either. Both were Italian exsplorers. In 1492 Christopher Columbus land in the Bahamas in a place he named San Salvador as he was trying to reach Japan. On May,10 1497 Amerigo Vespucci left on his first voyage on his third voyage he landed in South America or New World in Rio de Janeiro. The Viking were some of the first exsplorers to find North America. The Natives have stories of the Northmen trying to trade with them but the Vikings traded milk with the Natives and the Natives were lactose intolerante and thought the Northmen tried to posion them and chased them off. It's funny how history gets twisted over the years. guess thats all I got to say on this topic. 14 Oct 2013     19:54 what you THINK you know about Christopher Columbus: here's some FACTS ... 1. Christopher Columbus actually DID NOT discover America in 1492, he landed on the Caribbean islands, & his original remains were buried in Santo Domingo , D.R. 2. The Norse Viking, Leif Eriksson, was the 1st who landed in North America in present day Newfoundland around 1000 A.D. 4 Centuries before Columbus. 3. there is NO proof that he was Italian. he wrote in Spanish. 4. C.C. sons were named Diego & Fernindad. NOT Italian names, but Spanish 5. Christopher Columbus was NOT his real name, it's Cristobol Colon, A Spanish name. 6. he was a SLAVE trader 7. he did NOT discover that the Earth was round 8. Nina & Pinta (Nicknames) were NOT the actual names of 2 of Columbus’ 3 ships 9. Columbus was arrested & returned to Spain in chains in 1500 10. C.C. came to the Western Hemisphere by mistake, he was searching for Asia 14 Oct 2013     19:46 Happy Columbus Day everyone in North America. If not for Christopher Columbus things would not have happened as they did. You might not even be here. 14 Oct 2013     19:37 So apparently I didn't get the Memo that Christopher Columbus was himself, a cruel Slaver Runner and that even the Spanish Monarchy [and in effect a good slue of the Catholic Hierarchy] was disgusted by his deeply flawed actions. Nonetheless, the Discovery made by Christopher Columbus did set the stage for The End of Human Sacrifices made by Native Peoples, which is undisputedly a Good Thing. One need only appreciate the Appearance of Our Lady of Guadalupe, less than 100 Years Later from Columbus' Discovery of the New World to see the success of Evangelizing the South- Central American Continent. It did in fact set the Stage for the rise of Brilliant Works of Catholic Moral Theologians like Bartolomé de las Casas and Francisco de Vitoria that lead the way for Catholic Spain in Abolishing Slavery in the New World , called "The New Laws" or Leyes Nuevas. Nonetheless, the First Celebration of Christopher Columbus Day was first celebrated in the Late 1700s to celebrate Italian Heritage in North America. On thi ... 14 Oct 2013     13:40 (DISCLAIMER - if you could see me, you would notice my tongue is firmly implanted in my cheek) As a descendant of the Cherokee people, I'm offended. The name " Washington Redskins " is offensive and the ridiculously offensive name should be changed. I suggest "Maryland Redskins". On Columbus Day , I'm offended by every reference to this man's name. Columbus, Ohio - DONE! By the way, Christopher Columbus was Italian. Every name in the US that even sounds Italian should be changed ... like "Ohio" Amerigo Vespucci was also an Italian, so all references to "America" offend me, like " Native American " The flood of conquistadors that followed Columbus were Spanish, so all names in the US that are Hispanic have to change. " El Paso " - GONE. Although, we might keep San Antonio because of the Alamo (a really cool-sounding All-American name) The Vikings offend me because they were the REAL original discoverers of North America. All Nordic and Scandinavian names are offensive and should be changed. Minnesota Vikin ... 11 Oct 2013     05:01 The USA was founded by the Elite for the very reason of executing the plan to control the world. It is this nation which is the hub of its wheel of influence. Christopher Columbus and his voyage was backed and financed by the Brotherhood, with his ships' sails bearing a Red Cross on a white background, the symbol of the Knights Templar (the chivalric order who went on to become the Freemasons etc., whose symbol is the red rose or cross upon a white background which represents blood and semen in Satanic ritual). Almost a century before Columbus, the Templars had reached North America and had already begun trading with and exploiting the native nations there. Since its 'discovery', the history of the USA has been the history of ethnic cleansing, imposition of power, slavery, mass exploitation and the worship of wealth. The U.S. president, generally accepted as the most powerful man in the world, is a slave to his prime allegiance, the Brotherhood. Even he is probably not a top-level member as it is wiser to ... 05 Oct 2013     16:04 Indian people or Indians are people who are citizens of India, which forms a major part of South Asia , containing 17.31% of the world's population. The Indian nationality consists of many regional ethno-linguistic groups, reflecting the rich and complex history of India. India, in its current boundaries, was formed out of a number of predecessors. Because he thought he had found a sea route to India instead of discovering the Americas, Christopher Columbus was mistaken when he thought Native Americans were Indians. Populations with Indian ancestry, as a result of emigration, are somewhat ubiquitous, most notably in Southeast Asia , South Africa , Australia, United Kingdom , Middle East and North America. Population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million diaspora Genetics Basu et al. (2006) emphasize that the combined results from mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal markers suggest that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of fema ... 29 Sep 2013     19:48 Watch the video American History : Do you know US History? on Yahoo News . In a few weeks, the U.S. will celebrate Columbus Day , but it’s likely many Americans don’t know that this holiday commemorates Christopher Columbus arriving in North America in 1492.That’s because a series of recent studies hav... 06 Sep 2013     04:15 ON THIS DAY Events 3114 BC – According to the proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started. (Non-standard interpretation) 394 – Battle of the Frigidus: The Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills the pagan usurper Eugenius and his Frankish magister militum Arbogast. 1492 – Christopher Columbus sails from La Gomera in the Canary Islands , his final port of call before crossing the Atlantic for the first time. 1522 – The Victoria, the only surviving ship of Ferdinand Magellan 's expedition, returns to Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the world. 1620 – The Pilgrims sail from Plymouth, England, on the Mayflower to settle in North America. (Old Style date; September 16 per New Style date.) 1628 – Puritans settle Salem, which will later become part of Massachusetts Bay Colony . 1634 – Thirty Years' War: In the Battle of Nördlingen the Catholic Imperial army defeats Protestant armies of Sweden and Germany. 1 ... 29 Jun 2013     02:49 From: Uncle Sams Misguided Childrens Page Dear Mr. Obama May 16, 2013 Considering that you are not from this country; I would like to take the opportunity to educate you on a few things about us, the American people. I know you probably fail to see the relevance of this, but please for once, just listen to a single American that is not dependant on the government. I will try to make this as simple as possible. I need to start with a history lesson. It may be a little boring, but completely necessary I assure you. In 1492, this guy named Christopher Columbus stumbled upon this piece of land we now know as North America. There was some trial and error in creating settlements but eventually people started to survive on this piece of land. A whole bunch of stuff happened between then and 1773, most of which is irrelevant to this conversation but you are more than welcome to visit your local library and research it. Chances are that library will have the name of someone much more respected than you on it. Back ... 18 Jun 2013     17:02 History Pre-Columbian Islamic contact theories The date of the first Muslim visit to the Americas, or to what is now North America , is unknown. There are popular theories that the first Muslims landed or visited the territory long before Christopher Columbus. [14][15][16][17] [18][19][20] Earliest records and early national period The history of Islam in the United States can be divided into two significant periods: the post World War I period, and the last few decades, although some individual members of the Islamic faith are known to have visited or lived in the United States during the colonial era. [22] Estevanico may have been the first Muslim to enter the historical record in North America. Estevanico was a Berber originally from North Africa who explored the future states of Arizona and New Mexico for the Spanish Empire . [23][24] He was raised as a Muslim , but converted to Roman Catholicism upon enslavement. [25] American views of Islam affected debates regarding freedom of religion during the dr ... 17 Jun 2013     13:59 Barley-- Fun Facts Fun Facts about Barley You don't get to be the 4th most popular grain in the world without some history – and trivia – behind you! One of the earliest known sites where barley was grown was on the southwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee in what is now Israel, in settlements dating back 23,000 years. In Ancient Egypt , barley was held in high esteem. Barley was used in religious ceremonies and pictured on many early Egyptian coins. Roman Gladiators were called Hordearii, or Barley Men. It's said that they believed barley gave them greater strength and stamina than other foods. More varieties of barley are found today in Ethiopia than in any other area of comparable size. Barley came to North America with Christopher Columbus on his second voyage in 1494, but was not established as a crop on the East Coast of that continent until English and Scandinavian settlers cultivated barley largely to make beer. Meanwhile, the Spanish took barley to the Southwest and Western part of the contine ... 06 Jun 2013     01:40 Once upon a time a man named Christopher Columbus set out to find a new way to sail to India. He believed that the world was round, not flat like most people at the time believed, so he set off to prove his point. The journy took a lot longer than he thought. Like a couples months longer. Finally he hit land and was greeted by people with black hair and brown skin. He remembered people telling him the Indians had black hair and brown skin so he assumed these people were Indians. They were not. He didn't actually get to India, he was in what we call North America but the native people called it, turtle island. And that's why everyone calls us Indians, because Columbus thought he was in India and the name just sort of stuck. The end. 04 Jun 2013     12:26 only TRUE 1490's kids remember when Christopher Columbus discovered north america 25 May 2013     17:35 May 23-25 is the celebration of our Kali Sara who is said to be the Egyptian Nubian Princess and daughter of Jesus Christ & Mary Magdalene who fled to France in row boat w/her mother, grandmother (Virgin Mother of Christ), her grandfather Joseph, uncle Lazarus and another male companion after her father--Jesus was put to the cross by the Romans and other Jewish Clerics AND DIED. Then fled from France to the Americas during the Inquisitions mandated by the Catholic Church . She was also an Amazonian Warrior Queen who ruled the island of California that was named after their Queen Calafia and is a descendant of the great Moors Royal Family who are historically considered the True Black Californians and the True Discoverers of North America.not Christopher Columbus! In November 2004, the African American Historical & Cultural Society Museum in San Francisco assembled a Queen Califia Exhibit, curated by John William Templeton, featuring works by artists such as The Arthur Wright & James Gayles; artistic int .. ... 09 May 2013     15:18 Way the...back when, the late 1400's man time fly's when your having fun and at war with those that have something to fight about, part of the general age of discovery Genoese sailor Christopher Columbus proposed a voyage west from Europe to find a shorter route to Asia. In 1492 Columbus reached land in the Bahamas. Almost 500 years after the Norse, John Cabot explored the East Coast of what would become Canada in 1497. Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the East Coast of North America from Florida all the way to Newfoundland in 1524. Jacques Cartier made a series of voyages on behalf of the French crown in 1534 and penetrated the St. Lawrence River which for lack of a better term like the water displacement action of WD40 after the fact, not before or usually during, is the home of the Thousand Islands , an archipelago of 1,864 islands that straddles the Canada-U.S. border in the very Saint Lawrence River , home to the Greenland Shark, known to attack and eat polar bears. Xtreme action! happened off the coast ... 15 Feb 2013     21:06 All black people didn't arrive in the "Americas" on slaveships from Africa. African indigneous tribes were already in "America" way before "Christopher Columbus", the indigneous black aborigines of America... (History of the Yamassee Nativ...e Americans) Language: Yamassic "Yamassic"; ... ... Verb: Yamassee "Yamassee" Gentle Noun: Yamassee "Yamassee" a Native America Clan from Southeast America; Q. Who are the Yamassee? A. We are descendants of the people known as the "Mound Builders". The Yamassee is the oldest Native American Clan of Southeastern North America. We Yamassee, people are the descendants of the wooly haired Olmec People of South America , who slowly moved from South America upward and over to the southeast of North America. Along the way the Olmec People established many clans and many societies. Q. Who are the Olmec People? A. The Olmec People called themselves Nubuns These Ancient Black indigenous people of this planet made migrations from Africa westward to this part of the land now being ... 30 Jan 2013     20:59 So due to a fun debate I just had with a friend, over Christopher Columbus, I think I would like to ask you guys...Do any of you actually know the truth about Columbus? Like the reality, the actually history of how sick and twisted that man actually was?? Many people in the USA and other places, celebrate ' Columbus Day ' to celebrate this so called 'wonderful, white knight explorer of a man' discovering the ' New World ' (ie North America) But that's not true at all. I'm just curious how much we still don't learn or teach anymore. Because the truth about Columbus, if you knew it, would twist knots in your stomach. He was like a seafaring Hitler, in truth. So the question I'm asking, is, do any of you know the truth, did any of you ever get a proper history teacher, who would actually teach you history, not 'popular history culture' like most do, and have done for the last century or two? )O( Scath 18 Jan 2013     09:01 For the Europeans, there were two types of Indians. INDIAN means BLACK, when the Portuguese came to South India , they noticed people with a dark skin, so we became known as INDIANS among the Europeans. Then Christopher Columbus was travelling to India, at that time Christians still thought the earth was flat. Christopher Columbus then missed India and sailed straight to North America. Seeing the natives there he thought he was in India! Thus he named them Indians too which was a term that had became common in both areas among people of European descent. Both had a colonial past, where we gained many roads, and were freed from the Islamic empire, today we are over that. ALSO today the native people in Canada and the rest of North America demanded they be called First Nations instead of INDIANS, because they weren't Indians. So if the word INDIA isn't even in our culture, why were we never consulted about what we are called? It is BHARAT and always will remain BHARAT. 09 Jan 2013     11:53 January 9, 1349 → The Jewish population of Basel, Switzerland, believed by the residents to be the cause of the ongoing bubonic plague, is rounded up and incinerated. January 9, 1493 → 520 years ago - While sailing near the Dominican Republic , Christopher Columbus spots manatees but misidentifies them as mermaids. January 9, 1570 → Tsar Ivan the terrible kills 1000-2000 residents of Novgorod. January 9, 1613 → Samuel de Champlain publishes two volumes of his Voyages, outlining his adventures from 1604 to 1612; with maps of Acadia and the St. Lawrence River . January 9, 1768 → Philip Astley stages the first modern circus (London). January 9, 1788 → Connecticut becomes 5th state. January 9, 1793 → Jean Pierre Blanchard makes first balloon flight in North America (Philadelphia). January 9, 1799 → British Prime Minister William Pitt introduces income tax to raise funds for the war against Napoleon. January 9, 1806 → Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson receives a state funeral and is interred at St Pa ... 20 Dec 2012     19:07 Christopher Columbus didn't discover a novel North America. He found the Bahamas. 16 Dec 2012     23:02 centuries it was firmly believed and taught that North America was discovered by Christopher Columbus. More recently, there has been general agreement that Norsemen or Vikings were probably on this continent around 1000 A.D. "But," as the editors of National Geographic magazine point out, "perhaps it was a group of shadowy, yet very real, Irish seafaring monks who predated even the Vikings by more than four centuries." [1] Indeed, there is evidence that this may be true. In the twentieth century a number of scholars began to suspect that the early medieval saga known as the "Voyage of Saint Brendan the Abbot" (Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis) was not a "pious fable" at all, but the narration of an actual journey - a voyage by St. Brendan and a number of monks from Ireland to the East Coast of North America, complete with accounts of what we can now identify as volcanic eruptions in Iceland, an encounter with a whale, and icebergs. 14 Dec 2012     14:00 We're tasting Sweet Potatoes at Montgomery Elementary today! Be sure to ask your child(ren) about it! Here's some of the cool stuff we'll be discussing tomorrow. History Sweet potatoes are believed to have been domesticated in Central and South America nearly 5,000 years ago. They then spread to Mexico, the Caribbean, the West Indies , and parts of North America. When Christopher Columbus landed on America’s shores in 1492, the Native Americans were growing sweet potatoes. Columbus and his men loved the tasty sweet potatoes so much that they brought them back to Europe to grow their own, where they continued to increase in popularity. Sweet Potatoes in the U.S. Approximately 4.2 pounds of sweet potatoes are eaten per person annually in the United States . The 3 states which produce the most sweet potatoes are North Carolina , Louisiana & California. Nutrient Facts Sweet potatoes are an excellent source of Vitamins A (helps our vision) and C (helps fight infections). They are also a good source of Dieta ... 22 Nov 2012     18:48 Feral hogs in North America are believed to have originated from domestic hogs introduced by early settlers from Europe. Christopher Columbus probably made the first introductions in 1493 in the West Indies and Desoto in 1593 in Florida (Towne and Wentworth 1950). Domestic hogs reportedly were also released in California by Spanish explorers in 1769 (Hutchinson 1946) and in the Hawaiian Islands by Captain Cook in 1778 (Kramer 1971). Since their introduction, feral swine populations in the United States have increased both in size and distribution. This expansion has been possible because of their omnivorous feeding habits, reproductive capacity, behavioral adaptability, the absence of large predators over most of their range, and through releases by humans (Bill Kohne, Missouri Conservation Department, pers. com., Mayer and Brisbin 1991). 12 Nov 2012     22:27 Following the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Europe began to establish colonies in the Americas. British Common Law regulated the developing North America until the outbreak of the American Revolution . By the end of the war, America had become an independent nation, and adopted the United States Constitution . The Constitution, known as the "supreme law of the land" and officially ratified in 1789, established the judicial branch of the government. The judiciary borrowed from the English tradition and initiated a common law system which creates and revises the rules that govern the country today. 03 Nov 2012     14:45 A Peoples History of The United States .Howard Zinn Columbus to the Robber Barons Chapter 1, "Columbus, the Indians, and Human Progress" covers early Native American civilization in North America and the Bahamas, the genocide and enslavement committed by the crew of Christopher Columbus, and incidents of violent colonization by early settlers. Topics include the Arawaks, Bartolomé de las Casas, the Aztecs, Hernán Cortés, Pizarro, Powhatan, the Pequot, the Narragansett, Metacom, King Philip 's War, and the Iroquois. Chapter 2, "Drawing the Color Line" addresses the early enslavement of Africans and servitude of poor British people in the Thirteen Colonies . Zinn writes of the methods by which he says racism was artificially created in order to enforce the economic system. He argues that racism is not natural because there are recorded instances of camaraderie and cooperation between black slaves and white servants in escaping from and in opposing their subjugation. Chapter 3, "Persons of Mean and Vile Cond ... 15 Oct 2012     11:52 Even though Christopher Columbus is credited with discovering the Americas he never actually stepped foot on the mainland of North America! 09 Oct 2012     09:18 Today is Columbus Day ! It's that day when we celebrate Christopher Columbus, the man who discovered America. Except he didn't really discover America. However, Columbus is hailed as the man who proved the earth was round! Except he didn't do that either, people had known that for hundreds of years already. Uh.well, dammit, I'm going to talk about Christopher Columbus anyway! Columbus wasn't actually trying to discover North America, since nobody in Europe knew it was there. He was trying to get to India. But there was this giant continent in his way, so he accidentally crashed into America instead. Columbus’ discovery was historically important because he bridged two worlds. But it should not be said that he actually discovered anything, since the land he found already had people on it. Which is kind of like discovering someone else’s living room. Also, despite the fact that there is a city in the Midwest named “Columbus,” Christopher Columbus didn't discover Ohio, either. Columbus’ voyage took ... 08 Oct 2012     16:52 Christopher Columbus is often portrayed as the first European to sail to the Americas. He is sometimes portrayed as the discoverer of the New World . However, this is controversial on many counts. There is evidence that the first Europeans to sail across the Atlantic were Viking explorers from Scandinavia. In addition, the land was already populated by indians, who had 'discovered' the Americas thousands of years before. It has also been argued that Columbus should not be honored for discovering North America, as he only went as far as some islands in the Caribbean and never got as far as mainland America. So, why do we as Americans celebrate Columbus Day ? 08 Oct 2012     15:28 I can't believe some people actually celebrate Christopher Columbus Day still. Morgan Hill has no school today. He didn't discover anything. This land already had civilization 100 million Natives living in North America and that is not even including Central and South America . 07 Oct 2012     20:51 Christopher Columbus never step foot on North America...The indian population discovered America not Columbus..Christopher Columbus commited genocide and mass murder on the indian acedpopulation in South America .Christopher Columbus replaced Indian labor force with Africans that were shipped from West Africa in order to create western civilization.Greedfor the lust of gold was Christophers motivation for commiting massive genocide and a slave labor force of the indian population. 05 Oct 2012     22:22 Wow, didn't realize ours was first. Canadian Thanksgiving The very first Thanksgiving celebration in North America took place in Canada when Martin Frobisher , an explorer from England, arrived in Newfoundland in 1578. He wanted to give thanks for his safe arrival in the New World . This means the first Thanksgiving in Canada was celebrated 43 years before the pilgrims landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts! Thanksgiving for Canadians is about giving thanks for the harvest season rather than the arrival of pilgrims. Both Canadians and Americans celebrate Thanksgiving with parades, family gatherings, pumpkin pie and a whole lot of turkey! Columbus Day Columbus Day is a holiday in honor of the explorer who first came to the New World on October 12, 1492 - Christopher Columbus. Since 1920, Columbus Day has been an annual holiday. Columbus wasn't really the first person to see America so some peeps call the holiday Native American Day or Indigenous Peoples Day since Native Americans lived in North America long befor ... 20 Sep 2012     20:39 Christopher Columbus killed over 5 million people in 4 years when he came to North America...why is he celebrated am ... 18 Aug 2012     14:50 Amazing the things we just don't see. Just like Christopher Columbus enslaved all of Haiti upon his return in the year after discovering North America. Within the next 70 years all the native population was killed or eliminated. 03 Aug 2012     05:21 August 3: August 3 is the 215th day of the year (216th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 150 days remaining until the end of the year. Events 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats Dalmatae on the river Bathinus. 435 – Deposed Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor Theodosius II to a monastery in Egypt. 881 – Battle of Saucourt-en-Vim eu: Louis III of France defeats the Vikings, an event celebrated in the poem Ludwigslied. 1031 – Olaf II of Norway is canonised as Saint Olaf by Grimketel, the English Bishop of Selsey. 1492 – Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain. 1527 – The first known letter from North America is sent by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland. 1601 – Long War: Austria captures Transylvania in the Battle of Guruslău. 1645 – Thirty Years' War: the Second Battle of Nördlingen sees French forces defeating those of the Holy Roman Empire . 1678 – Robert LaS ... 23 Jul 2012     11:27 Everybody knows that Europeans took a lot of land from Native Americans , but this animated GIF by Tumblr user sunisup gives a great sense of just how fast the people living in North America were pushed west after Christopher Columbus "discovered" the continent. 18 Jul 2012     19:12 New evidence from caves in Oregon may finally put to rest the long-held theory that the early people who made Clovis spear points were the first inhabitants of North America . 30 Jun 2012     18:49 It's common belief that Vikings visited Newfoundland, therefore reaching the New World from Europe before Christopher Columbus, but a new genetic analysis claims not only did Vikings visit North America, they brought natives back to Europe with them. 15 Jun 2012     23:08 While doing research for a story I'm working on, I came across this paper online. History not taught is history forgot: Columbus' legacy of genocide. If you want a shock about how cruel Christopher Columbus was to natives in the Caribbean which later set the tone for massacres in North America (the American Indians ) you must read this paper. 25 May 2012     11:06 North America was long known as the New World by the people of Europe. Of course, North America was only “new” to the Europeans. Native Americans had lived there for thousands of years before Europeans arrived. Colonists from England, France, and Spain flocked to North America after Christopher Columbus’s famous voyage in 1492. They claimed land and wealth for themselves and their kings. These countries gradually lost their lands in North America. But their influence still shows in the people and cultures of North America. THIRD LARGEST CONTINENT North America is the third largest of the world’s seven continents. Only Asia and Africa are larger. Canada, the United States , and Mexico cover most of the continent. Central America and the islands of the Caribbean Sea are usually considered a part of the continent. Greenland, the world’s largest island, is considered part of North America, too. WHY IS IT CALLED NORTH AMERICA? The name America comes from an Italian navigator named Amerigo Vespucci . Am ... 20 May 2012     13:37 May 20, 1506…In Spain, Christopher Columbus died in poverty after a heart attack caused by reactive arthritis at about age 55, still believing that his journeys of exploration had been along the East Coast of Asia.1775… North Carolina became the first American colony to declare its independence from Great Britain .1861…During the American Civil War , the capital of the Confederacy was changed to Richmond, Virginia. Prior to that time, it had been Montgomery, Alabama.1874… Levi Strauss began marketing blue jeans that featured copper rivets.1899…In New York City , Jacob German became the first motorist arrested for speeding, driving in excess of the posted limit, 12 miles per hour.1916…The Saturday Evening Post was published with artist Norman Rockwell 's first cover painting.1920…The Canadian Marconi Company's station XWA (Experimental Wireless Apparatus) in Montréal gave what it would later claim to be the first scheduled radio broadcast in North America, and quite possibly in the world. Its call ... 14 May 2012     16:40 Thanks to the incredible research of Koestler, it is easy for the honest scholar to now follow the origins of the Khazarian (Gog and Magog) international BANKER families from the year 1400 A.D. to the present day. It shows the Khazar links to Spain and Portugal, and the “Marranos” of Spain and the “Guerients” (the “Marquis”) of France. These “world merchants” established trade with India and China – and according to Henry Ford ’s research in 1920, as published in his seminal book “The International Jew”, it was these Khazar-Jews who financed the voyage of one Christopher Columbus with the goal of finding a more direct route to the continent of India. (Columbus indeed initially thought that North America was “India” – and wrongfully named the American native tribes “Indians”.) Henry Ford writes: “The Story of Jews in America begins with Christopher Columbus. On August 2, 1492, more than 300,000 Jews were expelled from Spain and on August 3, the next day, Columbus set sail ... 12 May 2012     19:37 The birth of what was to become the United States , must be traced from the powerful impact of Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa, and the fact that the discovery of North America by Christopher Columbus 09 May 2012     19:40 Christopher Columbus was out to discover India, but found out North America. The *** didn't even knew where he was, to avoid embarrassment from his crew, he named the Native Americans Red 'INDIANS', since he couldn't name them just pure Indians, otherwise we Brown People would have sued him later on. :P 06 May 2012     17:00 North American History 101;Vinland was the name given to an area of North America by the Norsemen, about the year 1000 CE. Archaeology has given support to the long-held theory that old Norse sagas show Vikings reached North America approximately five centuries prior to the voyages of Christopher Columbus

i don't know

Starring Sean Connery, who would later make his fame playing Zed in Zardoz, what was the name of the first James Bond movie, released on October 5, 1962?

James Bond James Bond from MOVIE TIMES It’s shagadelic, man. Austin Powers, the international man of mystery, the secret agent who out-spoofed James Bond and snagged a boffo box office, will return on June 11 in The Spy Who Shagged Me. As he did in the initial entry, Mike Myers plays both Powers, the hip spy with the bad teeth and groovy sixties outlook, and Dr. Evil, the bald-headed nemesis who spent seven years in “evil medical school” (and was inspired by 007 bad guy Ernst Stavro Blofeld). The first movie, a surprising success, tapped into a young audience’s fascination with the psychedelic sixties and sight gags and an older audience’s nostalgia for that Bondian age. Although Powers is no super-spy in the Sean Connery style he captures a key quality of Connery’s Bond: self-mockery. Powers is a super-schmiel, a kind of Maxwell Smart-Inspector Clouseau-007 hybrid, whose appeal is in his outlandish, unknowing nerdiness. He is a suave schnook. And the Powers movies hark back to that Bond super-parody, Casino Royale: short comic bits and gags that depend a great deal on the audience’s knowledge of spy movie cliches. The plot for Spy Who Shagged Me could come right out of The Avengers (the TV show, not the movie): Dr. Evil returns to 1969 after stealing Austin Power's “mojo,” the the life force of every secret agent. The result: Powers can't make it with the chicks. The superspy and new squeeze Felicity Shagwell (Heather Graham) zoom back in time to battle Evil and retrieve the mojo. Like the first movie, 007-style puns predominate (Kristen Johnson plays Ivana Humpalot), along with celebrity guest shots (Burt Bacharach, Elvis Costello, Willie Nelson). The movie also features the same endearingly silly dialogue (“I shagged her. I shagged her rotten, baybeee”) and visual homages to sixties pop chic. Will the flick make a billion zillion dollars? Do you need to ask? Yeah, baby! Groovy! Bond Paperbacks SELECTED BOND NOVELS IN PAPERBACK, 1950s-2011 I'm a collector. Not a ticket collector or a collector in the Terence Stamp sense, but a collector of books, DVDs, and other odds and ends (others might call me a pack rat, but that's another story). One thing a collector likes to do is share his collection with others. Here  [[wysiwyg_imageupload:370:]][[wysiwyg_imageupload:371:]]   are some paperback novel covers from my James Bond collection. More to come. June 24, 2011 [[wysiwyg_imageupload:372:]][[wysiwyg_imageupload:373:]] from THE COLUMBIA DAILY SPECTATOR April 29, 1977 Sean Connery in You Only Live Twice. Since the first James Bond film was released in 1962 there have been nine films chronicling his adventures. That's about five too many and is sadly indicative of the old saying "nothing succeeds like success" which must motivate Hollywood producers. In Bond's case, the success is still there, but the reasons for it have now become as obscure as some former presidents. When Doctor No, the initial 007 movie appeared, it was moderately successful. From Russia With Love did much better and Goldfinger was a runaway success, becoming one of the fastest grossing films in history. When one sees it today, it is still remarkably fresh and entertaining and manages to make its successors seem shallow by comparison. It epitomizes all that is good and bad in Bond and, also, the reason why he finally had to fail. In it, we· are given the fantasy-like violence that was to become a 007 trademark (beginning with a pre-credits mini-adventure involving Bond, heroin-flavored bananas, and a rubber duck) as well as menacingly unreal villains withnames like Auric Goldfinger and Pussy Galore. We are also presented with preposterous gadgetry, of which Bond's Aston Martin, the car that can do anything, is the best known example. This mechanical versatility is what ultimately spelled the end for the series. Feeling that bigger must be better and that the best way to improve future films was to increase the gadgetry, later movies like Thunderball and Live and Let Die were literally buried in gimmicks, and. in the process, the two things that made Bond unique, that odd mixture of spoof and menace were lost. In Goldfinger and From Russia With Love, the tension is created by inhuman villains that seem capable of beating 007. The mute Korean Oddjob with his steelrimmed, frisbee like hat, and the silently menacing Red Grant who hovers in and out of Bond's path like a ghost are dehumanized by their silence and thereby act as good foils to the super, but still human, secret agent. And Bond kept that humanity, and our sympathy, by his ready wit and his unwillingness to take anything too seriously. He kept the dehumanization and the violence at a distance by his humor; we constantly knew it was make-believe and therefore could enjoy it. Sean Connery was uniquely suited for his role. His thick Scottish agent seemed at variance with the David Niven-like hero Ian Fleming envisaged, and thus made him the perfect personification of the comic/serious duality of the series. It also helps explain why his successors, George Lazenby and Roger Moore, both touted as "more in the Fleming image" have been unsuccessful. Fleming's character is not very interesting. He is a somber figure who rarely sees the humor of his adventures. Connery could and because of that gave the series the focus it needed. Connery in Goldfinger. Since his departure, however, the Bond films have become little more than assembly-line productions with audience programming being the primary concern. If a car chase worked well in one film, for instance, there will be three chases in the next one. This technique might be logical, but it is also tedious, making Bond films the victims of the very dehumanization which their hero had previously fought against. It has come to the point where anyone can make a Bond film as long as he knows what audience-reaction buttons to press. Then why do people attend them? The simplest answer would be nostalgia for a time when the world could be broken down into stylish bad guys and good guys. The sad thing is that the Bond films don't even offer that anymore. They are no longer stylish and are now too predictable to offer any real escape. Which is too bad, and anyone wanting to see what I mean, or hoping for a break from studying, can journey down to the Carnegie Hall Cinema on May 6th, when Goldfinger and Doctor No will be playing. If nothing else, they offer proofof how far we haven't come in Bond films since 1964. James Bond 1983 from DIVERSION, June 1983 Roger Moore vs Sean Connery: friendly duel. To some of us, Sean Connery is and always will be the only James Bond. Notwithstanding that fact, many moviegoers have settled for Roger Moore's pallid interpretation since Connery abdicated the film role, in 1971; indeed, Moore's most recent Bond films have grossed between $150 and $200 million each. But now a cinematic showdown, as unusual as any 007 has faced in 21 years on the screen is in the offing. There will be two Bond movies released this summer: Connery returns to the screen as Bond in Never Say Never Again, and Moore essays the secret agent once again in Octopussy. The big-screen Bond is based on the hero of the highly successful series of books created by Ian Fleming, an upper-crust former British naval officer who had been involved in espionage activities during World War II. Fleming wrote his first Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952, drawing on his wartime intelligence work and his skills as a journalist (he had covered Moscow spy trials in the 1930s and later worked for the Sunday Times of London) to create the suave and dangerous secret agent with a license to kill. Although the book sold well for a first novel and received good notices, a film sale failed to materialize. Instead Fleming sold the rights in 1954 to CBS, which produced an unsuccessful television version of the story with Barry Nelson as an American spy, Jimmy Bond. Fleming wrote another script about a Bond-like figure that never made it to the TV screen (although Fleming salvaged the plot for his novel Doctor No), and did treatments for a CBS TV series about Bond that also was never made. It was not until 1963, one year before his death, that Fleming found the tremendous success he was looking for, with the film version of Doctor No, starring Sean Connery. By then, of course, President John Kennedy had told the nation that he loved the Bond books, an endorsement that certainly didn't hurt the secret agent's Image. Producer Albert R. Broccoli, who with Harry Saltzman optioned the rights to all the Bond novels (except Casino Royale) in 1961, began what has become the most successful film series in history. By 1964 Bondmania was at its peak. Goldfinger, the third Connery 007 picture, grossed $10,374,807 in 13 weeks of U.S.Canadian release. Crowds clamoring to see the the film were so large that the DeMille Theater in New York City opened its doors 24 hours a day, seven days a week, for showings. Taking Stock Of Bond Bond toys, gadgets, and board games flooded the market. There was a model of OO7's Aston Martin, a spy attache case, a toy figure of Connery with tiny daggers that shot out of his shoes, 007 toiletries that promised to "make any man dangerous," even a rock song featuring the lyrics "My baby went and fell in love with 007." There was also a rash of highly derivative spy movies (The Ipcress File, Our Man Flint) and television series (Secret Agent, The Man From U.N.CLE.), but none could match the success of the Bond phenomenon. Connery bowed out of the series for the first time in 1967 (George Lazenby replaced him, as one critic put it, "the way concrete fills a hole") but returned in 1971 to make Diamonds Are Forever, a movie that broke records everywhere. In 12 days, it took in $24,568,915 at cinemas around the world. Despite that success, Connery announced that he would never do another Bond picture, and Broccoli turned to Moore, who had starred in the long-running television series The Saint. Although many Bond fans found Moore a weak substitute for Connery, the Moore Bond movies have garnered ever-increasing box office receipts. Maude Adams and Moore in Octopussy. The Plot Thickens How and why Connery has come to reprise his Bond role one more time for independent producer-director Kevin McClory is a somewhat complicated story. McClory had convinced Fleming to let him bring Bond to the screen as early as 1958. Discarding the books as source material, McClory, Fleming, and veteran screenwriter Jack Whittingham concocted a screenplay called James Bond of the Secret Service, involving nuclear terrorism and a Bahamian-based villain named Largo. When that project fell through, Fleming adapted the story for the film Thunderball (starring Connery). McClory charged plagiarism and sued. The case was tied up in the courts for three years but resulted in an agreement between Broccoli, Saltzman, and McClory whereby all three of them coproduced Thunderball. Coming at the height of the Bond craze, the movie was a smash hit, collecting $28 million in U.S. rentals, which made it the most successful Bond movie until Moonraker in 1979. McClory's involvement might have ended there except for a clause in his agreement with Broccoli and Saltzman that allowed him to remake Thunderball ten years after the date of its initial release (1965). In 1976, McClory announced preproduction plans for the remake, saying he had a screenplay by spy novelist Len Deighton, Connery, and himself, but Broccoli took McClory to court and the production was stymied for six years. Then, last year, Jack~ Schwartzman took over the project (with McClory as executive producer), now called Never Say Never Again. The old script was junked, and a new one was written by Lorenzo Semple Jr. (Three Days of the Condor). Irvin Kershner (The Empire Strikes Back) was hired to direct. Dr. Maybe Connery's involvement had begun in 1975, when McClory invited him to work on the screenplay for the remake of Thunderball. "It was clever of McClory to involve Sean," one observer noted. "Once Sean wrote it, he startedto care about the character he'd previously got fed up with playing." Back in Bondage: Connery with Klaus Maria Brandauer in Never Say Never Again. Connery told the press that he thought it would be fun to go back and play Bond after ten years because "he would be different, that much more experienced, older, and I would find a different vein of humor and do things that are more difficult to do and play." The new producers' approach was to have Connery play the character at his own age, which is now 52, "and not go on pretending Bond is still 32." Never Say Never Again (a title that purposely recalls Connery's earlier insistence that he would never return to the screen as Bond) is intended to update Bond in much the same manner that John Gardner's recent 007 novel License Renewed brought the print Bond into the 1980s. Bond is no longer a youthful agent; he is a man slightly out of step with thc times, an antihero of sorts, which is a canny move considering that part of Bond's carly appeal had been his iconoclasm. Now, however, antiheroes are the norm, and the new Connery approach clearly worries producer Broccoli, whose own Moore Bond remains proestablishment and who has said that the approach contcmplated in Never Say Never Again might affect Bond's following with millions of fans who still want clear-cut heroes. For his new Bond movie the producer is taking no chances. Octopussy is nominally based on an Ian Fleming short story that was published posthumously. But because Bond barely appeared in that story-he turned up at the end to arrest the villain, who, in fact, had already been killed by his pet octopus, Octopussy-Broccoli abandoned the original completely. The film version features the usual 007 ingredients: a larger-than-life villainess named Octopussy, a menacc that threatens the world, and a grab bag of incredible gadgets. Contrasting Styles Who will win the cinematic confrontation this summer'? If brand loyalty is the key, Connery may have the edge. "I was standing in the back of Graumann's Chinese [Theater] when Diamonds Are Forever opened," recalls Tom Mankiewicz, who was co-screenwriter on that film. "And at the beginning of the film, when Sean says, 'My name is Bond. James Bond,' there was such a roar from the audience. It was like welcoming home a son from the war. There's a great loyalty for him, and the picture was a smash partly because people just wanted to see him again." Connery may have the edge for more reasons than nostalgia. As a pcrformer, he is uniquely suited for the Bond role. His Scottish acccnt seems at odds with the suave English hero Ian Fleming envisagcd, which gives him the proper balance between comedy and seriousness. Moore, touted as more in the Fleming image, does not work as well, partly because he is so Flemingcsque. Moore's Bond scarcely sees the humor of his situations, while Conncry's recognizes the humor without losing sight of thc inherent dangers. Connery also gave the scries the focus, the hard dramatic cdge, it needed. Penultimate film: Connery and Jill St. John in Diamonds Are Forever. "I start with the serious and try to inject as much humor as I can to get a balance of ingrcdients," Connery said in an interview with Time. "Roger comes in the humor door, and I go out it." "Sean and I saw him differently," says Moore. "When I started, Bond naturally took a much lighter tone. After all, who could take me seriously as a spy'r" The stakes on both Bond movies are high: each film has run up a $2.5 million-plus budget. The films will also be competing with Return of the Jedi, a Jaws 3-D, the sci-fi Krull, and other big films for box office dollars this summer. Will there be enough Bond fans to make Bond's double return doubly successful'? If not, may the best Bond win. James Bond 1987   The Living Daylights  1987. Timothy Dalton, Maryam d'Abo, Joe Don Baker, Desmond Llewelyn;' dir. John Glen. 130m. (PG) Hi St cc $89.98. CBS/ Fox. Image: good.    The images are evocative: an Aston Martin, a martini shaken not stirred, a grim smile, a tuxedoed man saying, ·'Bond. James Bond." It's all part of a ritual that seems as old as movies themselves. Dr. No appeared in 1962, although Ian Fleming had introduced the world to secret agent 007, the man with the license to kill, in the 1953 novel Casino Royale.  [[wysiwyg_imageupload:528:]]   Bond has survived the death of Fleming, the departure of Sean Connery and the ignominy of Roger Moore. He has turned from tongue-in-cheek suspense to tonguein-cheek cartoon without losing a dollar at the box office. The 007 movies have netted a total of $2 billion in ticket sales and, if The Living Daylights is any indication, the series could earn a lot more in years to come.    The producers c;m thank Timothy Dalton, a Shakespearean actor whose clipped delivery recalls Patrick McGoohan's but whose dark good looks and no-nonsense style are strictly his own. This 007 is grimly serious, a scowling engine of action who is not only as exciting as Connery but gives Bond movies the focus they lacked for over a decade.  If only they had tightened up the plot. This one is so complicated it collapses under the weight of its own ingenuity. The diamond-smuggling tale involves enough double-dealing to confuse Ollie North.    Yet the familiar attributes are so reassuring: John Barry's rousing score, exotic locations (Afghanistan, Austria, Tangiers), incredible stunts (a car driving into a moving plane). There's hokey dialogue ("Don't think-just let it happen") and an incredible climactic battle with exploding stunt men falling all over the place. The Living Daylights isn't a great movie-but it is a Bond movie. And the best Bond in years. Ejector seat, anyone?   Sean Connery in Doctor No   from DIVERSION, MARCH 1989 It's classic Bond-James Bondfrom the equally classic Goldfinger. And although the film was first shown 25 years ago to audiences who attended at record-breaking levels (it earned $30 million in six months, with many theaters staying open 24 hours a day to satisfy demand), no one seems to have tired of it, or of Bond, the secret agent with the 00 prefix, and the license to kill. During the 1970s, Goldfinger and its successors repeatedly racked up profits in theatrical reissues and network television screenings. In the early 1980s, videocassettes of the films from CBS/ Fox Home Video consistently sold out. And since the first film, Doctor No (1962), the 17 Bond movies have earned $2 billion in ticket sales. The Living Daylights, the 1987 installment, garnered $11,051,284 in its first three days of release in the United States, the highest three-day gross in Bond history. Timothy Dalton as 007 And there seems to be no end in sight. Filming for Licence to Kill, the 18th Bond movie, has just been completed in Mexico, in time for release this summer. On the video front, MGM/ UA has remastered and repackaged 13 of the earlier films, while Amvest Video has unearthed a rare early television production of "Casino Royale," the first Bond novel. On television, ABC has rerun some of the movies as many as eight times each since 1972. And in print, novelist John Gardner taking over for Bond creator Ian Fleming, who died in 1964, has written six bestselling 007 novels, while others have offered such volumes as The James Bond Bedside Companion, The James Bond Films: A Behind-the-Scenes History, Bond and Beyond, and Nobody Does It Better. Amazing? It certainly is to onetime 007 Sean Connery, who noted in 1983: "It's kind of odd that this character should have lasted so long." Fantasy Figure Bond was born in 1953, a male fantasy created by Fleming, a middle-aged ex-journalist. Casino Royale, the first of 12 novels that Fleming would churn out before his death, introduced the hero as a dark, brooding, and fallible secret agent. It was wish fulfillment of the most basic kind: Tough guy Bond overcomes almost insurmountable odds (and the wiles of a treacherous woman) to save the day. Adding to the appeal were Fleming's clever embellishments-vivid descriptions of food, drink, and women that, he claimed, "reassure the reader that both he and the writer have their feet on the ground in spite of being involved in a fantastic adventure. " Even the choice of Bond's name--taken from the real-life author of Birds of the West Indies-was a deliberate attempt, said Fleming, to let readers "put their own overcoats on James Bond and [build] him into what they admire. . . . When you think of it, it is a dull name. I could have called him Peregrine Carruthers, or something lush-sounding, but then I would have defeated my aim of making him credible. I wanted the blankest name possible." You Only Live Twice Bond soon took on a life--and followers-of his own. John F. Kennedy named From Russia with Love as a favorite novel; Raymond Chandler called Fleming's work masterly; and British author and critic Cyril Connolly wrote that Bond "makes everyone go back to prep school. . . . In the most horrible Bond episode, one still hears the voice of a small boy in a dormitory describing Chinese tortures." The secret agent-who reached the peak of his popularity in 1964-65 soon came to be identified with the lost glories of J. F. K.'s Camelot. Like Kennedy, Bond on-screen was seen as youthful, glamorous, witty, and above all, stylish. Said Connery: "I saw him as a complete sensualist, his senses highly tuned and awake to everything. He likes his wine, his food, his women. He's quite amoral. I particularly liked him because he thrived on conflict. But more than that, I think I gave him a sense of humor." The films were loaded with novelties. Where else could you find a bad guy with a razor-rimmed bowler hat that, when hurled like a Frisbee, sliced off people's heads? Or a woman with a poisoned, retractable spike in her shoe? Or a hero who wears a tuxedo beneath his underwater wetsuit? Only in a Bond film would a villain make his headquarters in a volcano or use piranhas to eliminate superfluous employees. And only Bond himself could get away with the outrageous puns and weak jokes tossed off after "certain" death. Above All, Style Bond had style in everything: his suits (Savile Row); his drink (a vodka martini-"shaken, not stirred"); his cars (Aston Martin, Lotus, Bentley). The various Bond incarnations – Connery, David Niven, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, and most recently, Timothy Dalton – have all added their own personal touches to further enhance the Bond mystique. George Lazenby as 007 And those villains: Auric Goldfinger, who wants to blow up Bond and Fort Knox in one shot; Ernst Stavro Blofeld, who tries to start World War III in three different films; and Francisco Scaramanga, the man with the golden gun (and three nipples), who enjoys a cool murder before making love. Early on, coproducers Albert "Cubby" Broccoli and Harry Saltzman realized that the fans would return if the stunts and effects continued to outdo themselves. Explains former Bond screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz: "The minute Bond pressed the ejector seat [of the Aston Martin in Goldfinger], and the audience roared, the series turned around. The audience saw outlandish things they had never seen before, and the natural response of anybody-a writer, a filmmaker-is to give them more of what they want." From cars with ejector seats to a helicopter that could fit into a suitcase, the cinematic Bonds, with the help of the scientist "Q" and his laboratory, never failed to come up with the stateof-the-art in fantasy secret-agent gear. Ideas came from everyone: Writers, camera crews, production designers, even fans, and all were sifted by Broccoli and Saltzman, the mismatched godfathers of 007. "Cubby's life is those films," says Mankiewicz. "He loves working on them. Harry is just a natural wheelerdealer; he is so mercurial. He would have twelve ideas in ten seconds. And nothing is big enough for Harry. When I was working on Diamonds Are Forever, we had a problem with the script, and Harry said to me, 'What's the basic threat here?' I said, 'Blofeld's going to destroy the world.' And Harry said, 'It's just not big enough.' " 007 (Sean Connery) meets Pussy Galore (Honor Blackman) in Goldfinger. The "Bond formula" is the outgrowth of a collaborative process. First, the pre-credits sequence typically involves 007 in a wild mini-adventure that has little to do with the main story. In Goldfinger, for example, he blows up a heroin factory and uses a fan to electrocute a bad die in a bathtub. Then Bond is called onto the case proper-largerthan-life bad guys soon try to kill him; he meets the heroine; he encounters the main villain and learns of his diabolical plans; he is captured and taken to the bad guy's secret headquarters; using gadgets, wits, and the help of the "Bond girl," 007 escapes, destroys the bad guy and/or his headquarters, and makes love to the heroine. This had become so formulized over time that by 1967, Roald Dahl was told only six things when called in to write You Only Live Twice. "Bond had to have three women in the film," said Dahl. "The first one would get killed, so would the second, and the third would get a fond embrace in the closing sequence. And there should be a great emphasis on funny gadgets and lovemaking." First Bond Girl (Ursula Andress) meets Bond's dad (Ian Fleming). He was right. The Bondwagon rolled on, outlasting Saltzman (who left the partnership in 1975), television imitators ("The Man from U.N.C.L.E.," "I Spy," "Mission: Impossible," "Honey West"), film competition (Our Man Flint, The Ipcress File, The Silencers), promotional tie-ins bordering on overkill (007 cuff links, a lady's nightgown with 007 sewn in the hem, Bond Bread advertised by Secret Agent James Bread; a toy figure of Bond with tiny daggers that shot out of his shoes), and casting ineptitude (former car salesman and model Lazenby as Connery's first replacement in 1969's On Her Majesty's Secret Service; one critic observed he filled the role "the way concrete fills a hole"). Somehow, though, Bond once again beat the odds. The 25th-anniversary film, The Living Daylights, introduced a new 007, Timothy Dalton, and a new approach. "In order to keep our originality," current director John Glen noted, "[we] felt we had to get back to real action and people." Added Dalton: "My approach is to humanize the man much more, Bond is not a superman, he is an ordinary man. He's a lapsed idealist who is rediscovering what is right or wrong, what is the truth." So Bond has come full circle, and the old appeal returns for a more gilded age. J.F.K. and Fleming are gone, and Connery and Moore have since moved on. But 007 endures. "The basic success of Bond," explained 12-time 007 screenwriter Richard Maibaum, "is [that of] a ruthless killer who is also St. George of England, a modern-day combination of morality and immorality. In the age of the sick joke, it clicked." Or as Malcolm Muggeridge wrote in 1965: "Fleming's squalid aspirations and dream fantasies happened to coincide with a whole generation's. He touched a nerve. The inglorious appetites for speed at the touch of a foot on the accelerator and for sex at the touch of a hand on the flesh, found expression in his books. We live in the century of the Common Bond, and Fleming created him."   THE BONDS THAT NEVER WERE A 30th Anniversary Look at Some of the Film 007s that Didn't Make It (Including One that Did But Disappeared) By TOM SOTER from Video Times, 1992 The images are evocative: an Aston Martin, a martini shaken not stirred, a grim smile, a tuxedoed man saying, "Bond. James Bond." It's all part of a ritual that seems as old as movies themselves. Hard to believe that Dr. No, the first film, appeared in 1962. Bond has survived the death of his creator, Ian Fleming, the departure of Sean Connery, and the igonimy of Roger Moore. He has turned from tongue-in-cheek suspense to tongue-in-cheek cartoon without losing a dollar at the box office. The 007 movies have netted more than $2 billion in ticket sales. James Bond is forever. Connery, Moore, George Lazenby, David Niven, Timothy Dalton – all have taken the part. But what might have happened if other actors had become Bond? What kind of agents might they have been? Well, there is a bonda fide, "forgotten Bond": Barry Nelson, who played 007 before the agent was even a gleam in Connery's eye. Never heard of him? You're not alone. Nelson, a popular American TV sitcom star of the 1950s (he appeared in 103 episodes of My Favorite Husband), was cast as the first Bond in a television version of Ian Fleming's initial 007 novel. Casino Royale, shot live in 1954 for CBS's Climax anthology series, was long thought lost, but has recently resurfaced on video. If you pick up the tape, don't expect any wry double entendres or martinis shaken not stirred. Unlike the suave Connery, TV's Bond ("Jimmy" to his friends) is a stocky American in an oversize tuxedo with a lot to say and not much to do. "We were live and confined to a few sets," recalls Nelson, now 70. "And when you take something like that, which depends primarily on action, you're in terribletrouble." Indeed: the only true Bondian elements are larger-than-life villain Peter Lorre and sultry "Bond Girl" Linda Christian. Yet even she was transformed for Eisenhower-era television. Says Nelson: "Linda and I did kiss – but very politely." Then there are near-misses, actors considered but rejected for the role: McGoohan Patrick McGoohan, an obvious choice for the part, claims to have turned it down three times, the first because of a subpar script (others say it was because he thought the character immoral). The New York-born Irishman was well-known on the British stage and TV screen, especially in the long-running spy show Danger Man (1961; 1964-1966). As John Drake, McGoohan questioned his superior's values and was openly skeptical about the stated "necessity" for what he was doing. "You never saw me fire a gun," he says now. And he never dallied with the damsels. "I said to the producers, 'If I start going with a different girl in each episode, what are those kids going to think out there?" McGoohan's Bond would have been a principled spy, who believed that physical prowess wasn't always the answer to tight spots. Richard Burton. Talked about for the part in the 1950s when Fleming was trying to mount a Bond film on his own, Burton was powerful, athletic and attractive with a sour wit – seen in such films as The Robe, Look Back in Anger – which would have made him an ironic, almost bitter, Bond. He used this quality to good effect in the anti-espionage flick The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, where the actor played a burned out, disillusioned spy who lacks glamour, gadgets, and legions of willing women. What he does have are brains and compassion – and the latter is shown to be fatal in the spy game. Sam Neill. Up for the part in 1986, Neill has the intensity of a young Connery, as well as his darkly handsome looks. In My Brilliant Career, Dead Calm , and the TV series Reilly Ace of Spies, Neil displayed an undercurrent of savagery beneath a polite veneer. Tom Mankiewicz, a former 007 screenwriter, could have been talking about Neill when he observed: "Connery carries violence with him.‘ He's got a glint in his eye. So I think an audience's impression when Sean walks in is, 'Uh-oh, look out. Something's going to happen here!" Brosnan in Remington Steele.Pierce Brosnan, who almost had the part in 1986 but lost out because of contractual difficulties, would probably have carried on in the Roger Moore tradition ("I'm more of a light comedian than Sean," said Moore). Brosnan made his mark in TV's Remington Steele, where the hero was a lightweight man of action, not unlike Moore's Simon Templar in The Saint series of the 1960s. Adam West. TV's Batman and a 007 candidate in 1968, would have offered Bond as Camp Figure, mock serious and even more comic-booky than Moore. Burt Reynolds. A contender in 1970, Reynolds would probably have brought a down home light-heartedness to the role – as he did in the Smokey and the Bandit movies – but he can also be tough (see Sharky's Machine, and City Heat, among others). Mel Gibson. He might have radically shaken up the series. His violence is tempered by very little humor and his 007 would have been more Mad Max than Ian Fleming, harder-edged and more brutal. Jimmy Stewart. The most unusual Bond would have been Stewart, who was considered for the role in 1958. The actor's many movies include Alfred Hitchcock's 1956 The Man Who Knew Too Much, in which an innocent man is involved in a nefarious spy scheme. A few years later, Stewart was turned down for the led in North by Northwest, another Hitchcock that is a precursor to the Bonds: the hero is a womanizing, faintly ammoral advertising executive with a dry wit. Stewart was never cast as 007, and it's hard to imagine what audiences would have made of a drawling, silver-haired Bond. James Bond 1993 THE CONNERY COLLECTION VOL. II 1993 comp. Thunderball (1965), You Only Live Twice (1967), Diamonds Are Forever (1971); Sean Connery, Claudine Auger, Donald Pleasence, Jill St. John; dir. Terence Young, Lewis Gilbert, Guy Hamilton. (PG) 364 min. LBX. Digital ‘ stereo. Trailers included. CLV, 8 sides. MGM/UA James Bond producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman love gadgets. And they must love explosions almost as much, considering the number of them that turn up in the three Bond films included in The Connery Collection, Vol. II: underwater, in the air, or inside a volcano, you name it and Broccoli and Saltzman can blow it up. But luckily, there's more to super-spy 007 than dynamite, or else there would be no interest in this boxed set, the umpteenth repackaging of the Bonds for the laser market. The best Bonds define classy adventure, and the best Bonds all have Sean Connery. The actor is the highlight of the trio of tales featured here, which demonstrate the highs and lows of the series. The world-menacing action, beautiful women, and exotic locales are all plentiful, but so are trends that helped destroy the series' integrity in the Roger Moore years: excessive gadgetry (Thunderball), too much travelogue (You Only Live Twice), and too many jokes (Diamonds Are Forever). For all that, Twice has great pacing, while Diamonds has great wit, accentuated by Connery's deliciously deadpan delivery (Buxom Girl: "My name is Plenty. Plenty O'Toole." Bond: "Named after your father, perhaps?"). Besides trailers and chapter stops, The Connery Collection offers little that can't be had elsewhere and adds a few major gaffes, as well. The brief background literature features inaccurate running times, an inflated budget for Thunderball, and the laughable assertion that Bond's creator, Ian Fleming – dead two years when Thunderball was made – "teamed with Broccoli and Saltzman to produce a new version of the screenplay." Indeed. If the author of such misinformation had worked for 007's nemesis SPECTRE, he would have already had a visit from The Execution Branch. VIDEO, 1993 James Bond 1999 THE WORLD IS NOT ENOUGH By TOM SOTER from MOVIE TIMES, 1999 In James Bond movies, as in real estate, the catchphrase could be “location, location, and location.” While many moviegoers have flocked to the 007 thrillers for the gadgets and girls, a prime appeal has also been the franchise’s exotic foreign locales. A travelogue with a kick, the globe-hopping series has found its villains on the beachfronts of the Bahamas (Thunderball), skiing down the snow-peaked Swiss Alps (On Her Majesty’s Secret Service), hiding among the pyramids of Egypt (The Spy Who Loved Me), and lurking in the Turkish flea markets of Istanbul (From Russia With Love). For The World Is Not Enough, the new Bond opening November 19, one location was certainly not enough: Pierce Brosnan’s third 007 outing finds the superspy jetting from London to Turkey and from Spain to the French Alps in a battle royale to save the world’s oil supply from destruction. The tricky location work involved staging a high-speed motor boat chase on the busy Thames river in London. The sequence found the actors firing off machine-guns outside the Houses of Parliament, while the crew set off dynamite near the financial district and at the Victoria Docklands, next to the city’s airport. Besides creating explosions that had maximum effect with minimum impact, the production team also had to work closely with air traffic controllers so that the shooting did not disrupt any aircraft overhead. Noting that there were 25 different locations within this one episode alone, producer Michael Wilson wryly observed: “This is something no one else has tried before. And when I see the logistics involved, I understand why.” The crew also flew to the town of Chamonix in the French Alps for an aerial ski chase that had to cope with the serious possibility of avalanches. In addition, there were other problems that made some feel as though they were in the military: “It’s pretty inaccessible, especially when it snows,” said second unit director Vic Armstrong. “It’s like moving an army.” Nonetheless, for 007’s audiences, those larger-than-life miracles are par for the course. “You come to each Bond film looking to make it bigger and better,” noted miniature effects supervisor John Richardson. “That’s the challenge.” James Bond 2 from THE COLUMBIA DAILY SPECTATOR July 28, 1977   Bond (Roger Moore) vs Jaws (Richard Kiel) The Spy who Loved Me is the tenth james Bond movie (or eleventh' if you count Casino Royale) . which means that things should, be getting' either tired or different by now. They are. Spy is more a lifeless remembrance of Bond's past than anything else. There is the villain in the underwater hideout (Dr. No); the brutal fight on the speeding train (From Russia, With Love); the car that can do anything (Goldfinger); the hungry sharks and threatening scuba divers (Thunderball); the impossible ski chase (On Her Majesty's Secret Service); and the kidnapping of American and Russian crafts which could lead to international holocaust (You Only Live Twice). It is this last reference that has predominance in Spy. The mad genius who threatens the world with destruction is a staple in Bond thrillers in general, and in You Only Live Twice in particular. The difference here is that the bad guy (Curt Jurgens) is about as menacing as. a nasty boys' school dean and merely adds to the, weightlessness that besets. not only the villains, but the heroes and storyline as well. Roger Moore, for instance, is a dull Bond. He lacks his predecessor Sean Connery's ability to laugh at himself and us for taking, things too seriously. Moore is merely impeccable and: about as interesting as the department store dummy he resembles. Qutside of the casting, however, die very fact that 007 has become invincible prompts only yawns. In Goldfinger, the secret agent's helplessness in the face of the super-strong Oddjob made his predicament more suspenseful and his triumph all the more satisfying. Here, there is Jaws, a perverse, superhuman thug who kills people by opening their necks with his metal teeth, and is apparently' indestructible (he wrestles with a shark & wins). Even so, he. is not very menacing because we know that Bond can triumph over anyone. The Spy Who Loved Me and most of the recent 007 films lack the excitement of the earlier Bonds because they have lost the necessary human element. We can no longer identify with the secret agent because he is now too sure of himself-too much of a superman. In addition, his sadism is now rampant (he kills an unarmed foe by, shooting him in the groin) and his frequent puns ("When in Egypt one should delve deeply into its beauties") make him seem more insecure and tasteless than clever. In short, there is nothing to recommend this movie, which recalls the '60's Bonds without actually reliving them. It is a hollow, composite reincarnation-a fact made sadder when one thinks of the great times that 007 has given us in the past. But the most apppropriate comment· comes from the' film itsellf- Bond approaches a hawk-nosed man and gives the standard "My Name is Bond. James Bond." The man replies "What of it?"   from the NEW YORK VOICE August 22, 1987 "The Living Daylights" introduces a new James Bond, in the person of dashing, intense Timothy Dalton. He's as much a success with his serious sty[e, as his immediate predecessor, Roger Moore, was with his flip one. What did the man who wrote Moore's first Bond epic, "Live and Let Die," think of his leading man? In the following interview, Mankiewicz provides some answers to that and other questions. Mankiewicz co-wrote ''Diamonds Are Forever" and "The Man with the Golden Gun, " and wrote "Live and Let Die." His non-Bond efforts include "Superman II" and "Superman III, " and the Bill Cosby film "Mother, Jugs and Speed. " He created and supervised the TV series "Hart to Hart." New Bond on the beat: Roger Moore (seated) with (left to right) producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman on location for "Live and Let Die." Q: You worked on three Bond pictures as screenwriter with two different Bonds. Can you compare your relationships with Sean Connery and Roger Moore? A: I had a terrific relationship with both. With Sean, I was really surprised because when I first met him in Las Vegas on the day he arrived, he had read the script and made notes on it. I was surprised by how much homework he had done. He had gone through it very carefully and the thing that was surprising to me was that most of the notes he had were for other parts. For instance, he would say, "Couldn't she say something better than this to that guy?" Most of the time it had nothing to do with him. I never really had a meeting with Roger like that. Roger's contributions are more in the dialogue area. He's very quick and his contributions tend to happen on the spur of the moment. For instance, Roger had an ad-lib in "Live and Let Die" where the girl says, "I guess as an agent I'm a total bust." And he said, "I'm sure we'll find some way to lick you into shape." Which I loved. Roger is terrific to work with. Q: How was it writing for the two actors? Their styles are very different. A: I think you write to their strengths. Roger's is comedy. For instance, Roger Moore walking into the Filet of Soul, a Black bar in Harlem in his very British Chesterfield coat. You get great comedy out of it because he looks like a twit. On the other side, Sean walking into the Filetof Soul – Sean carries violence with him. He looks like a bastard; he's got a glint in his eye. So I think the audience's impression as Sean walks in is, "Uh-oh, look out. Something's going to happen here." And one does think that if Roger starts to do exactly the same sort of things that Sean did, the audience is going to resent that.' So it's part and parcel of trying to write to their strengths. Q: Connery reportedly enjoyed working on "'Diamonds Are Forever." Did they try and get him back for the next one, "Live and Let Die"? Sean Connery and Lana Wood in "Diamonds Are Forever." A: At the last minute they made another attempt to get Sean back. I remember having dinner with him just before "Live and Let Die" began shooting and he said, "How's the script?" And I said, "It's just terrific, Sean. It really would be a lot of fun." And we didn't have a Bond then and I said, "Would you like to read it?" And he refused. I think that's because he didn't want to get tempted again like he was with "Diamonds." He said to me, "Boyo, all they can offer me is money." And that's what he didn't need. And I brought up the quesiton of his "obligation" to his public to play Bond. He said to me, "Six pictures over ten years; How much of an obligation have I got? When does it run out? Should we put a limit on it, say I5 pictures over 30 years? One more this year and then is my obligation over?" He said the only two things he ever wanted in his life were to own a golf course and a bank. And he had both. Q: I understand there were some casting problems in "Live and Let Die"? A: When we started writing "Live and Let Die," one of the things that I wanted very much, and the director, Guy Hamilton, wanted very much, was for, the heroine, Solitaire, to be played be a Black woman. United Artists, the distributor, was'very scared of it. I thought having, a Black heroine would ease the basic problem of the film, a white man beating up Blacks. But when it carne time to do it, U.A, was quite frightened of it for legitimate reasons from their point of view. The picture was going to be very expensive and they wondered, outside of cities like New York and London. How well that would go over with a new Bond. They'd had the experience of "On Her Majesty's Secret Service," which had done poorly. But we didn't know they were going th renege on this idea. And the first person who was brought up in casting sessions for the Solitaire part was Catherine Deneuve. And I said, "Well, she's not terribly Black." Sort of the antithesis of it. Q: What about the casting of Moore? A: Cubby and Guy went over to the Goldwyn lot to meet an actor named Burt Reynolds, who was doing a series called "Dan August."And Guy thought he was charming as hell. And as a matter of fact, the choice wlls between Burt Reynolds and Roger Moore. Roger Moore. He had just done "Deliverance" and I think the biggest problem with him would have been getting him to sign for three pictures. And Cubby was the one who said, "I don't care what happens. Bond must be British." So Reynolds was out. Q: What was it like working with the producers Albert R. (Cubby) Broccoli and Harry Saltzman? A: Harry is so mercurial. He gets these brainstorms. He had an obsession that Bond would wake up in bed in "Live and Let Die" and there would be a crocodile next to him. And I said, "Harry, first of all, they've got such little legs. How does he get up there? Harry said, "Somebody put him there." I said: "Who?" He said. "I don't know – but I know that Bond gets up and there's a crocodile right next to him." "Why doesn't the crocodile eat Bond?' "He's noi hungry." He really wanted it and we didn't get it in. Now Cubby is more the conscience.of the audience. He wants to make sure everyone understands everything. I used to use the example-that never happened – that you could say to the two of them, "Bond falls off the boat and as he's sinking underwater, he meets an octopus. But it has nine arms.'' Harry would say, "And he's bright red and he's on roller skates and he blows up." And Cubby would say, "I still don't understand what's funny about the nine arms." You'd say, "But, Cubby, octopusses usually have eight arms." And he'd say, "1 know that. But do you think everyone in the audience is going to get that?'" Q: Do you know why they split up? Christopher Lee and Maude Adams in "The Man with the Golden Gun." A: There were all kinds of reasons. Basically, they had totally different lifestyles. Cubby's life is those films. He loves working on them, Harry is just a natural wheeler-dealer. He has such an active and unfocused mind that he loves to be into 12 things at a time. There are people like that who just need that kind of action. There's a story about Harry. He wanted to have a sequence in a salt mine in "You Only Live Twice" and he said, "We've got to have one in a salt mine." He took an art director and a bus and he went all over Japan before finding out two weeks later that there are no salt mines in Japan. But that wouldn't stop Harry. He would say, "Nonsense. The just haven't found any yet." James Bond Girls By TOM SOTER from MOVIE TIMES, 1999 It may not be very PC anymore, but the phrase “Bond Girl” has become part of the filmgoer’s lexicon. And when Tomorrow Never Dies, the latest James Bond epic, opens on December 19, karate-chopping Michelle Yeoh, veteran of many Chinese action movies with Asian superstar Jackie Chan, will join a list of Bonded beauties that goes all the way back to 1962. 007 Bond Girls: Then & Now: Fresh off her fame from playing Cathy Gale on the 1960s British show The Avengers, Blackman remains one of the most memorable, and oldest, of the Bond girls around. Although she mostly kept to theater work in London since her stint as a Bond girl, American audiences saw her as Penny Husbands-Bosworth in Bridget Jones' Diary (2001). That was the year when Doctor No, the first Bond adventure, introduced the series’ classic heroine: Honey Rider, played by statuesque and exotic Ursula Andress. Since then, there have been nearly two dozen Bond Girls, whose type has changed with the changing times. The most widely remembered is probably Shirley Eaton, who graced magazine covers and posters as the “golden girl” in Goldfinger (1964), killed by having her body painted gold. But others have left their mark, as well, including pop singer Grace Jones (A View to a Kill, 1985), TV mini-series bad girl Barbara Carrera (Never Say Never Again, 1983), Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman heroine Jane Seymour (Live and Let Die, 1973), Shakespearean-trained Diana Rigg (On Her Majesty’s Secret Service, 1969), and the first proto-feminist Bond babe, Barbara Bach (The Spy Who Loved Me , 1977). Bach, the wife of Beatle Ringo Starr, didn’t think much of Agent 007, however, saying the character was “a male chauvinist pig who uses girls to shield him against bullets.” Karate expert Yeoh has other ideas. She hopes to make a mark – both literally and figuratively – as Chinese spy Lin Pao, who is a different kind of Bonded heroine. Says Yeoh: “I’m more of a ‘90s woman. I’m smart but also very physical.” James Bond: Barry Nelson THE FILM BOND IS 30 NEXT YEAR By TOM SOTER from VIDEO, 1991 Before James Bond was even a gleam in Sean Connery's eye, there was Barry Nelson, the original Agent 007. Never heard of him? You're not alone. Nelson, a popular TV sitcom star of the 1950s (he appeared in 103 episodes of My Favorite Husband), was cast as the first Bond in a television version of Ian Fleming's initial 007 novel. Casino Royale, shot live in 1954 for CBS's Climax anthology series, was long thought lost, but has resurfaced on video. If you pick up the tape, however, don't expect any wry double entendres or martinis shaken not stirred. Unlike the suave Connery, TV's Bond ("Jimmy" to his friends) is a stocky American in an oversize tuxedo with a lot to say and not much to do. "We were live and confined to a few sets," recalls Nelson, now 70. "And when you take something like that, which depends primarily on action, you're in terrible trouble." Indeed: the only true Bondian elements are larger-than-life villain Peter Lorre and sultry "Bond Girl" Linda Christian. Yet even she was transformed for Eisenhower-era television. Says Nelson: "Linda and I did kiss – but very politely." John Barry   from STARLOG, February 1994 John Barry is nothing if not eclectic. He is, after all, the man who could write a sweeping, sentimental theme for Out of Africa and then turn around and compose the pounding, action tunes for James Bond in The Living Daylights. He is also the man who could write the beautiful choral interludes of The Lion in Winter – and then later pen the synthesizer-based fright music of Jagged Edge. “I think he occupies a quite unique place in the cinema of today,” notes director Bryan Forbes, who worked with Barry on six movies. “He doesn't swamp you with the of 400 violins, and the idea of using a heavenly choir would make his somewhat cherubic locks turn gray. He makes music for films, and it is something beyond good music for films. It is music that lives outside the celluoid wrapping, music that people buy and listen to for its own sake.” Indeed. Perhaps no other movie compose has created so many catchy, wordless tunes that are so different from each other. Think of Elsa the Lioness and you think of Born Free. Think of Tilly Masterson painted gold and you think of Goldfinger. Or think of John Dunbar on the plains, or Isak Dinensen in the air, and you think of Dances With Wolves and Out of Africa. And all the time, you are thinking of John Barry. "His music is meant to be heard, not seen," wrote critic Harvey Siders, who points to Barry's "inventiveness for orchestral colors and infectious rhythms, his gift for melody, majestically sweeping or deceptively simple; his ability to paint indelible pictures, conjure up images that run a gamut from the hip to the hippie; and above all, his complete mastery of the orchestra." But for a man who has done so much, Barry in person is remarkably low-key. His voice is deeper than you would expect, still thick with his native Yorkshire accent even after years of exposure in America. His latest score is for Indecent Proposal, in which multi-millionaire Robert Redford buys Woody Harelson's wife, Demi Moore, for a one-night stand. "It was one of my most difficult scores," Barry admits. "The problem was the characters: the balance of how you play them off together, and come out at the end of the movie, feeling good about all of them, writing the music for that, [it was hard] to keep the balance - because if you pushed Redford too much one way, then you're tipping the scale the wrong way. It was like walking on eggshells, on a tightrope. It was unbelievable, keeping that emotional balance of the melodies in control. How does one interplay all those moments? That is the simplest thing I've ever written. But believe me, it was a nightmare getting there." John Barry (left) with Tom Soter. Composer Nightmares Nightmares are part of a film composer's life – after all, it is music that must work in conjunction with someone else's images, usually timed very precisely – but Barry had always wanted to embrace those images. In fact, the combination comes naturally when you consider his upbringing: the youngest of three siblings, he had a father running a chain of eight cinemas in northern England and a mother who loved to play the piano. By 1942, when he was nine, Barry was studying music. "I took piano lessons, and I started studying harmony, counterpoint, and composition at 12." At 16, after working as a projectionist, he began playing trumpet and then studid with the master of music at York Music. "My first love was classical music," he recalls, adding that he still listens to Stravinsky, Mahler, and Mozart. Although classically trained, he admits he was more interested in film composing than concert conducting, so with an eye towards that, he took a correspondence course in composition, orchestration, and harmony. In the Army, he played trumpet in a band, and afterwards, he formed his own rock-jazz group called the John Barry Seven. "I didn't love [pop] music, I wasn't passionate about it. But I did want to be a professional musician," he explains. "So we literally listened to all that was coming out of America at that time, whether it was Bill Haley or Freddy Bell and the Bellboys and all that stuff, and the first concerts we did, we just copied all their stuff and did it. Then I started to write things in that vein myself. Within three or four months of forming this group, we were hired professionally and opened at the Palace Theatre at Blackpool with Tommy Steele. So, the plan worked." In more ways than one. Barry began composing ppp tunes by the truckload, and one of them, "What Do You Want?" sung by Adam Faith, entered the BBC radio hit parade three weeks after its release in 1959 to become a No. 1 tune, selling 50,000 copies in a day. By the end of 1960, it had become the year's biggest-selling record. Yet Barry pined for the movies and would take anything that brought them closer. In 1959, in an effort to learn more about scoring, he took the job of musical director at EMI Records. "In the early days I would write anything," he says. "I was doing commercials for toilet paper. At that point in my career, you were not in a position to be picking and choosing. You were getting the experience, you were getting a pay check, you were starting a career." Musical Emotions Movie work finally came with Beat Girl, a teenage exploiitatin movie featuring Adam faith. Barry knew Faith and the producers knew the JB7 as a hit instrumental rock group, so the composer got his chance. The music was so impressive, in fact, that EMI took the unusual step of releasing it as an album. Barry did in Beat Girl what he would do in later pictures: compose music that was noteworthy but unobtrusive. The trademark Barry score would contain haunting tunes, menacing music, and evocative melodies that created feelings, enhanced actions, and set mood and texture. "I cannot write without having an emotion [for the characters]. It's mot my nature,"' he observes. "There has to be an emotion." On his Academy Award-winning Dances With Wolves, for instance, he read the script and immediately thought of a melody for the iconoclastic hero John Dunbar. "You have to get involved with Dunbar and this guy after the Civil War, this merchant man getting up, saddling his horse and riding out there. He wanted to see what it was. And that's why that theme is almost like a last post, you know, it's like a death wish. It has a lyrical quality, a tentative quality,and that was the start. That's the way I felt. I sat down and wrote that once I had read the script. I didn't even see the movie. I wrote that single thought and then everything grew from that. I wasn't trying to be Aaron Copland, which I think would have been totally wrong. That's where all the other western scores came from." It's a technique that harks back to 1962, when Barry received a frantic phone call from Noel Rodgers, head of music at United Artists. Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, the producers of Dr. No, the first James Bond film, were unhappy with the work of the film's composer, Monty Norman. They needed some catchy instrumental music for Bond, so Barry, without seeing the movie or knowing much bout 007, whipped up "The James Bond Theme" by reworking some of Beat Girl's chords ("It's that same accent guitar riff," he notes). The tune became a hit, on screen and off, reaching No. 13 on the British music charts. More significantly, it led to Barry's association with the superspy James Bond, his cinematic alter ego. He scored From Russia With Love masterully, but it was on Goldfinger that everything clicked. "The star came together on the Bond thing," he notes. "From everybody's point of view. I mean, I love From Rusia With Love, but Goldfinger was it." It was the first Bond for which he was asked to co-write the title song, the quintessential Bond theme (ironically, although it became a million-seller, co-producer Saltzman hated the tune and wanted to remove it). Barry collaborated with Leslie Bricuse and Anthony Newley on the lyrics. "I went to Tony because we had the same divorce lawyer," the composer says. "Tony said, 'Well, what the hell is this about? So I said, 'It's Mack the Knife. It's a song about a villain. So, that seemed to be a good opening line. Then, they wrote the lyrics." Collaboration soon became the key to Barry's approach – not necessarily between people but between image and idea, music and action. He admits to looking at the story and characters first, working out initial themes on the piano. He can then take three to four weeks to write a score (although key parts of Thunderball were composed in two days, and the entire score for The Man with the Golden Gun took two weeks). "Whether it's a horror movie, an action movie, a love story, a historic piece, it can be any one of those. It's how good the writing is, essentially. How good that script hits you, and then who is the director. Then you go through the whole thing of who's doing it, who's going to be casting, so you come out at the end and you make those choices. And as I say sometimes they could be terribly right and sometimes they could be disastrous." He remembers 1986's Howard the Duck with a shudder and a chuckle. "I had just finished Out of Africa with the same company, which wound up a hugely successful movie; it won all the Academy Awards. I got this mad phone call [from the film company, Universal Pictures] and they said, 'It;s George Lucas's movie,' and I thought, ''Well, a cartoon death wizard, a ridiculous thing; it just might be fantastic.' So, I said, 'OK.'" Barry scored sequences without seeing the special effects, recalling that "I went blindly, with confidence, and I thought that [Lucas] was going to be taking care of all that. That never worked out. I still don't know what happened. It was such an unbelievable disaster. And I never met George Lucas." Film Collaborations Barry believes the director is key to a proper marriage of picture and score. He has worked with some of the best: John Schlesinger, Arthur Penn, Nicholas Roeg, George Cukor, Richard Attenborough, and Sydney Pollack, and admits to being most impressed by Schlesinger's musical knowledge. He notes that directors often have preconceived ideas about music -- "their choices are too obvious" -- which the composer must change with a fresh concept. "Good directors listen," he notes. Sometimes they don't, however, and that can lead to clashes, as it did when he left the Barbra Streisand movie, Prince of Tides. "Sometimes you just don't get on with somebody," he says. "It's a collaborative system. You listen, if the director starts thinking that they can actually compose music, then I pass." Sometimes the directors know about music, which helps. "When I started working on Indecent Proposal, the initial things I wrote were wrong. Adrian [Lyne, the director] was very observant in saying, 'If this was Mastrianni and John Barrow, these themes would be terrific, but they're too European and they're too mature.' So I had to de-Europeanize myself and demature myself, if there's such a word, and come down to an easier form of American romanticism. That's why I like working with Adrian, because he was at least able to articulate what was wrong." By the late '60s, Barry had begun branching out, becoming bored with what he was calling the "Million-Dollar Mickey Mouse Music" of the Bonds. In the '70s, he was at work on a stage musical, Billy (based on the film Billy Liar), a film musical of Alice in Wonderland, an album of original compositions, Americans, beautiful historical drama scores (Robin and Marian, The Last Valley, Mary Queen of Scots), and TV-movies (Eleanor and Franklin, The Corn is Green). He began alternating on 007 epics – skipping Live and Let Die, The Spy Who Loved Me, and For Your Eyes Only – and his distinctive melodic action music was greatly missed, replaced by the hollow sounds of George Martin in LALD or the disco beats of Bill Conti in FYEO. "I always treated the Bonds very seriously," he observes. "I never treated them fliply. Even those action sequences were -what shall I say – relatively clean compared with the mixes that go on today. I just don't find they have any dramatic thrust other than pure energy and noise. There didn't seem to be any linear motif. They don't stretch it dramatically. It's very unstructured. It's just not good dramatic writing." There are no more Bonds in Barry's future, however -- even though his presence was felt in Licence to Kill's Michael Kamen score ("They ripped off the opening bars of Goldfinger," he laughs). "If they make the [next] movie fresh, that would be something, but the way they're going I don't know, I can't believe that it's going to be a sparkling new concept." Past Scores He himself stays fresh by keeping true to his ideas of good music, irrespective of the ideas associated with a particular genre. His fantasy films include Somewhere in Time and Peggy Sue Got Married, and he has dabbled in sci-fi scoring, first with You Only Live Twice, then with The Black Hole (the first digitally recorded motion picture), Starcrash (the score won a special prize at the Festival du Cinema Fantastique in France), and Moonraker. However, instead of using the expected sounds of scifi – synthesizers and electronic instruments – he went for "kind of strange, spacey, harmonic progressions. Before I think of melodies or anything, I think of harmonic progressions that have a strange, almost transparent, translucent spacey feeling about them, then I go and stretch things over that." He rarely looks back at the past. He is dismissive about plans to release his older work on CD, as well as the recently released rarities from Thunderball included on The 30th Anniversary James Bond Collection. "I don't want to be any part of it," he says brusquely. "It's past. It's done. It's all over. Move on. If some fan or fanatic wants to dig through all those files that's fine. That's their pleasure." Yet he does think fondly of his scores. "I bleed on every movie I do and I'm very faithful to every movie I do, I'm a ham in that way. Like Raise the Titanic. I worked my butt off, but I am the composer. I'm not the overseer of every other thing. I like what I've done." So much so that he has dipped into his musical history for a new CD collection, Moviola, which features some of his greatest hits (as well as the tune "Moviola," the original theme for Prince of Tides). "I went back over the whole repertoire, and thought, 'Well, I'd love to do almost a lyrical album.' I've done enough work over this period of time to put together, I think, a really terrific lyrical album." Connery in Diamonds Are Forever. With the past intruding in the present, Barry is still searching for something new, still yearning for the eclectic and the unusual. "I would very much like to do a jazz album – a moody jazz album. I love orchestral settings, and I am in initial talks at the moment with the people at Sony [because] they have some terrific jazz artists. I would love to put together a group of their people, maybe ten, that are really the finest people, and do a real free form kind of jazz-inspired album, if you like. It's my roots. From my mid-teens onward, I became a huge jazz fan. I would just like to put it into slightly more sophisticated harmonic setting. I could have a lot of fun doing that." Influential Notes  Married, with three grown children, the composer is looking to the future, although he almost never had one when a healthfood beverage caused a ruptured esophagus in 1988. He nearly died, but after four major operations in 14 months, he recovered. He now jokes that every artist in his 50s should take an enforced sabbatical -- just not the way he did. Barry's ideal work situation is to be alone at his home in Oyster Bay, New York, creating tunes in his office lined with photographs and autographed scores of Prokofiev, Bartok, Mahler, and other composers. "I love the isolation," he says. "I have a beautiful studio that overlooks the lawn right down into the sea. Total peace. I can work under other conditions -- the week before last I finished a movie up in a hotel room at the Regent Beverly Wilshire -- but the ideal thing is real concentration. I don't have any social life when I start to work, it's just that kind of intensity I like: to write, to go for a walk on the beach, come back, reflect on what you've written, and you've got 24 hours in the day that are totally yours, to deal with as you wish. You think about it. You're getting it in your mind mentally. "I have millions of influences," he adds. "But when I sit down and write, I hope I'm my own best influence. I hope, as a dramatist, I sit down in the loneliness of my room and my house and my beach and my dogs and my cats and my wife – I should put my wife first – but that's the presence where you start. You figure out your own individual way of how am I going to do this? What's this going to be? In terms of my appreciation of other - composers, I could talk for three hours on that, but when you're actually doing the job at hand, it's your own self. You have to come down to your own self and how you figure it out, how you're going to do it. You go through all this process, mental process and then you sit down and you do it. It's what you're not going to do that matters, it's what you throw out. And then you're left with the bare bone. You work with the bare bone." Roald Dahl from STARLOG August 1991   Roald Dahl hated screenwriting. "If you've got enough money to live comfortably, there’s no reason in the world to do a screenplay. Harry Curtis once said that the only reason anybody ever does a screenplay is because you’re paid so much money and because you're hungry. It's an awful job.” And yet, before he died on November 23, 1990, Dahl had written some of the genre's most notable – or at least lucrative –screen works. In 1959, he adapted his short story "Lamb to the Slaughter" for Alfred Hitchcock Presents; in 1967 and 1968, he authored the screen versions of two Ian Fleming fantasies: the James Bond caper You Only Live Twice and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, a children's book about a flying car. In 1971, he scripted the film version of his bestselling Charlie and the Chacolate Factory. And just months before his death, he saw his story The Witches adapted by writer Allan Scott and director Nicolas Roeg into a critically acclaimed film, which he reportedly disliked. Roeg noted, however: "Roald is a great, great storyteller. I don't know anyone comparable to him." The Man’s Life Roald Dahl: "a great, great storyteller." Dahl was born 75 years ago in Wales, the son of Norwegian parents. A Royal Air Force fighter pilot during World War II, he was seriously wounded while flying over the Libyan desert. The novelist C.S.Forester (whose literary creation Admiral Horatio Hornblower was later the model for Star Trek's Captain James T. Kirk) heard the tale and suggested Dahl write it up as a story for the Saturday Evening Post. The success of that led to a career in writing: three novels, nine books of short stories, 19 children’s books and numerous screenplays and TV series. Directed by Hitchcock for his TV show, Dahl's adaptation of "Lamb to the Slaughter" — in which a wife (Barbara Bel Geddes) murders her husband with a leg of' lamb and destroys the evidence by cooking it and serving it to the investigating policemen – is typical of his macabre sense of humor. It also became one of the series' most famous installments. In 1961, Dahl hosted a Twilight Zone clone called Way Out, and in the early '70s, his fantasy tales were dramatized by others on Roald Dahl's Tales of the Unexpected. Through it all, the writer led a rocky life that left him slightly bitter. Married to actress Patricia (The Day the Earth Stood Still) Neil in 1953, he nursed her through a series of debilitating strokes in the mid-1960s (their story was the subject of a TV-movie starring Dirk Bogarde as Dahl). The two divorced in 1983. Dahl, who had a son and three daughters by Neal, then married Felicity Ann Crosland. He became involved in screenwriting almost by accident. In the 1960s, he "wrote an original film script for David [Picker], the head of United Artists at that time, [scheduled to star] Jackie Cooper and [be] directed by an unknown director, Robert Altman," he recalled. "I was writing stories and minding my own business when Altman and Cooper flew out from Los Angeles with this little plot and begged me to do it. In the end-to get rid of them, because they were drunk all the time-I did it. Altman said, 'When you write it, the only condition is that I direct it.' So, I wrote it. United Artists loved it and offered me $150,000 for the first draft, but they wouldn't have this unknown director Altman. "They bought it and cast Gregory Peck," Dahl added. "[It was] a very expensive film. They all went to Switzerland, shot about 200 feet of film in 10 weeks and lost a fortune because they had a bad director. So, that was cancelled, never made. It had a temporary title, like The Bells of Hell Go Ding-a-Ling-a-Ling. It's still on the shelf. "The important thing about that little story is that Picker saw this screenplay, which had been made up from nothing. At the time, he was talking to [Bond movie producers] Albert R. ('Cubby') Broccoli and [Harry] Saltzman about how to do You Only Live Twice. They thought of me and I got a call from Broccoli: 'Would you do a Bond script?' I said yes and went up to see them. There were Broccoli and Saltzman, and they said, 'You know, it will have to be completely invented. You can use the Japanese scenes and the names of the characters, but we need an entirely new plot.' So, I said, 'Well, all right.' They picked up the phone, called Swifty Lazar, my agent in California, and closed the deal, and I went away and started writing it. That’s how I got the job. David Picker was obviously impressed by the [Bells] screenplay.” Sean Connery as 007 in Dahl's You Only Live Twice: "Fleming's worst book." The Novelist’s Plot You Only Live Twice was a transitional picture for the Bond series. It marked the on-screen introduction of Blofeld, head of the evil organization SPECTRE, the absence of four-time screenwriter Richard Maibaum and four-time editor Peter Hunt (both of whom would later re-enlist) and the first sign of rifts between co-producers Broccoli and Saltzman. Dahl felt You Only Live Twice was an odd title to adapt. “It was Ian Fleming’s worst book, with no plot in it which would even make a movie,” he noted. Throughout most of the story, 007 wanders around Tokyo, taking in the sights and recuperating from his wife’s death (which occurred in the previous novel, On Her Majesty’s Secret Service, to be filmed later). Near the story’s end, Bond uncovers evidence that his old foe, Ernst Stavro Blofeld, is running an “island of death” for suicide-prone Japanese. A bizarre encounter between Bond, in a fisherman’s disguise, and Blofeld, dressed as a knight, climaxes the story. Blofeld is killed and Bond is reported dead; actually, the agent has amnesia and retires to the simple life of a Japanese fisherman. Broccoli and Saltzman tried several screenwriters when Maibaum was unavailable. Finally, they offered the job to Dahl. "So, I did it, and we had two or three script conferences with Cubby and Harry. Harry would usually nod off to sleep in the middle." Dahl was given a Bond formula to write You Only Live Twice to: "Bond has three women through the film: If I remember rightly, the first gets killed, the second gets killed and the third gets a fond embrace during the closing sequence. And that's the formula. They found it's cast-iron. So, you have to kill two of them off after he has screwed them a few times. And there is great emphasis on funny gadgets and love-making.” em; a mini-helicopter (“Little Nellie”) armed with missiles (a sort of airborne Aston Martin); a suction-cup wall climber; a cigarette that fired explosive bullets; and a volcano that changed into a rocket-launching pad. Gadgetry: Little Nellie on the set. The volcano was the most fantastic set a Bond movie had spotted until then, costing $1 million of the film’s $10 million budget. Designed by Ken Adam, the idea of it came about by accident. “We had a writer,” Broccoli told a gathering at the Museum of Modern Art in 1979, “who came up with the idea of having these Ninja-like Japanese characters crawling all over Tokyo, and it just wouldn’t work. So, we flew all over Japan with a fleet of kamikaze pilots,, and that’s when we found the volcano.” That set became the movie’s centerpiece, around which Dahl built his story. The shooting schedule was set before the screenplay was completed. After signing to write it, Dahl had to deliver the first draft in six weeks; the second, 14 weeks after that. "The main problem was the plot," he said. "I didn't know what the heIl Bond was going to do." Unlike later films in the series, which were often written by committee, Dahl's was finished alone and pretty much from scratch, with a basic plot that foIlows the outline of the first movie in the series, Doctor No. ''I'm sure today when it's getting so tough to think of new ideas and new tricks for Bond that you do need a lot of heads [to come up with new ideas]," he comments. "No one man can think of new gimmicks. But in those days, it wasn't very much of that." Broccoli told the writer to start with Bond's "death" and burial at sea, staged to fool his enemies. "My guess is that it was the idea of Mr. [Harold Jack] Bloom," said Dahl, citing the prolific TV writer who earned an "additional story material" credit on the finished film. "They had probably-and hadn't told me--commissioned a screenplay from him, and it hadn't been any good, but they picked out that jdea and possibly one or two others which they had asked me to put in. So, Bloom had a right to some kind of credit. I never worked with him. The first time I heard of Bloom wanting a share in the credits was after the film had been cut and I was told that there would be a share. 1 said, 'Well, there's no way anyone's going to share the full credit. ' There was a fight about that, and then, they gave him what you see." The Writer's Bond To direct, the producers chose Lewis Gilbert, a former child actor who had a hit in 1966 with Alfie. Noted Dahl: "I've written quite a few films [since then] and he is the only director I ever worked with who is any kind of a decent fellow. He was absolutely splendid. He not only helped in script conferences, but had some good ideas and then left you alone, and when you produced the finished thing, he shot it. Other directors have such an ego that they want to rewrite it and put their own dialogue in, and it's usually disastrous. What I admired so much about Lewis Gilbert was that he just took the screenplay and shot it. That's the way to direct: You either trust your writer or you don't. "I can remember Tokyo," he continued, “when we were shooting some of those later sequences, and they needed another scene or a rewrite. I met with Lewis down in the bar in the Hilton Hotel and gave them something like 20 pages. He literally flipped through them and then said, 'That's fine.' And that's it. He still had complete control of everything. I was most impressed. And of course, I was impressed with the fact that when they do dangerous things-lifting cars up with magnets-they shoot them live; they don't use models unless they have to." Connery confers with director Lewis Gilbert. Curiously, Dahl had little to do with Blofeld's creation on screen: “I simply wrote, 'Blofeld.' It was, to my mind, the director’s job to decide,' with Cubby, how the first sight of Blofeld in the film is presented." Only his legs were shown for the first two-thirds of the story – partly because Donald Pleasence, who played the villain, didn't join the cast until late in the picture.” The filming in Japan, Hong Kong and Pinewood Studios in England ran over schedule for a total shooting time of six months. Part of the problem was that wherever Connery went, he was followed by the press, fans and hangers-on, who even trailed him into a public bathroom. The tension began to spill over into the actor's dealings with others in the film's company. "One saw each other every day," said Dahl, who was present during the filming to handle rewrites. "Nobody ever got close to Sean, you know. He's Scottish and they have a peculiar kind of reticience. The crew and Freddie Young – the chief cameraman and a lovely fellow – and everyone else alll stood a round at the end of a hot day and had drinks and beer, and Sean accepted these. He was the only man making a million in the film and he never stood anyone a round. This was known. They all talked about it. He is not an attractive personality. "Sean happened to fit exactly into the Bond image," Dahl added. "Somehow, Bond didn't need personality, he was just a tough guy. The quips were all given to him by us, you see. We went out of our way to give him quips that were incredibly cllever, but they only had to be spoken with a straight poker face. Thhere was damn little acting for him to do. He walked through it, you know. Literally. "He was a very foolish fellow to get bored by Bond because it made him. It made his life and it made his fame. If it had been me, I wouldn''t have gotten big-headed and gone off and said, 'I'm going to do my own thing now. You can all go to hell.'I would have stuck with them and seen it through, not let them hire some other actor. [George Lazenby] was a disaster. "I don't think Sean behaved very well on this film He finally demanded enormous [amounts of money] and let it be known he was giving a million to' charity. WeII, that was just a tax deal. Don think he didn't get exactly what he wanted out of it. No, I don't think Sean Connery's a complicated creature at all. He's an absolutely straightforward, rather dull Scotsman." Dahl and Gilbert got along very well, however, with the author turning in numerous rewrites on request. "I had to foIIow them around because they constanty wanted new bits of dialogue," Dahl explained. "The way the thing worked out, they were shooting and they said, 'We need it, here or there.' So, I went to Japan with them, stayed the whole time there and generally had a good time. I didn't get into the acrimony between Cubby and Harry, which was just beginning then. Cubby was marvelous with us; he took that one over. As far as I can remember, he was in charge. Harry put in an appearance, but he didn't get too close to Cubby. Connery and Charles Gray "I think [the Bond movies] were at their peak then because they had practiced for about four or five of them and everyone knew exactly what to do. It was a very well-oiled machine by then and this was their last big one with Connery [though he later returned to the role]. You also had the feeling that they had the money in the bank and they were going to make a fortune, so no money was spared in its making. You went everywhere by helicopter. If the location was 10 miles away and rather hard to get to-like a Japanese fishing village-you would go there by helicopter and find that they had already dug a helicopter landing pad out of a cliff. It was weIl-organized; they were in on a gold mine and they knew it. They quite rightly never skimped on the money, never." The Legend's Legacy One of the rewrites involved an idea of Broccoli's. "After I had finished the screenplay," recalled Dahl, "Cubby had seen this extraordinary helicopter. It had nothing to do with the Bond films at all. This thing was amazing. Cubby had happened to see it, and he said, 'We've got to have this in the film. It's so good.' He showed it to me and said, 'Go back and put it in.' "That was actuaIIy good filmmaking; it was one more gadget. Of course, I knew that you couldn't take that to bits and put it together again [in a suitcase] the way they.did [in the movie]. That's a bit of artist's license, so I said the only way to do this and have fun with it is to have it in a box. But the fact remains that it's a marvelous little airplane and that it did exactly what you say. There was no cheating, except that it couldn't be taken to bits. "The whole thing was gadgets. I came in one morning and said to them, 'Wouldn't it be rather fun when Bond goes in the office of the bad Japanese, and the person at the typewriter is pressing the keys and moving the lamp hanging from the ceiling and keeping it on Bond's head the whole time?' They said, 'Great! Have it in.' They loved gadgets-although now I think they're depen ing a little too much on them, instead of on plot and story." When the film opened in 1967, most critics cited Dahl's excellent pacing in the first two-thirds of the movie. "I was trained to move quickly in short stories, you see. You can't lose your reader," noted the writer, who did admit that he was disappointed with the movie's explosive climax. "You know, you hardly write [scenes like] that at all You just say,·'Fight in volcano,' and then, they have as many people as they can hire. I think it's a bit muddy myself. I would much rather have seen a cleaner ending, but this is traditional. That's not written. They just want a big fight at the end and say, 'Leave it to us.' It's a muddy, sloppy way of finishing and you could have been more subtle." Dahl never wrote another Bond adventure simply because "they never asked me. If you really want to know, I was rather surprised that they didn't. I think I did a good job, and it was done out of nothing. The others were much easier to do because Fleming had given them good plots." Nonetheless, the writer was hired by Broccoli to concoct a script out of Fleming's only children's book, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. It was not a happy experience. "I was very badly treated by Cubby on that one. I worked with Ken Hughes [who directed part of the Bond spoof Casino Royale], who rewrote the whole thing. They spent $18 milion on it and never got it back. Cubby used me to develop the entire story with Hughes day after day, and I couldn't understand why he didn't take notes while I talked. Hughes completely rewrote my script and Broccoli did nothing to interfere.  Bond (Sean Connery) face-to-face with Blofeld (Donald Pleasence). "Ken Hughes is a compulsive director/writer," Dahl said. "The whole thing was botched up. It was a disaster. This is the problem he makes: He's a director, not a writer. Cubby hired him because he did have a minor success with a film about Oscar Wilde. He should have had Lewis Gilbert. Then, he would have had something." Dahl was also bitter about his adaptation of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (retitled Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory for the screen). "There was a dreadful director named Mel Stuart, who really screwed the whole thing up. I mean, you've got a bestseller book, which is still a bestseller to this day, and the film is a disaster, basically. I did the screenplay, but that doesn't matter. They changed it.” By 1980, Roald Dahl had "resigned" himself to the life of a bestselling children's book author, and recalled his 007 days fondly. "You Only Live Twice was fun to do. It was the only screenplay I've ever done II which was fun, and it was some time ago. I turn them down all the time. What's it about? You see, everyone tells you what to do, so the serious writer actually hates it. Many of them have gone out to Hollywood and been ruined, or come back hating it.”   A LOOK BACK When I was preparing my book on the James Bond movies in 1979, I wrote to the novelist Roald Dahl, who lived in England at the time, and asked him if he would talk with me about his experiences as the screenwriter for You Only Live Twice. He wrote me back a brief note that said, esentially, "if you're ever in England, look me up." I took this as a polite brushoff. But I happened to be in the U.K. in 1980, and I called him. He didn't seem any too pleased to hear from me but did agree to talk. Once he started going, he was quite expansive. After I finished the interview (and a number of others, including talks with Bond folk like Tom Mankiewicz and Ken Hughes), I wrote the book – and then the project fell into limbo. My publisher, fearing a lawsuit, dropped out of the deal, and I was left with an unpublished manuscript. When Dahl died in 1991, I saw an opportunity to use some of the interview material; so I sold a revised version of the chapter on You Only Live Twice as an article on Dahl and the movie to the magazine Starlog. In an ironic twist, that led to the publication of my Bond book. A small (very small!) publishing house (more of a hut then a house, actually) saw a note in the article that explained that the piece was adapted from an unpublished book on the 007 movies. The publisher, Ed Gross, contacted me, we agreed to go forward with the book, and the rest is the stuff of legend (at least in my household). Bond and Beyond was published in 1993, and if you're interested, I still have a copy or two I could sell you (no kidding: see http://www.tomsoter.com/?q=node/128 ). [[wysiwyg_imageupload:1496:]] From COLUMBIA DAILY SPECTATOR May 25, 1978 This summer, New Yorkers will be subjected to yet another disaster film. This one involves a meteor on a collision course with the earth and is imaginatively entitled Meteor. It stars Natalie Wood, Karl Malden, and Sean Connery. It is Connery's 33rd film and although it's an adventure epic it seems light years away from James Bond, Agent 007. Without Bond, however, it is doubtful that the Scottish actor would be in Meteor, or at least in it as a star. With Bond, he became internationally famous" –and typecast – and has been trying to escape the stigma ever since. "I don't think a single other role changes a man quite as much as Bond," Connery remarked in 1971. "It's a cross, a privilege, a joke, a challenge, and as bloody intrusive as a nightmare." Shy and soft-spoken, the Scot with the slightfly cauliflowered ears and dimpled cheeks is known for his non-conformity. The cruel, supercilious Bond is far from his character; Connery likes to wear tshirts and drink beer, while Bond is happiest in a tuxedo sipping a martini at a card table. Earlier this year, too, he joined fellow actor Michael Caine in an action rarely witnessed in close-knit, familial Hollywood: a suit against Allied Artists, charging that the actors had been cheated of the profits'from their film The Man Who Would Be King. "I've never stolen from anybody in my life," Connery explained. "To work in good faith and be cheated is wrong. I'm tired of being robbed. I think the producers should be in jail." Such independence is typical of the actor. It also helps explain his dilemma: wanting to be seen as a serious performer and as an individual, he has constantly been identified with the flippant secret agent and, ironically, he's found his greatest critical and financial success in that role. As Bond, for example, Connery set a number of records. His third 007 adventure, Goldfinger, became the fastestgrossing film in motion-picture history, garnering $10,300,000 in its first 14 weeks alone. And Connery himself has been cited by the Guiness Book of World Records as earning an unprecedented $13.5 million income lrom his first five Bond films Connery as cowboy in Shalako. Such success was a long time coming. Born Thomas Connery in Edinburgh, Scotland on August 30, 1930, he went through a variety of jobs before he chose acting. Mter quitting school at age 15, he worked as a cement mixer, truck driver, lifeguard and coffin polisher before entering the navy in the late 1940s. In 1953, out of the service and looking for work, the young man was hired as an extra for a touring production of South Pacific. He continued on the stage and in TV productions after that, but had difficulty finding roles. "I was," he later recalled, "too tall or too short, too Scottish or too Irish, too young or too old." In 1956, he signed a Hollywood contract with 20th Century Fox and was placed in a series of forgettable Bpictures. Disillusioned, he returned to the British stage and television in 1960. His appearance in a BBC-TV production of Anna Karenina (as Count Vrcnsky) in 1961 brought him to the attention of producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, wilo were casting the first James Bond movie, Doctor No. He was selected from among 250 finalists and Saltzman later recalled, "We knew this guy had something. We signed him without a screen test." By the time of Thunderball (1965), the fourth 007 movie, Connery was the top box office draw in both the United States and Britain, reportedly earning as much as $400,000 per picture. He had only been paid $30,000 for his work in Doctor No. In 1967, he announced. that he was quitting as Bond, explaining that the role bored him. Four years later, however, he returned as the secret agent in Diamonds Are Fotever. The producers hoped that this film would be more successful than its predecessor, On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969), a financial failure made without Connery. For Diamon ds, the actor was paid a $1 million fee (which he donated to charity) and was guaranteed 12.5 per cent of the gross and financing of any two pictures of his choice. He later commented that "This was an act of enriching exorcism." The exorcism, however, had mixed results. For many years the shadow of Bond had hung over the Scot, and it is onl; in recent years that many reviewers havi granted him the recognition as ,a seriou: actor that he'd always sought. Critic Pauline Kael, for instance, said that "Wit! the glorious exceptions of Brando and Olivier, there's no screen actor I'd rathel watch than Sean Connery. His vitality ma~ make him the most richly masculine of al English speaking actors." Connery himself was pleased with sucl comments and also with his criticual am occasional financial success in sud diverse films' as The Offence (1973) The Man Who Would Be King (1975), and Zardoz (1974). Despite that, however, he was disappointed by the failure of his ten-year marriage to actress Diane Cilento. T'hey divorced in 1972 and he remarried in 1975. "One is always reluctant to admit failure," he remarked in an interview at the time, "and a marriage that goes wrong is as bad as anything can be, I suppose. "Our careers were incompatibie, not us. You are offered a part and you want to do it, but suddenly there are a hundred questions to settle: what is she doing? What is he doing? Who will look after the kids? Can they come? Who will look after the house? Interminable. So we finally had to come to terms with what we'd gotten ourselves into. But, you know, I've always found it very hard to discuss when it comes to the confrontation bit. Everything goes out of the window. You start falling into the traps of self-deceit. You get on the defensive because you feel you have failed. I hate fai1ure ~ but it is still the only true challenge, isn't it?" Talking Bond [[wysiwyg_imageupload:1582:]]             There was no Incredible World of 007.No James Bond Bedside Companion. No Official James Bond 007 Movie Book. There was no James Bond: The Legacy or All About Bond. There was no The Art of Bond or The James Bond Poster Book. There was no Licence to Thrill or The Politics of James Bond. It was 1979, and there were only three, maybe four, books about James Bond, and only two specifically about the Bond films, perhaps the most successful cinematic series in history. (There was the hardcover James Bond in the Cinema, which offered plot synopses of the Bonds from 1962 to 1979, and For Bond Lovers Only, a hard-to-find paperback from 1965 that featured reprints of magazine articles about the series.) Produced by Albert R. “Cubby” Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, the movie franchise about the secret agent with a license to kill had, between 1962 and 1979, grossed a fortune – and yet, when I approached numerous publishers with the idea of a book on the behind-the-scenes story of the making of the Bonds, I was turned down flat, with each company saying the same thing: “No one is interested in a book on the Bond moies.” I was flabbergasted. I was sure there was a book in it. I wrote a proposal that included a sample chapter about On Her Majesty’s Secret Service, (primarily because I had an issue of American Cinematographer that covered the behind-the-scenes story of the movie). The proposal was vetted by Jim Kotsilibas-Davis, my boss (and also my mother’s cousin) at Firehouse magazine. With one published book and another on the way, he would be a good person to advise me, or so I thought. In any event, he copyedited my book proposal and gave it the odd title of The Film Bond, which to me sounded like an esoteric volume on foreign art films. But, hey, he was the expert. That proposal made the rounds of the publishers. It even snagged me an agent. But no one was interested. Then, I heard that the producer Cubby Broccoli was scheduled to speak at an event at New York’s Museum of Modern Art, which was paying tribute to the series by displaying posters, props, and other memorabilia from the series. “Here’s your chance,” said Jim at Firehouse. “Go meet him at the event and get him to write an introduction to your book! That’ll be a selling point to a publisher.” I dutifully went, I dutifully watched a Bond film (You Only Live Twice) presented there, and then I dutifully ran up to the bulky producer as he was walking away with a crowd of followers. “Mr. Broccoli, Mr. Broccoli,” I said breathlessly. “I’m writing a book on the Bond films, and I wonder: would you write the introduction?” [[wysiwyg_imageupload:1583:]] He paused for a moment, digesting what I had said and staring at me with a withering look. “I don’t mean to be rude, but you can’t write a book about the Bond films.” Was that a threat? So much for the Albert R. Broccoli endorsement as a selling tool. It was 1980, and I’d spent at least a year on this project. I was depressed and discouraged – and then, out of nowhere, I received a call from Thomas Yoseloff. He told me he was the publisher of A.S. Barnes & Co. books in San Diego and The Tantivity Press in London. He wanted to meet me to talk about my Bond book. I had seen (and even owned) some A.S. Barnes film books (which is why, I guess, I had sent the company my proposal), and I was thrilled. We met at the Algonquin Hotel in Manhattan, where Dorothy Parker, Robert Benchley, and other literary lights had gathered in the 1930s, trading quips at the famous Algonquin Round Table. Yoseloff, a short, white-haired man with wire-rim glasses, seemed more like an insurance salesman than a publisher. We sat down for lunch at an elegantly appointed table and talked about the book, which he envisioned as a hardcover with some color pictures. That was all very exciting, I said to him, but if Broccoli wasn’t going to cooperate, how could we proceed? How would we get rights to the photos and other artwork from the movies? He brushed aside my worries as though they were a fly buzzing around his shoulder. “What we always do in our movie books is to use the photos without permission and thank the film companies for the photos in the acknowledgments section,” he explained. “These are big companies and they often don’t bother to check, so when you acknowledge them, they assume you’ve got permission.” This was the sort of logic that got you into jail – or at least into a lawsuit, but I was twenty-four, and to paraphrase The X-Files’ Fox Mulder, “I wanted to believe.” That eagerness to write this book was a driving force. Certainly, it wasn’t the money. He offered me $1,000 for the book, $500 when I signed and $500 when I finished. And I would have to pay my own expenses. Like a rube bewitched by a carny act in which he pays to have water balls thrown at him, I thought, “What a deal!” Against the advice of some friends, I signed a contract for The Film Bond and in late 1980, I began working on the book. In those pre-internet days, I did much of my research at the Lincoln Center branch of the public library, where I printed out copies of articles from the 1960s and 1970s about the Bonds. I also had an exciting breakthrough. Alan Saly, a friend of mine who worked in the archives at CBS News Radio, had come across the script to a 1954 episode of the anthology series Climax that was an adaptation of the first James Bond novel, Casino Royale. It had featured Barry Nelson as the first Bond (eight years before Sean Connery starred in the first film), Linda Christian as the first “Bond Girl,” and Peter Lorre as the first Bond villain, Le Chiffre. The program had been shot live and no kinescope was then known to exist – one was found much later – so this was a real coup. (I used material from the script to prod the memories of Barry Nelson and producer Harry Ackerman.) [[wysiwyg_imageupload:1585:]] After that, I wrote to as many people involved in the Bonds as I could, with Roger Moore expressing some interest, and other participants actually giving me interviews. For some reason – perhaps because we were fellow writers – those who wrote the screenplays (Wolf Mankowitz, Roald Dahl, Ken Hughes) were the most willing to talk. But the most gracious and forthcoming scenarist of all was Tom Mankiewicz, son of the famous director Joseph L. Mankiewicz (All About Eve). He was warm, witty, and wise about the Bonds, and in 1980, shared his memories and insights on Connery, Moore, and the three films he had written or co-written in the 1970s: Diamonds Are Forever, Live and Let Die, and The Man with the Golden Gun. (He also  contributed uncredited material to The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker.) At the end of the ninety-minute interview, I thanked him for the time he had spent with me, and he said, “I appreciate your affection for the pictures.” I replied: “I know you might not believe this but I actually did see Diamonds about fourteen times.” “Oh, so you’re the one,” he said with a laugh. “That’s terrific.” He died in 2010, at age sixty-eight. Some excerpts from our talk can be read in my new book, DRIVING ME CRAZY. Talking Bond    [[wysiwyg_imageupload:1586:]]       There was no Incredible World of 007. No James Bond Bedside Companion. No Official James Bond 007 Movie Book. There was no James Bond: The Legacy or All About Bond. There was no The Art of Bond or The James Bond Poster Book. There was no Licence to Thrill or The Politics of James Bond. It was 1979, and there were only three, maybe four, books about James Bond, and only two specifically about the Bond films, perhaps the most successful cinematic series in history. (There was the hardcover James Bond in the Cinema, which offered plot synopses of the Bonds from 1962 to 1979, and For Bond Lovers Only, a hard-to-find paperback from 1965 that featured reprints of magazine articles about the series.) Produced by Albert R. “Cubby” Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, the movie franchise about the secret agent with a license to kill had, between 1962 and 1979, grossed a fortune – and yet, when I approached numerous publishers with the idea of a book on the behind-the-scenes story of the making of the Bonds, I was turned down flat, with each company saying the same thing: “No one is interested in a book on the Bond moies.” I was flabbergasted. I was sure there was a book in it. I wrote a proposal that included a sample chapter about On Her Majesty’s Secret Service, (primarily because I had an issue of American Cinematographer that covered the behind-the-scenes story of the movie). The proposal was vetted by Jim Kotsilibas-Davis, my boss (and also my mother’s cousin) at Firehouse magazine. With one published book and another on the way, he would be a good person to advise me, or so I thought. In any event, he copyedited my book proposal and gave it the odd title of The Film Bond, which to me sounded like an esoteric volume on foreign art films. But, hey, he was the expert. That proposal made the rounds of the publishers. It even snagged me an agent. But no one was interested. Then, I heard that the producer Cubby Broccoli was scheduled to speak at an event at New York’s Museum of Modern Art, which was paying tribute to the series by displaying posters, props, and other memorabilia from the series. “Here’s your chance,” said Jim at Firehouse. “Go meet him at the event and get him to write an introduction to your book! That’ll be a selling point to a publisher.” I dutifully went, I dutifully watched a Bond film (You Only Live Twice) presented there, and then I dutifully ran up to the bulky producer as he was walking away with a crowd of followers. “Mr. Broccoli, Mr. Broccoli,” I said breathlessly. “I’m writing a book on the Bond films, and I wonder: would you write the introduction?” [[wysiwyg_imageupload:1583:]] He paused for a moment, digesting what I had said and staring at me with a withering look. “I don’t mean to be rude, but you can’t write a book about the Bond films.” Was that a threat? So much for the Albert R. Broccoli endorsement as a selling tool. It was 1980, and I’d spent at least a year on this project. I was depressed and discouraged – and then, out of nowhere, I received a call from Thomas Yoseloff. He told me he was the publisher of A.S. Barnes & Co. books in San Diego and The Tantivity Press in London. He wanted to meet me to talk about my Bond book. I had seen (and even owned) some A.S. Barnes film books (which is why, I guess, I had sent the company my proposal), and I was thrilled. We met at the Algonquin Hotel in Manhattan, where Dorothy Parker, Robert Benchley, and other literary lights had gathered in the 1930s, trading quips at the famous Algonquin Round Table. Yoseloff, a short, white-haired man with wire-rim glasses, seemed more like an insurance salesman than a publisher. We sat down for lunch at an elegantly appointed table and talked about the book, which he envisioned as a hardcover with some color pictures. That was all very exciting, I said to him, but if Broccoli wasn’t going to cooperate, how could we proceed? How would we get rights to the photos and other artwork from the movies? He brushed aside my worries as though they were a fly buzzing around his shoulder. “What we always do in our movie books is to use the photos without permission and thank the film companies for the photos in the acknowledgments section,” he explained. “These are big companies and they often don’t bother to check, so when you acknowledge them, they assume you’ve got permission.” This was the sort of logic that got you into jail – or at least into a lawsuit, but I was twenty-four, and to paraphrase The X-Files’ Fox Mulder, “I wanted to believe.” That eagerness to write this book was a driving force. Certainly, it wasn’t the money. He offered me $1,000 for the book, $500 when I signed and $500 when I finished. And I would have to pay my own expenses. Like a rube bewitched by a carny act in which he pays to have water balls thrown at him, I thought, “What a deal!” Against the advice of some friends, I signed a contract for The Film Bond and in late 1980, I began working on the book. In those pre-internet days, I did much of my research at the Lincoln Center branch of the public library, where I printed out copies of articles from the 1960s and 1970s about the Bonds. I also had an exciting breakthrough. Alan Saly, a friend of mine who worked in the archives at CBS News Radio, had come across the script to a 1954 episode of the anthology series Climax that was an adaptation of the first James Bond novel, Casino Royale. It had featured Barry Nelson as the first Bond (eight years before Sean Connery starred in the first film), Linda Christian as the first “Bond Girl,” and Peter Lorre as the first Bond villain, Le Chiffre. The program had been shot live and no kinescope was then known to exist – one was found much later – so this was a real coup. (I used material from the script to prod the memories of Barry Nelson and producer Harry Ackerman.) [[wysiwyg_imageupload:1585:]] After that, I wrote to as many people involved in the Bonds as I could, with Roger Moore expressing some interest, and other participants actually giving me interviews. For some reason – perhaps because we were fellow writers – those who wrote the screenplays (Wolf Mankowitz, Roald Dahl, Ken Hughes) were the most willing to talk. But the most gracious and forthcoming scenarist of all was Tom Mankiewicz, son of the famous director Joseph L. Mankiewicz (All About Eve). He was warm, witty, and wise about the Bonds, and in 1980, shared his memories and insights on Connery, Moore, and the three films he had written or co-written in the 1970s: Diamonds Are Forever, Live and Let Die, and The Man with the Golden Gun. (He also  contributed uncredited material to The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker.) At the end of the ninety-minute interview, I thanked him for the time he had spent with me, and he said, “I appreciate your affection for the pictures.” I replied: “I know you might not believe this but I actually did see Diamonds about fourteen times.” “Oh, so you’re the one,” he said with a laugh. “That’s terrific.” He died in 2010, at age sixty-eight. Some excerpts from our talk can be read in my new book,  DRIVING ME CRAZY. Sean Connery 2 from V JUNE/JULY 1988 This is also the Sean Connery who for years was bottled in Bond, frustrated because no one knew-nor seemed to careabout what he could do besides "kiss kiss bang bang." No wonder he ealled Agent 007 "a cross, a privilege, a joke and as bloody intrusive as a nightmare." Although the role made him a star in 1962's Dr. No, his Bond was so sueeessfuland so merehandisable-it obscured his identity. "There are theater owners throughout the world who still think James Bond is the name of an actor," one of the film series' produeers said in 1973. "They never heard of Sean Connery." Yet Connery knew they were his features on the tiny Bond doll that shot daggers out of its shoes; his portrayal being parodied in Bond Bread commereials and used to sell "official" 007 items: raincoats, lingerie, toilet paper. He was the one hounded by the press in restaurants, stores, even bathrooms. So he quit, saying goodbye to 007 in 1967, and headed toward critical respectability-a trip with its lows to be sure, but which reached a high this year with an Oscar for his work in The Untouchables. The performance is no surprise, though the belated recognition is. Connery has played a very diverse lot in his 40 non-Bond films: a monk- The Name of the Rose (1986); a coal miner-The Molly Maguires (1970); an Arab-The Next Man (1976); a cowboy-Shalako (1968); an Antarctic explorer-The Red Tent (1971); a Norwegian hostage negotiator -The Terrorists (1975); a playboy murderer- Woman of Straw (1964); and a soon-to-be murdered Greek king-Time Bandits (1981). The names have been as varied as the parts: Zed the Exterminator-Zardoz (1974); Duke AndersonThe Anderson Tapes (1971); Robin Hood-Robin and Marian (1976); Patrick Hale- Wrong Is Right (1982); Danny Dravot-The Man Who Would Be King (1975); Raisuli the Magnificent The Wind and the Lion (1975); Samson Shillitoe-A Fine Madness (1966); and, of course, Jimmy Malone in The Untouchables. But for all their diversity, these roles are connected by the same threads and colored by Connery's perspective on life. Connery in Goldfinger   Is it, for example, the actor or the character O'Neil-an outer space marshal in 1981's Outland who says: "They sent me to this pile of .... because they think I belong here. I want to find out, well, if they're right. There's a whole machine that works because everybody does what they're supposed to. I've found out I was supposed to be something I didn't like. That's my rotten little part in the rotten machine. I don't like it, so I'm going to find out if they're right." This is the voice of a man testing himself, fighting his own fears and failures in an odds-against effort to succeed. He is frightened, yet he goes on, much as Malone-the cop in The Untouchables goes on in spite of age, and fear, and the near certainty of death. There are some things worth doing no matter what the cost. Born Thomas Connery in Edinburgh on August 25, 1930, he came from a rough, workingclass background. "We weren't starving or anything," he once noted. "Father used to work too hard for that-from nine in the morning until nine at night. But we had just one cold water tap in the place, no hot water, no bathroom. We had to eat, dress and wash in the kitchen, and my brother had to sleep there, too. Looking back now, I suppose they were pretty tough conditions but we didn't think so at the time. It was the only life we knew." He quit school at 15 and, after a stint in the Navy, began acting almost by accident, as a lark auditioning for a touring production of South Pacific. He got a chorus part and by the end of the run he was hooked. He became obsessed with succeeding. "Lots of young actors are dead keen to become a star," observed an early acting teacher. "Lots of young actors are also dead lazy. Sean had a real insatiable desire to learn the business. Later, when people looked at the cool urbanity of Bond and the huge success, they said, 'Wow, that was easy for him.' But, by God, it was sweat and tears all the way."   Ad for 1970s reissue of two Bonds. While Bond made him, Connery was determined, even at the beginning, to balance the spy with other parts, "I didn't want to only be known as Sean Connery, the man who plays James Bond," he remarked in 1965. "I wanted to be known as Sean Connery, the actor. Don't think this is because I don't like James Bond. I love him, The character has been wonderful for me." But the celluloid marriage soured, though not from Bond's intolerance of Connery's "infidelities." 1964's Marnie, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, was one of Connery's more prestigious non-Bond roles in this pel'iod. Although the film was a critical and commercial flop, Connery is riveting as a man searching for the secret of his wife's past, displaying the fierce, almost brutal magnetism that became his trademark. Connery would parlay those same qualities into critical raves for A Fine Madness (1966), a comedy in which he portrays Samson Shillitoe, a workingclass poet in New York City who constantly rails against hypocrisy. He is powerful, flamboyant, foolish and vibrant-in fact, it's the first film in which he seems to let himself go, as though the character's search for "art" has freed the artist portraying him. It is no coincidence Connery's non-Bond characters have been concerned with truth and integrity. He often talks about honesty and straight-dealing; at such times, he could easily be reciting dialogue from The Anderson Tapes, his first popular success after Bond. In the film, he plays Duke Anderson, a balding safecracker just released from 10 years in prison; a man who, according to one character, is "always hammering on locked doors." Something about this sort of role must appeal to Connery-why else play an aging Robin Hood trying to recapture his youth in Robin and Marian? Or a frightened cop defying the system in Outland and The Untouchables? After The Anderson Tapes, continuing success remained elusive. He returned to Bond, briefly, in 1971 and then made a string of flops, notable mostly for dealing with typical Connery issues: The Offence (originally titled Something Like the Truth) and Zardoz are about self-discovery, while The Terrorists is about betrayal. Then in 1975, Connery's 007 "identity" was finally overshadowed by the acclaim for his performances in two films: The Wind and the Lion and The Man Who Would Be King.   Zardoz In Wind, he is Raisuli, a 1904 Berber chieftain who creates an international incident by kidnapping an American widow and her children. Connery's broad smile, his lyrical speech, his vibrant laugh, all make him a hero in the tradition of Flynn and Gable, imperious yet slightly self-mocking. But The Man Who Would Be King won Connery his greatest accolades. Wrote Pauline Kael in The New Yorker: "With the glorious exceptions of Brando and Olivier, there's no screen actor I'd rather watch than Sean Connery. His vitality may make him the most richly masculine of all English-speaking actors." He continued to refine his persona with the beautiful, touching Robin and Marian, shot in six weeks by Richard Lester in 1976. The movie, about a middle-aged Robin Hood's return to Sherwood Forest 20 years after his youth, is a meditation on love, ideals, hope and glory-and about coming to terms with who you are. "I've hardly lost a battle and I don't know what I've won," complains Robin, a man of simple beliefs who himself is not simple. He is strong but vulnerable, all-knowing but innocent. He is, in short, the personification of the Connery hero. "I like contrast," Connery recently told the New York Times, "I like it when an actor looks one thing and conveys something else, perhaps something diametrically opposite." Hunt for Red October Connery also likes to be involved in every step of a film's creation. In Outland and Wrong Is Right, he helped on the rewrites. In The Man Who Would Be King, he and costar Michael Caine developed much of the characters' comic business. On Five Days One Summer, director Fred Zinnemann accepted "95 percent" of Connery's ideas for script changes. Connery's concern with the big picture extends beyond picture-making. In 1972, he established the Scottish Educational Trust fund for the underprivileged Scots and takes great care in helping friends; he reportedly took a small role in Highlander (thus lending the film his "bankability") as a favor to the director, a Scot and a chum. But his life is his own. "It's hard to get to know him," observes director Terry Gilliam, "He's very charming and very pleasant and every night in Morocco [where Connery's sequences in Time Bandits were filmed] we had dinner together. It was just one of those things, you never felt you quite got the guy, He knows how to protect the privacy he's got." In fact, when he married his second wife, French artist Micheline Roquebrune (whom he met playing golf), his only comment was: "I confirm she is French and we are married. End of subject." The last two films before The Untouchables, Five Days One Summer and The Name of the Rose, both explore many of Connery's favorite themes. In the first, a bittersweet love story, he is an older man-practical, honest-caught up in an obsessive, passionate love affair with his 22-year-old niece. He offers the role sadness, anger, self-deceit, self-knowledge and humor. It is this last quality which helps the character to stay virile and alive no matter what he does and, for Connery, no matter what he plays. It is laughter which helps keep life's inequities in perspective and which lends Connery's people much of their appeal. "Laughter is particular to man," observes his William of Baskerville in The Name of the Rose, based on the bestselling mystery story set in the Middle Ages. As William, he is a 12th century monk more in !ove with truth than faith, a man who understands theconflicts and contradictions of life and what really gives it meaning: "How peaceful life would be without love. How safe, how tranquil. And how dull." The Terrorists To read these words is to hear Connery say them, with irony, melancholy and passion. That we can do this is a measure of how effective an actor he has become and why, though Kevin Costner is the hero of The Untouchables, Connery is the star. When he departs, the movie loses its form, its life. He is impressive and powerful as the frightened, frightening cop who carries a cross of St. Jude, the patron saint of lost causes-and asks Eliot Ness: "What are you prepared to do [to achieve your ends]?" It is a question Connery must constantly ask himself as the actor whom British critic Neil Sinyard has correctly dubbed "the acceptable face of heroism in an anti-heroic age." For Connery, life means believing in yourself and "something like the truth." Trite? Simple? Only if you discount what Connery has accomplished; only if you ignore the man himself who, in typical style, listed as his life's goals: "I hope to work, support my children and die quietly without pain."   The Ten Best Un-Bond Performances The Wind and the Lion   The Untouchables 1987. Kevin Costner, Robert VeNiro. Vir. Brian de Palma. 119 mins. CC. Paramount (R). $89.95. De Palma's ode to shotgun justice brought Connery his first Oscar as Chicago's one good cop: an unorthodox, frightened-yet-frightening maverick named James (Malone, not Bond) The Name Of The Rose 1986. F. Murray Abraham. Vir. JeanJacquesAnnaud.128 mins. Nelson (R). $19.98. Reason vs, zealotry, with Connery amusing as a medieval Sherlock Holmes, Five Days One Summer 1982. Betsy Brantley. Vir. Fred Zinnemann. 108 mins. Warner (PC). $69.95. Bittersweet tale about an incestuous May-December romance. Beautifully photographed in Switzerland, the movie is haunting and carried by Connery's layered performance. Outland 1981. Peter Boyle, Frances Sternhagen. Vir. Peter Hyams. 111 mins. Warner (R). $19.98. Fast-paced science-fiction out of High Noon, as outer space marshal Connery goes up against a corrupt establishment. Robin And Marian 1976. Audrey Hepburn, Nicol WiUiamson, Robert Shaw. Vir. Richard Lester. 106 mins.RCA/Columbia (PC). $59.95. Hepburn is beautiful and Connery uplifting as a middle-aged Robin Hood in search of his youth, A tear-jerker, not above poking fun at itself, The Man Who Would Be King 1975. Michael Caine, Christopher Plummer. Vir. John Huston. 129 mins. CC.CBS/Fox (PC). $59.98. Friendship is the theme and Connery and Caine have a wonderful rapport as two rogues who, for a little while at least, get to rule,a world. The Wind And The Lion 1975. Candice Bergen, Brian Keith, John Huston. Vir. John Milius. 120 mins. MCM/UA (PC ). {$59. 95. Heavy on the jingoism, but Connery gives a wry performance as the Raisuli, last of the Berber chieftains (and the only one with a Scottish accent). Zardoz 1974. Charlotte Rampling. Vir. John Boorman. 104 mins. Key (R). $59.98. A bizarre camp classic in which a befuddled Connery is Zed, the only virile man'in a sterile community ofthe future. The Anderson Tapes 1971. Vyan Cannon, Christopher Walken. Vir. Sidney Lumet. 98 mins. RCA/Columbia (R). $64.95. Dumb, though Connery holds it together. Really an anti-Bond flick, hinted at by the actor's opening tirade: "You just took ten years out of my life!" Get it?  Marnie Marnie 1964. Tippi Hedren. Vir. Alfred Hitchcock. 129 mins. MCA (PC). $59.95. In a reversal of Hitchcock's earlier Spellbound, Connery is brutal intellectual Mark Rutland, who marries kleptomaniac Hedren to probe her body and soul.   A LOOK BACK By TOM SOTER This was the one that got away. I wrote it for V, a short-lived but impressively designed video magazine. My editor, Peter Hyack, knew of my interest in Sean Connery, and when the Scottish one-time Bond was tapped for an Oscar nomination in 1988, he tried to get me an interview with Connery. When that failed, he told me to write an analysis of the actor's career, "and make it sound like you interviewed him." I don't know if I succeeded in that little charade, but on re-reading it, I think it's not a bad piece.

Dr. No

Which family lives at 742 Evergreen Terrace?

OFFICIAL JAMES BOND 007 ACTION FIGURES COMING FROM BIG CHIEF STUDIOS UK-based Big Chief Studios, which specializes in producing officially licensed, highly detailed 12" action figures, has been licensed by Eon Productions to create a line of figures based on the James Bond films. Big Chief announced thatt the first wave of releases will center on the 1964 film "Goldfinger" with likenesses of James Bond (Sean Connery), Auric Goldfinger (Gert Frobe) and Harold Sakata (Oddjob). No formal release date has been set. There have been other authorized Bond figures released over the decades. The first incarnation of Sean Connery in action figure form was produced by Gilbert in 1965 to tie in with the release of "Thunderball". The company also produced an Oddjob doll as well. In 1979 Mego produced action figures of James Bond (Roger Moore), Holly Goodhead (Lois Chiles), Jaws (Richard Kiel) and Drax (Michael Lonsdale) from "Moonraker". In more recent years, Sideshow created a series of highly detailed figures based on the Bond films including the only authorized figure to date of George Lazenby as 007 in "On Her Majesty's Secret Service". The Big Chief license illustrates Bond's remarkable staying power as a licensed collectible line.  REVIEW: "FIVE DAYS ONE SUMMER" (1982) STARRING SEAN CONNERY; WARNER ARCHIVE DVD RELEASE BY LEE PFEIFFER It took Sean Connery years to successfully cast aside the shadow of James Bond and establish himself as a diverse actor. Connery had made some fine non-Bond films even during the peak of 007 mania - The Hill, Woman of Straw, A Fine Madness and Marnie. Each of these worthy efforts afforded Connery a role that was significantly different than that of Bond but, much to his frustration, all of them were box-office disappointments, although he did have the satisfaction of seeing The Hill win international acclaim. When Connery left the Bond series in 1968, he made some more fine films. The Western Shalako was an international box-office success, as was The Anderson Tapes, which cast him as a charismatic crook.  Yet, Martin Ritt's The Molly Maguires, an ambitious film about exploited coal miners, failed to click with audiences, as did The Red Tent, which afforded Connery top-billing even though he only had a supporting role. Connery returned to the Bond fold in 1971 for Diamonds Are Forever and then quit the part once again. He gave one of the finest performances of his career in Sidney Lumet's micro-budget drama The Offence, but it played in only a few art houses before slipping into oblivion. John Boorman's Zardoz, which has attracted a cult following today, was a critical and box-office flop at the time of its release, as was a minor Connery thriller The Terrorists (aka Ransom). But Connery was not about to be counted out. He scored with Murder on the Orient Express, The Wind and the Lion, Robin and Marian, The Great Train Robbery and, most significantly, The Man Who Would Be King. All were critical successes even if they were not blockbusters. Connery also played a key role in the WWII epic A Bridge Too Far, a fine and underrated film. Soon thereafter, however, his choice of film projects became erratic. Although the films Cuba, Wrong is Right and Outland all under-performed at the box-office, they at least afforded him the opportunity to work with acclaimed directors Richard Lester, Richard Brooks and Peter Hyams, respectively. But the cheesy disaster flick Meteor could only be attributed to the desire to make a fast buck.  As Connery matured as a man and actor he still would take on films with limited commercial appeal if he felt the project was artistically rewarding. This was the case with the 1982 film Five Days One Summer which proved to be the final cinematic work of Oscar-winning director Fred Zinnemann, who had made such classics as High Noon and From Here to Eternity. Zinnemann had scored a late career triumph in 1977 with Julia but hadn't made a film since. The movie was an odd choice for both men since the story was small in scale and seemed to have no hope of attracting mainstream audiences. Five Days is very much an art house movie that was nevertheless given wide release based solely on Connery's presence as the leading man. Predictably, it had a quick playoff to largely empty theaters but perhaps more surprisingly, the critics who had lauded Zinnemann with praise for Julia now accused him of making a film that was too small in scope for a collaborative project with Sean Connery. Zinnemann was seventy-four years old when he made the movie and perhaps he felt he had paid his dues to the big studios over the decades. Now in the twilight of his years he might have simply wanted to make a very personal film that appealed to him, if not everyone else. The script is based on a 1929 short story, Maiden Maiden by Kay Boyle. The film was shot under this title before the decision was made to change it to the equally ambiguous Five Days One Summer. In fact, Maiden Maiden was a more intriguing title because it has a dual reference. The first is the the female protagonist of the story and the second is to The Maiden, an imposing mountain in the Swiss Alps where some dramatic events occur. The story concerns the taboo relationship between Kate (Betsy Brantley), an attractive young woman in her mid-twenties and her uncle Douglas (Sean Connery), a successful doctor in his fifties. Since she was a little girl Kate has had an uncontrollable crush on Douglas and as she grew older, came to resent his wife Sarah (Jennifer Hilary). Director Zinnemann zig-zags back and forth in time to show how a schoolgirl crush developed into a forbidden sexual relationship that finds Kate excluding any other potential lover in favor of Douglas. She alternates between joy and depression, the latter mood hitting her whenever she dwells on the fact that she can never be in anything but a secret relationship with the man she loves. Even if Douglas were to get a divorce, the incestuous love affair could never be made public. The main part of the film concerns Douglas and Kate pulling off a risky holiday trip that will allow them to spend time together in a remote lodge in the Swiss Alps where they can indulge in their mutual passion for hiking and climbing. To avoid any suspicions, she poses as Douglas's wife in a May/December romance.  At first she is as giddy as a schoolgirl because she can finally share a bed with Douglas and they can openly express affection for each other. Things get complicated, however, when their hiking guide turns out to be Johann (Lambert Wilson), a handsome young man who is Kate's age. From minute one he awakens long suppressed sexual desires in her for someone other than Douglas, who immediately perceives the unspoken attraction between the two. The trio enjoy a cordial and professional relationship as the hike and take in the scenic wonders around them. However, Johann becomes more forthright when he learns that Kate isn't married to Douglas (though she does not confide he is her uncle). Johann is outraged and tries to convince her to leave him, telling her that she is in a dead-end love affair with a married man  that can't end well. Meanwhile, on a dangerous hike with Douglas, Johann also confronts him while they are atop the summit of the Maiden (not the most opportune place to have an argument with each other.) Douglas maintains that he is not using Kate and really loves her. Meanwhile, she has made up her mind to leave Douglas and marry Johann. Before she can give Douglas a "Dear John"  letter, word comes that there has been a disaster on the mountain and that one of the men in her life has been killed in an avalanche. In the final scene, she sees a distant figure emerging from the snowy mountain landscape, staggering towards her and a group of rescuers. Is it her lover or her would-be lover? Either way, the result will affect her life in a dramatic way forever.  "Five Days One Summer" has been likened to the German "mountain romances" that were enormously popular in pre-WWII Germany. These films were known to have skimpy plots but magnificent scenery. If critics were kind to any aspect of the movie, it was Giussepe Rotunno's impressive cinematographer. Most reviewers wondered what it was about this modest story that appealed to Fred Zinnemann, who worked infrequently but generally made "important" movies. Despite the low-key nature of the scenario that unfolds on-screen, there is much to like about the film. The performances are first-rate with newcomers Brantley and Wilson making  both faring well in their first major roles in a feature film. (Ironically, Wilson screen-tested for the role of James Bond in "Octopussy" when it seemed doubtful that Roger Moore would return to the 007 franchise.)  Connery dominates the film, however, with an excellent performance playing a complex character who at times is sympathetic and at other times somewhat of a villain. He's all superficial charm but he cruelly risks destroying his niece's own life by using her as a bed mate. There's no doubt he loves her, but it's clear he isn't about to endanger his marriage to be closer to her. When she finally expresses her frustration and threatens to leave him for Johann, he reacts violently and slaps her. Equally complex is the character of Kate. We're left to speculate as to just why her obsession with Douglas has presumably led to the exclusion of any other men in her life. In this respect, the script is either lacking or intriguing, depending upon the views of individuals in the audience. The only easily definable character is that of Johann. He's a young man of simple means who has no interest in the world outside of the immediate domain in which he was raised. When he is smitten by Kate, his goal isn't to share her life experiences but rather, to incorporate her into his own world. In this respect, Kate's choices of lovers have one thing in common: they both want her to submit to their ideas about what is in her best interests. Douglas has clearly deluded himself into believing that his relationship with Kate is not harmful to her. Johann offers her a more independent, traditional life but still makes it clear that if she marries him, she would have to be content to live in a beautiful but remote mountain region. The end of the tale finds Kate finally exerting her own will and finding a determination to pursue her own destiny.  "Five Days One Summer" is barely remembered, let alone discussed, in evaluations of Sean Connery and Fred Zinnemann's careers. However that shouldn't negate its many merits. I liked the film far more today than I did upon its initial release. The Warner Archive has released the film on DVD. The transfer is a bit problematic. Some of the sequences in the lush mountain areas do justice to the magnificent cinematography but certain other scenes have excessive grain. Additionally, interiors are over-saturated to the point that characters who are seen in dimly lit rooms are sometimes reduced to shadowy blobs. The film is a prime candidate for a Blu-ray, remastered edition. The only bonus extra is the original trailer. It is a region-free release.  CLICK HERE TO ORDER FROM THE THE CINEMA RETRO MOVIE STORE PRODUCER EUAN LLOYD: A PERSONAL REMEMBERANCE BY LEE PFEIFFER Over the last year the entertainment industry has suffered incalculable losses of talented people. Some of them hit home personally, as is the case with producer Euan Lloyd, who passed away this weekend in London. I first met Euan in 1978 when I was attending college in New Jersey. I had the enviable gig of being the film critic for the campus newspaper, which afforded me the opportunity to routinely attend press screenings of forthcoming films in New York, which was a stone's throw across the river from my native Jersey City. I had read about the upcoming release of "The Wild Geese" which seemed to promise a "too-good-to-be-true" cast composed of some of my favorite actors (Richard Burton, Roger Moore and Richard Harris above all) in the kind of gritty, macho British war flick that I had become addicted to ever since seeing "Zulu" at age 8. To say the film lived up to expectations would be an understatement. I thought it was a superbly crafted blend of rugged action, social commentary and splendid performances under the capable direction of Andrew V. McLaglen. The film was inspired by the exploits of a real life mercenary named Col. Michael Hoare (not so affectionately known as "Mad Mike"). He was a technical adviser on the film and was speaking at the post-screening press conference along with the film's producer Euan Llloyd. I had seen some of Lloyd's earlier films and liked them. The two men gave a riveting account of the making of "The Wild Geese", after which I approached Mr. Lloyd and introduced myself. I told him that I was greatly impressed with the film and would be writing an excellent review of it. I had hoped to just get a handshake and a few nice words since I wasn't exactly representing the New York Times. To my surprise, Mr. Lloyd spoke to me at length about my experience writing film reviews. He hung on every word. Whether he was just being polite or had a genuine interest, I can't say to this day. However, he astonished me by inviting me to breakfast at the Plaza the next morning. As a college kid, the Plaza on Central Park was a place you only saw in the kidnapping scene of "North By Northwest", as few people from my blue collar background had the kind of bankroll that would  afford a trip to the bar or restaurant. The next morning I dined with Mr. Lloyd, who insisted that I call him Euan. After breakfast we took a long walk around the city and he related fascinating stories about the film trade. He even gave me an inside scoop on the next James Bond movie. He said he had recently screened "The Wild Geese" for Cubby Broccoli, who was so impressed by the sequence in which the mercenaries sky dive into Africa that he decided to plan a major aerial scene to start "Moonraker" off with - and indeed he did.   Euan had asked me to bring him copies of some of my reviews, which he read in my presence (a nerve-wracking experience for me, as I recall.) He was highly complimentary and encouraged me to take up writing as a career. I had never heard such words of encouragement from anyone. He also told me that if my schedule permitted it, he could get me a bottom-rung job on the set of his forthcoming film "The Sea Wolves". It was an offer I wasn't able to take because  of factors in my personal life at the time, not these least of which were that I needed a steady job and was about to get married. Still, the offer was an extremely kind gesture.  I parted with Euan that day and was destined not to see him for many years. In the pre-E mail era, these types of casualties happened to people's relationships. Richard Burton, Roger Moore, Richard Harris and Hardy Kruger in "The Wild Geese".   In 2002, my old friend and future Cinema Retro publishing partner Dave Worrall happened to meet Euan Lloyd and Andrew V. McLaglen at an event at Pinewood Studios. He asked Euan if he might have remembered a guy named Pfeiffer he had met many years ago. To his surprise, Euan recalled the day I had spent with him and relayed the message that we should visit him when next I was in London.  A few months later we did just that and I was delighted to renew my friendship with this remarkable man.  In 2006, he was our guest of honor for a black tie dinner we held at the Reform Club in London. His anecdotes were captivating but he never seemed pretentious or full of himself. He was always an example of humility and class. When we started Cinema Retro magazine a few years later, Euan was front and center and we ran an extensive interview with him over the first three issues that was conducted by writers Mac MacSharry and Terry Hine.  Euan would always be there when you needed him. It should be said that Euan was one of the first very successful producers to eschew studio financing in favor of raising money for his films on his own, then selling distribution rights to the major studios. In his early days in the industry he worked for future James Bond producer Cubby Broccoli and his (then) partner Irving Allen. Lloyd always credited Cubby for giving him a him this opportunity, which was actually arranged by Alan Ladd, who Euan had befriended. Euan helped oversee production on many successful movies for Cubby and Irving's Warwick Productions. When Cubby later teamed with Harry Saltzman to form Eon Productions, Euan continued to work with Irving Allen and co-produced the second Matt Helm film, "Murderer's Row" starring Dean Martin. From that point on, he would produce his own films. They included Sean Connery's first post-Bond film, "Shalako" in 1968. He struck pay dirt with the 1978 release of "The Wild Geese", which was a major hit internationally and spawned a loyal cult following that seems to be growing to this day. Some of his movies including "The Sea Wolves" and "Who Dares Wins" did not do well at the boxoffice in America but reaped large profits from the European markets. "Who Dares Wins", which was based on a real life incident in which the SAS fought terrorists to free the Iranian embassy in London, counted among its admirers Stanley Kubrick, who wrote Euan Lloyd a letter praising the film. Another admirer of the 1982 movie was President Ronald Reagan, who requested that it be screened at the White House. Euan was also a man who seemed to have no enemies. I once received an unexpected phone call from Sean Connery and in the process of speaking to him, I told him that I was a friend of Euan Lloyd's. Connery recounted his experiences making "Shalako" and said that although he had battled with producers many times over the course of his career, Euan was one of the most honorable men he had ever worked with. Similarly, Roger Moore, who starred in "The Wild Geese" and "The Sea Wolves" for Euan, counted him among the most trustworthy producers in the industry.  Lee Pfeiffer introduces Euan Lloyd at a dinner in his honor at the Reform Club in London. Over the years, Dave and I would try to see Euan whenever we were  in London. He would occasionally join us at the royal premieres of James Bond films.  On my last visit in October 2015, I knew he had been seriously ill. We planned to meet briefly at his apartment but his illness prevented this from happening. I think Euan was looking out for me even then, as I don't believe he wanted me to see him in a weakened state. Perhaps he was right. My only memories of him are of a vibrant, elegant man who was always "dressed to the nines" and the epitome of class, style and kindness. He was old school in the best sense of the term. Small wonder that producer Jonathan Sothcott titled his excellent 2004 documentary tribute to Euan "The Last of the Gentleman Producers". I realize now more than ever how that title perfectly encapsulates the man. Upon learning of Euan's passing, Sir Roger Moore referred to him as "a legend". Somehow, that word seems equally appropriate. (Click below to watch "The Last of the Gentlemen Producers")  REVIEW: "ANOTHER TIME, ANOTHER PLACE" (1958) STARRING LANA TURNER AND SEAN CONNERY; WARNER ARCHIVE RELEASE BY LEE PFEIFFER If "Another Time, Another Place" is remembered at all, it's probably for all the wrong reasons. The 1958 film afforded Sean Connery his first major leading role, even though he gets killed off a little more than half-an-hour into the story. I'm not giving away a spoiler here...you can see it telegraphed from the early moments of the movie. Connery was given "Introducing" billing, a common fallacy on the part of studio marketing departments that implied an actor or actress was making their big screen debut. In reality, Connery had been kicking around the British film industry for a couple of years prior to making this movie, but only in supporting roles. The other bit of trivia for which this film is remembered is due to a tragic real-life scandal. While co-starring with Lana Turner, Connery began to spend a lot of his free time with her off set. This didn't set well with Turner's jealous boyfriend, a mobster named Johnny Stompanato, who tried to bully Connery into staying away from Turner and got punched out by the Great Scot. Stompanato let it be known that Connery was a marked man. When filming was done, the future 007 didn't tempt fate by hanging around with Turner any longer, though things could hardly have been worse if he did. Shortly after the production was completed, Turner was being physically menaced by Stompanato and her teenage daughter Cheryl Crane stabbed him to death in order to defend her mother. The result was one of Hollywood's great scandals. The studio brass were ever opportunistic and were said to have expedited the release of "Another Time, Another Place" in order to capitalize on the sensational trial of Crane, who was exonerated on the basis of justifiable homicide. As for the film itself, it defines what used to be quaintly termed as "a woman's picture". It's basically a feature film length soap opera set in 1945  London during the waning days of WWII. We first see Connery as daring war correspondent Mark Trevor, whose on-the-scene radio reports from hot spots around the globe leave listeners mesmerized. Among his admirers is Sara Scott (Lana Turner), a sassy New York newspaper columnist who works out of the bureau's London office. Sara is very much the liberated lady, having made a name for herself in an industry that was then dominated by men. We soon see that she and Mark secretly carrying on a torrid love affair. A complication arises when Sara's lover Carter Reynolds (Barry Sullivan) arrives from the States. Reynolds is not only engaged to Sara, but he is also her employer, as he owns the newspaper she works for. She breaks the news to him that she is now in love with another man but Reynolds seems dismissive of her statement and feels she will ultimately come to her senses and return to him. On the eve of Mark leaving for Italy, Sara informs him that she had been engaged to another man but now that won't matter- she wants to spend her life with him. Mark, however, drops a bit of a bombshell himself. Turns out he's married with a young son and intends to return to his family. Both he and Sara are clearly in love and both are heartbroken by the circumstances. Sara tries to persuade Mark to leave his wife and child to be with her. He sends mixed signals, originally rejecting the overture but later implying he would do so. With that, he leaves for Italy with his assistant, Alan Thompson (Terence Longdon), the only one in his life who knows about his affair with Sara. The following night Sara is listening to the radio when she learns that Mark has been killed in a plane crash en route to Italy, although Alan has managed to survive. Wracked with grief, Sara is inconsolable. She makes a dramatic decision to visit Mark's village in Cornwall and see the house he lived in. While doing so, she has a chance encounter with Mark's son Brian (Martin Stephens), who, in turn, introduces her to his mother, Kay (Glynis Johns). The odd and awkward encounter results in Sara becoming Kay's house guest and helping her write a book about her husband's career. The two women become fast friends, though only Sara knows they are both grieving for the same man.  This is where the film is elevated from standard tearjerker to a rather compelling drama that examines the effects that infidelity can have on all of the parties involved. Both Alan and Carter Reynolds track down Sara, who- in one of the film's weakest sequences- attempts suicide off camera, apparently in an attempt to drown herself. As Kay nurses her back to health, Alan and Reynolds try to reason with her and convince her to return to New York, 'lest Kay learns that her new best friend was her husband's secret lover. Things come to a boil when Sara decides to spill her soul to Kay and tell her everything.  "Another Time, Another Place" is primarily a showcase for Lana Turner, who- under the competent, if uninspired direction of Lewis Allen- gives an earnest performance that is still overshadowed by her supporting cast members. The biggest knock about Turner's presence in the film is that she looks too glamorous. Her hair is perfect, her mannerisms are perfect and -in the film's most absurd sequence- she is fished from bay after a suicide attempt and brought to Kay's cottage for medical attention, yet she still looks like she just stepped out of a fashion display in Harrods window.  Much is made over her character being a tough woman able to exist in a man's world (she even plays poker with the boys), but in reality she's just another heroine of the era who cannot seem to function without a man in her life. Turner delivers a competent performance but is hampered by the fact that she came to stardom in an era in which very mannered acting methods were in vogue, especially among the Hollywood sex symbols. In terms of portraying a realistic character, she is out-shown by the more natural acting style of Glynis Johns. The male supporting leads are also adequate, if unexciting. The major "find" of the production was Sean Connery, whose impact is somewhat hampered by  the fact that he has relatively little screen time. There is little to suggest that he was a superstar in the making and he spends most of his time cooing words of love to the smitten Turner. His character does develop a bit of an edge when we learn that, at heart, he is actually a cad who is cheating on his adoring wife. He develops a conscience and sense of guilt and tries to terminate the affair but is locked into the frustrations of the age-old meange-a-trois dilemma.  "Another Time, Another Place" was shot on an obviously low budget with scenes of wartime London relegated to the back lot. Things open up a bit with some on-location shooting in Cornwall but the majority of the action takes place in living rooms, offices and kitchens. Despite the movie's flaws, it's a reasonably compelling story about inherently good people who become involved in an immoral love affair. For Connery fans, the movie affords them the opportunity to see how his raw talent was rather quickly developed into a very distinctive acting technique that would ultimately make him one of the true icons of international cinema. "Another Time, Another Place" performed disappointingly at the boxoffice and Connery seemed headed toward oblivion. A Fox contract didn't go far but he was loaned out to Disney to star in "Darby O'Gill and the Little People".  Ironically it was through viewing that film that producer Cubby Broccoli's wife Dana was impressed by his raw masculinity. That would pay off for him a few years later when he sought to play the role of James Bond. The rest, as they say, is history.  The Warner Archive has re-issued the exact DVD transfer that was once available through Paramount- right down to identical packaging. The transfer is very good but there are no bonus extras.  CLICK HERE TO ORDER FROM THE CINEMA RETRO MOVIE STORE MAURO BOLOGNINI’S COMMEDIA ALL’ITALIANA ‘ARABELLA’ (1967) STARRING VIRNA LISI; NEW ON UK REGION 2 DVD FROM SIMPLY MEDIA BY HOWARD HUGHES New to DVD in the UK is ‘Arabella’, an Italian period comedy set in that hotbed of hilarity, pre-WWII fascist Italy. Virna Lisi stars in the title role – known variously in the film as Arabella Danesi and Arabella Angeli – who determines to save her grandmother from destitution by finding ingenious ways to pay off her elderly relative’s crippling tax bill. The film is structured rather like those 1960s Italian portmanteau comedy-dramas, such as ‘Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow’, ‘The Witches’ or ‘Woman Times Seven’. Such films were intended as vehicles for one female star, be they Sophia, Silvana or Shirley, to demonstrate their versatility in a variety of roles. But instead of separate stories, with different characters, ‘Arabella’ has one continuous story arc, with Lisi’s sexy heroine adopting various costumes, personas and wigs to seduce and blackmail her way through a string of lovers, who are then conned out of cash to pay off granny’s debts. Some of her victims are played by Terry-Thomas. It is he who gets to show off his comedy skills in a variety of roles, though despite costume and make-up changes, they all resemble Terry-Thomas – there’s no disguising that tooth gap. He plays a girdle-wearing, monocled British general Sir Horace Gordon, an Italian hotel manager angered by the installation of a public urinal in the street outside his swanky establishment and the rich duke who hires Arabella to ‘cure’ his gay son Saverio. Terry-Thomas and Lisi had already worked together to great success on the Hollywood black comedy ‘How to Murder Your Wife’ (1965) and he’s clearly enjoying himself here in the various roles. The cast of this Italian-UK co-production – shot in Rome, Naples and Venice – is an interesting one. Margaret Rutherford plays Arabella’s debt-ridden granny, Princess Ilaria, James Fox is Arabella’s mysterious, louche shadow Giorgio, and Rutherford’s old partner Stringer Davis from the big-screen 1960s Miss Marple films shows up in an amusing cameo as Ilaria’s gardener, Nazzareno. Giancarlo Gianni played Saverio, who pretends to be gay, so that his father continues to send in alluring women to try to ‘cure’ him. Familiar Italian supporting players appear, too – Renato Romano played General Gordon’s batman, Renato Chiantoni is one of the tax inspectors hassling Ilaria, Giuseppe Addobbati is a hotel guest and Ugo Fangareggi is a policeman. ‘Arabella’s disjointed, jumpy plotting bears the signs of considerable cutting for international distribution and it eventually falls to pieces as a movie – in exactly the same way so many very good 1960s Italian films that have been edited and dubbed for international audiences fall to bits. The film was released internationally by Universal Pictures and its associate producer was Dario Argento’s father, Salvatore, before he began producing his son’s legendary gialli thrillers. The big plusses are the art direction (by Alberto Boccianti) and superb 1920s period costumes by Piero Tosi (Visconti’s designer on ‘Death in Venice’ and ‘The Leopard’), so visually the film is splendid. Of most interest to me was the chance to hear one of Ennio Morricone’s many little-heard scores of this period. ‘Arabella’ was directed by Mauro Bolognini, whose dramas ‘He and She’ (1969 – ‘L’assoluto naturale’), ‘Un bellissimo novembre’ (1969 – ‘That Splendid November’) and ‘Metello’ (1970) are all worth a look, or rather a listen, for their memorable Morricone scores. Bolognini also directed the erotic period drama ‘La Venexiana’ (1986), aka ‘The Venetian Woman’ starring Laura Antonelli and Jason Connery, which also benefits from a lovely Morricone score. The maestro’s score here is a mixture of lush period orchestrations and comedic, clockwork themes which resemble early drafts of Morricone’s title cue to ‘Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion’ (1970). The descending flute trill from ‘A Fistful of Dollars’ makes a brief appearance, but in the main, this is a playful score, befitting the material, with a lovely violin theme for the Venetian scenes towards the end of the movie. The Region 2 DVD from Simply Media is presented in 4:3 screen ratio, which looks cropped at the sides. This seems to be the case, as the IMDB lists the aspect ratio as 1.85:1. The film was 105 minutes in Italy, but cut drastically to 88 minutes for US release. Simply Media’s habit of printing the US running time in promotional material continues here, as the UK DVD actually runs 84 minutes. The picture quality has nowhere near the sharpness and clarity of some of Simply Media’s other releases – notably its Universal westerns such as ‘A Man Called Gannon’ and ‘Calamity Jane and Sam Bass’. ‘Arabella’ is rated 12 (for ‘moderate sex references’).  For 1960s Commedia all’Italiana, Terry-Thomas and Morricone completists this is worth a look, but others might find it hard going. A definite curio however and a long-lost one at that. REVIEW: "ROSENCRANTZ AND GUILDENSTERN ARE DEAD" (1990) STARRING TIM ROTH AND GARY OLDMAN; REGION 2 UK DVD RELEASE FROM RLJ ENTERTAINMENT LTD BY DAWN DABELL If you were going to write a script following the further adventures of two Shakespearean characters, it's a safe bet Rosencrantz and Guildenstern wouldn't be the first names to spring to mind. For those who don't know, they are two minor characters from Shakespeare's Hamlet. They become the focus of Tom Stoppard's 1966 play Rosencrantz And Guildenstern Are Dead, adapted for the big screen in 1990. The title is taken directly from a line spoken in Hamlet. It is a fairly shapeless, existential film. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern (Gary Oldman and Tim Roth) travel around the wilderness, partaking in nonsensical debates about fate, chance, life and death. They seem unsure of where they are going or why, and often muddle up their own names as if they are not entirely certain of their identity. They stumble across a travelling acting troupe fronted by the Lead Player (Richard Dreyfuss). He gives them cryptic hints about their place in the bigger picture, but much of his meaning is lost on them. Occasionally, they find themselves flitting into the events happening at the Danish castle of Elsinore, where young Prince Hamlet (Iain Glen) is descending into madness following the death of his father and the subsequent marriage of his mother (Joanna Miles) to his scheming uncle, Claudius (Donald Sumpter). When involved in the fineries of Hamlet's story, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern suddenly become different men - they become more articulate and purposeful, and have a better understanding of their place in the world. When the action moves away and they are left alone once more, they slip back into nonsensical and often stupid character traits, as if they have been stripped of their personality and understanding. The film often focuses on the off-stage aspects of Hamlet, wherein Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are mostly confused by the small snippets of information they glean from their position at the edge of the main action. They try hopelessly to piece together what is happening in Hamlet's life (and the lives of other characters) during their absence, but only come up with fanciful theories to explain situations which lie beyond their grasp. The technique raises an important question for the audience: what role do we play in other people's lives? Our friend's lives, our family's lives, don't cease to exist just because we aren't present - yet we don't know what is happening to them or what they are experiencing at any given time unless we are there to bear witness. Ultimately, lives carry on regardless and our understanding of any situation is dictated and shaped by whatever snippets we see for ourselves. It's a clever device which enables us to relate to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. We see that, like them, we are merely minor characters on a much larger stage - called 'Life'. The two main characters are constantly mistaken for each other by those around them; even between themselves they often forget which one is Rosencrantz and which is Guildenstern. In some ways, Stoppard is mocking the way they are written in the play, indicating they are so similar that they might as well have been rolled into one, since there is not enough discernible difference between them. One can imagine that adapting the play for the big screen would present a daunting prospect for many directors. It comes as little surprise, then, that Stoppard himself directed the film version. As he pointed out in an interview with the Los Angeles Times: "It began to become clear that it might be a good idea if I did it myself—at least the director wouldn't have to keep wondering what the author meant. It just seemed that I'd be the only person who could treat the play with the necessary disrespect." He does a commendable job here, and it seems surprising this was his one and only film directing assignment. With over 40 writing credits to his name, it would have been interesting to see him adapting and directing one of his other plays. During the casting stages, Stoppard approached Sean Connery to play the Lead Player. Once Connery's name was associated with the production, Stoppard was able to secure funding for it. Unfortunately, around this time Connery was having problems with his throat, leading him to visit a specialist who discovered abnormal cells which had to be surgically removed. Connery pulled out of the feature to concentrate on his health. Stoppard reacted angrily, informing the actor he had committed to the film and the producers would take the matter further. In the end, Connery settled the matter out of court. It's not difficult to visualise Connery in the role: he would have had fun with the character and his voice would have suited the prose beautifully, but alas it was not to be. Richard Dreyfuss makes a perfectly worthy replacement, full of energy and mischievous humour in the flamboyant role. EXHIBITION OF ALL SIX JAMES BOND ACTORS NOW ON DISPLAY IN MADAME TUSSAUDS HOLLYWOOD Following its popular exhibition at Madame Tussauds in London, the six James Bond wax figures are now on display in the Hollywood branch of famed museum. Fans can pose with likenesses of Sean Connery, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig. Lazenby's agreement to do a sitting last February made completion of the exhibit possible. The other five actors had previously had likenesses of them on display at various time periods at the museum.  For more, including a link to buy tickets, click here .  MEETING MR. KIDD: JAMES BOND VILLAIN PUTTER SMITH REFLECTS ON "DIAMONDS ARE FOREVER" Writing for the superb 007 web site "From Sweden With Love", Cinema Retro columnist Mark Cerulli pays a visit to one of the most memorable James Bond villains: Putter Smith, who portrayed half of the gay hit men team in the 1971 007 flick "Diamonds Are Forever", squaring off against Sean Connery. . Smith, an acclaimed jazz musician, reminisces in part one of this recent interview. Click here to read and to view a fascinating deleted scene from "Diamonds Are Forever".  KENNETH BRANAGH TO DIRECT AND STAR IN "MURDER ON THE ORIENT EXPRESS" REMAKE Kenneth Branagh will direct a remake of Agatha Christie's classic thriller "Murder on the Orient Express" (originally published under the title "Murder in the Calais Coach"). Branagh will also star in the feature film as detective Hercule Poirot. The film was last brought to the big screen in 1974 by director Sidney Lumet in an Oscar-winning production that featured a cast of legendary actors including Albert Finney (in an Oscar-nominated role as Poirot); Ingrid Bergman (who did win an Oscar for her performance), Lauren Bacall, Sean Connery, Richard Widmark, Anthony Perkins, Michael York and many other greats from the era. No word on who will co-star with Branagh. For more click here .  DANIEL CRAIG ON "SPECTRE" AND QUITTING THE ROLE OF JAMES BOND BY LEE PFEIFFER In a controversial  interview with Time Out London, Daniel Craig talks in earthy terms at length about the challenges and rewards of playing James Bond and discusses the forthcoming 007 epic "SPECTRE". What's raised eyebrows is his comments about not wanting to play James Bond again. Craig says he'd rather slash his wrists than take on the role of 007, even as he expresses concern that whoever plays the role in the future ensures that the quality of the franchise is preserved. In that respect, Craig's comments are a bit ambiguous. He does leave the door open to considering another Bond film but says he would only do it for the money. Craig's stance is a bit surprising. While the Bond franchise has seen its share of troubles between the lead actors and the producers over the decades, Craig is said to have a warm and mutually respectful relationship with current producers Barbara Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson, both of whom plucked him from relative oblivion (he certainly wasn't a household name)  and, against all conventional wisdom, hired him to replace the enormously successful Pierce Brosnan. If Craig's comments distancing himself from the role of Bond sound callous and ungrateful at first blush, he does make clear that he is very proud of the work he's done with his colleagues on the series and cares deeply that the franchise will only continue to improve over time. Bond fans are already in a panic over the notion that Craig may quit the role. They might want to pause before drowning their sorrows in a sea of Vodka Martinis  and recall that Sean Connery quit the part twice and it appeared as though even amiable Roger Moore threatened to leave the role on a couple of occasions. (Other actors were even screen-tested for the part). (To read the interview click here .) Now, here's the kicker that makes us wonder when exactly the Time Out interview was conducted. In the Mail on Sunday's 27 September edition, there was a special supplemental section (obviously done with Eon Productions' blessing) that interviews Craig. In the article, he confirms that he has indeed committed to at least one more film after "SPECTRE"- and reiterates that he considers it an honor to play the role. In fact he states: "I'll keep going as long as I'm physically able. I'm contracted  for one more - but I'm not going to make predictions." The article also indicates that Craig is being paid a Goldfinger-sized fortune for his performances, having earned  £17 million for  "Skyfall" and is expected to earn at least that much for the next two films, should he choose to star in them. So the incentives to do at least one more Bond film are very strong for Craig. How two interviews can feature such opposite viewpoints from him remains a mystery unless he has a double out there somewhere...perhaps a real life case of "The Spy With My Face".  MADAME TUSSAUD'S LONDON TO DISPLAY ALL SIX JAMES BOND ACTORS IN OCTOBER Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum in London will display likenesses of all six James Bond actors: Sean Connery, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig this October to coincide with the opening of the new 007 film "SPECTRE".  The display opens to the public on 17 October for a limited time. For more click here .  RARE 1970 INTERVIEW WITH GEORGE LAZENBY BY LEE PFEIFFER Since he made his one and only on screen appearance as James Bond in "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" in 1969, George Lazenby has discussed his dramatic experiences before and behind the cameras many times. As any Bond fan knows, Lazenby was plucked from obscurity to replace Sean Connery, who had quit the 007 series after "You Only Live Twice"   in 1967. Lazenby was a well-known Australian model but he had no acting experience. Midway through the film, he told producers Cubby Broccoli and Harry Saltzman that he had decided to quit the role after this one film. Not even he temptation of a mega salary could convince Lazenby to sign on for more films. He became convinced Bond could not thrive into the 1970s. Ultimately, Sean Connery returned to the role for "Diamonds Are Forever" and would be followed by Roger Moore's long run as 007. Lazenby's acting career never took off but over the passage of time, he has had the satisfaction of seeing his movie regarded as one of the best by both enlightened critics and fans. He has discussed his trials and tribulations on the film set many times, acknowledging that he was sometimes egotistical and demanding, but also denying many other rumors regarding his behavior. In this rare 1970 interview, Lazenby discusses the controversies while the movie itself was still in general release. The uncredited interview is refreshingly intelligent and Lazenby is candid and honest about his opinions. He admits his suggestions for making Bond more contemporary were justifiably ignored but also denies reports that he did not get on well with the crew. He also says that his refusal to cut his hair and shave his beard cost him a studio-paid tour of America, so he paid for his own publicity tour.  The documentary is one of the few that acknowledges that the film was a major boxoffice success, despite inaccurate initial reports that it was a bomb. Given the fact that he is critical of aspects of the production, it's rather surprising that Eon Productions allocated so much footage for use in this interview.   REVIEW: "AVALANCHE" (1978) STARRING ROCK HUDSON, MIA FARROW AND ROBERT FORSTER; BLU-RAY RELEASE FROM KINO LORBER BY LEE PFEIFFER In my review of Kino Lorber's Blu-ray release of the 1979 disaster film "Meteor",  I observed that the disaster movie genre had peaked with the release of Irwin Allen's "The Towering Inferno" in 1974. Yet, that didn't stop studios from beating a dead horse in an attempt to squeeze some more juice out of the tried-and-true formula of gathering an all-star cast, then figuring out ways to drown, bury or incinerate the characters portrayed on screen. One of the more obscure attempts to keep the disaster film cycle relevant was "Avalanche", a movie produced by Roger Corman and directed  and scripted by one of his proteges, Corey Allen, who would go on to establish a respectable career as a director of major television shows. When you approach a Corman production, you tend to give some special dispensation for certain cinematic sins that you wouldn't accord more mainstream productions. Corman, who happily embraces his legendary status as a man who made major profits from films with minor budgets, knew how to stretch the soup in the cinematic sense. Rarely armed with ample production funds, Corman cut corners whenever possible but still managed to retain a certain elegance to his productions. In 1978, he jumped on the fading disaster movie bandwagon with "Avalanche".  He hired Rock Hudson as the leading man because Hudson, at this point in his career, realized that he was no longer a hot commodity as a boxoffice draw in feature films (although he did successfully transition to a popular presence on television.) Corman also cast Mia Farrow and respected supporting actor Robert Forster for additional name recognition. He secured permission to film at a major ski resort in Durango, Colorado and out-sourced the special effects work to a company called Excelsior!  The film follows the general formula of the disaster film genre in that the victims-to-be are gathered for a major social occasion, unaware that nature is working overtime to thwart their fun. Rock Hudson plays David Shelby, an arrogant developer who has invested his life savings to build a vacation paradise in the Rocky Mountains. He has disdain for local environmentalists who have warned him that his destruction of an an abundance of trees on his massive property has removed a natural barrier to the inevitable avalanches that will occur.  Shelby is preoccupied with his grand opening festivities and is simultaneously trying to woo back his ex-wife Caroline (Mia Farrow), who is attending as his guest. He's also busy trying to entertain his sassy, wise-cracking mother,  Florence (Jeanette Nolan), who is being shepherded around the resort by David's major domo Henry McDade (Steve Franken in a rare dramatic role.) Meanwhile, local environmental activist and nature photographer Nick Thorne (Robert Forster) becomes increasingly concerned about the massive buildup of snow on the mountain peaks that are directly in line with the resort. He attempts to alleviate some of the danger by strategically using a snow cannon to set off controlled mini avalanches. Intermingled with all of this are the expected subplots involving minor characters who are set up to be inevitable victims. Barry Primus is a TV sports announcer who is broadcasting from the grand opening and who must contend with the fact that his estranged wife Tina (Cathey Paine) is on premises and rubbing his nose in it by blatantly carrying on an affair with egotistical super star skier Bruce Scott (Rick Moses). Scott, in turn, is rubbing Tina's nose in it by blatantly sleeping with another woman, thus causing Tina to go ballistic and consider suicide. Meanwhile, David Shelby finds time to unwind by spending some quality time in a hot tub with with his naked secretary (thus allowing Roger Corman to slip in a bit of T&A). Although the story seems set up to have the disastrous avalanche occur during the opening night festivities, screenwriter Allen throws the audience a curve ball by avoiding that cliche and saving the action for the following afternoon when, amid a particularly vicious snow mobile race, a small plane piloted by one of Shelby's employees encounters bad weather and slams into a nearby mountain, thus triggering the avalanche. This is where the movie progresses beyond cliches and becomes unexpectedly enjoyable. All of the standard disaster movie shtick is present, as both lovable and loathsome characters meet predictable fates, but the film's limited production resources somehow work in its favor. We're well aware that we're watching a Corman production but somehow the inventiveness that is required to carry it all off is quite admirable. Certain plot points are introduced and inexplicably abandoned including an insinuation that Shelby has bribed local political officials to overlook his clear violation of environmental protection rules in order to build his resort. This was one of Rock Hudson's final films as an "above the title" leading man. He's grayer and a bit paunchier than we'd seen him during his heyday, but he still had star power to spare and made for a dashing leading man, whether its skinny dipping in the hot tub or personally leading rescue parties in acts of derring doo to extricate victims of the tragedy. The film's showpiece sequence is a climactic scene in which Shelby must rescue Caroline, who is dangling from wrecked bridge above a ravine.  It's well-directed and genuinely suspenseful.  It' easy to pick apart a film like "Avalanche", as it squarely fits into the "guilty pleasure" category. However, the film does a lot with very little as opposed to other misfires in this genre that did very little with a lot (aka "The Swarm"). The Kino Lorber Blu-ray edition features the original trailer and a "making of" featurette in which Roger Corman extols the virtues of the film. He admits the effects were rather shoddy and recalls his outrage when he discovered the SFX company had added "red snow". Corman hit the roof and it was changed to a bluish substance that he admits still looks pretty phony.  Robert Forster recalls that the "snow" was actually little pieces of plastic that were strewn by the hundreds of thousands over the scenic landscape. He remembers his dismay at the realization that none of these bits were biodegradable and many must still be contaminating the landscape of the Durango ski resort where the movie was filmed. Corman makes the claim that the film was actually a major financial success. He says his budget was only $1.7 million and that a TV sale for $2 million netted him an immediate $300,000 profit. The tale sounds a bit fanciful because it seems hard to believe that even in 1978 you could make a movie like this with three relatively big names for only $1.7 million. (Other sources give unsubstantiated estimates of the budget at around $6 million, which seems more plausible.) "Avalanche" is not near the top of the heap of disaster movies but it certainly doesn't rank at the bottom of the pack, either. The Kino Lorber release has an impressive transfer and the inclusion of those bonus extras make this title highly recommended for fans of this genre.  WATCH SEAN CONNERY ON "WHAT'S MY LINE?", 1965 Here's a blast from the past: Sean Connery as the "mystery guest" on a 1965 episode of "What's My Line?". The clip recalls an era when those who appeared on television tended to be sophisticated, well-mannered and polite. The celebrity  participants in the game always wore tuxedos and fine dresses as they played to win token amounts of money that never exceeded $50. The fun was waiting until the end of the show to see if the blindfolded panelists could guess the mystery guest, who would inevitably disguise his/her voice. Here, the "Great Scot" shows a bit of humor as he feigns a high-pitched female voice. Later he seems rather shy engaging in actual conversation with host John Daly. He briefly mentions that he is in New York to film "A Fine Madness" and shows some enthusiasm for his about-to-be-released prison classic "The Hill". He noticeably does not mention the forthcoming release of his fourth James Bond blockbuster "Thunderball", which opened in December 1965. By this point, it's apparent that the bloom was off the 007 rose for Connery.  FASCINATING FACTS ABOUT THE JAMES BOND FILM "THE LIVING DAYLIGHTS" It was in 1987 that the "new" James Bond, Timothy Dalton, made his debut as 007 in "The Living Daylights". It was a troubled production to bring to the screen, given the fact that Pierce Brosnan had been signed to play the role of Bond only to be thwarted by a contractual clause relating to his NBC TV series "Remington Steele". Dalton was the fourth actor to play 007 on the big screen, if you don't count David Niven in the 1967 spoof version of "Casino Royale". He followed in the paths of Sean Connery, George Lazenby and Roger Moore. Dalton is generally credited for bringing Bond back to earth in terms of downplaying the overt comedy that had characterized the series since Connery's final Bond film for Eon Production, "Diamonds Are Forever" in 1971. The good folks at the MI6 web site provide a wealth of interesting trivia relating to all things "Daylights". Click here to read- and while you're at it, subscribe to their superb magazine.    REVIEW: "METEOR" (1979) STARRING SEAN CONNERY, NATALIE WOOD, BRIAN KEITH AND KARL MALDEN, BLU-RAY RELEASE FROM KINO LORBER STUDIO CLASSICS By Lee Pfeiffer Throughout motion picture history, there have always been "disaster" movies. From Clark Gable and Spencer Tracy facing the great earthquake in "San Francisco" to John Wayne trying to rescue an airliner in distress in "The High and the Mighty". However, the disaster movie didn't emerge as a genre until the 1970s. Most people credit "The Poseidon Adventure" (1972) with being the first major entry among these kinds of films during that era, but arguably the genre began two years earlier with "Airport". That blockbuster flick set the standard for all of the disaster movies to follow: An all-star cast ranging from top boxoffice attractions to respected veteran stars and popular character actors Big production values NEW JAMES BOND FILM TITLE: "SPECTRE" Minutes ago, director Sam Mendes announced that the new James Bond film title will be "SPECTRE". The announcement was made at the legendary "home" of the 007 franchise, Pinewood Studios on the Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage.  Christoph Waltz was confirmed as the new villain. His character's name was not given, but the title "SPECTRE" gives credence to rumors that he will be playing the arch villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld, who has not officially appeared in an Eon Bond film since Charles Gray played him opposite Sean Connery in the 1971 film "Diamonds Are Forever". Returning cast members include Ralph Finnes, Naomi Harris, Ben Wishaw and Rory Kinnear. The writing team from "Skyfall"- John Logan, Neal Purvis and Rob Wade- is also returning.  Bond's new car was also unveiled: the new Aston Martin DB10. The film is scheduled for release in October 2015.   THE POSTMAN ALWAYS RINGS TWICE: LETTERS FROM READERS Steve Reeves and Sylva Koscina in "Hercules Unchained", as featured in the latest issue of Cinema Retro (#30). The latest issue of "Cinema Retro" is out and what do I see, but an article about films that are dear to my heart. As a child of the Sixties, the sword and sandal movies (aka peplum) meant a lot to me. Specifically the films of Hercules, himself; none other than Steve Reeves. Interestingly enough, while these movies were made to get people out of their houses and into the theatres, here in the US in the early Sixties they made a bigger splash when they were released to television. I was a little too young to see Steve Reeves’ "Hercules" when it was released in theatres, but when it was released to TV; that's when the avalanche began. For those of us watching the boob tube in the early Sixties, Hercules and his brethren were our heroes. (I always joke that I'm a little messed up because all my heroes were fictional. They were: Hercules (in the form of Steve Reeves), Tarzan (in the form of Gordon Scott), James Bond (Sean Connery) and Elvis (the Elvis of the movies who could sing and dance, won every fight and got all the girls.)   The biggest splash came from a show called "The Mighty Sons of Hercules" which we now know as a package of peplum films, but back than they were our weekly dose of heroic adventure. I did get to see some of these movies at the local neighborhood theatre, like "Duel of the Titans", which was a major disappointment due to the fact that it was more or less advertised as a "duel" between "Hercules" and "Tarzan" and not the story of Romulus and Remus. (At least here in the states.) The article was also interesting not just for the information provided about the stars of these movies, but for a glimpse of how these movies fared in the UK. (Interesting that the film that I first saw on TV as "The Trojan Horse" was known in England as "The Wooden Horse of Troy"!)  Also of interest is that the song from "Hercules Unchained" was a popular success in the UK, but not so much in the US where the song was not released on vinyl. [Here's some trivia: In Italy, the singing voice of Sylva Koscina was dubbed by Marisa del Frate, one of Italy's most popular performers. The song's title in Italian is "Con te per L'eternita" ("With you for all eternity") and was a popular hit for Ms. del Frate. The English version, "Evening Star", was sung by June Valli, who had a few hits in the early fifties and was a member of the cast of the American TV show, "Your Hit Parade" until she was let go from the show, reportedly because the star of the show, Snooky Lanson was very fond of her, much to the annoyance of his wife.] Well, thank you for this little trip down memory lane. Now to get back to the rest of the issue. --Mr. Angel Rivera Retro responds: Angel, thanks so much for your kind words about the "Blood, Sweat and Togas" article. It's really hit a chord with readers who have been clamoring for us to cover this genre since the inception of Cinema Retro. We are grateful to writer Denis Meikle for his superbly researched article which shed a good deal of light on the importance of these long-neglected films, as well as Steve Reeves' brief shining moment as a major international star. Thanks also for the trivia. This has to be the only place in the world where Hercules, Elvis, 007 and Snooky Lanson can be logically tied into the same observations.  "TRAILERS FROM HELL" PRESENTS "THE MAN WHO WOULD BE KING" (1975)   Joe Dante's Trailers From Hell site presents the original theatrical trailer for John Huston's "The Man Who Would Be King" starring Sean Connery, Michael Caine and Christopher Plummer. Watch it in its original format or with commentary track by award-winning screenwriter Josh Olson. Click here to view   REVIEW: "RANSOM" (AKA "THE TERRORISTS") STARRING SEAN CONNERY (1974); BLU-RAY UK RELEASE By Tim Greaves During the early half of the 1970s – post his final (official) stint as 007 – Sean Connery made an eclectic array of script choices, ranging from the highly astute (The Offence and The Man Who Would Be King, both of which rank among his finest screen work) to the, er… questionable. (Yes, Zardoz, I’m looking at you). 1974’s political potboiler Ransom (U.S. title: The Terrorists) falls somewhere in between. With little more than a clutch of television works to his prior credit, Finnish director Caspar Wrede wouldn’t seem to have been the most obvious choice to helm a big screen thriller with a bone fide international superstar headlining, and the plodding result does somewhat corroborate its director’s roots. The story picks up in the wake of a series of bomb attacks on London, and finds a group of terrorists holding hostage the British ambassador to Scandinavia. Meanwhile, a separate team led by Petrie (Ian McShane) have hijacked a British plane on the icebound runway, Petrie’s intent being to whisk his comrades and the ailing ambassador out of the country. Failure of the officials to comply will result in the plane, along with its passengers and crew, being blown sky high. It falls to Scandinavia’s head of security Tahlvik (Connery) – renowned for his refusal to negotiate with terrorists – to intervene. Sean Connery’s magnetic screen presence as the hard-as-nails security chief coupled with fresh-faced Ian McShane’s lively turn as the urbane terrorist who may not be all that he seems keep things ticking along reasonably well, and director Wrede generates sporadic moments of suspense during the opponents’ strategic play-offs. The Norwegian locations offer up some terrific vistas for Oscar-winning Swedish cinematographer Nils Nykvist to train his lens on (an aerial pursuit through snow-dappled mountains is breathtakingly noteworthy) and Jerry Goldsmith delivers a serviceable score, albeit one of the less memorable in his vast oeuvre. But beyond this, I’m afraid, Ransom is very much routine fare. It doesn’t help that the script confines Connery – indisputably the picture’s biggest asset – to an office, treading water as he orchestrates attempts by others to outwit the terrorists; he should be out there on the ice himself, getting his hands dirty. By the time he steps into the fray at the climax it’s a case of too little too late. Network Distributing have issued Ransom on DVD and Blu-Ray in the UK as part of their ongoing “The British Film” collection. The new HD transfer looks tremendous (so clean, in fact, that it gives the game away in a couple of instances where still images have been inserted in lieu of live action footage) and the release is rounded out with a pair of original release cinema trailers and a respectable gallery of stills and poster art. CLICK HERE TO ORDER BLU-RAY FROM AMAZON UK  DOUBLE 0 HEAVEN: SEVEN JAMES BOND MOVIES ON NETFLIX IN MAY Seven James Bond films starring Sean Connery and Roger Moore debut in May on Netfllix, North America. Titles are:  Goldfinger, You Only Live Twice, A View to a Kill, From Russia With Love, Live and Let Die, For Your Eyes Only and Never Say Never Again.   Click here for a list of other films and TV shows debuting this month.  THOSE GLORIOUS OLD MOVIE DOUBLE FEATURES: "DIAMONDS ARE FOREVER" AND "THE RED TENT"   The provocatively - and appropriately- named Studblog presents a gallery of great old movie newspaper advertisements from regional theaters in America. This ad is from March 1972 and shows a Sean Connery double feature playing in Colorado Springs: his return as James Bond in Diamonds Are Forever paired with the big budget film The Red Tent in which Connery played the legendary explorer Roald Amundsen. The Bond flick was a predictable blockbuster but The Red Tent died at the boxoffice, the victim of a talky script and a bland title that revealed nothing about the fact that the movie was about the ill-fated race to the Pole. Looking at the ad, we never realized Connery's co-star was the lovely Claudia "Capdinale".   SEAN CONNERY EMBROILED IN SPANISH REAL ESTATE SCANDAL "Goldfinger" is not only the name of Sean Connery's classic 1964 James Bond flick, but its also the monicker that the Spanish press has attached to a high profile real estate scandal that has been plaguing Connery for years. Sir Sean Connery is man known to value his privacy. So he is not a bit pleased to be the marquee name in a slow-rolling but high profile real estate scandal in Spain, where he resided for many years in the town of Marbella. Connery and his wife sold their property in 1999 and relocated permanently to the Bahamas. Shortly after the Connerys sold their estate, it was demolished and a massive apartment complex was built on the land. Spanish prosecutors claim that the construction project was a boondoggle orchestrated by local politicians in violation of the law and various zoning ordinances. The Connerys have been fighting attempts to get them to appear in Spanish courts since 2010. They deny knowing the politicians involved in the scandal on a personal basis and also deny that they dodged paying taxes on the proceeds of the sale of their home. Sir Sean is particularly outraged because the story, which is front page news in the Spanish press, resulted in his home address being publicly revealed. He probably also isn't pleased that he is being linked to the scandal through the very name it is being referred to, which is a reference to his film Goldfinger. For more on the complex case click here .   RARE JAMES BOND BEHIND THE SCENES "THUNDERBALL" FOOTAGE SURFACES Eagle-eyed subscriber Frank Coronado sent us a YouTube link to some fascinating B&W footage shot on the Pinewood Studios set of Thunderball in 1965. You'll see Terence Young directing actors Sean Connery, Claudine Auger, Adolfo Celi and Philip Locke in the casino sequence. The footage originated with a Dutch television program.  FOX ACQUIRES RIGHTS TO "MURDER ON THE ORIENT EXPRESS" REMAKE Cinema Retro has received the following press release from Acorn  Silver Spring, MD; December 19, 2013 — After a highly competitive bidding process, Fox has acquired film rights to the iconic mystery novel “Murder on the Orient Express” from Acorn Productions Ltd/Agatha Christie Ltd, the UK based rights holding production arm of RLJ Entertainment, Inc. (NASDAQ: RLJE). With more than two billion books sold, Agatha Christie is the best-selling novelist of all time, and “Murder on the Orient Express” is one of her most popular novels. The 1934 novel features her internationally renowned detective, Hercule Poirot, investigating a murder on the Orient Express. Though no decision on writers or casting have been confirmed yet, Ridley Scott (Black Hawk Down, Gladiator), Mark Gordon (Saving Private Ryan) and Simon Kinberg (X-Men: First Class, Sherlock Holmes) will be producing the film. Miguel Penella, CEO of RLJ Entertainment, said, “Since acquiring a majority share of Agatha Christie’s literary estate in February 2012, we have worked closely with Mathew Prichard, Agatha’s grandson, to find the right studio and filmmakers to grow the Christie brand. We are excited to be working with Fox as well as Ridley Scott, Mark Gordon and Simon Kinberg to produce a new, star-studded adaptation of one of the most well-known mystery novels of all time.” Founded by Robert L. Johnson, RLJ Entertainment owns a 64% share in Agatha Christie Ltd, which manages Christie’s extensive literary works including more than 80 novels and short story collections, 19 plays, a film library of nearly 40 TV films, and iconic characters Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. Agatha Christie’s grandson, Mathew Prichard, is Chairman of Agatha Christie Ltd. “Murder on the Orient Express” was previously made into a 1974 film directed by Sidney Lumet. The film received six Oscar nominations, including best actor for Albert Finney as Poirot, and winning best supporting actress for Ingrid Bergman. The all-star cast of suspects also featured Lauren Bacall, Jacqueline Bisset, Colin Blakely, Sean Connery, John Gielgud, Anthony Perkins, Vanessa Redgrave and Michael York. Additionally, David Suchet portrayed the popular Belgian detective in all 70 television adaptations of Christie’s Poirot stories, including “Murder on the Orient Express” in 2010. The final five Poirot television mysteries aired in the U.K. in 2013 and will debut in the U.S. in 2014. In Sept. 2013, Agatha Christie Ltd and RLJ Entertainment announced the first fully-authorized new Agatha Christie novel to be released in September 2014. Bestselling author Sophie Hannah is writing the novel featuring Hercule Poirot. Hilary Strong, Managing Director of Acorn Productions, and WME negotiated the deal for RLJ Entertainment. RICHARD C. SARAFIAN, DIRECTOR OF "VANISHING POINT", DEAD AT AGE 83 By Lee Pfeiffer Cinema Retro mourns the passing of director Richard C. Sarafian, who has passed away at age 83. Sarafian may not be a household name but in the film industry he was held in great regard, especially by maverick younger directors like Quentin Tarantino who emulated his work and style. Crusty, outspoken and often littering his sentences with curses that would make a longshoreman blush, Sarafian was an uncompromising man when it came to his personal visions of how his movies should be constructed. He started off directing episodes of classic TV series including I Spy and Batman and his best known work from the 1960s is the eerie "Living Doll" episode of The Twilight Zone in which Telly Savalas as a cruel stepfather gets his comeuppance at the hands of possessed toy doll. Sarafian graduated into feature films and directed the movie which gained him fame, if not fortune: Vanishing Point, the 1971 action film that included ground breaking car chases that influenced action films for decades to come. (Like most superior works, it spawned an inferior remake.) In interview with Cinema Retro for issue #12, Sarafian said the experience of making the movie was not a happy one. Studio brass insisted on re-editing the movie and taking most of the nuance out of the story. He was also dissatisfied with having to cast Barry Newman in the lead, as he had been hoping the studio would sign either George C. Scott or Gene Hackman.  The film laid an egg at the boxoffice but with the advent of home video it became a cult classic. Sarafian had more troubles on the set of the 1973 Western The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing starring Burt Reynolds. During production, a mysterious murder took place on the set that gained the production notorious headlines around the world. Sarafian was more satisfied with Man in the Wilderness starring Richard Harris and John Huston. He also directed the 1976 Sean Connery thriller The Next Man. By 1988, however, his career was in decline due to his refusal to toe the line with studio executives and the fact that some of his films were not successful. He hoped a high profile disaster movie titled Solar Crisis would reignite his career but he went over budget and once again clashed with the studio. Sarafian called the finished film a mess and had his name removed from the credits. In more recent years, he dabbled in acting, playing small character roles in high profile movies. On a personal note, Sarafian was a great fan of Cinema Retro and would occasionally call this writer to discuss specific issues.Even when he praised an article, it was with plenty of expletives attached. A refreshing aspect of Sarafian's personality is that, while he detested studio "suits", he also didn't shy away from taking personal responsibility for some films he deemed to be artistic failures.  Needless to say, he was a one-of-a-kind talent and movie lovers everywhere will mourn his passing.   WING COMMANDER KEN WALLIS, INVENTOR OF JAMES BOND'S "LITTLE NELLIE" AUTOGYRO, DEAD AT AGE 97 For those of us fortunate to have met and known Wing Commander Ken Wallis, his death- even at the advanced age of 97- is a bitter pill to swallow. He represented the epitome of the old world "English Gentleman", both in mannerisms and in appearance (he was always immaculately attired.) Born in 1916, Wallis was always obsessed with flight even from the days of his youth. After initially being rejected by the RAF due to an eye disorder, Wallis kept taking the test until he convinced authorities he was suitable to serve. He flew combat missions over Europe in WWII and stayed in the service until 1964. However, it was Wallis' innovations in the realm of the autogyro that brought him international fame. His work on these mini-copters, which could hold only one person, brought him to the attention of 007 producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman for their 1967 film You Only Live Twice. Wallis' amazing invention- dubbed "Little Nellie- found Sean Connery as Bond equipped with an incredible arsenal in the sky as his autogyro makes short work of a fleet of SPECTRE helicopters. Wallis did the flying in the elaborate battle sequence with studio closeups of Connery inserted. It may have been the special effects team that "souped up" the concept of Little Nellie, but it was Wallis' deft ability to navigate the craft that made the sequence so memorable.  Indeed, Wallis became an idol of Bond fans and up until last year, he was routinely appearing at 007-themed conventions and special effects, usually in the presence of the original Little Nellie. 007 fans have lost an iconic contributor to the film series and the world has lost an irreplaceable member of "The Greatest Generation". - Lee Pfeiffer For more click here    JAMES BOND OLYMPICS STUNTMAN MARK SUTTON DIES IN DAREDEVIL WING-GLIDE ACCIDENT   Mark Sutton, the 41 year old British stuntman who doubled for Daniel Craig in the 2012 Olympics 007-themed opening skit that featured Queen Elizabeth, has died in a tragic wing gliding accident in Switzerland. Sutton worked with another stuntman, Gary Connery (who doubled for the Queen) in the now famous  sequence in which Her Majesty and Bond parachute into the stadium. The result was universal praise for a brilliant concept that was executed by Oscar winning director Danny Boyle. Sutton was new to the wing glide craze which has attracted a relatively small but highly enthusiastic group of international participants who "glide" from high mountain peeks. The thrill is said to be amazing but the risks are high. Sutton slammed into a mountain and was so badly disfigured that his body had to be identified using DNA. For more click here  DVD REVIEW: "SPYMAKER: THE SECRET LIFE OF IAN FLEMING" (1990) STARRING JASON CONNERY AND KRISTIN SCOTT THOMAS By Lee Pfeiffer  What do you do when you want to make a James Bond movie but lack the legal rights to do so as well as the budget and the current leading man? Simple. Just turn the life of 007's literary creator, Ian Fleming, into a pseudo Bond story, dispense with most of the facts, add some opulent locations and then cast the son of Sean Connery in the lead role. Shake (but don't stir!) and - presto!- you have Spymaker: The Secret Life of Ian Fleming, a 1990 TV movie made by Turner. The Warner Archive has recently released this 1990 title as a burn to order DVD (it had previously only been available on VHS). The screenplay should have included a disclaimer explaining that most of the occurrences in the story are the stuff of pure fiction. As it stands, the millions of people who have seen this comic book version of Fleming's life probably believe he was an action hero in the mold of 007. There is do doubt that Fleming led a colorful and exotic life that included world travel, interaction with larger-than-life people and bedding numerous women of high pedigree. There is also no doubt that the creation of James Bond and the supporting characters in his novels was based on elements of various individuals Fleming knew over a period of decades. However, all of this is boiled down to the most simplistic formulas in this film which is otherwise competently directed by Ferdinand Fairfax. The story glosses over Fleming's early years and correctly points out that he was a troubled student who was expelled from Eton. He is also shown to have an abrasive relationship with his cold-as-ice aristocratic mother (Fiona Fullerton). Young Ian has a lot to live up to. The Fleming's are well regarded in social circles and his father, a WWI hero who perished in the conflict, had his eulogy written by Winston Churchill. Ian, however, is more than content to sow his wild oats with a series of comely bed mates. He races cars, indulges in his penchant for drinking and fine dining and seems headed toward the lifestyle of a slacker (albeit with a family fortune to back him up). All of this has a degree of truth to it, as does the sequence in which Fleming finds his self-worth when his boss at Reuters news agency sends him to Russia to cover a sensational show trial of British citizens who are being framed as spies. Fleming's astute reporting of the trial put him on the map and earned him praise as a journalist. With the outbreak of WWII, Fleming joins British naval intelligence and is assigned as right hand man to crusty Admiral Godfrey (David Warner), who probably did indeed serve as a role model for 007's boss "M". Fleming proves astute at planning audacious commando missions behind German lines. So far, so good. But the script deviates from the facts in order to provide some juicy action sequences. Not only does Fleming have a romantic relationship with sexy fellow intelligence officer Leda St. Gabriel (Kristin Scott Thomas), but he also leads a daring raid on a German fortress to steal important documents. These aspects of Fleming's life are pure bull. Similarly, the script simplifies the inspirations for future Bond characters Miss Moneypenny and the gadgets master "Q" (who was not referred to as such in Fleming's novels.) The latter character is represented by Quincy, a fictitious schoolmate of Fleming's who is brought into naval intelligence because of his penchant for creating innovative inventions (he even designs and builds two man mini-subs used on Fleming's mission behind enemy lines.)  There are high stakes games of chance against German agents in opulent casinos and an attempt on Fleming's life by bombing his London flat. Again, these are purely the creation of screenwriters.  Given the fact that Fleming's life is reduced to cartoon-like absurdities, Spymaker: The Secret Life of Ian Fleming is a reasonably entertaining jaunt. The film boasts rich production values, the script is intelligently written and the acting is perfectly fine (no one goes over the top in the attempt to make Fleming a super-hero). In the title role, Jason Connery may have been a flagrant example of stunt casting, but he impresses in the role. He has a model's good looks and a few of his father's mannerisms, but otherwise puts his own imprint on the role. His father's interpretation of the Bond character was more insolent and sarcastic. Jason emphasizes wit and a playful sense of humor but, appropriately, plays Fleming with a more low key, less exotic approach. In an early starring role Kristin Scott Thomas is suitably cast as Fleming's fictitious paramour in the intelligence service. Supporting roles are adequately played but no one has much of a chance to develop their character beyond a superficial level. One would have hoped that the Fleming/Godfrey relationship would have been explored further but in the film, Godfrey is seen simply dispatching Fleming on various missions in the way Perry White would assign Clark Kent to cover news stories.  The DVD transfer is about as good as a TV movie can look. Although well photographed, there is often a bit of grain to television productions and this is no exception. The film was originally broadcast without the "Spymaker" angle in the title. This was added for video release and for some international theatrical releases. (This version includes some brief nudity that was not seen in the original U.S. broadcast.) Spymaker: The Secret Life of Ian Fleming is a rather bizarre treatment of the esteemed author's life but it is quite entertaining throughout- as long as you don't delude yourself into believing most of what takes place on screen.  This is a region free DVD, playable on all international systems. Click here to order from Warner Archive and to view a preview clip.   LEGENDARY JAMES BOND PROP PISTOL UP FOR AUCTION A pistol that was used as a last minute prop in a publicity photo shoot for the first James Bond movie, Dr. No in 1962, is being auctioned on July 29. Originally, Sean Connery was to pose with a Walther pistol for the publicity photos. However, on the day of the photo shoot, it was discovered that no one had brought the Walther to the studio. The photographer, David Hurn, improvised by substituting a long barreled air pistol, a personal possession that he used as a hobby. It was originally envisioned that the long barrel would be airbrushed out but it never was. The resulting photos became so iconic that variations of them were utilized to publicize later Connery Bond movies. The last time the pistol was sold at auction, it commanded over $400,000. For more click here OUT OF THE PAST: CLASSIC JAMES BOND AND MAN FROM U.N.C.L.E. PUPPETS   Spy movie fan Luca Pietramala posted this on his Facebook page recently. It's a toy industry trade magazine advertisement for a 1966 line of spy-related rubber hand puppets. The David McCallum/Illya puppet was produced along with the Sean Connery figure in a suit and the Harold Sakata/Oddjob figure. However, the Adolfo Celi as Largo and Connery scuba puppets never got beyond the prototype stage. The nagging question for the last half-century has been: when are they going to release a Robert Vaughn/Napoleon Solo puppet? We're starting to lose hope!   HOW JAMES BOND'S "THUNDERBALL" ALMOST GOT AN "X" RATING   The use of a mink glove used at various times by Sean Connery and Molly Peters concerned British censors who saw it as a sexual metaphor. Newly revealed files show that the sexual content of the 1965 James Bond blockbuster Thunderball so concerned the British censors that they almost slapped the film with an "X" rating. (American films didn't get movie ratings until 1968 and, unlike the British system, the ratings are imposed by the industry, not the government.) In fairness, an "X" rating in those days simply meant adult content, not necessarily sleaze. However, there is no doubt that Eon Productions would have considered it the kiss of death on boxoffice receipts. Nevertheless, the producers stood their ground and cut only one of the the thirty scenes that the censor demanded be removed or amended. The film went on to gross the equivalent of $1 billion in today's currency. The entire censorship scenario seems amusing and quaint by today's standards. Click here to read

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What is the name of the diamond stolen in the 1963 film, The Pink Panther?

The Pink Panther (1963) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Inspector Clouseau travels to Rome to catch a notorious jewel thief known as "The Phantom" before he conducts his most daring heist yet--a princess' priceless diamond with one slight imperfection, known as "The Pink Panther." Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV a list of 25 titles created 18 Jun 2011 a list of 26 titles created 13 Aug 2012 a list of 48 titles created 15 Aug 2012 a list of 41 titles created 07 Oct 2013 a list of 21 titles created 21 Jun 2014 Title: The Pink Panther (1963) 7.2/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 2 wins & 6 nominations. See more awards  » Videos Charles Dreyfus, who has finally cracked over inspector Clouseau's antics, escapes from a mental institution and launches an elaborate plan to get rid of Clouseau once and for all. Director: Blake Edwards Inspector Jacques Clouseau investigates the murder of Mr. Benjamin Ballon's driver at a country estate. Director: Blake Edwards Inspector Clouseau is put on the case when the Pink Panther diamond is stolen, with the Phantom's trademark glove the only clue. Director: Blake Edwards     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.7/10 X   To prove that he still is strong and powerful, Philippe Douvier decides to kill Clouseau. Once news of his "death" has been announced, Clouseau tries to take advantage of it and goes undercover with Cato to find out who tried to kill him. Director: Blake Edwards Inspector Clouseau mysteriously disappears and a journalist attempts to uncover the mystery. New scenes are interspersed with old footage of Peter Sellers from the previous films. Director: Blake Edwards A clerical mistake results in a bumbling Indian film star being invited to an exclusive Hollywood party instead of being fired. Director: Blake Edwards Inspector Clouseau disappears, and the Surete wants the world's second best detective to look for him. However, Clouseau's enemy, Dreyfus, rigs the Surete's computer to select, instead, the... See full summary  » Director: Blake Edwards A string of robberies has occurred in Britain and it's up to Inspector Clouseau to catch them. Director: Bud Yorkin Charles Dreyfus encounters Jacques Gambrelli, who reminds him painfully of Inspector Clouseau, the man who drove him insane. With good reason: Gambrelli is Clouseau's son. Director: Blake Edwards A simple, sheltered gardener becomes an unlikely trusted advisor to a powerful businessman and an insider in Washington politics. Director: Hal Ashby Edit Storyline The trademark of The Phantom, a renowned jewel thief, is a glove left at the scene of the crime. Inspector Clouseau, an expert on The Phantom's exploits, feels sure that he knows where The Phantom will strike next and leaves Paris for Switzerland, where the famous Lugashi jewel 'The Pink Panther' is going to be. However, he does not know who The Phantom really is, or for that matter who anyone else really is... Written by Graeme Roy <[email protected]> A Madcap Frolic Of Crime and Fun See more  » Genres: 20 March 1964 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: La pantera rosa See more  » Filming Locations: 4-Track Stereo (Westrex Recording System)| Mono Color: Did You Know? Trivia Blake Edwards decided the title sequence would benefit from animation. The Pink Panther, meant to be a personification of the title jewel (a pink-hued diamond with a tiny flaw resembling a large cat), was created by David H. DePatie and Friz Freleng and chosen by Edwards from more than a hundred other panther sketches. See more » Goofs When Simone is holding George's graduation photo it has no border or white frame. Yet if you look very carefully when Charles hands it to her and after when he puts it under the ash tray on his night stand the photo has as a white frame border. See more » Quotes Gem dealer 1: As in every stone of this size, there is a flaw. Sultan: A flaw? Gem dealer 2: The slightest flaw, your excellency. Gem dealer 1: If you look deep into the stone, you will perceive the tiniest discoloration. It resembles an animal. Sultan: An animal? Gem dealer 1: A little panther. Sultan: Yes! A pink panther. Come here, Dala. A gift to your father from his grateful people. Some day it will be yours. The most fabulous diamond in all the world. Come closer. See more » Crazy Credits The title animation reflects the functions of the credited persons, for instance, Pink Panther as the orchestra director (at the music credits), him before a photo camera (director of photography), the Phantom hand typing at the typewriter (screenplay). See more » Connections

The Pink Panther

Finish this line from a popular kids’ song: “There was a farmer had a dog, and ____ was his name-o!”

View All Photos (4) Movie Info In the first in a series of detective comedies from director Blake Edwards starring Peter Sellers as bumbling French Inspector Jacques Clouseau, the mishap-prone snoop is actually a supporting player. David Niven stars as Sir Charles Litton, a suave jewel thief known as "The Phantom." Vacationing in a deluxe Alpine resort, Litton's real purpose is to purloin the Pink Panther, a gem of enormous worth owned by a princess (Claudia Cardinale). On his trail for years, Inspector Clouseau keeps losing his quarry, perhaps because his wife Simone (Capucine) is Litton's lover and alerts him every time her husband draws near. Also after the Panther is Litton's American nephew, George (Robert Wagner). At a posh costume ball at the princess' villa, the bauble is stolen and Clouseau, still trying to determine the bandit's identity, is framed for the crime himself. The Pink Panther made Sellers and his Clouseau act so popular that the character moved to center stage in a series of farcical sequels. Rating:

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A human with two X sex chromosomes is usually which gender?

How Chromosomes Determine Sex How Chromosomes Determine Sex Basic Genetics How Chromosomes Determine Sex A karyotype is the complete set of chromosomes of an organism. Humans have 46 chromosomes in total: 23 inherited from the mother (blue) and 23 from the father (pink). The sex chromosomes (labeled XY and XX) determine the individual's sex.  Credit: PASIEKA/SPL/Getty Images By Regina Bailey How Chromosomes Determine Sex Chromosomes are long, segments of genes that carry heredity information. They are composed of DNA and proteins and are located within the nucleus of our cells . Chromosomes determine everything from hair color and eye color to sex. Whether you are a male or female depends on the presence or absence of certain chromosomes. Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46. There are 22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes are the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. Sex Chromosomes: In human sexual reproduction, two distinct gametes fuse to form a zygote. Gametes are reproductive cells produced by a type of cell division called meiosis .  Gametes are also called sex cells . They contain only one set of chromosomes and are said to be haploid . The male gamete, called the spermatozoan, is relatively motile and usually has a flagellum . The female gamete, called the ovum, is nonmotile and relatively large in comparison to the male gamete. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge When the haploid male and female gametes unite in a process called fertilization , they form what is called a zygote. The zygote is diploid , meaning that it contains two sets of chromosomes . Sex Chromosomes X-Y: The male gametes or sperm cells in humans and other mammals are heterogametic and contain one of two types of sex chromosomes . They are either X or Y. The female gametes or eggs however, contain only the X sex chromosome and are homogametic . The sperm cell determines the sex of an individual in this case. If a sperm cell containing an X chromosome fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be XX or female. If the sperm cell contains a Y chromosome, then the resulting zygote will be XY or male. Sex Chromosomes X-O: Grasshoppers, roaches, and other insects have a similar system for determining the sex of an individual. Adult males lack a Y sex chromosome and have only an X chromosome. They produce sperm cells that contain either an X chromosome or no sex chromosome, which is designated as O. The females are XX and produce egg cells that contain an X chromosome. If an X sperm cell fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be XX or female. If a sperm cell containing no sex chromosome fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be XO or male. Sex Chromosomes Z-W: Birds, insects like butterflies, frogs , snakes , and some species of fish have a different system for determining sex. In these animals it is the female gamete that determines the sex of an individual. Female gametes can either contain a Z chromosome or a W chromosome. Male gametes contain only the Z chromosome. Females of these species are ZW and males are ZZ. Parthenogenesis: What about animals like most kinds of wasps, bees, and ants that have no sex chromosomes? How is sex determined? In these species, fertilization determines sex. If an egg becomes fertilized, it will develop into a female. A non-fertilized egg may develop into a male. The female is diploid and contains two sets of chromosomes , while the male is haploid . This development of an unfertilized egg into a male and a fertilized egg into a female is a type of parthenogenesis known as arrhenotokous parthenogenesis.

Female

What TV game show, which ran from 1965 to 2004, featured an array of celebrities seated in a tic-tac-toe board?

Meiosis | HHMI BioInteractive More About Meiosis Background At a genetic level, sexual reproduction is all about mixing up genes and putting together new combinations. The first step in this process is meiosis, a special form of cell division that produces gametesóthe egg and sperm cells. Most of the action during meiosis centers on the chromosomes . Cells in the human body have 46 chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX in females, XY in males). Because there are two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, the cells are considered diploid. Meiosis starts with a diploid cell and turns it into four haploid cells, cells with only one set of chromosomes. This means that when the chromosomes of egg and sperm cells combine at fertilization, the embryo regains the normal diploid number. Meiosis mixes up the parental genes in two ways. First, the members of each chromosome pair come together and swap segments in a process known as crossing over, or recombination . Second, because each gamete gets only half the parental chromosomes, the exact combination in each egg or sperm can and does vary. This is because during meiosis the chromosomes assort independently, with a random member of each pair going to each daughter cell. Because males have one X and one Y chromosome, half the cells get an X and half get a Y during the meiosis that leads to sperm production. (In females, all the eggs will get one or the other X.) In a general sense, the sex of the offspring is determined by the particular sex chromosome carried by the sperm. However, in the early weeks of development, all fetuses have preliminary structures for both sexes, and the immature gonads can become either testes or ovaries. In the seventh week of fetal development, a gene on the Y chromosome, if present, activates, and the bipotential gonads commit to becoming testes. In the absence of a Y chromosome, and the signal to form testes, the fetus develops as a girl. At least that's the way it usually happens. In rare cases, an XX individual becomes a male or an XY individual becomes female. Researchers realized that studying the genes of these sex-reversed people could lead them to the master switch for sex determination. They subsequently identified a gene called SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome). Introduction Meiosis, the form of cell division unique to egg and sperm production, sets the stage for sex determination by creating sperm that carry either an X or a Y sex chromosome. But what is it about the X or Y that determines sex? Before a meiotic cell divides, its two sets of chromosomes come together and cross over, or swap, segments. The first animation shows normal crossing over, where the X and Y chromosomes exchange pieces only at their tips. The second animation shows a rare mistake in which the Y chromosome transfers a gene called SRY to the X chromosome, resulting in sex-reversed babies. Studies of sex-reversed individuals led researchers to identify the master switch for sex determination, the SRY gene, which tells a fetus to become a boy. Part 1: Normal male meiosis In the cell nucleus, chromosomes contributed by this male's mother (in red) and father (in blue) pair up. For clarity, only the X and Y sex chromosomes and 5 of the 22 pairs of autosomes (nonsex chromosomes) are shown. Each chromosome has replicated and consists of two identical chromatids. Crossing over can occur anywhere along the autosomes, and here, they swap segments at each end. The X and Y chromosomes normally cross over only at their tips (indicated in blue on the Y). Note that SRY lies below this region. The nuclear membrane breaks down, and the chromosomes line up along the cell's equatorial plane and then move to the poles. A random member of each chromosome pair goes to each haploid daughter cell. A second division separates the chromatids and produces four cells, which develop into sperm. In the top panel, a sperm with an X chromosome fertilizes the egg; in the bottom panel, a sperm with a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg. The XX and XY fetuses develop along the same pathway through week six. Then SRY switches on; the XY fetus develops into a boy (bottom panel), and the XX fetus becomes a girl (top panel). Part 2: Atypical male meiosis resulting in sex-reversed individuals Meiosis begins just as in the previous example. However, this time the Y chromosome breaks below SRY, transferring SRY to the X chromosome. This produces two sperm with abnormal sex chromosomes. When they fertilize eggs, the XX (SRY+) embryo develops into a boy (top panel), and the XY (SRYñ) embryo develops into a girl. They are sex reversed. Learn More: Autosomes Autosomes are chromosomes other than sex chromosomes and are the same in both sexes. Learn More: Chromosomes Mammalian chromosomes are DNA molecules bound up with proteins, particularly proteins known as histones, which form a core for the strand of DNA to wrap around. Chromosomes become visible in the cell nucleus only during cell division when they are condensed into tightly coiled rods. They typically have two arms on either side of a centromere, a condensed region critical for the movement and sorting of chromosomes during cell division. The two halves of a replicated chromosome are called chromatids. Learn More: Crossing Over, or Recombination During the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes synapse, or pair up. At this point, each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids. Crossing over is a precise mechanism for cutting through the DNA of two chromatids and exchanging equivalent pieces without loss of information. In this way, the chromosomes transmitted to gametes can acquire mixtures of maternal and paternal genes. Learn More: Genes Genes are lengths of DNA that code for proteins and are the basic units of heredity. Different types of the same gene are called alleles and are responsible for variation in inherited traits. Each gene can be mapped to a specific location on a chromosome, and the proximity of different genes determines their linkage, or the likelihood that they will be inherited together. Recombination is more likely to separate alleles that are further apart on a chromosome than those with little space for crossovers between them. Learn More: Stages of Meiosis Meiosis I: During the first meiotic division, recombination occurs and the chromosome number is halved. Prophase I: Chromosomes condense and become visible. Homologous chromosomes pair up and recombination (crossing over) occurs. Crossovers may be visible as chiasmata, x-shaped connections between chromatids. Metaphase I: Paired chromosomes line up along the cell's equatorial plane. Anaphase I: Homologous pairs separate and move to opposite poles. Telophase I: Chromosomes are at poles; nuclear membranes may re-form. Meiosis II: The second meiotic division closely resembles mitosis (the type of cell division that occurs in body cells), except that the starting and ending cells are haploid. Prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II: The chromosomes again move to the equatorial plane, and this time the chromatids separate to opposite poles. Telophase II: Nuclear membranes re-form around the chromosomes. Learn More: Sex Chromosomes Sex chromosomes differ between the sexes and are involved in sex determination, although they may have other functions as well. Learn More: SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) Before the SRY gene was identified, scientists knew that there was a testes-determining factor on the Y chromosome. The challenge was to pinpoint its location. This was done by comparing first the observable physical structure of the chromosomes and second, when the technology allowed, the DNA sequences of sex-reversed individuals with those of the normal population. (Sex reversal occurs in about 1 out of 20,000 births.) Screening with Y-specific DNA (DNA that is found only on the Y chromosome) showed that XY females tended to be missing a certain segment of DNA on the short arm of the Y chromosome, whereas XX males carried DNA from that same region. Mapping that region yielded SRY. The protein encoded by SRY is apparently a transcription factor, and thus it regulates the function of another gene or genes. Resources

i don't know

8 years ago today saw the US begin the invasion of what country?

CIVILIZATION AND ETHICS CIVILIZATION AND ETHICS The New Entropy It is commonplace to say that what made civilization possible was the invention of agriculture; but even more fundamental than agriculture were ethics. For only through ethics is it possible for large groups of people to live together. Agriculture was clearly necessary to support a large, sedentary population, but there would have been no significant grouping of cooperative people to invent agriculture if they did not have a unifying, objectively valid ethical code to begin with. Civilization begins, therefore, not with the invention of agriculture about 10,000 years ago, but with the articulation almost 50,000 years ago of a valid ethical code which was incorporated into the religions of Cro-Magnon and other Homo sapiens. Those societies which lived in closest harmony with the evolutionary ethic would be the most cohesive, inventive, and dynamic. This would enable them to group together into the largest cooperative groups, thereby laying the foundations for civilization. No civilization is possible without an ethical code that is at least partially valid. What enhanced civilization was a complex of inventions. Language and large-scale organization were clearly important inventions. The others were new tools for cultivating, processing, and defending food. The early agricultural communities required strong, well-organized defenses since they were highly vulnerable to attacks from marauding bands of hunters and, later, from nomads. Nomadism is an evolutionary step somewhere between a hunting society and an agricultural society in complexity, but it does not have the potential for engendering civilization. The earliest nomads were probably reindeer herders who followed the flocks. Much later they became goat and sheep herders and led the flocks from one pastoral area to another. The nomads represented a type of psychosocial specialization which would lead to evolutionary deadends for whoever adopted this way of life. Only more generalized groups of people than can live by nomadism can create the diversity of skills and the stable resources that can lead to unending evolution. Another invention which is important for civilization is a device for measuring time. A corollary of the complexity of a culture is its sophistication in its concept of time. The mental model of time varies in our own day as a direct function of the complexity of the culture. Very primitive people live almost entirely in the present. More advanced people have an historical perspective of themselves and plan activities which may be many years in the future. "Advanced" in this context simply refers to a people with relatively higher amounts of true extragenetic information. The earliest evidence of time measuring is in the construction of calendars by the Cro-Magnon tens of thousands of years ago. Many preliterate people had a very deep knowledge of astronomy and calendar making [356, 495]. The most notable of these early machines are the artifacts of Stonehenge, which served rather complex astronomical and date-keeping purposes before the early inhabitants of Britain had a full-fledged civilization, which in fact was introduced by the Romans [208]. A civilized people may be defined as a group of persons tied together by a common ethical code who systematically predict and control their collective ability to predict and control. The essential difference between civilized and uncivilized people is that among the latter there is no systematic group effort by its members to create machines for the benefit of the group as a whole, machines which require several persons to operate and which may not be used for several months or even several years after construction is begun on them. It is this notion of long-range planning and concern for the creativity of future generations which distinguishes the civilized person from the barbarian, who typically never has any vision beyond tomorrow, or the savage, who lives entirely in the present. The longer into the future the planning is projected, the more civilized is the society. Therefore, a civilization never comes into being or survives unless it is guided by a cooperative group of persons who have a vision of and concern for the generations yet unborn. The vision of the future is always tied to the ethical code. Because the ethical code has traditionally been closely tied to a religion, the major unifying force binding a people together has been religious. As we shall see, in the early civilizations, religion, agriculture, and technology were closely intertwined. In all civilizations, cities, as opposed to villages, begin as religious centers. When the religion and ethical code are out of harmony with the evolutionary ethic, then the civilization will decay and become entropic, in complete analogy with a specializing species. Religion often represents a type of psychosocial specialization which closes themind both individually and collectively. It is only by radical psychosocialmutation in religion that human evolution continues. Religions do notevolve smoothly, but mutate radically [780]. With the beginning of civilization, human evolution became almost totally psychosocial, and future biological changes were almost entirely entropic. However, the extrageneticinformation in the human species began to increase at an exponential rate with the advent of civilized humans. Until about the time of Darwin humanity clearly had little idea of what it was doing to itself through civilization. Natural selection operated on civilizations just as blindly as it had on the barbarian hunting bands and the savage, individual hominid families before. The extragenetic information increased because those civilizations which did not increase extragenetic information at a high rate, or that went into decline, were destroyed or conquered by barbarian hordes or by more progressive civilizations. We define "progress" as "an increase in the ability to predict and control the total environment" or simply as "an increase in intelligence." We will show that an intelligent civilization without objective ethics becomes unstable and destroys itself or is destroyed by an objectively more ethical civilization. We saw this occur in our own time in Nazi Germany, a highly intelligent civilization which violated the evolutionary ethic and all of the Eight Ethical Principles by persecuting its most creative people; it was, as a consequence, conquered. Therefore, progress is not possible beyond the primitive hominid stage without ethics. In almost all civilizations ethical systems become institutionalized within a religious or quasi-religious framework which becomes increasingly rigid and closed until entropy destroys it. We will now see how this has happened throughout history and develop the pattern by which civilizations have always become entropic.   The Neolithic Prelude Although religions evolve through radical changes, the evolution of civilization is itself a more gradual process in which technological progress occurs within a relatively fixed ethico-religious framework. The Homo sapiens of 50,000 years ago had a relatively simple technology but probably already had a complex ethico-religious system which involved elaborate art forms and rituals. Their artistic creations are already evidence that they would engage in complex, drawn-out, group activity for which the rewards were long delayed or perhaps even nonexistent. This mental attitude of intense, long-term activity for a distant reward is what made civilization possible. This began with preparations and magical rites for life after death, but it had an immediate effect in terms of practical technology. Until about 12,000 years ago there was a gradually increasing investment in time for the purpose of obtaining better tools. This increasing foresight had been going along with increasing brain size for millions of years. As tools increased in complexity, so did the amount of labor necessary to manufacture them. Then about 12,000 years ago there was a radical change in stone technology, which had been basically the same for several million years. Instead of merely chipping and flaking stones to make tools, our ancestors began to grind and polish them to make a wide variety of newtools. This was the transition from the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age to the Neolithic or New Stone Age [176]. Neolithic technology produced much better tools, but it required a much greater investment of labor plus fixed resources. With Neolithic technology, humanity began to make many new tools which had no other purpose than to make other tools. These included grinding stones, hafted axes with polished blades, needles, clay pots, and relatively permanent dwellings with stone hearths. Fairly large, semi-permanent villages of over 100 inhabitants, who lived by hunting, gathering, fishing, and possibly some trading in tools and food, became fairly widespread at this time along rivers, lakes, and ocean shores where there was considerable food. These fairly permanent living areas prepared the way for systematic agriculture. It is likely that in these villages the men still went on fishing and hunting expeditions while the women cultivated plants and, in essence, invented agriculture. The early Neolithic people and the late Paleolithic hunters greatly honored women and had many female deities. The ancient Chinese symbol for emperor is a female symbol. The role of women began to be degraded much later when standing armies were created [512]. There is clear evidence of agricultural communities with pottery and agricultural tools over 10,000 years ago. These have been discovered in Asia Minor and northern India. There is no clear demarcation between where barbarism ends and civilization begins. These changes in Neolithic living styles from hunters and nomads to permanent agricultural communities clearly represent the transition period. The major mental change which occurred during this period, which lasted about 6,000 years, was an enormous increase in foresight and planning ability on the part of the early agriculturists. The earliest long-range planning went into building religious centers with idols, temples and other constructions for predicting and controlling the behavior of the gods. The oldest known city with permanent dwellings, walls, many religious artifacts, and a population of several thousand was Jericho, constructed about 8,000 years ago [84, 320]. There must have been considerable evolutionary pressure from natural selection to favor those agricultural communities which were most cohesive in organization and farsighted in their planning. These communities would store grain in jars as a hedge against drought and build permanent defenses to ward off the marauding bands of nomads, which were on the increase, and the dwindling bands of hunters. Eventually the purely hunting-and-fishing way of life became obsolete except for the relatively isolated bands of humans in Australia, the Americas, and sub-Saharan Africa. Most of the Eurasian land mass and northern Africa was now dominated by a Neolithic people who were nomads, agriculturists, or a combination of both. The nomads had the advantage of high mobility and low entropy from human parasitism, but they could not accumulate the machines andknowledge that were available to the settled agricultural communities in spite of their predilection for engendering human parasitism. Civilizations, up to the present, have had a built-in instability which resulted from increasing collective intelligence while (1) nurturing an ever more parasitical ruling class and (2) forcing their members to become highly specialized. Later we will show how this process is still going on today. In Part II we will show how to overcome it. Human society for over 10,000 years was in a constant battle involving highly mobile, ethical, generalized, warlike nomads with relatively simple cultures versus sedentary, more peaceful, specialized agriculturists with a more complex culture but increasingly degenerate leadership which corrupted the rest of society. Recall that "culture" is the total sum of extragenetic information a people possesses. The last major nomadic inroadsinto the civilized world were those begun by Genghis Khan in the 12th century and stopped in the 14th century by agricultural communities in Eurasia. Therefore, civilization evolved by spurts and stops as the sedentary way of life tested itself against the nomadic way of life. In the long run the civilized mind had to win because it incorporated more coherent information. But as recently as the 14th century, the military superiority of civilization over nomadism was not an obvious fact. The evolution of modern civilization begins at Sumer.   Sumer It has rightfully been said that history and civilization begin at Sumer [429, 430]. Although we do not know when the transition from barbarism to civilization was made, the Sumerians of 5,500 years ago had clearly already made the transition. In a burst of creativity which was not to be equaled for another 3,000 years, they created cities and vast irrigation systems; invented writing, the plow, the sailing ship, arithmetic, the wheel, institutional government, the first written code of ethics and laws, formal education, and systematic astronomy; baked bricks and cement; and they created the first body of literature, the first written music, and many other firsts which are still embodied in today's cultures. For example, the Sumerians were the first to divide the day into 24 hours of 60 minutes each, a convention that all civilized societies still adhere to. All Old World writing systems, including the Egyptian and the Chinese, were apparently derived from the Sumerians [512]. Indeed all civilization is probably derived from Sumer. The Sumerian musical scale and harmonic forms were the same as were incorporated into all forms of Western music until the 20th century. The Sumerians apparently invaded southern Mesopotamia (the region corresponding roughly to modern Iraq) about 6,000 years ago, probably by way of the sea. They seem to have come from the region of Iran, although the Sumerian language is neither Indo-European norSemitic, and in fact seems unrelated to all other known languages. The true origin of the Sumerian people, therefore, is largely unknown. Northern Mesopotamia had had thriving agricultural communities, if not civilizations, for at least 4,000 years. However, southern Mesopotamia was marshy with irregular rainfall. Therefore, agriculture was feasible only through irrigation. The Sumerians had to conceive, plan, and execute massive public projects for draining swamps, building dams, and diverting the waters of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers along a complex system of canals and irrigation ditches. This required a highly progressive ethical code and system of organization. The early cities were all religious centers run by a priestly aristocracy which appointed kings. As intermediaries for gaining the favor of the gods, the priests were able to control thousands of persons. Since the Sumerians wrote down their ethical code, we know what it was. They cherished goodness and truth, law and order, justice and freedom, righteousness and straightforwardness, mercy and compassion. They abhorred evil and falsehood, lawlessness and disorder, injustice and oppression, sinfulness and perversity, cruelty and pitilessness. In short, the Sumerians practiced the evolutionary ethic. The Sumerians codified these rather vague but familiar notions of good and evil into a written ethicolegal code. The Sumerians followed most of the Ethical Principles, except they were unethically gullible in their religious beliefs, and they used means which were not ends as well as unethical means. The Sumerians eventually degraded women. For example, only women were allowed to be enslaved. This contributed to their ultimate downfall by violating the third Ethical Principle. Eventually they would be destroyed by their unethical religious and cultural traditions, as would other civilizations which incorporated them. The Sumerians had a polytheistic religion with hundreds of invisible gods and a view of life that man (women were not important) was created solely for the benefit of the gods. Man was seen as a complete puppet devoid of free will and in the hands of the gods, who made him behave for their own purposes. To disobey the will of the gods as interpreted by the priests would bring disaster to any individual. This was clearly an effective, although unethical, psychosocial tool for controlling human behavior. Ethical behavior induced by fear is ultimately destructive. Both the good and the evil of the world were created by the gods, but the gods themselves were entirely "good." This somewhat paradoxical position was apparently never resolved by the Sumerians, but it produced a sense of fatalism which eventually undid them. As the Sumerian civilization became increasingly complex, there developed a true middle class of scribes, governors, ambassadors, temple administrators, sea captains, tax officials, priests, architects, accountants, and military leaders, the king being the commander-in-chief. As organized warfare between Sumerian and other non-Sumerian cities developed, theimportance of the king increased and the kingship became hereditary. The Sumerian school system, which was to serve as the archetype for middle-class education through to the present, served almost entirely the interests of this class. There is considerable evidence that women, the children of the poor, and slaves had no opportunity at all to educate themselves. This violated the evolutionary ethic by restricting the flow of information and produced an increasingly specialized society in which knowledge was constantly narrowed until the collective mind of the Sumerians was closed. The process was abetted by a fossilized, fatalistic religion and another Sumerian innovation: bureaucracy. A bureaucracy is an organization with a built-in mechanism for destroying negative feedback. An organization, we recall, is a group of persons with common goals and rules of behavior. All bureaucracies are organizations even if they are organizations of two persons. Not all organizations are bureaucracies. The Sumerian bureaucracy was primarily a civil service directly responsible to the hereditary king of each of the rival city-states. The civil service was inextricably intertwined with the religious bureaucracy which administered the temples, both bureaucracies being products of a common educational system. Together the secular and religious bureaucracies became organizations with no other purpose than the protection and extension of their privileges. They jointly controlled all food production and the educational system. The bureaucracies served as an entropic sink - a psychosocial black hole - which destroyed ethics, absorbed the intellectual energies of the people, and created nothing. The dynamic, creative traditions of over a thousand years eventually succumbed to useless religion and parasitical bureaucracy, which fostered specialization and destroyed imagination. The Sumerians were conquered about 2300 B.C. by a more primitive but less entropic people, the Akkadians.   Akkad--The First Empire Sumer consisted of a loose confederacy of several rival city-states, each ruled by a hereditary king. At first a single king in the chief temple city was the king of all Sumer. Then the kingship would go from city to city, depending on which city was in ascendancy. Eventually each city had its own king. However, there was never a single unifying ethic which would unite all of Sumer. The semicivilized people to the north were for centuries little or no threat to the highly advanced Sumerians. One Sumerian king was eventually able to completely dominate two cities, but by this time the Akkadians immediately to the north were able to absorb enough true information from Sumer without being burdened by the same extensive bureaucracy and false religious information. Technology, particularly simple technology, is much more easilytransferred than ethical or religious information. This is the case because technology usually brings immediate benefits without hurting the ruling class. New ethical or religious ideas often disrupt the religious bureaucracy, which is typically integrated with the ruling class. Since religious ideas are rarely objectively valid, there is no logical reason for accepting one religion over another unless that religion is either (1) more emotionally satisfying or (2) imposed by force. Therefore, the Akkadians, who were a Semitic people in close contact with the Sumerians, were able over the centuries to absorb much of the true information of Sumer without absorbing too much of their entropy - particularly that entropy associated with bureaucracy. Furthermore, Akkad, about 4,200 years ago, was a relatively new society led by the highly progressive, indeed, visionary king, Sargon I. Sumer, because of the centuries of hereditary rule, was almost certainly led by mediocre kings. Because of genetic regression, hereditary rule almost always leads to mediocre leadership in a few generations and may occasionally produce disastrously bad leadership despite the brillianceof the original king [208, 512]. The leading city of Akkad, Kish, had been continually trounced in war throughout the centuries by the more civilized Sumerians. Each time Akkad was defeated it used this negative feedback to learn from the Sumerians and to make way for a new, more competent king. Eventually Akkad had all the technological knowledge of Sumer plus a much more progressive king. At this time Sumer was conquered and the Akkadian Empire was formed. It was the Romans who later learned that a vigorous alien culture which is merely defeated will arise again with renewed vigor. Therefore, the Romans eventually totally annihilated Carthage. Sargon I was not content to conquer Sumer, but extended his rule and civilizing influence to all of Mesopotamia and through his successors eventually as far as Syria, Arabia, Persia, Palestine, and possibly Crete. Sargon I was a creative leader who civilized the primitive people he conquered and preserved what was best in the Sumerian civilization. He and his sons played a role in Sumer similar to that which Philip and Alexander were to play in Greece two thousand years later. The Akkadians had so much respect for the Sumerian civilization that they and their successors continued to use Sumerian for literary, technical, and religious writings for centuries after their conquest, very much in the way Latin was used in medieval Europe. Unfortunately this intimacy with the Sumerian culture eventually spread the Sumerian religious beliefs also. And the Sumerians eventually gave not only the progressive aspects of their civilization to Mesopotamia for thousands of years to come, but also their rather destructive religion which, when combined with Semitic idol worship and hedonism, was to lead to a highly unethical, destructive, religious bureaucracy. The religion of Sumer remained essentially the same throughout all of Mesopotamia for over 4,000 years - long after the Sumerians and their spoken language had disappeared. We note that many Sumerian myths, including the "Adam and Eve" and "Noah" myths, were incorporated by the Hebrews two thousand years later when they were in Babylonian captivity. The Sumerian-based religion, besides involving persons in wasteful sacrifices, massive temple building, and complex rituals necessary for obtaining the favor of hundreds of specialized gods, consumed the intellectual energies of the best minds of the civilization. Thousands of books (that is to say, archives of clay tablets) were written on how to interpret sheep entrails for predicting the future. Many more books were written and thousands of person-years were expended developing the delusions of astrology, fortune-telling, divination, and witchcraft that appeared at this time and still persist today as an entropic inheritance from the Mesopotamian civilization. The net effect of this was a growing entropy in Mesopotamia that destroyed its creativity in spite of periodic expansions through military force. From at least two centuries before the fall of Sumer in 2,300 B.C. there was no single important invention created in Mesopotamia, although technological improvements were repeatedly made - particularly in political organization. The major technological innovations of the next two thousand years were (1) the smelting of iron, (2) the domestication of the horse, (3) the invention of the spoked wheel and the war chariot, (4) the development of the alphabet, and (5) the creation of mathematical geometry. All of these inventions were to be developed by persons on the fringes of the Mesopotamian empire. Just as the Akkadians had absorbed what was best in the Sumer but limited at first their absorption of what was worst - namely the religion, not the ethical code - so did the less civilized people on the fringes of Mesopotamian civilization absorb what was best; but to a great extent they rejected the religion and bureaucracy of Sumer. The major Mesopotamian technological development was in learning how to administer an ever larger and more complex empire. The Mesopotamian empire reached its maximum expansion under Assyria in the seventh century B.C. Mesopotamia itself was to be in constant turmoil for the rest of its history, with less civilized but also less entropic groups constantly invading, destroying, and replacing the current Mesopotamian imperial dynasties. The Akkadian empire lasted less than 200 years before it fell to Semitic, nomadic invaders, partially as a consequence of too rapid an expansion beyond its technical capacity to administer, but mostly due to the entropy of bureaucracy and hereditary rulers. The collapse of Akkad plus the negative feedback of having been conquered by a less civilized people gave one Sumerian city, Ur, the vitality to begin a new, vigorous Sumerian empire called Ur III. (For the third time the Sumerian kingship was in Ur.) It wasted considerable energy in temple building and lasted about 100 years. The Sumerians and the Akkadians, like all future imperial people, never learned that without continuous ordered expansion there is no security for any empire. After the collapse of Ur III the Sumerian people and spoken language quickly declined and disappeared. Next, a new empire was formed north of Akkad with its center at Babylon. This and all future Mesopotamian empires were known as Babylonia, even when their capitals were in other cities. But before the formation of the first Babylonian empire, the collapsed civilization of Ur III produced a man who through his descendants was to alter the course of world history. He was Abraham, the patriarch of the Hebrews and Arabs.   Babylonia The Babylonians were another Semitic people, closely related historically and linguistically to the Akkadians. They adapted the now familiar Sumerian-Akkadian cuneiform to their language and set about conquering Mesopotamia under the brilliant founder of the Babylonian Empire, Hamurabi, in the eighteenth century B.C. By this time the old Sumerian religion was an integral part of the culture of all the civilized people of Mesopotamia. They merely modified it by making the local chief deity (this was Marduk in Babylon) the king of all the gods in the Sumerian pantheon, but otherwise adopted all the entropic religious customs of the Sumerians. Although Hamurabi was a farsighted leader and brilliant administrator, none of his sons matched his brilliance, as would be predicted most likely from genetic theory [245, 389, 744]. The Babylonian empire collapsed shortly after Hamurabi's death and underwent a series of convulsions for the next 600 years until the rise of the Assyrians, who now played the role of the semicivilized neighbors of the Babylonian empire. But for the next 2,000 years Babylon was to remain the cultural center of Babylonia even when the Assyrians built their capital in Nineveh.   The Assyrians and the Aryans The Assyrians, another Semitic people closely related to the Akkadians and Babylonians, were quick to assimilate the culture of Babylon (they had written in Akkadian since the nineteenth century B.C.) and may have succeeded to Hamurabi's empire since Shamshi-Abad I was the Assyrian leader at the time of Hamurabi and seems to have been his intellectual and ethical equal [512]. However, at about the time that Hamurabi died, Mesopotamia was invaded by Aryan-speaking, nomadic barbarians who had invented a radical, new military technology - the war chariot. The Aryan languages are also known as "Indo-European." At this time only the Aryans of the steppes of western Asia had extensively domesticated the horse and combined this biological machine with a light, spoke-wheeled chariot which represented a significant improvement over the original solid-wheeled ox-carts of the Sumerians. With this invention, they were able to decimate the Mesopotamian armies of foot soldiers. Indeed, the barbarian Aryan invaders spread as predators over the next 500 years throughout the civilized world. These were the ancient Mycenaeans and later Dorian Hellenes who were to create classical Greece. These were the Aryans who were to create the classical Indian and Persian civilizations. These were the Hyksos (partially semitized) who conquered Egypt. These were the Tocharians who may have penetrated into China, introduced the Bronze Age and chariots, and founded the Shang dynasty, the first true Chinese empire. The preceding Hsia dynasty, apparently a matriarchy, only ruled over large neolithic villages. These were the Hittites who first smelted iron and formed the first purely Aryan civilization. Whenever the Aryans met a well-established, advanced civilization, they became a ruling elite constituting a small minority of the population and were eventually totally absorbed by the civilization. This happened in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. In India, the Aryans formed the caste system in order to maintain their identity; but even here, after destroying the civilization of the culturally advanced, dark-skinned Dravidian people of the Indus Valley whom they apparently found repellent [609], they were genetically, if not linguistically, absorbed by the more civilized Dravidians who migrated to southern India after the destruction of their civilization (note that the Sanskrit word for caste is "varna," meaning "color"). In Europe, which was almost entirely barbarian except for the Minoan periphery of Greece, the Aryans represented the most civilized invaders who imposed their language and culture on the indigenous people. We note that recent archaeological evidence indicates that the Minoans were a Semitic-speaking people. The Aryan invaders were the inheritors of the megalithic structures of Malta and Stonehenge. Some of the early Aryan religious customs survived among the Celtic druids. The only European groups to escape Aryanization at the time were the Basques. Recall that these may be direct descendants of the Cro-Magnon. Finns, Estonians, and Magyars, who are all linguistically related in the Fino-Ugric language group, are nonAryans who came to Europe later. The Aryans conquered and were completely absorbed into the sumptuous civilization of Babylon under the Kassite dynasty; but the more primitive and vigorous Assyrians were never completely conquered, and they in turn absorbed the Aryan technology and in time surpassed it. The Assyrians became as proficient as the Aryans in breeding and domesticating horses and created the first war tactics using massed chariots. However, they were eventually to be undone in the seventh century B.C. by a new Aryan invention, light cavalry. In the meantime, the Assyrians learned about the smelting of iron from the Hittites, who were the most civilized Aryan group of the time. In 1370 B.C. the Assyrians began through fits and starts to create what by the seventh century B.C. would be the greatest empire the world had ever seen. They were aided in this by the successive waves of Aryan barbarians who continued to disrupt, albeit ever less effectively, the civilization of their more cultured cousins. The Hittites, who militarily defeated Ramses II in the twelfth century B.C. and formed alliances with Assyria, also served this purpose. The Aryan barbarians would arrive full of primitive ethical vitality and overwhelming military superiority in the first wave. They were doing their best to extend their mastery over the total environment. They would then form a ruling elite and become civilized, parasitical, and corrupt, at which time they would be conquered by another Aryan wave which was now not so technically superior, although it might have more ethical vitality. Nothing corrupts a human being as much as having power by force over other human beings. Eventually, in each civilization, the Aryan invaders were repelled because they no longer had clear military superiority. In the sixteenth century B.C. the Egyptians revolted against and expelled the Hyksos, who were not really Aryans any more; they had became totally semitized and Egyptianized, but they were racially different and they were hated by the Egyptians. The Assyrians rose up against the Aryan invaders who were threatening to enslave them in the fourteenth century B.C., and thus they began to take the first steps toward the formation of the Assyrian Empire. The Assyrians saw themselves as the ethnic, spiritual, and intellectual inheritors of the Babylonian Empire. They were pressed against the wall by the Aryan invaders and responded by defeating them and then extending their domain during the next six centuries until they had conquered all of the Middle East, Egypt, and even parts of Nubia and Ethiopia, from whom they collected tribute. However, the Assyrians were Babylonized and did not have the qualities of mind and ethics which produce inventiveness. Therefore, the Assyrian Empire was disrupted from the steppes by a new horde of Aryan invaders, the Scythians, who had two new inventions - saddles and mounted cavalry. It would be over 1,500 years before a Semitic people (the Arabs) would again be able to form an empire in opposition to the Aryan hegemony, and it would be a psychosocial innovation (Islam) which made it possible. The smelting of iron was a critical invention developed sometime about the fourteenth century B.C. either among the Hittites or their more barbarous Aryan cousins. Iron was far more abundant than the constituents of bronze, which was the basis for the weaponry of the charioteers. Chariot weaponry was very expensive and limited to a small elite, which in turn made it possible for small numbers of barbarian nomads who hadthe chariots to "domesticate" civilized masses of human beings who did not have them. Civilized people represent a human analog of domesticated animals; wild animals are difficult to tame as are wild nomads and hunters. Therefore, the peculiar Aryan mental characteristics - they saw themselves as a "master race" destined to rule over the contemptible, inferior, civilized peasants and degenerate, soft imperial and priestly bureaucracies - lent themselves to the "new order." But the Aryans would quickly acquire the weaknesses of their civilized subjects and in the process often lose their major virtues of technical inventiveness and ethical vitality, albeit of a primitive kind. The invention of iron smelting made it possible to democratize warfare so that every able-bodied man could wield a weapon and participate. This greatly increased the collective intelligence of the group by diffusing military knowledge and capabilities among the entire group. The first people to exploit this capability were the Hittites, who were able to defeat the armies of Ramses II in the 12th century B.C. because they had iron weapons while the Egyptians had ceased to innovate technologically. The Hittites tried to keep the smelting of iron a secret, but even though it was a complex process requiring systematic forging, quenching, and eventually alloying, the process was able to spread. By 800 B.C. it was known all over the civilized world and even in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The Assyrians used iron weapons to consolidate and spread their empire. However, mounted cavalry was an entirely new concept which caught the Assyrians unprepared. The horse had been domesticated for over a thousand years. Horseback riding was known as early as 1900 B.C., but it had little military value because it was very easy to unseat a horseman. The invention of the saddle and the technique of shooting a short but powerful double-bent, compound bow from horseback while riding at full gallop gave tremendous military advantage to the highly maneuverable Scythian horsemen over the less maneuverable charioteers. The charioteers required two skilled men per chariot and a considerable capital investment. The Aryan steppe nomads lived in the midst of the largest horse herds in the world and could smelt the abundant iron ore. They combined these technologies to produce the first mounted cavalry around 900 B.C. The nomads would sweep down from the steppes in groups of several thousand and plunder the civilized communities of the Middle East. (The Scythians were the source of the Centaur myths.) In the process they destroyed the Assyrian Empire. However, unlike the earlier Aryan invaders, the Scythians were totally contemptuous of their conquered subjects and refused to become civilized. Therefore, they violated the evolutionary ethic by not maximizing ethical intelligence, and they in turn were eventually to be destroyed by more civilized peoples who had mastered cavalry technology. The last Scythians were annihilated by the second century B.C. But before this happened a series of radical psychosocial mutations occurred throughout the civilized world that were forever to alter the mind of man.   An Ethical Singularity In the sixth century B.C., all the civilized regions of the world within about 50 years of each other underwent an ethical revolution. In many different ways they invented a new dimensional quadrature of mind: morality - the ability to predict and control their own ethics. In China, Confucius, an impoverished nobleman, articulated the ethic that knowledge was the greatest good and that only the most knowledgeable and ethical men should be allowed to govern other men. Among all knowledge, the most important was how persons may live in harmony with one another and with nature. Confucius incorporated this ethic into five books which served as a guide to personal conduct and government in China for 2,500 years and became the basis of Chinese civilization for the last 2,000 years. In India, Siddhartha, a Hindu prince, later Gautama Buddha, articulated the ethic that the source of all knowledge came from within the self and that through self-discipline, meditation, and ethical behavior a person could become one with the universe and lose oneself within the cosmic force, thereby avoiding the endless cycle of death and rebirth, which the Hinduized Aryans of India believed to be the common lot of humanity. The ultimate goal of life was truth and truth came from within one's self. Ultimate reality was subjective and mystical, not objective and scientific. This ethic, in various forms, became the basis of the civilizations of India, Tibet, and southeast Asia and persists to the present time. In much more limited forms, it was incorporated into Japan under Zen Buddhism in the ninth century A.D., where it was hybridized with Shintoism and the Japanese code of Bushido. In Persia (Iran) an Aryan prophet, Zoroaster Spitama, proclaimed the religion of Zoroastrianism, which saw the world divided in an eternal conflict between two cosmic forces - life, light, truth, order, and goodness (evolution) on one side, and death, darkness, falsehood, disorder, and evil (entropy) on the other side. The personification of goodness and all creation was Ahura Mazda (God and the only object worthy of veneration). The personification of evil and all destruction was in Ahriman (the devil and constant enemy of all good men). The greatest evil that a human being could do was to lie and destroy; he thereby aided Ahriman and the forces of evil. The greatest good that a human being could do was to spread truth and create; he thereby aided Ahura Mazda in his battle against Ahriman. When a person died, his acts were judged by Ahura Mazda and according to the value of his life he either became part of the kingdom of light and truth or was condemned to eternal horror and darkness. There were simple rituals associated with Zoroastrianism involving purification and holy fire and certain taboos such as not burning or burying corpses or in other ways polluting the sacred earth or defiling the holy fire, which as a source oflight was an emanation of Ahura Mazda. But the basis of Zoroastrianism lay in personal ethical action and the search for truth. Zoroastrianism formed the ethical and religious basis for the Persian empire and remained the official religion of Iran until it was forcibly supplanted by Islam 1,200 years later. It still survives today in Iran (with difficulty) and among the Parsis of Bombay, who are among the most creative and progressive people in India. In Babylon, the enslaved Hebrew exiles, who had been captured and deported from Judea (589 B.C.) by Nebuchadnezzar fifty years after the fall of Assyria and the formation of the second Babylonian empire, took their primitive tribal worship of the immaterial war God, Yahweh, and the corresponding rituals and combined them with Babylonian myths and ethics to create the first truly monotheistic religion. Recall that the Garden of Eden fable and the story of Noah are traceable to the Sumerians, who also worshiped invisible gods. This is opposed to the monolatry of Atonism in Egypt and the essential dualism of Zoroastrianism. The myths surrounding Sargon I were similar to those of Moses. The later Jews saw God as a universal, abstract force that could not be represented by visual imagery but which was the single cause behind all events - good and evil. The purpose of man was not to try to seek favor with God, but to obey his laws as ends in themselves. Buddhism, Judaism, and to a lesser extent Zoroastrianism were the first religions which saw ethical behavior as an end in itself and not as a means for obtaining divine rewards. It is likely that Zoroastrianism and Judaism influenced each other in Babylonia when the Persians freed the Jews from slavery. The Babylonian enslavement convinced many Jews that ritualistic behavior and obedience to religious law alone would not ensure them any benefit. Therefore, these enslaved Jews - who looked upon the idolatrous Babylonians, with their institutionalized temple prostitution, animal and occasionally human sacrifices and fertility rituals, as their spiritual inferiors but obvious military and intellectual superiors - began to recast their self-image as a spiritual people chosen by God not for worldly favor but to set an example of moral rectitude for the rest of mankind by living in strict accordances with God's commandments. The Ten Commandments themselves, as well as many other Jewish ethical imperatives, are directly derivable from the evolutionary ethic and/or the Eight Ethical Principles. The ethical stoicism and abstract nature of Judaism were to serve as a psychosocial catalyst in human history, completely analogous to the role of enzymes in living creatures. From this time on the Jews would catalyze and accelerate the rate of human evolution. Almost every important psychosocial mutation (for better or worse) of the last 2,500 years has intimately involved the Jews. This includes the synthesis of Christianity, Islam, scientific ethics (Spinoza), modern science (Einstein), psychology (Freud), and communism (Marx and Engels). No other religious group has ever beenable to maintain its identity under such adverse circumstances for so long. The special role of Judaism in psychosocial evolution is discussed later. Judaism was to become a synergetic catalyst to the separate but equally important ethical and psychosocial mutation which was occurring in Greece at the same time. The barbaric Aryans, in successive waves starting in the seventeenth century B.C., conquered Greece and the surrounding Minoan civilization, which was of Semitic origin and just as complex as those in Mesopotamia and Egypt. The Greeks were able to form a civilization which was to become the top rung of the ladder of psychosocial evolution. What gave this culture its unique characteristic was the influence of Thales in the sixth century B.C. Thales was a widely traveled Greek merchant, possibly of Semitic ancestry, who was familiar with all the cultures of the Middle East and of Egypt. He postulated that humanity could learn about all aspects of nature, including itself, by rational inquiry and needed no divine revelation or guidance. Truth was the highest goal, and rational inquiry was the way to reach it. Toward this end Thales began to axiomatize the empirical geometry of the Egyptians and Babylonians and created theoretical mathematics, one of the cornerstones of systematic science. At the same time he and a small circle of friends (the pre-Socratics) began to explore the physical, biological, and psychosocial worlds, asking why things are as they are. Their answers were in remarkable agreement with modern science. Thales assumed that the universe was governed not by the capricious whims of anthropomorphic Gods but by rational laws, just as the egalitarian, democratic societies of the sixth century B.C. Greek city-states were governed by rational laws, not by the capricious whims of kings and tyrants. This new, atheistic, rationalistic view of the world was as radical and far reaching in its psychosocial consequences as was the creation of language by early Homo sapiens or the creation of civilization by the Sumerians. This view, which is the essence of Greek philosophy, initiated a period of intense creativity in Greece which led in only 300 years to the creation of the foundations of Western civilization. Socrates turned rational inquiry onto ethics and explored for the first time the ethical nature of humanity in a rational way. This is morality, the ability to predict and control our own ethics. Greek philosophy faltered during the Roman period and the semibarbaric Middle Ages, but it was revived with renewed vigor during the Renaissance 2,000 years later. It has led to the modern world. In time, Western civilization became so superior that all other civilizations had to copy it or be overwhelmed. Modern science, which is a direct consequence of Greek philosophy, in the last 300 years has increased collective human intelligence more than all the previous civilizations of history combined. However, modern science has one additional element which was missing from Greek philosophy - the notion of objective, experimental verification for all models of nature. More will be said of this later. For now we merely note that traditional Greek philosophy, when joined with the ethical direction of Judaism and its psychosocial mutations, is the psychosocial basis of current human evolution. Some final observations about the world ethical singularity which occurred in the sixth century B.C. must include the following. While the ethical revolution was beginning in Eurasia, the first true civilizations, Maya in Mexico and Nazca in Peru, were beginning independently and coming to fruition in the Americas in very much the same way that Sumer developed. Taoism, the ethically mystical but highly creative, complementary rival of Confucianism, also began at this time in China under the influence of Lao-Tse, a contemporary of Confucius. In Greece, and later southern Italy, Pythagoras began the Western mystical tradition and created a mathematical religion in creative harmony with and complementary to Greek philosophy. Taoism and Pythagorism show how ethics, mysticism, and reason can interact synergistically to maximize creativity.   Ethical Comparisons An extraterrestrial observer looking at all the developments of the sixth century B.C. might have been hard put to predict which of the ethical systems would lead to the most progressive civilization. Each had inherent weaknesses, and indeed it was not any one whose progeny made it to the top of the evolutionary ladder but rather a complex hybrid which occurred between Greek civilization, Judaism, and, to a much lesser extent, Zoroastrianism. From an evolutionary, ethical perspective we can immediately see what these major weaknesses were. Confucianism violated the sixth Ethical Principle. Independently of whatever Confucius may have actually said, Confucianism eventually developed the certainty that all important truth was contained in Confucius' five books and the corresponding "Classics." The greatest wisdom according to Confucius had been a product of China's past. The Chinese became disdainful of any outside cultural developments and gave overwhelming importance to a self-perpetuating bureaucracy of smug, self-satisfied Confucist scholars, which ceased to be creative. They did not doubt their own knowledge (sixth Ethical Principle). Still, Confucianism was clearly in at least partial agreement with the evolutionary ethic and put a high value on truth - even if it had a very limited view of what truth was. During the T'ang dynasty of 1,200 years ago, the Chinese may have been the most culturally advanced, civilized people on earth, and they were clearly highly creative. Chinese creativity owed much to the Taoist traditions. Among the Chinese inventions by the time of the T'ang dynasty or soon afterwards were the compass, gun powder, printing, papermaking,and other practical technologies. Yet they lacked the special, vital spark which had characterized classical Greece and was to be even more marked in the Renaissance and its consequent era. Confucianism eventually ended in a sterile bureaucracy, unable to resist Western culture until it was overwhelmed by a new Western ethical system and religion, communism. Confucianism still has much to offer in terms of personal ethics and as a guide to social conduct. It is hybridizable and compatible with objective evolutionary ethics. It is ethically superior to Marxism. Buddhism valued truth and had an ethical code in harmony with the evolutionary ethic, Buddha's eight-fold path. It is admirable in being the only major religion that did not systematically persecute people because of their religious beliefs. However, Buddhism was an evolutionary deadend because it induced its practitioners to disregard the objective world. It represented an extreme form of psychosocial specialization which closed the human mind to objective reality. This diminished creativity for all who would fall into the entropic trap of self-delusion through specialization in subjective truth. The basic goal of Buddhism was to eliminate suffering through eternal death by eliminating all desire and the abolition of the ego. Since the desire for creativity must be maximized, not minimized, this was in violation of the evolutionary ethic. Buddhism decreased creativity through psychosocial specialization and by valuing the absence of suffering more than the presence of creativity, thereby violating the second and fourth Ethical Principles respectively. Buddhism induced a passive, contemplative life of inaction, thereby increasing the entropy of society through violation of the eighth Ethical Principle. The fourth Ethical Principle is further violated by a plethora of useless rituals such as prayer-wheel spinning, monastic begging, and other prayer rituals. There has never been a Buddhist civilization that was technologically innovative, with the partial exception of the Asoka kingship in India, which ruled the Hindu majority who were more dynamic and creative. India was able to temporarily avoid the irreversible entropy of Buddhism by hybridizing it with the older, more primitive but more action-oriented Aryan traditions. (We note that Buddha was an Aryan; his philosophy is sometimes called the "Aryan Way.") The Hindu scriptures are constantly extolling ethical action as an end in itself. "There are no means but only ends," says Lord Krishna to Arjuna [859]. Karma Yoga is the pursuit of ethical action without fear of punishment or expectation of reward. But still the Buddhist attitude became entrenched in India, and it spread, even if it was not called Buddhism. Today we can see thousands of Indian mystics living lives of inaction and contemplation, impervious to their own decay and that of their society. But prior to this, India was a highly creative society, particularly in the field of mathematics. India still produces through Western cultures some exceptionally brilliant mathematicians and theorists, e.g., Ramanujan, Raman, Bose, and Chandrasekhar. In Japan, Buddhism took a peculiar twist in Zen Buddhism, which came by way of China, like almost everything else in traditional Japanese culture. Zen Buddhism was action-oriented. In Japan the Zen view became that one reached enlightenment through personal perfection. This produced a disciplined mentality which sought to become highly proficient in a narrow specialty. It was particularly well suited to the military code of Bushido. It produced superb warriors, artists, artisans, and businessmen, but it destroyed the imagination by narrowing the mind to concentrate on one small aspect of the total environment and in the end decreased creativity by producing a society that could perfect any technology but could invent nothing of its own. In today's Japan, if we take away from the culture what was created by China and then what was created by Western civilization, we are left with virtually zero. Still the Japanese are a dynamic and vigorous people who may reverse their way by refusing to allow their society and the world to cast them into a specialized mold. The Japanese are highly creative outside of Japanese culture. Buddhism is not central to Japanese civilization, and as such it has not led to irreversible entropy there, as it did in Tibet and southeast Asia. Still the worst persecutions in the name of Buddhism were committed by the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 17th century against Japanese Christians in order to consolidate its political hegemony. Zoroastrianism, on the surface, seems like the system most compatible ethicoreligiously with objective evolutionary ethics - particularly if we interpret Ahura Mazda and Ahriman symbolically as figurative representations of the basic cosmic processes of evolution and entropy respectively. We also note that the prime ethic of Zoroastrianism, the maximization of truth, is in close correspondence with the evolutionary ethic. However, Zoroastrianism developed a weakness which may or may not have been inherent in Zoroaster's design. Zoroastrianism was ethnocentric. It was created by and for Persians and admitted no converts, at least not officially. This made the system closed to the rest of humanity. As in the case of all closed systems, it developed irreversible entropy by violating the first and fourth Ethical Principles. One cannot maximize ethical intelligence in a civilization if one systematically excludes all ethical persons who wish to join it but who were not born into it. This is a means which is not an end. The fourth Ethical Principle is also violated by the compulsive, ritualistic behavior which became entrenched in the Zoroastrian religion. Humanity has a tendency to become addicted to useless ritual which is substituted for ethical action. A modern version is television viewing. Still the Persian civilization was highly ethical and progressive for 1,200 years (e.g., they invented the windmill). Once Zoroastrianism became the chief religion, the Persians drove back the Scythians and took over what had been the Assyrian Empire and then expanded it. Eventually they were to invent the technology of heavy cavalry, which was copied bythe armored knights of Europe. They were tolerant of other religions and built a civilization which survived the Greek conquest of the late fourth century B.C. Persia remained Persia and progressed until the seventh century A.D., when Islam began the systematic destruction of the highly bureaucratized Zoroastrian civilization. Islam was a less creative but more genetically open civilization than Zoroastrian Persia. However, Islam was totally closed religiously to new ethical ideas. Today Parsis are among the most artistically creative and progressive people in India, being among the best educated and most industrious. But they are an inbred, genetically degenerate minority full of congenital defects and diseases. The Parsis are becoming extinct because their death rate is higher than their birth rate and they accept no converts with which to hybridize and improve their genetic stock. Judaism eventually emphasized ethical behavior as an end in itself, not as a way of avoiding punishment or receiving rewards. It emphasized mutual ethical obligations. However, Judaism violated the fourth Ethical Principle by its compulsive, ritualistic behavior, which sapped the creative energies of its people. The Jews also violated the second Ethical Principle by becoming intellectually specialized (recall that specialization is always destructive) in analyzing their own religion to the exclusion of other fields of knowledge. Therefore, a disproportionate number of highly intelligent Jews have historically remained ignorant of all intellectual developments outside of their religion. The Jews were unable to resist successfully the Roman conquests and the dismemberment of their nation 600 years after the Persians had freed them from Babylonian captivity. We note that the Romans were never able to conquer Persia. It was only when Judaism became hybridized with a culture which incorporated Greek philosophy in some form, and at the same time gave Jews an opportunity to participate in this culture, that Jews relaxed their ritualistic compulsiveness and began to acquire knowledge outside of their religion. In this way, the Jews catalyzed other civilizations, but they could not catalyze themselves. The Roman destruction of the Jewish nation made inevitable the hybridization of Greek philosophy with Jewish ethics through Christianity. When this happened, the Jews would catalyze their host culture and make it evolve or decay more rapidly. This happened in parts of the Roman Empire, particularly Alexandria. This happened in Islam. Then it happened predominantly in the Protestant countries of Europe, but also in the Catholic countries. It happened in 15th century Spain and 20th century Germany. It is happening today in the United States and the Soviet Union. About half of the Nobel Prize winners in science and economics have been Jewish, although the Jews are less than 0.025% of the world's population. The Jews are about 35% of the persons listed in Who's Who in the United States, although they are less than 3% of the U.S. population. They have played a similar role in the Soviet Union. Relative to their numbers the Jews are by far the most creative persons on earth. They catalyze other nations through their creativity. The creativity of the Jews is due to ethics and natural selection. Once the Jews became a persecuted minority in Christendom, there was an enormous economic and social advantage to being converted to the local sect of Christianity. The only reason for resisting was because of the higher ethical standards of Judaism, which was not guided by extrinsic rewards and punishments. At the same time Jews had to be highly intelligent to survive the persecution by their Christian neighbors. Therefore, only persons who were both highly ethical and intelligent, i.e., highly creative, could survive as Jews. Otherwise, Christians remained Christians; unethical Jews became apostates or converted to Christianity; and the less intelligent Jews died. Conversely, only the most ethical of Christians would reject the security of Christianity and convert to the religion of a despised minority. Therefore, through ethical choice and natural selection the Jews became highly creative, although clearly not all Jews have been ethical. The worst persecutors of Spinoza were the Jews themselves [280]. Fear never brings out the best in people. Greek philosophy had everything except the ethical direction which so characterized the Jews. The Greeks valued truth as a means to achieve individual superiority. They had little love or compassion for others. They were indeed arrogant and overbearing toward each other. They lived parasitically within a slave-based society, eighty percent of which consisted of ruthlessly exploited slaves, thereby violating the third Ethical Principle. Without a unifying ethical code in harmony with the evolutionary ethic that stressed mutual ethical obligations, the Greek city-states broke down into squabbles among themselves. The Greeks were unable to become freely united into a single civilization because they lacked love for one another and lacked love even more for non-Greeks, all of whom they considered inferior barbarians, virtual subhumans. Eventually a semi-barbaric people on the fringe of the Hellenic world - the Macedonians - played the now familiar historic role of conquering their teachers and ethnic cousins, thereby uniting them by force. But it is unethical to force people to participate in a unified culture and unethical means cannot achieve ethical ends (third Ethical Principle). Therefore, the Greek empire, the greatest in history to that time, disintegrated in the same generation that it was created by Philip of Macedon and his son Alexander. From this time forward, the influence of Greek philosophy was to steadily decline, until it was revitalized by the Renaissance 1,800 years later. Nevertheless, the Greeks produced the most creative civilization of the ancient world. Part of this spirit is captured in Greek art, drama, and architecture, but most of all in the philosophy of the pre-Socratics (sixth and fifth centuries B.C.), the teachings of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle (fourth century B.C.), the mathematics of Pythagoras, Euclid, and Archimedes (third century B.C.), and the school of Alexandria, which continued to increase human creativity well into the Christian era.   The Prelude to Christianity Christianity represented the first hybrid offspring of Greek philosophy and Judaism. Unfortunately it also incorporated some of the worst elements of both, the intolerance of Judaism plus the abstract mysticism and pathological antisexuality of Plato. Therefore, Christianity had mixed results. But in order to see Christianity in a proper perspective we will first consider the evolutionary environment into which Christianity was born.   Egypt The religious degeneracy of Mesopotamia has already been discussed. However, this was not the only great civilization of the area which had been destroyed by religious bureaucracy. Classical Egypt began, at least in part, as a cultural offspring of Sumer at the end of the fourth millennium B.C. (the unification of the upper and lower Egypt in the old kingdom under Menes). Egypt and Sumer had been active trading partners for centuries. But, as is often the case, Egypt took mainly the material culture of Sumer and not its ethico-religious system. The Egyptians lived in the best possible geographical location for civilization to develop. The extremely fertile Nile valley was 600 miles long, protected from invaders by sea, deserts, and mountains, and it was provided with a natural transportation system in which ships could effortlessly coast down the Nile from upper Egypt to lower Egypt and sail up the Nile almost as effortlessly from the constant winds blowing toward the south. Transportation along the Nile was the key to the control of Egypt. This made it easy for a single administrative center to control the country and all its cities (a goal never achieved by the Sumerians) through a few garrisons strategically placed along the Nile. However, the religion made it even easier to control the people. The overwhelming goal of Egyptian society, apparently from early neolithic times, was immortality. The Pharaoh was a God-King who was himself immortal after death and could grant immortality after death at will to any of his subjects. By dangling the reward of immortality before his subjects the Pharaoh could make them do almost anything he wanted, including building some of the most massive structures ever conceived - structures which must have taken tens of thousands of laborers many decades to construct. The vitality of Egyptian civilization was limited entirely to its beginnings. Almost every innovation in Egypt was developed during the old kingdom, which, after incorporating Sumerian technology between 3,500 B.C. and 3,000 B.C., lasted 700 years more. During this time, architectural masterpieces were built, and the Egyptians produced their own inventions. The most vigorous art was produced in the beginning. Art became formal, stiff, and graceless near the end of the old kingdom and for all subsequent generations, except during the brief experiment with Atonism. After the creative spurt of the old kingdom, Egypt was a living mummy which created nothing new and for which all activities centered on the preparation for death. In the 13th century B.C. the Pharaoh Amenmesses tried to change Egypt into a life-oriented, monotheistic society worshiping Aton, the Sun God, but the priestly bureaucracy subverted him and he failed. However, this was a period of renewed vigor which followed the Hyksos invasion and the consequent introduction of negative feedback into Egyptian society. But the old, tenacious, religious bureaucracy hung on in a decaying society through all the conquests of Hyksos, Assyrians, Persians, Ethiopians, Lybians, Nubians, Greeks, and Romans which followed. The conquerors found the Pharaonic cult too convenient to discard, and the priests were always ready to cooperate with any conqueror who would protect their privileges. Therefore, Egyptian civilization continued to die until it was given the coup de grace by Rome and Christianity. Egypt in general and Alexandria in particular were important in developing early Christianity. When the Arabs conquered Egypt in the seventh century they had no trouble imposing Islam on an apathetic population. Alexandria remained a creative Hellenistic outpost on the periphery of Egyptian entropy after a Christian mob burned the great pagan library and lynched Hypatia in the fourth century A.D., but eventually it also decayed. The unique civilization which had been Egypt fell a victim to the religion which was the source of its unique and initial creativity but also a cause for its downfall.   Rome Rome had the same relationship to the Greeks that the Mesopotamian Semites had to the Sumerians. Rome added little or nothing to Greek culture; it merely administered it more efficiently and spread it over a wider area. The Romans were better organizers and engineers than the Greeks. They had a stronger sense of peoplehood than the Greeks. The major contribution of Rome was to spread Greek culture to the barbarians of Western Europe and to protect it in Egypt, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East. Rome had no guiding ethic other than the accumulation and consolidation of power for the benefit of the state. But the early Romans had a strong sense of honor and duty. As is always the case, power without ethical purpose corrupts without limit until it destroys. Rome became a victim not so much of religion as of a lack of ethics. Initially the Romans were an open, reasonably democratic society. The general citizenry felt an ethical obligation to the state. Then it became a materialistic, expansionist society. The people became at first hedonistic with no objective other than pleasure, and finally then became mystical. In the last decaying days of the Roman Empire, the Romans, particularly the upper classes, were obsessed with mysticism, magic, the occult, and other escapist fantasies just as had been the Babylonians in their days of decline, and as were the Sumerians, Egyptians, Greeks, Indians, and Chinese in their decline. Many civilizations become mystically specialized when they go into final irreversible decline. Mysticism without science is an evolutionary deadend. It was at this time, the fourth century, that Christianity, which was popular among the lower classes, became the official religion. The Emperor, Constantine, the son of a Christian slave woman who had been a concubine to a Roman general, found it expedient to use Christianity to control his rebellious troops, who were largely Christianized. He thereby consolidated his not-too-firm hold on the Empire. Christianity came too late to save Rome from barbarian conquest, but it came in time to save Greek philosophy and hybridized Jewish ethics for Western civilization.   Western Civilization What gives any civilization its unique character and direction is its ethico-religious system. Technology itself is easily transferable, if not easily invented. Western civilization, as we know it today, was shaped and continues to be shaped by Christianity. On the surface Christianity controlled the masses in the same way as had the Pharaohs - by promising them immortality and eternal happiness in a heavenly paradise, if they obeyed the Church hierarchy. If they disobeyed the Church hierarchy, they were promised damnation to a hell of eternal, hideous torture. Once this ideology spread through the Roman world and its barbarian periphery over a period of about 700 years, it became a most effective unifying force, just as it had been in Egypt. Even kings and princes bowed to the authority of the Church when they were threatened with excommunication and eternal damnation - though not always, since there are always skeptics in any civilization. When skeptical Holy Roman Emperors defied Popes Innocent III and Innocent IV in the 13th century, they found that their own vassals and subject kings and princes would not obey them because they feared excommunication even if the Emperors themselves did not. Therefore, kings and emperors had to obey the Pope, if for no other reason than that of political expediency. The same barbarian conquerors who had destroyed the Roman Empire in a series of waves, until Rome itself was sacked by Alaric and his Visigoths in 460, were in turn Christianized and became subject to Church control. This is the same pattern followed by the conquerors in Mesopotamia and Egypt. We note that when persons are brought into close, prolonged contact with an emotionally more satisfying religion advocated by aculturally superior people, they will voluntarily convert to it unless they have a highly ethical religion themselves. The only dangers to the hegemony of the Church were rival religions which made the same or better promises and which could, as a consequence, get control over the population. When such religions would arise, usually produced as variants on the Christian faith by a Christian priest, the Church hierarchy would merely denounce this as heresy and imprison or, more commonly, kill the heretics involved. This effectively destroyed any negative feedback to the religion until the rise of Islam.   Islam Islam played an important role in the development of Western civilization by (1) serving as a source of negative feedback to Christendom and (2) transmitting ancient Greek and Chinese knowledge plus Hindu mathematics to the Christian countries. The so-called "Arabic numerals" as well as algebra were Hindu creations, which the Islamic Arabs adopted and then further developed. Trigonometry was a late Greek invention produced through the school of Alexandria. Therefore, the Islamic Arabs for all their military vigor were fundamentally not significant technological innovators. Starting in the seventh century the Islamic armies swept all opposition before them, and by the end of the eighth century they were the inheritors of the Persian Empire as well as a large piece of the Roman Empire. The more civilized Persians quickly replaced the Arabs as the intellectual leaders in Islam once they had become Muslims. The major Persian contribution was the creation of ethical mysticism through Sufism, particularly the transcendent poetry of Rumi. But this was an anergistic hybridization which destroyed the ethical Zoroastrian civilization and increased Islamic entropy. The defeated, converted Persians brought a mystical, fatalistic element which corrupted the basic simplicity of Islam and turned it into another evolutionary deadend, as Omar Khayyam's poetry shows: Hither and thither moves and mates, and slays, 'Tis all a chequer-board of Nights and Days Where Destiny with Men for Pieces plays: Hither and thither moves and mates, and slays, And one by one back in the closet lays. HHH The Moving Finger writes; and having writ, Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor Wit Shall lure it back to cancel half a line, Nor all thy tears wash out a Word of it. - from The Rubaiyat Only in Islamic Iberia, in the high-feedback environment of competing Christians, Jews, and Moslems, did human knowledge continue to advance significantly in the Western world. When the Eastern Roman Empire split ecclesiastically from the Roman Church in the 11th century, it continued as a repository of ancient knowledge; but it became another fossilized, uncreative civilization with a huge, corrupt religious-political bureaucracy living on its past glories, slowly crumbling before the onslaught of Islam until it was destroyed and conquered by the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century. In the meantime, the Arabs became inheritors of Byzantine science and technology, particularly the school of Alexandria. The Ottoman Empire represented the height of Islamic power long after Islam had become a destructive force which created nothing and destroyed ethical intelligence through psychosocial specialization, i.e., specialized mysticism and fatalism. Although the Arabs had cherished Greek knowledge and improved upon it, the Turks nearly destroyed it when they burned the library of Constantinople (modern Istanbul), which contained original manuscripts by Plato, Aristotle, Archimedes, and others. The appeal of Islam was in its basic simplicity. There was but one God, Allah, and Mohammed was his prophet. Mohammed was the seal of the prophets and no one had anything to add to his revelation (violates E.P. 6). His revelation included an all-encompassing ritualistic way of life (violates E.P. 4), which one either had to totally accept or totally reject. Those who accepted it eventually closed their collective mind to new knowledge and became evolutionary deadends. Islamic civilization never produced any significant technological innovations. After the thirteenth century in Spain, it did not even produce any significant improvements on what already existed. Still, Islam was theologically, not ethically, superior to Christianity. It took the Christians almost 1,300 years before they dominated Islam, after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the first World War. Christianity developed more slowly than Islam but more surely. Until the 13th century, Islamic civilization would have appeared to any casual observer as clearly superior to Christian civilization. Islam led in many types of technology, mathematics, medicine, chemistry, astronomy, and architecture. It produced more wealth and embraced more people and territory than Christianity. Its physician-philosophers, such as Avicenna in Persia, then Averroes in Spain, incorporated the Aristotelian tradition, and made philosophical and medical contributions of their own. Islam was the teacher of Europe. Islam was more religiously tolerant than Christianity and would allow Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews to live within its confines with relatively little harrassment other than extra taxes. Yet it was Christendom that was to occupy the upper rung of the evolutionary ladder and not Islam. The reason was ethical. The ethical position of Islam was simple. One obeyed the Koran fully and totally or one was outside of the pale. There was nothing that one couldcontribute of an ethical nature to the Koran. Mohammed by his own alleged words was the seal of the prophets. The Koran itself incorporated beautifully expressed, sound ethical and theological principles derived from Judaism and to a lesser extent from Christianity and Zoroastrianism; but it was extremely destructive to believe that any revelation, however beautiful and rational, could possibly incorporate all important truth. Yet this is what the devout Moslem was forced to believe. It destroyed his imagination with certitude (violates E.P. 6). It closed the spirit as well as the mind. All closed systems have irreversible entropy. Islam degraded women, violating E.P. 2. Islam also promised an eternal paradise of unbridled hedonism after death to the faithful, particularly those who died in battle while propagating the faith. This tended to induce pseudoethical behavior as a means to an end, not as an end in itself, thereby reducing the true evolutionary ethical effect of the religion (E.P. 4). Any ethical system which uses reward and punishment to control its adherents destroys their true ethics. The only enduring ethical contribution of Islam may be in the Sufi tradition of rational, mystical inquiry into ethics. Islam, through Sufism, can be hybridized with evolutionary ethics if Muslims recognize that the maximization of creativity is the only will of God; we never put any revelation above our conscience.   Christianity As the ethical foundation of Western civilization, Christianity was a true fusion and synthesis of much that was best and worst in Greek philosophy and Judaism, as well as elements of Zoroastrianism. It had the ethical base of Judaism in the Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." It also had the intolerance of Judaism toward other religions and deviant, not necessarily destructive, behavior. It had the analytic, rational tradition of Greek philosophy, but it also had some of the fatalistic mysticism of the Pythagoreans and the pathological antisexuality of the Platonists (came directly from Saint Paul). This led to the view that women were less worthy than men, e.g., women were not admitted to the priesthood. However, women were not degraded as in Islam. Therefore, Christianity was to have mixed results. What was best in Christianity came directly from the teachings of Jesus. What was worst came primarily from the teachings of Saint Paul and the bureaucracy that succeeded him. The teachings of Jesus are simple, direct, and extremely ethical, i.e., in harmony with the evolutionary ethic and the Eight Ethical Principles. They are summarized in the Sermon on the Mount. They were made even more succinct shortly before Jesus' death. Near the end of the Gospel of John, when he is asked by his disciples what commandments he leaves them, he gives them only one commandment: "This is my Commandment, that ye love one another as I have loved you." He again almost immediately repeats, "These things I command you that ye love one another" (John 15:12, 17). The only ambiguity is what Jesus meant by "love." However, his life explains his meaning of love. He taught and spoke the truth; he gave negative feedback sometimes through harsh criticism to persons who were destructive; he judged acts, not persons; he healed the sick; and he fed the hungry. Above all he taught that we should forgive and love our enemies, an extremely radical teaching among Jews, Greeks, and Romans - although 600 years earlier Buddha had taught that we should always return good for evil. This is a practical and emotional equivalent to the evolutionary ethic that we must maximize creativity. We maximize creativity by doing our best to increase the ethics of all persons, including our enemies (i.e., destructive persons), and the intelligence of ethical persons (remember,C = IE). To love a person is to do one's best to maximize that person's creativity. Yet how many self-proclaimed Christians have loved their enemies? How many alleged Christians have been Christians out of a fear of hell and a promise of heaven? The basic corruption of Christianity came from using punishment (hell) and reward (heaven) as a means of controlling human behavior. Means which are not ends are never ethical. The essence of ethical behavior is that it must be pursued as an end in itself without fear of punishment or expectation of reward. Otherwise the religion quickly degenerates into inducing pseudoethical behavior and empty ritual. Those conditioned by reward and punishment will then substitute repetitive rituals for ethical behavior and in the process destroy their creativity. This happened to both Islam and Christianity. Christianity was much more open, ethically, than Islam even if it was less tolerant of religious competition. It did not assume that revelation ended with the life of Jesus. Indeed the Church hierarchy was constantly interpreting the Scriptures and deducing new norms of behavior. Sometimes this was done by sincere theologians, such as Thomas Aquinas, who wanted to better understand the Will of God. At other times, it was done for economic or political expediency, as when the Church hierarchy would sell indulgences so that persons could, in effect, buy their way out of purgatory - a temporary hell for Catholic sinners who were repentant - or when the Church hierarchy would excommunicate an otherwise ethical Christian king who would not toe the line. Therefore, the Christian religion, unlike Islam, was constantly evolving. The Christian Church also reproduced, first during the East/West schism in the eleventh century and then on a larger scale after the Reformation in the sixteenth century. It should be noted that although Islamic sects did form, the interpretation of the Koran remained essentially the same in them. It was mostly the interpretation of who was the legitimate inheritor of Mohammed (the Caliph or Imam) that changed. The Koran itself was rigid and eternal. It did not evolve and neither did Islam. We recall that in order for a system to evolve by natural selection it must remain open by mutation, reproduction, and death. Christianity had these features. Islam did not. Once the barbarian hordes were contained and Europe was totally Christianized, except for Spain and Portugal by the eleventh century, the Catholic Church became a highly progressive force - unifying people, educating, building magnificent cathedrals. The latter elevated the human spirit and formed the basic force for research and development in science, art, and technology. From long before the time of Thomas Aquinas (13th century) considerable intellectual energy in the Greek tradition went into theological analysis of Catholicism; this was much less true of the Eastern Orthodox Churches, which focused (specialized) more on mystical contemplation than analysis. Although theological analysis was often an empty exercise, it developed the analytical skills of educated people (mostly priests) and stimulated them to look in new directions, primarily by analyzing the nature of God and ethics. All the great European universities were formed originally as theological centers which combined the Greek analytic tradition with the Jewish tradition of religious interpretation. The closest thing to theological analysis that has objective ethical value, as opposed to the subjective value of theology, is mathematical analysis. Therefore, mathematics began a rapid development in European universities in complete harmony with theology. Both mathematics and theology could analyze the nature of infinity and the philosophical basis of truth as did Thomas Aquinas. By the 15th century, the Europeans were clearly ahead of the rest of the world in mathematics. The science which most easily lends itself to mathematical treatment is astronomy. Furthermore, astronomy was considered important for navigation, calendar making, and, ironically, also for astrology, a widespread pagan belief inherited from the Babylonians and officially condemned by the Church. According to astrological theory, if one could predict precisely the paths of the planets, one could also precisely predict the future. (Many intelligent, educated persons still believe this objectively false nonsense, particularly in regard to personality development and how the planets affect certain personalities at birth and in the future.) More objectively important, if one could determine one's position precisely relative to a fixed group of stars at a given time, one could navigate precisely. Considerable effort thus went into the development of mathematical models of the solar system and the construction of precise clocks and observational instruments, eventually including the telescope and the sextant. This in turn led to mathematical treatments of simple physical phenomena, such as the movement of a pendulum, which in turn led to better clocks. Once this line of inquiry began, there was no end to it. It soon became clear, or so it seemed, that with enough time and effort all the physical universe could eventually be understood, predicted, and controlled through the application of mathematics, science, and technology. The Greek philosophical spirit had been rekindled again but with a new and very important twist. Greek philosophy sought explanations which were merely reasonable in view of what men knew, or could imagine. The systematic science that was gestating in Europe sought explanations not merely that were rational and aesthetically appealing, but which had practical results. That is, they had to improve one's ability to predict and control in the objective world. This produced an interplay between science and technology in which each reinforced the other. Note that science predicts the environment and technology is a process for using science to control the environment. By definition, what scientists (called natural philosophers until recent times) wanted to do was to increase objective truth. An emotionally or theologically more satisfying scientific model would be sacrificed if another model made better predictions. For practical, not theoretical reasons, the Church-approved model of the geocentric universe did not make as good predictions of astronomical events as did the heliocentric model. Therefore, the scientific paradigm said the Church must be wrong. This drove one more nail into the coffin of the Catholic hierarchy, particularly since the Inquisition foolishly persecuted Galileo for his heliocentric model and made a martyr out of him. The other nails had been driven by theologians. As the Europeans were slowly developing scientific knowledge and questioning the nature of the universe, the theologians had carried theological analysis to its logical conclusion and were questioning all interpretations of the Church. The Church propounded and the good Christian accepted the ethic that truth was good and falsehood was evil. This gave Christianity an ethical basis. Christianity also conserved the teachings of Jesus in the Bible, although it did not follow the prime commandment of Jesus to love everyone including our enemies. The literal-minded and primitively ethical northern Europeans, unlike their more figuratively-minded, sophisticated, and possibly more ethically degenerate southern European cousins, could not quite reconcile the notion of the Scriptures as the literally-true revealed word of God with the selling of indulgences or the absolute authority of the Pope in religious matters. When the worldly, corrupt Borgia Pope, Alexander VI, fell ill and began to order the sacrifice of oxen on the altar of Jupiter in order to cover all possible bets, the northern European clergy was outraged, while the Italian clergy was merely amused. Furthermore, the Europeans had discovered their past and realized that at their heights the pagan Roman and Greek civilizations had been technically and artistically superior to their own, at least as of the early 14th century, and that the ancients had created their knowledge and not merely had it revealed to them. All of these forces came together and created the turmoil which was to be called the "Renaissance." The Renaissance was a purely European phenomenon in which Western civilization became European civilization.   The Renaissance The essential ingredient in the Renaissance was the humanistic belief that man was the measure of all things and that man could predict and control his own destiny. Jesus had taught a similar notion by saying, "The kingdom of heaven is within you" and that all ethical persons were the children of God. "The Measure of Man" Da Vinci Self-Portrait The doctrine of free will was, of course, also official Catholic dogma, but as we can see in Leonardo da Vinci's face, he really believed in the power of his will. Soon the exhilarating realization dawned on the collective mind of 15th-century Europe that they were actually producing new and better art than even the ancient Greeks had, and that they now knew more mathematics and science than anyone in history. There was an infinite universe to be understood and won, and it was within the power of humanity to do this. This realization produced the Renaissance, an ethical revolution that has not yet run its course, although the Renaissance is often considered to have ended with the death of Elizabeth I early in the 17th century. The Renaissance attitude is what makes Western (European) civilization unique and different from all other civilizations which have ever existed. Contrast the Renaissance attitude with, for example, the fatalism of Mesopotamia and Islam, the mystical pessimism of India and Buddhism in which ultimate death is a goal, or the conservatism of Confucian China in which human harmony was the goal and the greatest wisdom was a product of the past. The Europeans of the Renaissance, without fully knowing what they were doing, embraced the evolutionary ethic and made it a part of their collective mind. This was eventually to disrupt the Catholic Church, but it was the Church itself which had made it possible by preserving and extending Greek philosophy and then by hybridizing it with Jewish ethical purpose in the teachings of Jesus. At first the Church hierarchy viewed the Renaissance as a favorable indication of the superiority of Christianity over Islam, which produced no significant innovations after the 13th century. Islam itself had been irreversibly disrupted in the 13th century by Genghis Khan and the Turks and their descendants, who were the last wave of barbaric nomads to seriously threaten civilization. However, as is usually the case when barbarians conquer a superior culture, the Mongols and Turks became Muslims, and the Turks inherited the Arabic part of their empire. The conflict between a weakened Islam and a rejuvenated Europe came to a head in Iberia. Islamic civilization had reached its peak in Iberia, but it had never fully conquered the Christian kingdoms. By the end of the 15th century, the Catholic kings drove Islam from the Iberian peninsula. This was the first significant inroad that Western Christianity made in the Islamic world. Eastern Christendom, except for parts of Russia, fell to the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century. Before the 16th century, it had mostly been a problem of keeping Islam at bay. After this Islam was to begin an unsteady retreat under pressure from Christian Europe and finally, with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in this century, to retreat almost entirely from Eastern Europe. The spirit of free and universal inquiry and creativity initiated by the Renaissance could not be contained. In the 16th century Luther, a Catholic priest, logically and most persuasively challenged the authority of the Pope. He claimed that all authority lay in the Bible and that each individual Christian could save his own soul by interpreting the Bible according to the dictates of his own conscience and trying to follow these dictates. This was an unbearable challenge for the Roman Church, reminiscent of the Gnostic heresies. (The Gnostic Christians of the early Christian centuries were much more in harmony with the evolutionary ethic and the teachings of Jesus than the Catholic bureaucracy, but they were annihilated by Rome when Catholicism became the official religion in the fourth century [581, 639].) The Lutheran heresy spread throughout northern Europe and was mutated in England by Henry VIII and in Switzerland by Calvin, as well as by the many other Christian sects that continue to form up to the present time. The Catholic Church found itself besieged and began to fight for its life. In the process it became more repressive than it had been, but also more dynamic. It created the Jesuit Order as an antibody against the Protestant infection. In spite of the initial negative purpose of the Jesuits, they became a major educational force for spreading Western civilization throughout the world. However, their ideological base was destructive. They were to preserve southern Europe and Latin America for the Pope at the cost of partially closing the southern European mind and making the formerly most creative people in Europe the least creative. For all their discipline, brilliance, and erudition, the Jesuits have not been particularly inventive or creative. There are, of course, notable exceptions, such as Father Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. The persecution of Galileo marked a turning point in which the creative impetus switched mainly, not entirely, to Protestant Europe. However, now Europe had competitive Christianity and a high-feedback environment. Technical and scientific knowledge could not be kept from the Catholic countries. Even if their creativity was inhibited, it was not totally destroyed. The least Catholic of the nominally Catholic countries, France, was to compare favorably with England, Scotland, Holland, and Germany as a creative society, particularly after the secular revolution of 1789. (Now that Spain is secularizing its culture, it should regain its former creativity.) The collective mind of Western civilization was stimulated and liberated as never before. Religion became increasingly unimportant to the national purpose. And here lay the seeds of destruction. For in overthrowing religion as a motivating factor in the national life and substituting the pursuit of national wealth and power in its place, Western civilization began to loose its ethical structure. We note that wealth is merely a special kind of power, and power is the means to control the environment, not necessarily through creativity (see Chapter 7). Europe often threw out ethics with superstition. The liberalism of Protestantism eventually made it religiously and ethically meaningless. But in the meantime, the Protestant spirit was ideally suited to the development of capitalism. Protestantism was action-oriented.   The Protestant Spirit A person, and almost certainly a nation, which seeks to maximize creativity will increase its wealth and its power, at least in the long run; but it is also possible to increase power, at least temporarily, while decreasing creativity. This is what began to happen ever so slowly to Western civilization. The countries of Europe used their rapidly accelerating technological power to exploit first their own citizens and then peoples of all the countries in the world that had technically inferior cultures. This was aptly shown by the deplorable working conditions in the 19th century in England (the nation with the most advanced technology at the time) and even more poignantly in the Opium War with China in the mid part of that century. In the Opium War the British Empire imposed the Opium Trade on China through military force solely for the economic benefit of British commercial interests. The British tried to salve their conscience by using the same treaty which gave them an opium monopoly in China to also give them the right to send in Christian missionaries, thereby giving a special ironic ring to Marx's dictum of twenty years later that "religion is the opiate of the masses." The excesses of capitalism were to be partially checked in democratic countries by increasing wealth and competition and to a lesser extent by the labor unions and special laws (e.g., the Reform Act in England) which supposedly protected the ordinary citizen from capitalistic predation. In nondemocratic countries, capitalistic predation was tobe replaced by a new deleterious, psychosocial mutation - communism - which would promise security without freedom and in the process destroyboth. In capitalistic countries there is a battle going on now between monopolistic capital and monopolistic labor, each seeking to take maximum advantage of the other. In communist countries, a monolithic bureaucracy, which destroys all negative feedback, has taken absolute control of the society and is destroying ethics. The losers in all this turmoil are humanity and the evolutionary process. More will be said of this later. For now we merely note that the liberation of the human spirit which began with the Renaissance also liberated a new type of predation by a new wave of Aryan-speaking people, the Europeans (the Soviet Union and the United States are more primitive outliers of European civilization), even more profound and in some cases more destructive than the initial Aryan wave begun 3,800 years previously. (For example, the Tasmanian people were totally annihilated by the British in the 19th century.) However, this time the Aryans were usually the most civilized peoples. They were to spread their newly invented technology, but not with the same ease as they had spread chariot technology. The inventive spirit which created Western technology was more difficult to communicate than the technology itself. Some highly different civilizations were eventually able to use and then copy the machines themselves, most notably the Japanese. The Japanese were a semibarbaric outlier of Chinese civilization who absorbed Western technology in the late 19th century. However, no nation without a full European culture has yet been able to systematically invent new machines superior to those of the West. Although the Japanese were able to mass-produce Western innovations better than the West itself, the Japanese have not yet equaled Western creativity. Mao Tse Tung tried to Europeanize the Chinese by imposing his own brand of Marxism on China and destroying all vestiges of Confucianism. The more recent Chinese communist policies have led to a temporary opening of their society and a rehabilitation of Confucianism. It is possible that the creative and highly disciplined Chinese people may become technological innovators under this system, at least for a while. Eventually, Chinese communism, like any other closed, bureaucratic ideology, will destroy the creativity of China just as bureaucratic ideology has destroyed all other civilizations - by closing the mind and destroying the imagination. The competition between human societies was to become competition in the ability to invent - not in the ability to produce or even the emotional ability to fight, as World War II and the cold war would show. Those special qualities of brain and mind that produce a creative society, as opposed to merely a cooperative and productive society, were to become of paramount importance in human evolution. By the late 20th century a situation would arise in which some societies could invent faster than their competitors could copy, as evidenced by the growing disparity in computer technology between the United States and most other countries. Moreinnovations have been produced in the 20th century than in the entire past history of the human race. However, that creativity has been limited almost entirely to the physical and biological environment, and it is ending. In the psychosocial environment humanity still attempts to predict and control by the same forms of self-delusion as did the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Europeans of the Middle Ages. Humanity today uses science to predict and control the physical and biological environment, but primarily ideology (e.g., religion, astrology, and fads) in the psychosocial environment. This creates an imbalance in psychosocial evolution analogous to specialization. The central problem in the modern world is that humanity cannot creatively predict and control itself. However, 300 years ago there lived a man in Holland who showed us how to create our own creativity.   Spinoza Although morality, the ability to predict and control our own ethics, was first created by the great prophets and moral leaders of the sixth centuryB.C., theirs was a basically mystical morality not fused with science. Socrates and to a lesser extent Confucius were rational but not scientific. In the 17th century Spinoza invented scientific ethics and made a true synthesis of mysticism and science. Bertrand Russell referred to Spinoza as "the noblest and most lovable of all the great philosophers...ethically he is supreme" [665]. Goethe, one of the most creative men in history, read Spinoza every day and tried to guide his life by Spinoza's teachings. Einstein, when asked if he believed in God, proclaimed that he believed in the God of Spinoza. Einstein carefully studied Spinoza and used his understanding of Spinoza to understand nature and the working of the universe. Spinoza taught that God is all that is, and that each of us is a modification in the body of God. Today quantum mechanics is confirming this holistic view of the universe. The only purpose of life, according to Spinoza, is to love God. We love God by emulating Him and understanding Him and His laws. In the process we maximize our creativity and that of our fellow humans by learning, teaching, and creating (emulating God) to the best of our ability. Spinoza derived his theories by mystical intuition combined with pure logic and mathematical reason. He used no ideology, but starting from basic axioms and definitions he derived his system mathematically, just as Newton was at the same time to derive his Principia Mathematica. While the latter became the first universal scientific model of physical reality, Spinoza's focus was on the reality of the human mind in its highest form. He showed every human being who wished to know that reality how to increase ethics and become moral. Yet few persons have read Spinoza and even fewer persons have understood him. Those who have understood and accepted the teachings of Spinoza have had their creativity greatly increased, as was the case with Goethe, Einstein, and Russell. Yet others have misunderstood and distorted the teachings of Spinoza. Most notable among these is the line of thinkers - Locke, Hume, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, etc. - leading to Jefferson, and the line of Leibnitz, Kant, Hegel, Marx, Engels, etc., leading to Lenin. Spinoza first showed how a republican, free society leads to maximum creativity. But he had little confidence in the democratic process. Freedom was essential to progress, but popular democracy was not necessarily the best way to achieve or maintain freedom, since the masses were subject to the manipulation of their fears and prejudices by demagogues. Socrates had understood the same thing 2,100 years earlier. Through various misinterpretations of Spinoza, Thomas Jefferson, who was as enlightened and ethical a leader as any nation ever had, came to the conclusion that freedom could only be preserved by a popular republican democracy in which the opinion and vote of each citizen had equal weight and that the majority could, through its elected leaders and alleged representatives, impose its will on the minority, although he favored a bill of rights to protect individuals against majorities and government in general. This mistake led to the system of government of the United States, which represents a new civilization based on the democratic ethic. It is believed that the maximization of freedom for all persons is the greatest good. The ideology says that this can be achieved by a popular republican democracy plus a constitution (especially, the Bill of Rights) to protect the rights of dissenting minorities. What this has produced is a nation allegedly dedicated to freedom in which individual liberty is constantly diminished through ever growing government bureaucracies and corporate monopolies, which manipulate the government, together with unethically restrictive laws and confiscatory taxes, which favor the bureaucracies and the monopolies over the individual citizens. Furthermore, it is a country which supports oppressive tyrannical governments in all parts of the world as a lesser of two evils and as a means of combating communism. Communism as well as Nazism as ethical systems can be traced directly to Hegel, who considered Spinoza the greatest philosopher who had ever lived, although he had little understanding of him. Hegel and Marx incorporated Spinoza's greatest mistake into their philosophies by seeing history as a deterministic process subject to closed modeling. Spinoza had not gone quite that far, but Hegel and Marx did. Leninist communism became the most abominable tyranny in history. Human history is an extragenetic continuation of human genetic evolution. All evolutionary processes are nondeterministic quantum processes not subject to closed modeling. The only thing that can stop the evolutionary process is to close it, as Islam did. This is precisely what Leninist communism has attempted in the Soviet Union and other communist countries. Communism represents a civilization based on the materialistic ethic of maximizing individual security through the ideology of government control of everything, including the flow of all information between all citizens of communist states. This rigid control of everything eventually produces ever diminishing security for a society which destroys its citizens' creativity by destroying all negative feedback and punishes them for not being totally submissive or in any way criticizing communist ideology and authorities. Spinoza's teachings, although replete with mistakes, are highly ethical in their intent, their approach, and their conclusions. They will enhance the creativity of anyone who uses them as a base on which to build a better understanding of the evolutionary ethic. However, isolated parts of Spinoza's ethics can be misunderstood and lend themselves to perversions of the evolutionary ethic, as has occurred in the United States and the Soviet Union. Furthermore no combination of two false ideologies can substitute for the evolutionary ethic. That is why humanity desperately needs an alternative to communism, capitalistic democracy, and all combinations of the two which are inherently self-destructive. The lack of an alternative up to this time has produced the new entropy.   The New Entropy The pattern for all civilizations prior to Western civilization was that they would begin with a creative burst and then would become bureaucratized religiously, politically, economically, and socially. In the process, they would pass most of their technological information, i.e., objective truth, not necessarily the false information of religion and bureaucracy, to barbarians or semibarbarians on their periphery. These people would then either conquer the civilization and become absorbed into it, eventually becoming corrupted, or completely destroy the decaying civilization and create a new, more vigorous one of their own. The new civilization would then repeat the process. This is natural selection at the super-metazoan level. The semibarbaric outliers of the basic European civilization were America and Russia. They were each in analogous relationship to Europe as the Aryans had been to Mesopotamia or the Romans to the Greeks. Each would take the science and technology of Europe as well as a new psychosocial model developed in Europe, but incorrectly derived from Spinoza, to create a psychosocial mutation of European civilization, each more vigorous and more dynamic than the parent civilization. This in turn caused a backflow of information to Europe, which in varying degrees made Europe a hybrid of its own children. America took the democratic ethic as the basis of its psychosocial revolution. This ethic, which originated in Western Europe, was through America's example eventually to become part of Western Europe. Russia took as its foundation the materialistic ethic, also originated in Western Europe, and then spread it by force to Eastern Europe in a manner reminiscent of Islam. Both ethics were defective because they were means which were not ends. The democratic ethic grew in part from the work of Spinoza, Locke, and Hume, who in turn influenced the French rationalists such as Voltaire and Diderot, and the French irrationalists typified by Rouseau. This ethic states that the maximization of freedom is the means to create a progressive civilization independently of what criterion we apply to progress. But as we have seen, the only end in evolution is the maximization of creativity. Freedom is a natural consequence of maximizing creativity; it is not necessarily its cause. A nation which suppresses human freedom will eventually destroy its creativity by destroying negative feedback, but it will not necessarily expand creativity merely by maximizing freedom. Freedom is necessary but not sufficient to maximize creativity. When freedom is used as a means to an end, it becomes an end in itself and produces an undisciplined, artificially egalitarian society which refuses to recognize creative differences and in which creative mediocrity is celebrated and creative genius is ridiculed. This is amply evidenced by the typical forms of American entertainment, in which the hero is an anti-intellectual man of action and the creative genius is a childlike incompetent who cannot cope with practical everyday problems. The scientific evidence is that reality is actually the opposite of this stereotype [769, 770]. The damage of anti-intellectualism is to eventually produce a society of specialists who cannot integrate the physical, biological, and psychosocial sciences to ethically guide human evolution. They replace truth with self-delusion and illusionary knowledge in areas outside their specialty. Above all, the will of ignorant majorities is imposed on more creative minorities. We see this phenomenon most clearly manifested in the United States, which more than any other country has made the democratic ethic a part of its culture. It manifests itself in political leaders who are ignorant of everything except of how to deceive the people into voting for them. They are specialists in the political technology of manipulating the basest fears and prejudices of their subjects. It manifests itself in highly specialized engineers who only know how to operate, build, and less often design a specific type of machine but care nothing about the social and ethical consequences of the uses of this machine by a corrupt political bureaucracy. It manifests itself in university professors who have learned one subject to the almost total exclusion of everything else and force students into the same specialized, uncreative mold. It manifests itself in parasitical lawyers who produce a legal system devoid of truth or justice, based on legal technicalities together with the manipulation of the fears and prejudices of ignorant juries. It manifests itself eventually by a decrease in creativity which can only be expanded by ethical persons of broad knowledge, who abounded in the Renaissance but have since then undergone a relative decline. In spite of all these problems the United States is still the most creative component in Western civilization because personal liberty is essential to creativity. It has the best hope of remutating itself in an ethical, evolutionary direction. If it does so it will revitalize the basic European civilization and its cultural outliers, which today constitute the entire human race. The negative feedback essential for accomplishing this task is likely to come from Japan in the future; up to now it has come from the Soviet Union. Just as the United States is the nation which epitomizes the incorporation of the democratic ethic into European civilization, so does the Soviet Union epitomize the incorporation of the materialistic ethic. The materialistic ethic grew out of the democratic ethic because it soon became clear that freedom was of little value if it only meant the freedom to starve or to be a de facto slave to a social parasite devoid of merit who had inherited power and wealth merely because of the creativity or greed of his ancestors. This ethic was most clearly and persuasively stated by Marx and Engels, who derived their philosophy and method from Hegel, who was in turn a devoted but incompetent and ethically perverse student of Spinoza. Therefore, the equal distribution of the wealth of society and public ownership of the means of production became the rallying cry of the socialistic and communistic movements. "From each according to his ability; to each according to his need." These movements were to varying degrees successful in all countries with even a semblance of European civilization. Virtually all nations give lip service to the materialistic ethic. All the immediate cultural outliers of the Soviet Union, most notably eastern Europe and China, became psychosocial mutations and hybrids of Soviet communism, sometimes through direct Soviet military force as in the case of Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Korea, Hungary, Rumania, Poland, Germany, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia, and sometimes through genuine, but misguided, internal revolution as in the case of Yugoslavia, China, and Vietnam. The Soviet style oppression in some of these unfortunate countries has ended, primarily as a result of Mikhail Gorbachev's moral courage and enlightened policies. This shows that even in the most oppressive and tyrannical of societies there is always hope of change for the better. It is always unethical to give up hope, because it is always unethical to be certain. Communism ensured its eventual destruction by totally suppressing all dissent and criticism of the political system. By turning their countries into jails and trying to completely control all flow of information and negative feedback, communist leaders greatly reduced the creativity of their often highly creative people. By stifling the criticism from their most ethical citizens and putting them in punitive insane asylums, they became even worse than Islam and they eventually had the same fate as any closed system - irreversible entropy. Only the annihilation of communism could save these societies. If the reforms initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev take hold and are expanded, the Soviet Union and its former satellites may reverse their decline. The problem in the United States is much more subtle. The democratic and the materialistic ethics, as well as any combination of these ethics, are inadequate foundations for a progressive civilization, since they are both means which are not ends. They do not directly incorporate the evolutionary ethic. The competition between the Soviet Union and the United States showed to each the weakness of the other. However, it is difficult for them to learn from one another because the basic weaknesses in both societies are due not so much to ideology as to bureaucracy. Although the Soviet Union became by far the more bureaucratized of the two systems, the United States is still moving in the same direction of ever increasing government control over individual creativity. In the most important aspects of society - that is, those functions which most directly affect the expansion or preservation of creativity (e.g., education, national defense, politics, land use planning, and basic industrial production) - the two societies have relegated these activities to monolithic bureaucracies consisting entirely of government agencies in the Soviet Union and in the United States of a mixture of government agencies and monopolistic, capitalistic enterprises which manipulate the government. In the United States, five corporations control over 90% of all production of steel; ten control over 90% of all production and distribution of petroleum and its derivatives; for many years one corporation controlled over 70% of all computer sales; less than 1% of the U.S. population owns more than 80% of all the stock in all the corporations. Therefore, the Soviet Union and the United States do not interact creatively to overcome their most important and mutual weakness, which is bureaucracy. Instead, each imitates what is worst in the other. Ideology is also a weakness in the United States, but in a less obvious way than in the Soviet Union. The ideological weakness of communism is obvious in a system that for seventy years justified constant lying and totally oppressing individual creativity not under the control of the state. This eventually produced a society so uncreative that it could not even feed itself. The Soviet Union is beginning to recognize its faults, tell the truth to its people, and reform itself. The same cannot be said of the United States. The ideology (and weakness) of the United States derives from the almost universal belief that decisions arrived at by majority consent of the electorate are always correct and ethical. Freedom is a valid goal. The democratic process guarantees the eventual destruction of freedom. Science and history show that majorities are almost always wrong in making complex decisions and judgments. The tyranny of a majority is just asdestructive as the tyranny of a minority. Every form of tyranny is unethical. In the United States a majority of the electorate is ignorant, anti-analytic, and uncreative because of a totally bureaucratized educational system - which is remarkably similar in all countries, irrespective of their ideology. It is a system that uses fear through reward and punishment to condition its students to regurgitate old information instead of creating something new, and in the process destroys their creativity along with their ethics. As a consequence, the American electorate can be easily manipulated and deceived by a slightly more intelligent and unethical political bureaucracy. Therefore, the freedom of political choice is an illusion. All the options are controlled by those who spend billions of dollars to manipulate the majority through lies and misleading emotional appeals to their most irrational fears and prejudices. This manipulation is done primarily through the hypnotic medium of television, which Americans spend an average of fifty hours per week watching. A large majority of American adults read nothing, not even newspapers. Through television and the destructive educational system, a large majority of Americans have become intellectually passive as well as ethically inactive; they have lost the capability even to reason analytically, let alone think creatively. These Americans are the electoral majority, who are manipulated to impose their will on more creative minorities. Eventually it becomes almost impossible for anyone who is not totally venal to be nominated, let alone elected, to any political office. A majority of the electorate repeatedly vote only for candidates who deceive them by speaking the lies that the majority wish to hear. Candidates, who speak the truth, are ethical and creative, are universally rejected even before the nominations. Therefore, they often stop trying. In the words of Bertrand Russell, "democratic electorates eventually elect only persons who are stupid, hypocritical or both." Repeatedly the electorate is induced to vote to cut its own throat, e.g., real estate, tax, and educational laws. The most evil liars in the nation become the political leaders. Part of the problem is that persons who want power over others should never have it, and only persons who want power run for office. Creative persons value creativity, not power over others. Therefore, they pursue creativity, not power. Only unethical persons see power as an ultimate goal, because they have no confidence in their own creativity. No nation has yet devised a system that prevents all power from eventually concentrating in the hands of those who focus on the pursuit of power. (We will show how to bring about such a system in the following chapters.) Still, in spite of its defects and entropic course, a great deal of personal freedom is guaranteed, although not always given, by the U.S. Constitution. Thisallows some independent educational, social, and economic experimentation to coexist within an increasingly bureaucratized and tyrannical United States. In this there is great hope for humanity. Through fear of one another the Soviet Union and the United States have come close to annihilating humanity through nuclear war, pollution, and other means [280]. The Soviet Union has begun to reform itself, although these reforms have not yet significantly debureaucratized Soviet society. Nor do we know how long they will last. But the Soviets have at least let some of their eastern European satellites free themselves and throw off the communist tyranny. However, it will take many more reforms for these highly creative peoples to regain their former creativity. Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, who have most repudiated socialism, have the best immediate prospects. The American experience should have taught Gorbachev that glasnost would work better than perestroika. Glasnost has led to new feedback in Soviet society and its former satellites. If the Soviets refrain from future military intervention, all the former satellites and probably the Soviet Union itself will eventually be transformed into social democracies like the rest of Europe; Leninist communism can endure only through brute force against the will of almost all ethical people. Social democracies are less entropic than communist nations, but not maximally creative. All power to inhibit individual creativity must be taken from all governments, if creativity is to be maximized. Democratic socialism is inherently unethical, unless it is totally voluntary and not imposed by a tyranny of the majority. Only mutually desirable transactions through 100% consensus can ever be ethical or creative. Democracy leads inevitably to social democracy through the unethical manipulation of the fear of the majority and their hatred of the rich. This is moderated only because movements toward laissez-faire capitalism make the majority richer, and confiscatory socialism ends up, eventually, distributing only poverty, as was the case for the communists. It will be shown in Part II that voluntary socialism by 100% consensus of all participants cannot function practically in societies much larger than four cooperating families. Since confiscatory democratic socialism, whereby the relatively poor majority takes private property by force from the relatively rich minority, violates the personal human rights of the minority, it is an unethical system that will eventually destroy itself, just as communism already has. The only ethical way to overcome bureaucratic entropy and begin perestroika in any society is to take away the bureaucracy's power over individual creativity, and empower individuals through ethical laissez-faire capitalism within a free society. Not even the United States, another social democracy, seems capable of doing that. What all governments have shown is that no government can ever be trusted, because all governments are dominated by persons who value power over creativity. That is why "that government which governs least governs best." Those who value human evolution and wish it to continue must change the world by first changing themselves, so that they become maximally creative as individuals and as independent groups outside the bureaucratic system. This process is called "Creative Transformation."

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The Evolution of Life Geological Time The Evolution of Life This section provides information about the evolution of life on Earth. For reasons of simplicity some important events and life forms were selected for each geological time span. However this should not give the impression that the evolution of life on Earth is or was a sequential event. Many life forms that were not mentioned in this text were very successful and have evolved or in some cases maintained a very successful life strategy. Prokaryotes, for example are the most successful and abundant organisms on Earth, in both numbers and biomass and still make up to 90% of the total weight of living things. For further information on each geological period or special life forms mentioned, there are links to other websites about this time. The evolution of life is organised into 20 sections referring to their biological and geological significance. You will find a list of useful reference websites at the very end of the sections Reference Websites Birth of Earth - approximately 4600 million years ago - The Hadean Period (4600 m.y. - 3800 m.y.) Scientists estimate that our planet, Earth, formed around 4600 million years ago. The oldest rocks dated so far are from the Acasta Gneiss Complex near Great Slave Lake, Canada with an age of about 4030 million years. The Isua Supracrustal rocks in West Greenland are dated at about 3700 to 3800 million years old. The best age estimate for the Earth's final formation is about 4540 million years ago, based on data from the Canyon Diablo meteorite. In addition, mineral grains called zircon from sedimentary rocks from west-central Australia have recently been reported with an age of about 4400 million years. While we don't know exactly how the Earth was formed, we have some really good evidence to support the following hypothesis: The Earth began as part of the accretion of the solar system . The formation of the planets (including Earth), asteroids, meteors, comets and the central sun - formed through the tendency of matter to clump together, until finally there were substantial bodies, the planets and their moons, sweeping up all the 'left-over' bits in their orbits. Studies of the Moon's surface show that in its early history it was subjected to bombardment by giant meteorites. Earth's early history must have been even more violent because of the greater gravitational forces involved. None of those early bombardments can be seen today, as they have been transformed by Earth's erosional forces. Most of the meteorite craters which are evident on Earth are much younger. This was the so-called "Hadean Period" from 4600 - 3800 million years ago. During this period the heavier molten iron sank to the middle of the newly forming Earth, to become the core. The lighter material rose to the surface, the lightest of all becoming the crust on the surface. There was also an outgassing of volatile molecules such as water, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, which formed the early atmosphere of the Earth. The initial steam atmosphere was made of water from comets and hydrated minerals from volcanic eruptions. Rain fell into proto-ocean about 4300 to 4400 million years ago. All terrestrial planets are thought to have had a similar process in their early histories. During the long interval of the Precambrian Era (which includes approximately 90% of geologic time and includes three Eons: the Hadean, the Archean and the Proterozoic) the only inhabitants of the Earth were simple microscopic organisms, many of them comparable in size and complexity to modern-day bacteria. The conditions under which these organisms lived differed greatly from those prevailing today, but the mechanisms of evolution were the same. Genetic variations made some individuals better fitted than others to survive and to reproduce in a given environment. The emergence of new forms of life through this principle of natural selection exerted great changes on the physical environment, thereby altering the conditions of evolution. | GO TO TOP | The earliest cells and stromatolites - The Archaean Period (3800 m.y. - 2500m.y.) The middle era of Precambrian time, spanning the period between 3800 and 2500 million years ago is called the Archaean, meaning ancient. Life arose on Earth during the early Archaean, as indicated by the appearance of fossil bacteria in rocks thought to be about 3500 million years old. While evidence preserved in rock layers in present-day Greenland tell us that life existed on Earth during that time it doesn't explain how it came to exist. The classic experiment demonstrating the mechanisms by which inorganic elements could combine to form the precursors of organic chemicals was the 1950 experiment by Stanley Miller. He undertook experiments designed to find out how lightning - simulated by repeated electrical discharges - might have affected the primitive earth atmosphere. He discharged an electric spark into a mixture thought to resemble the primordial composition of the atmosphere. In a water receptacle, designed to model an ancient ocean, amino acids appeared. Amino acids are widely regarded as the building blocks of life. Although the primitive atmosphere is no longer believed to be as rich in hydrogen as was once thought, the discovery that the Murchison meteorite contains the same amino acids obtained by Miller, and even in the same relative proportions, strongly suggests that his results are relevant. It may seem surprising that bacteria can leave fossils at all. However, one particular group of bacteria, the cyanobacteria or "blue-green algae," have left a fossil record that extends far back into the Precambrian - the oldest cyanobacteria-like fossils known are nearly 3500 million years old and are among the oldest fossils currently known. Cyanobacteria are larger than most bacteria, and many secrete a thick cell wall. More importantly, cyanobacteria may form large layered structures, called stromatolites (more or less dome-shaped) or oncolites (round). These structures form as a mat of cyanobacteria growths in a marine environment, trapping sediment and sometimes secreting calcium carbonate. When sectioned very thinly, fossil stromatolites may be found to contain exquisitely preserved fossil cyanobacteria and algae. These early cells belonged to the group of prokaryotic cells (in contrast to the more complex structures of eukaryotic cells). Prokaryotes are small cells which lack the complex internal structures, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, found in eukaryotic cells. Although prokaryotes possess DNA on a chromosome, it is not enclosed in a nucleus. | GO TO TOP | The first algae - 1200 million years ago - The Proterozoic Era (2500 m.y. - 544 m.y.) The final Era of the Precambrian, the Proterozoic Era, spans the time between 2500 million and 544 million years ago. Fossils of both primitive single celled and more advanced multicellular organisms begin to appear in abundance in rocks from this era. The name, proterozoic, means "early life." The oldest multi-cellular algae fossil dates to 1200million years. At this time biological diversity increased greatly to become eukaryote cells. Different to the prokaryotic cells, the eukaryotic cells are larger and have a complex internal organisation and which includes a nucleus housing the DNA on the chromosomes and specialised structures known as organelles. The oldest fossil evidence of multi-cellular animals, or metazoans, are burrows which suggest they were made by smooth, wormlike creatures. Theses fossils have been found in rocks in various places including China, Canada, India. The imprints of these soft bodied animals reveal little else but their basic shape. Oxygen must have been freely available by the time the first eukaryotic cells arrived, released through the proliferation of cyanobacteria, earlier in the Precambrian. | GO TO TOP | The Vendian animals - 570 million years ago - The Vendian Period (650 m.y. - 544 m.y) The first animals in the fossil record appeared between 620 and 550 million years ago. This period is called the Vendian after the stratigraphic sequence in Russia where rocks of this age are especially well developed. The Vendian period is also known as the Ediacaran period (after a site in Australia) and is distinguished by a characteristic collection of fossils from complex soft-bodied animals. These fossils have been found at several localities around the world. The Ediacarian/Vendian faunas have puzzled many palaeontologists, because although some of these animals may have belonged to groups that survive today, others don't seem at all related to animals we know. There are two confusing aspects of the Vendian or Ediacaran organisms: firstly there does not seem to be any evidence for any skeletal hard parts, in any of those fossils, i.e. the organisms were soft bodied. Secondly, is the issue of which group of animals these group of fossils belong to. Although many have been compared to modern day jelly fish or worms they have been also compared to be somewhat like analogous to a 'mattress' with tough outer walls and fluid filled internal cavities, something like a sponge. However, Simon Conway Morris, of Cambridge University, argued them to be higher developed animals than sponges, as there were no sponge fossils in the Vendian fauna. Sponges are regarded as quite primitive animals and should have appeared before the Vendian soft bodied organisms. | GO TO TOP | The Cambrian Explosion - The Cambrian Period (544m.y.- 505 m.y.) The earliest period of the Palaeozoic era is called the Cambrian Period. It is named after Cambria, the Roman name for Wales, where rocks of this age were first identified by the nineteenth century geologist Adam Sedgwick. Cambrian sediments, however, are by no means restricted to Wales but found in many other parts of the world. As recently as the middle of last century the earliest known fossils had all come from the Cambrian. The Cambrian fossils include animals with body plans similar to those of a number of living animals and they represent the lineages of almost all animals living today. This stunning and unique evolutionary flowering is termed the "Cambrian explosion". But it was not as rapid as an explosion: the changes seem to have happened during about 30 million years, and some stages took 5 to 10 million years. The emergence of many kinds of creatures during the transition from the Precambrian to the Cambrian radically changed the nature of the relations among animals, including the development of more complex predator-prey relationships. Animals that fed on living matter, rather than scavenging on dead organic matter or relying on symbiotic relationships with photosynthesising algae, became much more common and even predators, such as Anomalocaris , evolved to eat those who could not escape them. The best record of the Cambrian diversification is the Burgess Shale in British Columbia. Laid down in the middle-Cambrian, when the "explosion" had already been underway for several million years, this formation contains the first appearance in the fossil record of brachiopods , with clamlike shells, as well as trilobites , molluscs , echinoderms , and many odd animals that probably belong to extinct phyla . The cause of the Cambrian "explosion" is a matter of debate among scientists. Some point to the increase in oxygen that began around 2000 million years ago supporting a higher metabolic rate and allowing the evolution of larger organisms and more complex body structures. Others propose that an extinction of life at the end of the Vendian period opened up ecological roles that the new forms exploited. A change in ocean chemistry may have occurred, allowing for the first time the development of hard body parts such as teeth and supporting skeletons. Genetic factors were also crucial. Recent research suggests that the period prior to the Cambrian explosion saw the gradual evolution of a "genetic tool kit" of genes (the homeobox or "hox" genes ) that govern developmental processes. Once assembled, this genetic tool kit enabled an unprecedented period of evolutionary experimentation -- and competition. Many forms seen in the fossil record of the Cambrian disappeared without trace. Future evolutionary change was then limited to acting on the body plans that remained in existence. Recently many scientists have begun to question whether the Cambrian explosion was a real event, or a reflection of the patchiness of this ancient fossil record. Genetic data suggest that multicellular animals evolved around 1000 million years ago; this is supported by fossil embryos from rocks in China that date back 600 million years. In addition, trilobites were a very diverse group even early in the Cambrian, and some scientists suggest that this indicates that the arthropod group must have had a much earlier evolutionary origin. evolutionary evidence from the Cambrian Period: During the Cambrian, evolution was rapid and within a few million years the Earth was populated with many animal groups. Fossils found elsewhere indicate that the marine ancestors of New Zealand's ancient land dwelling caterpillar-like Peripatus were alive at that time. Cambrian deposits in the Cobb Valley, in north-west Nelson of the South Island are the oldest accurately dated geological formations in New Zealand. Some associated sequences occur in small areas in the southwest of Fiordland. The fauna typically consist of Trilobites, Brachiopods, Sponges and Ostracods. Be aware that the rocks in the Cobb Valley are protected and specimens cannot be removed. | GO TO TOP | The Rise of the fish - The Ordovician Period (505 m.y.-440 m.y.) The time between 505 and 440 million years ago is called the Ordovician. It is named after a Celtic tribe called the Ordovices. At this time, the area north of the tropics was almost entirely ocean, and most of the world's land was collected into the southern super-continent Gondwana. Throughout the Ordovician, Gondwana shifted towards the South Pole and much of it was submerged underwater. During the Ordovician the first plants appeared. But it was not until the late Silurian before they resembled modern plants. It is widely assumed that the first eukaryotic cells were non-photosynthetic descendants of Archaebacteria. The theory of endosymbiosis proposes that mitochondria (and chloroplasts) were derived from symbiotic, aerobic Eubacteria, and were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. The Ordovician is best known for the presence of its diverse marine invertebrates, including graptolites , trilobites , brachiopods , and the conodonts (early vertebrates). A typical marine community consisted of these animals, plus red and green algae, primitive fish, cephalopods, corals, crinoids, and gastropods. A burst of evolution went on to triple the diversity of marine animal life in the space of 50 million years. Fish are members of the chordate phylum because they display certain defining characteristics: a backbone that replaces the notochord of the 'simpler' chordates, a dorsal nerve, gills and a tail. Agnathans, or jawless fish were the earliest fish and the first true vertebrates and they appeared around 480 million years ago. One of the Agnathan lineages were the Ostracoderms, the earliest jawless fish, dating back around 510 million years. They were bottom-feeders and were almost entirely covered in armour plates. As jaws evolve in the bony fish and early sharks around 450 million years, jawless fish had trouble competing. Hagfish and lampreys are the only jawless fish alive today. While sharks are not plentiful until the Devonian period (410 to 360 million years ago), their fossil scales date the existence of the earliest sharks to the late Ordovician. With these new groups of Palaeozoic fauna the ocean ecology reorganised and the new species adapted to use resources more efficiently. After the reorganisation of changing lifestyles, species lasted longer and extinction occurred less frequently than among the Cambrian ancestors. From the Early to Middle Ordovician, the Earth experienced a milder climate in which the weather was warm and the atmosphere contained a lot of moisture. However, when Gondwana finally settled on the South Pole during the Late Ordovician, massive glaciers formed causing shallow seas to drain and sea levels to drop. It has been estimated that at least 70 percent of oceanic species became extinct at the end of the Ordovician period, in what may have been the second largest of all mass extinctions . Compare this with several mass extinctions which culled early animals during the 50 million years of the Cambrian but from which they bounced back to their previous levels. fossils from the Ordovician Period: During the Ordovician New Zealand was situated about 20� north of the equator. All life on Earth was still in the sea. The sediments that were to become New Zealand formed a shallow sea shelf off the coast of Gondwana. Well defined Ordovician rocks, characterised by Graptolite faunas can be found in the Nelson region and the south west of Fiordland. | GO TO TOP | Venturing on land - the Silurian Period (440 m.y. - 410 m.y.) The Silurian period, named after a Celtic tribe called the Silures, was the time when some plants and animals left the water and colonized the land for the first time. Why they left the water is still being debated but it was probably the result of competition in the marine ecosystems, escaping predators and the availability of new land-based environments. Once animals and plants became established on land they contributed to changes in the nature of the physical and chemical processes on Earth. But living on land required new strategies for survival, such as obtaining nutrients and water, avoiding desiccation, carrying out gas exchange, and reproduction. Early vascular land plants - so named for their internal system of tubing that circulates water and nutrients - evolved around 425 million years ago. Most grew only a few centimetres tall but were still tall enough to send shoots skyward to capture sunlight and release reproductive spores to the winds. With deeper root systems than earlier plants ( rhizoids , not true roots) and a rigid vertical stem, they were now equipped to colonise more of the Earth's surface. An example for one of the simple vascular plants is Cooksonia . Arthropods were the first animals to adapt to the land, appearing there around about 420 million years ago. Fossil arthropod footprints of arthropods from western Australia, that were made in the sandy flats surrounding temporary lakes, indicate that these animals may have accompanied the landward march of plants. In most ways they were pre-adapted to life on land. By the time they moved ashore, they had already evolved lighter bodies and spindly but strong legs to counteract the force of gravity. Their hard outer shells, called cuticles, provided protection and retained moisture. Spiders, centipedes and mites were among the earliest land variants. Some of them were the giants of their joint-legged kind. The longest kind of its species was Slimonia , a relative of the scorpions, which was the size of a man. This animal was still too big and too heavy and the walking legs too small to venture onto land and probably lived in marginal marine (deltaic) environments. fossils from the Silurian Period: By Silurian times Gondwana had brought New Zealand into the southern Hemisphere. As marine creatures began to adapt to changing temperatures and salinity, they were preparing themselves for life on land. At Hailes Knob, to the west of Motueka, a few Silurian fossils such as shellfish and trilobites have been found. There is a boulder by the roadside before the entrance to the Takaka Gorge, in the Cobb Valley, Nelson, which shows folds of marble and sandstone. It is possible to see a few tiny shellfish and crinoid stems in this rock. | GO TO TOP | Invasion of the land - the Devonian Period (410m.y. - 360m.y.) The Devonian period was named after Devonshire, England, where rocks of this age were first studied. During the Devonian, early arthropods and vertebrates continued to colonise the land. The animals had to solve the same problems that plants faced when they moved to the land, such as reducing water loss and maximising oxygen uptake. The evolutionary advances that solved these problems not only allowed animals to invade land, but also to radiate over the continents. During the Devonian, there were three major continental masses: North America and Europe sat together near the equator with much of their current land underneath the seas. To the north lay a portion of modern Siberia. A composite continent of South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and Australia - Gondwanaland - dominated the southern hemisphere. During the Devonian, two major animal groups dominated the land. The first tetrapods , or land-living   vertebrates , appeared during the Devonian, as did the first terrestrial arthropods, including wingless insects and the earliest arachnids which had already ventured onto land during the Silurian. In the oceans, brachiopods flourished. One of the first amphibians was Ichthyostega, which lived during the late Devonian in what is now Greenland. Its skull was nearly identical to that of the fish Eusthenopteron and it also retained a deep tail with fins. Ichthyostega had four strong limbs and its head was clearly separated from its body by a neck. Its strong backbone and ribcage helped to support the animal's weight on land. While arthropods  and vertebrates strived to occupy land, the sea was also teeming with life. One result of this marine struggle for survival was the adaptive radiation of the fish, which were adapting to live in the largest ecosystem on earth, water. By the Late Devonian plants with true roots and leaves, many of them rather tall, had evolved. Archaeopteris , was a large tree with true wood. In fact it is the oldest such tree known, and produced some of the world's first forests. By the end of the Devonian, the first seed plants had appeared. This rapid appearance of so many plant groups and growth forms has been called the "Devonian Explosion". fossils from the Devonian Period: Today there are only two small areas of Devonian rocks to be found in New Zealand, the Baton formation, north-west of Nelson and the Reefton Mudstones and Limestone in the South Island. Devonian corals in the region indicate that the seas were warm. Approximately 6.5 kilometres southeast of Reefton and 1.4 kilometres from Lankey Creek, the main road to Lewis Pass cuts through a dark limestone bluff beside the Inangahua River, where corals can be seen in the limestone. Some Devonian fish have been found in rocks of the Waitahu Valley, near Reefton. | GO TO TOP | Reptiles and Conifers - the Carboniferous Period (360m.y. - 286m.y.) The Carboniferous Period extended from 360 to 286 million years ago. The term "Carboniferous" comes from England, in reference to the rich deposits of coal (carbon) that occur there. In Carboniferous times, the continents were coming together to form a smaller group of more or less continuous landmasses with connections from Europe to North America, and from Africa to South America, Antarctica and Australia. The collisions of the continents produced the Appalachian mountain belt of eastern North America and the Hercynian Mountains in the United Kingdom. A further collision of Siberia and eastern Europe created the Ural Mountains. The conditions were ideal for the beginnings of coal and several major biological, geological, and climatic events occurred during this time. One of the greatest evolutionary innovations of the Carboniferous was the amniotic egg which allowed early reptiles to move away from waterside habitats and colonize dry regions. The amniotic egg allowed the ancestors of birds, mammals, and reptiles to reproduce on land by preventing the embryo inside from drying out, so eggs could be laid away from the water. It also meant that in contrast to the amphibians the reptiles lay fewer eggs, they had no larval stage and fertilisation was internal. Hylonomus and Paleothyris were very early cotylosaurs (primitive reptiles). They were quite little, lizard-sized animals with amphibian-like skulls, shoulder, pelvis, & limbs, and intermediate teeth and vertebrae. The rest of the skeleton was reptilian. Many of these new "reptilian" features are also seen in little amphibians which also sometimes have direct-developing eggs laid on land, so perhaps these features just came along with the small body size of the first reptiles. Here you will find picture of a Hylonomus skeleton . One New Zealand frog has direct-developing eggs. The remaining late Devonian trees were now the most striking aspect of the landscape, with giant club mosses up to 30 or 40 metres tall, horsetails growing up to 15 metres, and equally tall tree ferns. Trees like the conifers still used the massive sporing strategies of marine plants by releasing millions of pollen grains to fertilise the female cone. These wind blown strategy required masses of pollen to achieve results and worked better where trees were massed together without much competition. fossils from the Carboniferous Period: The Carboniferous period of Gondwana produced immense coalfields in Australia. New Zealand was still submarine and continued to travel southwards. The seas around New Zealand were very cold, forcing the sea life to adapt or die. The New Zealand seascape, lying off the south eastern coast of Gondwana included a chain of volcanic islands that were very active late in the period. This volcanic activity probably obscured any deposits of sediments of that time, explaining the absence of Carboniferous rocks in New Zealand. | GO TO TOP | Pangea - the Permian Period (286m.y.- 248m.y.) By Permian times, the continents were moving even closer together than during the Carboniferous as the northern and southern supercontinents of Laurasia and Gondwana began to assemble into a single great landmass, called Pangaea . The Permian period was the final period of the Paleozoic era and is named after the province of Perm, Russia, where rocks of this age were first studied. The global geography of the Permian included massive areas of land and water. Models indicate that the interior regions of this vast continent were probably dry, with great seasonal fluctuations, because of the lack of the moderating effect of nearby bodies of water, and that only some parts of the supercontinent received rainfall throughout the year. The ocean itself still has little known about it. There was extensive glaciation in southern parts of the landmass, shown by glacial striations on Permian rocks from what are now Africa, South America, and Antarctica, and extensive deposits of windblown soil indicate a very dry climate. However, there are indications that the climate of the Earth shifted at this time, and that glaciation decreased, as the interiors of continents became drier. One of the most striking transitions in the evolution of life occurred when mammals evolved from one lineage of reptiles. This transition began during the Permian, when the reptile group that included Dimetrodon gave rise to the "beast-faced" therapsids. These mammal-like reptiles in turn gave rise to the cynodonts, e.g. Thrinaxodon , of the Triassic period. The development of a key mammalian trait, the presence of only a single bone in the lower jaw (c.f. several in reptiles) can be traced in the fossil history of this lineage. It includes the excellent transitional fossils, Diarthrognathus and Morganucodon , whose lower jaws have both reptilian and mammalian articulations with the upper. However, at the end of the Permian it was the dinosaurs, not the mammal-like reptiles, which took advantage of the newly available niches to diversify into the dominant land vertebrates. Among plants, Lepidodendron and Sigillaria became rare, but ferns and conifers persisted. The widely distributed "seed fern," Glossopteris , which was apparently successful in resisting glacial conditions, was the most conspicuous development in the Permian flora. A single leaf of Glossopteris has been found in New Zealand sediments that formed when our country was still under the sea off the east coast of Australia. The distinction between the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic is made at the end of the Permian in recognition of the largest mass extinction recorded in the history of life on Earth. It affected many groups of organisms in many different environments, but its greatest affects were felt by marine communities as it caused the extinction of 90-95% of marine species of the time. On land the extinction cleared the way for other forms to dominate, and led to what has been called the "Age of Dinosaurs". Although the cause of the Permian mass extinction remains a debate, numerous possible explanations have been formulated to explain the events of the extinction. Glaciation, the formation of Pangaea and volcanism are some of the theories as well as extraterrestrial causes like an impact with an asteroid. fossils from the Permian Period: Permian rocks are widely distributed in New Zealand's South Island and also occur in the Northland region of the North Island, where they are the oldest known rocks. In some places the deep sedimentary marine series that was laid down is up to 20 kilometres thick and one of the most complete Permian sequences preserved anywhere in the world. The biggest build up of volcanic rocks made the Takitimu Mountains near Redcliff, Waiau Valley, where the pile of tuff layers is 14 kilometres thick. Unfortunately Permian fossil outcrops are hard to find, but at Arthurton, near Gore, complete shells of Atomodesma, a bivalve, can be found. And of course a whole leaf of Glossopteris plant has been found at Productus Creek. | GO TO TOP | Mammals and dinosaurs - the Triassic Period (248m.y.-213m.y.) The Triassic period was the earliest period of the three Mesozoic eras (Triassic - Jurassic - Cretaceous).The name Triassic refers to the threefold division of rocks of this age in Germany. Mesozoic means "middle animals", and is the time during which the world fauna changed drastically from that which had been seen in the Paleozoic. Dinosaurs, which are perhaps the most popular organisms of the Mesozoic, evolved in the Triassic, but were not very diverse until the Jurassic. Except for their ancestors the birds, dinosaurs became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous. In many ways, the Triassic was a time of transition. The world's landmasses were still combined in the supercontinent of Pangaea, altering global climate and ocean circulation. Large areas of the landmass were arid. The Triassic also followed the largest extinction event in the history of life (the extinction at end of the Permian), and so is a time when the survivors of that event spread and recolonized both the land and radiated into the niches left vacant by that event. The organisms of the Triassic can be considered to belong to one of three groups: those that survived the mass extinction in the late Permian, new groups which flourished briefly, and new groups which went on to dominate the Mesozoic world. The survivors included plants like the lycophytes and glossopterids , and mammal-like reptiles like dicynodonts . While those that went on to dominate the Mesozoic world include modern conifers , cycadeoids , and the dinosaurs . During the Triassic period major changes were taking place in the posture of several groups of reptiles. They were shifting from the standard "sprawling mode" to an "errect" posture. The dinosaurs, or "terrible lizards", fall into two initial groups on the basis of their hip structure: the saurischians and the ornithischian. Saurischians are further subdivided into theropods (such as Coelophysis and Tyrannosaurus rex) and sauropods (e.g. Apatosaurus). Most scientists agree that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs. The ornithischian dinosaurs include Triceratops, Iguanodon, Hadrosaurus, and Stegosaurus. Mammals are advanced synapsids. Synapsida is one of two great branches on the amniote family tree. This is the branch that includes us. Synapsids are characterized by having extra openings in the skull behind the eyes; this opening gave the synapsids stronger jaw muscles and jaws (the jaw muscles were anchored to the skull opening) than previous animals. "Pelycosaurs" (non-therapsid synapsids) were once considered reptiles, but we now know that their lineage had separated very early. Pelycosaurs (like Dimetrodon and Edaphosaurus) were early synapsids, they were mammal-like reptiles. Later synapsids include the therapsids and the cynodonts . The cynodonts led to the true mammals. Over time, the synapsid way of walking became more upright and tail length decreased. fossils from the Triassic Period: New Zealand was still mainly a marine environment, but parts began to rise out of the sea, while volcanic activity continued. Some of the ancient forms of kauri, rimu, totara and kahikatea trees colonised the land. In the rocky shore platform at Kiritehere Beach on the Waikato west coast, beds of a scallop-like bivalve, Monotis and prehistoric mussels can be found. No terrestrial vertebrates were preserved in the sediments, but Ichthyosaurus, a marine reptile, has been found in the Mt Potts region in the South Island. And at Nothosaur Stream, Mt Harper, Canterbury, a Nothosaurus, a primitive amphibious sea lizard, has been found. | GO TO TOP | Dinosaurs and birds - the Jurassic Period (213 m.y. - 145 m.y.) The Jurassic period was the middle period of the Mesozoic era, spanning the time between 213 and 145 million years ago. It is named after the Jura Mountains between France and Switzerland, where rocks of this age were first studied. The Jurassic has become a household word with movies like Jurassic Park. But outside of Hollywood, the Jurassic is still important to us today, both because of its wealth of fossils and because of its economic importance -- the oilfields of the North Sea, for example, are Jurassic in age. About 200 million years ago, continental drift, driven by upwelling heat from deep within the Earth, caused the supercontinent Pangaea to break up. The first division was into northern Laurasia and southern Gondwanaland, and rift valleys appeared where the continents separated. Over the following 160 million years, fragments repositioned themselves as today's continents. The opposing coastlines of South America and Africa are a good example to show where these two continents were once joined when they were part of Pangaea. Studies of oxygen isotopes, the extent of land flora, and marine fossils indicate that climates during Jurassic times were mild, perhaps 8�C warmer than those of today. No glaciers existed during this period. The plant life of the Jurassic was dominated by the cycads, but conifers, ginkgoes, horsetails, and ferns were also abundant. Creeping about in this foliage were a number of early mammals, no bigger than rats. Of the marine invertebrates, the most important were the ammonites. The dominant animals on land, in the sea, and in the air were the reptiles. Dinosaurs , more numerous and more extraordinary than those of the Triassic period, were the chief land animals; crocodiles, ichthyosaurs, and plesiosaurs ruled the sea, while the air was inhabited by the pterosaurs , the flying relatives of the dinosaurs. A particularly important discovery is Archaeopteryx lithographica , found in the Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone of southern Germany, which is marked by rare but exceptionally well-preserved fossils. It has long been accepted that Archaeopteryx was a transitional form between birds and reptiles, and that it was the earliest known bird. Lately, scientists have realised that it bears even more resemblance to its ancestors, the Maniraptora (a group of dinosaurs), than to modern birds; providing a strong phylogenetic link between the two groups. A recent discoveries of a variety of early birds and feathered dinosaurs in northeast China provide support for the theory that theropods evolved feathers for warmth before birds used them in flight. Archaeopteryx is one of the most important fossils ever discovered. fossils from the Jurassic Period: In the Jurassic sediments that had accumulated offshore between the east of Antarctica and the west of Australia were squeezed together by several tectonic plates. They were consolidated and pressured into huge folds and uplifted and formed a New Zealand microcontinent called Tasmantis. It is likely that plants and animals travelled freely across the land and the subsequent isolation of New Zealand suggests that the archaic frogs, large land snails, tuatara and peripatus are all living fossils that stem back from those times. An ancestor to the New Zealand weta has been found in late Jurassic rocks at Port Waikato. The first late Jurassic dinosaur was found in the Huriwai Plant Beds. The bone, that is similar in shape and size to that of a Compsognathus, is very rare but indicates that dinosaurs were living around New Zealand. | GO TO TOP | The final season of the dinosaurs - The Cretaceaous Period (145m.y.-65m.y.) The last episode of the Mesozoic era was the Cretaceous period. The name is derived from the Latin word for chalk ("creta") and was first given to the extensive chalk deposits of this age that form white cliffs along the English Channel between Great Britain and France. This period lasted longer than the whole of the succeeding and as yet unfinished era, the Cenozoic. It was a time when many of the typically Mesozoic lifeforms - ammonites, belemnites, gymnosperms, ichtyosaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs and dinosaurs - were in decline. But all of these groups radiated and diversified during some or all of their time and towards the end of the late Cretaceous they showed a variety of patterns of extinction. Few changes have affected the landscape and ecology of the Earth more than the arrival of angiosperms , or flowering plants, approximately 130 million years ago. Flowering plants, which include hardwood trees and grasses, are distinguished from other plants by the flowers they produce. While some are wind pollinated, most use colour, scent or both to attract insects (and pollen collectors). Nectar may have evolved as a reward for performing this function. Animals deliver pollen more efficiently than wind, so plants that attract them improve their chances of reproducing. Angiosperms are not the only plants to evolve animal pollination, however as some cycads are pollinated by insects such as beetles. The origin of flowering plants during the early Cretaceous seems to have triggered a second great radiation of insects; new groups, such as butterflies, moths, ants and bees arose and flourished. These insects drank the nectar from the flowers and developed in the case of the ants and bees highly complex colonial structures. The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period, 65 million years ago wiped out the dinosaurs along with every other land animal that weighed much more than 25 kg. However it was less catastrophic than the previous mass extinction at the end of the Permian period yet it has attracted more research than any of the other extinction events. No one can say for sure just why the dinosaurs died out. The recent research interests were triggered by a remarkable article published in the journal Science in 1980 by Luis Alvarez and collaborators that said that the Earth had been struck by an asteroid, 10 km in diameter 65 million years ago. Their evidence came from an iridium spike - a rare element in the Earth's crust that is only present from meteor showers - and the same phenomenon has been demonstrated at many more K-T sections worldwide. This theory has been supported by a crater that was found in 1991on the Yukatan Peninsula in Central America. An alternative suggested cause for the K-T event is that the iridium spikes were caused by massive outpouring of lava which were occurring in the Deccan Traps , India. fossils from the Cretaceous Period: About 120 million years ago waterways developed between the edge of Gondwana and the new uplifted Tasmantis including the piece that became New Zealand. Because of the increasing distance that separated ancestral New Zealand from Antarctica the biota it took was purely Cretaceous which subsequently experienced an evolution-in-isolation. Some of the Cretaceous concretions contain bones of marine reptiles. In inland Hawkes Bay, enough bones have been collected to identify a new species of mosasaur . The dinosaur fauna , of New Zealand was discovered through the efforts of Joan and Pont Wiffen, of Hawkes Bay. Also a single vertebra was found to be that of an upright carnivorous land dinosaur. At Oaro, south of Kaikoura, the sea is eroding late Cretaceous rocks just north of Amuri (or Haumuri) Bluff. They contain layers of belemnites, bones and shark teeth. Examples of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary can be seen in the rocks of the Te Uri Stream in Hawkes Bay and in Waipara, North Canterbury as well as south of Chancet Rocks at Woodside Creek. However in all those three locations the passage of time is shown by microscopic fossils, mostly Foraminifera which are intercepted by a layer of clay that contains Iridium. | GO TO TOP | Archaic mammals and early primates - the Palaeocene Epoch (65m.y.- 55.5m.y.) The Palaeocene was the earliest epoch of the Tertiary period, spanning the time between 65 and 55.5 million years ago. It is named after the Greek words "palaois" (old) and "ceno" (new), indicating the presence of new fauna and flora associated with the old ones from the Cretaceous. The world at that time was a much more equable place than it is today, with a tropical or subtropical type of climate reaching to the Polar Regions. Patterns of rainfall may have changed dramatically after the extinction of the dinosaurs, with much higher levels spread more evenly through the seasons of the year. The Palaeocene is a crucial time in the history of mammals , it was a world without dinosaurs. Unfortunately, mammal fossils from this epoch are either scarce or entirely unknown in many parts of the world. Thus we can only speculate how the fauna of whole continents looked after the extinction of dinosaurs. Even where fossils occur, most species are only known from their characteristic teeth, and entire skeletons are only known for a few forms. Mammals appeared first in the late Triassic, at about the same time as dinosaurs. Throughout the Mesozoic, most mammals were small, fed on insects and lead a nocturnal life, whereas dinosaurs were the dominant forms of life on land. After the abrupt changes about 65 million years ago, when dinosaurs disappeared with the exception of their descendants, the birds, the world was practically without larger sized terrestrial animals. This unique situation was the starting point for the great evolutionary success of the mammals. Only ten million years later, at the end of the Palaeocene, they had occupied a large part of the vacant ecological niches, often competing with giant carnivorous birds, especially in South America. By this time, the landscape was teeming with small insectivorous and rodent-like mammals, medium sized mammals were searching the forests for any kind of food they could cope with, the first large (but not yet gigantic) mammals were browsing on the abundant vegetation, and carnivorous mammals were stalking their prey. This first flush of mammal radiations in the Palaeocene contained mainly groups that are termed "archaic" because they were not the direct ancestors of any surviving animal group. These mammals were still on a primitive level of anatomy in comparison to mammals of today. Often they showed only the first beginning of specializations that characterize their descendants from later epochs, such as optimization of the teeth for a special kind of food or adaptations of the limbs to fast running. Archaic conditions require archaic designs and the replacement of those early designs by mammals that we consider now "modern" reflects the changes produced by a later, more seasonal world. Where and when the first primates - the group to which we belong - appeared remains uncertain, but the oldest confirmed primate fossils date to about 60 million years ago. It is widely agreed that primates emerged from archaic terrestrial and nocturnal insectivores (shrew-like animals) with early primates resembling lemurs or tarsiers and probably lived in trees in tropical or subtropical areas. Many of their characteristic features are well suited for this habitat: hands specialised for grasping, with five digits and, in most primates, opposable thumbs, rotating shoulder joints and stereoscopic (three dimensional) vision. Other traits include a large brain cavity and nails instead of claws. Modern primates range from prosimians such as the pygmy mouse lemur , through the monkeys, to anthropoid apes such as the gorilla- and humans. fossils from the Paleocene Epoch: During the early Palaeocene the seafloor spreading in the Tasman Sea had stopped. Much of the New Zealand landscape eroded away and sank. This happened probably because New Zealand's now separated continental crust was thinner (about 26 km) than that of the Gondwana landmass (about 37 km). New Zealand fossils from the Palaeocene include the marker fossil Conchorthyra, an ancestor of the ostrich foot shell which survived throughout the K-T event. Another survivor of the K-T boundary were turtles which lineage goes back 230 million years. Fossil turtles bones have been found in New Zealand from Cretaceous up until Miocene rocks. | GO TO TOP | Whales and horses - The Eocene Epoch (55.5 m.y. - 33.7m.y.) The epoch after the Palaeocene is called the Eocene. Its name derives from the Greek words "eos" (dawn) and "ceno" (new), i.e., the dawning of new fossil forms. Towards the end of the Palaeocene and until about 50 million years ago in the early Eocene, the global climate grew notably warmer. The range of the tropical type of vegetation expanded, pushing the tropical rainforest inside the Arctic Circle to create jungles at the poles. Many of our present day fauna made their first appearance in the early Eocene, among them true primates and even- and odd- toed hoofed mammals (ungulates). By the latest Eocene, ice began to accumulate in Antarctica, and this began the latest of the Earth's ice ages . The Earth has been in an ice age ever since - glacial and interglacials represent waxing and waning of the amount of ice, but not the complete removal of the ice. The oldest known fossils of most of the modern orders of mammals appear in a brief period during the Early Eocene and all were small, under 10 kg. Both groups of modern ungulates (hoofed animals), the Artiodactyla and the Perissodactyla became prevalent mammals at this time, due to a major radiation between Europe and North America. Horses began as small, four-toed woodland animals (Hyracotherium aka Eohippus) and underwent considerable radiation to end as big one-toed grassland gallopers. Horses evolved in North America & colonised Europe in successive waves, only to become extinct in America prior to human arrival, and later reintroduced with the Spanish conquistadors. Most perissodactyl lineages went extinct in the late Eocene or Oligocene. Those that remained include the horses and zebras (Equidae; eight living species), rhinos (Rhinocerotidae; five living species), and tapirs (Tapiridae; four living species). Most of the species that remain-notably, all five living species of rhinoceros-are in danger of extinction; others, like the Q uagga , have already been driven to extinction. Whales are one of evolution's great enigmas: after life went to all the trouble of adapting to dry land, some mammals decided life was better in the water after all. Most of the fossil evidence suggests that the distant ancestors of whales were mesonychids, which underwent a radical change of habitat. Mesonychids were hoofed, hyena-like, land-dwelling mammals, the size of wolves, but had skull the size of bear skulls. They had four short legs, big feet, and 5-8 cm notched, triangular teeth similar to those of early predatory whales. Another early ancestor of the whale, Ambulocetus, may have evolved from mesonychids. Ambulocetus natans , meaning "walking whale that swims" was discovered in 1993 and showed back feet bigger than those in the front. Although Ambulocetus was still clearly a tetrapod, its ear capsule was isolated from the rest of its skull - just like that of a modern whale. With powerful jaws and shark-like teeth, a small brain, and a pelvis fused to its backbone. But going back to the oceans required many adaptations for living in the water, including a backwards and upwards shift of the nostrils, coverings for the nostrils, a streamlined shape, loss of the rear limbs, change of the forelimbs into flippers, addition of flukes for swimming, modification of senses for use in the water, loss of most hair, and addition of a layer of insulating blubber. The Archaeoceti were the first primitive whales to appear. They had tiny heads and pointed snouts with teeth. Basilosaurus was one of the most common primitive whales from the Archeoceti group . fossils from the Eocene Epoch: At the beginning of the Eocene, New Zealand and New Caledonia were remotely connected by a series of islands, sharing plant and animal life from their joint Gondwana heritage. New Zealand continued to erode and sink while drifting northwards into a warmer climate. This is the time when the coalfield of Huntley and the natural gas and oil fields of southern Taranaki were formed. Leaves of pohutukawa and rata, manuka, kanuka and eucalyptus have been found in Eocene coal deposits as well as fossil pollen of Seaforthia the ancestor of the nikau palm tree. New Zealand's ancient whales such as Basilosaurus were long slender giants whose vertebrae and teeth are occasionally found in Eocene limestones of South Canterbury. | GO TO TOP | Grasses and primates - the Oligocene Epoch (33.7m.y. - 23.8m.y.) The Oligocene epoch of the early Tertiary period, spanned the time between 33.7 and 23.8 million years ago and is named after the Greek words "oligos" (little, few) and "ceno" (new) indicating that there were only a few new fossil types. The Oligocene is thus a relatively short span of time, though a number of changes occurred during this time. These include the appearance of the first elephants with trunks and the appearance of many grasses -- plants that would produce vast tracts of grasslands in the following epoch, the Miocene. The transition from Eocene to Oligocene is characterised by major changes. The global climate changed from generally wet and tropical to more seasonal, drier and subtropical. These were the first hints of the Tertiary cooling trend. In North America and Europe, the Oligocene was mainly an erosional episode, after the major mountain-formation events of the Eocene. In Asia, the Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate during the Middle Oligocene and the first mountain-formation events of Himalayan cycle began. These events had probably a serious effect to Middle and East Asian Oligocene environments. New Zealand in the Oligocene was heavily eroded and submerged, to the extent that 2/3 of modern NZ would have been covered by sea. This is the time when Antarctica began to accumulate large volumes of ice that caused the climatic cooling. At the start of the Oligocene the world was growing rapidly cooler and more seasonal. Waves of extinction overtook the mammals that had been better suited to the more tropical world of the earlier Eocene. By the early Oligocene the polar broad leaved deciduous forests were gone and Antarctica was ice capped. In the oceans, some of the marine biotic provinces became more fragmented as marine life capable of withstanding cooler temperatures congregated to places further from the warmer equator, where other species could better survive. The cooling trend was also responsible for the reduced diversity in marine plankton , the foundation of the food chain. By the mid-Oligocene there was a worldwide marine regression (due to rapid ice accumulation in Antarctica), marked by a decline in the total number of marine species, including many planktonic and invertebrate species.Marine mammals, like the primitive (archaeocete) whales go extinct and are replaced by their modern relatives. The planktic and invertebrate life forms were affected as well. The now much cooler and drier climate favoured the evolution of grasses, which became one of the most important groups of plant organisms on the planet. As they spread extensively over several million years they fed herds of grazing animals gave shelter to smaller animals and birds, stabilised the soil and with that reduced erosion. They are high fibre, low protein plants and must be eaten in large quantities to provide adequate nutrition. But because they contain tiny silica fragments they wear animal teeth down. This in turn drove the evolution of grazing animals with teeth adapted to cope with such a diet e.g. the more recent horses such as Merohippus. Over several million years, as the grasses spread, they fed herds of grazing animals, gave shelter to smaller animals and birds, and stabilised the soil, reducing erosion. Other than flowering plants grasses do not rely on animal pollination but make use of the wind. In Western Europe, a sudden change in the fauna, known as the Grand Coupure , occurred. The Grand Coupure refers to the time near the end of the Eocene when many faunal groups, including primates, became extinct in the Northern Hemisphere and involved the immigration from areas to the east of many new taxa, Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla in particular and the extinction of many Eocene genera and species. During this time at least 17 generic extinctions, 20 first appearances, and 25 unaffected genera of mammals are represented across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary in Western Europe. The late Oligocene period, marked by the expansion of grasslands saw domination on land by mammals such as horses, deer, camel, elephants, cats, dogs, and primates. The continuation of land mammal faunal migration between Asia and North America was responsible for the dispersion of several lineages onto new continents, except in Australia. Some DNA evidence suggests that the ancestors of modern apes - and humans - evolved between 22 and 33 million years ago, but abundant fossils do not appear until the Miocene. Chimps, gorillas and orang-utans (the great apes) and gibbons and siamangs (the lesser apes) are classified with humans in the taxon Hominoidea. fossils from the Oligocene Epoch: Two thirds of modern day New Zealand were submerged during the Oligocene, the movement of the tectonic plates in the north of New Zealand caused big areas of oceanic crust to be submerged. The little land that was left during the Oligocene was home to a decreasing number of species. Many died out but some snails, peripatus, frogs, tuatara and ratites survived. A similar scenario happened to the plants on land, and here the warmth loving beech trees became dominant. Large sea urchins, giant oysters, crayfish, molluscs and giant sharks (up to 13 metres) thrived in the shallow seas. The fossilised shells of giant oysters can be found in limestones around the Te Kuiti district. | GO TO TOP | Kelp forests and horses - the Miocene Epoch (23.8 m.y. - 5.3m.y.) The Miocene was named from the Greek words "meion" (less) and "ceno" (new). During this period there were less new fossil forms than during the following epoch, the Pliocene. It was a time of generally warmer global climates than those in the preceding Oligocene, or the following Pliocene. By the Miocene the Drake's Passage opened up between Antarctica and South America, as had the passage between Tasmania and Antarctica, making way for a circumpolar current of cold water. This significantly reduced the mixing of warmer tropical water and cold polar water, and permitted the further build up of the Antarctic polar cap. The shrinkage of shallow inland seas over the continents, e.g. the Tethys Sea, which was closed off by a land bridge between Africa and Eurasia, damming the Mediterranean Sea, was a further influence on the world's changing climate. With more landmass exposed there was less sea to buffer the global climate from extreme heat or cold. Communities of large brown algae, called kelp supported evolving marine life, such as sea otters, as well as established groups of fishes and invertebrates. Tough kelp is a plant, it is not closely related to its land counterparts. Its cells use different pigments for photosynthesis. Kelp grows in cool shallow waters where it attaches to rocks and coral or sometimes floats freely. Because marine plants do not preserve well over time, scientists can date kelp only to the Miocene, when animals it supports are known to appear but it may have existed in earlier periods. Plant studies of the Miocene have focussed primarily on spores and pollen. Such studies show that by the end of the Miocene 95% of modern seed plant families existed, and that no such families have gone extinct since the middle of the Miocene. A mid-Miocene warming, followed by a cooling is considered responsible for the retreat of tropical ecosystems, the expansion of northern coniferous forests, and increased seasonality. With this change came the diversification of the modern graminoids, especially grasses and sedges. The overall pattern of biological change for the Miocene is one of expanding open vegetation systems (such as deserts, tundra, and grasslands) at the expense of diminishing closed vegetation (such as forests). Mammals and birds in particular developed new forms, whether as fast-running herbivores, large predatory mammals and birds, or small quick birds and rodents. Horses first appeared in the early Eocene as cat sized herbivores, feeding on leafy vegetation. As coarse grasses replace the woodlands during the Oligocene some species evolve larger jaws and deep rooted teeth with protective enamel. They also evolve larger guts, to be able to digest the large quantities of grass. The grazing Oligocene horses are now larger with longer legs and hooves that enable them to run faster than those with padded feet. They quickly spread from North America to Europe and Asia and from there to Africa where some species become today's horses. fossils from the Miocene Epoch: Around the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere prevailing westerly winds established during the Miocene. These winds, and the associated ocean currents, aided the transfer of Australian plants and animals across the Tasman Sea, and have been very important in bringing South American taxa to Australasia e.g. kowhai (Sophora) has salt-resistant seeds and colonized New Zealand from Chile. The long-tailed bat reached New Zealand from Australia in the Miocene, as did the geckos and the ancestor of the takahe, which later evolved both gigantism and flightlessness as adaptations to island life. In the seas, the giant crab Tumidocarcinus giganteus , five times the size than the modern purple rock crab, flourished. Fossilised crabs have been found near Taumaranui in the North Island and Motunau and Glenafric in the South Island. | GO TO TOP | The first hominids - the Pliocene Epoch (5.3 m.y. - 1.8 m.y.) The final epoch of the Tertiary period is called the Pliocene epoch and is named after the Greek words "pleion" (more) and "ceno" (new) meaning that there were more new fossil forms than previous epochs. The gradual cooling that began in the Eocene continued through the Miocene and into the Pliocene; it represents the final stages of a global cooling trend that led up to the Quaternary glaciations. While the Pliocene world was still rather warmer than at present, by about 2 million years extensive ice sheets covered both poles, and during the Pleistocene glaciers repeatedly advanced and retreated over large areas of the globe. The Panamanian land-bridge between North and South America appeared during the Pliocene , allowing migrations of plants and animals into new habitats. This had a substantial effect on the biota of both continents, as placental mammals spread south across the land bridge and marsupials migrated north. The primates continued to diversify. Humans and chimpanzees shared their last common ancestor around 7 million years ago, and have since followed separate evolutionary paths. We share about 98.8% of our DNA with chimpanzees, which are thus our closest relatives amongst the primates. The first known hominids or humanlike primates evolve in eastern Africa about 5.2 million years ago. Hominids feature prominent jaws and most species have large brains relative to those of apes. Most hominids probably lived in groups either in or near forests and some later species made and used tools. The oldest fossils, a jawbone teeth and a toe bone found in Ethiopia, date to 5.3 million years. A younger near complete hominid skeleton named Lucy by its discoverers and a set of remarkably preserved footprints in Hadar, Tanzania revealed more about their appearance and one of their most distinctive traits: even the earliest hominids could walk upright on two legs. This adaptation afforded certain advantages such as the ability to see over the top of high vegetation and to easily carry food or tools and weapons while traveling. fossils from the Pliocene Epoch: New Zealand's geography changed rapidly during the Pliocene. There was widespread volcanic activity, particularly in the North Island (although Banks Peninsula and Port Chambers, both volcanic calderas, formed at this time), and both the Southern Alps and the Kaikoura Ranges began to form. This was important in the evolution of New Zealand's plants and animals as it split the South Island longitudinally into a wetter western side and a drier, flatter eastern side. The late Pliocene was also a period of rather high sea levels, so that NZ was divided into a series of islands. The consequent isolation of species populations that could then diverge into separate species or subspecies accounts for some of the biodiversity and also many of the distribution patterns of our modern biota. The Hebe family made its first appearance during the Pliocene while many warmth loving plants were extinct. Fossils of giant spider crabs have been found in the Wanganui River, Cape Kidnappers and in rocks of inland central Hawke's Bay. These animals preferred deep, cold water and are an indication that New Zealand's climate was moving towards a glaciation. | GO TO TOP | Glaciation, the Moa and Homo sapiens - the Pleistocene Epoch (1.8 m.y. - 10,000 y.) The Pleistocene was the penultimate epoch of the Quaternary period, spanning the time between 1.8 million years ago up to the beginning of the Holocene at 10,000 years ago. It is named after the Greek words "pleistos" meaning "most" and "ceno" meaning "new" fossil forms. By the start of the Pleistocene, the world had entered a cooler period of alternating glacial and interglacial phases. The Northern Hemisphere showed arctic vegetation: the tundra inside the Arctic Circle and taiga - coniferous evergreen forest - in a band below it. Tundra is a world of permanently frozen soil, permafrost, with a very short growing season for plants that are mainly mosses, lichens and sedges. In lower latitudes the drier climate brought desert type vegetation. Vast sheets of glacial ice covered and then partly uncovered the Earth's higher latitudes, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. With a large landmass close to the Arctic and the possibility to channel glaciers southwards the Northern Hemisphere became a big icing machinery. The Antarctic, while equally cold, was separated from the southern continents and therefore southern glaciations in New Zealand, Chile and Tasmania mainly took the form of valley glaciers and small ice caps. The exact timing of the onset of mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere glaciation is uncertain, but some oxygen isotope records suggest a date towards the end of the Pliocene (about 3 to 2 million years ago). Variations in planktic microfossil abundances indicate that large changes in sea surface temperature were occurring prior to 2.4 million years whilst ice-rafted debris from the Norwegian Sea has been dated at 2.8 to 2.6 million years ago. Interestingly, recent discoveries of ice-rafted debris in marine sediments from around Greenland have been dated to about 7 million years ago and this may indicate more extensive Northern Hemisphere ice accumulation during the Miocene. Many palaeontologists study Pleistocene fossils in order to understand the climates of the past. The Pleistocene was not only a time during which climates and temperatures shifted dramatically; Pleistocene fossils are often abundant, well-preserved, and can be dated very precisely. The Pleistocene fauna included giant marsupials, such as the rhino-sized wombat-related Diprotodon , and the giant monitor lizard Megalania . New Zealand's giant flightless bird Dinornis maximus or Moa was herbivorous and reached a height of 3 metres. The Pleistocene also saw the evolution and expansion of our own species, Homo sapiens, and by the close of the Pleistocene, humans had spread through most of the world. A fossil jaw found in Mauer, Germany, of Homo heidelbergensis dates these early humans to approximately 500,000 years ago. They display physical characteristics of modern humans, with an increased brain capacity, smaller teeth and a face that slopes less than that of other hominid ancestors. About 130,000 years ago modern humans (Homo sapiens) disperse throughout Africa, the Middle East and Europe. They were characterised by a more gracile skeleton, and higher, domed skull than their European contemporaries, the Neanderthals. Cave paintings suggest that by 40,000 years ago they had developed a sophisticated culture; some authors equate this to the appearance of complex spoken language. fossils from the Pleistocene Epoch: Throughout the Pleistocene there were about twenty cycles of cold glacial and warm interglacial periods at intervals of about 100,000 years. During the glacial times glaciers dominated the landscape, snow and ice extended into the lowlands, transporting huge quantities of rock with them. During these periods the South Island was extensively glaciated, and there were small glaciers on the Tararua Ranges and Central Plateau. Because a lot of water was locked up in ice, the sea levels dropped during the glacials (by up to 135m lower than at present),. Extensive land bridges joined the main and many offshore islands, allowing the migration of plants and animals. During the warmer periods large areas became submerged again under water. These repeated episodes of environmental fragmentation drove rapid adaptive radiation in many NZ species, especially (but not exclusively) the alpine plants. Coastal areas such as Hawke's Bay, Bay of Plenty, Wairarapa, Wanganui, Marlborough and North Canterbury have only been pushed up to become land in the last 50,000 years. Rich deposits of beautifully preserved Pleistocene sea shell fossils can be found from Te Piki (East Cape), Te Mata Peak, Cape Kidnappers and Castlecliff (Hawke's Bay), Castlepoint (Wairarapa Coast), Hawera and Wanganui (Castlecliff), Motunau Beach (Marlborough) and at Titarangi, (Chatham Islands). They are evidence for shallow, sandy bottom seas. The cliffs of the Rangitikei River represent layers of Plio- and Pleistocene rocks, uplifted sea floors that have been eroded by the river exposing many shell and mollusc fossils. | GO TO TOP | The Age of Humans - the Holocene Epoch (8,000 years - present) The final epoch of the Quaternary period, spanning the time from the end of the Pleistocene (10,000 years ago) to the present is the Holocene epoch, named after the Greek words "holos" (entire) and "ceno" (new), indicating it contains entirely new fossil assemblages. Ice core evidence suggests the Holocene epoch has been a relatively warm and has endured only small scale climate shifts. One of these, known as the Little Ice Age begins about 650 years ago (1350 AD) and lasted only about 550 years. Some scientists think that the current warm global climatic conditions may be only temporary - that we are simply in an interglacial period of a continuing Ice Age. The Holocene is sometimes called the "Age of Man." This is somewhat misleading: modern humans evolved and spread over the planet well before the Holocene began. However, since the rise of the first civilizations - perhaps 12,000 years ago - humans have influenced the global environment in a manner quite unlike that of any other organism. While all organisms influence their environments to some degree, few have ever changed the globe as much, or as fast, as our species is doing. Some estimates indicate that as many as 20 percent of all plant and animal species present today will be extinct by the year 2025. More information is needed to determine whether the current and expected levels of extinction are in line within the natural background levels of species replacement, or whether these have been accelerated by human practices such as hunting, pollution, flood control and deforestation into what has been described as the sixth major mass extinction event. In addition, the vast majority of scientists agree that human activity is responsible for "global warming," an observed increase in mean global temperatures that is still going on and which may have totally unpredictable effects. Yet the Holocene has also seen the great development of human knowledge and technology, which can be used -- and are being used -- to understand the changes that we see, to predict their effects, and to stop or ameliorate the damage they may do to the Earth and to us. Palaeontologists are part of this effort to understand global change. Since many fossils provide data on climates and environments of the past, palaeontologists are contributing to our understanding of how future environmental change will affect the Earth's life. fossils from the Holocene Epoch: The Holocene period represents the last 10,000 years, a very short time for fossils to form. Holocene fossils are often modern species that have fallen down holes into underground caves and been preserved. Extinct species like the Moa, the giant eagle, a native goose, reptiles, frogs and bats have all been found in Holocene limestone caves. Fossil bones of the king shag, Leucocarbo carunculatus, are reported from the late Holocene dune deposits of Tokerau Beach, Doubtless Bay, Northland.

i don't know

The Rainbow Coalition and Operation PUSH were 2 non-profits founded by which activist and Baptist minister?

Rev. Jesse L. Jackson, Sr. | Rainbow PUSH Coalition Rev. Jesse L. Jackson, Sr. Founder and President Rainbow PUSH Coalition The Reverend Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr., founder and president of the Rainbow PUSH Coalition, is one of America’s foremost civil rights, religious and political figures. Over the past forty years, he has played a pivotal role in virtually every movement for empowerment, peace, civil rights, gender equality, and economic and social justice. On August 9, 2000, President Bill Clinton awarded Reverend Jackson the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor. Reverend Jackson has been called the "Conscience of the Nation" and "the Great Unifier," challenging America to be inclusive and to establish just and humane priorities for the benefit of all. He is known for bringing people together on common ground across lines of race, culture, class, gender and belief. Born on October 8, 1941 in Greenville, South Carolina, Jesse Jackson graduated from the public schools in Greenville and then enrolled in the University of Illinois on a football scholarship. He later transferred to North Carolina A&T State University and graduated in 1964. He began his theological studies at Chicago Theological Seminary but deferred his studies when he began working full-time in the Civil Rights Movement with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. He was ordained on June 30, 1968 by Rev. Clay Evans and received his earned Master of Divinity degree from Chicago Theological Seminary in 2000.       For his work in human and civil rights and nonviolent social change, Reverend Jackson has received more than 40 honorary doctorate degrees and frequently lectures at major colleges and universities including Howard, Yale, Princeton, Morehouse, Harvard, Columbia, Stanford and Hampton. He was made an Honorary Fellow of Regents Park College at Oxford University in the UK in November 2007, and received an Honorary Fellowship from Edge Hill University in Liverpool, England. In March 2010, Reverend Jackson was inducted into England’s prestigious Cambridge Union Society. In April 2010, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. In October 1997, Reverend Jackson was appointed by President Bill Clinton and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright as "Special Envoy of the President and Secretary of State for the Promotion of Democracy in Africa”. In this official position, Reverend Jackson traveled to several countries on the African continent and met with such national leaders as President Nelson Mandela of the Republic of South Africa, His Excellency Daniel T. Arap Moi of Kenya, and President Frederick J.T. Chiluba of Zambia. Reverend Jackson began his activism as a student in the summer of 1960 seeking to desegregate the local public library in Greenville and then as a leader in the sit-in movement. In 1965, he became a full-time organizer for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). He was soon appointed by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to direct the Operation Breadbasket program. In December of 1971, Reverend Jackson founded Operation PUSH (People United to Serve Humanity) in Chicago, IL. The goals of Operation PUSH were economic empowerment and expanding educational, business and employment opportunities for the disadvantaged and people of color. In 1984, Reverend Jackson founded the National Rainbow Coalition, a social justice organization based in Washington, D.C devoted to political empowerment, education and changing public policy. In September of 1996, the Rainbow Coalition and Operation PUSH merged to form the Rainbow PUSH Coalition to continue the work of both organizations and to maximize resources. Long before national health care, a war on drugs, direct peace negotiations between Palestinians and Israelis, ending apartheid in South Africa and advancing democracy in Haiti became accepted public policy positions, Reverend Jesse Jackson advocated them. Reverend Jackson’s advocacy on these and other issues helped bring the American public to a new level of consciousness. Reverend Jackson’s two presidential campaigns broke new ground in U.S. politics. His 1984 campaign registered over one million new voters, won 3.5 million votes, and helped the Democratic Party regain control of the Senate in 1986. His 1988 campaign registered over two million new voters, won seven million votes, and helped boost hundreds of state and local elected officials into office. Additionally, he won historic victories, coming in first or second in 46 out of 54 primary contests. His clear progressive agenda and his ability to build an unprecedented coalition inspired millions to join the political process. In 1991, Reverend Jesse Jackson was elected Senator of Washington, D.C., advocating for statehood for the nation’s capital and advancing the “rainbow” agenda at the national and international levels. Since then, he has continued to promote voter registration and lead get-out-the-vote campaigns, believing that everyone should be encouraged to be a responsible, informed and active voter. He has spearheaded major organizing tours through Appalachia, Mississippi, California and Georgia. He has continued to be a leading advocate for a variety of public policy issues, including universal health care, equal administration of justice in all communities, sufficient funding for enforcement of civil rights laws, and for increased attention to business investment in under-served domestic communities (a theme that the Clinton administration picked up as the "New Markets Initiative"). Reverend Jackson also supports a broad range of policies to improve education, eliminate poverty, and remind everyone that we are a "One-Big-Tent-America," with room for all, and none left in the margins. A current campaign is “Restructure Loans, Don’t Foreclose on Homes,” tackling today’s housing crisis and the economic crisis gripping the world. As a highly respected and trusted world leader, Reverend Jackson has acted many times as an international diplomat in sensitive situations. For example, in 1984 Reverend Jackson secured the release of captured Navy Lieutenant Robert Goodman from Syria, and the release of 48 Cuban and Cuban-American prisoners in Cuba. He was the first American to bring home citizens from the UK, France and other countries held as “human shields” by Saddam Hussein in Kuwait and Iraq in 1990. In 1999, Reverend Jackson negotiated the release of U.S. soldiers held hostage in Kosovo. In August 2000, Rev. Jackson helped negotiate the release of four journalists working on a documentary for Britain’s Channel 4 network held in Liberia. He has traveled extensively in the Middle East and Asia, and was a special guest of President Fernando Cardoso of Brazil in honoring Zumbi, the leader of slave revolts that led to the end of slavery in Brazil. On November 2, 1985, Reverend Jackson joined with Oliver Tambo, Bishop Trevor Huddleston, Ken Livingston, Bernie Grant, Keith Vaz, Paul Boateng, Diane Abbot (who would become MP) and others at the 120,000-strong demonstration in London’s Trafalgar Square to protest apartheid in South Africa and call on the South African government to free Nelson Mandela. He later met with PM Margaret Thatcher, appealing to her to drop Britain’s support for apartheid. In February 16, 2003, Rev. Jesse Jackson keynoted the rally held in London’s Hyde Park with over 1 million people protesting the expected invasion of Iraq by the United States. In August 2007, Equanomics-UK invited Rev. Jackson to help launch the new organization in a historic nine city UK tour: London-Bristol-Liverpool-Manchester-Leicester-Nottingham-Bradford-Sheffield-Birmingham. The tour coincided with the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the Slave Trade Act in Britain, including the official London GLA ceremony with Mayor Ken Livingston. At the conclusion of the tour, Rev. Jackson joined international dignitaries in the unveiling of the statue of Nelson Mandela in London’s Parliament Square. In 2009, UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown bestowed the “Global Diversity and Inclusion Award” on Rev. Jackson at 10 Downing Street.   In January 2008, Rev. Jackson delivered the international keynote address on the life and philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi at an event in New Delhi, India marking the 50th anniversary of Gandhi’s martyrdom. The global event celebrated the strength of non-violent, peaceful protest that Gandhi demonstrated in his uncompromising quest for peace and justice. A hallmark of Reverend Jackson’s work has been his commitment to youth. He has visited thousands of high schools, colleges, universities and correctional facilities encouraging excellence, inspiring hope and challenging young people to study diligently and stay drug-free. Reverend Jackson has also been a consistent and vigorous supporter of the labor movement in the U.S. and around the world. He is known as someone who has walked more picket lines and spoken at more labor rallies than any other national leader. He has worked with unions to organize workers, protect workers’ rights, and mediate labor disputes. In 1996, he traveled to Asia to investigate treatment of workers in the Japanese automobile industry and in athletic apparel factories in Indonesia.       A renowned orator and activist, Reverend Jackson has received numerous honors for his work in human and civil rights and nonviolent social change. In 1991, the U.S. Post Office put his likeness on a pictorial postal cancellation, only the second living person to receive such an honor. He has been on the Gallup List of the Ten Most Respected Americans for more than a dozen years. He has received the prestigious NAACP Spingarn Award in addition to honors from hundreds of grassroots, civic and community organizations from coast to coast. From 1992 to 2000, Reverend Jackson hosted "Both Sides With Jesse Jackson" on CNN (Cable News Network). He continues to write a weekly column of analysis which is syndicated by the Chicago Tribune/Los Angles Times. He is the author of two books: Keep Hope Alive (South End Press, 1989), and Straight From the Heart (Fortress Press, 1987). In 1996, Reverend Jackson co-authored the books Legal Lynching: Racism, Injustice, and the Death Penalty (Marlowe & Company, 1996) and It’s About The Money (Random House, 1999) with his son, U.S. Representative Jesse L. Jackson, Jr. Reverend Jackson married his college sweetheart Jacqueline Lavinia Brown in 1963. They have five children: Santita Jackson, Congressman Jesse L. Jackson, Jr., Jonathan Luther Jackson, Yusef DuBois Jackson, Esq., and Jacqueline Lavinia Jackson, Jr. Email:

Jesse Jackson

What is the minimum age required to become a member of the U.S. House of Representatives?

Rev. Al Sharpton | National Action Network Rev. Al Sharpton Founder & President Internationally renowned civil rights leader, activist, and founder and President of National Action Network (NAN), the Rev. Al Sharpton has dedicated his life to the fight for justice and equality.  For decades, he has turned the power of dissent and protest into tangible legislation impacting the lives of ordinary people.  As President Barack Obama himself once stated, Rev. Sharpton is a “voice for the voiceless” and a “champion for the downtrodden”. As head of NAN, which currently operates over 100 chapters across the country including a Washington, D.C. bureau and headquarters in Harlem, NY, Rev. Sharpton has taken the teachings of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and applied them to a modern civil rights agenda.  He has been a tireless advocate for everything from police reform and accountability to protection of voting rights and education equality.  A recent extensive Vanity Fair profile described him as “arguably the country’s most influential civil rights leader”. In March 2016, Rev. Sharpton was honored with the “Mandela Legacy Hope, Success & Empowerment Award” in recognition of his long history of achievements in advancing civil rights causes around the world.  Connecting the dots between domestic challenges in a global context, Rev. Sharpton often addresses international audiences and issues impacting people around the globe.  In 2015, he delivered a resounding speech on civil rights, race relations and more at the prestigious Oxford Union in England.  At the end of his speech, he received a 10-minute standing ovation. Incorporating Dr. King’s nonviolent teachings, Rev. Sharpton has organized strategic campaigns to challenge discriminatory policies in multiple facets of society.  He has diligently fought to eliminate racial profiling laws in certain states across the country and was instrumental in getting an end to stop-and-frisk policing in New York City.  He was the first to organize a rally to protest the tragic death of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin who was shot by a neighborhood watch volunteer as he walked home with a bag of skittles and an iced tea.  He brought the case to national attention and stood alongside the family in their difficult quest for justice. Rev. Sharpton has been on the frontlines advocating for people of color, immigrants, the LGBT community, women, the poor and all disenfranchised people.  In fact, 2016 marks NAN’s 25th anniversary; 25 years of social justice work, activism and pushing for equality.  At this year’s annual convention, NAN will commemorate its silver anniversary with many notables in attendance including both Democratic Presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders. Rev. Sharpton’s passion and vigor for fairness and equality is just as active today as it’s ever been.  Most recently, he has been a leading voice on the Flint water crisis, calling for the resignation of Governor Rick Snyder and for greater accountability of all those responsible for the lead poisoning catastrophe.  In February, he organized a protest against the Oscars and their lack of diversity just a few blocks away from the red carpet in Los Angeles, and NAN simultaneously held similar marches around the country.  That same month, he met with both Democratic Presidential contenders to ensure that issues concerning the African American community and civil rights matters in general were front and center on their agendas. In 2014, Rev. Sharpton received a call within hours of the tragic chokehold death of Eric Garner, and two days later, he had buses lined up outside NAN to transport thousands of people to protest in Staten Island.  This case and others, along with extensive pressure from Rev. Sharpton and other civil rights groups eventually led to the appointment of a special prosecutor in New York City to investigate police killings of unarmed civilians.  It set a precedent and standard for the rest of the nation to emulate. When a White gunman murdered nine African Americans during Bible study at the Emanuel AME Church in Charleston, SC, Rev. Sharpton went immediately to the area and spoke at some of the victim’s funerals.  He delivered the eulogy for 31-year-old Corey Jones who was shot and killed by an off duty officer as he waited for assistance on Interstate 95 in Florida after his vehicle broke down.  It was Rev. Sharpton who spearheaded the call for a special prosecutor after 17-year-old Laquan McDonald was shot 16 times in Chicago.  And when 18-year-old Michael Brown was fatally shot by a White police officer in Ferguson, Missouri, he organized a peaceful rally, delivered the eulogy at the young boy’s funeral, reaffirmed his continuous call for police reform and urged calm during the tense climate. “I often say that we have progressed tremendously as a nation since the days of slavery,” says Rev. Sharpton.  “But discrimination and inequality saturate society in modern ways.  Though racism may be less blatant today, its existence is undeniable and our job is to keep pushing for justice and the truth.” Rev. Sharpton does precisely that in all aspects of his life.  From anchoring a weekly television broadcast on MSNBC titled “Politics Nation”, to hosting a daily, three-hour nationally syndicated radio show called “Keepin it Real”, as well as a national Sunday radio show called “The Hour of Power” and a Saturday rally which is broadcast live from his NAN headquarters, Rev. Sharpton utilizes his multiple platforms to highlight issues and stories that would otherwise fall under the radar.  He holds leaders and power accountable, and provides in-depth analysis as to how and why political stories matter. Valerie Jarrett, Senior Advisor to President Barack Obama, once described Rev. Sharpton as “a voice of reason” and said that he is “very constructive, direct and willing to take on tough issues and take heat for what he believes in”.  For those who knew him as a child, none of this is surprising; you could almost say he was destined to spread his voice to the world. Born on October 3, 1954 in Brooklyn, New York, Rev. Sharpton began his ministry at the tender age of four, preaching his first sermon at Washington Temple Church of God & Christ.  Just five years later, the Washington Temple Church’s legendary Bishop F.D. Washington licensed his protégé, Rev. Sharpton, to be a Pentecostal Minister. Rev. Sharpton’s civil rights career began almost as early as his ministry.  At 13, Rev. Jesse Jackson and Rev. William Jones appointed him Youth Director of New York’s SCLC Operation Breadbasket, an organization founded by Dr. King in 1971.  Rev. Jackson says Rev. Sharpton was a boy prodigy who had a mind like a sponge – absorbing everything. At the age of 16, Rev. Sharpton founded the National Youth Movement, Inc., which organized young people around the country to push for increased voter registration, cultural awareness and job training programs.  It was at that time that he forged a friendship with Teddy Brown, the son of the “Godfather of Soul” James Brown.  Tragically, Teddy was killed in a car accident and in the months that followed his passing, James Brown took Rev. Sharpton in as though he was his own and they developed an inexplicable bond.  Rev. Sharpton was shaped by his surrogate father Mr. Brown who taught him, “You can’t set your sights on nothing little; you got to go for the whole hog”.  Young Sharpton went on the road later with James Brown, and for several years, he also served as the Director of the Ministers Division for the Rainbow Push Coalition under Rev. Jackson. In 1991, Rev. Sharpton founded NAN to promote a modern civil rights agenda that includes the fight for one standard of justice, decency and equal opportunities for all people regardless of race, religion, nationality or gender.  NAN works within the spirit and tradition of Dr. King, and today the non-profit organization boasts over 100,000 members and employs dozens. It was Rev. Sharpton and NAN that raised national awareness around draconian new voter laws in many states and modern mechanisms of voter disenfranchisement.  In both 2008 and 2012, the African American vote was pivotal in getting Barack Obama elected, and Rev. Sharpton was instrumental in encouraging voter registration and engagement.  He was a fierce advocate for health care reform and implementation of the Affordable Care Act, as well as criminal justice reform, some of which was adopted by former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder. Long before combatting police brutality became a mainstream issue, Rev. Sharpton was on the front lines marching and leading the call for justice – even risking his own life while doing so.  Back in the 1980s, following the death of 23-year-old Michael Griffith, who was chased by a White mob onto a highway in Howard Beach, Queens and hit by a car, Rev. Sharpton led massive rallies through that very neighborhood even as angry onlookers hurled racial slurs at him and the protesters.  The City appointed a special prosecutor and eventually the nine attackers were convicted. In 1991, Rev. Sharpton was preparing to march in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn in another demonstration following the horrific death of 16-year-old Yusef Hawkins, who was shot and killed by a White mob, when a man stabbed Rev. Sharpton in the chest with a knife.  He survived the attempt on his life, forgave the assailant, asked a judge for leniency for the man’s sentence and even visited this individual in jail.  Despite the traumatizing experience, Rev. Sharpton pressed on and continued his life’s mission of fighting for justice and civil rights for all. Whether it was bringing about reform to the NJ State Police following the shooting of three young Black and Latino men on their way to a basketball game, or voicing concern over the arrest, rush to judgment and conviction of the Central Park Five, Rev. Sharpton has always put a spotlight on societal ills even if he was standing alone while doing so.  Other cases that he has been at the forefront of include Abner Louima, Amadou Diallo, Patrick Dorismond, the Jena Six, Sean Bell, Omar Edwards, Ramarley Graham, Kendrick Johnson and many more. “Change doesn’t happen overnight, but it happens as long as we don’t purposely give our power away,” stated President Obama at NAN’s 16th annual convention.  “Every obstacle put in our path should remind us of the power we hold in our hands each time we pull that lever or fill in that oval or touch that screen.  We just have to harness that power.  We’ve got to create a national network committed to taking action.  We can call it the National Action Network.” Through NAN, Rev. Sharpton has organized campaigns on ending gun violence, pushing for worker’s rights, eliminating unjust policies like stop-and-frisk, fighting for more women and minority owned businesses, a minimum wage increase, education reform – he even embarked on a national education tour with former Republican Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich at the request of President Obama – protection of voting rights, immigrant rights, pay equity for women, gay and lesbian rights and a plethora of other causes.  As Pastor and activist Rev. Herbert Daughtry, who is known for his dedication in the struggle for school integration and worked with the organization Operation Breadbasket, said:  to many it was clear that there was a divine calling in Sharpton’s life. Today, though the challenges at hand may have changed, the need for activism and the need for a champion of equality are just as necessary as they were in the past.  Rev. Jackson recently remarked that Rev. Sharpton didn’t burn out, but rather, he kept remaking himself, all the while working as diligently as ever – often up to 16 hours a day.  In the Vanity Fair piece on Rev. Sharpton, Jackson said:  “He didn’t just happen to be a leader.  He really meant to be one, and he has pursued getting enough power through relationships to achieve his purpose.” Whether it was his noteworthy Presidential run as a candidate for the Democratic Party in 2004, his contribution to end U.S. Navy exercises in Vieques, Puerto Rico, or his ability to hold people like radio host Don Imus accountable, Rev. Sharpton has continually used his ingrained talents to fight for what is right.  His stance on behalf of the disenfranchised has taken him, in his own words, “from the streets to the suites”. It is because of that unique ability to maneuver in various circles that Rev. Sharpton understands the dynamics of what it takes to be a true leader who never forgets where he or she came from.  He has received praise and acknowledgment from all ends of the spectrum for his work throughout the decades.  Even former President George W. Bush has stated, “Al cares just as much as I care about making sure every child learns to read, write, add and subtract.” As the 2016 election looms, Rev. Sharpton is regularly preaching about the importance of political participation.  With everything from a Supreme Court nominee to issues like voting rights, criminal justice reform, abortion rights and much more on the line, he continues to remind people of the significance of civic engagement because at the end of the day, all decisions directly impact the citizenry.  As Rev. Sharpton has tirelessly shown the world with his life’s work, we must be the change we wish to see. Rev. Sharpton was educated in New York public schools and attended Brooklyn College.  He has an Honorary Doctorate of Divinity from Bethune-Cookman University, Virginia Union University and an honorary degree from A.P. Bible College.  He resides in New York City and has two daughters, Dominique and Ashley, who are both active in NAN and with his radio and television shows.  

i don't know

The Seattle Mariners managed to win more games than they lost this year. How many games did they actually win?

Low points in Mariners history – The Hardball Times In response, Seattle writer Larry Stone ponders in his column if this is the most embarrassing moment ever for the Mariners franchise . He argues it probably is, and he has a point. But questions like that always make me dive into the historical record and determine if it is. The point here is not to further any Seattle fans’ humiliation. This just began as an exercise in curiosity. Besides, I have an entire file with baseball events by dates, and I like using it. The following are some of the lowlights in Seattle Mariners history: April 6, 1977: The Mariners play their first game—and lose 7-0 to the Angels. They are shut out despite getting 11 men on base. They’ll also be shut out in the second game, before finally scoring in their third effort. July 10, 1977: Speaking of shutouts, this day’s 15-0 loss to the Twins is still the club’s worst shutout loss ever. Aug. 6, 1977: Chicago’s South Side Men torch the Mariners pitching staff for six home runs in a 13-3 shellacking. Back in the 1970s, it really took some doing to allow six homers in a game. This is the third loss in what turns out to be a nine-game losing streak. At the end of the streak, the Mariners lose two straight games by a combined score of 24-2. Oct. 4, 1978: Seattle loses its 104th game of the season, still the franchise record for most losses in a season. They do have the excuse of being only a second-year club, but they’ve hit triple digits four more times since then. The Mariners end the 1978 season 56-104, having dropped 13 of their last 14 games. April 18, 1981: One day after the A’s mauled them 16-1, the Mariners drop another one to Oakland, 8-0. The two-game combined deficit of 23 runs makes this the worst pair of consecutive losses in team history. April 25, 1981: The entire Maury Wills managerial era (or should it be managerial error?) with the Mariners is often considered one of the worst tenures any skipper ever had, but this day provides the signature moment. Before the game, opposing manager Billy Martin notices there’s something wrong with the batter’s box in Seattle. The umpires inspect and the measurements show that Seattle tampered with the dimensions. They had been enlarged to help Seattle get an edge on breaking pitches from Oakland hurlers. May 1, 1981: Mike Parrott loses his 18th consecutive decision when the Tigers batter him in their 7-3 victory over Seattle. Parrott won when he started for Seattle on Opening Day in 1980, and proceeded to drop his remaining 16 decisions on the year. He’s now 0-2 in 1981—but he will win five days later. May 27, 1981: One of baseball’s most bizarre moments occurs when Seattle Mariner infielder Lenny Randle blows a ball foul to prevent a nifty bunt single by Kansas City hitter Amos Otis . It works—but the Royals win the game, 8-5. April 13, 1982: It’s the longest loss in franchise history: 4-3 in 20 innings to the Angels. The Mariners tied it 2-2 in the top of the ninth, and took a 3-2 lead in the top of the 15th, but California rallied and won. Aug. 23, 1982: Seattle Mariners pitcher Gaylord Perry , long and widely suspected of throwing the spitball, is ejected for the first time in his career for doing just that. In fact, it’s the first time in 40 years any pitcher has been tossed for it. The Reds Sox win, 4-3. June 11, 1983: The Mariners are in the midst of a terrible 102-loss season in which they finish last in the league in hits, batting average, on-base percentage and slugging percentage (and near the bottom in doubles, triples, homers, and walks). But the lineup they produce on this day might be their worst of the season, as the starting nine have an average OPS+ of 71. Here’s the batting order, with their AVG/OBP/SLG numbers and OPS+ on the year: Name AVG/OBP/SLG OPS+ Steve Henderson .294/.356/.450 117 Jamie Allen .223/.309/.304 68 Ricky Nelson .254/.294/.371 80 Richie Zisk .242/.311/.411 94 Al Cowens .205/.255/.329 57 Jim Maler .182/.260/.242 38 Orlando Mercado .197/.256/.298 50 Todd Cruz .190/.221/.324 46 Julio Cruz .254/.332/.354 86 They’ll actually have an even worse lineup on Sept. 25 (average OPS+ of 65), but they somehow win that game, 2-1. On June 11, they lose 6-1. April 18, 1986: Here’s one you don’t see every day: When Seattle pitcher Mike Moore walks a batter with the bases loaded, Alfredo Griffin scores from second base. After all runners advance one base (and the man on third scores), Griffin looks up from third, and notices Moore and catcher Steve Yeager are neither near the plate nor paying attention to him. So he bolts for home and scores. Officially, he’s credited with stealing home. April 29, 1986: Roger Clemens makes history against the Mariners, becoming the first pitcher in history to fan 20 batters in a nine-inning game. Aug. 18, 1986: Well out of the race in the midst of their 10th consecutive losing season, the Mariners trade Dave Henderson and Spike Owen to the Red Sox for Rey Quinones , three players to be named later and cash. None of the guys Seattle get do much, while Henderson still has several productive seasons. Sept, 13, 1987: The Mariners waste a terrific two-hit performance by young fireballer Mark Langston , as Floyd Bannister of the White Sox completely shuts them down. He faces the minimum 27 batters in the game. Only one man reaches base, and he doesn’t even reach base. Huh? In the third inning, second baseman Harold Reynolds blasts a single, but is out trying to stretch it into a double. Thus the team’s only base runner is out before the play is over. Chicago wins 2-0, as both hits Langston allows are home runs. Aug. 4, 1988: Dave Stewart of the A’s nearly no-hits the Mariners. Jay Buhner singles off him in the third inning and that’s it, as Oakland wins, 2-0. Sept. 19, 1988: Seattle pitcher Gene Walker has an appearance to forget, committing a league-record tying four balks. May 10, 1989: Mark Langston has another great game turn into a loss. After eight innings, he’s pitching a no-hitter. Entering the ninth inning with a 2-0 lead, this is what happens: single, ground out to advance the runner, RBI-double, RBI-single to tie the game. Then, after a reliever enters, the Mariners lose on the fourth hit of the inning. June 3, 1989: For the second time, a Harold Reynolds single is the only thing preventing the team from being no-hit. This time it’s a lead-off single in the first inning off Nolan Ryan . Well, if you’re going to be nearly no-hit, may as well be by the Ryan Express. April 11, 1990: After two near-misses, the Mariners are finally no-hit. In a bit of irony, the pitcher is former Mariner Mark Langston, in his first game with the California Angels. Langston tosses seven innings, and then reliever Mike Witt a pair more to complete the no-hitter. April 16, 1992: When manager Bill Plummer turns in the wrong lineup card by mistake, the Mariners are stripped of their designated hitter. A series of pinch hitters bat for their pitchers as the Mariners lose, 5-4 to Chicago. Sept, 6, 1992: Mariners pitcher Mike Schooler makes history, in the worst way possible. He allows a record-setting fourth grand slam of the season. It comes in the bottom of the 12th inning, with his team up 9-8 against Cleveland. He allows only seven homers all year, but four are with the bases loaded. April 17, 1993: Tigers 20, Mariners 3, for the worst loss in franchise history. It’s also the only time they’ve allowed 20 runs in a game. Aug. 8, 1993: Sometimes things are more important that the final score. In this game, Texas infielder Mario Diaz hits a line drive that bashes Seattle pitcher Brad Holman on the forehead, fracturing his sinus cavity. Holman comes back three weeks later. Dec. 10, 1993: Seattle trades young prospect Mike Hampton with Mike Felder to the Astros for Eric Anthony . Dec. 20, 1993: The Mariners trade shortstop Omar Vizquel to Cleveland for Felix Fermin , Reggie Jefferson , and cash. To be fair, no one expected Vizquel to last as long as he did. May 13, 1994: The Mariners finish their worst three-game stretch in franchise history by losing 11-1. Combined with the previous two losses by 16-2 and 14-6 scores, the Mariners have been outscored by 32 runs in three days. July 19, 1994: The Seattle Kingdome has always had a bad reputation as a baseball stadium, but it really lives down to its reputation today, as some ceiling tiles fall down. The day’s scheduled game is postponed and the Mariners won’t play at home again until 1995. July 31, 1994: The Mariners lose, dropping their all-time franchise record 388 games under .500 (1,206-1,594), its all-time low. Or, if you prefer, after this moment they’ve won more games than they’ve lost. May 14, 1996: Despite facing a Mariners lineup featuring Alex Rodriguez , Edgar Martinez , Jay Buhner and Ken Griffey Jr., New York’s Dwight Gooden throws a no-hitter for a 2-0 win. July 31, 1996: On the second anniversary of their all-time low franchise record, the Mariners make probably the worst trade in franchise history, sending Derek Lowe and Jason Varitek to the Red Sox for Heathcliff Slocumb . Sept. 2, 1996: Mike Greenwell 9, Seattle Mariners 8. The Boston outfielder drives in all the team’s nine runs as the Red Sox narrowly clip Seattle. Sept. 13, 1996: In hindsight, this wasn’t a good move: the Mariners let David Ortiz go to the Twins. Sept. 18, 1996: Once again Roger Clemens makes history by fanning 20 batters in a game. Once again the team he faces is the Seattle Mariners. July 22, 2000: By now, the Mariners play in a much nicer field, majestic Safeco. However, it has a bad day, as the retractable roof doesn’t retract, forcing an unexpected 54-minute rain delay in the midst of a 13-3 loss to Texas. Oct. 14, 2000: ALCS Game Four: Down two games to one, the Mariners face old nemesis Clemens, who hurls a complete game one-hitter against them while fanning 15. An Al Martin double to lead off the seventh innings is all they can do against him. Aug. 5, 2001: It’s actually one of the greatest baseball games ever played, unless you’re a Mariners fan. The Indians storm back from a 12-run deficit to win 15-14 in extra innings over Seattle. The comeback happens despite Cleveland yanking many of its starters midway through the game. Had it not been for this comeback, Seattle would have ended the season with a record 117 regular-season wins. Oct. 13, 2001: ALDS Game Three: The Mariners suffer one of the worst losses in postseason history, 17-2 to the Indians. Seattle recovers to win the next two games and advance to the ALCS. Oct. 22, 2001: ALCS Game Five: What’s worse—losing 16 straight games in a season when not much is expected of you or losing in the playoffs when you’re supposed to win the world title. The Mariners fall four games to one in the ALCS after their 116-win season, losing this last game in especially ignominious fashion, 12-3 to the Yankees. May 18, 2002: Pedro Martinez is at his best against the Mariners on this day, striking out the side in the first inning on just nine pitches. May 24, 2002: Well, it seemed like a good idea at the time. An avid Mariners fan requested his ashes be dropped over Safeco Field. When his friends try to grant that wish, the canister with the ashes drops, hits the roof and falls onto the street. Police and firefighters are called out as people fear the canister might be a terrorist bomb. Jan. 8, 2004: The Mariners trade infielder Carlos Guillen to the Tigers for Ramon Santiago and a minor leaguer. Santiago collects eight hits in two years with Seattle before going back to Detroit and the minor leaguer never makes the majors. Meanwhile, Guillen makes three All-Star teams as a Tiger. June 24, 2004: In one of the longest games in recent history, Seattle loses 9-7 in 18 innings to Texas. Jamie Moyer , making his only relief appearance from 1997-2008, allows a walk-off home run to Alfonso Soriano . The game went to extra innings goes to extra innings when Texas scores in the bottom of the eighth and ninth innings to tie it. July 1, 2007: In a shocking decision, Seattle manager Mike Hargrove resigns despite the team’s surprising 45-33 record and eight-game winning streak. Feb. 8, 2008: The Orioles trade talented pitcher Erik Bedard to the Mariners for five young players, most notably Adam Jones . Bedard is hampered by arm problems in Seattle while Jones emerges as an All-Star center fielder. Aug. 17, 2008: Pitcher R.A. Dickey throws four wild pitches in one appearance for the Mariners. June 28, 2009: Seattle trades apparent failed prospect Michael Morse to the Nationals for Ryan Langerhans . Aug. 30, 2009: Zack Greinke pitches a one-hitter against the Mariners. Only Kenji Johjima ‘s second-inning single prevents the team from being no-hit. April 11, 2010: It’s shades of 1983, as the Mariners again will lose over 100 game due to a dreadful offense. This year’s squad will finish the league last in hits, doubles, triples, homers, batting average, OBP and SLG. On the bright side, the Mariners are next-to-last in walks. Few lineups will be as bad as this bunch, which lost 9-2 to Texas: Name AVG/OBP/SLG OPS+ Ichiro Suzuki .315/.359/.394 111 Chone Figgins .259/.340/.306 83 Casey Kotchman .217/.280/.336 71 Frank. Gutierrez.245/.303/.363 85 Ken Griffey Jr. .184/.250/.204 29 Jose Lopez .239/.270/.339 69 Eric Byrnes .094/.237/.156 13 Adam Moore .195/.230/.283 58 Jack Wilson .249/.282/.316 60 They’ll trot the same nine out a few more times before the year is over, too. These nine combine for an average OPS+ of 65, far worse than the July 1983 lineup (but about even with the Sept. 25, 1983 lineup that oddly won its game). Just as in 1983, the Mariners field an even worse batting order later in the year, only to win the game. Going by OPS+ the lineup of Sept. 27 is a hair worse than this one (combined OPS+ of 583, not 586). July 9, 2010: The Mariners trade starting pitcher Cliff Lee with a second player and cash to Texas in exchange for four prospects. Time will tell how valuable those prospects are. Nov. 10, 2010: Again, sometimes what happens on the field doesn’t matter too much. On this day longtime Mariners broadcaster Dave Niehus dies of a heart attack. July 16, 2011: The Mariners end a streak of 30 straight scoreless innings, but still lose the game. July 25, 2011: Seattle drops its 16th consecutive game, getting pummeled 10-3 by the Yankees. The Mariners’ record becomes 43-59 —so they were actually .500 when their downfall began.  

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What country singer has been known as The Red Headed Stranger since the 1975 album of the same name went multi-platinum?

2015 team preview: The Seattle Mariners might be the best team in the American League - Bless You Boys Bless You Boys Rec Joe Camporeale-USA TODAY Sports Some people will look at the Seattle Mariners ' 16-win jump from 2013 to 2014 and blindly conclude that the M's were a one-year wonder. While Mariners fans may agree with this assessment -- they seem rather uncomfortable with all the hype their team is getting this preseason -- there is reason for more than cautious optimism. The Mariners missed the playoffs by one game last season, and likely would have caught the Oakland Athletics were the season a few games longer. The M's had a 91-71 pythagorean win-loss record, four games better than their actual performance. They lost Hisashi Iwakuma , James Paxton , Michael Saunders , Justin Smoak , Corey Hart , Logan Morrison , and top prospect Taijuan Walker to time on the disabled list last season. Midseason acquisitions Kendrys Morales , Austin Jackson , and Chris Denorfia -- three solid veteran talents -- were almost two wins below replacement level after putting on an M's uniform. In short, a lot of things went wrong for the Mariners and they still nearly made the playoffs. Sure, a lot of things also went right -- the bullpen, in particular -- but not in that-will-not-be-happening-again fashion. They are one of the younger teams in the game, with most of their core still in their 20s. Unlike the Tigers , another year of experience should be a good thing, and is one reason why the Mariners are among the favorites in the AL West in 2015. Manager: Lloyd McClendon (2nd season) 2014 record: 87-75 SB Nation blog: Lookout Landing First series vs. Tigers: July 6-8 @ Safeco Field Lineup Mariners general manager Jack Zduriencik has earned a reputation for being enamored with right-handed power bats, and he finally got his man this offseason. The M's signed Nelson Cruz to a four year, $57 million contract in December, instantly upgrading a designated hitter position that was 14th in the American League with a .274 wOBA and 14 home runs. Cruz helped the Baltimore Orioles rank among the league's best in both categories, hitting .271/.333/.525 with 40 home runs and 108 RBI. Safeco Field may steal a few of his home runs, but he should be a lock for 25-30 with 80+ RBI in 2015. First baseman Logan Morrison hit .284/.341/.448 with six home runs after the All-Star break last year and should get the majority of playing time there now that Justin Smoak is gone. Must Reads Seattle Mariners 2015 season preview Cruz probably won't see much time in the outfield unless the injury bug bites, but all three positions have a chance to be much better than they were in 2014. Left fielder Dustin Ackley is back after a 2.0 WAR season. He hit .259/.310/.442 against right-handed pitching last year, but was bad enough against lefties that the Mariners brought in former Milwaukee Brewers second baseman Rickie Weeks as a platoon partner. Weeks has never played in the outfield in a professional baseball game and even  balked at the idea of learning the position while in Milwaukee last season. His defense might be an adventure, but he had an .865 OPS against left-handed pitching in 2014. Center fielder Austin Jackson had an abysmal finish to 2014 after being traded, but manager Lloyd McClendon has  already promised more rest for Jackson in hopes of boosting his offensive numbers. Playing time in right field will be split between Seth Smith and Justin Ruggiano , both of whom were acquired in offseason trades. Neither is a particularly gifted defender, but if they live up to their respective career platoon splits, they could combine for three wins. Carlos Correa and Byron Buxton were the two most talked about names in the 2012 draft, but third overall pick Mike Zunino has already played in a full season's worth of games before either reached the majors. Zunino was drafted out of college while the prospects were prep draftees, but the Mariners' impatience may pay off in 2015. Zunino hit just .199 with a .254 on-base percentage in 476 plate appearances last year, but he had 22 home runs and a .404 slugging average. More importantly, Zunino is already a gifted defensive catcher. He ranked fourth among MLB catchers in framing runs added last year, and was worth 1.7 WAR. Expect all of those numbers to improve in 2015, especially if he starts to draw more walks than hit-by-pitches. Backup Jesus Sucre did not walk once in 64 plate appearances last season, but is also a solid defender. Third baseman Kyle Seager has been one of the more under-appreciated players in baseball outside of the Pacific Northwest over the past few seasons, but the Mariners showed that they were paying attention when they re-signed him to a seven-year, $100 million contract in December. Seager has been worth 13.0 WAR over the past three seasons, hitting .262/.329/.434 with a combined 67 home runs. He was rewarded with his first All-Star appearance in 2014, and will be counted on to help shoulder the offensive load in 2015. Second baseman Robinson Cano will be another focal point of the offense after hitting .314/.382/.454 last year. His home run total dipped in his first season at Safeco Field, but seven of his 14 bombs came in the second half. He finished fifth in the AL MVP voting last year, his fifth consecutive season in the top six. Brad Miller will be the team's starting shortstop after Chris Taylor's broken wrist ended any talk of a position battle. The 25-year-old Miller had a .653 OPS in 411 plate appearances last season, but hit .265/.326/.447 -- Kyle Seager numbers, essentially -- after June 1st. Pitchers While the Mariners' offense will be better than their 2014 unit, the rotation will be what carries this team into the playoffs. Top prospect Taijuan Walker  will be the team's fifth starter this season after battling a shoulder injury throughout most of 2014. Armed with a mid-90s fastball and a biting slider that can reach the low 90s, Walker has ace-level upside. Like most young pitchers with incredible raw stuff, he will need to harness his command in order to be effective. Expect the Mariners to limit his starts after throwing just 120 total innings last season. Walker is the most heralded Mariners pitching prospect since Felix Hernandez , who will anchor the M's staff again in 2015. Hernandez nearly won the second Cy Young award of his career after allowing a league-leading 2.14 ERA and 0.92 WHIP in 2014, but he finished a close second to Cleveland's Corey Kluber. It was the third time since 2009 that Hernandez has finished the year with a sub-2.50 ERA, and he is currently riding a streak of seven years with at least 200 innings pitched. A fifth consecutive All-Star appearance is assumed, but will Hernandez finally crack the 20-win plateau? If we're going by rotation order, lefthander James Paxton is the team's No. 2 starter. Slotted between Hernandez and Hisashi Iwakuma because of handedness, Paxton tossed seven shutout innings in his season debut in 2014. Seven days later, he was placed on the disabled list due to a lat strain. When he returned in August, he allowed a 3.19 ERA and 3.21 FIP in 11 starts. He walked 27 batters in 62 innings, but had a pair of eight-strikeout performances and generally showed why the M's are so high on him heading into 2015. Iwakuma's overall numbers took a dive in 2014 compared to his Cy Young caliber performance the year prior, but like everyone else in this rotation not named Hernandez, Iwakuma battled through injury concerns for most of the year.  A February finger injury robbed him of his entire spring training, but he did allow a 2.57 ERA and 2.98 FIP through his first 21 starts of the year before a September swoon. He only walked 21 batters all season long, resulting in a career-best 7.33 strikeout-to-walk ratio. The Mariners have as much talent as any team in the American League, and fewer holes than anyone else. Mariners fans weren't particularly excited with the acquisition of lefthander J.A. Happ from the Toronto Blue Jays this offseason, but then Michael Saunders  tore his meniscus in February. Health is a skill, and while Happ hasn't been Mr. Invincible, he has thrown 140 innings or more in three of the past four seasons. We could see a boost in his numbers now that he's pitching in a ballpark tailored to forgive his fly ball tendencies. Lefthander Roenis Elias threw 163 2/3 innings for the Mariners last season, and is a much better sixth option than the likes of Erasmo Ramirez and Brandon Maurer, both of whom got a month's worth of starts in 2014. The Kansas City Royals ' bullpen drew headline after headline in 2014, but the Mariners' bullpen was actually the best unit in baseball. They had the best ERA and xFIP in the majors, and their 3.24 FIP led the American League. They had six pitchers work 45 innings or more, and the highest ERA of the group belonged to closer Fernando Rodney at 2.85. Rodney is back in 2015, along with setup man Danny Farquhar , hard-throwers Yoervis Medina and Dominic Leone , and 2014 bullpen gofer Tom Wilhelmsen. All of those names, save Wilhelmsen, struck out over a batter per inning in 2014. Lefthander Charlie Furbush struck out 5.67 batters for every walk last year, and held lefty batters to a .594 OPS. Down on the farm The Mariners have graduated a fair amount of talent to the big leagues in recent years, leaving their minor league system relatively bare in the upper levels. Taijuan Walker just teetered over the innings barrier in 2014, or this would otherwise be a middle-of-the-pack farm system. There are still reinforcements on the way, though. Infielder D.J. Peterson has done nothing but hit since he was drafted in 2013, and could see big league action as soon as this fall. Outfielder Alex Jackson is much further away from the majors, but offers similar offensive upside. Ditto Gabriel Guerrero, the nephew of former MLB outfielder Vladimir Guerrero. There isn't much in the way of pitching in their system, but with Walker, Paxton, and a few young bullpen arms already at the MLB level, they won't need any new blood for a little while. Player to watch: Austin Jackson While other players are bound to provide more WAR in 2015, no role player may be more crucial to the Mariners' success than Jackson. The former Tiger hit .229/.267/.260 in 236 plate appearances after being traded to the Mariners, but manager Lloyd McClendon will still rely upon Jackson to get on base in the leadoff spot. Setting the table for Cano and Cruz will be the key to this lineup scoring runs, as the bottom of the order has some major question marks. Jackson's glove will be just as important for the M's, who don't have any depth behind him. The only other player on the Mariners' 40-man roster with any chance of covering Safeco Field's massive center field is James Jones , who was worth -0.7 WAR in 108 games last year. Since Jones was  sent to minor league camp this week, the only fire sale option currently on the roster is Justin Ruggiano. Outlook The Mariners won't be sneaking up on anyone in 2015. ESPN's Buster Olney  picked them to win the AL Pennant. CBS  has them ranked fourth (and first in the AL) in their first set of MLB Power Rankings for 2015.  Grantland's Jonah Keri thinks they "might be the best team in the American League." Sports Illustrated  thinks they will win 95 games . Fangraphs gives them the  highest odds of making the playoffs of any AL team. In short, they're a trendy pick. This is for good reason, though. They have as much talent as any team in the American League, and fewer holes than anyone else. They have the best pitching staff in the AL, and their only real concerns in the lineup are depth-related. A breakout here, a fortuitous bounce there, and the Mariners could coast to an AL West title just as easily as the Los Angeles Angels did last season. I think it's a safe bet that October baseball returns to Seattle in 2015. In this Storystream

i don't know